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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41785 ***
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Most spelling variants are retained. Punctuation is occasionally
+corrected, especially in the index and in footnotes, to maintain
+consistency.
+
+The titles and page references for the five appendices have been added
+to the table of contents.
+
+The 'oe' ligature is represented as 'oe'. Italicized letters are
+delimited with _underscore_ characters.
+
+A Transcriber's Endnote at the end of this text contains more detailed
+information about corrections made.
+
+
+
+
+                            ARCHAIC ENGLAND
+
+                 AN ESSAY IN DECIPHERING PREHISTORY
+               FROM MEGALITHIC MONUMENTS, EARTHWORKS,
+                  CUSTOMS, COINS, PLACE-NAMES, AND
+                         FAERIE SUPERSTITIONS
+
+                                  BY
+
+                             HAROLD BAYLEY
+
+  AUTHOR OF "THE SHAKESPEARE SYMPHONY," "A NEW LIGHT ON THE RENAISSANCE,"
+                   "THE LOST LANGUAGE OF SYMBOLISM," ETC.
+
+                            [Illustration]
+
+     "One by one tiny fragments of testimony accumulate attesting such a
+     survival and continuance of folk memory as few men of to-day have
+     suspected."--JOHNSON
+
+                               LONDON
+
+                         CHAPMAN & HALL LTD.
+
+                         11 HENRIETTA STREET
+
+                                1919
+
+                                 TO
+
+                             W. L. GROVES
+
+                       WHO HAS GREATLY AIDED ME
+
+
+
+
+                              CONTENTS
+
+
+       CHAP.                                                PAGE
+
+          I. INTRODUCTORY                                      1
+
+         II. THE MAGIC OF WORDS                               34
+
+        III. A TALE OF TROY                                   78
+
+         IV. ALBION                                          124
+
+          V. GOG AND MAGOG                                   186
+
+         VI. PUCK                                            230
+
+        VII. OBERON                                          309
+
+       VIII. SCOURING THE WHITE HORSE                        389
+
+         IX. BRIDE'S BAIRNS                                  455
+
+          X. HAPPY ENGLAND                                   522
+
+         XI. THE FAIR MAID                                   593
+
+        XII. PETER'S ORCHARDS                                663
+
+       XIII. ENGLISH EDENS                                   710
+
+        XIV. DOWN UNDER                                      764
+
+         XV. CONCLUSIONS                                     832
+
+             APPENDIX                                        871
+
+                Appendix A: Ireland and Phoenicia            871
+                Appendix B: Perry-Dancers and Perry Stones.  873
+                Appendix C: British Symbols.                 874
+                Appendix D: Glastonbury.                     875
+                Appendix E: The Druids and Crete.            875
+
+             INDEX                                           877
+
+
+
+
+     "Of all the many thousands of earthworks of various kinds to be
+     found in England, those about which anything is known are very few,
+     those of which there remains nothing more to be known scarcely
+     exist. Each individual example is in itself a new problem in
+     history, chronology, ethnology, and anthropology; within every one
+     lie the hidden possibilities of a revolution in knowledge. We are
+     proud of a history of nearly twenty centuries: we have the
+     materials for a history which goes back beyond that time to
+     centuries as yet undated. The testimony of records carries the tale
+     back to a certain point: beyond that point is only the testimony of
+     archæology, and of all the manifold branches of archæology none is
+     so practicable, so promising, yet so little explored, as that which
+     is concerned with earthworks. Within them lie hidden all the
+     secrets of time before history begins, and by their means only can
+     that history be put into writing: they are the back numbers of the
+     island's story, as yet unread, much less indexed."--A. HADRIAN
+     ALLCROFT.
+
+     "It is a gain to science that it has at last been recognised that
+     we cannot penetrate far back into man's history without appealing
+     to more than one element in that history. Some day it will be
+     recognised that we must appeal to _all_ elements in that
+     history."--GOMME.
+
+     "History bears and requires Authors of all sorts."--CAMDEN.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER I
+
+                              INTRODUCTION
+
+     "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is
+     because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music
+     which he hears, however measured or far away."--H. D. THOREAU.
+
+
+This book is an application of the jigsaw system to certain
+archæological problems which under the ordinary detached methods of the
+Specialist have proved insoluble. My fragments of evidence are drawn as
+occasion warrants from History, Fairy-tale, Philosophy, Legend,
+Folklore--in fact from any quarter whence the required piece
+unmistakably fulfils the missing space. It is thus a mental medley with
+all the defects, and some, I trust, of the attractions, of a mosaic.
+
+Ten years ago I published a study on Mediæval Symbolism, and subsequent
+investigation of cognate subjects has since put me in possession of some
+curious and uncommon information, which lies off the mainroads of
+conventional Thought.
+
+The consensus of opinion upon _A New Light on the Renaissance_,[1] was
+to the effect that my theories were decidedly ingenious and up to a
+point tenable, yet nevertheless at present they could only be regarded
+as non-proven. In 1912[2] I therefore endeavoured to substantiate my
+earlier propositions, pushing them much further to the point of
+suggesting an innate connection between Symbolism and certain
+words--such, for example, as _psyche_, which means a butterfly, and
+_psyche_ the _anima_ or _soul_ which was symbolised or represented by a
+butterfly. Of course I knew only too well the tricky character of the
+ground I was exploring and how open many of my propositions would be to
+attack, yet it seemed preferable rather to risk the Finger of Scorn than
+by a superfluity of caution ignore clues, which under more competent
+hands might yield some very interesting and perhaps valuable
+discoveries.
+
+In the present volume I piece together a mosaic of visible and tangible
+evidence which is supplementary to that already brought forward, and the
+results--at any rate in many instances--cannot by any possibility be
+written off as due merely to coincidence or chance. That they will be
+adequate to satisfy the exacting requirements of modern criticism is,
+however, not to be supposed. Referring to _The Lost Language_, one of my
+reviewers cheerfully but disconcertingly observed: "He must deal as
+others of his school have done with all the possible readings of the
+history of the races of men".[3] To sweeping and magnanimous advice of
+this character one can only counter the untoward experiences of the
+hapless "Charles Templeton," as recounted by Mr. Stephen McKenna: "At
+the age of three-and-twenty Charles Templeton, my old tutor at Oxford,
+set himself to write a history of the Third French Republic. When I made
+his acquaintance, some thirty years later, he had satisfactorily
+concluded his introductory chapter on the origin of Kingship. At his
+death, three months ago, I understand that his notes on the precursors
+of Charlemagne were almost as complete as he desired. 'It is so
+difficult to know where to start, Mr. Oakleigh,' he used to say, as I
+picked my steps through the litter of notebooks that cumbered his
+tables, chairs, and floor."[4]
+
+But Mr. Templeton's embarrassments were trifling in comparison with
+mine. Templeton was obviously a man of some leisure, whereas my literary
+hobbies have necessarily to be indulged more or less furtively in
+restaurants, railway trains, and during such hours and half-hours of
+opportunity as I can snatch from more pressing obligations. Moreover,
+Mr. Templeton could concentrate on one subject--History--whereas the
+scope of my studies compels me to keep on as good terms as may be with
+the exacting Muses of History, Mythology, Archæology, Philosophy,
+Religion, Romance, Symbolism, Numismatics, Folklore, and Etymology. I
+mention this not to extenuate any muzziness of thought, or sloppiness of
+diction, but to disarm by confession the charge that my work has been
+done hurriedly and here and there superficially.
+
+With the facilities at my disposal I have endeavoured to the best of my
+abilities to concentrate a dozen rays on to one subject, and to mould
+into an harmonious and coherent whole the pith of a thousand and one
+items culled during the past seven years from day to day and noted from
+hour to hour. Differing as I do in some respects from the accepted
+conclusions of the best authorities, it is a further handicap to find
+myself in the position of Nehemiah the son of Hachaliah, who was
+constrained by force of circumstance to build with a sword in one hand
+and a trowel in the other.
+
+To the heretic and the wayfarer it is, however, a comfortable reflection
+that what Authority maintains to-day it generally contradicts
+to-morrow.[5] Less than a century ago contemporary scholarship knew the
+age of the earth with such exquisite precision that it pronounced it to
+a year, declaring an exact total of 6000 years, and a few odd days.
+
+When the discoveries in Kent's Cavern were laid before the scientific
+world, the authorities flatly denied their possibility, and the proofs
+that Man in Britain was contemporary with the mammoth, the lion, the
+bear, and the rhinoceros[6] were received with rudeness and inattention.
+Similarly the discovery of prehistoric implements in the gravel-beds at
+Abbeville was treated with inconsequence and insult, and it was upwards
+of twenty years before it was reluctantly conceded that: "While we have
+been straining our eyes to the East, and eagerly watching excavations in
+Egypt and Assyria, suddenly a new light has arisen in the midst of us;
+and the oldest relics of man yet discovered have occurred, not among the
+ruins of Nineveh or Heliopolis, not on the sandy plains of the Nile or
+the Euphrates, but _in the pleasant valleys of England and France_,
+along the banks of the Seine and the Somme, the Thames and the
+Waveney."[7]
+
+The fact is now generally accepted as proven by both anthropologists and
+archæologists, that the most ancient records of the human race exist not
+in Asia, but in Europe. The oldest documents are not the hieroglyphics
+of Egypt, but the hunting-scenes scratched on bone and ivory by the
+European cave-dwelling contemporaries of the mammoth and the woolly
+rhinoceros. Human implements found on the chalk plateaus of Kent have
+been assigned to a period prior to the glacial epoch, which is surmised
+to have endured for 160,000 years, from, roughly speaking, 240,000 to
+80,000 years ago.
+
+It is now also an axiom that the races of Europe are not colonists from
+somewhere in Asia, but that, speaking generally, they have inhabited
+their present districts more or less continuously from the time when
+they crept back gradually in the wake of the retreating ice.
+
+"Written history and popular tradition," says Sir E. Ray Lankester,
+"tell us something in regard to the derivation and history of existing
+'peoples,' but we soon come to a period--a few thousand years
+back--concerning which both written statement and tradition are dumb.
+And yet we know that this part of the world--Europe--was inhabited by an
+abundant population in those remote times. We know that for at least
+500,000 years human populations occupied portions of this territory, and
+that various races with distinguishing peculiarities of feature and
+frame, and each possessed of arts and crafts distinct from those
+characteristic of others, came and went in succession in those
+incredibly remote days in Europe. We know this from the implements,
+carvings, and paintings left by these successive populations, and we
+know it also by the discovery of their bones."
+
+Anthropology, however, while admitting this unmeasurable antiquity for
+mankind, takes no count of the possibility of an amiable or cultured
+race in these islands prior to the coming of the Roman legions. It
+traces with equanimity the modern Briton evolving in unbroken sequence
+from the primitive cave-dweller, and it points with self-complacency to
+the fact that even as late as the Battle of Hastings some of Harold's
+followers were armed with _stone_ axes. There has, however, recently
+been unearthed near Maidstone the skull of a late palæolithic or early
+neolithic man, whose brain capacity was rather above the average of the
+modern Londoner. The forehead of this 15,000 year-old skull is well
+formed, there are no traces of a simian or overhanging brow, and the
+individual himself might well, in view of all physical evidence, have
+been a primeval sage rather than a primeval savage.
+
+The high estimation in which the philosophy of prehistoric Briton was
+regarded abroad may be estimated from the testimony of Cæsar who states:
+"It is believed that this institution (Druidism) was founded in
+Britannia, and thence transplanted into Gaul. Even nowadays those who
+wish to become more intimately acquainted with the institution generally
+go to Britannia for instruction's sake."
+
+It has been claimed for the Welsh that they possess the oldest
+literature in the oldest language in Europe. Giraldus Cambrensis,
+speaking of the Welsh Bards, mentions their possession of certain
+ancient and authentic books, but whether or not the traditionary poems
+which were first committed to writing in the twelfth century retain any
+traces of the prehistoric Faith is a matter of divided opinion. To those
+who are not experts in archaisms and are not enamoured of ink-spilling,
+the sanest position would appear to be that of Matthew Arnold, who
+observes in _Celtic Literature_: "There is evidently mixed here, with
+the newer legend, a _detritus_, as the geologists would say, of
+something far older; and the secret of Wales and its genius is not truly
+reached until this _detritus_, instead of being called recent because it
+is found in contact with what is recent, is disengaged, and is made to
+tell its own story."[8]
+
+The word "founded," as used by Cæsar, implies an antiquity for British
+institutions which is materially confirmed by the existence of such
+monuments as Stonehenge, and the more ancient Avebury. Whether these
+supposed "appendages to Bronze age burials" were merely sepulchral
+monuments, or whether they ever possessed any intellectual significance,
+does not affect the fact that Great Britain, and notably England, is
+richer in this class of monument than any other part of the world.[9]
+
+Circles being essentially and pre-eminently English it is disappointing
+to find the most modern handbook on Stonehenge stating: "In all matters
+of archæology it is constantly found that certain questions are better
+left in abeyance or bequeathed to a coming generation for solution".[10]
+Every one sympathises with that weary feeling, but nevertheless the
+present generation now possesses quite sufficient data to enable it to
+shoulder its own responsibilities and to pass beyond the stereotyped and
+hackneyed formula "sepulchral monument". I hold no brief on behalf of
+the Druids--indeed one must agree that the Celtic Druids were much more
+modern than the monuments associated with their name--nevertheless the
+theory that these far-famed philosophers were mere wise men or witch
+doctors, with perhaps a spice of the conjuror, is a modern
+misapprehension with which I am nowise in sympathy. Valerius Maximus
+(_c._ A.D. 20) was much better informed and therefore more cautious in
+his testimony: "I should be tempted to call these breeches-wearing
+gentry fools, were not their doctrine the same as that of the
+mantle-clad Pythagoras".
+
+Druids or no Druids there must at some period in our past have been
+interesting and enterprising people in these islands. At Avebury, near
+Marlborough, is Silbury Hill, an earth mound, which is admittedly the
+vastest artificial hill in Europe. Avebury itself is said to constitute
+the greatest megalithic monument in Europe, and nowhere in the world are
+tumuli more plentiful than in Great Britain. On the banks of the Boyne
+is a pyramid of stones which, had it been situated on the banks of the
+Nile, would probably have been pronounced the oldest and most venerable
+of the pyramids. In the Orkneys at Hoy is almost the counterpart to an
+Egyptian marvel which, according to Herodotus, was an edifice 21 cubits
+in length, 14 in breadth, and 8 in height, the whole consisting only of
+one single stone, brought thither by sea from a place about 20 days'
+sailing from Sais. The Hoy relic is an obelisk 36 feet long by 18 feet
+broad, by 9 feet deep. "No other stones are near it. 'Tis all hollowed
+within or scooped by human art and industry, having a door at the east
+end 2 feet square with a stone of the same dimension lying about 2 feet
+from it, which was intended no doubt to close the entrance. Within,
+there is at the south end of it, cut out, the form of a bed and pillow
+capable to hold two persons."[11]
+
+Sir John Morris-Jones has noted remarkable identities between the syntax
+of Welsh and that of early Egyptian: Gerald Massey, in his _Book of the
+Beginnings_, gives a list of 3000 close similarities between English and
+Egyptian words; and the astronomical inquiries of Sir Norman Lockyer
+have driven him to conclude: "The people who honoured us with their
+presence here in Britain some 4000 years ago, had evidently, some way or
+other, had communicated to them a very complete Egyptian culture, and
+they determined their time of night just in the same way that the
+Egyptians did".
+
+It used to be customary to attribute all the mysterious edifices of
+these islands, including stones inscribed with lettering in an unknown
+script, to hypothetical wanderers from the East. Nothing could have been
+more peremptory than the manner in which this theory was enunciated by
+its supporters, among whom were included all or nearly all the great
+names of the period. To-day there is a complete _volte face_ upon this
+subject, and the latest opinion is that "not a particle of evidence has
+been adduced in favour of any migration from the East".[12] When one
+remembers that only a year or two ago practically the whole of the
+academic world gave an exuberant and unqualified adherence to the theory
+of Asiatic immigration it is difficult to conceive a more chastening
+commentary upon the value of _ex cathedra_ teaching.
+
+Happily it was an Englishman[13] who, seeing through the futility of the
+Asiatic theory, first pointed out the now generally accepted fact that
+the cradle of Aryan civilisation, if anywhere at all, was inferentially
+_in Europe_. The assumption of an Asiatic origin was, however, so firmly
+established and upheld by the dignity of such imposing names that the
+arguments of Dr. Latham were not thought worthy of reply, and for
+sixteen years his work lay unheeded before the world. Even twenty years
+after publication, when the new view was winning many adherents, it was
+alluded to by one of the most learned Germans as follows: "And so it
+came to pass that in England, the native land of fads, there chanced to
+enter into the head of an eccentric individual the notion of placing the
+cradle of the Aryan race in Europe".
+
+The whirligig of Time has now once again shifted the focus of
+archæological interest at the moment from Scandinavia to Crete, where
+recent excavations have revealed an Eldorado of prehistoric art. It is
+now considered that the civilisation of Hellas was a mere offshoot from
+that of Crete, and that Crete was veritably the fabulous Island of
+Atlantis, a culture-centre which leavened all the shores of the
+Mediterranean.
+
+According to Sir Arthur Evans: "The high early culture, the equal rival
+of that of Egypt and Babylon, which began to take its rise in Crete in
+the fourth millennium before our era, flourished for some 2000 years,
+eventually dominating the Ægean and a large part of the Mediterranean
+basin. The many-storeyed palaces of the Minoan Priest-Kings in their
+great days, by their ingenious planning, their successful combination of
+the useful with the beautiful and stately, and last but not least, by
+their scientific sanitary arrangements, far outdid the similar works, on
+however vast a scale, of Egyptian or Babylonian builders."
+
+The sensational discoveries at Crete provide a wholly new standpoint
+whence to survey prehistoric civilisation, and they place the evolution
+of human art and appliances in the last Quaternary Period on a higher
+level than had ever previously been suspected.
+
+Not only have the findings in Crete revolutionised all previously
+current ideas upon Art, but they have also condemned to the melting-pot
+the cardinal article of belief that the alphabet reached us from
+Phoenicia. Prof. Flinders Petrie has now clearly demonstrated that
+even in this respect, "Beside the great historic perspective of the long
+use of signs in Egypt, other discoveries in Europe have opened entirely
+new ground. These signs are largely found used for writing in Crete, as
+a geometrical signary; and the discovery of the Karian alphabet, and its
+striking relation to the Spanish alphabet, has likewise compelled an
+entire reconsideration of the subject. Thus on all sides--Egyptian,
+Greek, and Barbarian--material appears which is far older and far more
+widespread than the Græco-Phoenician world; a fresh study of the whole
+material is imperatively needed, now that the old conclusions are seen
+to be quite inadequate."
+
+The striking connection between the Karian and the Spanish alphabet may
+be connoted with the fact that Strabo, mentioning the Turdetani whom he
+describes as the most learned tribe of all Spain, says they had reduced
+their language to grammatical rules, and that for 6000 years they had
+possessed metrical poems and even laws. Commenting upon this piece of
+precious information, Lardner ironically observed that although the
+Spaniards eagerly seized it as a proof of their ancient civilisation,
+they are sadly puzzled how to reconcile these 6000 years with the Mosaic
+chronology. He adds that discarding fable, we find nothing in their
+habits and manners to distinguish them from other branches of that great
+race, except, perhaps, a superior number of Druidical remains.[14]
+
+This "_except_" is noteworthy in view of the fact that the Celtiberian
+alphabet of Spain is extremely similar to the Bardic or Druidic
+alphabet of Britain, and also to the hitherto illegible alphabet of
+Ancient Crete.
+
+Cæsar has recorded that the Druids thought it an unhallowed thing to
+commit their lore to writing, though in the other public and private
+affairs of life they frequently made use of the Greek alphabet. That the
+Celts of Gaul possessed the art of writing cannot be questioned, and
+that Britain also practised some method of communication seems a
+probability. There are still extant in Scotland inscriptions on stones
+which are in characters now totally unknown. In Ireland, letters were
+cut on the bark of trees prepared for that purpose and called poet's
+tables. The letters of the most ancient Irish alphabet are named after
+individual trees, and there are numerous references in Welsh poetry to a
+certain secret of the twigs which lead to the strong inference that
+"written" communication was first accomplished by the transmission of
+tree-sprigs.
+
+The alphabets illustrated on pages 14 and 15 have every appearance of
+being representations of sprigs, and it is a curious fact that not only
+in Ireland, but also in Arabia, alphabets of which every letter was
+named after trees[15] were once current.
+
+  [Illustration: BRITISH ALPHABET.
+                 FIG. 1.--From _Celtic Researches_ (Davies, E.).]
+
+In _The Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe_, Dr. Mackenzie inquires:
+"By whom were Egyptian beads carried to Britain, between 1500 B.C. and
+1400 B.C.? Certainly not the Phoenicians. The sea traders of the
+Mediterranean were at the time the Cretans. Whether or not their
+merchants visited England we have no means of knowing."[16]
+
+  [Illustration: CELTIBERIAN ALPHABET, SHEWING THE DESCRIPTION OF
+                 CHARACTERS FOUND ON THE COINS OF TARRACONENSIS AND
+                 BÆTICA.
+                 FIG. 2.--From _Ancient Coins_ (Akerman, J. Y.).]
+
+The material which I shall produce establishes a probability that the
+Cretans systematically visited Britain, and further that the tradition
+of the peopling of this island by men of Trojan race are well founded.
+
+According to the immemorial records of the Welsh Bards: "There were
+three names imposed on the Isle of Britain from the beginning. Before it
+was inhabited its denomination was Sea-Girt Green-space; after being
+inhabited it was called the Honey Island, and after it was formed into a
+Commonwealth by Prydain, the Son of Aedd Mawr, it was called the Isle of
+Prydain. And none have any title therein but the nation of the Kymry.
+For they first settled upon it, and before that time no men lived
+therein, but it was full of bears, wolves, beavers, and bisons."[17]
+
+In the course of these essays I shall discuss the Kymry, and venture a
+few suggestions as to their cradle and community of memories and hopes.
+But behind the Kymry, as likewise admittedly behind the Cretans, are the
+traces of an even more primitive and archaic race. The earliest folk
+which reached Crete are described as having come with a form of culture
+which had been developed elsewhere, and among these neolithic settlers
+have been found traces of a race 6 feet in height and with skulls
+massive and shapely. Moreover Cretan beliefs and the myths which are
+based upon them are admittedly older than even the civilisation of the
+Tigro-Euphrates valley: and they belong, it would appear, to a stock of
+common inheritance from an uncertain culture centre of immense
+antiquity.[18]
+
+The problem of Crete is indissolubly connected with that of Etruria,
+which was flourishing in Art and civilisation at a period when Rome was
+but a coterie of shepherds' huts. Here again are found Cyclopean walls
+and the traces of some most ancient people who had sway in Italy at a
+period even more remote than the national existence of Etruria.[19]
+
+We are told that the first-comers in Crete ground their meal in stone
+mortars, and that one of the peculiarities of the island was the
+herring-bone design of their wall buildings. In West Cornwall the stone
+walls or Giants' Hedges are Cyclopean; farther north, in the Boscastle
+district, herring-bone walls are common, and in the neighbourhood of St.
+Just there are numerous British villages wherein the stone mortars are
+still standing.
+
+The formula of independent evolution, which has recently been much
+over-worked, is now waning into disfavour, and it is difficult to
+believe otherwise than that identity of names, customs, and
+characteristics imply either borrowing or descent from some common,
+unknown source.
+
+That the builders of our European tumuli and cromlechs were maritime
+arrivals is a reasonable inference from the fact that dolmens and
+cromlechs were built almost invariably near the sea.[20] These peculiar
+and distinctive monuments are found chiefly along the _Western_ coasts
+of Britain, the _Northern_ coast of Africa, in the isles of the
+Mediterranean, in the isolated, storm-beaten Hebrides, and in the remote
+islands of Asia and Polynesia.
+
+By whom was the Titanic art of cromlech-building brought alike to the
+British Isles and to the distant islands of the Pacific? By what
+guidance did frail barques compass such terrifying sea space? How were
+these adequately victualled for such voyages, and why were the mainlands
+ever quitted? How and why were the colossal stones of Stonehenge brought
+by ship from afar, floated down the broad waters of the prehistoric
+Avon, and dragged laboriously over the heights of Oare Hill? Who were
+the engineers who constructed artificial rocking stones and skilfully
+poised them where they stand to-day? "To suspend a stupendous mass of
+abnormous shape in such an equilibrium that it shall oscillate with the
+most trivial force and not fall without the greatest, is a problem
+unsolved so far as I know by modern engineers."[21]
+
+Who were the indefatigable people who, prior to all record, reclaimed
+the marshes of the Thames-mouth by an embankment which is intact to-day
+all round the river coast of Kent and Essex? Who were the
+horticulturists who evolved wheat and other cereals from unknown grasses
+and certain lilies from their unknown wild? And who were the
+philosophers who spun a delicate gossamer of fairy-tales over the world,
+and formulated the cosmic ideas which are in many extraordinary respects
+common alike to primitive and more advanced peoples? And why is the
+symbol generally entitled the Swastika cross found not only under the
+ruins of the most ancient Troy but also in the Thames at Battersea, and
+elsewhere from China to Zimbabwe? How is it that Ireland, that remote
+little outpost of Europe, possesses more Celtic MSS. than all the rest
+of Celtic Europe put together?
+
+The most rational explanation of these and similar queries is seemingly
+a consideration of the almost world-wide tradition of a lost island, the
+home of a scientific world-wandering race. The legend of submerged
+Atlantis was related to Solon by an Egyptian priest as being historic
+fact, and the date of the final catastrophe was definitely set down by
+Plato from information given to Solon as having been about 9000 B.C.
+Solon was neither a fool himself nor the man to suffer fools gladly. It
+is admitted by geology that there actually existed a large island in the
+Atlantic during tertiary times, but this we are told is a pure
+coincidence and it is impossible to suppose any tradition existing of
+such an island or land.
+
+Science has very generally denied the credibility of tradition, yet
+tradition has almost invariably proved truer than contemporary
+scholarship. Scholarship denied the possibility of finding Troy,
+notwithstanding the steady evidence of tradition to the mound at
+Hissarlik where it was eventually disclosed. Even when Schliemann had
+uncovered the lost city the scientists of every European capital
+ridiculed his pretensions, and it was only gradually that they
+ungraciously yielded to the irresistible evidence of their physical
+senses. Science similarly denied the possibility of buried cities at the
+foot of Vesuvius, yet popular tradition always asserted the existence of
+Pompeii and Herculaneum; indeed, contemporary science has so
+consistently scouted the possibility of every advance in discovery that
+mere airy dismissal is not now sufficient to discredit either the
+Atlantean, or any other theory. From China to Peru one finds the
+persistent tradition of a drowned land, a story which is in itself so
+preposterous as unlikely to arise without some solid grounds of reality.
+Thierry has observed that legend is living tradition, and three times
+out of four it is truer than what we call history. Sir John Morris Jones
+would seemingly endorse this proposition, for he has recently contended
+that tradition is _itself a fact_ not always to be disposed of by the
+hasty assumption that all men are liars.[22]
+
+The Irish have their own account of the Flood, according to which three
+ships sailed for Ireland, but two of them foundered on the way. The
+Welsh version runs that the first of the perilous mishaps which occurred
+in Britain was "The outburst of the ocean 'Torriad lin lion,' when a
+deluge spread over the face of all lands, so that all mankind were
+drowned with the exception of Duw-van and Duw-ach, the divine man and
+divine woman, who escaped in a decked ship without sails; and from this
+pair the island of Prydain was completely re-peopled".
+
+Correlated with this native version is a peculiar and, so far as my
+information goes, a unique tradition that previous disasters had taken
+place, causing the destruction of animals and vegetables then existing,
+of which whole races were irrevocably lost. This tradition, which is in
+complete harmony with the discoveries of modern geology, is thus
+embodied in the thirteenth Triad: "The second perilous mishap was the
+terror of the torrent-fire, when the earth was cloven down to the abyss,
+and the majority of living things were destroyed".
+
+It is a singular coincidence that evidence of a prehistoric
+torrent-fire exists certainly in Ireland, where bog-buried forests have
+been unearthed exhibiting all the signs of a flowing torrent of molten
+fire or lava. According to the author of _Bogs and Ancient Forests_,
+when the Bog of Allen in Kildare was cut through, oak, fir, yew, and
+other trees were found buried 20 or 30 feet below the surface, and these
+trees generally lie prostrated in a horizontal position, and _have the
+appearance of being burned at the bottom of their trunks and roots_,
+fire having been found far more powerful in prostrating those forests
+than cutting them down with an axe; and the great depth at which these
+trees are found in bogs, shows that they must have lain there for many
+ages.[23]
+
+No ordinary or casual forest fire is capable of prostrating an oak or
+fir tree, and the implement which accomplished such terrific devastation
+must have been something volcanic and torrential in its character.
+
+I am, however, not enamoured of the Atlantean or any other theory. My
+purpose is rather to collate facts, and as all theorising ends in an
+appeal to self-evidence, it is better to allow my material, for much of
+which I have physically descended into the deeps of the earth, to speak
+for itself:--we must believe the evidence of our senses rather than
+arguments, and believe arguments if they agree with the phenomena.[24]
+
+Although my concordance of facts is based upon evidence largely visible
+to the naked eye, in a study of this character there must of necessity
+be a disquieting percentage of "probablys" and "possiblys". This is
+deplorable, but if license be conceded in one direction it cannot be
+withheld in another. The extent to which guess-work is still rampant in
+etymology will be apparent in due course; the extent to which it is
+allowed license in anthropology may be judged from such reveries as the
+following: "Did any early members of the human family commit suicide?
+Probably they did; the feeble, the dying, the maimed, the weak-headed,
+the starving, the jealous, would be tired of life; these would throw
+themselves from heights or into rivers, or stab themselves or cut their
+throats with large and keen-edged knives of flint."[25]
+
+Although my own inquiries deal intimately with graves and names and
+epitaphs, it still seems to me a possibility that the brains which
+fashioned exquisitely barbed fish-hooks out of flint, and etched vivid
+works of art upon pebble, may also have been capable of poetic and even
+magnanimous ideas. It is quite certain that the artistic sense is
+superlatively ancient, and it is quite unproven that the lives of these
+early craftsmen were protracted nightmares.
+
+Although not primarily written with that end, the present work will
+_inter alia_ raise not a few doubts as to the accuracy of Green's
+dictum: "What strikes us at once in the new England is that it was the
+one purely German nation that rose upon the wreck of Rome". In the
+opinion of this popular historian the holiest spot in all these islands
+ought in the eyes of Englishmen to be Ebbsfleet, the site where in Kent
+the English visitors first landed, yet inconsequently he adds: "A
+century after their landing the English are still known to their British
+foes only as 'barbarians,' 'wolves,' 'dogs,' 'whelps from the kennel of
+barbarism,' 'hateful to God and man'. Their victories seemed victories
+for the powers of evil, chastisement of a divine justice for natural
+sin."[26]
+
+It is an axiom among anthropologists that race characteristics do not
+change and that tides of immigration are more or less rapidly absorbed
+by the aboriginal and resident stock. Assuredly the characteristics of
+the German tribes have little changed, and it is extraordinary how from
+the time of Tacitus they have continued to display from age to age their
+time-honoured peculiarities. Invited and welcomed into this country as
+friends and allies, "in a short time swarms of the aforesaid nations
+came over into the island, and they began to increase so much that they
+became terrible to the natives themselves who had invited them".[27]
+
+According to Bede the first symptoms of the frightfulness which was to
+come were demands for larger rations, accompanied by the threat that
+unless more plentiful supplies were brought them they would break the
+confederacy and ravage all the island. Nor were they backward in putting
+their threats in execution. Just as the Germans ruined Louvain so the
+Angles razed Cambridge,[28] and in the words of Layamon "they passed to
+and fro the country carrying off all they found". Already in the times
+of Tacitus famous for their frantic Hymns of Hate, so again we find
+Layamon recording "they breathed out threatenings and slaughter against
+the folk of the country". Indeed Layamon uses far stronger expressions
+than any of those quoted by Green, and the British chronicler almost
+habitually refers to the alien intruders as "swine," and "the loathest
+of all things".
+
+Instead, therefore, of being thrilled into ecstasy by the landing of the
+Germans at Ebbsfleet, one may more reasonably regard the episode as
+untoward and discreditable. It is more satisfactory to contemplate the
+return in the train of Duke William of Normandy of those numerous
+Britons who "with sorrowful hearts had fled beyond the seas," and to
+appreciate that by the Battle of Hastings the temporary ascendancy of
+Germanic kultur was finally and irrevocably destroyed.
+
+It is observed by Green that the coins which we dig up in our fields are
+no relics of our English fathers but of a Roman world which our fathers'
+sword swept utterly away. This is sufficiently true as regards the Saxon
+sword, but as some of the native coins in question are now universally
+assigned to a period 200 to 100 years earlier than the first coming of
+the Romans, it is obvious that there must have been sufficient
+civilisation then in the country to require a coinage, and that the
+native Britons cannot have been the poor and backward barbarians of
+popular estimation.
+
+A coin is an excessively hard fact, and should be of just as high
+interest to the historian as a well-formed skull or any other document.
+To Englishmen our prehistoric coinage--a national coinage "scarcely if
+at all inferior to that of contemporary Rome"--[29] ought to possess
+peculiar and special interest, for it is practically in England alone
+that early coins have been discovered, and neither Scotland, Wales, nor
+Ireland can boast of more than very few. It is, however, an Englishman's
+peculiarity that possessing perhaps the most interesting history, and
+some of the most fascinating relics in the world, he is either too
+modest or too dull to take account of them. The plate of coins
+illustrated on page 364, represents certain _sceattae_ which, according
+to Hawkins, may have been struck during the interval between the
+departure of the Romans and the arrival of the Saxons. One would at
+least have thought that such undated minor-monuments would have
+possessed _per se_ sufficient interest to ensure their careful
+preservation. Yet, according to Hawkins, these rude and uncouth pieces
+are scarce, "because they are rejected from all cabinets and thrown away
+as soon as discovered".[30]
+
+It is the considered opinion of certain British numismatists that not
+only all English but also Gaulish coins are barbarous and degraded
+imitations of a famous Macedonian original which at one time circulated
+largely in Marseilles. This supposititious model is illustrated on page
+394, and the reader can form his own opinion as to whether or not the
+immense range of subjects which figure on our native money could by any
+possibility have unconsciously evolved from carelessness. Sir John
+Evans, by whom this theory was, I believe, first put forward, is himself
+at times hard-driven to defend it; nevertheless he does not hesitate to
+maintain: "The degeneration of the head of Apollo into two boars and a
+wheel, impossible as it may at first appear, is in fact but a
+comparatively easy transition when once the head has been reduced into
+a form of regular pattern".[31]
+
+My irregularity carries me to the extent of contending that our native
+coins, crude and uncouth as some of them may be, are in no case
+imitations but are native work reflecting erstwhile national ideas. The
+weird designs and what-nots which figure on these tokens almost
+certainly were once animated by meanings of some sort: they thus
+constitute a prehistoric literature expressed in hieroglyphics for the
+correct reading of which one must, in the words of Carlyle, consider
+History with the beginnings of it stretching dimly into the remote time,
+emerging darkly out of the mysterious eternity, the true epic poem and
+universal divine scripture.
+
+According to Tacitus the British, under Boudicca, brought into the field
+an incredible multitude; that Cæsar was impressed by the density of the
+inhabitants may be gathered from his words: "The population is immense;
+homesteads closely resembling those of the Gauls are met with at every
+turn, and cattle are very numerous".[32] That the handful of Roman
+invaders eliminated the customs and traditions of a vast population is
+no more likely than the supposition that British occupation has
+eradicated or even greatly interfered with the native faiths of India.
+
+It is generally admitted that the Romans were most tolerant of local
+sensibilities, and there is no reason to assume that existing British
+characteristics were either attacked or suppressed. To assume that some
+hundreds of years later the advent of a few boat-loads of Anglo-Saxon
+adventurers wiped out the Romano-British inhabitants and eradicated all
+customs, manners, and traditions is an obvious fallacy under which the
+evidence of folklore does not permit us to labour. The greater
+probability is that the established culture imposed itself more or less
+upon the new-comers, more particularly in those remote districts which
+it was only after hundreds of years that the Saxons, by their
+conventional policy of peaceful penetration, punctuated by flashes of
+frightfulness, succeeded in dominating.
+
+Even after the Norman Conquest there are circumstances which point to
+the probability that the Celtic population was much larger and more
+powerful than is usually supposed. Of these the most important is the
+fact that the signatures to very early charters supply us with names of
+persons of Celtic race occupying positions of dignity at the courts of
+Anglo-Saxon kings.[33]
+
+The force of custom and the apparently undying continuance of
+folk-memory are among the best attested phenomena of folklore. It was
+remarked by the elder Disraeli that tradition can neither be made _nor
+destroyed_, and if this be true in general it is peculiarly true of the
+stubborn and pig-headed British. Our churches stand to-day not only on
+the primeval inconvenient hill-sites, but frequently within the
+time-honoured earthwork, or beside the fairy-well. On Palm Sunday the
+villagers of Avebury still toil to the summit of Silbury Hill, there to
+consume fig cakes and drink sugared water; and on the same festival the
+people even to-day march in procession to the prehistoric earthwork on
+the top of Martinshell Hill. Our country fairs are generally held near
+or within a pagan earthwork, and instance after instance might be
+adduced all pointing to the immortality of custom and the persistent
+sanctity of pagan sites.
+
+In the sixth century of our era the monk Gildas referred complacently
+but erroneously to the ancient British faith as being dead. "I shall
+not," he says, "enumerate those diabolical idols of my country, which
+almost surpassed in number those of Egypt, and of which we still see
+some mouldering away within or without the deserted temples, with stiff
+and deformed features as was customary. Nor will I cry out upon the
+mountains, fountains, or hills, or upon the rivers, which now are
+subservient to the use of men, but once were an abomination and
+destruction to them, and to which the blind people paid divine honour."
+
+Notwithstanding the jeremiads of poor Gildas[34] the folk-faith
+survived; indeed, as Mr. Johnson says, the heathen belief has been
+present all the time, and need not greatly astonish us since the most
+advanced materialist is frequently a victim of trivial superstitions
+which are scouted by scientific men as baseless and absurd.
+
+The Augustine of Canterbury, who is recorded to have baptised on one day
+10,000 persons in the river Swale, recommended with pious ingenuity that
+the heathen temples should not be destroyed, but converted to the honour
+of Christ by washing their walls with holy water and substituting holy
+relics and symbols for the images of the heathen gods. This is an
+illuminating sidelight on the methods by which the images of the heathen
+idols were gradually transformed into the images of Christian saints,
+and there is little doubt that as the immemorial shrines fell into ruin
+and were rebuilt and again rebuilt, the sacred images were scrupulously
+relimned.
+
+Even to-day, after 2000 years of Christian discipline, the clergy dare
+not in some districts interfere with the time-honoured tenets of their
+parishioners. In Normandy and Brittany the priests, against their
+inclination, are compelled to take part in pagan ceremonials,[35] and in
+Spain quite recently an archbishop has been nearly killed by his
+congregation for interdicting old customs.[36]
+
+The earliest British shrines were merely stones, or caves, or holy
+wells, or sacred trees, or tumuli, preferably on a hill-top or in a
+wood. The next type is found in the monastery of St. Bride, which was
+simply a circular palisade encircling a sacred fire. This was in all
+probability similar to the earliest known form of the Egyptian temple, a
+wicker hut with tall poles forming the sides of the door; in front of
+this extended an enclosure which had two poles with flags on either side
+of the entrance. In the middle of the enclosure or court was a staff
+bearing the emblem of the God.
+
+Later came stone circles and megalithic monuments in various forms,
+whence the connection is direct to cathedrals such as Chartres, which is
+said to be built largely from the remains of the prehistoric megaliths
+which originally stood there. There are chapels in Brittany and
+elsewhere built over pagan monoliths; indeed no new faith can ever do
+more than superimpose itself upon an older one, and statements about the
+wise and tender treatment of the old nature worship by the Church are
+euphemisms for the bald fact that Christianity, finding it impracticable
+to wean the heathen from their obdurate beliefs, made the best of the
+situation by decreeing its feasts to coincide with pre-existing
+festivals.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 3.--Section of the Dolmen Chapel of the Seven
+                 Sleepers near Plouaret.]
+
+It has long been generally appreciated that the lives of saints are not
+only for the most part mythical, but that even documentary evidence on
+that subject is equally suspect.[37] There is, indeed, no room to doubt
+that the majority of the ancient saint-stories are Christianised
+versions of such scraps and traditions of prehistoric mythology as had
+continued to linger among the folk. To the best of my belief I am the
+first folklorist who has endeavoured to treat _The Golden Legend_ in a
+sympathetic spirit as almost pure mythology.
+
+It is usually assumed that at any rate the Christian Church tactfully
+decanted the old wine of paganism into new bottles; but Christianity, as
+will be seen, more often did not trouble to provide even new bottles,
+and merely altered a stroke here and there on the labels, transforming
+_San tan_, the _Holy Fire_, into St. Anne, _Sin clair_, the _Holy
+Light_, into St. Clare, and so forth.
+
+The first written record of Christianity in Britain is approximately
+A.D. 200, whence it is claimed that the Christian religion must have
+been introduced very near to, if not in, apostolic times. In 314 three
+British bishops, each accompanied by a priest and a deacon, were present
+at the Council at Arles, and it is commonly maintained by the Anglican
+Church that only a relatively small part of England owes its conversion
+to the Roman mission of the monk Augustine in 597.
+
+We have it on the notable authority of St. Augustine that: "That very
+thing which is now designated the Christian religion _was in existence
+among the ancients_, nor was it absent even from the commencement of the
+human race up to the time when Christ entered into the flesh, after
+which true religion, _which already existed_, began to be called
+Christian".
+
+We should undoubtedly possess more specific evidences of the ancient
+faith but for the edicts of the Church that all writings adverse to the
+claims of the Christian religion, in the possession of whomsoever they
+should be found, should be committed to the fire. It is claimed for St.
+Patrick that he caused to be destroyed 180--some say 300--volumes
+relating to the Druidic system. These, said a complacent commentator,
+were stuffed with the fables and superstitions of heathen idolatry and
+unfit to be transmitted to posterity.
+
+Mr. Westropp considers that much of value escaped destruction, for
+Christianity in Ireland was a tactful, warm-hearted mother, and learned
+the stories to tell to her children. This is true to some extent, but in
+Britain there are extant many bardic laments at the intolerance with
+which old ideas were eradicated, _e.g._, "Monks congregate like wolves
+wrangling with their instructors. They know not when the darkness and
+the dawn divide, nor what is the course of the wind, or the cause of its
+agitation; in what place it dies away or on what region it expands." And
+implying that although one may be right it does not follow that all
+others must be wrong the same bard exclaims, "For one hour persecute me
+not!" and he pathetically asks: "Is there but _one_ course to the wind,
+but _one_ to the waters of the sea? Is there but _one_ spark in the fire
+of boundless energy?"
+
+In the same strain another bard, in terms not altogether inapplicable
+to-day, alludes to his opponents as "like little children disagreeing on
+the beach of the sea".
+
+Although bigotry and materialism have suppressed facts, stifled
+testimony, misrepresented witnesses, and destroyed or perverted
+documents, the prehistoric fairy faith was happily too deeply graven
+thus to be obliterated, and it is only a matter of time and study to
+reconstruct it. Most of the suggestions I venture to put forward are
+sufficiently documented by hard facts, but some are necessarily based
+upon "hints and equivocal survivals".[38] At the threshold of an essay
+of the present character one can hardly do better than appropriate the
+words of Edmund Spenser:--I do gather a likelihood of truth not
+certainly affirming anything, but by conferring of times, language,
+monuments, and such like, I do hunt out a probability of things which I
+leave to your judgment to believe or refuse.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+     [1] Dent, 1909.
+
+     [2] _The Lost Language of Symbolism_: An inquiry into the origin
+         of certain letters, words, names, fairy-tales, folklore, and
+         mythologies. 2 vols. London, 1912 (Williams & Norgate).
+
+     [3] _Manchester Guardian_, 23rd December, 1912.
+
+     [4] _Sonia._
+
+     [5] "Topographical comment--I will not say criticism--has been
+         equally inefficient. A theory is not refuted by saying 'all
+         the great antiquarians are against you,' 'the Psalter of Tara
+         refutes that,' or 'O'Donovan has set the question past all
+         doubt'. These remarks only prove that we have hardly
+         commenced scientific archæology in this country."--Westropp,
+         Thos. J., _Proc. of Royal Irish Acad._, vol. xxxiv., C., No.
+         8, p. 129.
+
+     [6] We found precisely the same things as were found by our
+         predecessors, remains of extinct animals in the cave earth,
+         and with them flint implements in considerable numbers. You
+         want, of course, to know how the scientific world received
+         these latter discoveries. They simply scouted them. They told
+         us that our statements were impossible, and we simply
+         responded with the remark that we had not said that they were
+         possible, only that they were true.--Pengally, W., _Kent's
+         Cavern. Its Testimony to the Antiquity of Man_, p. 12.
+
+     [7] Lubbock, J., _Prehistoric Times_.
+
+     [8] In the course of his criticism the same writer pertinently
+         observes:--
+
+         "Why, what a wonderful thing is this! We have, in the first
+         place, the most weighty and explicit testimony--Strabo's,
+         Cæsar's, Lucan's--that this race once possessed a special,
+         profound, spiritual discipline, that they were, to use Mr.
+         Nash's words, 'Wiser than their neighbours'. Lucan's words
+         are singularly clear and strong, and serve well to stand as a
+         landmark in this controversy, in which one is sometimes
+         embarrassed by hearing authorities quoted on this side or
+         that, when one does not feel sure precisely what they say,
+         how much or how little. Lucan, addressing those hitherto
+         under the pressure of Rome, but now left by the Roman Civil
+         War to their own devices, says:--
+
+         "'Ye too, ye bards, who by your praises perpetuate the memory of
+         the fallen brave, without hindrance poured forth your
+         strains. And ye, ye Druids, now that the sword was removed,
+         began once more your barbaric rites and weird solemnities. To
+         you only is given the knowledge or ignorance (whichever it
+         be) of the gods and the powers of heaven; your dwelling is in
+         the lone heart of the forest. From you we learn that the
+         bourne of man's ghost is not the senseless grave, not the
+         pale realm of the monarch below; in another world his spirit
+         survives still.'"
+
+     [9] "Circles form another group of the monuments we are about to
+         treat of.... In France they are hardly known, though in
+         Algeria they are frequent. In Denmark and Sweden they are
+         both numerous and important, but it is in the British Islands
+         that circles attained their greatest
+         development."--Fergusson, J., _Rude Stone Monuments_, p. 47.
+         Referring to Stanton Drew the same authority observes:
+         "Meanwhile it may be well to point out that this class of
+         circles is peculiar to England. They do not exist in France
+         or Algeria. The Scandinavian circles are all very different,
+         so too are the Irish."--_Ibid._, p. 153.
+
+    [10] Stevens, F., _Stonehenge To-day and Yesterday_, 1916, p. 14.
+
+    [11] Toland, _History of the Druids_, p. 163.
+
+    [12] Schrader, O., _cf._ Taylor, Isaac, _The Origin of the
+         Aryans_, p. 48.
+
+    [13] Latham, Dr. R. G.
+
+    [14] _Spain and Portugal_, vol. i., p. 16.
+
+    [15] Mr. Hammer, a German who has travelled lately in Egypt and
+         Syria, has brought, it seems, to England a manuscript written
+         in Arabic. It contains a number of alphabets. Two of these
+         consist entirely of trees. The book is of authority.--Davies,
+         E., _Celtic Researches_, 1804, p. 305.
+
+    [16] The Cretans were rulers of the sea, and according to
+         Thucydides King Minos of Crete was "the first person known to
+         us in history as having established a navy. He made himself
+         master of what is now called the Hellenic Sea, and ruled over
+         the Cyclades, into most of which he sent his first colonists,
+         expelling the Carians and appointing his own sons governors;
+         and thus did his best to put down piracy in those waters."
+
+    [17] Jones, J. J., _Britannia Antiquissima_, 1866.
+
+    [18] Mackenzie, D. A., _Myths of Crete_, p. xxix.
+
+    [19] Gray, Mrs. Hamilton, _The Sepulchres of Etruria_, p. 223.
+
+    [20] This might be due to the coasts being less liable to the
+         plough. See, however, the map of distribution, published by
+         Fergusson, in _Rude Stone Monuments_.
+
+    [21] Herbert, A., _Cyclops Britannica_, p. 68.
+
+    [22] _Taliesin_, p. 23.
+
+    [23] Connellan, A. F. M., p. 337.
+
+    [24] Aristotle.
+
+    [25] Smith, Worthington, G., _Man the Primeval Savage_, p. 53.
+
+    [26] _Short History_, p. 15.
+
+    [27] Bede.
+
+    [28] The cities which had been erected in considerable numbers by
+         the Romans were sacked, burnt, and then left as ruins by the
+         Anglo-Saxons, who appear to have been afraid or at least
+         unwilling to use them as places of habitation. An instance of
+         this may be found in the case of Camboritum, the important
+         Roman city which corresponded to our modern Cambridge, which
+         was sacked by the invaders and left a ruin at least until the
+         time of the Venerable Bede, 673-735.--Windle, B. C. A., _Life
+         in Early Britain_, p. 14.
+
+    [29] Hearnshaw, F. J. C., _England in the Making_, p. 14.
+
+    [30] Hawkins, E., _The Silver Coins of England_, p. 17.
+
+    [31] _Coins of the Ancient Britons_, p. 121.
+
+    [32] _Bello Gallico_, Bk. v., 12, § 3.
+
+    [33] Smith, Dr. Wm., _Lectures on the English Language_, p. 29.
+
+    [34] The Americans would describe Gildas as a "Calamity-howler".
+
+    [35] Le Braz, A., _The Night of Fires_.
+
+    [36] A Cantanzaro, dans la Calabre, la cathédrale fut le théâtre
+         de scènes de désordre extraordinaires. Le nouvel archevêque
+         avait dernièrement manifesté l'intention de mettre un terme à
+         certaines coutumes qu'il considérait comme entachées de
+         paganisme. Ses instructions ayant été méprisées, il frappa
+         d'interdit pour trois jours un édifice religieux. La
+         population jura de se venger et, lorsque le nouvel archevêque
+         fit son entrée dans la cathédrale, le jour de Pâques pour
+         célébrer la grand' messe, la foule, furieuse, manifesta
+         bruyamment contre lui. Comme on craignait que sa personne fût
+         l'objet de violences, le clergé le fit sortir en hâte par une
+         porte de derrière. Les troupes durent être réquisitionnées
+         pour faire évacuer le cathédrale.--_La Dernière Heure_,
+         April, 1914.
+
+    [37] There is a story told of a certain Gilbert de Stone, a
+         fourteenth century legend-monger, who was appealed to by the
+         monks of Holywell in Flintshire for a life of their patron
+         saint. On being told that no materials for such a work
+         existed the _litterateur_ was quite unconcerned, and
+         undertook without hesitation to compose a most excellent
+         legend after the manner of Thomas à Becket.
+
+    [38] "Ireland being 'the last resort of lost causes,' preserved
+         record of a European 'culture' as primitive as that of the
+         South Seas, and therefore invaluable for the history of human
+         advance; elsewhere its existence is only to be established
+         from hints and equivocal survivals. Our early tales are no
+         artificial fiction, but fragmentary beliefs of the pagan
+         period equally valuable for topography and for
+         mythology."--Westropp, Thos. J., _Proceedings of the Royal
+         Irish Academy_, vol. xxxiv. sec. C, No. 8, p. 128.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER II
+
+                           THE MAGIC OF WORDS
+
+     "As the palimpsest of language is held up to the light and looked
+     at more closely, it is found to be full of older forms beneath the
+     later writing. Again and again has the most ancient speech
+     conformed to the new grammar, until this becomes the merest surface
+     test; it supplies only the latest likeness. Our mountains and
+     rivers talk in the primeval mother tongue whilst the language of
+     men is remoulded by every passing wave of change. The language of
+     mythology and typology is almost as permanent as the names of the
+     hills and streams."--GERALD MASSEY.
+
+
+It is generally admitted that place-names are more or less impervious to
+time and conquests. Instances seemingly without limit might be adduced
+of towns which have been sacked, destroyed, rebuilt, and rechristened,
+yet the original names--_and these only_--have survived. Dr. Taylor has
+observed that the names of five of the oldest cities of the
+world--Damascus, Hebron, Gaza, Sidon, and Hamath--are still pronounced
+in exactly the same manner as was the case thirty, or perhaps forty
+centuries ago, defying oftentimes the persistent attempts of rulers to
+substitute some other name.[39]
+
+As another instance of the permanency of place-names, the city of
+Palmyra is curiously notable. Though the Greek Palmyra is a title of
+2000 years' standing, yet to the native Arab it is new-fangled, and he
+knows the place not as Palmyra but as Tadmor, its original and
+infinitely older name. Five hundred years B.C. the very ancient city of
+Mykenæ was destroyed and never rose again to any importance: Mykenæ was
+fabulously assigned to Perseus, and even to-day the stream which runs at
+the site is known as the Perseia.[40]
+
+If it be possible for local names thus to live handed down humbly from
+mouth to mouth for thousands of years, for aught one knows they may have
+endured for double or treble these periods; there is no seeming limit to
+their vitality, and they may be said to be as imperishable and as
+dateless as the stones of Avebury or Stonehenge.
+
+History knows nothing of violent and spasmodic jumps; the ideas of one
+era are impalpably transmitted to the next, and the continuity of custom
+makes it difficult to believe that the builders of Cyclopean works such
+as Avebury and Stonehenge, have left no imprint on our place-names, and
+no memories in our language. Even to-day the superstitious veneration
+for cromlechs and holy stones is not defunct, and it is largely due to
+that ingrained sentiment that more of these prehistoric monuments have
+not been converted into horse-troughs and pigsties.
+
+If, as now generally admitted, there has been an unbroken and continuous
+village-occupation, and if, as is also now granted, our sacred places
+mostly occupy aboriginal and time-honoured sites, it is difficult to
+conceive that place-names do not preserve some traces of their
+prehistoric meanings. In the case of villages dedicated to some saintly
+man or sweetest of sweet ladies, the connection is almost certainly
+intact; indeed, in instances the pagan barrows in the churchyard are
+often actually dedicated to some saint.[41]
+
+That memories of the ancient mythology sometimes hang around our British
+cromlechs is proved by an instance in North Wales where there still
+stands a table stone known locally as _Llety-y-filiast_, or _the stone
+of the greyhound bitch_. "This name," says Dr. Griffith, "was given in
+allusion to the British Ceres or Keridwen who was symbolised by the
+greyhound bitch".[42] I shall have much to say about Keridwen--"the most
+generous and beauteous of ladies"--meanwhile it is sufficient here to
+note that her symbol, the greyhound bitch, is found unmistakably upon
+our earliest coinage.
+
+  [Illustration: BRITISH. FIG. 4.--From Evans. FIG. 5.--From
+                 Akerman.]
+
+All place-names of any real antiquity are generally composed of various
+languages, and like compound rocks contain fragments in juxtaposition
+which belong properly to different ages. The analysis of these is not
+difficult, as the final -_hill_, -_ton_, -_ville_, -_ham_, and so forth
+is usually the comparatively modern work of newcomers. Frequently the
+later generations forgot the original meanings of the ancient terms; and
+thus, for instance, at Brandon Hill in Suffolk there is the curious
+phenomenon of _Hill Hill Hill_--in three languages, _i.e._, _bran_,
+_don_, and _hill_. On this site the flint knappers are still at work,
+using practically the same rude tool as their primitive woad-painted
+ancestors. At Brandon not only has the art of flint-making survived,
+but anthropologists have noted the persistence of a swarthy and most
+ancient type--a persistence the more remarkable as Suffolk was supposed
+to be a district out of which the Britons had been wholly and
+irretrievably eradicated. Whether there is anything in the world to
+parallel the phenomenon of the Brandon flint knappers I do not know, and
+it may well be questioned. In the words of Dr. Rice Holmes:--The
+industry has been carried on since neolithic times, and even then it was
+ancient: for Brandon was an abode of flint makers in the Old Stone Age.
+Not only the pits but even the tools show little change: the picks which
+the modern workers use are made of iron, but here alone in Britain the
+old one-sided form is still retained, only the skill of the workers has
+degenerated: the exquisite evenness of chipping which distinguished the
+neolithic arrow heads is beyond the power of the most experienced
+knapper to reproduce.[43]
+
+At Brandon is Broomhill; the words _bran_ and _broom_ will be
+subsequently shown to be radically the same, and I shall suggest reasons
+why this term, even possibly in Old Stone times, meant _hill_.
+
+During recent years the study of place-names has been passing through a
+period of spade-work, and every available document from Doomsday Book to
+a Rent Roll has been scrupulously raked. The inquirer now therefore has
+available a remarkably interesting record of the various forms which our
+place-names have passed through, and he can eliminate the essential
+features from the non-essential. Although the subject has thus
+considerably been elucidated, the additional information obtained has,
+however, done nothing to solve the original riddle and in some cases
+has rendered it more complex.
+
+The new system which is popularly supposed to have eliminated all
+guesswork has in reality done nothing of the kind. In place of the older
+method, which, in the words of Prof. Skeat, "exalted impudent assertions
+far above positive evidence," it has boldly substituted a new form of
+guesswork which is just as reckless and in many respects is no less
+impudent than the old. The present fashion is to suppose that the river
+_x_ or the town of _y_ _may_ have been the property of, or founded by,
+some purely hypothetical Anglo-Saxon. For example: the river Hagbourne
+of Berkshire is guessed to have been _Hacca's burn or brook_, which
+possibly it was, but there is not a scintilla of real evidence one way
+or the other.
+
+If one is going to postulate "Hacca's" here and there, there is
+obviously a space waiting for a member of the family on the great main
+road entitled Akeman Street. As this ancient thoroughfare traverses Bath
+we are, however, told that it "received in Saxon times the significant
+name of Akeman Street from the condition of the gouty sufferers who
+travelled along it".[44] One would prefer even a phantom Hacca to this
+_aching man_, nor does the alternatively suggested _aqua_, water, bring
+us any nearer a solution.
+
+There sometimes appears to be no bottom to the vacuity of modern
+guesswork. It is seriously and not _pour rire_ suggested that
+Horselydown was where horses could lie down; that Honeybrook was so
+designated because of its honey-sweet water, and that the name Isle of
+Dogs was "possibly because so many dogs were drowned in the Thames
+here".[45] In what respect do these and kindred definitions, which I
+shall cite from standard authors of to-day, differ from the "egregious"
+speculations, the "wild guesses," and the "impudent assertions" of
+earlier scholars?
+
+There is in Bucks a small town now known as Kimball, anciently as
+Cunebal. Tradition associates this site with the British King Cymbeline
+or Cunobelin, and as the place further contains an eminence known as
+Belinsbury or Belinus Castle, the authorities can hardly avoid accepting
+the connection and the etymology. But for Kimbolton, which stands on a
+river named the Kym, the authorities--notwithstanding the river
+Kym--provide the purely supposititious etymology "Town of Cynebald".
+There were, doubtless, thousands of Saxons whose name was Cynebald, but
+why Kimbolton should be assigned to any one of these hypothetical
+persons instead of to Cymbeline is not in any way apparent. The river
+name Kym is sufficient to discredit Cynebald, and the greater
+probability is that not only the Kym but also all our river and mountain
+names are pre-Saxon.
+
+It will be seen hereafter that the name Cunobelin or Cymbeline, which
+the dictionaries define as meaning _splendid sun_, was probably adopted
+as a dynastic title of British chiefs, and that the effigies of
+Cymbeline on British coins have no more relation to any particular king
+than the mounted figure on our modern sovereign has to his Majesty King
+George V. The prefix _Cym_ or _Cuno_ will subsequently be seen to be the
+forerunner of the modern _Konig_ or _King_. Hence like Kimball or
+Cunebal, Kimbolton on the Kym was probably a seat of a Cymbeline, and
+the imaginary Saxon Cynebald may be dismissed as a usurper.
+
+Kim_bolton_ used at one time to be known as Kinne_bantum_, whence it is
+evident that the essential part of the word is Kinne or Kim, and as
+another instance of the perplexing variations which are sometimes found
+in place-names the spot now known as Iffley may be cited. This name
+occurs at various periods as follows: Gifetelea, Sifetelea, Zyfteleye,
+Yestley, Iveclay and Iftel. This is a typical instance of the
+extraordinary variations which have perplexed the authorities, and is
+still causing them to cast vainly around for some formula or law of
+sound-change, which shall account satisfactorily for the problem. "We
+are at present," says Prof. Wyld, "quite unable to formulate the laws of
+the interchange of stress in place-names, or of the effects of these in
+retaining, modifying, or eliminating syllables.... Until these laws are
+properly formulated, it cannot be said that we have a scientific account
+of the development of place-names. The whole thing is often little
+better than a conjuring trick."[46]
+
+No amount of brainwork has conjured any sense from Iffley, and the
+etymology has been placed on the shelf as "unknown". I shall venture to
+suggest that the initial G, S, Z, or Y, of this name, and of many others
+being adjectival, the radical Ive or Iff, as being the essential, has
+alone survived. It will be seen that Iffley was in all probability a lea
+or meadow dedicated to "The Ivy Girl" or May Queen, and that quite
+likely it was one of the many sites where, in the language of an old
+poet--
+
+     Holly and his Merry men they dawnsin and they sing,
+     _Ivy and her maydons_ they wepen and they wryng.
+
+I shall connote with Ivy and her maidens, not only Mother
+Eve, but also the clearly fabulous St. Ive. We shall see that the Lady
+Godiva of Coventry fame was known as God_gifu_, just as Iffley was once
+_Gife_telea, and we shall see that St. Ives in Cornwall appears in the
+registers alternatively as St. Yesses, just as Iffley was alternatively
+Yestley. Finally we shall trace the connection between Eve, the Mother
+of all living, and _Ave_bury, the greatest of all megalithic monuments.
+
+If it be objected that my method is too meticulous, and that it is
+impossible for mere farm- and field-names to possess any prehistoric
+significance, I may refer for support to the Sixth Report of the Royal
+Commission appointed to inventory the ancient monuments of Wales and
+Monmouthshire.[47] In the course of this document the Commissioners
+write as follows:--
+
+"The Tithe Schedules, unsatisfactory and disappointing though many of
+them are, contain such a collection of place-names, principally those of
+fields, that the Commissioners at the outset of their inquiry determined
+upon a careful investigation of them. The undertaking involved in the
+first place the examination of hundreds of documents, many of them
+containing several thousands of place-names; secondly, in the case of
+those names which were noted for further inquiry, the necessity of
+discovering the position of the field or site upon the tithe map; and,
+thirdly, the location of the field or site on the modern six-inch
+ordnance sheet. This prolonged task called for much patience and care,
+as well as ingenuity in comparing the boundaries of eighty years ago
+with those of the present time.
+
+"Of the value of this work there can be no doubt. We do not venture to
+express any opinion on the question whether, or to what extent, farm and
+field names are of service to the English archæologist; but with regard
+to their importance to the Welsh archæologist there can be no two
+opinions. The fact that the Welsh place-names are being rapidly replaced
+by English names, so that the local lore which is often enshrined in the
+former is in danger of being lost, was in itself a sufficient reason for
+the undertaking. The results have more than justified our decision.
+There is hardly a parish, certainly not one of the ancient parishes, of
+the principality, where the schedule of field names has not yielded some
+valuable results. Scores of small but in some cases important
+antiquities would have passed unrecorded, had it not been for the clue
+to their presence given by the place-name which was to be found only in
+the schedule to the Tithe Survey."
+
+In Cornwall almost every parish is named after some saintly apostle, and
+many of these saints are alleged to have travelled far and wide in the
+world founding towns and villages. It is almost a physical impossibility
+that this was literally true, and it becomes manifestly incredible on
+consideration of the miracles recorded in the lives of the travellers.
+As already suggested the greater probability is that the lives of the
+saints enshrine almost intact the traditions of pre-Christian
+divinities. Of the popular and most familiar St. Patrick, Borlase (W.
+C.), writes: "Of the reality of the existence of this Patrick, son of
+Calporn, we feel not the shadow of a doubt. But he was not _the only_
+Patrick, and as time went on traditions of one other Patrick at least
+came to be commingled with his own. We have before us the names of ten
+other contemporary Patricks, all ecclesiastics, and spread over Wales,
+Ireland, France, Spain, and Italy. The name appears to be that of a
+grade or order in the Church rather than a proper name in the usual
+sense. Thus Palladius is called also Patrick in the 'Book of Armagh' and
+_the_ Patrick (whichever he may have been) is represented as styling
+Declan 'the Patrick of the Desii,' and Ailbhe 'the Patrick of Munster'.
+When Patrick sojourned in a cave in an island in the Tyrrhene Sea he
+found three other Patricks there." Precisely: and there is little doubt
+that our London Battersea or Patrixeye was originally an _ea_ or island
+where the patricks or padres of St. Peter's at Westminster once
+congregated.
+
+The arguments applied to St. Patrick apply equally to, say, St. Columba,
+or the Holy Dove, and similarly to St. Colman, a name also meaning
+_Dove_. In Ireland alone there are 200 dedications to St. Colman, and
+evidence will be brought forward that the archetype of all the St.
+Colmans and all the St. Columbas and all the Patricks was Peter the
+_Pater_, who was symbolised by _petra_, the stone or rock.
+
+The so-called Ossianic poems of Gaeldom, although of "a remarkably
+heathenish character," preserve the manners of and opinions of what the
+authorities describe as "a semi-barbarous people who were endowed with
+strong imagination, high courage, childlike tenderness, and gentle
+chivalry for women,"[48] and that the ancients were tinctured through
+and through with mysticism and imagination, finding tongues in trees,
+books in the running brooks, sermons in stones, and good in everything,
+is a fact which can be denied. When our words were framed and our
+ancient places, hills, and rivers named, I am persuaded that the world
+was in its imaginative childhood, and hence that traces of that state of
+mind may reasonably be anticipated. It is remarkable that the skulls
+found in the first or oldest Troy exhibit the most intellectual
+characteristics,[49] and in many quarters seemingly the remoter the
+times the purer was the theology whether in Phrygia, Egypt, India,
+Persia, or Great Britain. Among the Cretans "religion entered at every
+turn" of their social system; in Egypt even the very games and dances
+had a religious significance, and the evidence of folklore testifies to
+the same effect in Britain. It was one among the many grievances of the
+pessimistic Gildas that the British were "slaves to the shadows of
+things to come," and this usually overlooked aspect of their character
+must, I think, be recognised in relation to their place-names. To a
+large degree the mystical element still persists in Brittany, where even
+to-day, in the words of Baring-Gould:--At a Pardon one sees and marvels
+at the wondrous faces of this remarkable people: the pure, sweet, and
+modest countenances of the girls, and those not less striking of the old
+folk. "It is," says Durtal, "the soul which is everything in these
+people, and their physiognomy is modelled by it. There are holy
+brightnesses in their eyes, on their lips, those doors to the borders of
+which the soul alone can come, from which it looks forth and all but
+shows itself. Goodness, kindness, as well as a cloistral spirituality,
+stream from their faces."[50]
+
+What is still true of Brittany was once equally true of Britain, and
+although the individuality of the Gael has now largely been submerged by
+prosaic Anglo-Saxondom, the poetic temperament of the chivalrous and
+dreamy Celt was essentially a frame of mind that cared only for the
+heroic, the romantic, and the beautiful.
+
+The science of etymology as practised to-day is unfortunately blind to
+this poetic element which was, and to some extent still is, an innate
+characteristic of "uncivilised" and unsophisticated peoples. Archbishop
+Trench, one of the original planners and promoters of _The New English
+Dictionary_, was not overstating when he wrote: "Let us then acknowledge
+man a born poet.... Despite his utmost efforts, were he mad enough to
+employ them, he could not succeed in exhausting his language of the
+poetical element which is inherent in it, in stripping it of blossom,
+flower, and fruit, and leaving it nothing but a bare and naked stem. He
+may fancy for a moment that he has succeeded in doing this, but it will
+only need for him to become a little better philologer to go a little
+deeper into the study of the words which he is using, and he will
+discover that he is as remote from this consummation as ever."
+
+Nevertheless, current etymology _has_ achieved this inanity, and has so
+completely dismissed the animate or poetic element from its
+considerations that one may seek vainly the columns of Skeat and Murray
+for any hint or suggestion that language and imagination ever had
+anything in common. According to modern teaching language is a mere
+cluster of barbaric yawps: "No mystic bond linked word and thought
+together; utility and convenience alone joined them".[51]
+
+Words, nevertheless, were originally born not from grammarians but amid
+the common people, and _pace_ Mr. Clodd they enshrine in many instances
+the mysticism and the superstitions of the peasantry. How can one
+account, for instance, for the Greek word _psyche_, meaning _butterfly_,
+and also _soul_, except by the knowledge that butterflies were regarded
+by the ancients as creatures into which the soul was metamorphosised?
+According to Grimm, the German name for stork means literally _child-_,
+or _soul-bringer_; hence the belief that the advent of infants was
+presided over by this bird. But why "_hence_"? and why put the cart
+before the horse? If one may judge from innumerable parallels of
+word-equivocation the legends arose not from the accident of similar
+words, nor from "misprision of terms," or from any other "disease of
+language," but the creatures were named _because of_ the attendant
+legend. It is common knowledge that in Egypt the animal sacred to a
+divinity was often designated by the name of that deity; similarly in
+Europe the bee, a symbol of the goddess _Mylitta_, was called a
+_mylitta_, and a bull, the symbol of the god _Thor_, was named a _thor_.
+We speak to-day of an _Adonis_, because Adonis was a fabulously lovely
+youth, and parallel examples may be found on almost every hand. Irish
+mythology tells of a certain golden-haired hero named Bress, which means
+_beautiful_, whence we are further told that every beautiful thing in
+Ireland whether plain, fortress, or ale, or torch, or woman, or man, was
+compared with him, so that men said of them "That is a Bress". Elsewhere
+and herein I have endeavoured to prove that this principle was of
+worldwide application, and that it is an etymological key which will
+open the meaning of many words still in common use. It is a correlative
+fact that the names of specific deities such as Horus, Hathor, Nina,
+Bel, etc., developed in course of time into generic terms for any _Lord_
+or _God_.
+
+Very much the same principles are at work with us to-day, whence _a_
+dreadnought from the prime "Dreadnought," and the etymologer of the
+future, who tries by strictly scientific methods to unravel the meaning
+of such words as _mackintosh_, _brougham_, _Sam Browne_, _gladstone_,
+_boycott_, etc., will find it necessary to investigate the legends
+attendant on those names rather than practice a formal permutation of
+vowels and consonants.
+
+By common consent the quintessence of the last fifty years' philological
+progress is being distilled into Sir James Murray's _New English
+Dictionary_, and in a conciser form the same data may be found in Prof.
+Skeat's _Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language_. Both
+these indispensable works are high watermarks of English scholarship,
+and whatever absurdities they contain are shortcomings not of their
+compilers but of the Teutonic school of philology which they exemplify.
+If these two standard dictionaries were able to answer even the
+elementary questions that are put to them it would be both idle and
+presumptuous to cavil, but one has only to refer to their pages to
+realise the ignorance which prevails as to the origin and the meaning of
+the most simple and everyday words.
+
+It is unfortunately true that "in philology as in all branches of
+knowledge it is the specialist who most strongly opposes any attempt to
+widen the field of his knowledge".[52] Hence, as was only to be
+expected, one of the reviewers of my _Lost Language of Symbolism_ deemed
+it quite insufferable that I should throw to the winds the laborious
+work on the science of phonetics built up by generations of careful
+research.
+
+But in point of fact I discarded none of the sound work of my
+predecessors; I only tried to supplement it and fished deeper. My
+soundings do not begin until I am well beyond the limits of modern
+etymology, and they are no more affected by the cross-currents of
+historic languages than the activities of a deep-water fisherman are
+interrupted or affected by the tide eddies on the shore. The defect of
+official philology is that it offers no explanation for radicals. It
+does not, for example, attempt to explain why the word _ap_ was the
+Sanscrit for water, why _pri_ was the Sanscrit for love, or why _pat_
+was the Sanscrit for fly. It refers the word oak to the Anglo-Saxon
+_ac_, Dr. Murray merely describing it as "a consonantal stem, ulterior
+meaning obscure". Etymology to-day is in fact very much in the situation
+of an insolvent bank which, unable to satisfy its creditors with cash on
+demand, blandly endeavours to satisfy them with corresponding cheques of
+equally uncashable face value. Words can never properly be interpreted
+merely by parallel words: originally they must have expressed ideas, and
+it is these underlying ideas that I am in search of. My previous work
+was a pioneer, and in many respects bungling attempt to pick up the
+threads where at present philology is content to lose them. Using the
+same keys as hitherto, I shall attempt to explore further the darkness
+which is at present the only achieved goal of the much trumpeted Science
+of Language.
+
+In a moment of noteworthy frankness Prof. Skeat has admitted that
+"Scientific etymology is usually clumsy and frequently wrong".
+Similarly, Prof. Sayce issues the warning: "Comparative philology has
+suffered as much from its friends as from its opponents; and now that it
+has at last won its way to general recognition and respect, there is a
+danger that its popularity may lead to the cessation of sound and honest
+work, and to an acquiescence in theories which, however plausible, are
+not yet placed upon a footing of scientific certainty. It is much easier
+for the ordinary man to fill in by patient elaboration what has already
+been sketched for him in outline, than to venture upon a new line of
+discovery, in which the sole clue must be the combinative powers of his
+own imagination and comprehensive learning. And yet, now as much as
+ever, comparative philology has need at once of bold and wide-reaching
+conceptions, of cautious verification, and of a mastery of facts. It is
+true the science is no longer struggling for mere life, and the time is
+gone by for proving the possibility of its existence. But it is still
+young, scarcely, indeed, out of its nursery; a small portion only of its
+province has hitherto been investigated, and much that is at present
+accepted without hesitation will have to be subjected to a searching
+inquiry, and possibly be found baseless after all."[53]
+
+The value of any system must be measured by its results, and the fruits
+of philology as formulated only a year or so ago were unquestionably
+false. Where now are the "successes" of the Max Müller school which were
+advertised in such shrill and penetrating tones? Sanscrit is deposed
+from its pride of place, it being now recognised that primitive sounds
+are preserved more faithfully in Europe than elsewhere. Who to-day
+admits there is any basis for the Disease of Language theory, or that
+all fairy-tales and myths are resolvable into the Sun chasing the
+Dawn?[54] What anthropologist accepts the theory of Aryan overland
+immigration from somewhere in Asia? The archæologists of the last
+generation were, in the light of modern findings, quite justified when,
+contrary to the then stereotyped idea, they maintained that skulls were
+harder things than consonants. In short, large sections of the
+card-castle of German philology have more or less crumbled, and in the
+cruel words of a modern authority on Crete: "Happily, archæology has
+emerged from the slough into which the philologists had led her".
+
+For the causes of this fiasco it is unnecessary to seek further than the
+fundamental fallacy upon which the "Science of Language" has been
+erected. According to Max Müller, "etymology is indeed a science in
+which identity, or even similarity, whether of sound or meaning, is of
+no importance whatever. Sound etymology has nothing to do with sound. We
+know words to be of the same origin which have not a single letter in
+common, and which differ in meaning as much as black and white."
+
+To maintain that "_sound etymology has nothing to do with sound_," is
+tantamount to the contention that language is not sound, which is
+obviously absurd. In the saner view of Dr. Latham: "language begins with
+voice, language ends with voice". The Germans, Poles, and Russians had
+no acquaintance with letters until the ninth century, and speech, which
+certainly existed for unnumbered centuries before either writing or
+spelling was evolved, must, primarily and essentially, have been a
+system of pure and simple phonetics, spreading, as a mother teaches her
+child, syllable by syllable, word upon word, and line upon line. To rule
+sound out of language, is, indeed, far more fatal than to purge Hamlet
+out of _Hamlet_. One may prove by super-ingenious logic and an
+elaborate code of cross references that black is white and white black,
+yet common sense knows all the time that it is not so. There are, I am
+aware, certain races who are unable to vocalise certain sounds and
+accordingly modify them. The obscure causes governing these phonetic
+changes must be taken into account, and as far as possible formulated
+into "laws," but the pages of Skeat and Murray demonstrate beyond
+refutation two very simple but very certain fundamental, universal
+facts, to which hitherto wholly insufficient attention has been given.
+These elementary and seemingly never-varying facts are: (1) That
+originally vowel sounds were of no importance whatever, for in the same
+word they vary to the utmost limits, not only in different areas and in
+different eras, but contemporaneously in different grades of society;
+(2) that heavy and light consonants such as _b_ and _p_, _d_ and _t_,
+_f_ and _v_, _g_ and _k_, etc., are always interchangeable. Whether in
+place-names, words, or proper names, the changes are found _always_ to
+occur, and they are precisely those variations which common sense would
+suggest must occur in every case where words travel _viva voce_ and not
+via script or print. A man suffering from what Shakespeare would term "a
+whoreson rheum," says, for instance, _did vor dad_ instead of _tit for
+tat_, and there is, so far as I can discover, not a single word or a
+solitary place-name in which a similar variation of thin and thick
+consonants is not traceable.
+
+The formidable Grimm's Law, any violation of which involves summary and
+immediate condemnation, is merely a statement of certain phonetic facts
+which happen invariably--unless they are interfered with by other facts.
+The permutations of sound codified by Grimm are as follows:--
+
+  Greek _p_    Gothic _f_    Old High German _b_(_v_)
+    "   _b_       "   _p_           "        _f_
+    "   _ph_      "   _b_           "        _p_
+    "   _t_       "   _th_          "        _d_
+    "   _d_       "   _t_           "        _z_
+    "   _th_      "   _d_           "        _t_
+    "   _k_       "   (_h_)         "        _g_(_h_)
+    "   _g_       "   _k_           "        _ch_
+    "   _kh_      "   _g_           "        _k_
+
+It is said that the causes which brought about the changes formulated in
+Grimm's Law are "obscure" (they may have been due to nothing more
+obscure than a prevalence to colds in the head), and that they were
+probably due to the settlement of Low German conquerors in Central and
+Southern Germany. The changes above formulated all fall, however, within
+the wider theory I am now suggesting, with the exception of _d_ and _t_
+becoming in High German _z_. This particular syllabic change was, I
+suggest, due to _z_ at one time being synonymous with _d_ or _t_, and
+not to any inability of certain tribes to vocalise the sound _t_.
+
+Max Müller observes that "at first sight the English word _fir_ does not
+look very like the Latin word _quercus_, yet it is the same word". _Fir_
+certainly does not look like _quercus_, nor, of course, is it any more
+the "same word" than _six_ is the same word as _half a dozen_. There are
+a thousand ways of proving _six_ to be radically and identically the
+same as _half a dozen_, and the ingenious system of permutations by
+which philologists identify _fir_ with _quercus_, and _alphana_ with
+_equus_,[55] are parallel to some of the methods by which common sense,
+by cold gradation and well-balanced form, would quite correctly equate
+_six_ with _half a dozen_.
+
+The term "_word_" I understand not in the loose sense used by Max
+Müller, but as the dictionary defines it--"an oral or written sign
+expressing an idea or notion". Thus I treat John as the same word as
+_Jane_ or _Jean_, and it is radically the same word as _giant_, old
+English _jeyantt_, French _geante_, Cornish _geon_. Jean is also the
+same word as _chien_, a dog, Irish _choin_; Welsh _chin_ or _cyn_, and
+all these terms by reason of their radical _an_ are cognate with the
+Greek _kuon_, a dog, whence _cyn_ical. The Gaelic for _John_ is _Jain_,
+the Gaelic for _Jean_ or _Jane_ is _Sine_, with which I equate _shine_,
+_shone_, and _sheen_, all of which have respect to the _sun_, as also
+had the Arabic _jinn_, _genii_, and "_Gian Ben Gian_," a title of the
+fabulous world-ruler of the Golden Age. Among the Basques _Jaun_ means
+Lord or Master, and the Basque term for God, _Jainko_, _Jeinko_, or
+_Jinko_, is believed to have meant "Lord or Master on High". The Irish
+Church attributes its origin to disciples of St. _John_--Irish _Shaun_,
+and one may detect the pre-Christian _Sinjohn_ in the British divinity
+Shony, and evolving from the primeval _Shen_ at Shenstone near
+Litchfield. Here, a little distance from the church, was a well, now
+called _St. John's_ Well, after the saint in whose honour the parish
+church is dedicated. In all probability the present-day church of St.
+John was built on the actual site of the original _Shen stone_ or rock;
+and that John stones were once plentiful in Scotland is probably implied
+by the common surname Johnstone. Near the Shannon in Ireland, and in
+close proximity to the church and village of Shanagolden, is "castle"
+_Shenet_ or Shanid, attached to which is a rath or earthwork of which
+the ground-plan, from Mr. Westropp's survey, is here reproduced. As it
+is a matter of common knowledge that the worldwide wheel cross was an
+emblem of the sun, I should therefore have no scruples in connoting
+Castle Shenet with the primeval _jeyantt_ or the Golden _Shine_; and
+suggesting that it was a sanctuary originally constructed by the
+Ganganoi, a people mentioned by Ptolemy as dwelling in the neighbourhood
+of the Shannon. The eponymous hero of the Ganganoi was a certain
+Sengann,[56] who is probably the original St. Jean or Sinjohn to whom
+the fires of St. Jean and St. John have been diverted.
+
+We shall see that _Giant_ Christopher was symbolically represented as
+_chien_ headed, that he was a personification of the _Shine_ or _Sheen_
+of the _Sun_, and that he was worshipped as the solar dog at the holy
+city of Cynopolis or _dog-town_. We have already noted English "_chien_"
+or _cyn_ coins inscribed _cun_, which is seemingly one of the
+innumerable puns which confront philology.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 6.--From _Proc. of the Royal Irish Acad._,
+                 xxxiii., C., No. 2.]
+
+Years ago Bryant maintained that "the fable of the horse certainly arose
+from a misprision of terms, though the mistake be as old as Homer".
+There was nothing therefore new in the theories of the Max Müller school
+that all mythologies originated from a "disease of language". Dr.
+Wilder, alluding to symbolism, speaks of the punning so common in those
+days, often making us uncertain whether the accident of similar name or
+sound led to adoption as a symbol or was merely a blunder. It was, I
+think, neither, and many instances will be adduced in favour of the
+supposition, that words originated from symbolic ideas, and not _vice
+versa_. That symbolism existed before writing is evident from the
+innumerable symbols unearthed at Mykenæ, Troy, and elsewhere, where few
+traces of script or inscriptions have been found. By symbolism,
+primitive man unquestionably communicated ideas, and, as has already
+been pointed out, the roots of language bear traces of the rudimentary
+symbolism by which our savage forefathers named the objects around them
+as well as the conceptions of their primitive religion.[57] Faced by the
+"curiosity" that the Greek and Latin words for _archaic_, _arch_, _ark_,
+_arc_, are all apparently connected in an intricate symbolism in which
+there is more than a suspicion that there is an etymological as well as
+a mystical interconnection, a writer in _The Open Court_ concludes: "it
+would seem as though the roots of such words derived their meaning from
+the Mysteries rather than that their mystical meaning was the result of
+coincidence".[58]
+
+That the Mysteries--or in other words dramatised mythology--Symbolism,
+and Etymology, are all closely connected with each other is a certitude
+beyond question. The theory, so pertinaciously put forward by Max
+Müller, was that myths originated from a subsequent misunderstanding of
+words. Using the same data as Max Müller, I suggest that words
+originated from the mysteries and not myths from the words.
+
+In _The Holy Wells of Cornwall_, Mr. T. Quiller Couch observes that Dr.
+Borlase, learned, diligent, and excellent antiquary as he was, to whom
+we are all indebted in an iconoclastic age for having copied for us fair
+things which time had blurred, seems to have had little sympathy with
+the faiths of the simple, silly, country folk (I use these adjectives in
+their older meaning), and to have passed them with something like
+contempt. At present the oral traditions of a people, their seeming
+follies even, have become of value as indicating kinship between nations
+shunted off by circumstances, to use the most modern term, in divergent
+ways.
+
+Dr. Johnson would not admit _fun_ into his Dictionary as he deemed it a
+"low word": I turn up my nose at nothing, being convinced that it is to
+low origins that the great lexicographers will eventually have to stoop.
+In truth, the innate strength of the English language, which is becoming
+more and more the Master Tongue of the world, lies in its homely,
+trivial, and democratic origin.[59] This origin, as I have elsewhere
+endeavoured to show, is due largely to symbolism, which is merely
+another term for metaphor. We used to be taught that every language was
+a dictionary of faded metaphor, and such an origin is undoubtedly more
+true than the current theory of barbaric yawps. The essence of symbolism
+is its simplicity. Who, for instance, does not understand that the Lion
+is the symbol of High Courage, and the Bull-dog of Tenacity, or holding
+on? At the present day the badge of one of His Majesty's warships is the
+picture of a butting goat, accompanied by the words "Butt in". This, as
+the authorities rightly describe it, is "pure symbolism," but to a
+symbolist the legend "Butt in" is superfluous, as the mere butting goat
+adequately carries the idea. As Prof. Petrie has well said: "To
+understand the position and movement of thought in a primitive age, it
+must be approached on a far simpler plane than that of our present
+familiarity with writing. To reach the working of the childhood of our
+races we should look to the minds of children. If the child passes
+through ancestral changes in its bodily formation, so certainly it
+passes through such stages in the growth and capacity of its
+brain."[60] I shall push the childish and extremely simple theory of
+symbolism to its logical conclusions, and shall show, for instance, that
+the Boar, because it burrowed with its plough-like snout, was the emblem
+of the ploughman, and that thus, _boar_ and _boer_ are the same word.
+Or, to take another instance, I shall show that probably because the cat
+sits washing herself, and is a model of cleanliness in sanitary
+respects, the cat who figures on the head of the Magna Mater of Crete
+was elevated into a symbol of the Immaculate or Pure One, and that the
+word _cat_, German _kater_, is identical with the name Kate or Caterina
+which means _purity_. The Sanscrit word for _cat_ means literally _the
+cleanser_, whence it is obvious that the cleanly habits of the cat
+strongly impressed the Aryan imagination.
+
+Whether or not my theories are right, it is undeniable that the
+etymologies of Skeat and Murray are very often painfully wrong. The
+standard explanation, for instance, of the word _haha_, meaning a sunk
+fence, is that it is from the French ha-ha, "an interjection of
+laughter, hence a surprise in the form of an unexpected obstacle that
+laughs at one". This may be so, but it is a far wilder guess than
+anything to be found in my pages, or that I should ever dare to venture.
+In 1913 I suggested in _Notes and Queries_ that the word ha-ha or
+haw-haw was simply a re-duplication or superlative of the French _haie_,
+a fence or hedge, old English _haw_. In the new edition of Skeat I am
+glad to find this suggestion accepted, and that _ha-ha!_ has been
+expunged. It still figures in Dr. Murray.
+
+In his Canons of Etymology, Prof. Skeat observes:--"The history of a
+nation accounts for the constituent parts of its language. When an
+early English word is compared with Hebrew or Coptic, as used to be done
+in the _old_ editions of Webster's Dictionary, history is set at
+defiance; and it was a good deed to clear the later editions of all such
+rubbish".
+
+This is curiously parochial, yet it seems to have been seriously
+accepted by etymologers. But what would Science say nowadays to that
+geologist or anthropologist who committed the foul deed of discarding or
+suppressing a vast body of facts simply because they clashed with, or
+"set at defiance," the "historic" assertions of the Pentateuch? It is
+true that the history of a nation, _if it were fully known_, must
+account for the constituent parts of its language, but how much British
+history do we pretend to know? To suggest that philology must limit its
+conclusions by the Roman invasion, or bound its findings by the pages of
+Mrs. Markham, is ludicrous, yet, nevertheless, these fictitious
+boundaries are the mediæval and pre-Darwinian limits within which the
+Science of Language is now coffined. Prof. Skeat was reluctantly
+compelled to recognise a Semitic trace in words such as _bad_ and
+_target_, but was unable to accept the connection owing to the absence
+of any historic point of contact between Syria and this country prior to
+the Crusades! So, too, M. Sebhlani observed numerous close similarities
+between Arabic and English, but was "unable to press them for lack of a
+theory as to how they got into English!"
+
+As history must be constructed from facts, and facts must not be
+peremptorily suppressed simply because at present they clash with the
+meagre record of historians, I shall have no scruples in noting a word
+from Timbuctoo if it means precisely what it does in English, and
+proves reasonably to be a missing piece. As Gerald Massey thirty or
+forty years ago very properly observed: "We have to dig and descend mine
+under mine beneath the surface scratched with such complacent
+twitterings over their findings by those who have taken absolute
+possession of this field, and proceeded to fence it in for themselves,
+and put up a warning against everybody else as trespassers. We get
+volume after volume on the 'science of language' which only make us
+wonder when the 'science' is going to begin. At present it is an opera
+that is all overture. The comparative philologists have not gone deep
+enough, as yet, to see that there is a stage where likeness may afford
+guidance, because there was a common origin for the primordial stock of
+words. They assume that Grimm's Law goes all the way back. They cling to
+their limits, as the old Greek sailors hugged the shore, and continually
+insist upon imposing these on all other voyagers, by telling terrible
+tales of the unknown dangers beyond."[61]
+
+As soon as etymologists appreciate the value of the comparative method
+it is undeniable that a marked advance will be made in the "Science of
+Language," but during the last few decades it must be confessed that
+that science--_pace_ the bombastic language of some of its
+adherents--has retrogressed rather than moved forward.
+
+Prof. Skeat was admittedly a high authority on early English, and his
+Dictionary of the English Language is thus almost inevitably conspicuous
+for its Anglo-Saxon colouring. Had, however, the influence of the Saxons
+been as marked and immediate as he assumes, the language of
+Anglo-Saxondom would have coincided exactly or very closely with the
+contemporary German. But, according to Dr. Wm. Smith, "There is no
+proof that Anglo-Saxon was ever spoken anywhere but on the soil of Great
+Britain; for the 'Heliend,' and other remains of old Saxon, are not
+Anglo-Saxon, and I think it must be regarded, not as a language which
+the colonists, or any of them, brought with them from the Continent, but
+as a new speech resulting from the fusion of many separate elements. It
+is, therefore indigenous, if not aboriginal, and as exclusively local
+and national in its character as English itself."[62]
+
+That modern English contains innumerable traces of pure Celtic words
+used to be a matter of common acceptance, and in the words of Davies,
+the stoutest assertor of a pure Anglo-Saxon or Norman descent is
+convicted by the language of his daily life, of belonging to a race that
+partakes largely of Celtic blood. If he calls for his _coat_ (W. _cota_,
+Germ. _rock_), or tells of the _basket_ of fish he has caught (W.
+_basged_, Germ. _korb_), or the _cart_ he employs on his land (W.
+_cart_, from _càr_, a dray, or sledge, Germ. _wagen_), or of the
+_pranks_ of his youth, or the _prancing_ of his horse (W. _prank_, a
+trick, _prancio_, to frolic), or declares that he was _happy_ when a
+_gownsman_ at Oxford (W. _hap_, fortune, chance, Germ. _glück_, W.
+_gwn_), or that his servant is _pert_ (W. _pert_, spruce, dapper,
+insolent); or if, descending to the language of the vulgar, he affirms
+that such assertions are _balderdash_, and the claim a _sham_ (W.
+_baldorddus_, idle prating; _siom_, _shom_, a deceit, a sham), he is
+unconsciously maintaining the truth he would deny. Like the M. Jourdain
+of Molière, who had been talking prose all his life without knowing it,
+he has been speaking very good Celtic without any suspicion of the
+fact.[63]
+
+It is noteworthy that in his determination to ignore the Celtic
+influence, Prof. Skeat concedes only one among the above-mentioned words
+to the British--(_gwn_). The Welsh _hap_ "_must_," he says, be borrowed
+from the Anglo-Saxon _gehoep_, and the remainder he ascribes to Middle
+English or to an "origin unknown".
+
+Tyndall has observed that imagination, bounded and conditioned by
+co-operant reason, is the mightiest instrument of the physical
+discoverer. It is to imagination that words born in the fantastic and
+romantic childhood of the world were due, and it is only by a certain
+measure of imagination that philology can hope to unravel them. The
+extent to which mythology has impressed place-names may be estimated
+from the fact that to King Arthur alone at least 600 localities owe
+their titles. That Arthur himself has not been transmogrified into a
+Saxon settler[64] is due no doubt to the still existing "Bed," "Seat,"
+"Stables," etc., with which popular imagination connected the mystic
+king.
+
+"Geographical names," says Rice Holmes, "testify to the cult of various
+gods," and he adds: "it is probable that every British town had its
+eponymous hero. The deities, however, from whom towns derived their
+names, were doubtless often worshipped near the site long before the
+first foundations were laid: the goddess Bibracte was originally the
+spirit of a spring reverenced by the peasants of the mountain upon which
+the famous Aeduan town was built".[65]
+
+I shall not lead the reader into the intricacies of British mythology
+deeper than is requisite for an understanding of the words and
+place-names under consideration, nor shall I enlarge more than is
+necessary upon the mystic elements in that vast and little known
+mythology.
+
+It has been said that the mediæval story-teller is not unlike a peasant
+building his hut on the site of Ephesus or Halicarnassus with the stones
+of an older and more majestical architecture. That Celtic mythology
+exhibits all the indications of a vast ruin is the opinion not only of
+Matthew Arnold, but of every competent student of the subject, and it is
+a matter of discredit that educated Englishmen know so little about it.
+
+Among the phenomena of Celtic mythology are numerous identities with
+tales related by Homer. Sir Walter Scott, alluding to one of these many
+instances, expresses his astonishment at a fact which, as he says, seems
+to argue some connection or communication between these remote highlands
+of Scotland, and the readers of Homer of former days which one cannot
+account for.[66] His explanation that "After all, perhaps, some
+Churchman, more learned than his brethren, may have transferred the
+legend from Sicily to Duncrune, from the shores of the Mediterranean to
+those of Loch Lomond," is not in accord with any of the probabilities,
+and it is more likely that both Greek and Highlander drew independently
+from some common source. The astonishing antiquity of these tales may be
+glimpsed by the fact that the Homeric poems themselves speak of a store
+of older legends from an even more brilliant past.
+
+Somebody once defined symbolism as "silent myth". To what extent it
+elucidates primeval custom has yet to be seen, but there is
+unquestionably an intimate connection between symbolism and burial
+customs. Among some prehistoric graves disclosed at Dunstable was one
+containing the relics of a woman and of a child. The authorities
+suggest that the latter _may have been buried alive with its mother_,
+which is a proposition that one cannot absolutely deny. But there is
+just as great a possibility that neither the mother nor the child came
+to so sinister and miserable an end. Apart from the pathetic attitude of
+the two bodies, the skulls are as moral and intellectual as any modern
+ones, and in face of the simple facts it would be quite justifiable to
+assume that the mother and the child were not buried alive, nor
+committed suicide, but died in the odour of sanctity and were reverently
+interred. The objects surrounding the remains are fossil echinoderms,
+which are even now known popularly among the unlettered as fairy loaves,
+and as there is still a current legend that whoso keeps at home a
+specimen of the fairy loaf will never lack bread,[67] one is fairly
+entitled to assume that these "fairy loaves" were placed in the grave in
+question as symbols of the spiritual food upon which our
+animistic-minded ancestors supposed the dead would feed. It is well
+known that material food was frequently deposited in tombs for a similar
+purpose, but in the case of this Dunstable grave there must have been a
+spiritual or symbolic idea behind the offering, for not even the most
+hopeless savage could have imagined that the soul or fairy body would
+have relished fossils--still less so if the material bodies had been
+buried alive.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 7.--From _Man the Primeval Savage_ (Smith, G.
+                 Worthington).]
+
+I venture to put forward the suggestion that primeval stone-worship,
+tree-worship, and the veneration paid to innumerable birds and beasts
+was largely based upon symbolism. In symbolism alone can one find any
+rational explanation for the intricacies of those ancient mysteries the
+debris of which has come down to us degraded into between symbolism and
+burial customs. Among some prehistoric graves disclosed at Dunstable was
+one containing the relics of a woman and of a child. The authorities
+superstitious "custom" and it is probable that in symbolism may also be
+found the origin of totemism.
+
+     Is symbol the husk, the dry bone,
+     Of the dead soul of ages agone?
+     Finger-post of a pilgrimage way
+     Untrodden for many a day?
+     A derelict shrine in the fane
+     Of an ancient faith, long since profane?
+     A gew-gaw, once amulet?
+     A forgotten creed's alphabet?
+     Or is it....[68]
+
+Whatever symbolism may or may not be it has certainly not that close and
+exclusive connection with phallicism which some writers have been
+pleased to assign it. On the contrary, it more often flushes from
+unlikely quarters totally unexpected coveys of blue birds. Symbolism was
+undeniably a primitive mode of _thinging_ thought or expressing abstract
+ideas by things. As Massey says of mythology: "There is nothing insane,
+nothing irrational in it, ... the insanity lies in mistaking it for
+human history or Divine Revelation. Mythology is the depository of man's
+most ancient science, and what concerns us chiefly is this--when truly
+interpreted once more it is destined to be the death of those false
+theologies to which it has unwittingly given birth."[69] That the
+ancients were adepts at constructing cunningly-devised fables is
+unquestionable: to account for the identities of these pagan fables with
+certain teachings of the New Testament it was the opinion of one of the
+Early Fathers--Tertullian, I believe--that "God was rehearsing
+Christianity".
+
+In the opinion of those best able to judge, Druidism originated in
+neolithic times. Just as the Druid sacrificed white bulls before he
+ascended the sacred oak, so did the Latin priest in the grove, which was
+the holy place of Jupiter. "But," says Rice Holmes, "while every ancient
+people had its priests, the Druids alone were a veritable clergy".[70]
+The clergy of to-day would find it profitable to study the symbolism
+which flourished so luxuriously among their predecessors, but,
+unfortunately, with the exception of a few time-honoured symbols such as
+the Dove, the Anchor, and the Lamb, symbolism in the ecclesiastical and
+philosophic world is now quite dead. It still, however, lingers to a
+limited extent in Art, and it will always be the many-coloured radiancy
+which colours Poetry. The ancient and the at-one-time generally accepted
+idea that mythology veiled Theology, has now been discarded owing to the
+disconcerting discovery that myths were seemingly not taught to the
+common people by the learned, but on the contrary spread upwards from
+the vulgar to the learned. This latter process has usually been the doom
+of Religion, and it is quite unthinkable that fairy-tales could survive
+its blighting effect. As a random instance of the modern attitude
+towards Imagination, one may cite the Rev. Prof. Skeat, who, commenting
+upon the Music of the Spheres, gravely informs the world that: "Modern
+astronomy has exploded the singular notion of revolving hollow
+concentric spheres". "These spheres," he adds, "have disappeared and
+their music with them except in poetry."[71]
+
+Whether or not our predecessors really heard the choiring of the
+young-eyed cherubim, or whether the music was merely in their souls is a
+point immaterial to the present inquiry, which simply concerns itself
+with the physical remains of that poetic once-upon-a-time temperament
+which at some period or other was prevalent,[72] and has left its
+world-wide imprints on river names, such as the Irish "Morning
+Star".[73] One would have supposed it quite superfluous at this time of
+day to have to claim imagination for the anonymous ancients who mapped
+the whole expanse of heaven into constellations, and wove fairy-tales
+around the Pleiades and every other group of stars, and it is simply
+astonishing to find a Doctor of Divinity writing to-day in kultured
+complacency: "It is to the imagination of us moderns _alone_ that the
+grandeur of the universe appeals,[74] and it was relatively late in the
+history of religion--so far as can be reconstructed from the scanty data
+in our possession that the higher nature cults were developed."[75]
+
+Is it wonderful that again and again the romantic soul of the Celtic
+peasantry has risen against the grey dogmas of official Theology, and
+has expressed itself in terms such as those taken down from the mouth of
+a Gaelic old woman in 1877: "We would dance there till we were seven
+times tired. The people of those times were full of music and dancing
+stories, and traditions. The clerics have extinguished these. May ill
+befall them! And what have the clerics put in their place? Beliefs about
+creeds and disputations about denominations and churches! May lateness
+be their lot! It is they who have put the cross round the heads and the
+entanglements round the feet of the people. The people of the Gaeldom of
+to-day are anear perishing for lack of the famous feats of their
+fathers. The black clerics have suppressed every noble custom among the
+people of the Gaeldom--precious customs that will never return, no,
+never again return."[76]
+
+There are features about the wisdom of the ancients which the theologian
+neither understands nor tries to understand,[77] and it is like a breath
+of fresh air to find the Bishop of Oxford maintaining, "We have got to
+get rid of everything that makes the sound of religion irrational, and
+which associates it with bygone habits of thought in regard to science
+and history". Sir Gilbert Murray has recently expressed the opinion that
+"it is the scholar's special duty to trim the written signs in our old
+poetry now enshrined back into living thought and feeling"; but at
+present far from forwarding this desideratum scholarship not only
+discountenances imagination, but even eliminates from consideration any
+spiritual idea of God. To quote from a modern authority: "Track any God
+right home and you will find him lurking in a ritual sheath from which
+he slowly emerges, first as a _dæmon_ or spirit of the year, then as a
+full-blown divinity.... The May King, the leader of the choral dance,
+gave birth not only to the first actor of the drama, but also, as we
+have just seen, to the God, be he Dionysus or be he Apollo."[78]
+
+The theory here assumed grossly defies the elementary laws of logic, for
+every act of ritual must essentially have been preceded by a thought:
+Act is the outcome and offspring of Thought: Idea was never the
+idiot-child of Act. The assumption that the first idea of God evolved
+from the personation of the Sun God in a mystery play or harvest dance
+is not really or fundamentally a mental tracking of that God right home,
+but rather an inane confession that the idea of God cannot be traced
+further backward than the ritual of ancient festivals.
+
+Speaking of that extremely remote epoch when the twilight and mists of
+morning shed dim-looming shapes and flickering half lights about the
+path of our scarcely awakened race, _The Athenæum_ a year or two ago
+remarked: "No wonder that to such purblind eyes men appear as trees, and
+trees as men--Balder the Beautiful as the mystic oak, and the oak as
+Balder". This passage forms part of a congratulation that the work of
+Sir James Frazer is now complete, and that _The Golden Bough_ "has at
+length carried us forward into broad daylight".
+
+I have studied the works of Sir James Frazer in the hope of finding
+therein some insight as to the origin and why of custom, but I have
+failed to perceive the broad daylight of _The Athenæum's_ satisfaction.
+
+One might lay down _The Golden Bough_ without a suspicion that our
+purblind ancestors ever had a poetic thought or a high and beautiful
+ideal, and it is probable that scholarship will eventually arraign Sir
+James Frazer for this _suggestio falsi_. In the meanwhile it should
+hardly be necessary to enter a _caveat_ against the popular idea that we
+are now "in broad daylight". The value of _The Golden Bough_ lies
+largely in the evidence therein adduced of what may be termed universal
+ritual. But all ritual must have originated from ideas, and these
+original ideas do not seem to have entered the horizon of Sir James
+Frazer's speculations. What reason does he suppose lurked necessarily
+behind, say, the sacred fire being kindled from _three_ nests in _three_
+trees, or by _nine_ men from _nine_ different kinds of wood? And why do
+the unpleasant Ainos scrupulously kill their sacred bear by _nine_ men
+pressing its head against a pole?
+
+It is now the vogue to resolve every ancient ceremony into a magic charm
+for producing fire, or food, or rain, or what not, and there is very
+little doubt that magic, or sacred ceremonies, verily sank, in many
+instances, to this melancholy level. But, knowing what history has to
+tell us of priestcraft, and judging the past from the present, is it not
+highly likely that the primitive divine who found his tithes and
+emoluments diminishing from a laxity of faith would spur the public
+conscience by the threat that _unless_ sacred ceremonies were faithfully
+and punctually performed the corn would not flourish and the rain would
+either overflow or would not fall?[79]
+
+It is now the mode to trace all ceremonial to self-interest, principally
+to the self-interest of fear or food. But on this arbitrary, stale, and
+ancient theory[80] how is it possible to account for the almost
+universal reverence for stone or rock? Rocks yield neither food, nor
+firing, nor clothing, nor do they ever inflict injuries: why, then,
+should the artless savage trouble to gratify or conciliate such
+innocuous and unprofitable objects? The same question may be raised in
+other directions, notably that of the oak tree. Here the accepted
+supposition is that the oak was revered because it was struck more
+frequently by lightning than any other tree, but if this untoward
+occurrence really proves the oak tree was the favourite of the Fire God
+surely it was an instance of affection very brilliantly dissembled.
+
+Sir James Frazer has used his _Golden Bough_ as he found it employed by
+Virgil--as a talisman which led to the gloomy and depressing underworld.
+In Celtic myth the Silver Bough played a less sinister part, and figures
+as a fairy talisman to music and delight.
+
+Whether the appeal of Sir Gilbert Murray meets with any sympathy and
+response, and whether the written signs in our old poetry will ever be
+enshrined back into living thought and feeling remains to be seen. I
+think they will, and that the better sense of English intellectualism
+will sooner or later recoil from the present mud-and-dust theories of
+protoplasm for, as has been well said, "Materialism considered as a
+system of philosophy never attempts to explain the _Why_? of things".
+Certainly protoplasm has unravelled nothing, nor possibly can. One of
+our standard archæologists lamented a few decades ago: "As the Germans
+have decreed this it is in vain to dispute it, and not worth while to
+attempt it". But the German, an indefatigable plodder, is but a
+second-rate _thinker_, and the time must inevitably come when English
+scholars will deem it well worth while to unhitch their waggons from
+Germania. With characteristic assurance the Teutonic _litterati_ are
+still prattling of The Fatherland as a "centre" of civilisation, and are
+pluming themselves upon the "spiritual values" given to mankind by
+Germany. Some of us are not conscious of these "spiritual values," but
+that German scholarship has poison-gassed vast tracts of modern thought
+is evident enough. The theories of Mannhardt, elaborated by Sir James
+Frazer and transmuted by him into the pellucid English of _The Golden
+Bough_, have admittedly blighted the fair humanities of old religion
+into a dull catalogue of common things,[81] and no one more eloquently
+deplores the situation than Sir James Frazer himself. As he says: "It is
+indeed a melancholy and in some respects thankless task to strike at the
+foundations of beliefs in which as in a strong tower the hopes and
+aspirations of humanity through long ages have sought refuge from the
+storm and stress of life. Yet sooner or later it is inevitable that the
+battery of the Comparative Method should breach these venerable walls
+mantled over with ivy and mosses, and wild flowers of a thousand tender
+and sacred associations."
+
+When the Comparative Method is applied in a wider and more catholic
+spirit than hitherto it will then--but not till then--be seen whether
+the fair humanities are exploded superstitions or are sufficiently alive
+to blossom in the dust.
+
+It is quite proper to designate _The Golden Bough_ a puppet-play of
+corn-gods,[82] for the author himself, referring to Balder the
+Beautiful, writes: "He, too, for all the quaint garb he wears, and the
+gravity with which he stalks across the stage, is merely a puppet, and
+it is time to unmask him before laying him up in the box".
+
+But to me the divinities of antiquity are not mere dolls to be patted
+superciliously on the head and then remitted to the dustbin. Our own
+ideals of to-day are but the idols or dolls of to-morrow, and even a
+golliwog if it has comforted a child is entitled to sympathetic
+treatment. To the understanding of symbolism sympathy is a useful key.
+
+The words _doll_, _idol_, _ideal_, and _idyll_, which are all one and
+the same, are probably due to the island of Idea which was one of the
+ancient names of Crete. Not only was Crete known as Idæa, but it was
+also entitled Doliche, which may be spelled to-day Idyllic. Crete, the
+Idyllic island, the island of Ideas, was also known as Aeria, and I
+think it probably was the centre whence was spun the gossamer of aerial
+and ethereal tales, which have made the Isles of Greece a land of
+immortal romance. We shall also see as we proceed that the mystic
+philosophy known to history as the Gnosis[83] was in all probability the
+philosophy taught in prehistoric times at Gnossus, the far-famed capital
+of Crete. From Gnossus, whence the Greeks drew all their laws and
+science, came probably the Greek word _gnosis_, meaning _knowledge_. But
+the mystic Gnosis connoted more than is covered by the word _knowledge_:
+it claimed to be the wisdom of the ancients, and to disclose the ideal
+value lying behind the letter of all mysteries, myths, and religious
+ordinances.
+
+I am convinced that the Christian Gnostics, with whom the Tertullian
+type were in constant conflict, really did know much that they claimed,
+and that had they not been trampled out of the light of day Europe would
+never have sunk into the melancholy, well-designated Dark Ages. Gnostic
+emblems have been found abundantly in Ireland: the Pythagorean or
+Gnostic symbol known as the pentagon or Solomon's seal occurs on British
+coins,[84] and the Bardic literature of Wales is deeply steeped with a
+Gnostic mysticism for which historians find it difficult to account. The
+facts which I shall adduce in the following pages are sufficiently
+curious to permit the hope that they may lead a few of us to become less
+self-complacent, and in the words of the author of _Ancient Britain_
+relative to aboriginal Britons, "to think more of those primitive
+ancestors. In some things we have sunk below their level."[85]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [39] _Words and Places._
+
+    [40] Schliemann, _Mykenæ_.
+
+    [41] _Cf._ Johnson, W., _Byways in British Archæology_.
+
+    [42] _The Cromlechs of Anglesey and Carnarvonshire._
+
+    [43] _Ancient Britain_, p. 70.
+
+    [44] Windle, Sir B. C. A., _Life in Early Britain_, p. 135.
+
+    [45] Johnston, Rev. James B., _The Place-names of England and
+         Wales_, 1915, p. 321. The Horse-lie-down theory is enunciated
+         by Sir Walter Besant.
+
+    [46] Preface to _The Place-names of Oxfordshire_.
+
+    [47] 1915.
+
+    [48] _Cf._ Bonwick, J., _Irish Druids_, p. 278.
+
+    [49] Virchow, intro. to Schliemann, _Ilios_ XII.
+
+    [50] _Cf._ _Brittany_, p. 28.
+
+    [51] Clodd, Ed., _The Story of Primitive Man_, 9, 18.
+
+    [52] Sweet, H., _The History of Language_, p. vi.
+
+    [53] _The Principles of Comparative Philology._
+
+    [54] Even after Troy had been discovered by Schliemann, Max Müller
+         maintained his belief that the Siege of Troy was a Sun and
+         Dawn myth.
+
+    [55] _Alphana_ vient d'_equus_, sans doute, Mais il faut avouer
+         aussi Qu'en venant de là jusqu'ici Il a bien changé sur la
+         route.
+
+    [56] Westropp, T. J., _Proc. R. Irish Acad._, xxxiv., C., 8, p.
+         159.
+
+    [57] Dallas, H. A.
+
+    [58] Norwood, J. W.
+
+    [59] Such obvious concoctions of the study as _exsufflicate_,
+         _deracinate_, _incarnadine_, etc., never strike root or
+         survive.
+
+    [60] Petrie, W. M. F., _The Formation of the Alphabet_, p. 3.
+
+    [61] _A Book of the Beginnings_, 1, p. 136.
+
+    [62] _Lectures on the English Language_, 1862, p. 16.
+
+    [63] Quoted from _ibid._, p. 30.
+
+    [64] The _Edin_ of the prehistoric British _Dun edin_, now
+         Edinburgh, has been calmly misappropriated to a supposed
+         _Edwin_.
+
+    [65] _Ancient Britain_, pp. 273, 283.
+
+    [66] _Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft._
+
+    [67] Johnson, W., _Byways in British Archæology_, p. 304.
+
+    [68] Cloudesley Brereton, in _The Quest_.
+
+    [69] _Luniolatry_, p. 2.
+
+    [70] _Ancient Britain_, p. 298.
+
+    [71] This dictum would have cheered the heart of Tertullian, who
+         maintained that God could never forgive an actor because
+         Christ said: _No man by taking thought can add one cubit to
+         his stature_; a statement which the actor impiously falsified
+         by wearing high heeled boots. Commenting upon _The Lost
+         Language of Symbolism_, _The Expository Times_ very
+         courteously observed: "To the reader of the Bible its worth
+         is more than to all others, for the Bible is full of symbols
+         and we have lost their language. We are very prosaic. The
+         writers of the Old Testament and of the New were very
+         imaginative. Between us there is a gulf fixed of which we are
+         aware only in unquiet moments."
+
+    [72] "There must have been a time when a simple instinct for
+         poetry was possessed by all nations as it still is by
+         uncivilised races and children. Among European nations this
+         instinct appears to be dead for ever. We can name neither a
+         mountain nor a flower."--Prof. Weekley, _Romance of Words_.
+         "Who did first name the flowers? Who first gave them, not
+         their Latin titles, but the old, familiar, fanciful, poetic,
+         rustic ones, that run so curiously alike in all the vulgar
+         tongues? Who first called the lilies of the valley the
+         Madonna's tears? the wild blue hyacinth, St. Dorothy's
+         flower? the starry passiflora, the Passion of Christ; who
+         named them all first, in the old days that are forgotten? All
+         the poets that ever the world has known might have been
+         summoned together for the baptism of the flowers, and have
+         failed to name them half so well as popular tradition has
+         done long ago in the dim lost ages, with names that still
+         make all the world akin."--Anon.
+
+    [73] "This pretty name (which Fitzgerald, _History of Limerick_,
+         vol. i., p. 320, calls the River Dawn) arose from a change of
+         Samhair or Samer to Caimher, 'the daybreak,' or 'Morning
+         Star'".--Westropp, T. J., _Proc. of Royal Irish Acad._,
+         xxxiii., C. 2, p. 13.
+
+    [74] The peculiar temperament of "us moderns alone" is, I am
+         afraid, more acutely diagnosed by Prof. Weekley, in
+         _Surnames_, where he observes: "The 'practical man,' when his
+         attention is accidentally directed to the starry sky,
+         appraises that terrific spectacle with a non-committal grunt:
+         but he would receive with a positive snort any suggestion
+         that the history of European civilisation is contained in the
+         names of his friends and acquaintances. Still, even the
+         practical man, if he were miraculously gifted with the power
+         of interpreting surnames, could hardly negotiate the length
+         of Oxford Street on a motor-bus without occasionally
+         marvelling and frequently chuckling."
+
+    [75] Coneybeare, Dr. F. C., _The Historical Christ_, p. 19.
+         [Italics mine.] The views of Dr. Coneybeare may be connoted
+         with those of his fellow-cleric, the Rev. H. C. Christmas:
+         "The astrotheology into which Egyptian fables are ultimately
+         resolved having taken animals as symbols, soon elevated those
+         symbols in the minds of the people at large into real
+         divinities. The signs of the zodiac were worshipped, and the
+         constellations not in that important circle did not go
+         without adoration. Various stars became noted as rising or
+         setting at particular seasons, and serving as marks of time;
+         while the physical circumstances of the animal creation gave
+         an easy means of naming the stars and constellations, and
+         thus connected natural history with the symbolical theology
+         of the times.... In their [the Egyptians'] view the earth was
+         but a mirror of the heavens, and celestial intelligences were
+         represented by beasts, birds, fishes, gems, and even by
+         rocks, metals, and plants. The harmony of the spheres was
+         answered by the music of the temples, and the world beheld
+         nothing that was not a type of something divine."--_Universal
+         Mythology_, 1838, p. 19.
+
+    [76] Quoted from Wentz, W. D. Y., _The Fairy Faith in Celtic
+         Countries_.
+
+    [77] "The current ignorance of those pre-Christian evidences that
+         have been preserved by the petrifying past must be wellnigh
+         invincible when a man like Prof. Jowett could say, as if with
+         the voice of superstition in its dotage: '_To us the
+         preaching of the Gospel is a New Beginning, from which we
+         date all things; beyond which we neither desire, nor are
+         able, to inquire_.'"--Massey, G., _The Logic of the Lord_,
+         1897.
+
+    [78] Harrison, Miss Jane, _Ancient Art and Ritual_, pp. 192-3.
+
+    [79] A bogey of the present Bishop of London is not "no crops" but
+         "no foreign monarchs". _The Daily Chronicle_ of 13th May,
+         1914, reports his Lordship as saying: "If the British Empire
+         was not to be disgraced by the heart of London becoming
+         pagan, _his fund must be kept going_." [Italics mine.] "Once
+         religion went, everything else went; it would be good-bye to
+         the visits of foreign monarchs to London, because Londoners
+         would have disgraced the Empire and themselves before the
+         whole world."
+
+    [80] The "celebrated but infamous" Petronius, surnamed Arbiter,
+         philosophised in the first century to the following
+         up-to-date effect:--
+
+           Fear made the first divinities on earth
+           The sweeping flames of heaven; the ruined tower,
+           Scathed by its stroke. The softly setting sun,
+           The slow declining of the silver moon,
+           And its recovered beauty. Hence the signs
+           Known through the world, and the swift changing year,
+           Circling divided in its varied months.
+           Hence rose the error. Empty folly bade
+           The wearied husbandman to Ceres bring
+           The first fair honours of his harvest fields
+           To gird the brow of Bacchus with the palm,
+           And taught how Pales, 'mid the shepherd bands,
+           Stood and rejoiced, how Neptune in the flood
+           Plunged deep, and ruled the ever-roaring tide;
+           How Vallas reigned o'er earth's stupendous caves
+           Mightily. He who vowed and he who reaped
+           With eager contest, made their gods themselves.
+
+    [81]   The intelligible forms of ancient poets
+           The fair humanities of old religion
+           The Power, the Beauty, and the Majesty
+           That had their haunts in dale or piny mountain
+           Or forest or slow stream, or pebbly spring
+           Our chasms and watery depths; all these have vanished
+           They live no longer in the faith of reason.
+                                                  --COLERIDGE.
+
+    [82] There is, of course, no novelty in these ideas, which are
+         merely a recrudescence and restatement of the notions to
+         which Plutarch thus alludes:--
+
+         "We shall also get our hands on the dull crowd, who take pleasure
+         in associating the ideas about these gods either with changes
+         of the atmosphere according to the seasons, or with the
+         generation of corn and sowings and ploughings, and in saying
+         that Osiris is buried when the sown corn is hidden by the
+         earth, and comes to life and shows himself again when it
+         begins to sprout.... They should take very good heed, and be
+         apprehensive lest unwittingly they write off the sacred
+         mysteries and dissolve them into winds and streams and
+         sowings and ploughings and passions of earth and changes of
+         seasons."
+
+    [83] "The Gnostic movement began long before the Christian era
+         (what its original historical impulse was we do not know),
+         and only one aspect of it, and that from a strictly limited
+         point of view, has been treated by ecclesiastical
+         historians."--Lamplugh, Rev. F., _The Gnosis of the Light_,
+         1918, p. 10.
+
+    [84] Holmes, Rice, _Ancient Britain_, p. 295.
+
+    [85] _Ibid._, p. 373.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER III
+
+                              A TALE OF TROY
+
+            Upon the Syrian sea the people live,
+            Who style themselves Phoenicians,
+            These were the first great founders of the world--
+            Founders of cities and of mighty states--
+            Who showed a path through seas before unknown.
+            In the first ages, when the sons of men
+            Knew not which way to turn them, they assigned
+            To each his first department; they bestowed
+            Of land a portion and of sea a lot,
+            And sent each wandering tribe far off to share
+            A different soil and climate. Hence arose
+            The great diversity, so plainly seen,
+            'Mid nations widely severed.
+                         --DYONYSIUS of Susiana, A.D. 300.
+
+
+It is a modern axiom that the ancient belief expressed in the above
+extract has no foundation in fact, and that the Phoenicians, however
+far-spread may have been their commercial enterprise, never extended
+their voyages beyond the Pillars of Hercules. It is conceded that it
+would be easy to demonstrate in Britain the elaborate machinery of
+sun-worship, if only it could be shown that there were at any time
+intimate and direct relations between Britain and Phoenicia. The
+historical evidence, such as it is, of this once-supposed connection,
+having been weighed and found wanting, the present teaching is thus
+expressed: "But what of the Phoenicians, and where do they come in? It
+is a cruel thing to say to a generation which can ill afford to part
+with any fragment of its diminished archæological patrimony; but it must
+be said without reserve or qualification: the Phoenicians do not come
+in at all."[86]
+
+But before bidding a final and irrevocable adieu to Tyre and Tarshish,
+one is entitled to inquire whence and how Phoenician or Hebrew words
+and place-names reached this country, particularly on the western
+coasts. The cold-shouldering of Oriental words has not extinguished
+their existence, and although these changelings may no longer find an
+honoured home in our Dictionaries, the terms themselves have survived
+the ignominy of their expulsion and are as virile to-day as hitherto.
+
+The English language, based upon an older stratum of speech and
+perpetually assimilating new shades of sense, has descended in direct
+ancestry from the Welsh or Kymbric, and Kymbric, still spoken to-day,
+has come down to us in verbal continuity from immemorial ages prior to
+the Roman invasion. It was at one time supposed that of the Celtic
+sister-tongues the Irish or Gaelic was the more ancient, but according
+to the latest opinion, "In the vocabularies of the two languages where
+strict phonetic tests of origin can be applied it is found that the
+borrowing is mainly on the side of the Irish".[87] The identities
+between Welsh and Hebrew are so close and pressing that from time to
+time claims have been put forward that the old Welsh actually _was_
+Hebrew. "It would be difficult," said Margoliouth, "to adduce a single
+article or form of construction in the Hebrew Grammar, but the same is
+to be found in Welsh, and there are many whole sentences in both
+languages exactly the same in the very words".[88] Entire sentences of
+archaic Hebraisms are similarly to be found in the now obsolete Cornish
+language, and there are "several thousand words of Hebrew origin" in the
+Erse or Gaelic. According to Vallencey, "the language of the early
+inhabitants of Ireland was a compound of Hebrew and Phoenician,"[89]
+and this statement would appear to be substantiated by the curious fact
+that in 1827 the Bible Societies presented Hebrew Bibles to the native
+Irish in preference to those printed in English, as it was found that
+the Irish peasants understood Hebrew more readily than English.[90]
+
+Is it conceivable that these identities of tongue are due to chance, or
+that the terms in point permeated imperceptibly overland to the farthest
+outposts of the Hebrides?
+
+It is a traditional belief that the district now known as Cornwall had
+at some period commercial relations with an overseas people, referred to
+indifferently as "Jews," "Saracens," or "Finicians". That certain of the
+western tin mines were farmed by Jews within the historic period is a
+fact attested by Charters granted by English kings, notably by King
+John; yet there is a tradition among Cornish tinners that the
+"Saracens," a term still broadly applied to any foreigner, were not
+allowed to advance farther than the coast lest they should discover the
+districts whence the tin was brought. The entire absence of any finds of
+Phoenician coins is an inference that this tradition is well founded,
+for it is hardly credible that had the "Finicians" penetrated far inland
+or settled to any extent in the country, some of their familiar coins
+would not have come to light.
+
+The casual or even systematic visits of mere merchants will not account
+for integral deep-seated identities. The Greeks had a powerful
+settlement at Marseilles centuries before Cæsar's time, yet the vicinity
+of these Greek traders, although it may have exercised some social
+influences upon arts and habits, did not effect any permanent impression
+on the language, religion, or character of the Gaulish nation.
+
+One is thus impelled to the conclusion that the resemblances between
+British and Phoenician are deeper seated than hitherto has been
+supposed, and that it may have been due to both peoples having descended
+from, or borrowed from, some common source.
+
+The Phoenicians, though so great and enterprising a people, have left
+no literature; and it is thus impossible to compare their legends and
+traditions with our own. With Crete the same difficulty exists, as at
+present her script is indecipherable, and no one knows positively the
+name of a single deity of her Pantheon.
+
+There is no historic record of any intercourse between the British and
+the Greeks, but both Irish and British traditions specify the Ægean as
+the district whence their first settlers arrived. Tyndal, the earliest
+translator of the Greek Testament into English, asserts that "The Greek
+agreeth more with the English than the Latin, and the properties of the
+Hebrew tongue agreeth a thousand times more with the English than with
+the Latin". Happily Greece possesses a literature, and one may thus
+compare the legends of Greece with those of our own country.
+
+An Hellenic author of the first century is thus rendered by Sir John
+Rhys:[91] "Demetrius further said that of the islands round Britain
+many lie scattered about uninhabited, of which some are named after
+deities and heroes. He told us also that being sent by the Emperor with
+the object of reconnoitring and inspecting, he went to the island which
+lay nearest to those uninhabited, and found it occupied by few
+inhabitants who were, however, sacrosanct and inviolable in the eyes of
+the Britons.... There is there, they said, an island in which Cronus is
+imprisoned with Briareus, keeping guard over him as he sleeps, for as
+they put it--sleep is the bond forged for Cronus. They add that around
+him are many deities, his henchmen and attendants."[92]
+
+It is remarkable that Greek mythology was thus familiar to the
+supposedly blue-painted savages of Britain. Nor is the instance
+solitary, for at Bradford a Septennial festival used to be held in
+honour of Jason and the Golden Fleece,[93] and at Achill in Ireland
+there is a custom which seemingly connects Achill and Achilles.
+Pausanias tells the tale of young Achilles attired in female garb and
+living among maidens, and to this day the peasantry of Achill Island on
+the north-west coast of Ireland dresses its boys as girls for the
+supposed purpose of deceiving a boy-seeking devil.[94] Are these and
+other coincidences which will be adduced due to chance, to independent
+working of the primitive mind, or to intercourse with a maritime people
+who were not restricted by the Pillars of Hercules?
+
+The exit of the Phoenicians has created a dilemma which impels Mr.
+Donald A. Mackenzie to inquire: "By whom were Egyptian beads carried to
+Britain between 1500 B.C. and 1400 B.C.? Certainly not the
+Phoenicians. The sea-traders of the Mediterranean were at the time the
+Cretans. Whether or not their merchants visited England we have no means
+of knowing."[95] There are, however, sure and certain sources of
+information if one looks into the indelible evidence of fairy-tales,
+monuments, language, traditions, and place-names.
+
+Ammianus Marcellinus records that it was a traditional belief among the
+Gauls that "a few Trojans fleeing from the Greeks and dispersed occupied
+these places then uninhabited".[96] The similar tradition pervading
+early British literature we shall consider in due course and detail.
+This legend runs broadly that Bru or Brutus, after sailing for thirty
+days and thirty nights, landed at Totnes, whence after slaying the giant
+Gogmagog and his followers he marched to Troynovant or New Troy now
+named London.
+
+It was generally believed that this supposed fiction was a fabrication
+by Geoffrey of Monmouth, but it was subsequently discovered in the
+historical poems of Tyssilia, a Welsh Bard. According to a poem
+attributed to Taliesin, the semi-mythical "Chief of the Bards of the
+West," whose reputation Sir J. Morris Jones has recently so brilliantly
+resuscitated,[97] "A numerous race, fierce, they are said to have been,
+were thy original colonists Britain first of Isles. Natives of a country
+in Asia, and the city of Gafiz. Said to have been a skilful people, but
+the district is unknown which was mother to these children, warlike
+adventurers on the sea. Clad in their long dress who could equal them?
+Their skill is celebrated, they were the dread of Europe."
+
+According to the Welsh Triads the first-comer to these islands was not
+Bru, but a mysterious and mighty Hu: "The first of the three chieftains
+who established the colony was Hu the Mighty, who came with the original
+settlers. They came over the hazy sea from the summer country, which is
+called Deffrobani; that is where Constantinople now stands."[98]
+
+Although, as will subsequently be seen, Hu and Bru were seemingly one
+and the same, it is not to be supposed that Britain can have been
+populated from one solitary shipload of adventurers; argosy after argosy
+must have reached these shores. The name Albion suggests Albania, and in
+due course I shall connect not only Giant Alban, but also the Lady
+Albion and the fairy Prince Albion with Albania, Albany, and "Saint"
+Alban.
+
+The Albanian Greek is still characterised by hardihood, activity, bodily
+strength, and simplicity of living; and there is unquestionably some
+connection between the highlanders of Albania and the highlanders of
+Albany who, up to a few hundred years ago, used to rush into battle with
+the war-cry of "Albani! Albani!" By the present-day Turk the Albanians
+are termed Arnaouts.[99] Whether this name has any connection with
+_argonauts_ is immaterial, as the historic existence of argonauts and
+argosies is a matter of fact, not fancy. A typical example of the
+primitive argosies is recorded in the British Chronicles where the
+arrival of Hengist and Horsa is described. Layamon's _Brut_ attributes
+to Hengist the following statement:--
+
+"Our race is of a fertile stock, more quick and abounding than any other
+you may know, or whereof you have heard speak. Our folk are marvellously
+fruitful, and the tale of the children is beyond measure. Women and men
+are more in number than the sand, for the greater sorrow of those
+amongst us who are here. When our people are so many that the land may
+not sustain nor suffice them, then the princes who rule the realm
+assemble before them all the young men of the age of fifteen and
+upwards, for such is our use and custom. From out of these they choose
+the most valiant and the most strong, and, casting lots, send them forth
+from the country, so that they may travel into divers lands, seeking
+fiefs and houses of their own. Go out they must, since the earth cannot
+contain them; for the children come more thickly than the beasts which
+pasture in the fields. Because of the lot that fell upon us we have
+bidden farewell to our homes, and putting our trust in Mercury, the god
+has led us to your realm."
+
+In all probability this is a typical and true picture of the perennial
+argosies which periodically and persistently fared forth from Northern
+Europe and the Mediterranean into the Unknown.
+
+The Saxons came here peaceably; they were amicably received, and it
+would be quite wrong to imagine the early immigrations as invasions
+involving any abrupt breach in place-names, customs, and traditions. Of
+the Greeks, Prof. Bury says: "They did not sweep down in a great
+invading host, but crept in, tribe by tribe, seeking not political
+conquest but new lands and homesteads".
+
+At the time of Cæsar the tribe occupying the neighbourhood of modern
+London were known as the Trinovantes,[100] and as these people can
+hardly be supposed to have adopted their title for the purpose of
+flattering a poetic fiction in far Wales, the name Trinovant lends some
+support to the Bardic tradition that London was once termed Troy Novant
+or New Troy. Argonauts of a later day christened their new-found land
+New York, and this unchangingly characteristic tendency of the emigrant
+no doubt accounts for the perplexing existence of several cities each
+named "Troy". That many shiploads of young argonauts from one or another
+Troy reached the coasts of Cornwall is implied by the fact that in
+Cornwall _tre's_ were seemingly so numerous that _tre_ became the
+generic term for home or homestead. It is proverbial that by _tre_,
+_pol_, and _pen_, one may know the Cornish men.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 8.--Welsh Shepherd's "Troy Town."
+                 From _Prehistoric London_ (Gordon, E. O.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 9.--Cretan maze-coins and British mazes at
+                 Winchester, Alkborough, and Saffron Walden.
+                 From _Prehistoric London_ (Gordon, E. O.).
+                                                   [_To face p. 87._]
+
+Borlase, in his glossary of Cornish words, gives both _tre_ and _dre_ as
+meaning dwelling; the Welsh for Troy is Droia, the Greek was Troie, and
+this invariable interchange of _t_ and _d_ is again apparent in _derry_,
+the Irish equivalent for the Cornish _tre_. The standard definition of
+_true_ is _firm_ or _certain_; whence it may appear that the primeval
+"Troys" were, so to speak, the permanent addresses of the wandering
+families and tribes. These _Troys_ or _trues_ were maybe caves--whence
+_trou_, the French for hole or cave; maybe the foot of a big tree,
+preferably the sacred oak-tree, which was alike sacred in Albion and
+Albania. _Tree_ is the same word as _true_, and _dru_, the Sanscrit for
+tree, is the same word as _dero_ or _derry_, the Irish for oak tree,
+as in London_derry_, Kil_dare_, etc. The Druids have been generally
+supposed to have derived their title of _Druid_ from the _drus_ or oak
+tree under which they worshipped, but it is far more probable that the
+tree was named after the Druids, and that _druid_ (the accusative and
+dative of _drui_, a magician or sorcerer), is radically the Persian
+_duru_, meaning _a good holy man_, the Arabic _deri_, meaning _a wise
+man_.[101]
+
+But apart from the generic term _tre_ or _dre_ there are numerous "Troy
+Towns" and "Draytons" in Britain. Part of Rochester is called Troy Town,
+which may be equated with the _Duro-_ of _Duro_brevis the ancient name
+of Rochester. There is a river Dray in Thanet and the ancient name for
+Canterbury was _Duro_vern. Seemingly all over Britain the term Troy Town
+was applied to the turf-cut mazes of the downs and village greens, and
+the hopscotch of the London urchin is said to be the Troy game of the
+Welsh child.
+
+In London, _tempus_ Edward II., a military ride and tournament used to
+be performed by the young men of the royal household on every Sunday
+during Lent.[102] This also so-called Troy game had obviously some
+relation to the ancient Trojan custom thus described by Virgil:--
+
+     In equal bands the triple troops divide,
+       Then turn, and rallying, with spears bent low,
+     Charge at the call. Now back again they ride,
+       Wheel round, and weave new courses to and fro,
+     In armed similitude of martial show,
+       Circling and intercircling. Now in flight
+     They bare their backs, now turning, foe to foe,
+       Level their lances to the charge, now plight
+       The truce, and side by side in friendly league unite.
+
+     E'en as in Crete the Labyrinth of old
+       Between blind walls its secret hid from view,
+     With wildering ways and many a winding fold,
+       Wherein the wanderer, if the tale be true,
+     Roamed unreturning, cheated of the clue;
+       Such tangles weave the Teucrians, as they feign
+     Fighting, or flying, and the game renew;
+       So dolphins, sporting on the watery plane,
+       Cleave the Carpathian waves and distant Libya's main.
+
+     These feats Ascanius to his people showed,
+       When girdling Alba Longa; there with joy
+     The ancient Latins in the pastime rode,
+       Wherein the princely Dardan, as a boy,
+     Was wont his Trojan comrades to employ.
+       To Alban children from their sires it came,
+     And mighty Rome took up the "game of Troy,"
+       And called the players "Trojans," and the name
+       Lives on, as sons renew the hereditary game.[103]
+
+In Welsh _tru_ means a twisting or turning, and this root is at the base
+of _tourney_ and _tournament_. One might account for the courtly jousts
+of the English Court by the erudition and enterprise of scholars and
+courtiers, but when we find turf Troy Towns being dug by the illiterate
+Welsh shepherd and a Troy game being played by the uneducated peasant,
+the question naturally arises, "What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba?"
+In the Scilly Islands there is a Troy Town picked out in stones which
+the natives scrupulously restore and maintain: in the words of Miss
+Courtney, "All intricate places in Cornwall are so denominated, and I
+have even heard nurses say to children, when they were surrounded by a
+litter of toys, that they looked as if they were in Troy Town".[104]
+
+In the _Æneid_ Virgil observes that "Tyrians and Trojans shall I treat
+as one". Apart from Tyrians and Trojans the term Tyrrheni or Tyrseni was
+applied to the Etrurians--a people the mystery of whose origin is one of
+the unsolved riddles of archæology. It was Etruria that produced not
+only Dante, but also a galaxy of great men such as no other part of
+Europe has presented. In Etruria woman was honoured as nowhere else in
+Europe except, perhaps, in Crete and among the Kelts; and in Etruria--as
+in Crete--religion was veiled under an "impenetrable cloud of mysticism
+and symbolism".
+
+It is supposed that Etruria derived much from the prehistoric Greeks who
+dwelt in Albania and worshipped Father Zeus in the sacred derrys or
+oak-groves of Dodona. The Etrurians and Greeks were unquestionably of
+close kindred, and it would seem from their town of Albano and their
+river Albanus that the Etrurians similarly venerated St. Alban or Prince
+Albion. The capital of Etruria was Tarchon, so named after the Etruscan
+Zeus, there known as Tarchon. In the Introduction to _The Cities and
+Cemeteries of Etruria_, Dennis points out that for ages the Etruscans
+were lords of the sea, rivalling the Phoenicians in enterprise;
+founding colonies in the islands of the Tyrrhene Sea "even on the coast
+of Spain where Tarragona (in whose name we recognise that of Tarchon)
+appears to have been one of their settlements--a tradition confirmed by
+its ancient fortifications. Nay, the Etruscans would fain have colonised
+the far 'islands of the blest' in the Atlantic Ocean, probably Madeira
+or one of the Canaries, had not the Carthaginians opposed them."
+
+The title _Madeira_, which is radically _deira_, might imply an origin
+from either Tyre or Troy, and if place-names have any significance it
+seems probable the Etrurians reached even our remote Albion. One may
+recognise Targon as at Tarragona in Pentargon, the sonorous, resounding
+title of a mighty pen or headland near Tintagel, and it is not unlikely
+Tarchon or Tarquin survives in giant Tarquin who is popularly associated
+with Cumberland and the North of England. In Arthurian legend it is
+seemingly this same Tarquin that figures as Sir Tarquin, a false knight
+who was the enemy of the Round Table and a sworn foe to Lancelot: "They
+hurtled together like two wild bulls, rashing and lashing with their
+shields and swords, that sometimes they fell both over their noses. Thus
+they fought still two hours and more and never would have rest."[105]
+
+It will become increasingly evident as we proceed that _tur_ or _true_
+served frequently as an adjective, meaning firm, constant, _dur_able,
+and _eter_nal, and that it is thus used in the name _Tar_chon, _Tra_jan,
+or _Tro_jan. One may thus modernise Tarchon into the Eternal John, Jean,
+or Giant, and it is seemingly this same giant that figured as the John,
+Joan, or Old Joan of Cornish festivals. In the civic functions at
+Salisbury and elsewhere, the elementary giant figures simply as "Giant".
+Although the Cornish for _giant_ was _geon_, the authorities--I think
+wrongly--translate Inisidgeon, an islet in the Scillies, as having meant
+_inis_ or island of _St. John_.
+
+Near Pentargon is the Castle of King Arthur, which, before being known
+as Tintagel, was named Dunechein or the _dun_ of _chein_. At Durovern
+(now Canterbury) is a large tumulus known as the _Dane John_, and on the
+heights behind St. Just in Cornwall is _Chun_ Castle.[106] This is a
+noble specimen of Cyclopean architecture, and appears to be parallel in
+style of building with the Cyclopean architecture of Etruria. Similarly,
+in the Dune Chein neighbourhood may be seen Cyclopean and "herring-bone"
+walls, which seemingly do not differ from those of Crete and Etruria.
+
+At Winchelsea in Sussex are the foundations and the doorway of an
+ancient building known as "Trojans or Jews' Hall," but of the history of
+these ruins nothing whatever is known. There is, however, little if any
+doubt that Trojan or Tarchon was an alternative title of the Etrurian
+Jonn, Jupiter, or Jou, and that to the Cretan Jou the Greeks added their
+_piter_ or father, making thereby Jupiter or Father Jou. Jou was the
+title of a kingly dynasty in Crete, but the custom of royal dynasties
+taking their title from the All Father likened to the Sun is so constant
+as almost to constitute a rule.
+
+The word _Jew_, when pronounced _yew_, will be considered subsequently;
+it may here be pointed out that _Jay_, _Gee_, and _Joy_ are common
+surnames, query, once tribal names in Britain. Near Penzance is Marazion
+or Market Jew, and it may be suggested that the traditional Cornish
+"Jews" were pre-Phoenician followers of the Cretan Jou. With
+Market-Jew one may connote Margate, which, as will be shown later, was
+probably in its origin--like Marazion or Mara San--a port of _mer_, or
+_mère_, the generic terms for _sea_ and _mother_. It is a
+well-recognised fact that Brittany, Cornwall, and Wales spoke more or
+less the same tongue, and according to Cæsar in his time there was
+little or no difference between the languages of Gaul and Britain.
+
+As will also be seen later it is probable that the words _mer_ and
+_mère_, and the names Maria and Marie, are radically _rhi_, the Celtic
+for _lady_ or _princess_; that _Rhea_, the Mother-Goddess of Crete, is
+simply _rhia_, the Gælic and the Welsh for _queen_, and that Maria meant
+primarily Mother Queen, or Mother Lady. The early forms of Marazion
+figure as _Marhasyon_, _Marhasion_, etc.
+
+Among the Basques of Spain _jaun_ meant lord or master; in British
+_chun_ or _cun_ meant _mighty chief_,[107] whence it is probable that
+the name Tarchon meant _Eternal Chief_ or _Eternal Lord_, and this
+anonymity would accord with the custom which most anciently prevailed at
+Dodona. "In early times," says Herodotus, "the Pelasgi, as I know by
+information which I got at Dodona, offered sacrifices of all kinds and
+prayed to the gods, but had no distinct names and appellations for them,
+since they had never heard of any. They called them gods (_theoi_)
+because they had disposed and arranged all things in such a beautiful
+order."[108]
+
+The eternal Chon or Jonn of Etruria may be recognised Latinised in
+Janus, the most ancient deity of Rome or _Jan_icula, and we may perhaps
+find him not only in John of Cornwall but among the innumerable Jones of
+Wales. The Ionians or Greeks of Ionia worshipped _Ione_, the Holy Dove,
+whence they are said to have derived their title. In Greek, _ione_, in
+Hebrew, _juneh_, means a _dove_, and the Scotch island of Iona is
+indelibly permeated with stories and traditions of St. Columba or
+Columbkille, the Little Dove of the Church. The dove was the immemorial
+symbol of Rhea, and it is highly probable that it was originally
+connected with the place-name Reculver, of which the root is unknown,
+but "has been influenced by Old English _culfre_, _culver_, a culver
+dove or wood pigeon".[109] In Cornwall there is a St. Columb Major and
+St. Columb Minor, where the dedication is to a virgin of this name, and
+on the coast of Thanet the shoal now called Columbine, considered in
+conjunction with the neighbouring place-names Roas Bank and Rayham, may
+be assumed to be connected with Rhea's sacred Columbine or Little Dove.
+A neighbouring spit is marked Cheney Spit, and close at hand are Cheyney
+Rocks. There is thus some probability that Great Cheyne Court, Little
+Cheyne Court, Old Cheyne Court, New Cheyne Court, and the Kentish
+surname Joynson have all relation to the mysterious ruin "Trojans or
+Jews Hall".
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 10.--From _Nineveh_ (Layard).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 11.--From _The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria_
+                 (Dennis, G.).]
+
+Fig. 11 shows the Goddess of Etruria holding her symbolic _columba_, in
+Fig. 10, the same emblem worshipped in Assyria is being carried with
+pomp and circumstance, and Fig. 12 shows the columba, _tur_tle, or
+_tor_tora, being similarly honoured in Western Europe.
+
+"Throughout the Ægean," says Prof. Burrows, "we see traces of the Minoan
+Empire, in one of the most permanent of all traditions the survival of a
+place-name; the word Minoa, wherever it occurs, must mark a fortress or
+trading station of the Great King as surely as the Alexandrias, or
+Antiochs, or Cæsareas of later days."[110]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 12.--From _The Everyday Book_ (Hone, W.).]
+
+If a modern place-name be valid evidence in the Mediterranean, the
+place-name Minnis Bay between Margate and Reculver has presumably a
+similar weight, particularly as a few miles further round the coast is a
+so-called Minnis Rock. Here is an ancient hermitage consisting of a
+three-mouthed cave measuring precisely 9 feet deep. King Minos of Crete
+held his kingship on a tenure of nine years, and the number nine is
+peculiarly identified with the idea of _Troy_, _true_, or permanent. In
+Hebrew, truth and nine are represented by one and the same term, because
+nine is so extraordinarily true or constant to itself, that 9 × 9 = 81 =
+9, 9 × 2 = 18 = 9, and so from nine times one to nine times nine.
+
+In Crete there were no temples, but worship was conducted around small
+caves situated in the side of hills. This is precisely the position of
+Minnis Rock which is situated in a valley running up from Hastings to
+St. Helens. "It is," says the local guide-book, "one of the few rock
+cells in the country, and though almost choked with earth and rubbish is
+still worth inspection. The three square-headed openings were the
+entrances to the separate chambers of the cave, which went back 9 feet
+into the rock. It is surmised that the Hermitage was used as a chapel or
+oratory, dedicated probably to St. Mary, or some other saint beloved of
+those who go down to the sea in ships. Many such chapels existed in
+olden times within sight and sound of the waves, and passing vessels
+lowered their topsails to them in reverence. Torquay, Broadstairs,
+Dover, Reculver, Whitby, and other places in England had similar
+oratories."[111]
+
+The Etruscans or Tyrrhenians believed in a Hierarchy of Nine Great Gods.
+Minos of Crete was not merely one of a line of mighty sea-kings, but
+Greek mythology asserts that Minos was the son of Zeus, _i.e._, Jonn or
+Tarchon. In a subsequent chapter we shall consider him at length, but
+meanwhile it may be noted that it is not unlikely that the whole of
+Eastern Kent was known as Minster, Minosterre, or Minos Terra. There
+are several Minsters in Sheppey, and another Minster together with a
+Mansion near Margate. The generic terms _minster_ and _monastery_ may be
+assigned to the ministers of Minos originally congregating in cells or
+_trous_ or in groves under and around the oaks or other similarly sacred
+trees.
+
+Troy, or as Homer terms it, "sacred Troy," was pre-eminently a city of
+_towers_, _tourelles_, _turrets_, or _tors_, and in the West of England
+_tor_, as in Torquay, Torbay, etc., is ubiquitous. Tory Island, off the
+coast of Ireland, is said to have derived its title from the numerous
+torrs upon it. The same word is prevalent throughout Britain, but there
+are no torrs at Sindry Island in Essex nor at _Tre_port in the English
+Channel. In the Semitic languages _tzur_, meaning rock, is generally
+supposed to be the root of Tyre, and in the Near East tor is a generic
+term for mountain chain.
+
+Speaking of princely Tyre, Ezekiel says, "Tarshish was thy merchant by
+reason of the multitude of all kinds of riches; with silver, iron, tin,
+and lead, they traded in thy fairs".[112] Tarshish is usually considered
+to have been the western coast of the Mediterranean afterwards called
+Gaul, in later times Spain and France, and undoubtedly the men of
+Tarshish, Tyre, Troy, or Etruria, toured, trekked, travelled, tramped,
+traded, and trafficked far and wide. Etrurian vases have been
+disinterred in Tartary and also, it is said, from tumuli in Norway, yet
+as Mrs. Hamilton Gray observes: "We believe that they were never made in
+those countries, and that the Tartars and Norwegians never worshipped,
+and possibly never even knew the names of the gods and heroes thereon
+represented".[113] These vases more often than not depicted incidents
+of Trojan legend, and of that famous Troy whose exploits in the words of
+Virgil "fired the world".
+
+The Tyrians conceived their chief god Hercules or Harokel as a bagman or
+merchant, and in Phoenician the word _harokel_ meant merchant. Our own
+term _merchant_[114] is etymologically akin to Mercury, the god of
+merchants, and as _mere_ among other meanings meant pure or true, it is
+not unlikely that _merchant_ was once the intellectual equivalent to
+Tarchon or True John. In the West of England the adjective "jonnock"
+still means true, straightforward, generous, unselfish, and
+companionable.[115] The adjective _chein_ still used by Jews means very
+much the same as _jonnock_, with, however, the additional sense of the
+French _chic_. Jack is the diminutive endearing form of John, and the
+Etruscan Joun is said to have been the Hebrew _Jack_ or _Iou_.[116] Joun
+or his consort Jana was in all probability the divinity of the Etruscan
+river Chiana, and Giant or Giantess Albion the divinity of the
+neighbouring river Albinia.
+
+Close to Market Jew or Marazion is a village called Chyandour, where is
+a well named Gulfwell, meaning, we are told, the "Hebrew brook". It is
+still a matter of dispute whether the Jews shipped their tin from
+_Market_ Jew or overland from Thanet (_? Margate_[117]). From the word
+_tariff_, a Spanish and Arabian term connected with Tarifa, the
+southernmost town in Spain, it would seem that the dour and daring
+traders who carried on their traffic with Market Jew and Margate toured
+with a _tarifa_ or price-list. Doubtless the tariff charges were
+commensurate with the risks involved, for only too frequently, as is
+stated in the Psalms, "the ships of Tarshish were broken with an east
+wind". To _try_ a boat means to-day to bring her head to the gale, and
+in Somersetshire small ships are still entitled _trows_, a word
+evidently akin to _trough_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 13]
+
+The Etruscans or Tyrrhenians represented Hercules the Great Merchant in
+a kilt, and this seemingly was a _tar_tan or French _tiretaine_.
+Speaking of certain figures unearthed at Tarchon, Dennis remarks: "The
+drapery of the couches is particularly worthy of notice, being marked
+with stripes of different colours crossing each other as in the Highland
+plaid; and those who are learned in tartanology might possibly pronounce
+which of the Macs has the strongest claim to an Etruscan origin".[118]
+
+Fig. 13 reproduced from Mrs. Murray Aynsley's _Symbolism of the East and
+West_, is taken from a fragment of pottery found in what is believed to
+be a pre-Etruscan cemetery at Bologna in Italy. It might be a portrait
+of Hendry or Sander bonneted in his glengarry, armed with a target, and
+trekking off with two terriers. _Terre_, or _terra firma_, the earth, is
+the same as _true_, meaning firm or constant. According to Skeat the
+present form of the verb _tarry_ is due to _tarien_, _terien_, "to
+irritate, provoke, worry, vex; hence to hinder, delay". Having "tarried"
+an order there was, it may be, still further "tarrying" on presentation
+of the tariff, and it may be assumed that the author of _The Odyssey_
+had been personally "tarried" for he refers feelingly to--
+
+          A shrewd Phoenician, in all fraud adept,
+          Hungry, and who had num'rous harm'd before,
+          By whom I also was cajoled, and lured
+          T' attend him to Phoenicia, where his house
+          And his possessions lay; there I abode
+          A year complete his inmate; but (the days
+          And months accomplish'd of the rolling year
+          And the new seasons ent'ring on their course)
+          To Lybia then, on board his bark, by wiles
+          He won me with him, partner of the freight
+          Profess'd, but destin'd secretly to sale,
+          That he might profit largely by my price.
+          Not unsuspicious, yet constrain'd to go,
+          With this man I embark'd.
+
+The hero of _The Odyssey_ was, self-confessedly, no tyro, but was
+himself "in artifice well framed and in imposture various". Admittedly
+he "utter'd prompt not truth, but figments to truth opposite, for guile
+in him stood never at a pause".[119] Obviously he was a sailor to the
+bone, and when he says, "I boast me sprung from ancestry renowned in
+spacious Crete," with the additional statement that at one time he was
+an Admiral of Crete, it is possible we are in face of a fragment of
+genuine autobiography.
+
+Doubtless, as our traditions state, the first adventurers on the sea
+who reached these shores were oft-times _terrors_ and "the dread of
+Europe". To the Tyrrhenes may probably be assigned the generic term
+_tyrranos_ which, however, meant primarily not a tyrant as now
+understood, but an autocrat or lord. "Clad in their long dress who could
+equal them?" wondered a British Bard, and it may be that the long robes
+figured herewith are the very moulds of form which created such a
+powerful impression among our predecessors. The word _attire_ points to
+the possibility that at one time Tyre set the fashions for the latest
+_tire_, and like modern Paris fired the contemporary world of dress. In
+connection with the word _dress_, which is radically _dre_, it is
+noticeable that the Britons were conspicuously dressy men; indeed, Sir
+John Rhys, discussing the term Briton, Breton, or Brython, seriously
+maintains that "the only Celtic words which can be of the same origin
+are the Welsh vocables _brethyn_, 'cloth and its congeners,' in which
+case the Britons may have styled themselves 'cloth-clad,' in
+contradistinction to the skin-wearing neolithic nation that preceded
+them".
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 14.--From _The Cities and Cemeteries of
+                 Etruria_ (Dennis, G.).]
+
+We know from Homer that the Trojans had a pretty taste in tweeds, and
+that their waistcoats in particular were subjects of favourable
+remark:--
+
+          The enter'd each a bath, and by the hands
+          Of maidens laved, and oil'd, and cloath'd again
+          With shaggy mantles, and _resplendent vests_,
+          Sat both enthroned at Menelaus' side.
+
+Time does not alter the radical characteristics of any race, and
+the outstanding qualities of the Britons--the traditional "remnant
+of Droia," are still very much to-day what they were in the time of
+Diodorus the Sicilian. "They are," said he, "of much sincerity and
+integrity far from the craft and knavery of men among us."[120] So great
+was the Trojan reputation for law and order that the Greeks who owed
+their code of laws to Crete paid Minos the supreme compliment of making
+him the Lord Chief Justice of the World of Shades. It will probably
+prove that the _droits_, laws, rights, or dues of "Dieu et mon Droit"
+are traceable to those of Troy, as also perhaps the _Triads_ or triple
+axioms of the Drui or Druids. To put a man on trial was originally
+perhaps to _try_ or test him at the sacred _tree_: the triadic form of
+ancient maxims had doubtless some relation to the Persian Trinity of
+Good Thought, Good Deed, Good Word, and these three virtues were
+symbolised by the trefoil or shamrock. The Hebrew for law is _tora_ or
+_thorah_, the Hill of _Tara_ in Ireland (middle-Irish, Temair), is
+popularly associated with the trefoil symbol of the _Tri_nity (Welsh,
+_Dri_ndod); that _three_, _trois_, or _drei_ was associated by the game
+of Troy is obvious from Virgil's reference to the "_triple_ groups
+dividing," and that the trefoil was venerated in Crete would appear from
+Mr. Mackenzie's statement: "Of special interest, too, is a clover-leaf
+ornament--an anticipation of the Irish devotion to the shamrock".[121]
+
+The primitive _trysts_ were probably at the old Trysting Trees; _trust_
+means reliability and credit and _truce_ means peace. Among rude nations
+the men who carried with them Peace, Law, and Order must naturally have
+been deemed supermen or gods, hence perhaps why in Scandinavia _Tyr_
+meant _god_. Our Thursday is from Thor--a divinity who was sometimes
+assigned _three_ eyes--and our Tuesday from Tyr, who was supposed to be
+the Scandinavian Joupiter. The plural form of Tyr meant "glorious ones,"
+and according to _The Edda_, not only were the Danes and Scandinavians
+wanderers from Troy or Tyrkland, but Asgard itself--the Scandinavian
+Paradise--preserved the old usages and customs brought from Troy.[122]
+
+Homer by sidelights indicates that the Trojans were nice in their
+domestic arrangements, took fastidious care of their attire, and were
+confirmed lovers of fresh air. Thus Telemachus--
+
+              Open'd his broad chamber-valves, and sat
+          On his couch-side: then putting off his vest
+          Of softest texture, placed it in the hands
+          Of the attendant dame discrete, who first
+          Folding it with exactest care, beside
+          His bed suspended it, and, going forth,
+          Drew by its silver ring the portal close,
+          And fasten'd it with bolt and brace secure.
+          There lay Telemachus, on finest wool
+          Reposed, contemplating all night his course
+          Prescribed by Pallas to the Pylian shore.[123]
+
+The word "Trojan" was used in Shakespeare's time to mean a boon
+companion, a jonnock _tyro_, or a plucky fellow, and it is worthy of
+note that the trusty lads of Homer's time passed, as does the Briton of
+to-day, their liquor scrupulously from left to right:--
+
+              So spake Jove's daughter; they obedient heard.
+          The heralds, then, pour'd water on their hands,
+          And the attendant youths, filling the cups,
+          Served them from left to right.[124]
+
+One of the most remarkable marvels of Cretan archæology is the
+up-to-date drainage system, and that the Tyrrhenians were equally
+particular is recorded apparently for all time by the Titanic evidence
+of the still-standing Cloaca Maxima or great main drain of Rome.
+
+The word Troy carries inevitable memories of Helen whose beauty was such
+utter perfection that "the Helen of one's Troy" has become a phrase. The
+name Helen is philologically allied to Helios the Sun, and is generally
+interpreted to mean _torch_, _shiner_, or _giver of light_. The Greeks
+called themselves Hellenes, after Hellen their eponymous divine leader.
+Oriental nations termed the Hellenes, Iones, and there is little doubt
+that Helen and Ione were originally synonymous. In Etruria was the city
+of Hellana, and we shall meet St. Helen in Great Britain, from Helenium,
+the old name for Land's End, to Great St. Helen's and Little St. Helen's
+in London. St. Helen, the lone daughter of Old King Cole, the merry old
+soul, figures in Wales and Cumberland as Elen the Leader of Hosts, whose
+memory is preserved not only in Elaine the Lily Maid, but also in
+connection with ancient roadways such as Elen's Road, and Elen's
+Causeway. These, suggests Squire, "seem to show that the paths on which
+armies marched were ascribed or dedicated to her".[125] Helen's name was
+seemingly bestowed not only on our rivers, such as the Elen, Alone, or
+Alne and Allan Water, but it likewise seems to have become the generic
+term _lan_ meaning _holy enclosure_, entering into innumerable
+place-names--London[126] among others--which will be discussed in
+course. The character in which Helen was esteemed may be judged from
+the Welsh adjective _alain_, which means "exceeding fair, lovely,
+bright". Not only in Wales but also in Ireland _Allen_ seems to have
+been synonymous with beauty, whence the authorities translate the
+place-name Derryallen to mean _oakwood beautiful_. In Arthurian romance
+Elaine or Elen figures as the sister of Sir Tirre,[127] as the builder
+of the highest fortress in Arvon, and as sitting _lone_ or _alone_ in a
+sea-girt castle on a throne of ruddy gold. It is said that so
+transcendent was her beauty that it would be no more easy to look into
+her face than to gaze at the sun when his rays were most irresistible.
+It would thus seem that Howel, said to be Elen's brother, may be equated
+with _hoel_, the Celtic for _Sun_, and that Elen herself, like Diana,
+was the glorious twin-sister of Helios or Apollo.
+
+The principal relics of St. Helena are possessed by the city of
+_Treves_, and at _Therapne_ in Greece there was a special sanctuary of
+Helena the divinely fair daughter of Zeus and a swan. "Troy weight," so
+called, originated, it is supposed, from the droits or standards of a
+famous fair held at Troyes in France.
+
+From time immemorial Crete seems to have been associated with the symbol
+of the cross. This pre-Christian Cross of Crete was the equi-limbed
+Cross of St. John (Irish Shane) which form is also the Red Cross of St.
+George. In earlier times this cross was termed the Jack--a familiar form
+of "the John"--and it was also entitled "the Christopher". In India the
+cave temple of Madura, where Kristna[128]-worship is predominant, is
+cruciform, and the svastika or solar cross, a variant of John's Cross,
+is in one of its Indian forms known as the _Jaina_ cross and the
+talisman of the _Jaina_ kings.
+
+"It must never be forgotten," said a prince of the Anglican Church
+preaching recently at St. Paul's, "that the cross was primarily an
+instrument of torture." Among a certain school, who in Apostolic phrase
+deem themselves of all men most miserable, this conception is firmly
+fixed and seemingly it ever has been. It was Calvinistic doctrine that
+all pain and suffering came from the All Father, and that all pleasure
+and joy originated from the Evil One. Thus to Christianity the Latin
+Cross has been the symbol of misery and the concrete conception of
+Christian Ideal is the agonised Face of the Old Masters. This dismal
+verity was exemplified afresh by the melancholy poster which was
+recently scattered broadcast over England by the National Mission
+engineered by the Bishop of London. Even the Mexican cross, consisting
+of four hearts _vis a vis_ (Fig. D)--a form which occurs sometimes in
+Europe--has been daubed with imaginary gore, and with reference to this
+inoffensive emblem the author of _The Cross: Heathen and Christian_
+complacently writes: "The lady to whom I have just alluded considers
+(and I think with great propriety) that the circle of crosses formed by
+groups of four hearts represents hearts sacrificed to the gods; the dot
+on each signifying blood".[2]
+
+  [Illustration: A. EARLY CELTIC ISLE OF MAN AND IRELAND EARLY CELTIC
+                    BRITTANY CALLERNISH, HEBRIDES, restored (380 feet in
+                    length.)
+
+                 B. ETRURIA B.
+
+                 C. CRETE
+
+                 D. MEXICO
+
+                 E. MEXICO
+
+                 FIG. 15.--From _The Cross: Heathen and Christian_
+                (Brock, M.).]
+
+But we shall meet with these same dots on prehistoric British
+cross-coins as also on the "spindle whorls" of the most ancient Troy,
+and it will be seen that, apart from the word _svastika_ which
+intrinsically means _it is well_, the svastika or pre-Christian cross
+was an emblem not of Melancholia but Joy. The English word _joy_ and the
+French word _jeu_ have, I think, been derived from _Jou_, just as jovial
+is traceable from Jove, and _joc_und to Jock or Jack. Pagans were the
+children of Joy and worshipped with a joyful noise before the Lord, and
+with sacred _jeux_ or games. The word _cross_ is in all probability the
+same as _charis_ which means _charity_, and akin to _chrestos_ which
+means good. Cres, the son of Jou, after whom the Cretans were termed
+Eteocretes, is an elementary form of Christopher, and the burning cross
+with which the legends state Christopher was tortured by being branded
+on the brow was more probably the Christofer or Jack--the Fiery Cross,
+with which irresistible talisman the clansmen of Albany were summoned
+together. Similarly the solar wheel of Katherine or The Pure One was
+supposed by the mediæval monks--whose minds were permanently bent on
+melancholia and torture--to have been some frightful implement of knives
+and spikes by which Kate or Kitt, the Pure Maiden, was torn into pieces.
+It will be seen in due course that almost every single "torture" sign of
+the supposed martyrs was in reality the pre-Christian emblem of some
+pagan divinity whence the saintly legends were ignorantly and mistakenly
+evolved.
+
+When the Saxon monks came into power, in the manner characteristic of
+their race, they "tarried" the old British monasteries and sacred
+mounds, bringing to light many curious and extraordinary things. At St.
+Albans they overthrew and filled up all the subterranean crypts of the
+ancient city as well as certain labyrinthine passages which extended
+even under the bed of the river. The most world-famous labyrinth was
+that at Gnossus which has not yet been uncovered, but every Etrurian
+place of any import had its accompanying catacombs, and in the chapter
+on "Dene holes" we shall direct attention to corresponding labyrinths
+which remain intact in England even to-day.
+
+When pillaging at St. Albans the Saxons found not only anchors, oars,
+and parts of ships, imputing that St. Albans was once a port, but they
+also uncovered the foundations of "a vast palace". "Here," says
+Wright,[129] "they found a hollow in the wall like a cupboard in which
+were a number of books and rolls, which were written in ancient
+characters and language that could only be read by one learned monk
+named Unwona. He declared that they were written in the ancient British
+language, that they contained 'the invocations and rites of the
+idolatrous citizens of Waertamceaster,' with the exception of one which
+contained the authentic life of St. Albans." And as the Abbot before
+mentioned "diligently turned up the earth" where the ruins of Verulamium
+appeared, he found many other interesting things--pots and amphoras
+elegantly formed of pottery turned on the lathe, glass vessels, ruins of
+temples, altars overturned, idols, and various kinds of coins.
+
+Many of the jewels and idols then uncovered remained long in the
+possession of the Abbey, and are scheduled in the Ecclesiastical
+inventories together with a memorandum of the human weaknesses against
+which each object was supposed to possess a talismanic value. Thus
+Pegasus or Bellerophon is noted as food for warriors, giving them
+boldness and swiftness in flight; Andromeda as affording power of
+conciliating love between man and woman; Hercules slaying a lion, as a
+singular defence to combatants. The figure of Mercury on a gem rendered
+the possessor wise and persuasive; a dog and a lion on the same stone
+was a sovereign remedy against dropsy and the pestilence; and so on and
+so forth.
+
+"I am convinced," says Wright, "that a large portion of the reliques of
+saints shown in the Middle Ages, were taken from the barrows or graves
+of the early population of the countries in which they were shown. It
+was well understood that those mounds were of a sepulchral character,
+and there were probably few of them which had not a legend attached.
+When the earlier Christian missionaries and the later monks of Western
+Europe wished to consecrate a site their imagination easily converted
+the tenant of the lonely mound into a primitive saint--the tumulus was
+ransacked and the bones were found--and the monastery or even a
+cathedral was erected over the site which had been consecrated by the
+mystics rites of an earlier age."[130] After purification by a special
+form of exorcism the pagan pictures were accepted into Christian
+service, the designs being construed into Christian doctrines far from
+the purpose of the things themselves.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 16.--"Kaadman." From _Essays on Archæological
+                 Subjects_ (Wright, T.).]
+
+Among the monkish loot at St. Albans was an ancient cameo herewith
+reproduced. This particular jewel was supposed to be of great efficacy
+and was entitled _Kaadman_; "perhaps," suggests Wright, "another mode of
+spelling _cadmeus_ or _cameus_". But in view of the fact that Alban
+means _all good_, it was more probably the picture of a sacred figure
+which the natives recognised as the original Kaadman, _i.e., Guidman_ or
+the Good Man.[131] The jewels found at St. Albans being unquestionably
+Gnostic it is quite within the bounds of probability that the Kaadman
+seal was an "idol" of what the Gnostics entitled Adam Caedmon or Adam
+Kadman. According to C. W. King the Adam Kadman or Primitive Man of
+Gnosticism, was the generative and conceptive principle of life and
+heat, Who manifested Himself in ten emanations or types of all
+creation.[132] In Irish _cad_ means _holy_; _good_ and _cad_ are the
+same word, whence Kaadman and the surnames Cadman and Goodman were
+probably once one. The word Albon or Albion means as it stands _all
+good_, or _all well_, and the river Beane, like the river Boyne--over
+whom presided the beneficent goddess Boanna--means _bien_, good, or
+_bene_ well. The Herefordshire Beane was alternatively known as the
+river _Beneficia_, a name which to the modern etymologer working on
+standard lines confessedly "yields a curious conundrum".[133]
+
+The Anglo-Saxon Abbot of St. Albans after having assured himself that
+the idolatrous books before-mentioned proved that the pagan British
+worshipped Phoebus, and Mercury consigned them to the flames with the
+same self-complacency as the Monk Patrick burnt 180--some say 300--MSS.
+relative to the Irish Druids. These being deemed "unfit to be
+transmitted to posterity," posterity is proportionately the poorer.
+
+Phoebus was the British Heol, Howel, or the Sun, and Mercury, was, as
+Cæsar said, the Hercules of Britain. The snake-encircled club of Kaadman
+is the equivalent to the caduceus or snake-twined rod of Mercury; the
+human image in the hand of Kaadman implies with some probability that
+"Kaadman" was the All Father or the Maker of Mankind. We shall see
+subsequently that the Maker of All was personified as Michael or Mickle,
+and that St. Mickle and All Angels or All Saints stood for the Great
+Muckle leading the Mickle--"many a mickel makes a muckle". St. Michael
+is the patron saint of Gorhambury, a suburb of St. Albans, and in
+Christian Art St. Michæl is almost invariably represented with the
+scales and other attributes of Anubis, the Mercury of Egypt. Both Anubis
+of Egypt and Mercury of Rome were connected with the dog, and Anubis was
+generally represented with the head of a dog or jackal. In _The Gnostics
+and their Remains_, King illustrates on plate F a dog or jackal-headed
+man which is subscribed with the name MICHAH, and it is probable the
+word _make_ is closely associated with Micah or Mike.
+
+  [Illustration: ANUBIS. FIG. 17.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 18.--From _An Essay on Ancient Coins, Medals,
+                 and Gems_ (Walsh, R.).]
+
+Eastern tradition states that St. Christopher, or St. Kit, was a
+Canaanitish giant, 12 feet in stature, having the head of a dog. The
+kilted figure represented in the Gnostic cameo here illustrated, is
+seemingly that same Kitman, or Kaadman, Bandog, or Good Dog, and
+_chien_, the French for dog, Irish _chuyn_, may be equated with _geon_,
+_geant_, or _giant_. The worship of the _chien_ was carried in the Near
+East to such a pitch that a great city named Cynopolis or Dog-Town
+existed in its honour. The priests of Cynopolis, who maintained a golden
+image of their divine _kuon_ or _chien_, termed themselves Kuons, and
+these _kuons_ or dog-ministers were, according to some authorities, the
+original Cohen family. A beautiful relievo of Adonis and his dog has
+been unearthed at Albano in Etruria; Fig. 13 is accompanied by
+bandogs(?); Albania in Asia Minor is mentioned by Maundeville as
+abounding in fierce dogs, and in Albion, where we still retain memories
+of the Dog Days, it will be shown to be probable that sacred dogs were
+maintained near London at the mysteriously named Isle of Dogs. Until the
+past fifty years the traditions of this island at Barking were so
+uncanny that the site remained inviolate and unbuilt over. Whence, I
+think, it may originally have been a _kennel_ or _Cynopolis_, where the
+_kuons_ of the Cantians or Candians were religiously maintained.[134]
+
+We shall deal more fully with the cult and symbolism of the dog in a
+future chapter entitled "The Hound of Heaven". Not only in England, but
+also in Ireland, place-names having reference to the dog are so
+persistent that Sir J. Rhys surmised the dog was originally a totem in
+that country.
+
+In connection with _chuyn_, the Irish for dog, it may be noted that one
+of the titles of St. Patrick--whence all Irishmen are known as
+Paddies--was Taljean or Talchon, and moreover that Crete was
+alternatively known to the ancients as Telchinea. In Cornish and in
+Welsh _tal_ meant high; in old English it meant valiant, whence
+Shakespeare says, "Thou'rt a _tall_ fellow"; in the Mediterranean the
+Maltese _twil_; Arabic _twil_ meant _tall_ and hence we may conclude
+that the present predominant meaning of our _tall_ was once far spread,
+Talchon meaning either _tall geon_ or _tall chein_, _i.e._, dog-headed
+giant Christopher.
+
+The outer inscription around Fig. 18 is described as "altogether
+barbarous and obscure," but as far as can be deciphered the remaining
+words--"a corruption of Hebrew and Greek--signify 'the sun or star has
+shone'".[135] I have already suggested a connection between _John_,
+_geon_, _chien_, _shine_, _shone_, _sheen_, and _sun_.
+
+It is probable that not only the literature of the saints but also many
+of the national traditions of our own and other lands arose from the
+misinterpretation of the symbolic signs and figures which preceded
+writing. The "diabolical idols" of Britain, as Gildas admitted, far
+exceeded those in Egypt; similarly in Crete, the fantastic hieroglyphics
+not yet read or understood far out-Egypted Egypt. The Christian Fathers
+fell foul with Gnostic philosophers for the supposed insult of
+representing Christ on the Cross with the head of an ass; but it is
+quite likely that the Gnostic intention--the ass being the symbol of
+meekness--was to portray Christ's meekness, and that no insult was
+intended. A notable instance of the way in which ignorant and facetious
+aliens misconstrued the meaning of national or tribal emblems has been
+preserved in the dialogue of a globe-trotting Greek who lived in the
+second century of the present era. The incident, as self-recorded by the
+chatty but unintelligent Greek, is Englished by Sir John Rhys as
+follows: "The Celts call Heracles in the language of their country
+Ogmios, and they make very strange representations of the god. With them
+he is an extremely old man, with a bald forehead and his few remaining
+hairs quite grey; his skin is wrinkled and embrowned by the sun to that
+degree of swarthiness which is characteristic of men who have grown old
+in a seafaring life: in fact, you would fancy him rather to be a Charon
+or Japetus, one of the dwellers in Tartarus, or anybody rather than
+Heracles. But although he is of this description he is, nevertheless,
+attired like Heracles, for he has on him the lion's skin, and he has a
+club in his right hand; he is duly equipped with a quiver, and his left
+hand displays a bow stretched out: in these respects he is quite
+Heracles. It struck me, then, that the Celts took such liberties with
+the appearance of Heracles in order to insult the gods of the Greeks and
+avenge themselves on him in their painting, because he once made a raid
+on their territory, when in search of the herds of Geryon he harrassed
+most of the western peoples. I have not, however, mentioned the most
+whimsical part of the picture, for this old man Heracles draws after him
+a great number of men bound by their ears, and the bonds are slender
+cords wrought of gold and amber, like necklaces of the most beautiful
+make; and although they are dragged on by such weak ties, they never try
+to run away, though they could easily do it: nor do they at all resist
+or struggle against them, planting their feet in the ground and throwing
+their weight back in the direction contrary to that in which they are
+being led. Quite the reverse: they follow with joyful countenance in a
+merry mood, and praising him who leads them pressing on one and all, and
+slackening their chains in their eagerness to proceed: in fact, they
+look like men who would be grieved should they be set free. But that
+which seemed to me the most absurd thing of all I will not hesitate also
+to tell you: the painter, you see, had nowhere to fix the ends of the
+cords, since the right hand of the god held the club and his left the
+bow; so he pierced the tip of his tongue, and represented the people as
+drawn on from it, and the god turns a smiling countenance towards those
+whom he is leading. Now I stood a long time looking at these things, and
+wondered, perplexed and indignant. But a certain Celt standing by, who
+knew something about our ways, as he showed by speaking good Greek--a
+man who was quite a philosopher, I take it, in local matters--said to
+me, 'Stranger, I will tell you the secret of the painting, for you seem
+very much troubled about it. We Celts do not consider the power of
+speech to be Hermes, as you Greeks do, but we represent it by means of
+Heracles, because he is much stronger than Hermes. Nor should you wonder
+at his being represented as an old man, for the power of words is wont
+to show its perfection in the aged; for your poets are no doubt right
+when they say that the thoughts of young men turn with every wind, and
+that age has something wiser to tell us than youth. And so it is that
+honey pours from the tongue of that Nestor of yours, and the Trojan
+orators speak with one voice of the delicacy of the lily, a voice well
+covered, so to say, with bloom; for the bloom of flowers, if my memory
+does not fail me, has the term lilies applied to it. So if this old man
+Heracles, by the power of speech, draws men after him, tied to his
+tongue by their ears, you have no reason to wonder, as you must be aware
+of the close connection between the ears and the tongue. Nor is there
+any injury done him by this latter being pierced; for I remember, said
+he, learning while among you some comic iambics, to the effect that all
+chattering fellows have the tongue bored at the tip. In a word, we Celts
+are of opinion that Heracles himself performed everything by the power
+of words, as he was a wise fellow, and that most of his compulsion was
+effected by persuasion. His weapons, I take it, are his utterances,
+which are sharp and well-aimed, swift to pierce the mind; and you too
+say that words have wings.' Thus far the Celt."[136]
+
+The moral of this incident may be applied to the svastika cross, an
+ubiquitous symbol or trade-mark which Andrew Lang surmised might after
+all have merely been "a bit of natural ornament". The sign of the cross
+will be more fully considered subsequently, but meanwhile one may regard
+the svastika as the trade-mark of Troy. The Cornish for _cross_ was
+_treus_, and among the ancients the cross was the symbol of truce.[137]
+The Sanscrit name _svastika_ is composed of _su_, meaning soft, gentle,
+pleasing, or propitious, and _asti_ (Greek _esto_), meaning _being_. It
+was universally the symbol of the Good Being or St. Albion, or St. All
+Well; it retains its meaning in its name, and was the counterpart to the
+Dove which symbolisms Innocence, Peace, Simplicity, and Goodwill. There
+is no doubt that the two emblems were the insignia of the prehistoric
+Giants, Titans, or followers of the Good Sun or Shine, or Sunshine, men
+who trekked from one or several centres, to India, Tartary, China, and
+Japan. Moreover, these trekkers whom we shall trace in America and
+Polynesia, were seafaring and not overland folk, otherwise we should not
+find the Cyclopean buildings with their concomitant symbols in Africa,
+Mexico, Peru, and the islands of the Pacific.
+
+The svastika in its simpler form is the cross of St. Andrew, Scotch
+Hender or Hendrie. In British the epithet _hen_ meant _old_ or
+_ancient_, so that the cross of _Hen drie_ is verbally the cross of old
+or ancient Drew, Droia, or Troy. This is also historically true, for
+the svastika has been found under the ruins of the ten or dozen Troys
+which occupy the immemorial site near Smyrna.
+
+Our legends state that Bru or Brut, after tarrying awhile at Alba in
+Etruria, travelled by sea into Gaul, where he founded the city of Tours.
+Thence after sundry bickers with the Gauls he passed onward into Britain
+which acquired its name from Brute, its first Duke or Leader. We shall
+connote Britannia, whose first official portraits are here given, with
+the Cretan Goddess Britomart, which meant in Greek "sweet maiden". One
+of these Britannia figures has her finger to her lips, or head, in
+seemingly the same attitude as the consort of the Giant Dog, and the
+interpretation is probably identical with that placed by Dr. Walsh upon
+that gnostic jewel. "Among the Egyptians," he says, "it was deemed
+impossible to worship the deity in a manner worthy by words, adopting
+the sentiments of Plato--that it was difficult to find the nature of the
+Maker and Father of the Universe, or to convey an idea of him to the
+people by a verbal description--and they imagined therefore the deity
+Harpocrates who presided over silence and was always represented as
+inculcating it by holding his finger on his lips". We know from Cæsar
+that secrecy was a predominant feature of the Drui or Druidic system,
+and for this custom the reasons are thus given in a Bardic triad: "The
+Three necessary but reluctant duties of the bards of the Isle of
+Britain: Secrecy, for the sake of peace and the public good; invective
+lamentation demanded by justice; and the unsheathing of the sword
+against the lawless and the predatory".
+
+Britain is in Welsh Prydain, and, according to some Welsh scholars, the
+root of Prydain is discovered in the epithet _pryd_, which signifies
+_precious_, _dear_, _fair_, or _beautiful_. This, assumed Thomas, "was
+at a very early date accepted as a surname in the British royal family
+of the island".[138] I think this Welsh scholar was right and that not
+only Britomart the "sweet maiden," but also St. Bride, "the Mary of the
+Gael," were the archetypes of Britannia; St. Bride is alternatively St.
+Brighit, whence, in all probability, the adjective _bright_. At
+Brightlingsea in Essex is a Sindry or _Sin derry_ island(?); in the West
+of England many villages have a so-called 'sentry field,' and
+undoubtedly these were originally the saintuaries, centres, and
+sanctuaries of the districts. To take sentry meant originally to seek
+refuge, and the primary meaning of _terrible_ was _sacred_. Thus we find
+even in mediæval times, Westminster alluded to by monkish writers as a
+_locus terribilis_ or sacred place. The moots or courts at Brightlingsea
+were known as Brodhulls, whence it would appear that the Moothill or
+Toothill of elsewhere was known occasionally as a Brod or Brutus Hill.
+
+Some of the Britannias on page 120 have the aspect of young men rather
+than maidens, and there is no doubt that Brut was regarded as
+androginous or indeterminately as youth or maiden. We shall trace him or
+her at Broadstairs, a corruption of Bridestow, at Bradwell, at Bradport,
+at Bridlington, and in very many more directions. From Pryd come
+probably the words _pride_, _prude_, and _proud_, and in the opinion of
+our neighbours these qualities are among our national defects. Claiming
+a proud descent we are admittedly a _dour_ people, and our neighbours
+deem us _triste_, yet, nevertheless trustworthy, and inclined to truce.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 19.--From _An Essay on Medals_ (Pinkerton, J.).]
+
+On the shield of one of the first Britannias is a bull's head, whence
+it may be assumed the bull was anciently as nowadays associated with
+John Bull. At British festivals our predecessors used to antic in the
+guise of a bull, and the bull-headed actor was entitled "The Broad". The
+bull was intimately connected with Crete; Britomart was the Lady of All
+Creatures, and seemingly the _brutes_ in general were named either after
+her or Brut. The British word for bull was _tarw_, the Spanish is
+_toro_; in Etruria we find the City of Turin or Torino using as its
+cognisance a rampant bull; and I have little doubt that the fabulous
+Minotaur was a physical brute actually maintained in the terrible
+recesses of some yet-to-be-discovered labyrinth. The subterranean
+mausoleums of the Sacred Bulls of Egypt are among the greatest of the
+great monuments of that country; the bull-fights of Spain were almost
+without doubt the direct descendants of sacred festivals, wherein the
+slaying of the Mithraic Bull was dramatically presented, but in Crete
+itself the bull-fights seem to have been amicable gymnastic games
+wherein the most marvellous feats of agility were displayed.
+Illustrations of these graceful and intrepid performances are still
+extant on Cretan frieze and vase, the colours being as fresh to-day as
+when laid on 3000 years ago.
+
+In Britain the national sport seems to have been bull-baiting, and the
+dogs associated with that pastime presumably were bull-dogs. Doggedness
+is one of the ingrained qualities of our race; of recent years the
+bull-dog has been promoted into symbolic evidence of our tenacity and
+doggedness. Our mariners are sea-_dogs_, and the modern bards vouch us
+to be in general boys of the bull-dog breed. The mascot bull-dogs in the
+shops at this moment serve the same end as the mascot emblems and
+mysterious hieroglyphics of the ancients, and the Egyptian who carried
+a scarabæus or an Eye of Horus, acted without doubt from the same
+simple, homely impulse as drives the modern Englishman to hang up the
+picture of a repulsive animal subscribed, "What we have we'll hold".
+
+The prehistoric dog or jackal symbolised not tenacity or courage, but
+the maker of tracks, for the well-authenticated reason that dogs were
+considered the best guides to practicable courses in the wilderness.
+Bull-headed men and dog-headed men are represented constantly in Cretan
+Art, and these in all likelihood symbolised the primeval bull-dogs who
+trekked into so many of the wild and trackless places of the world.
+
+The Welsh have a saying, "Tra Mor, Tra Brython," which means, "as long
+as there is sea so long will there be Britons". Centuries ago, Diodorus
+of Sicily mentioned the Kelts as "having an immemorial taste for foreign
+expeditions and adventurous wars, and he goes on to describe them as
+'irritable, prompt to fight, in other respects simple and guileless,'
+thus, according with Strabo, who sums up the Celtic temperament as being
+simple and spontaneous, willingly taking in hand the cause of the
+oppressed".[139]
+
+Diodorus also mentions the Kelts as clothed sometimes "in tissues of
+variegated colours," which calls to mind the tartans of the Alban
+McAlpines, Ians, Jocks, Sanders, Hendries, and others of that ilk.
+
+The dictionaries define the name Andrew as meaning _a man_, whence
+_androgynous_ and _anthropology_; in Cornish _antrou_ meant _lord_ or
+_master_, and these early McAndrews were doubtless masterly, tyrannical,
+dour, derring-doers, inconceivably daring in der-doing. To _try_ means
+make an effort, and we speak proverbially of "working like a Trojan".
+The corollary is that tired feeling which must have sorely tried the
+tyros or young recruits. After daring and trying and tiring, these dour
+men eventually turned _adre_, which is Cornish for _homeward_. Whether
+their hearts were turned Troy-ward in the _Ægean_ or to some small
+unsung British _tre_ or Troynovant, who can tell? "I am now in Jerusalem
+where Christ was born," wrote a modern argonaut to his mother, but, he
+added, "I wish I were in Wigan where I was born."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+    [86] Taylor, Rev. T., _The Celtic Christianity of Cornwall_, p.
+         27.
+
+    [87] Morris-Jones, Sir J., _Y. Cymmrodor_, xxvii., p. 240.
+
+    [88] Margoliouth, M., _The Jews in Great Britain_, p. 33.
+
+    [89] As bearing upon this statement I reprint in the Appendix to
+         the present volume a very remarkable extract from _Britain
+         and the Gael_ (Wm. Beal), 1860.
+
+    [90] Wilkes, Anna, _Ireland: Ur of the Chaldees_, p. 6.
+
+    [91] Introduction to Malory's _Morte d'Arthur_ (Everyman's
+         Library).
+
+    [92] Plutarch, _De Defectu Oraculorum_, xvii.
+
+    [93] Eckenstein, L., _Comparative Studies in Nursery Rhymes_, p. 70.
+
+    [94] Clodd, E., _Tom Tit Tot_, p. 131.
+
+    [95] Mackenzie, D. A., _Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe_,
+         p. 326.
+
+    [96] _Cf._ Poste, B., _Britannic Researches_, p. 220.
+
+    [97] _Y Cymmrodor_, xxviii.
+
+    [98] Triad 4.
+
+    [99] "The notion that the Albanian is a mere mixture of Greek and
+         Turkish has long been superseded by the conviction that
+         though mixed it is essentially a separate language. The
+         doctrine also that it is of recent introduction into Europe
+         has been similarly abandoned. There is every reason for
+         believing that as Thunmann suggested, it was, at dawn of
+         history, spoken in the countries where it is spoken at the
+         present moment."--Latham, R. G., _Varieties of Man_, p. 552.
+
+   [100] Rhys, J., _Celtic Britain_.
+
+   [101] The same root may be behind _deruish_ or _dervish_.
+
+   [102] Gordon, E. O., _Prehistoric London_, p. 127.
+
+   [103] Virgil, _Æneid_, 79, 80, 81.
+
+   [104] _Cornish Feasts and Folklore_, p. 119.
+
+   [105] Malory, viii.
+
+   [106] I question the current supposition that this is a corruption
+         of _chy an woon_ or "house on the hill".
+
+   [107] Beal, W., _Britain and the Gael_, p. 22.
+
+   [108] Herodotus, 11, 52.
+
+   [109] Johnston, J. B., _Place-names of England and Wales_, p. 413.
+
+   [110] Burrows, R. M., _The Discoveries in Crete_, p. 11.
+
+   [111] _Hastings_ (Ward Lock & Co.), p. 63.
+
+   [112] xxvii. 12.
+
+   [113] _Sepulchres of Ancient Etruria_, p. 9.
+
+   [114] From _mercari_, to trade (Skeat).
+
+   [115] _Jonnock_ is probably cognate with _yankee_, which was in old
+         times used in the New England States as an adjective meaning
+         "excellent," "first-class". Thus, a "yankee" horse would be a
+         first-class horse, just as we talk of English beef and other
+         things English, meaning that they are the best. Another
+         explanation of _yankee_ is that when the Pilgrim Fathers
+         landed at Plymouth Rock, near Massachusetts Bay, in 1620,
+         they were met on the shore by native Indians who called them
+         "Yangees"--meaning "white man"--and the term was finally
+         completed into "Yankees".
+
+   [116] Taylor, Rev. R., _Diegesis_, p. 158.
+
+   [117] The remarkable serpentine, shell-mosaiked shrine, known as
+         Margate Grotto, is discussed in chap. xiii.
+
+   [118] i., 367.
+
+   [119] _Odyssey_, Book IV.
+
+   [120] _Cf._ Smith, G., _Religion of Ancient Britain_, p. 65.
+
+   [121] _Myths of Crete and Prehistoric Europe_, p. 239.
+
+   [122] Rydberg, V., _Teutonic Mythology_, pp. 22-36.
+
+   [123] _Odyssey_, Book I.
+
+   [124] _Ibid._, Book III.
+
+   [125] _The Myth of Br. Islands_, p. 324.
+
+   [126] The current idea that London was _Llyn din_, the _Lake town_,
+         has been knocked on the head since it has been "proved that
+         the lake which was described so picturesquely by J. R. Green
+         did not exist". _Cf._ Rice Holmes, _Ancient Britain_, p. 704.
+
+   [127] Lon_dres_, the Gaulish form of London, implies that the
+         radical was _Lon_--and perhaps further, that London was a
+         _holy enclosure dun or derry_ where _luna_, the moon, was
+         worshipped. There is a persistent tradition that St. Paul's,
+         standing on the summit of Ludgate Hill or dun, occupies the
+         site of a more ancient shrine dedicated to Diana, _i.e._,
+         Luna.
+
+   [128] This name will subsequently be traced to Cres, the son of
+         Jupiter, to whom the Cretans assigned their origin.
+
+   [129] Wright, T., _Essays on Archæological Subjects_, vol. i., p.
+         273.
+
+   [130] Wright, T., _Essays on Archæological Subjects_, vol. i., p.
+         283.
+
+   [131] In Albany the memory of "the gudeman" lingered until late,
+         and according to Scott: "In many parishes of Scotland there
+         was suffered to exist a certain portion of land, called _the
+         gudeman's croft_, which was never ploughed or cultivated, but
+         suffered to remain waste, like the _Temenos_ of a pagan
+         temple. Though it was not expressly avowed, no one doubted
+         that 'the goodman's croft' was set apart for some evil being;
+         in fact, that it was the portion of the arch-fiend himself,
+         whom our ancestors distinguished by a name which, while it
+         was generally understood, could not, it was supposed, be
+         offensive to the stern inhabitant of the regions of despair.
+         This was so general a custom that the Church published an
+         ordinance against it as an impious and blasphemous usage.
+
+         "This singular custom sunk before the efforts of the clergy
+         in the seventeenth century; but there must still be many alive
+         who, in childhood, have been taught to look with wonder on
+         knolls and patches of ground left uncultivated, because,
+         whenever a ploughshare entered the soil, the elementary spirits
+         were supposed to testify their displeasure by storm and
+         thunder," _Demonology and Witchcraft._
+
+
+   [132] These Sources of Life or vessels of Almighty Power were
+         described as Crown, Wisdom, Prudence, Magnificence, Severity,
+         Beauty, Victory, Glory, Foundation, Empire. _Cf._ King, C.
+         W., _The Gnostics and their Remains_, p. 34.
+
+   [133] Johnston, Rev. J. B., _Place-names of England and Wales_.
+
+   [134] "The origin of the name is quite unknown to history....
+         Possibly because so many dogs were drowned in the Thames
+         here."--Johnston, Rev. J. B., _Place-names of England_, p.
+         321.
+
+   [135] Walsh, R., _An Essay on Ancient Coins, Medals, and Gems_, p.
+         58.
+
+   [136] Rhys, Sir J., _Celtic Heathendom_, pp. 14-16.
+
+   [137] British children still cross their forefingers as a sign of
+         _treus_, _pax_, or _fainits_.
+
+   [138] _Britannia Antiquissima_, p. 4.
+
+   [139] _Cf._ Thomas, J. J., _Britannia Antiquissima_, pp. 84, 85.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER IV
+
+                                  ALBION
+
+     "The Anglo-Saxons, down to a late period, retained the heathenish
+     Yule, as all Teutonic Christians did the sanctity of Easter-tide;
+     and from these two, the Yule-boar and Yule-bread, the Easter
+     pancake, Easter sword, Easter fire, and Easter dance could not be
+     separated. As faithfully were perpetuated the name and, in many
+     cases, the observances of midsummer. New Christian feasts,
+     especially of saints, seem purposely as well as accidentally to
+     have been made to fall on heathen holidays. Churches often rose
+     precisely where a heathen god or his sacred tree had been pulled
+     down; and the people trod their old paths to the accustomed site:
+     sometimes the very walls of the heathen temple became those of the
+     church; and cases occur in which idol-images still found a place in
+     a wall of the porch, or were set up outside the door, as at Bamberg
+     Cathedral where lie Sclavic-heathen figures of animals inscribed
+     with runes."--GRIMM.
+
+
+Our Chronicles state that when Brute and his companions reached these
+shores, "at that time the name of the island was Albion". According to
+tradition Alba, Albion, or Alban, whence the place-name Albion, was a
+fairy giant, but this, in the eyes of current scholarship, is a fallacy,
+and _alba_ is merely an adjective meaning _white_, whence wherever met
+with it is so translated. But because there happens to be a relatively
+small tract of white cliffs in the neighbourhood of Dover, it is a
+barren stretch of imagination to suppose that all Britain thence derived
+its prehistoric title, and in any case the question--why did _alba_ mean
+white?--would remain unanswered. The Highlanders of Scotland still speak
+of their country as Albany or Alban; the national cry of Scotland was
+evidently at one time "Albani," and even as late as 1138, "the army of
+the Scots with one voice vociferated their native distinction, and the
+shout of Albani! Albani! ascended even to the heavens".[140]
+
+Not only by the Romans but likewise by the Greeks, Britain was known as
+Albion, and one may therefore conjecture that the white-cliff theory is
+an unsound fancy.
+
+Strabo alludes to a certain district generally supposed to be Land's
+End, under the name "Kalbion,"[141] a word manifestly having some
+radical relation to "Albion". By an application of the comparative
+method to place-names and proper-names, I arrived several years ago at
+the seemingly only logical conclusion that in many directions _ak_ and
+its variants meant _great_ or _mighty_. On every hand there is
+presumptive evidence of this fact, and I have since found that Bryant
+and also Faber, working by wholly independent methods, reached a very
+similar conclusion. My _modus operandi_, with many of its results,
+having been already published,[142] it is unnecessary here to restate
+them, and I shall confine myself to new and corroborative evidence.
+
+In addition to _great_ or _mighty_ it is clear that the radical in
+question meant _high_. The German trisagion of _hoch! hoch! hoch!_ is
+still equivalent to the English _high! high! high!_ the Swedish for
+_high_ is _hog_, the Dutch is _oog_, and in Welsh or British _high_ is
+_uch_. It is presumably a trace of the gutteral _ch_ that remains in our
+modern spelling of _high_ with a _gh_ now mute, but the primordial Welsh
+_uch_ has also become the English _ok_, as in Devonshire where _Ok_ment
+Hill is said to be the Anglicised form of _uch mynydd_, the Welsh or
+British for _high_ hill. I shall, thus, in this volume treat the
+syllable _'k_ or _'g_ as carrying the predominant and apparently more
+British meaning of _high_. That the sounds 'g and 'k were invariably
+commutable may be inferred from innumerable place-names such as
+_Og_bourne St. Andrew, alternatively printed _Oke_bourne, and that the
+same mutability applies to words in general might be instanced from any
+random page of Dr. Murray's _New English Dictionary_. We may thus assume
+that "Kalbion," meant Great Albion or High Albion, and it remains to
+analyse Alba or Albion.
+
+B and P being interchangeable, the _ba_ of _Alba_ is the same word as
+_pa_, which, according to Max Müller, meant primarily _feeder_; _papa_
+is in Turkish _baba_, and in Mexico also _ba_ meant the same as our
+infantile _pa_, _i.e._, feeder or father. In _paab_, the British for
+_pope_, one _p_ has become _b_ the other has remained constant.
+
+The inevitable interchange of _p_ and _b_ is conspicuously evident in
+the place-name--Battersea, alternatively known as Patrickseye, and on
+that little _ea_, _eye_, or _eyot_ in the Thames at one time, probably,
+clustered the padres or paters who ministered to the church of St.
+Peter--the architypal Pater--whose shrine is now Westminster Abbey.
+
+It is a custom of children to express their superlatives by
+duplications, such as _pretty pretty_, and in the childhood[143] of the
+world this habit was seemingly universal. Thus _pa_, the Aryan root
+meaning primarily _feeder_, has been duplicated into _papa_, which is
+the same word as _pope_, defined as indicating the father of a church.
+In A.D. 600 the British Hierarchy protested against the claims of the
+"paab" of Rome to be considered "the Father of Fathers,"[144] and there
+is little doubt that Pope is literally _pa-pa_ or _Father Father_. In
+Stow's time there existed in London a so-called "Papey"--"a proper
+house," wherein sometime was kept a fraternity of St. Charity and St.
+John. This was, as Stow says, known as the Papey;[145] "for in some
+language priests are called papes".
+
+In the Hebrides the place-names Papa Stour, Papa Westray, and so forth
+are officially recognised as the seats of prehistoric padres, patricks,
+or papas. Skeat imagines that the words _pap_ meaning food, and _pap_
+meaning teat or breast, are alike "of infantine origin due to the
+repetition of _pa pa_ in calling for food". They may be so, but to
+understand the childhood of the world one must stoop to infantile
+levels.
+
+In Celtic _alp_ or _ailpe_ meant _high_, and also _rock_. Among the
+ancients rock was a generally recognised symbol of the undecaying
+immutable High Father, and in seemingly every tongue will be found puns
+such as _pierre_ and _pere_, Peter the pater, and Petra the Rock. The
+papacy of Peter is founded traditionally upon St. Petra, the Rock of
+Ages, "Upon this Rock will I found my Church," and the St. Rock of this
+country, whose festival was celebrated upon Rock Monday, was assumedly a
+survival of pagan pre-Christian symbolism.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 20.--From _Analysis of Ancient Mythology_
+                 (Bryant, J.).]
+
+In the group of coins here illustrated it will be noticed that the
+_Mater Deorum_ is conventionally throned upon a rock. "Unto Thee will I
+cry, O Lord my Rock," wrote the Psalmist, and the inhabitants of Albion
+probably once harmonised in their ideas with the Kafirs of India, who
+still say of the stones they worship, "This stands for God, but we know
+not his shape." In Cornwall, within living memory, the Druidic stones
+were believed in some mysterious way to be sacred to existence, and the
+materialistic theory which attributes all primitive worship to fear or
+self-interest, will find it hard to account satisfactorily for stone
+worship. Cold, impassive stone, neither feeds, nor warms, nor clothes,
+yet, as Toland says: "'Tis certain that all nations meant by these
+stones without statues the eternal stability and power of the Deity, and
+that He could not be represented by any similitude, nor under any figure
+whatsoever".
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 21.--Christ and His Apostles, under the form of
+                 Lambs or of Sheep. (Latin sculpture; first centuries
+                 of the Church.)
+                 From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+It is asserted by one of the classical authors that stones were
+considered superior in two respects, first in being not subject to
+death, and second in not being harmful. That _Albion_ was harmless and
+beneficent is implied by the adjectives _bien_, _bonny_, _benevolent_,
+_bounteous_, and _benignant_. That St. Alban was similarly conceived is
+implied by the statement that this Lord's son of the City of Verulam was
+"a well disposed and seemly young man," who "always loved to do
+hospitality _granting meat and drink_ wherever necessary". That St.
+Alban was not only _Alpa_, the All Feeder, but that he was also _Alpe_,
+the High One and the Rock whence gushed a "living water," is clear from
+the statement: "Then at the last they came to the hill where this holy
+Alban should finish and end his life, in which place lay a great
+multitude of people nigh dead for heat of the sun, and for thirst. And
+then anon the wind blew afresh, cool, and also at the feet of this holy
+man Alban sprang up a fair well whereof all the people marvelled to see
+the cold water spring up in the hot sandy ground, and so high on the top
+of an hill, which water flowed all about and in large streams running
+down the hill. And then the people ran to the water and drank so that
+they were well refreshed, and then by the merits of St. Alban their
+thirst was clean quenched. But yet for all the great goodness that was
+showed they thirsted strongly for the blood of this holy man."[146]
+
+From this and other miraculous incidents in the life of St. Alban it
+would appear that the original compilers had in front of them some
+cartoons, cameos, or symbolic pictures of "The Kaadman," which had
+probably been recovered from the ruins of the ancient city. The
+authenticity of St. Alban's "life" is further implied by the frequency
+with which allusions are made to the blazing heat of the sun, a sunshine
+so great, so conspicuous, that it burnt and scalded the feet of the
+sightseers. The Latin for yellow, which is the colour of the golden sun,
+is _galbinus_, a word which like Kalbion resolves into _'g albinus_, the
+high or mighty Albanus. From _galbinus_ the French authorities derive
+their word _jaune_, but _jaune_ is simply _Joan_, _Jeanne_, _shine_,
+_shone_, or _sheen_.
+
+In Hebrew _Albanah_ or _Lebanah_ properly signifies the moon, and
+_albon_ means _strength_ and _power_, but more radically these terms may
+be connoted with our English surname Alibone and understood as either
+_holy good_, _wholly good_, or _all good_.
+
+Yellow is not only the colour of the golden sun, but it is similarly
+that of the moon, and at the festivals of the _yellow_ Lights of Heaven
+our ancestors most assuredly _halloe'd_, _yelled_, _yawled_, and
+_yowled_. The Cornish for the sun is _houl_, the Breton is _heol_, the
+Welsh is _hayl_, and until recently in English churches the congregation
+used at Yule Tide to _hail_ the day with shouts or _yells_ of Yole,
+Yole, Yole! or Ule, Ule, Ule! The festival of Yule is a reunion, a
+coming together in amity of the All, and as in Welsh _y_ meant _the_,
+the words _whole_, and _Yule_ were perhaps originally _ye all_ or _the
+all_. An _alloy_ is a mixture or medley, anything _allowed_ is according
+to _law_, and _hallow_ is the same word as _holy_.
+
+The word Alban is pronounced Olbun, and in Welsh _Ol_, meant not only
+_all_, but also the Supreme Being. The Dictionaries translate the
+Semitic _El_ as having meant _God_ or _Power_, and it is so rendered
+when found amid names such as Beth_el_, Uri_el_, _El_eazar,[147] etc.
+But among the Semitic races the deity El was subdivided into a number of
+Baalim or secondary divinities emanating from El, and it would thus seem
+that although the Phoenicians may have forgotten the fact, _El_ meant
+among them what _All_ does amongst us. According to Anderson, El was
+primarily Israel's God and only later did He come to be regarded as the
+God of the Universe--"Rising in dignity as the national idea was
+enlarged, El became more just and righteous, more and more superior to
+all the other gods, till at last He was defined to be the Supreme Ruler
+of Nature, the One and only Lord".[148]
+
+The motto of Cornwall is "One and All," and among the Celtic races there
+is still current a monotheistic folk-song which is supposed to be the
+relic of a Druidic ritual or catechism. This opens with the question in
+chorus, "What is your one O"? to which the answer is returned:--
+
+          One is _all alone_,
+          And ever doth remain so.
+
+There figures in the Celtic memory a Saint Allen or St. Elwyn, and this
+"saint" may be modernised into St. "Alone" or St. "_All one_": his
+third variant Elian is equivalent to Holy Ane or Holy One.[149]
+
+The Greek philosophers entertained a maxim that Jove, Pluto, Phoebus,
+Bacchus, all were one and they accepted as a formula the phrase "All is
+one". In India Brahma was entitled "The Eternal All" and in the
+_Bhagavad Gita_ the Soul of the world is thus adored:--
+
+              O infinite Lord of Gods! the world's abode,
+          Thou undivided art, o'er all supreme,
+          Thou art the first of Gods, the ancient Sire,
+          The treasure-house supreme of all the worlds.
+          The Knowing and the Known, the highest seat.
+          From Thee the All has sprung, O Boundless Form!
+          Varuna, Vazu, Agni, Yama thou,
+          The Moon; the Sire and Grandsire too of men.
+          The infinite in power, of boundless force,
+          The All thou dost embrace; the "Thou art All".
+
+Near Stonehenge there is a tumulus known nowadays as El barrow, and
+Salisbury Plain itself was once named Ellendune or Ellen Down. The
+Greeks or Hellenes claimed to be descendants of the Dodonian Ellan or
+Hellan, a personage whom they esteemed as the "Father of the First-born
+Woman". Ellan or Hellan was alternatively entitled Hellas, and in Greek
+the word _allos_ meant "the one".
+
+Tradition said that the Temple of Ellan at Dodona--a shrine which
+antedated the Greek race, and was erected by unknown predecessors--was
+founded by a Dove, one of two birds which flew from Thebes in Egypt. The
+super-sacred tree at Dodona, as in Persia and elsewhere, was the oak,
+and the rustling of the wind in the leaves of the oak was poetically
+regarded as the voice of the All-Father. The Hebrew for an oak tree is
+_allon_, _elon_, or _allah_, and Allah is the name under which many
+millions of our fellow-men worship The Alone. To this day the oak tree
+is sacred among the folk of Palestine,[150] particularly one ancient
+specimen on the site of old Beyrut or Berut--a place-name which, as we
+shall see, may be connoted with Brut.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).
+
+               Diana, the Moon, with a circular nimbus. (Roman
+               sculpture.)
+
+               Mercury with a circular nimbus. (Roman sculpture.)
+
+               Apollo as the Sun, adorned with the nimbus, and
+               crowned with seven rays. (Roman sculpture.)
+
+               Sun, with rays issuing from the face, and a
+               wheel-like nimbus on the head. (Etruscan sculpture.)]
+
+B being invariably interchangeable with P, the Ban of Alban is the same
+as the Greek Pan.[151] From Pan comes the adjective _pan_ meaning
+_all_, _universal_, so that Alban may perhaps be equated with Holy Pan.
+_Hale_ also means healthy, and the circular _halo_ symbolising the
+glorious sun was used by the pagans long before it was adopted by
+Christianity. By the Cabalists--who were indistinguishable from the
+Gnostics--Ell was understood to mean "the Most Luminous," Il "the
+Omnipotent," Elo "the Sovereign, the Excelsus," and Eloi "the
+Illuminator, the Most Effulgent". Among the Greeks _ele_ meant
+refulgent, and Helios was a title of Apollo or the Sun.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 23.--The statue of Diana of the Ephesians
+                 worshipped at Massilia.
+                 From _Stonehenge_ (Barclay, E.).]
+
+The Peruvians named their Bona Dea Mama Allpa, whom they represented,
+like Ephesian Diana, as having numerous breasts, and they regarded Mama
+Allpa as the dispenser of all human nourishment. In Egypt _pa_ meant
+_ancestor_, _beginning_, _origin_, and the Peruvian many-breasted Mama
+Allpa seemingly meant just as it does in English, _i.e._, mother, _All
+pa_ or _All-feeder_.
+
+It is important to note that the British Albion was not always
+considered as a male, but on occasions as the "Lady Albine".[152]
+
+The Sabeans worshipped the many-breasted Artemis under the name
+Almaquah, which is radically _alma_, and the Greeks used the word _alma_
+as an adjective meaning _nourishing_. The river Almo near Rome was
+seemingly named after the All Mother, for in this stream the Romans used
+ceremoniously to bathe and purify the statue of Ma, the World Mother,
+whose consort was known as Pappas. Pappas is the Greek equivalent to
+Papa, and Ma or Mama meaning _mother_ is so used practically all the
+world over. Skeat is contemptuous towards _mama_, describing it as "a
+mere repetition of _ma_ an infantile syllable; many other languages have
+something like it". Not only all over Asia Minor but also in Burmah and
+Hindustan _ma_ meant mother; in China _mother_ is _mi_ or _mu_, and in
+South America as in Chaldea and all over Europe _mama_ meant mother;
+Mammal is of course traceable to the same root, and it is evident that
+even were _ma_ merely an infantile syllable it obviously carried far
+more than a contemptible or negligible meaning.
+
+  [Illustration: MA.
+                 FIG. 24.--The Egyptian Ma or "Truth".]
+
+In Europe, Alma and Ilma are proper names which are defined as having
+meant either Celtic _all good_, Latin _kindly_, or Jewish _maiden_. In
+Finnish mythology the Creatrix of the Universe, or Virgin Daughter of
+the Air is named Ilmatar, which is evidently the _All Mater_ or _All
+Mother_. Alma was no doubt the almoner of aliment, and her symbol was
+the _almond_. In Scotland where there is a river Almond, _ben_ means
+mountain or head, and _ben_ varies almost invariably into _pen_, from
+the Apennines to the Pennine Range.
+
+It is said that Pan was worshipped in South America, and that his name
+was commemorated in the place-name Mayapan. Among the Mandan Indians,
+_pan_ meant _head_, and also _pertaining to that which is above_; in
+China, _pan_ meant mountain or hill, and in Phoenician, _pennah_ had
+the same meaning. As, however, I have dealt somewhat fully elsewhere
+with Pan the President of the Mountains, I shall for the sake of brevity
+translate his name into _universal_ or _good_.
+
+In England we have the curious surname Pennefather;[153] in Cornwall,
+Pender is very common, and it is proverbial that _Pen_ is one of the
+three affixes by which one may know Cornishmen.
+
+As Pan was pre-eminently the divinity of woods and forests, Panshanger
+or Pan's Wood in Hertfordshire may perhaps be connected with him, and
+the river Beane of Hertfordshire may be equated with the kindred British
+river-names, Ben, Bann, Bane, Bain, Banon, Bana, Bandon, Banney, Banac,
+and Bannockburn.
+
+Bannock or Panak the _Great Pan_ is probably responsible for the English
+river name Penk, and the name Pankhurst necessarily implies a hurst or
+wood of Pank. Penkhull was seemingly once Penkhill, and it is evident
+that Pan or Pank, the God of the Universe, may be recognised in Panku,
+the benevolent Chinese World Father, for the account of this Deity is as
+follows: "Panku was the _first_, being placed upon the earth at a period
+when sea, land, and sky were all jumbled up together. Panku was a giant,
+and worked with a mallet and chisel for eighteen thousand years in an
+effort to make the earth more shapely. As he toiled and struggled so he
+grew in strength and stature, until he was able to push the heavens back
+and to put the sea into its proper place. Then he rounded the earth and
+made it more habitable, and then he died. But Panku was greater in death
+than he was in life, for his head became the surface of the earth; his
+sinews, the mountains; his voice, the thunder, his breath, the wind, the
+mist, and the clouds; one eye was converted into the sun; the other the
+moon; and the beads of perspiration on his forehead were crystallised
+into the scintillating stars."
+
+The name Panku is radically the same as Punch, and there is no doubt
+that Mr. Punch of to-day represented, according to immemorial wont, with
+a hunch, hill, or mountain on his back, has descended from the sacred
+farce or drama. Punch and Punchinello, or Pierre and Pierrot are the
+father and the son of the ancient holy-days or holidays.
+
+At _Ban_croft, in the neighbourhood of St. Albans, the festivities of
+May-day included "_first_" a personage with "a large artificial hump on
+his back,"[154] and we may recognise the Kaadman of St. Albans in the
+Cadi of Welsh pageantry. In Wales all the arrangements of May-day were
+made by the so-called Cadi, who was always the most active person in the
+company and sustained the joint rôle of marshal, orator, buffoon, and
+money collector. The whole party being assembled they marched in pairs
+headed by the Cadi, who was gaudily bedecked with gauds and wore a
+bisexual, half-male, half-female costume. With gaud and gaudy, which are
+the same words as _good_ and _cadi_, may be connoted _gaudeo_ the Latin
+for _I rejoice_.
+
+Punch is always represented with an ample _paunch_, and this conspicuous
+characteristic of bonhomie is similarly a feature of Chinese and
+Japanese bonifaces or Bounty Gods. The skirt worn by the androgynous
+British Cadi may be connoted with the kilt in which the Etrurians
+figured their Hercules, and that in Etruria the All Father was
+occasionally depicted like Punch, is clear from the following passage
+from _The Sepulchres of Ancient Etruria_: "Hercules and Minerva were the
+most generally honoured of the Etruscan divinities, the one representing
+the most valuable qualities of a man's body and the other of his soul.
+They were the excellencies of flesh and spirit, and according to
+Etruscan mythology they were man and wife. Minerva has usually a very
+fine face with that straight line of feature which we call Grecian, but
+which, from the sepulchral paintings and the votive offerings, would
+appear also to have been native. Hercules has a prominent and peaky
+chin, and something altogether remarkably sharp in his features, which,
+from the evidence of vases and scarabæi together, would appear to have
+been the conventional form of depicting a warrior. It is probably given
+to signify vigilance and energy. A friend of mine used to call it, not
+inaptly, 'the ratcatcher style'. Neptune bears the trident, Jove the
+thunderbolt or sceptre, and these attributes are sometimes appended to
+the most grotesque figures when the Etruscans have been representing
+either some Greek fable, or some native version of the same story. This
+may be seen on one vase where Jove is entering a window, accompanied by
+Mercury, to visit Alcmena. Jove has just taken his foot off the ladder,
+and in my ignorance I looked at the clumsy but extraordinary vase,
+thinking that the figures represented Punch; and though I give the
+learned and received version of the story, I am at this moment not
+convinced that I was wrong, for I do not believe the professor who
+pointed it out to me, notwithstanding all his learning, extensive and
+profound as it was, knew that Punch was an Etruscan amusement. Supposing
+it, however, to have been Punch, which I think was my own very just
+discovery, the piece acted was certainly Giove and Alcmena."
+
+It is very obvious that the term _holy_ has changed considerably in its
+meaning. To the ancients "holidays" were joy-days, pandemoniums, and the
+pre-eminent emblem of joviality was the holly tree. The reason for the
+symbolic eminence of the holy tree was its evergreen horned leaves which
+caused it to be dedicated to Saturn the horned All Father, now degraded
+into Old Nick. But "Old Nick" is simply St. Nicholas, or Santa Claus,
+and the name Claus is Nicholas minus the adjective _'n_ or _ancient_.
+Janus, the Latinised form of Joun, was essentially the God of
+_gen_iality and _jov_iality, otherwise Father Christmas and he is the
+same as Saturn, whose golden era was commemorated by the Saturnalia. The
+Hebrew name for the planet Saturn was Chiun, and this Chiun or Joun (?)
+was seemingly the same as the Gian Ben Gian, or Divine Being, who
+according to Arabian tradition ruled over the whole world during the
+legendary Golden Age.
+
+On the first of January, a month which takes its name from Janus as
+being the "God of the Beginning," all quarrelling and disturbances were
+shunned, mutual good-wishes were exchanged, and people gave sweets to
+one another as an omen that the New Year might bring nothing but what
+was sweet and pleasant in its train.
+
+This "execrable practice," a "mere relique of paganism and idolatry,"
+was, like the decorative use of holly, sternly opposed by the mediæval
+Church. In 1632 Prynne wrote: "The whole Catholicke Church (as
+Alchuvinus and others write), appointed a solemn publike faste upon this
+our New Yeare's Day (which fast it seems is now forgotten), to bewail
+these heathenish enterludes, sports, and lewd idolatrous practices which
+had been used on it: prohibiting all Christians, under pain of
+excommunication, from observing the Calends, or first of January (which
+we now call New Yeare's Day) as holy, and from sending abroad New
+Yeare's Gifts upon it (a custom now too frequent), it being a mere
+relique of paganisme and idolatry, derived from the heathen Romans'
+feast of two-faced Janus, and a practice so execrable unto Christians
+that not only the whole Catholicke Church, but even four famous
+Councils" [and an enormous quantity of other authorities which it is
+useless to quote], "have positively prohibited the solemnisation of New
+Yeare's Day, and the sending abroad of New Yeare's Gifts, under an
+anathema and excommunication."
+
+There is little doubt that the "Saint" Concord--an alleged subdeacon in
+a desert--who figures in the Roman Martyrology on January 1st, was
+invented to account for the Holy Concord to which that day was
+dedicated. Janus of January 1st, who was ranked by the Latins even above
+Jupiter, was termed "The _good_ Creator," the "Oldest of the Gods," the
+"Beginning of all Things," and the "God of Gods". From him sprang all
+rivers, wells, and streams, and his name is radically the same as
+Oceanus.
+
+Before the earth was known to be a ball, Oceanus, the Father of all the
+river-gods and water-nymphs, was conceived to be a river flowing
+perpetually round the flat circle of the world, and out of, and into
+this river the sun and stars were thought to rise and set. Our word
+_ocean_ is assumed to be from the Greek form _okeanus_, and the official
+surmise as to the origin of the word is--"perhaps from _okis_--swift".
+But what "swiftness" there is about the unperturbable and mighty sea, I
+am at a loss to recognise. In the Highlands the islanders of St. Kilda
+used to pour out libations to a sea-god, known as Shony, and in this
+British Shony we have probably the truer origin of _ocean_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 25.--Personification of River.
+                 From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+The ancients generally supposed the All Good as wandering abroad and
+peering unobserved into the thoughts and actions of his children. This
+proclivity was a conspicuous characteristic of Jupiter, and also of the
+Scandinavian All Father, one of whose titles was Gangrad, or "The
+Wanderer". The verb to _gad_, and the expression "_gadding about_," may
+have arisen from this wandering proclivity of the gods or gads, and the
+word _jaunt_, a synonym for "gadding" (of unknown etymology), points to
+the probability that the rambling tendencies of "Gangrad" and other gods
+were similarly assigned by the British to their _Giant_, "_jeyantt_," or
+Good _John_. _Jaunty_ or _janty_ means full of fire or life, and the
+words _gentle_, _genial_, and _generous_ are implications of the
+original good Giant's attributes.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 26.--Figure of Time with Three Faces. From a
+                 French Miniature of the XIV. cent.
+                 From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 27.--The Three Divine Faces with two eyes and
+                 one single body. From a French Miniature of the XVI.
+                 cent.
+                 From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+The coins of King Janus of Sicily bore on their obverse the figure of
+god Janus; on the reverse a dove, and it is evident that the dove was as
+much a symbol of Father Janus as it was of Mother Jane or Mother Juno.
+Christianity still recognises the dove or pigeon as the symbol of the
+Holy Ghost, and it is probable that the word _pigeon_ may be attributed
+to the fact that the pigeon was invariably associated with _pi_, or _pa
+geon_.[155]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 28.--BRAHMA.--From _A Dictionary of
+                 Non-classical Mythology_ (Edwardes & Spence).]
+
+Janus, "the one by whom all things were introduced into life," was
+figured as two-faced, or time past, and time to come, and Janus was the
+"I was," the "I am," and the "I shall be".[156] As the "God of the
+Beginning," Janus is clearly connected with the word _genesis_; Juno was
+the goddess who presided over childbirth, and to their names may be
+traced the words _generate_, _genus_, _genital_, and the like. Just as
+_Jan_uary is the first or opening month of the year, so _June_,[157]
+French _Juin_, was the first or opening month of the ancient calendar.
+It was fabled that Janus daily threw open the gate of day whence _janua_
+was the Latin for a gate, and _janitor_ means a keeper of the gate.
+
+All men were supposed to be under the safeguard of Janus, and all women
+under that of Juno, whence the guardian spirit of a man was termed his
+_genius_ and that of a woman her _juno_. The words _genius_ and _genie_
+are evidently cognate with the Arabian _jinn_, meaning a spirit. In
+Ireland the fairies or "good people" are known as the "gentry"; as the
+giver of all increase Juno may be responsible for the word _generous_,
+and Janus the Beginning or Leader is presumably allied to _General_.
+Occasionally the two faces of Janus were represented as respectively old
+and young, a symbol obviously of time past and present, time and
+_change_, the ancient of days and the _junior_ or _jeun_. In Irish _sen_
+meant _senile_.
+
+It is taught by the mothers of Europe that at Yule-Tide the Senile All
+Bounty wanders around bestowing gifts, and St. Nicholas, or Father
+Christmas, is in some respects the same as the Wandering Jew of mediæval
+tradition. The earliest mention of the Everlasting Jew occurs in the
+chronicles of the Abbey of St. Albans,[158] and is probably a faint
+memory of the original St. Alban or All Bounty. It was said that this
+mysterious Wanderer "had a little child on his arm," and was an
+eye-witness of the crucifixion of Christ. Varied mythical appearances of
+the Everlasting Jew are recorded, and his name is variously stated as
+Joseph, and as Elijah. Joseph is radically _Jo_, Elijah is _Holy Jah_,
+whence it may follow, that "Jew" should be spelled "Jou," and that the
+Wandering or Everlasting Jew may be equated with the Sunshine or the
+Heavenly Joy.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 29.--The Three Divine Heads within a single
+                 triangle. From an Italian Wood Engraving of the XV.
+                 cent.
+                 From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+In France the sudden roar of the wind at night is attributed to the
+passing of the Everlasting Jew. In Switzerland he is associated with the
+mighty Matterhorn, in Arabia he is represented as an aged man with a
+bald head, and I strongly suspect that the Elisha story of "Go up, thou
+bald head" arose from the misinterpretation of a picture of the Ancient
+of Days surrounded by a happy crowd of laughing youngsters. In this
+respect it would have accorded with the representation of the Divine
+bald-head of the Celts, leading a joyful chain of smiling captives. In
+England the Wandering Jew was reputed never to eat but merely to drink
+water which came from a rock. Some accounts specify his clothing
+sometimes as a "purple shag-gown," with the added information, "his
+stockings were very white, but whether linen or jersey deponent knoweth
+not, his beard and head were white and he had a white stick in his hand.
+The day was rainy from morning to night, but he had not one spot of dirt
+upon his clothes".[159] This tradition is evidently a conception of the
+white and immaculate Old Alban, in the usual contradistinction to the
+_young_ or _le jeun_, and we still speak of an honest or jonnock person
+as "a white man". By the Etrurians it was believed that the soul
+preserved after death the likeness of the body it had left and that this
+elfin or spritely body composed of shining elastic air was clothed in
+airy white.[160] There figures in _The Golden Legend_ an Italian St.
+Albine, whose name, says Voragine, "is as much as to say primo; as he
+was white and thus this holy saint was all white by purity of clean
+living". The tale goes on that this St. Albine had two wives, also two
+nurses which did nourish him. While lying in his cradle he was carried
+away by a she-wolf and borne into the fields where happily he was espied
+by a pair of passing maidens. One of these twain exclaimed "Would to God
+I had milk to foster thee withal," and these words thus said her paps
+immediately rose and grew up filled with milk. Semblably said and prayed
+the second maid, and anon she had milk as her fellow had and so they two
+nourished the holy child Albine.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 30 to 38.--From _Les Filigranes_ (Briquet,
+                 C. M.).]
+
+It has been suggested that the Wandering Jew is a personification "of
+that race which wanders _Cain_-like over the earth with the brand of a
+brother's blood upon it"; by others the story is connected particularly
+with the gipsies. The Romany word for moon is _choon_, the Cornish for
+_full moon_ is _cann_, and it is a curious thing that the Etrurian Dante
+entitles the Man in the Moon, Cain:--
+
+          Now doth Cain with fork of thorns confine
+          On either hemisphere touching the wave
+          Beneath the towers of Seville. Yesternight
+          The moon was round.[161]
+
+Christian symbology frequently associates the Virgin Mary with the new
+moon, and in Fig. 39 a remarkable representation of the Trinity is
+situated there.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 39.--The Holy Ghost, as a child of eight or ten
+                 years old, in the arms of the Father. French
+                 Miniature of the XVI. cent.
+                 From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+
+In the illustrations overleaf of mediæval papermarks, some of which
+depict the Man in the Moon in his conventional low-crowned,
+broad-brimmed hat, there is a conspicuous portrayal of the two breasts,
+doubtless representative of the milk and honey flowing in the mystic
+Land of _Can_aan. This paradise was reconnoitred by Joshua accompanied
+by Caleb, whose name means _dog_, and it will be remembered that
+dog-headed St. Christopher was said to be a Canaanitish giant.
+
+Irishmen assign the name Connaught to a beneficent King Conn, during
+whose fabulously happy reign all crops yielded ninefold, and the furrows
+of Ireland flowed with "the pure lacteal produce of the dairy". Conn of
+Connaught is expressly defined as "good as well as great,"[162] and the
+Hibernian "pure lacteal produce of the dairy" may be connoted with the
+Canaanitish "milk". We shall trace King Conn of Connaught at Caen or
+Kenwood, near St. John's Wood, London, and also at Kilburn, a burn or
+stream alternatively known as the _Cune_burn. This rivulet comes first
+within the ken of history in the time of Henry I., when a hermit named
+Godwyn--query _Good One_?--had his kil or cell upon its banks. King Conn
+of Connaught reigned in glory with "Good Queen Eda," a Breaton princess
+who was equally beloved and esteemed. This Eda is seemingly the Lady of
+Mount Ida in Candia, and her name may perhaps be traced in Maida Vale
+and Maida Hill. Pa Eda or Father Ida is apparently memorised at the
+adjacent Paddington which the authorities derive from Paedaington, or
+_the town of the children of Paeda_. Cynthia, the Goddess of the Moon or
+_cann_, may be connoted with Cain the Man in the Moon, and we shall
+ultimately associate her with Candia the alternative title of Crete, and
+with Caindea, an Irish divinity, whose name in Gaelic means _the gentle
+goddess_.
+
+Near _Con_iston in Cumberland is Yew Barrow, a rugged, cragged,
+pyramidal height which like the river Yeo, rising from Seven Sisters
+Springs, was probably associated with Jou or Yew. The culminating peak
+known as "The Old Man" of Coniston is suggestive of the Elfin
+tradition:--
+
+            High on the hill-top the Old King sits
+        He is now so old and grey, he's nigh lost his wits.
+
+The Egyptians figured Ra, the Ancient of Days, as at times so senile
+that he dribbled at the mouth.
+
+The traditional attributes of Cain, the Man in the Moon, or Cann, the
+full moon, are a dog, a lanthorn, and a bush of thorn. The dog is the
+_kuon_ or _chien_ of St. Kit, the Kaadman or the Good Man, and the
+lanthorn is probably Jack-a-lantern or Will-o-the-wisp, known of old as
+Kit-with-a-canstick or Kitty-with-a-candlestick. The thorn bush was
+sacred to the Elves for reasons which will be discussed in a subsequent
+chapter. It is sufficient here to note that the equivalent of the sacred
+hawthorn of Britain is known in the East as the Alvah or Elluf.[163] The
+Irish title of the letter _a_ or _haw_ is _alif_, as also is the
+Arabian: the Greek _alpha_ is either _alpa_ or _alfa_.
+
+The Welsh Archbard Taliesin makes the mystic statement:--
+
+              Of the ruddy vine,
+          Planted on sunny days,
+          And on new-moon nights;
+              And the white wine.
+
+              The wheat rich in grain
+          And red flowing wine
+          Christ's pure body make,
+              Son of Alpha.
+
+The same poet claims, "I was in the Ark with Noah and Alpha," whence it
+would seem that Alpha was Mother Eve or the Mother of All Living. Alfa
+the Elf King and his followers the elves were deemed to be ever-living,
+and the words _love_, _life_, and _alive_ are all one and the same. That
+Spenser appreciated this identity between _Elfe_ and _life_ is apparent
+in the passage:--
+
+                          Prometheus did create
+          A man of many parts from beasts derived,
+          That man so made he called Elfe to wit,
+          Quick the first author of all Elfin kind,
+          Who wandering through the world with wearie feet
+          Did in the gardens of Adonis find
+          A goodly creature whom he deemed in mind
+          To be no earthly wight, but either sprite
+          Or angel, the author of all woman-kind.[164]
+
+_Quick_ as in "quick and dead" meant living, whence "Elfe, to wit
+Quick," was clearly understood by Spenser as life. It meant further, all
+_vie_ or all _feu_, for the ancients identified life and fire, and they
+further identified the _fays_ or elves with _feux_ or fires. The
+place-name Fife is, I suspect, connected with _vif_ or _vive_, and it is
+noteworthy that in Fifeshire to this day a circular patch of white snow
+which habitually lingers in a certain hill cup is termed poetically "the
+Lady Alva's web". Whether this Lady Alva was supposed to haunt Glen
+Alva--a name now associated with a more material spirit--I do not know.
+
+The dictionaries define "Alfred" as meaning "Elf in council," and
+Allflatt or Elfleet as "elf purity". The big Alfe was no doubt
+symbolised by the celebrated Alphian Rock in Yorkshire, and the little
+Alf was almost certainly worshipped in his coty or stone cradle at
+Alvescott near Witney. That this site was another Kit's Coty or "Cradle
+of Tudno," as at Llandudno, is implied by the earlier forms Elephescote
+(1216) and Alfays (1274). The Fays and the Elves are one and the same
+as the Jinns, the Genii, or "the Gentry".
+
+There used to be an "Alphey" within Cripplegate on the site of the
+present Church of St. Alphage in London. It was believed that the Elf
+King inhabited the linden tree, and the elder was similarly associated
+with him. Linden is the same word as London, and the name elder resolves
+into the _dre_ or _der_ or abode of El: in Scandinavia the elves were
+known as the Elles, whence probably Ellesmere--the Elves pool--and
+similar place-names.
+
+We shall subsequently consider a humble Hallicondane or _Ellie King dun_
+still standing in Ramsgate. There was also a famous Elve dun or
+Elve-haunt at _Elbo_ton, a hill in Yorkshire, where according to local
+legend:--
+
+            From Burnsall's Tower the midnight hour
+          Had toll'd and its echo was still,
+          And the Elphin bard from faerie land
+          Was upon _Elbo_ton Hill.
+
+In the neighbourhood of this _ton_ or _dun_ of Elbo there are persistent
+traditions of a spectral hound or bandog.
+
+In the immediate neighbourhood of the London Aldermanbury--the barrow or
+court of Alderman--is a church dedicated to St. Alban, and in this same
+district stood the parish church of St. Alphage. There figures in the
+Church Calendar a "St. Alphage the Bald," and also a St. Alphage or
+Elphege, known alternatively as Anlaf. The word Anlaf resolves into
+_Ancient Alif_, and it may be thus surmised that "Alphage the Bald" was
+the Alif, Aleph, or Alpha aged.
+
+As has already been seen the Celts represented their Hercules as
+bald-headed. St. Alban's, Holborn, is situated in Baldwin's Gardens
+where also is a Baldwin's Place. Probably it was the same Bald
+One--_alias_ Father Time--that originated the Baldwin Street in the
+neighbourhood of St. Alphage and St. Alban, Aldermanbury.
+
+St. Anlaf may be connoted with the St. Olave whose church neighbours
+those of St. Alphage, and St. Alban. By the Church of St. Alban used to
+run Love Lane, and _Anlaf_ may thus perhaps be rendered Ancient Love, or
+Ancient Life, or Ancient Elf.
+
+The _Olive_ branch is a universally understood emblem of love, in which
+connection there is an apparition recorded of St. John the Almoner. "He
+saw on a time in a vision a much fair maid, which had on her head a
+crown of olive, and when he saw her he was greatly abashed and demanded
+her what she was." She answered, "I am Mercy; which brought from Heaven
+the Son of God; if thou wilt wed me thou shalt fare the better". Then
+he, understanding that the olive betokened Mercy, began that same day to
+be merciful.
+
+A short distance from Aldermanbury is Bunhill Row, on the site of
+Bunhill fields where used to be kept the hounds or bandogs of the
+Corporation of London. The name Bunhill implies an ancient tumulus or
+barrow sacred to the same Bun or Ban as the neighbouring St. Albans.
+
+The "Coleman" which pervades this district of London, as in Coleman
+Street, Colemanchurch, Colemanhawe, Colemannes, implies that a colony of
+St. Colmans or "Doves" settled there and founded the surrounding
+shrines. In Ireland, Kil as in Kilpatrick, Kilbride, meant cell or
+shrine, whence it may be deduced that the river Cuneburn or Kilburn was
+a sacred stream on the banks of which many Godwyns had their cells. In
+this neighbourhood the place-names Hollybush Vale, Hollybush Tavern,
+imply the existence of a very celebrated Holly Tree. The illustration
+herewith represents the Twelfth Night Holly Festival in Westmorland,
+which terminated gloriously at an inn:--
+
+          To every branch a torch they tie
+          To every torch a light apply,
+          At each new light send forth huzzahs
+          Till all the tree is in a blaze;
+          Then bear it flaming through the town,
+          With minstrelsy and rockets thrown.[165]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 40.--From _The Everyday Book_ (Hone, W.).]
+
+At the Westmorland festival the holly tree was always carried by the
+biggest man, and in all probability this was a similar custom in the
+Cuneburn or Kilburn district, terminating at the Hollybush Tavern.
+
+Scandinavian legend tells of a potent enchantress who had dwelt for 300
+years on the Island of Kunnan (Canaan?) happy in the exquisite innocence
+of her youth. Mighty heroes sued for the love of this fairest of giant
+maidens, and the sea around Kunnan is said to be still cumbered with the
+fragments of rock which her Cyclopean admirers flung jealously at one
+another. Ere, however, she was married "the detestable Odin" came into
+the country and drove all from the island. Refuging elsewhere the Lady
+of Kunnan and her consort dwelt awhile undisturbed until such time as a
+gigantic Oluf "came from Britain". This Oluf (they called him the Holy)
+making the sign of the cross with his hands drove ashore in a gigantic
+ship crying with a loud voice: "Stand there as a stone till the last
+day," and in the same instant the unhappy husband became a mass of rock.
+The tale continues that on Yule Eve only could the Lord of Kunnan and
+other petrified giants receive back their life for the space of seven
+hours.[166]
+
+Now Janus _alias_ Saturn had on his coins the figure of a ship's prow;
+he was sometimes delineated pointing to a rock whence issued a profusion
+of water; seven days were set apart for his rites in December; and the
+seven days of the week were no doubt connected with his title of
+Septimanus. In Britain the consort of the Magna Mater Keridwen ( =
+_Perpetual Love_) or Ked was entitled Tegid, and like Janus and St.
+Peter Tegid was entitled the Door-keeper. In Celtic _te_ meant _good_,
+whence Tegid might reasonably be understood as either _Good God_ or _The
+Good_. Tegid also meant, according to Davies, _serene baldness_, an
+interpretation which has been ridiculed, but one which nevertheless is
+in all probability correct for every ancient term bore many meanings,
+and because one is right it does not necessarily follow that every other
+one is wrong.
+
+Tegid and Ked were the parents of an untoward child, whose name Avagddu
+is translated as having meant _utter darkness_, but as Davies observes
+"mythological genealogy is mere allegory, and the father and the son are
+frequently the same person under different points of view. Thus this
+character in his abject state may be referred to as the patriarch
+himself during his confinement in the internal gloom of the Ark, where
+he was surrounded with _utter darkness_; a circumstance which was
+commemorated in all the mysteries of the gentile world.... And as our
+complex Mythology identified the character of the patriarch with the
+sun, so Avagddu may also have been viewed as a type of that luminary in
+his veil of darkness and gloom. This gloom was afterwards changed into
+_light_ and _cheerfulness_, and thus the son of Keridwen may be
+recognised in his illuminated state under the title of Elphin, and
+_Rhuvawn Bevyr_ which implies _bursting forth with radiance_, and seems
+to be an epithet of the helio-arkite god." Davies continues: "Avagddu
+thus considered as a type of the helio-arkite god in his afflicted and
+renovated state has a striking coincidence of character with Eros the
+blind god of the Greeks".[167] The Cain or "Man in the Moon,"
+represented herewith, has the heart of love, or Eros, figured on his
+headgear, and he is carrying the pipes of Pan, or of the Elphin Bard of
+Fairyland.
+
+It was common knowledge to our predecessors, that Titania--"Our radiant
+Queen"--hated sluts and sluttery and when Mrs. Page concocted her fairy
+plot against Falstaff she enjoined--
+
+          Then let them all encircle him about
+          And Fairy-like to pinch the unclean Knight,
+          And ask him why that hour of fairy revel
+          In their so sacred paths he dares to tread.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 41.--From _Les Filigranes_ (Briquet, C. M.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 42.--British. From _A New Description of
+                 England and Wales_ (Anon., 1724).]
+
+The White May or Hawthorn which was so dear to the Elves was probably
+the symbol of that chastity and cleanliness which was proverbially an
+Elphin attribute. It is, for instance, said of Sir Thopas, when questing
+for the Fairy Queen, that--
+
+               ... he was chaste and no lechour
+          And sweet as is the bramble flower,
+          That beareth the red hip.
+
+On reaching the domain of Queen Elf, Sir Thopas is encountered by a
+"great giaunt" Sire Oliphaunt, who informs him--
+
+            Here the Queen of Fairie
+          With harpe and pipe and symphonie
+            Dwelleth in this place.
+
+Sire Oliphaunt may be connoted with the Elephant which occurs on our
+ancient coinage, and is also found carved on many prehistoric stones in
+Scotland, notably in the cave of St. Rule at St. Andrews. The Kate
+Kennedy still commemorated at St. Andrews we shall subsequently connote
+with Conneda and with Caindea.
+
+The Elephant which sleeps while standing was regarded as the emblem of
+the benevolent sentinel, or watchman, and as the symbol of giant
+strength, meekness, and ingenuity. According to the poet Donne:--
+
+          Nature's great masterpiece, an Elephant
+          The onely harmelesse great thing; the giant
+          Of beasts; who thought none bad, to make him wise
+          But to be just and thankful, loth t' offend
+          (Yet nature hath given him no knees to bend)
+          Himself he up-props, on himself relies
+          And foe to none.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 43.--From _An Essay on Ancient Coins, Medals,
+                 and Gems_ (Walsh, R.).]
+
+The Elephant or Oliphant (Greek _elephas_, "origin unknown") is the
+hugest and the first of beasts, and in India it symbolises the
+vanquisher of obstacles, the leader or the opener of the way. Ganesa,
+the elephant-headed Hindu god is invariably invoked at the beginning of
+any enterprise, and the name Ganesa is practically the same as
+_genesis_ the origin or beginning. "Praise to Thee, O Ganesa," wrote a
+prehistoric hymnist, "Thou art manifestly the Truth, Thou art
+undoubtedly the Creator, Preserver, and Destroyer, the Supreme Brahma,
+the Eternal Spirit."
+
+One of the reasons for the symbolic eminence of the Elephant seems to
+have been the animal's habit of spouting water. It is still said of the
+Man in the Moon that he is a giant who at the time of the flow stands in
+a stooping posture because he is then taking up water which he pours out
+on the earth and thereby causes high tide; but at the time of the ebb he
+stands erect and rests from his labour when the water can subside
+again.[168]
+
+The moon goddess of the Muysca Indians of Bogota is named Chin (akin to
+Cain, _cann_, and Ganesa?), and in her insensate spleen Chin was
+supposed at one period to have flooded the entire world. In Mexico one
+of the best represented gods is Chac the rain-god, who is the possessor
+of an elongated nose not unlike the proboscis of a tapir, which, of
+course, is the spout whence comes the rain which he blows over the
+earth.[169] The Hebrew Jah, _i.e._, Jon or Joy or Jack, is hailed as the
+long-nosed, and Taylor in his _Diegesis_[170] gives the following as a
+correct rendering of the original Psalm: "Sing ye to the Gods! Chant ye
+his name! Exalt him who rideth in the heavens by his name Jack, and leap
+for Joy before his face! For the Lord hath a long nose and his mercy
+endureth for ever!" It is quite beyond the possibilities of independent
+evolution or of coincidence that the divinity with a long nose or trunk,
+should have been known as _Chac_ alike in Mexico and Asia Minor.
+
+The spouting characteristic of the whale rendered it a marine equivalent
+to the elephant. _Whale_ is the same word as _whole_, and _leviathan_ is
+radically the _lev_ of _elephant_. According to British mythology,
+Keridwen or Ked was a leviathian or whale, whence, as from the Ark,
+emerged all life.
+
+Not only is the Man in the Moon or the Wandering Jew peculiarly
+identified with St. Albans in Britain, but he reappears at the Arabian
+city of Elvan. This name is cognate with _elephant_ in the same way as
+alpha is correlate to alpa or alba: Ayliffe and Alvey are common English
+surnames. In Kensington the memory of Kenna, a fairy princess who was
+beloved by Albion a fairy prince, lingered until recently, and this
+tradition is seemingly commemorated in the neighbourhood at Albion Gate,
+St. Alban's Road, and elsewhere. In St. Alban's Road, Kensington, one
+may still find the family name Oliff which, like Ayliffe and Iliffe, is
+the same as alif, aleph, or alpha, the letter "a" the first or the
+beginning.
+
+Panku, the great giant of the universe, is entitled by the Chinese the
+_first_ of Beings or the Beginning, and it is claimed by the Christian
+Church that St. Alban was the _first_ of British martyrs. Eastward of
+Kensington Gardens is St. Alban's Place and also Albany, generally, but
+incorrectly termed "The Albany". The neighbouring Old Bond Street and
+New Bond Street owe their nomenclature to a ground landlord whose name
+Bond is radically connected with Albany. The original Bond family were
+in all probability followers of "Bond," and the curiously named Newbons,
+followers of the Little Bond or New Sun. In the Isle of Wight there are,
+half a mile apart, the hamlets of Great Pann and Little Pann which,
+considered in conjunction with _Bon_church, were probably once sacred
+to Old Pan and Little Pan. According to Prof. Weekley the name Lovibond,
+Loveband, or Levibond, "seems to mean 'the dear bond'".[171] Who or what
+"the dear bond" was is not explained, but we may connote the kindred
+surnames Goodbon, Goodbun, and Goodband.
+
+By 24th December, the shortest day in the year, the Old Sun had sunk
+seemingly to his death, and at Yuletide it was believed that the
+rejuvenate New Sun, the Baby Sun, the Welsh _Mabon_, or _Baby Boy_, was
+born anew either from the sea or from a cave or womb of the earth. The
+arms of the Isle of Man, anciently known as Eubonia, are the
+three-legged solar wheel of the Wandering Joy. _Eu_ of Eubonia is
+seemingly the Greek _eu_, meaning soft, gentle, pleasing and propitious,
+and the rolling _wheel_ of Eubonia was like the svastika, a symbol of
+the Gentle Bounty running his beneficent and never-ending course. St.
+Andrew, with his limbs extended to the four quarters, was, I think, once
+the same symbol,[172] and it is probable that the story of Ixion bound
+to a burning wheel and rolling everlastingly through space was a
+perversion of the same original. Ixion is phonetically _Ik zion_,
+_i.e._, the Mighty Sun or Mighty Sein or Bosom. It was frankly admitted
+by the Greeks that their language was largely derived from barbarians or
+foreigners, and the same admission was made in relation to their
+theology.[173]
+
+The circle of the Sun or solar wheel, otherwise the wheel of Good _law_,
+is found frequently engraved on prehistoric stones and coins. In Gaul,
+statues of a divinity bearing a wheel upon his shoulder have been found,
+and solar wheels figure persistently in Celtic archæology. It has been
+supposed, says Dr. Holmes, that they are symbolical of Sun worship, and
+that the God with the wheel was the God of the Sun. It is further
+probable that the wheel on the shoulder corresponded to the child on the
+shoulder of St. Kit, and I am at a loss to understand how any thinker
+can have ever propounded such a proposition as to require Dr. Holmes'
+comment, "the supposition that the wheels were money is no longer
+admitted by competent antiquaries".[174] Sir James Frazer instances
+cases of how the so-called "Fire of Heaven" used sometimes to be made by
+igniting a cart wheel smeared with pitch, fastened on a pole 12 feet
+high, the top of the pole being inserted in the nave of the wheel. This
+fire was made on the summit of a mountain, and as the flame ascended the
+people uttered a set form of words with eyes and arms directed
+heavenwards. In Norway to this day men turn cart wheels round the
+bonfires of St. John, and doubtless at some time the London
+urchin--still a notorious adept at cart-wheeling--once exercised the
+same pious orgy.
+
+On Midsummer Eve, when the bonfires were lighted on every hill in honour
+of St. John, the Elves were at their very liveliest. _Eléve_ in French
+means up _aloft_, and _eléve_ means frequently transported with
+excitement. Shakespeare refers to elves as ouphes, which is the same
+word as _oaf_ and was formerly spelt aulf. Near Wye in Kent there is a
+sign-post pointing to Aluph, but this little village figures on the
+Ordnance map as Aulph. The ouphes of Shakespeare are equipped "with
+rounds of waxen tapers on their heads," and with Jack o' lanthorn may be
+connoted Hob-and-his-lanthorn. In Worcestershire Hob has his fuller
+title, and is alternatively known as Hobredy:[175] with the further form
+Hobany may be correlated Eubonia, and with Hobredy, St. Bride, the _Bona
+dea_ of the Hebrides. It is probable that "Hobany" is responsible for
+the curious Kentish place name Ebony, and that the Wandering Dame
+Abonde, Habonde, or Abundia of French faërie, was Hobany's consort. The
+worship of La Dame Abonde, the star-crowned Queen of Fées, is
+particularly associated with St. John's Day, and there is little doubt
+that in certain aspects she was _cann_, or the full moon:--
+
+          The moon, full-orbed, into the well looks down,
+            Her face is mirrored in the waters clear,
+          And fées are gathering in the beech shade brown,
+            From missions far and near.
+
+          And there erect and tall, Abonde the Queen,
+            Brow-girt with golden circlet, that doth bear
+          A small bright scintillating star between
+            Her braids of dusky hair.[176]
+
+The Bretons believe in the existence of certain elves termed _Sand Yan y
+Tad_ (_St. John and Father_) who carry lights at their finger ends,
+which spin round and round like wheels, and, according to Arab
+tradition, the Jinn or Jan (Jinnee _m._, Jinniyeh, _f. sing._) are
+formed of "smokeless fire".[177] That the ancient British, like the
+Peruvians, deemed themselves children of the Fire or Sun is implied
+among other testimony from a Druidic folk-tale (collected by a writer in
+1795), wherein a young prince, divested of his corporeal envelope, has
+his senses refined and is borne aloft into the air. "Towards the disc of
+the Sun the young prince approaches at first with awful dread, but
+presently with inconceivable rapture and delight. This glorious body
+(the Sun) consists of an assemblage of pure souls swimming in an ocean
+of bliss. It is the abode of the blessed--of the sages--of the friends
+of mankind. The happy souls when thrice purified in the sun ascend to a
+succession of still higher spheres from whence they can no more descend
+to traverse the circles of those globes and stars which float in a less
+pure atmosphere."[178]
+
+At New Grange in Ireland, and elsewhere on prehistoric rock tombs, there
+may be seen carvings of a ship or solar barque frequently in
+juxtaposition to a solar disc, and the similarity of these designs to
+the solar ship of Egypt has frequently been remarked. The Egyptian
+believed that after death his soul would be allowed to enter the land of
+the Sun, and that in the company of the Gods he would then sail into the
+source of immortal Light: hence he placed model boats in the tombs,
+sometimes in pairs which were entitled Truth and Righteousness, and
+prayed: "Come to the Earth, draw nigh, O boat of Ra, make the boat to
+travel, O Mariners of Heaven".
+
+It is no doubt this same Holy Pair of Virtues that suckled the Child
+Albine, and that are represented as two streams of nourishment in the
+emblem herewith.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 44.--From the title-page of a
+                 seventeenth-century publication of a Cambridge
+                 printer.]
+
+That the British were enthusiastic astronomers is testified by Cæsar,
+who states that the Druids held a great many discourses about the stars
+and their motion,[179] about the size of the world and various
+countries, about the nature of things, about the power and might of the
+immortal gods, and that they instructed the youths in these subjects. It
+is equally certain that the British reverenced Sun and Fire not merely
+materially but as emblems of the Something behind Matter. "Think not,"
+said a tenth-century Persian, "that our fathers were adorers of fire;
+for that element was only an exalted object on the lustre of which they
+fixed their eyes. They humbled themselves before God, and if thy
+understanding be ever so little exerted thou must acknowledge thy
+dependence on the Being supremely pure." Among the sacred traditions of
+the Hindus which are assigned by competent scholars to 2400 B.C. occurs
+what is known as the holiest verse of the Vedas. This reads: "Let us
+adore the supremacy of that Divine Sun the Deity who illumines all, from
+whom all proceed, are renovated, and to whom all must return, whom we
+invoke to direct our intellects aright in our progress towards His holy
+Seat". It is quite permissible to cite this Hindu evidence as Hindus and
+Celts were alike branches of the same Aryan family, and between Druids
+and Brahmins there has, apart from etymology,[180] been traced the same
+affinity as existed between the Druids and the Magi.
+
+The primeval symbolism of Fire as Love and Light as Intellect is stamped
+indelibly on language, yet like most things which are ever seen it is
+now never seen. We say "I see" instead of "I understand"; we speak of
+throwing light on a subject or of warm affection, yet in entire
+forgetfulness of the old ideas underlying such phraseology. When
+Christianity came westward it was compelled to take over almost intact
+most of the customs of aboriginal paganry, notably the Cult of Fire.
+The sacred fire of St. Bridget was kept going at Kildare until the
+thirteenth century when it was suppressed by the Archbishop of Dublin.
+It was, however, relighted and maintained by the nineteen nuns of St.
+Bridget--the direct descendants of nineteen prehistoric nuns or
+Druidesses--until the time of the Reformation, when it was finally
+extinguished.
+
+In old Irish MSS. Brigit--who was represented Madonna-like, with a child
+in her arms--is entitled "The Presiding Care". The name of her father,
+Dagda Mor, is said by Celtic scholars to mean "The Great Good Fire"; the
+dandelion is called "St. Bride's Forerunner," and in Gaelic its name is
+"Little Flame of God".
+
+We have it on the authority of Shakespeare that "Fairies use flowers for
+their charactery," whence probably the pink with its pinked or ray-like
+petals was a flower of Pan on High. _Dianthus_, the Greek for pink,
+means "divine" or "day flower," and like the daisy or Day's Eye the
+Pansy was in all probability deemed to be Pan's eye. Among the list of
+Elphin names with which, complained Reginald Scott, "our mothers' maids
+have so frayed us,"[181] he includes "Pans" and the "_First_ Fairy" in
+Lyly's _The Maid's Metamorphosis_, introduces himself by the remark, "My
+name is Penny". To this primary elf may perhaps be assigned the plant
+name Pennyroyal, and his haunts may be assumed at various Pennyfields,
+Pandowns, and Bunhills.
+
+Some authorities maintain that Bonfire is a corruption of Bonefire, or
+fire of bones. But bones will not burn, and the "Blessing Fire,"
+Bonfire, Good Fire, or Beltane is still worshipped in Brittany under the
+Celtic name of _Tan Tad_ or _Fire Father_. In Brittany there exists to
+this day a worship of the Druidic Fire Father, which in its elaborate
+ritual preserves seemingly the exact spirit and ceremony of prehistoric
+fire-worship. In Provence the grandfather sets the Christmas log alight,
+the youngest child pours wine over it, then amid shouts of joy the log
+is put upon the fire-dogs and its first flame is awaited with reverence.
+This instance is the more memorable by reason of the prayer which has
+survived in connection with the ceremony and has been thus quoted in
+_Notes and Queries_: "Mix the brightness of thy flames with that of our
+hearts, and maintain among us peace and good health. Warm with thy fire
+the feet of orphans and of sick old men. Guard the house of the poor,
+and do not destroy the hopes of the peasant or the seaman's boat."
+
+The instances of Bonfire or Beltane customs collected by the author of
+_The Golden Bough_ clearly evince their original sanctity. In Greece
+women jumped over the all-purifying flames crying, "I leave my sins
+behind me," and notwithstanding the strenuous efforts of Christianity to
+persuade our forefathers that all who worship fire "shall go in misery
+to sore punishment," the cult of Fire still continues in out-of-the-way
+parts even now. To this day children in Ireland are passed through the
+fire by being caught up and whisked over it, my authority for which
+statement observing: "We have here apparently an exact repetition of the
+worship described in the Old Testament and an explanation of it, for
+there the idolatrous Israelites are described as passing their sons and
+their daughters through the fire. This the writer always thought was
+some purifying cruel observance, but it seems that it could be done
+without in any way hurting the children."[182]
+
+Not only the ritual of fire, but also its ethics have largely survived,
+notably in Ireland, where it was customary to ask for fire from a
+priest's house. But if the priest refused, as he usually did, in order
+to discountenance superstition, then the fire was asked from the
+happiest man, _i.e._, the best living person in the parish. When
+lighting a candle it was customary in England to say "May the Lord send
+us the Light of Heaven," and when putting it out, "May the Lord renew
+for us the Light of Heaven".
+
+Originally the Persians worshipped the sacred fire only upon hill-tops,
+a custom for which Bryant acidly assigns the following reason: "The
+people who prosecuted this method of worship enjoyed a soothing
+infatuation which flattered the gloom of superstition. The eminences to
+which they retired were lonely and silent and seemed to be happily
+circumstanced for contemplation and prayer. They who frequented them
+were raised above the lower world and fancied that they were brought
+into the vicinity of the powers of the air and of the Deity, who resided
+in the higher regions."
+
+The Druids, like the Persians, worshipped upon hill-tops or the highest
+ground, doubtless because they regarded these as symbols of the Most
+High, and there is really nothing in the custom flattering either to
+gloom or superstition:--
+
+          Mountains are altars rais'd to God by hands
+          Omnipotent, and man must worship there.
+          On their aspiring summits _glad_ he stands
+          And near to Heaven.
+
+If our ancestors were unable to find a convenient highland, they made an
+artificial mound, and such was the sacred centre or sanctuary of all
+tribal activities. The celebrated McAlpine laws of Scotland were
+promulgated from the Mote of Urr, which remarkable construction will be
+illustrated in a later chapter.
+
+Not only in Homeric Greece, but universally, Kings and Chiefs were once
+treated and esteemed as Sun-gods. "Think not," said a Maori chief to a
+missionary, "that I am a man, that my origin is of the earth. I come
+from the Heavens; my ancestors are all there; they are gods, and I shall
+return to them".[183] The notion of Imperial divinity is not yet dead;
+it was flourishing in England to Stuart times, and though the spirit may
+now have fled, its traces still remain in our regal ceremonial. In the
+Indian Code known as the Laws of Manu, the superstition is thus
+enunciated: "Because a King has been formed of particles of those Lords
+of the gods, he therefore surpasses all created beings in lustre, and
+like the Sun he burns eyes and hearts; nor can anybody on earth even
+gaze at him. Through his power he is Fire and Wind, he the Sun and Moon,
+he the Lord of Justice, he Kubera, he Varuna, he Great Indra. Even an
+infant King must not be despised that he is mortal; for he is a great
+deity in human form."[184]
+
+It is obvious that the British carried this conception of the innate
+divinity of man much farther than merely to the personalities of kings.
+The word _soul_, Dutch _ziel_, is probably the French word _ciel_; to
+work with _zeal_ is to throw one's _soul_ into it. That the Celts, like
+the Chinese or Celestials, equated the _soul_ with the _ciel_ or the
+Celestial, believing, as expressed by Taliesin, the famous British Bard,
+that "my original country is the region of the summer stars," is
+unquestionable. Max Müller supposed that the word _soul_ was derived
+from the Greek root _seio_, to shake. "It meant," he says, "the
+storm-tossed waters in contradistinction to stagnant or running water.
+The soul being called _saivala_ (Gothic), we see that it was originally
+conceived by the Teutonic nations as a sea within, heaving up and down
+with every breath and reflecting heaven and earth on the mirror of the
+deep."
+
+Whatever the Teutonic nations may have fancied about their souls is
+irrelevant to the Druidic teaching, which was something quite different.
+In A.D. 45, a Roman author stated that the Druids (who did not flourish
+in Germany) taught many things privately, but that _one_ of their
+precepts had become public, to wit, that man should act bravely in war,
+that souls are immortal, and that there is another life after death.
+There is additional testimony to the effect that the Druids of the Isle
+of Man, or Eubonia, "raised their minds to the most sublime inquiries,
+and despising human and worldly affairs strongly pressed upon their
+disciples the immortality of the soul". "Before all things," confirmed
+Cæsar, "they (the Druids) are desirous to inspire a belief that men's
+souls do not perish." That they successfully inspired this cardinal
+doctrine is proved by the fact that among the Celts it was not uncommon
+to lend money on the understanding that it should be repaid in the next
+world. It is further recorded that the Britons had such an utter
+disregard of death that they sang cheerily when marching into battle,
+and in the words of an astonished Roman, _Mortem pro joco habent_--"They
+turn death into a joke".
+
+It was the belief of the Celt that immediately at death man assumed a
+spiritual replica of his earthly body and passed into what was termed
+the Land of the Living, the White Land, or the Great Strand, or The
+Great Land, and many other titles. An Elphin Land, where there was
+neither death nor old age, nor any breach of law, where he heard the
+noble and melodious music of the gods, travelled from realm to realm,
+drank from crystal cups, and entertained himself with his beloved. In
+this Fairyland of happy souls he supposed the virtuous and brave to roam
+among fields covered with sweet flowers, and amid groves laden with
+delicious fruits. Here some, as their taste inclined, wandered in happy
+groups, some reclined in pleasant bowers, while others exercised
+themselves with hunting, wrestling, running races, martial feats, and
+other manly exercises. No one grew old in this Abode, nor did the
+inhabitants feel tedious of enjoyment or know how the centuries passed
+away. In this spiritual Land of Immortal Youth "wherein is delight of
+every goodness," and "where only truth is known," there was believed to
+be "neither age, nor decay; nor gloom, nor sadness, nor envy, nor
+jealousy, nor hatred, nor haughtiness"; in short, the Fairyland or
+Paradise of the Britons coincided exactly with the celestial garden of
+the Persians wherein, it is said, there was "no impotent, no lunatic, no
+poverty, no lying, no meanness, no jealousy, no decayed tooth, no
+leprous to be confined," nor any of the brands wherewith evil stamps the
+bodies of mortals.
+
+To this day the unsophisticated Celts of Britain and Brittany believe in
+this doctrine of a heavenly hereafter, and the conception of an
+all-surrounding "Good People" and elemental spirits is still vividly
+alive. In England fairies were known as Mawmets, meaning "little
+mothers," and in Wales as _y mamau_, which means "the mothers". They
+were also known as "mothers' blessings".
+
+To the early Christian preachers the "gentry" and the "good people" were
+the troops of Satan continually to be combated and exorcised, but it was
+a hard task to dispel the exquisite images of the fairy-paradise,
+substituting in lieu of it the monkish purgatory. There is a tale extant
+of how St. Patrick once upon a time tried to convince Oisin that the
+hero Fingal was roasting in hell. "If," cried out the old Fenian, "the
+children of Morni and the many tribes of the clan Ovi were alive, we
+would force brave Fingal out of hell or the habitation should be our
+own."
+
+Not only did the British believe that their friends were in Elysium, but
+they likewise supposed themselves to be under the personal and immediate
+guardianship of the "gentry". The Rev. S. Baring-Gould refers to the
+beautiful legends which centre around this belief as too often, alas,
+but apples of Sodom, fair cheeked, but containing the dust and ashes of
+heathenism. After lamenting the heresy--"too often current among the
+lower orders and dissenters"--that the souls of the departed become
+angels, he goes on to explain: "In Judaic and Christian doctrine the
+angel creation is distinct from that of human beings, and a Jew or a
+Catholic would as little dream of confusing the distinct conception of
+angel and soul as of believing in metempsychosis. But not so dissenting
+religion. According to Druidic dogma the souls of the dead were
+guardians of the living, a belief shared with the Ancient Indians, etc.
+Thus the hymn, 'I want to be an Angel,' so popular in dissenting
+schools, is founded on a venerable Aryan myth and therefore of exceeding
+interest, but Christian it is not."[185]
+
+Lucan, the Roman poet, alluding to the Druids observed--
+
+     If dying mortals doom they sing aright,
+     No ghosts descend to dwell in dreadful night
+     No parting souls to grisly Pluto go
+     Nor seek the dreary silent shades below,
+     But forth they fly immortal to their kind
+     And other bodies in new worlds they find.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 45.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+The symbolism of the butterfly is crystallised in the word _psyche_,
+which in Greek meant not only _butterfly_ but also _soul_, and to this
+day butterflies in some districts of Great Britain are considered to be
+souls, though this may have arisen not from an ethereal imagination, but
+from the ancient doctrine of metemphsychosis which the Druids seemingly
+held. It was certainly believed that souls, like serpents, shed their
+old coverings and assumed newer and more lovely forms, that all things
+changed, but that nothing perished. In Cornwall moths, regarded by some
+as souls, by others as fairies, are known as pisgies or piskies. The
+connection between the Cornish words _pisgie_ or _piskie_ and the Greek
+_psyche_ has been commented upon as being "curious but surely casual".
+Grimm has recorded that in old German, the caterpillar was named Alba,
+and that the Alp often takes the form of a butterfly.[186]
+
+Referring to Ossian, Dr. Waddell states: "He recognised the Deity, if he
+could be said to recognise him at all, as an omnipresent vital essence
+everywhere diffused in the world, or centred for a lifetime in heroes.
+He himself, his kindred, his forefathers, and the human race at large
+were dependent solely on the atmosphere, their souls were identified
+with the air, heaven was their natural home, earth their temporary
+residence."
+
+But, though certainly upholders of what would nowadays be termed
+complacently "the Larger Hope," it was certainly not supposed that evil
+was capable of admittance to the Land of Virtues: on the contrary, the
+Celts believed firmly in the existence of an underworld which their
+poets termed "the cruel prison of the earth," "the abode of death," "the
+loveless land," etc.
+
+According to the Bardic Triads there were "Three things that make a man
+equal to an angel; the love of every good; the love of exercising
+charity; and the love of pleasing God". It was further inculcated that
+"In creation there is no evil which is not a greater good than an evil:
+the things called rewards or punishments are so secured by eternal
+ordinances, that they are not consequences, but properties of our acts
+and habits."
+
+It was not imagined as it is to-day that "the awful wrath of God" could
+be assuaged by the sacrifice of an innocent man, or that--
+
+          Believe in Christ, who died for thee,
+          And sure as He hath died,
+          Thy debt is paid, thy soul is free,
+          And thou art justified.[187]
+
+It is still the doctrine of the Christian Church that infants dying
+unbaptised are doomed to hell, but to the British this barbaric dogma
+evidently never appealed. In the fifth century the peace of the Church
+was vastly disturbed by the insidious heresy called Pelasgian, and it is
+a matter of some distinction to these islands that "Pelasgus," whose
+correct name was Morgan, was British-born. Morgan or Pelasgus, seconded
+by Coelestius, an Irish Scot, wilfully but gracelessly maintained that
+Adam's sin affected only himself, not his posterity; that children at
+their birth are as pure and innocent as Adam was at his creation, and
+that the Grace of God is not necessary to enable men to do their duty,
+to overcome temptations, or even to attain perfection, but that they may
+do all this by the freedom of their own wills. A Council of 214 Bishops,
+held at Carthage, formally condemned these pestilent and insidious
+doctrines which, according to a commentator, "strike at the root of
+genuine piety".
+
+There is no known etymology for the words _God_ and _good_, and some
+years ago it was a matter of divided opinion whether or not they were
+radically the same. In Danish the two terms are identical, and there is
+very little doubt that the one is an adjective derived from the other.
+Max Müller, however, sums up the contrary opinion as follows: "God was
+most likely an old heathen name of the Deity and for such a name the
+supposed etymological meaning of _good_ would be far too modern, too
+abstract, too Christian".
+
+One might ignore this marvellous complacency were it not for the fact
+that it still expresses the opinion of a considerable majority. To
+refute the presumption that Christianity alone is capable of abstract
+thought, or of conceiving God as good, one need only turn to any
+primitive philosophy. It is, however, needless to look further afield
+than pagan Albion. Strabo alludes to the Druidic teaching as "moral
+science," and no phrase better defines the pith and dignity of certain
+British Triads. It was daringly maintained that God cannot be matter,
+therefore everything not matter was God: that:--
+
+          In every person there is a soul,
+          In every soul there is intelligence:
+          In every intelligence there is thought,
+          In every thought there is either good or evil:
+          In every evil there is death:
+          In every good there is life,
+          In every life there is God.[188]
+
+The Bards of Britain, who claimed to maintain the "sciences" of piety,
+wisdom, and courtesy, taught that--the three principal properties of the
+Hidden God were "Power, knowledge, and love": that the three purposes of
+God in his works were "to consume the evil; to enliven the dead; and to
+cause joy from doing good": that the three ways in which God worked
+were "experience, wisdom, and mercy".
+
+It will be observed that all these axioms are in three clauses, and it
+was claimed by the Welsh Bards of the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth,
+and fifteenth centuries that they possessed many similar Triads or
+threefold precepts which had been handed down by memory and tradition
+from immemorial times.[189] It is generally accepted by competent
+scholars that the Welsh Triads, particularly the poems attributed to
+"Taliesin," undoubtedly contain a great deal of pagan and pre-Christian
+doctrine, but to what extent this material has been garbled and alloyed
+is, of course, a matter of uncertainty and dispute. In some instances
+external and internal evidence testify alike to their authenticity. For
+example, Diogenes Laertius, who died in A.D. 222, stated: "The Druids
+philosophise sententiously and obscurely--to worship the Gods, to do no
+evil, to exercise courage". This precise and comprehensive summary of
+the whole duty of man is to be found among the Bardic Triads, where it
+has been translated to read: "The three First Principles of Wisdom:
+obedience to the laws of God, concern for the good of mankind, and
+bravery in sustaining all the accidents of life".
+
+In _Celtic Heathendom_ Sir John Rhys prints the following noble and
+majestic prayer, of which four MSS. variants are in existence:--
+
+     Grant, O God, Thy protection;
+     And in Thy protection, strength,
+     And in strength, understanding;
+     And in understanding, knowledge,
+     And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice;
+     And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it,
+     And in that love, the love of all existences;
+     And in that love of all existences, the love of God.
+        God and all goodness.
+
+Some have supposed that Druidism learned its secrets from the Persian
+Magi, others that the Magi learnt from Druidism. Pliny, speaking of the
+vanities of _Magiism_ or _Magic_, recorded that "Britain celebrates them
+to-day with such ceremonies it might seem possible that she taught Magic
+to the Persians". In Persian philosophy the trinity of Goodness was Good
+Thought, Good Deed, and Good Word, and in Britain these Three Graces
+were symbolised by the three Golden Berries of the Mistletoe or Golden
+Bough. They figure alternatively as Three Golden Balls or Apples growing
+on a crystal tree. The Mistletoe--sacred alike in Persia and in
+Britain--was worshipped as the All-Heal, and it was termed the Ethereal
+Plant, because alone among the vegetable creation it springs etherially
+in mid-air, and not from earth. Among the adventures of Prince Conneda
+of Connaught--the young and lovely son of Great and Good King Conn and
+Queen Eda--was a certain quest involving the most strenuous seeking.
+Aided by a Druid, the youthful Conneda carried with him a small bottle
+of extracted All-Heal, and was led forward by a magic ball, which rolled
+ever in advance. The story (or rather allegory, for it is obviously
+such) tells us that the Three Golden Apples were plucked from the
+Crystal Tree in the midst of the pleasure garden, and deposited by
+Conneda in his bosom. On returning home Conneda planted the Three Golden
+Apples in his garden, and instantly a great tree bearing similar fruit
+sprang up. This tree caused all the district to produce an exuberance of
+crops and fruits, so that the neighbourhood became as fertile and
+plentiful as the dominion of the Firbolgs, in consequence of the
+extraordinary powers possessed by the Golden Fruit.[190]
+
+The trefoil or shamrock (figured constantly in Crete) was another symbol
+of the Three in One, and I have little doubt that at Tara there once
+existed a picture of St. Patrick holding this almost world-wide emblem.
+Tara is the same word as _tri_ or _three_ and in Faërie this number is
+similarly sacred. The Irish used to march in battle in threes, the
+Celtic _mairae_ or fairy mothers were generally figured in groups of
+three, and the gown of the Fairy Queen is said to have been--
+
+          Of pansy, pink, and primrose leaves,
+          Most curiously laid on in _threaves_.[191]
+
+The word shamrock in Persian is _shamrakh_, and three to four thousand
+years ago a Persian poet hymned: "We worship the pure, the Lord of
+purity. We worship the universe of the true spirit, visible, invisible,
+and all that sustains the welfare of the good creation. We praise all
+good thoughts, all good words, all good deeds, which are and will be,
+and keep pure all that is good. Thou true and happy Being! we strive to
+think, to speak, to do only what, of all actions, may promote the two
+lives, the body and the mind. We beseech the spirit of earth, by means
+of these best works (agriculture) to grant us beautiful and fertile
+fields, for believer and unbeliever, for rich and poor. We worship the
+Wise One who formed and furthered the spirit of the earth. We worship
+Him with our bodies and souls. We worship Him as being united with the
+spirits of pure men and women. We worship the promotion of all good, all
+that is very beautiful, shining, immortal, bright, everything that is
+good."
+
+The alleged author of this invocation to the God of Goodness and Beauty
+lived certainly as early as 1200 B.C., some think 2000 B.C.: the hymn
+itself was collected into its present canon during the fourth century of
+this era, but, like the British Triads and all other Bardic lore, it is
+supposed to have been long orally preserved. It is perfectly legitimate
+to compare the literature of Ancient Persia with that of Britain, for
+the religious systems of the two countries were admittedly almost
+identical; and until recently Persia was the most generally accepted
+cradle of the Aryans.
+
+It is impossible to suppose that the earliest compilers and transcribers
+of the British Triads had access to the MSS. of the hymn just quoted;
+yet while Persian tradition records, "We worship the promotion of all
+good, all that is very beautiful, shining, immortal, bright, everything
+that is good," the British Bards seemingly worshipped the promotion of
+all good, in fact the Three Ultimate Objects of Bardism are on record as
+being "to reform morals and customs; to secure peace and _praise
+everything that is good and excellent_".
+
+British literature, British folklore, and British custom, all alike
+refute Max Müller's preposterous supposition that the equation _God =
+Good_ is "far too modern, too abstract, too Christian," and there is
+manifestly some evidence in favour of the probability that Giant Albion
+was worshipped as the _Holy Good_ and the _All Good_. There is no known
+tribe of savages that is destitute of some code of ethics, and it is
+seemingly a world-wide paradox that spiritual wisdom and low
+civilisation can, and often do, exist concurrently. Side by side with
+the childish notions of modern savages, one finds, not infrequently,
+what Andrew Lang termed, "astonishing metaphysical hymns about the first
+stirrings of light in darkness, of becoming, of being, which remind us
+of Hegel and Heraclitus".[192] The sacred Books of Christendom emanated
+from one of the crudest and least cultivated of all the subject races of
+the Roman Empire. It is self-evident that the Hebrews were a predatory
+and semi-savage tribe who conceived their Divinity as vengeful, cursing,
+swearing, vomiting, his fury coming up into his face, and his nostrils
+smoking; nevertheless, as in the Psalms and elsewhere, are some of the
+noblest and most lofty conceptions of Holiness and Beauty.
+
+As a remarkable instance of this seeming universal paradox, one may
+refer to Micah, a Hebrew, whose work first appeared in writing about 300
+B.C. There is in Micah some of the best philosophy ever penned, yet the
+status of the tribe among whom he lived and to whom he addressed
+himself, was barbarous and brutal. Of this, an example is found in
+Chapter III, where the prophet writes: "And I said, Hear I pray you, O
+heads of Jacob and ye princes of the house of Israel; Is it not for you
+to know judgement? who hate the good, and love the evil; who pluck off
+their skin off them, and their flesh from off their bones; who also eat
+the flesh of my people, and flay their skin from off them, and they
+break their bones, and chop them in pieces, as for the pot, and as flesh
+within the caldron".
+
+As a parallel to this cannibalism it is thus quite conceivable that
+while some of the MacAlpines were lauding Albani, others were larding
+their weaker brethren for the laird's table: but the whole trend of
+Alban custom and Alban literature renders the supposition unlikely.
+There is extant a British Triad inculcating the three maxims for good
+health as "cheerfulness, temperance, and early rising". There is another
+enunciating the three cares that should occupy the mind of every man as:
+"To worship God, to avoid injuring any one, and to act justly towards
+every living thing". The latter of these is curiously reminiscent of
+Micah's Triadic utterance: "He hath showed thee O man what is good, and
+what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, to love mercy, and
+walk humbly with God".
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [140] Toland, _History of the Druids_, p. 428.
+
+   [141] _Cf._ Poste, B., _Britannic Researches_, p. 110.
+
+   [142] _The Lost Language of Symbolism_, 1912.
+
+   [143] The earliest example of Irish Bardism is to the following
+         effect:--
+
+                I invoke thee Erin
+                Brilliant Brilliant sea,
+                Fertile Fertile Hill,
+                Wavy Wavy Wood
+                Flowing Flowing stream,
+                Fishy Fishy Lake, etc.
+
+
+   [144] Haslam, W., _Perran Zabuloe_, p. 8.
+
+   [145] _Survey of London_, Ev. Lib., p. 132.
+
+   [146] _Golden Legend_, III, 248.
+
+   [147] Skeat postulates a mute vowel by deriving _lazar_ or leper
+         from _Eleazer_--_He whom God assists_.
+
+   [148] _Extinct Civilisations of the East_, p. 104.
+
+   [149] I have a chapter of evidence in MSS. supporting this
+         suggestion.
+
+   [150] Frazer, Sir J. G., _Folklore in the Old Testament_, iii., 45.
+
+   [151] Bulfinch put the horse before the cart when he wrote: "As the
+         name of the god signifies _all_, Pan came to be considered a
+         symbol of the universe and personification of nature."
+
+   [152] Wavrin, John de, _Chronicles_.
+
+   [153] This name is supposed to have meant a miser or father of
+         pennies. The _penny_ is said to have been so named from the
+         _pen_ or _head_ figured upon it.
+
+   [154] Hone, W., _Everyday Book_, i., col. 566.
+
+   [155] The _New English Dictionary_ notes the following "forms" of
+         "pigeon," _pejon_, _pejoun_, _pegion_, _pegyon_, _pigin_,
+         _pigen_, _pigion_, _pygon_. The supposed connection between
+         pigeon and _pipio_, "I chirp," is surely remote, for young
+         pigeons do not "chirp".
+
+   [156] Mrs. Hamilton Gray in _The Sepulchres of Ancient Etruria_,
+         writes: "I was particularly struck with one large carved
+         group, which bore a greater resemblance to a Hindoo
+         representation of a trinity than anything not Indian I have
+         ever seen. Did we not know the thing to be impossible, I
+         should be tempted on the strength of this sculptured stone to
+         assert that Brahma, Siva, and Vishnu must at some former
+         period have found adorers in Etruria. Three monstrous faces,
+         growing together, one full face in the middle and a profile
+         on each side" (p. 309).
+
+   [157] The official etymology of _June_ is "probably from root of
+         Latin _juvenis_, _junior_," but where is the sense in this?
+
+   [158] Baring-Gould, S., _Curious Myths_, p. 5.
+
+   [159] _Curious Myths_, p. 23.
+
+   [160] Gray, Mrs. Hamilton, _Sepulchres of Ancient Etruria_, pp.
+         187, 189.
+
+   [161] _Hell._, c. xx.
+
+   [162] Yeats, W. B., _Fairy and Folk-tales of the Irish Peasantry_,
+         p. 306.
+
+   [163] "Theta," _The Thorn Tree, being a History of Thorn Worship_.
+         London, 1863, p. 127.
+
+   [164] _Faërie Queene_, Book XI., c. ix., st. 70-71.
+
+   [165] Hone, W., _Everyday Book_, 111., col. 27.
+
+   [166] Keightley, T., _Fairy Mythology_, p. 138.
+
+   [167] Davies, E., _Myth of Brit. Druids_, pp. 203, 204.
+
+   [168] Baring-Gould, _Curious Myths_, p. 194.
+
+   [169] Spence, Lewis, _Myths of Mexico and Peru_, p. 170.
+
+   [170] P. 159.
+
+   [171] _Surnames_, p. 230.
+
+   [172] The ecclesiastical _raison d'être_ for St. Andrew's situation
+         is stated as having been "_to the end that his pain should
+         endure the longer_".
+
+   [173] "Diogenes Lærtius, in the proem of his philosophical history,
+         reckons the Druids among the chief authors of the barbarous
+         theology and philosophy, long anterior to the Greeks, their
+         disciples: and Phurnutus, in his treatise of the Nature of
+         the Gods, says most expressly that among the many and various
+         fables which the antient Greecs had about the Gods, some were
+         derived from the Mages, the Africans, and Phrygians, and
+         others from other nations: for which he cites Homer as a
+         witness, nor is there anything that bears a greater witness
+         to itself."--Toland, _History of Druids_. London, 1814, p.
+         106.
+
+   [174] _Ancient Britain_, p. 284.
+
+   [175] Keightley, _Fairy Mythology_, p. 818.
+
+   [176] Anon., _The Fairy Family_, 1857.
+
+   [177] Keightley, _Fairy Mythology_, pp. 25, 441.
+
+   [178] Quoted from Davies, E., _Celtic Researches_, p. 560.
+
+   [179] Livy mentions that during the Macedonian War a Gaulish
+         soldier foretold an eclipse of the moon to the Roman Army
+         (Liber XLIV., c. xxxvii.).
+
+   [180] "A few years ago it would have been deemed the height of
+         absurdity to imagine that the English and the Hindus were
+         originally one people, speaking the same language, and
+         clearly distinguished from other families of mankind; and yet
+         comparative philology has established this fact by evidence
+         as clear and irresistible as that the earth revolves round
+         the sun."--Smith, Dr. Wm., _Lectures on the English
+         Language_, p. 2.
+
+   [181] Keightley, _Fairy Mythology_, p. 290.
+
+   [182] Canon ffrench, _Prehistoric Faith in Ireland_, p. 80.
+
+   [183] _Cf._ Frazer, Sir J. G., _Psyche's Task_, pp. 7, 14.
+
+   [184] _Cf._ _Ibid._
+
+   [185] _Curious Myths_, p. 557.
+
+   [186] _Cf._ Keightley, T., _Fairy Mythology_, p. 298.
+
+   [187] There is a certain section of Christianity that still revels
+         in hymns such as the following:--
+
+                 "His nostrils breathe out fiery streams,
+                 He's a consuming fire,
+                 His jealous eyes His wrath inflame
+                 And raise His vengeance higher."
+
+
+   [188] This and the several subsequent quotations from Bardic
+         "Philosophy" are taken from the collection published in 1862,
+         by the Welsh MSS. Society, under the title _Barddas_.
+         Whatever may be the precise date of these axioms the ideas
+         they express well repay careful consideration.
+
+   [189] According to Cæsar the Druidic philosophy was transmitted
+         orally for the purpose of strengthening the memory. The
+         disciples of Pythagoras followed a similar precept, hence
+         when the majority of them were destroyed in a fire the axioms
+         of Pythagoras were largely lost. That the traditional tales
+         of Ireland were maintained in their verbal integrity for
+         untold years is implied by Mr. Yeats' statement: "In the
+         Parochial Survey of Ireland it is recorded how the
+         story-tellers used to gather together of an evening, and if
+         any had a different version from the others, they would all
+         recite theirs and vote, and the man who had varied would have
+         to abide by their verdict. In this way stories have been
+         handed down with such accuracy, that the long tale of Dierdre
+         was, in the earlier decades of this century, told almost word
+         for word, as in the very ancient MSS. in the Royal Dublin
+         Society. In one case only it varied, and then the MSS. was
+         obviously wrong--a passage had been forgotten by the copyist.
+         But this accuracy is rather in the folk and bardic tales than
+         in the fairy legends, for these vary widely, being usually
+         adapted to some neighbouring village or local fairy-seeing
+         celebrity."--Yeats, W. B., _Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish
+         Peasantry_, p. 11.
+
+   [190] _Cf._ Yeats, W.B., _Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish
+         Peasantry_, p. 318.
+
+   [191] Keightley, T., _Fairy Mythology_, p. 346.
+
+   [192] _Myth, Ritual and Religion_, 1. 186.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER V
+
+                              GOG AND MAGOG
+
+          "Scarce stand the vessels hauled upon the beach,
+        And bent on marriages the young men vie
+        To till new settlements, while I to each
+        Due law dispense and dwelling place supply,
+        When from a tainted quarter of the sky
+        Rank vapours, gathering, on my comrades seize,
+        And a foul pestilence creeps down from high."
+                                    --VIRGIL, _The Æneid._
+
+
+The British Chronicles relate that when Brute and his companions reached
+these shores the island was then uninhabited, save only for a few
+giants. Seemingly these natives did not oppose the Trojan landing, for
+the story runs that "Nought gave Corineus (Brute's second-in-command)
+greater pleasure than to wrestle with the giants of whom there was a
+greater plenty in Cornwall than elsewhere". On a certain day, however,
+the existing relations ceased, owing to an obnoxious native named
+Goemagog, who, accompanied by a score of companions, interrupted a
+sacred function which the Trojans were holding. From the recommendations
+of the pious Æneas, it would seem that the Trojans had suffered
+similarly in other directions:--
+
+        When thy vessels, ranged upon her shore,
+        Rest from the deep, and on the beach ye light
+        The votive altars, and the gods adore,
+        Veil then thy locks, with purple hood bedight,
+        And shroud thy visage from a foeman's sight,
+        Lest hostile presence, 'mid the flames divine,
+        Break in, and mar the omen and the rite.
+        This pious use keep sacred, thou and thine,
+        The sons of sons unborn, and all the Trojan line.[193]
+
+The graceless Goemagog and his ruffianly crew did passing cruel
+slaughter on the British, howbeit at the last the Britons, rallying from
+all quarters, prevailed against them and slew all save only Goemagog.
+Him, Brute had ordered to be kept alive as he was minded to see a
+wrestling bout betwixt him and Corineus, "who was beyond measure keen to
+match himself against such a monster". Corineus, all agog and o'erjoyed
+at the sporting prospect, girded himself for the encounter, and flinging
+away his arms challenged Goemagog to a bout at wrestling. After "making
+the very air quake with their breathless gaspings," the match ended by
+Goemagog being lifted bodily into the air, carried to the edge of the
+cliff, and heaved over.[194]
+
+One cannot read Homer without realising that this alleged incident was
+in closest accord with the habits and probabilities of the time. Alike
+among the Greeks and the Trojans wrestling was as popular and
+soul-absorbing a pastime as it is to-day, or was until yesterday, among
+Cornishmen:--
+
+          Tired out we seek the little town, and run
+      The sterns ashore and anchor in the bay,
+      Saved beyond hope and glad the land is won,
+      And lustral rites, with blazing altars, pay
+      To Jove, and make the shores of Actium gay
+      With Ilian games, as, like our sires, we strip
+      And oil our sinews for the wrestler's play,
+      Proud, thus escaping from the foeman's grip,
+      Past all the Argive towns, through swarming Greeks, to slip.[195]
+
+The untoward Goemagog was probably one of an elementary big-boned tribe
+whose divinities were Gog and Magog, and there are distinct traces, at
+any rate, of Magog in Ireland. According to De Jubainville, "the various
+races that have successively inhabited Ireland trace themselves back to
+common ancestors descended from Magog or Gomer, son of Japhet, so that
+the Irish genealogy traditions are in perfect harmony with those of the
+Bible".[196]
+
+The figures of Gog and Magog used until recently to be cut into the
+slope of Plymouth Hoe: in Cambridgeshire, are the Gogmagog hills; at the
+extremity of Land's End are two rocks known respectively as Gog and
+Magog, and there is an unfavourable allusion to the same twain in
+_Revelation_.[197] Gog and Magog are the "protectors" of London, and at
+civic festivals their images used with pomp and circumstance to be
+paraded through the City.
+
+In some parts of Europe the civic giants were represented as being
+_eight_ in number, and the Christian Clergy inherited with their office
+the incongruous duty of keeping them in good order. One of these
+ceremonials is described by an eye-witness writing in 1809, who tells us
+that in Valencia no procession of however little importance took place,
+without being preceded by eight statues of giants of a prodigious
+height. "Four of them represented the four quarters of the world, and
+the other four their husbands. Their heads were made of paste-board, and
+of an enormous size, frizzled and dressed in the fashion. Men, covered
+with drapery falling on the ground, carried them at the head of the
+procession, making them dance, jump, bow, turn, and twist about. The
+people paid more attention to these gesticulations than to the religious
+ceremony which followed them. The existence of the giants was deemed of
+sufficient importance to require attention as to the means of
+perpetuating them; consequently there was a considerable foundation in
+Valencia for their support. They had a house belonging to them where
+they were deposited. Two benefices were particularly founded in honour
+of them; and it was the duty of the Ecclesiastics who possessed these
+benefices to take care of them and of their ornaments, particular
+revenues being assigned for the expense of their toilettes."[198]
+
+Four pairs of elemental gods were similarly worshipped in Egypt, each
+pair male and female, and these _eight_ primeval Beings were known as
+the Ogdoad or Octet. In Scotland, the Earth Goddess who is said to have
+existed "from the long eternity of the world," is sometimes described as
+being the chief of _eight_ "big old women," at other times as "a great
+big old wife," and with this untoward Hag we may equate the English "Awd
+Goggie" who was supposed to guard orchards.
+
+The London figures of Gog and Magog--constructed of wicker work--had
+movable eyes which, to the great joy of the populace, were caused to
+roll or _goggle_ as the images were perambulated. Skeat thinks the word
+_gog_ is "of imitative origin," but it is more likely that _goggle_ was
+originally Gog _oeuil_ or Gog Eye. The Irish and Gaelic for Goggle-eyed
+is _gogshuileach_, which the authorities refer to _gog_, "to move
+slightly" and _suil_, "an eye".
+
+At Gigglewick or Giggles-fort in Yorkshire (anciently _Deira_), there is
+a celebrated well of which the famed peculiarity is its eightfold flow,
+and it was of this Giggle Well that Drayton wrote in _Polyolbion_:--
+
+          At Giggleswick where I a fountain can you show,
+          That _eight_ times a day is said to ebb and flow.
+
+In Cornwall at St. Isseys there used to be a sacred fountain known as
+St. Giggy's Well, and as every stream and fount was the supposed home of
+jinns or genii it is possible that "_Saint_ Giggy" may be equated with
+_igigi_, a word meaning in Babylonian mythology "_the spirits of
+Heaven_". Jinn or Genie may also be connoted with a well near Launceston
+known as Joan's Pitcher, the pitcher or vase whence the living waters
+were poured being a constantly recurring emblem of Mother Nature. It
+will be noticed in Fig. 25, p. 142, and in Fig. 256, p. 428.
+
+The French have an expression _a gogo_ ("origin unknown") which means at
+one's ease, or in clover; in old French _gogue_ ("origin unknown") meant
+pleasantry or fun, and _goguenard_ a funmaker, or a jester. All these
+and kindred terms are probably correlate to the jovial Gogmagog
+carnivals and festivals. In London the house of Gog and Magog is the
+Guildhall in Aldermanbury: if born within the sound of the bells of the
+neighbouring St. Mary-le-Bow a Londoner is entitled to be termed a
+_cockney_; Cockayne is an old and romantic term for London, and it would
+therefore seem likely that among the cluster of detached _duns_ which
+have now coalesced into London, the followers of Gog and Magog had a
+powerful and perhaps aboriginal footing. Around Londonderry in Ireland
+are the memories of a giant Gig na Gog, and at Launceston in Cornwall
+there used to be held a so-called Giglot Fair. At this _a gogo_ festival
+every wench was at liberty to bestow the eye of favour, _ogle_, or look
+_gougou_, on any swain she fancied: whence obviously the whole village
+was agog, or full of eagerness, and much ogling, giggling, goggling, and
+gougounarderie.
+
+In Cornwall _googou_ means a cave, den, souterrain, or "giants holt,"
+and there are several reasons to suppose that the Gogmagogei or
+gougouites were troglodytes. "Son of Man," said Ezekiel, "set thy face
+against Gog the Land of Magog," and to judge from similar references, it
+would seem that the followers of Gogmagog were ill-favoured and unloved.
+Sir John Maundeville (1322) mentions in his Travels, that in the Land of
+Cathay towards Bucharia, and Upper India, the Jews of ten lineages "who
+are called Gog and Magog" were penned up in some mountains called Uber.
+This name Uber we shall show is probably the same as _obr_, whence the
+Generic term _Hebrew_, and it is said by Maundeville that between those
+mountains of Uber were enclosed twenty-two kings, with their people,
+that dwelt between the mountains of Scythia.[199] Josephus mentions that
+the Scythians were called Magogoei by the Greeks: by some authorities
+the Scythians are equated with the Scotti or Scots. There are still
+living in Cornwall the presumed descendants of what have been termed the
+"bedrock" race, and these people still exhibit in their physiognomies
+the traces of Oriental or Mongoloid blood. The early passage tombs of
+Japan are, according to Borlase, (W. C.), literally counterparts in plan
+and construction of those giant-graves or passage-tombs which are
+prevalent in Cornwall, and, speaking of the inhabitants of Cornwall and
+Wales, Dr. Beddoe says: "I think some reason can be shown for suspecting
+the existence of traces of some Mongoloid race in the modern population
+of Wales and the West of England. The most notable indication is the
+oblique or Chinese eye. I have noted thirty-four persons with oblique
+eyes. Their heads include a wide range of relative breadth. In other
+points the type stands out distinctly. The cheek bones are almost always
+broad: the brows oblique, in the same direction as the eyes; the chin as
+a rule narrow and angular; the nose often concave and flat, seldom
+arched; and the mouth rather inclined to be prominent.... The iris is
+usually hazel or brown, and the hair straight, dark-brown, black, or
+reddish." "It is," he adds, "especially in Cornwall that this type is
+common."
+
+Our British Giants, Gog, Magog, Termagol, and the rest of the terrible
+tribe, sprang, according to Scottish myth, from the _thirty-three_
+daughters of Diocletian, a King of Syria, or Tyria. These _thirty-three_
+primeval women drifted in a ship to Britain, then uninhabited, where
+they lived in solitude, until an order of demons becoming enamoured of
+them, took them to wife and begot a race of giants. Anthropology and
+tradition thus alike refer the Magogoei to Syria, or Phoenicia, and
+there would seem to be numerous indications that between these people
+and the ethereal, romantic, and artistic Cretans there existed a racial,
+integral, antipathy.
+
+The Gogonians may be connoted with the troglodyte Ciconians, or Cyclops,
+to whom Homer so frequently and unfavourably alludes, and the one-eyed
+Polyphemus of Homer is obviously one and the same with Balor, the
+one-eyed giant of Tory Isle in Ireland. This Balor or Conann the Great,
+as he is sometimes termed, was cock-eyed, one terrible eye facing front,
+the other situated in the back of his head facing to the rear. To this
+day the fateful eye of Balor is the Evil Eye in Ireland, whence anyone
+is liable to be o'erwished. Ordinarily the dreadful optic was close
+shut, but at times his followers raised the eyelid with an iron hook,
+whereupon the glance of Baler's eye blasted everything and everybody
+upon whom it fell. On one occasion the fateful eye of Balor is said to
+have overflowed with water, causing a disastrous flood; whence, perhaps,
+why a watery eye is termed a "Balory" or "_Bleary_ eye". That Balor was
+Gog may be inferred from Belerium or Bolerium, being the name applied by
+Ptolemy to the Land's End district where still stand the rocks called
+Gog and Magog. That Balor was Polyphemus, the Cyclopean Ciconian, is
+probable from the fact that he was blinded by a spear driven into his
+ill-omened eyeball, precisely as Polyphemus was blinded by a blazing
+stake from Ulysses. Did the unlettered peasantry of Tory Isle derive
+this tale from Homer, or did Homer get the story from Ogygia, a
+supposedly ancient name for Erin? Not only is there an identity between
+the myth of Balor and Polyphemus, but, further--to quote D'arbois de
+Jubainville--"As fortune strangely has it the Irish name _Balor_ has
+preserved its identity with _Belleros_, whom the poems of Homer and
+Hesiod and many other Greek writers have handed down to us in the
+compound _Bellero-phontes_, 'slayer of Belleros'".[200]
+
+The author of _The Odyssey_ describes the Ciconians as a race endued
+with superior powers, but as troubling their neighbours with frequent
+wrongs:--
+
+        ... o'er the Deep proceeding sad, we reach'd
+        The land at length, where, giant-sized and free
+        From all constraint of law, the Cyclops dwell
+        They, trusting to the Gods, plant not, or plough
+
+        .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
+
+        No councils they convene, no laws contrive
+        But in deep caverns dwell, found on the heads
+        Of lofty mountains.
+
+Apparently some of these same lawless and predatory troglodytes were at
+one time dwelling in Wales, for a few miles further north of Aberystwith
+we find the place-name Goginan there applied to what is described as "a
+locality with extensive lead-mines". The Welsh for cave is _ogof_, or
+_gogof_, and in Cornish not only _gougou_, but also _ugo_, or _hugo_
+meant the same: thus _og_ and _gog_ would seem to have been synonymous,
+a conclusion confirmed in many other directions, such as _goggle_ and
+_ogle_. In Hebrew, _og_ meant gigantic, mighty, or long-necked, which
+evidently is the same word as the British _uch_, German _hoch_, meaning
+_high_; whence, there is every probability that _Og_, or _Gog_, meant
+primarily _High-High_, or the _Most High_, and Magog, _Mother Most
+High_.
+
+Okehampton, on the river Okement in Devonshire, held, like Launceston, a
+giglet fair, whence it is probable that Kigbear, the curious name of a
+hamlet in Okehampton, took its title from the same _Kig_ as was
+responsible for _giglet_. There are numerous allusions in the classics
+to a Cyclopean rocking-stone known as the Gigonian Rock, but the site of
+this famous oracle is not known. Joshua refers to the coast of Og, King
+of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants, and that this
+obnoxious ruler was a troglodyte is manifest from his subterranean
+capital at Edrei, which is in existence to this day, and will be
+described later. That at one time Og was a god of the ocean may be
+deduced from the Rabbinic tradition that he walked by the side of the
+ark during the flood, and the waters came up only to his knees. From the
+measurements of Og's famous bedstead it has been calculated that Og
+himself "was about _nine_ feet high".[201]
+
+In Hebrew _og_ is also understood to mean _he who goes in a circle_,
+which is suggestive of the Sun or Eye of Heaven. That the sun was the
+mighty, all-seeing _ogler_ or _goggler_ of the universe is a commonplace
+among the poets, whence Homer, alluding to the Artist of the World,
+observes: "His spy the Sun had told him all". To the jocund Sun, which
+on Easter Day in particular was supposed to dance, may be referred the
+joyful _gigues_, or _jigs_ of our ancestors. Gig also meant a boy's top,
+and to the same source may be assigned whirli_gig_. Shec is the Irish
+form of Jack, and _gigans_ or _gigantic_ are both radically Jack or
+Jock. In English, Jack means many things, from a big fresh-water fish to
+a jack pudding, and from Jack-in-Green to Jack-a-lanthorn: Skeat defines
+it, _inter alia_, as a saucy fellow, and in this sense it is the same as
+a young cock. Among the characteristics of Mercury--the Celtic Ogmius,
+or Hercules--were versatility, fascination, trickery, and cunning:
+sometimes he is described as "a mischievous young thief," whence,
+perhaps, the old word _cog_, which meant cheating, or trickery.
+
+The names Badcock, Adcock, Pocock, Bocock, Meacock, and Maycock, as also
+Cook and Cox, are all familiar ones in London or Cockayne. As Prof.
+Weekley observes, "many explanations have been given to the suffix
+_cock_, but I cannot say that any of them have convinced me. Both Cock
+and Cocking are found as early personal names."[202] In London or
+Cockaigne, coachmen used to swear, "By Gog and Magog,"[203] and it may
+prove that "By _Gosh_" is like the surnames Goodge and Gooch, an
+inflection of Gog.
+
+Cogs are the teeth or rays upon a wheel, and that cog meant sun or fire
+is implied by the word _cook_, _i.e._, baked or fried. _Coch_ is Welsh
+for _red_, _kakk_ was the Mayan for fire; in the same language _kin_
+meant _sun_ and _oc_ meant head, and among the Peruvians _Mama Cocha_
+was the title of the Mother of all Mankind. As _coke_ is cooked coal,
+one might better refer that term to _cook_, than, as officially at
+present, to _colk_, the core of an apple. It is difficult to appreciate
+any marked resemblance between coke and the core of an apple.
+
+The authorities connote Cockayne with _cookery_, and there is
+undoubtedly a connection, but the faerie Cockayne was more probably the
+Land of All Highest Ayne. The German for cock is _hahn_, and the cock
+with his jagged scarlet crest was pre-eminently the symbol of the good
+Shine. Chanticleer, the herald of the dawning sun, was the cognisance of
+Gaul, and East and West he symbolised the conqueror of darkness:--
+
+            Aurora's harbinger--who
+          Scatters the rear of darkness thin.
+
+The Cockayne of London, France, Spain and Portugal was a degraded
+equivalent to the Irish Tir nan Og, which means the Land of the Young,
+and the word Cockayne is probably cognate with Yokhanan, the Hebrew form
+of John, meaning literally, "God is gracious". According to Wright, "the
+ancient Greeks had their Cockaigne. Athenæus has preserved some passages
+from lost poets of the best age of Grecian literature, where the
+burlesque on the golden age and earthly paradise of their mythology
+bears so striking a resemblance to our descriptions of Cockaigne, that
+we might almost think, did we not know it to be impossible, that in the
+one case whole lines had been translated from the other."[204] The
+probability is, that the poems, like all ancient literature, were long
+orally preserved by the bards of the two peoples.
+
+In Irish mythology, it is said of Anu, the Great Mother, that well she
+used to cherish the circle of the Gods; in England Ked or Kerid was "the
+Great Cherisher," and her symbol as being _perpetual love_ was, with
+great propriety, that ideal mother, the hen. The word _hen_, according
+to Skeat, is from the "Anglo-Saxon _hana_, a cock," literally "a singer
+from his crowing". But a crowing _hen_ is notoriously a freak and an
+abomination.
+
+In Lancashire there is a place called Ainsworth or Cockey: in Yorkshire
+there is a river Cock, and near Biggleswade is a place named Cockayne
+Hatley: the surname Cockayne is attributed to a village in Durham named
+Coken. In Northumberland is a river Cocket or Coquet, and in this
+district in the parish of St. John Lee is Cocklaw. Cockshott is an
+eminence in Cumberland and Cocks Tor--whereon are stone circles and
+stone rows--is a commanding height in Devon. In Worcestershire is
+Cokehill, and it is not improbable that Great and Little Coggeshall in
+Essex, as also the Oxfordshire place-name Coggo, Cogges, or Coggs, are
+all referable to Gog.
+
+In Northamptonshire is a place known as _Cogenhoe_ or _Cooknoe_, and in
+seemingly all directions Cook, Cock, and Gog will be found to be
+synonymous. The place-name Cocknage is officially interpreted as having
+meant "hatch, half-door, or wicket gate of the cock," but this is not
+very convincing, for no cock is likely to have had sufficient prestige
+to name a place. The Cornish place-name Cogynos, is interpreted as
+"cuckoo in the moor," but cuckoos are sylvan rather than moorland
+birds: the word _cuckoo_, nevertheless, may imply that this bird was
+connected with Gog, for the Welsh for cuckoo is _cog_, and in Scotland
+the cuckoo is known as a _gauk_ or _gowk_. These terms, as also the
+Cornish _guckaw_, may be decayed forms of the Latin _cuculus_, Greek
+_kokkuz_, or there are equal chances that they are more primitive. In
+Cornwall, on 28th April, there used to be held a so-called Cuckoo
+Feast.[205]
+
+There is an English river Cocker: a _cocker_ was a prize fighter, and it
+is possible that the expression, "not according to cocker," may contain
+an allusion older than popularly supposed. There are rivers named _Ock_,
+both in Berks and Devon, and at Derby there is an Ockbrook: there is an
+Ogwell in Devon, a river Ogmore in Glamorganshire, and a river Ogwen in
+Carnarvon. In Wiltshire is an Ogbourne or river Og, and on the Wiltshire
+Avon there is a prehistoric British camp called Ogbury. This edifice may
+be described as _gigantic_ for it covers an area of 62 acres, is upwards
+of a mile in circuit, and has a rampart 30 to 33 feet high.[206] The
+number 33 occurred in connection with the original British giants, said
+to be 33 in number, and we shall meet with 30 or 33 frequently
+hereafter. _Ogre_ (of unknown origin), meaning a giant, may be connoted
+with the Iberian _ogro_, and with _haugr_ the Icelandic word for hill,
+with which etymologers connect the adjective _huge_: the old Gaulish for
+a hill was _hoge_ or _hogue_,[207] and the probability would seem to be
+that Og and _huge_ were originally the same term. There is a huge
+earthwork at Uig in Scotland, the walls of which, like those at Ogbury
+in Wiltshire, measure 30 feet in height.
+
+The surname Hogg does not necessarily imply a swinish personality: more
+probably the original Hoggs were like the Haigs, followers of the
+Hagman, who was commemorated in Scotland during the Hogmanay
+festivities. In Turkey _aga_ means _lord_ or _chief officer_, and in
+Greece _hagia_ means holy, whence the festival of Hogmanay has been
+assumed to be a corruption of the Greek words _hagia mene_, in _holy
+month_. If this were so it would be interesting to know how these Greek
+terms reached Scotland, but, as a matter of fact, Hogmanay does not last
+a month: at the outside it was a fête of three weeks, and more
+particularly three nights.
+
+_Three weeks_ before the day whereon was borne the Lorde of Grace, And
+on the Thursdaye boyes and girls do runne in every place, And bounce and
+beate at every doore, with blowes and lustie snaps, And crie, the Advent
+of the Lord not borne as yet perhaps, And wishing to the neighbours all,
+that in the houses dwell, A happie yeare, and every thing to spring and
+prosper well: Here have they peares, and plumbs, and pence, ech man
+gives willinglee, For these three nightes are alwayes thought
+unfortunate to bee; Wherein they are affrayde of sprites and cankred
+witches spight, And dreadful devils blacke and grim, that then have
+chiefest might.[208]
+
+During Hogmanay it was customary for youths to go in procession from
+house to house singing chants of heroic origin:--
+
+        As we used to do in old King Henry's day,
+        Sing fellows, sing Hagman heigh!
+
+The King Henry here mentioned is probably not one of the Tudors, but the
+more primitive Nick or Old Harry, and the percipient divine who
+thundered against the popular festival: "Sirs, do you know what Hagmane
+signifies? It is _the Devil be in the house_! That's the meaning of its
+_Hebrew original_," had undoubtedly good grounds for his denunciation.
+
+But the still more original meaning of Hagman was in all probability the
+_uchman_, or high man, or giant man. According to Hellenic mythology
+Hercules was the son of Jove and Alcmena: the name Alcmena is apparently
+the feminine form of _All_ or _Holy Acmen_--whence indirectly the word
+_acumen_ or "sharp mind"--the two forms _mena_ and _man_ seemingly
+figure in Scotch custom as _Hogmanay_, and as the _Hagman_ of "Sing
+Hagman heigh!"[209]
+
+One of the great Roman roads of Britain is known as Akeman Street, and
+as it happens that this prehistoric highway passes Bath it has been
+gravely suggested that it derived its title from the gouty, aching men
+who limped along to Bath to take the waters. But as _man_ is the same
+word as _main_ the word Akeman Street resolves more reasonably into
+_High Main_ Street, which is precisely what it was.
+
+In some parts of England fairy-rings are known as Hag-tracks, whence
+seemingly fairies were sometimes known as hags: at Lough Crew in
+Ireland, there is a cabalistically-decorated stone throne known as "the
+Hag's Chair".
+
+In Mid-Wales _ague_ is known as _y wrach_, which means the hag or the
+old hag; the notion being that _ague_ (and all _aches_?) were smitings
+of the ugly old Hag, or "awd Goggie". Various indications seem to point
+to the conclusion that the aboriginal "bedrock" Og or Gog was a Tyrian
+or Turanian Deity, and that in the eyes of the Hellenes and Trojans
+anything to do with Og was _ug_ly, _i.e._, Ug-like and _ug_some.
+
+In the county of Fife the last night of the dying year used to be known
+as Singin-e'en, a designation which is connected with the carols sung on
+that occasion. But _Singin_ may, and in all probability did, mean
+Sinjohn, for the Celtic _Geon_ or _giant_ was Ogmius the Mighty Muse,
+and _chant_ing was attributed to this world-enchanter. As already seen
+he was pictured leading the children of men tongue-tied by his
+eloquence, and it is not improbable that Ogmius is equivalent to Mighty
+Muse, for _muse_ in Greek is _mousa_. According to Assyrian mythology
+the God of wondrous and enchanting Wisdom rose daily from the sea and
+was named Oannes--obviously a Hellenised form of John or Yan. Among the
+Aryan nations _an_ meant mind, and this term is clearly responsible for
+_inane_ or without _ane_. The dictionaries attribute _inane_ to a "root
+unknown," but the same root is at the base of _anima_, the soul, whence
+_animate_ or living. Oannes, who was evidently the Great Acumen or
+Almighty Mind is said to have emerged daily from the ocean in order to
+instruct mankind, and he may be connoted with the Hebridian sea-god
+Shony. In the image of the benevolent Oannes reproduced overleaf it will
+be noted he is crowned with the cross of Allbein or All Well.
+
+In Brittany there are legends of a sea-maid of enchanting song, and
+wondrous acumen named Mary Morgan, and this _incantatrice_ corresponds
+to Morgan le fay or Morgiana. The Welsh for Mary is Fair, and the
+fairies of Celtic countries were known as the Mairies,[210] whence "Mary
+Morgan" was no doubt "Fairy Morgan". In Celtic _mor_ or _mawr_ also
+meant big, whence Morgan may be equated with _big gan_ and Morgiana with
+either Big Jane or Fairy Giana. This fairy Big _gyne_ or Big _woman_ was
+known alternatively in the East as _Merjan Banou_ and in Italy as Fata
+or Maga.
+
+It is authoritatively assumed that the word _cogitate_ is from _co_
+"together" and _agere_ "to drive," but "driving together" is not
+cogitation. The root _cog_ which occurs in _cogent_, _cogitate_,
+_cognisance_, and _cognition_ is more probably an implication that Gog
+like Oannes was deemed to be the Lord of the Deep wisdom: Gog, in fact,
+stands to Oannes or Yan in the same relation as Jack stands to John: the
+one is seemingly a synonym for the other.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 46 and 47.--From _Curious Myths of the Middle
+                 Ages_ (Baring-Gould).]
+
+The word _magic_ implies a connection with Maga or Magog: in Greek
+_mega_ means great, and the combined idea of great and wise is extended
+into _magus_, _magister_, and _magician_. The Latin _magnus_ and _magna_
+are respectively Mag Unus and Mag Una: Mogounus was one of the titles
+applied to St. Patrick, and it was also a sobriquet of the Celtic Sun
+God.[211]
+
+One of the stories of the Wandering Jew represents him as benevolently
+assisting a weaver named _Kokot_ to discover treasure, and in an
+Icelandic legend of the same Wanderer he is entitled Magus. On Magus
+being interrogated as to his name he replied that he was called
+"Vidforull," which looks curiously like "Feed for all," or "Food for
+all". The story relates that Magus possessed the marvellous capability
+of periodically casting his skin, and of becoming on each occasion
+younger than before. The first time he accomplished this magic feat he
+was 330 years old--a significant age--and in face of an astonished
+audience he gave a repetition of the wonderful performance. Baring his
+head and stroking himself all over the body, he rolled together the skin
+he was in and lay down before a staff or post muttering to himself:
+"Away with age, that I may have my desire". After lying awhile
+motionless he suddenly worked himself head foremost into the post, which
+thereupon closed over him and became again solid. Soon, however, the
+bemazed onlookers heard a great noise in the post, which began gradually
+to bulge at one end, and after a few convulsive movements the feet of
+Magus appeared, followed in due course by the rest of his body. After
+this bewildering feat Magus lay for awhile as though dead, but when the
+beholders were least expecting it he sprang suddenly up, rolled the skin
+from off his head, saluted the King, and behold "they saw that he was no
+other than a beardless youth and fair faced".[212]
+
+This magic change is not only suggestive of the two-faced Janus, but
+also of Aeon, one of the British titles for the Sun:--
+
+      Aeon hath seen age after age in long succession roll,
+      But like a serpent which has cast its skin,
+      Rose to new life in youthful vigour strong.
+
+Commenting on this passage Owen Morgan observes: "The expression 'cast
+his skin' alluded to the idea that the Sun of the old year had his body
+destroyed in the heavens at noon on each 20th December, by the Power of
+Darkness".[213] The Gnostics considered there were thirty divine Powers
+or Rulers, corresponding obviously to the days of the month, and these
+Powers they termed Aeons: among the Greeks _aeon_ meant an enormously
+vast tract of time; in Welsh _Ion_ means Leader or Lord.
+
+The story of Vidforull or Magus gains in interest in view of his mystic
+age of 330, or ten times 33, and the emerging-ex-post incident may have
+some connection with the nomenclature of the flame-flowered staff or
+post now termed a Hollyhock, or _Holy Hock_. One of the miracles
+attributed to St. Kit--a miracle which we are told was the means of
+converting _eight_ thousand men to Christianity--was the budding of his
+staff. "Christopher set his staff in the earth, and when he arose on the
+morn he found his staff like a palmier bearing flowers, leaves, and
+dates." Kit or Kate is the same word as "Kaad," and there is a serpent
+represented on the post or staff at St. Alban's Kaadman, figured on p.
+110. The serpent was universally the symbol of subtlety and deep wisdom,
+and among the Celts it was, because it periodically sloughed its skin,
+regarded as the emblem of regeneration and rejuvenescence.[214]
+
+The _Hawk_, which is the remaining symbol of the Kaadman (Fig. 16), was
+the _uch_ or high-flying bird, which soared sun-wise and hovered
+overworld eyeing or ogling the below with penetrating and all-seeing
+vision. It is difficult to see any rational connection between _hawk_
+and _heave_--a connection which for some mysterious reason the
+authorities connote--but the hawk was unquestionably an emblem of the
+Most High. A hawker is a harokel, Hercules, or merchant, and with _Maga_
+may be connoted _magazine_, which means storehouse. In Celtic _mako_ or
+_maga_ means "I feed"; in Welsh _magu_ means _breed_, and to _nurse_; in
+Welsh _magad_ is _brood_. It is to this root that obviously may be
+assigned the Gaelic Mac or Mc, which means "breed of" or "children of".
+In the Isle of Man, the inhabitants claimed to be descended from the
+fairies, whence perhaps the MacAuliffes of Albany originally claimed to
+be children of the Elf. Among the Berbers of Africa _Mac_ has precisely
+the same meaning as among the Gaels, and among the Tudas of India _mag_
+also means _children of_. "Surely after this," says a commentator, "the
+McPhersons and McGregors of our Highland glens need not hesitate to
+claim as Scotch cousins the inhabitants of the Indian peninsula."[215]
+
+There are many tales current in Cornwall of a famous witch known as
+"Maggie Figgie," and a particular rock on one of the most impressive
+headlands of the Duchy is entitled "Maggy Figgie's Chair". Here, it is
+said, Maggie was wont to seat herself when calling to her aid the
+spirits of the storm, and upon this dizzy height she swung to and fro as
+the storms far below rolled in from the Atlantic. Just as _Maggie_ is
+radically _make_, so is _figgy_ related to _fake_. The many-seeded
+_fica_ or _fig_ was the symbol of the Mother of Millions, and the same
+root is responsible for _fecund_, and probably for _phooka_, which is
+the Irish for Fairy or Elf. _Feckless_ means without resource,
+shiftless, incompetent, and incapable; _vague_ means wandering, and the
+word vagabond is probably due to the beneficent _phooka_ or Wanderer.
+That Pan was not only a hill and wood deity, but also a sea-vagabond is
+implied by the invocation:--
+
+          Io! Io! Pan! Pan!
+          Oh Pan thou _ocean Wanderer_.[216]
+
+In Northumberland among the Fern Islands is a rock known as the
+Megstone, and in Westmorland is the famous megalithic monument, known as
+Long Meg and her Daughters. The daughters were here represented by
+seventy-two stones placed in a circle (there are now only sixty-seven),
+and Long Meg herself, who is said to have been the last of the Titans,
+is identified with an outstanding rock, which is recorded as measuring
+18 feet in height, and 15 feet in circumference. The monument is
+situated on what is called The Maiden Way, and the measurement 15 is
+therefore significant, for the number 15 was peculiarly the Maiden's
+number, and "when she was fifteen years of age" is almost a standard
+formula in the lives of the Saints. We shall meet with fifteen in
+connection with the Virgin Mary, who, we shall note, was reputed to have
+lived to the age of seventy-two. The circle of "the Merry Maidens" near
+St. Just is 72 feet in diameter, and the Nine Maidens near Penzance is
+also 72 feet in diameter.[217] Christ the Corner Stone is said to have
+had seventy-two disciples, and the seventy-two stones of Long Meg's
+circle have probably some relation to the seventy-two dodecans into
+which the Chaldean and Egyptian Zodiac was divided. In connection with
+_magu_, the Welsh for nurse, it is worth noting that St. Margaret, or
+St. Meg, is said to have been delivered to a nurse to be kept, but on a
+certain day, when she was fifteen years of age and kept the sheep of her
+nurse, her circumstances took a sudden change for the worse.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 48.--Long Meg and her Daughters. From _Our
+                 Ancient Monuments_ (Kains-Jackson).]
+
+The Parthenon, or Maiden's House, at Athens was supported by fifteen
+pairs of columns; the number eighteen is twice nine, and in all
+probability stood for the divine twain, Meg and Mike, Michal and St.
+Michael. The duality of St. Michael which is portrayed in Fig. 200, page
+363, was no doubt also symbolised by the two rocks, which, according to
+_The Golden Legend_, Michael removed and replaced by a single piece of
+stone of marble. A second apparition recorded of St. Michael states that
+the saint stood on a stone of marble, and anon, because the people had
+great penury and need of water, there flowed out so much water that unto
+this day they be sustained by the benefit thereof.[218] This is
+evidently the same miracle as that illustrated in Fig. 21, on page 130,
+and in this connection it is noticeable that in the neighbourhood of
+Mickleham (Surrey) are Margery Hall, Mogadur, and Mug's well.
+
+Meg is a primitive form of Margaret, and in Art St. Margaret is always
+represented as the counterpart of St. Michael with a vanquished dragon
+at her feet. To account for this emblem the hagiographers relate that
+St. Margaret was swallowed by a dragon, but that the cross which she
+happened to be holding caused the creature to burst, whereupon St.
+Margaret emerged from its stomach unscathed.
+
+There is a counterpart to Maggie Figgie's chair at St. Michael's Mount,
+but in the latter case "Kader Migell" was a hallowed site. "Who knows
+not Mighell's Mount and chair, the pilgrims Holy vaunt?" According to
+Carew this original "chair," outside the castle, was a bad seat in a
+craggy place, somewhat dangerous of access.
+
+St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall used to be known as Dinsul, which the
+authorities suggest was _dun sol_, or the Sun Hill. Very probably this
+was so, and there is an equal probability that it meant also _din seul_,
+_i.e._, the hill of _Le Seul_ or _La Seule_, the Solitary or Alone.[219]
+In the Old Testament Michal figures as the daughter of King _Saul_,
+which is curious in view of St. Michael's Mount being named Din_seul_.
+St. Michael's in Brittany and St. Michael's elsewhere are dedicated _ad
+duas tumbas_, which means the two tumuli or tumps.[220] At St. Albans,
+the sacred processions started from two tumps or _toot_ hills, and it
+may be suggested these symbolised the two _teats_ of the primeval
+parent. In Ireland at Killarney are two mounts now termed The Paps, but
+originally known as The Paps of Anu, _i.e._, the Irish _Magna Mater_.
+Similar "Paps" are common in other parts of Britain, and there is little
+doubt that _mam_, the Welsh for a gently rising hill, has an intimate
+relation to mammal or teat. The Toothills were where _tout_ or _all_
+congregated together in convocation, and in all probability every toot
+hill originally represented the teat of Tad, or Dad, the Celtic _tata_,
+or daddy. Toot hills are alternatively known as moot hills, and this
+latter term may be connoted with _maeth_, the Welsh for _nourishment_:
+near Sunderland are two round-topped rocks named Maiden Paps.
+
+Mickleham in Surrey is situated at the base of Tot Hill: Tothill Street
+at Westminster marks the locality of an historic toot hill standing in
+Tothill Fields, and at Westminster the memory of St. Margaret has
+seemingly survived in dual form--as the ecclesiastical St. Margaret
+whose church nestles up against the Abbey of St. Peter, and as the
+popular giantess Long Meg. This celebrated heroine "did not only pass
+all the rest of her country in the length of her proportion, but every
+limbe was so fit to her talnesse that she seemed the picture and shape
+of some tall man cast in a woman mould". In times gone by a "huge" stone
+in the cloisters of Westminster used to be pointed out to visitors as
+the very gravestone of Long Meg,[221] and this "long, large, and entire"
+piece of rock may be connoted with the Megstone of the Fern Islands and
+the Long Meg of Cumberland. In 1635 there was published _The Life of
+Long Meg of Westminster_, containing the mad merry pranks she played in
+her lifetime, not only in performing sundry quarrels with divers
+ruffians about London, but also how valiantly she behaved herself in the
+"Warres of Bolloinge".
+
+This allusion to Bolloinge suggests that the chivalrous and intrepid
+Long Meg was famous at Bulloigne, and that the name of that place is
+cognate with Bellona, the Goddess of War. That the valiant St. Margaret
+was as unconquerable as Micah was _invictus_, may be judged from the
+sacred legend that the devil once appeared before her in the likeness of
+a man, whereupon, after a short parley, "she caught him by the head and
+threw him to the ground, and set her right foot on his neck saying: 'Lie
+still, thou fiend, under the feet of a woman'. The devil then cried: 'O
+Blessed Margaret, I am overcome'".
+
+As St. Michael was the Leader of All Angels, so St. Margaret was the
+Mother of All Children, and the circle of Long Meg was evidently a
+mighty delineation of the Marguerite, Marigold, or Daisy. The Celts,
+with their exquisite imagination, figured the daisy or marguerite as the
+symbol of innocence and the newly-born. There is a Celtic legend to the
+effect that every unborn babe taken from earth becomes a spirit which
+scatters down upon the earth some new and lovely flower to cheer its
+parents. "We have seen," runs an Irish tale, "the infant you regret
+reclining on a light mist; it approached us, and shed on our fields a
+harvest of new flowers. Look, oh, Malvina! among these flowers we
+distinguish one with a golden disc surrounded by silver leaves: a sweet
+tinge of crimson adorns its delicate rays; waved by a gentle wind we
+might call it a little infant playing in a green meadow, and the flower
+of thy bosom has given a new flower to the hills of Cromla. Since that
+day the daughters of Morven have consecrated the Daisy to infancy. It is
+called the flower of innocence; the flower of the new-born."[222]
+
+The Scotch form of Margaret is Maisie, and from the word _muggy_,
+meaning a warm, light mist, it would seem that Maisie or Maggy was the
+divinity of mists and moisture. It was widely supposed that the mists of
+Mother Earth, commingling with the beams of the Father Sun, were
+together the source of all juvenescence and life. According to Owen
+Morgan, "Ked's influence from below was supposed to be exercised by
+exhalations, the breathings as it were of the Great Mother,"[223] and it
+is still a British belief that--
+
+          Mist in spring is the source of wine,
+          Mist in summer is the source of heat,
+          Mist in autumn is the source of rain,
+          Mist in winter is the source of snow.
+
+Maggie or Maisie being thus probably the Maid of the Mist, or Mistress
+of the Moisture, and there being no known etymology for _fog_, the
+unpopular Maggie Figgie who sat in her chair charming the spirits of the
+ocean, was perhaps the ill-omened Maggie _Foggy_.
+
+It is a world-wide characteristic of the Earth Mother to appear anon as
+a baleful hag, anon as a lovely maid, and in all probability to "Maid
+Margaret that was so meeke and milde," may be attributed the adjective
+_meek_. In London an ass, in Cockney parlance, is a _moke_; Christ was
+said to ride upon an ass as symbolic of his meekness, and as already
+noted Christ by the Gnostics was represented as ass-headed. The worship
+of the Golden Ass persisted in Europe until a comparatively late period;
+a _jenny_ is a female moke, a jackass is the masculine of Jenny.
+
+At St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall is a Jack the Giant-Killer's Well.
+The French name Michelet means "little Michael," and that Great Michael
+was Cain the Wandering One is implied by the tradition that St. Kayne
+visited St. Michael's Mount, and conferred certain powers upon the stone
+seat or Kader Mighel situated so dizzily amid the crags. The orthodoxy
+of this St. Kayne--who appears again at Keynsham--was evidently more
+than suspect, and according to Norden "this Kayne is said to be a
+woman-saynte, but it better resembleth _kayne_, the devil who had the
+shape of a man". At Keynsham St. Kayne is popularly supposed to have
+turned serpents into stone, and there is no doubt that his or her name
+was intimately associated with the serpent. The Celtic names Kean and
+Kenny are translated to mean _vast_, but in Cornish _ken_ meant pity,
+and _ken_, _cunning_, and _canny_ all imply knowledge and deep wisdom.
+In Welsh, _cain_ means _sun_ and also _fair_; _candere_, to glow, is, of
+course, connected with _candescent_, _candid_, and _candour_.
+
+The seat on St. Michael's Tower is the counterpart to Maggie Figgie's
+Chair, which is near the village of St. Levan, and in the previous
+chapter it was seen that _Levan_ or _Elvan_ was a synonym for _elban_ or
+_Alban_. The family name at St. Michael's Mount is St. Levan, and the
+usual abode of Maggie Figgie is assigned to the adjacent village of St.
+Levan. The chief fact recorded of St. Levan is his cell shown at
+Bodellen, near which is his seat--a rock split _in two_. He is also
+associated with a chad fish, entitled "chuck child," to account for
+which a ridiculous story has been concocted to the effect that St.
+Levan once caught a chad, which _choked_ a child. Like the cod the chad
+was perhaps so named because of its amazing fecundity, and the term
+_chuck child_ was probably once Jack, the child Michael, or the
+giant-killing Jack, whose well stands on St. Michael's Mount. It is not
+improbable that "chuck," like Jack, is an inflexion of Gog, and that it
+is an almost pure survival of the British _uch uch_ or _high high_. The
+great festival of Gog and Magog in Cockaigne was unquestionably on Lord
+Mayor's Show Day, and this used originally to fall--or rather the Lord
+Mayor was usually chosen--on Michaelmas Day.[224]
+
+In addition to associating St. Levan with the chad or "chuck child,"
+legend also connects St. Levan with a woman named Johanna. W. C. Borlase
+observes that Carew calls him St. Siluan, and that this form is still
+retained in the euphonious name of an estate Selena. Selena was a title
+under which the Mother of Night, the consort of Cain, the Man in the
+Moon, was worshipped by the Greeks. With regard to the _Sel_ of Selena
+or Silenus it will be seen as we proceed that _silly_, _Seeley_, etc.,
+did not imply idiocy, but that _silly_, as in Scotland where it meant
+_holy_, and as in the German _selig_, primarily meant _innocent_. We
+speak to-day of "silly sheep"; in the Middle Ages Christ was termed the
+silly Babe, and the county of Suffolk still vaunts itself as Silly
+Suffolk. Silene or Selina would thus imply the Innocent or Holy Una: her
+counterpart Silenus was usually represented as a jovial, genial, and
+merry patriarch. Selenus, like Janus, was apparently the Old Father
+Christmas, and Selena or _Cyn_thia seemingly the maiden Cain, Kayne, St.
+Kenna, or Jana.
+
+At Treleven, the _tre_ or the Home of Leven, there is a Lady's Well said
+to possess exceptional healing properties, and the power of conferring
+great vigour and might to the constitution. _Levin_ in Old English meant
+the lightning flash, _Levant_ was the uprising, the Orient, or the East,
+and _levante_ is Italian for the wind. According to Etruscan mythology,
+there were _eleven_ thunderbolts or _levins_ wielded by Nine Great
+Gods,[225] and that the number eleven was associated with Long Meg of
+Westmorland, would appear from the fact that her circle measured "about
+1100 feet in circumference". With this measurement may be connoted the
+British camp on Herefordshire Beacon, "which takes the form of an
+irregular oval 1100 yards in length,"[226] and that 1100 implied some
+special sanctity may be gathered from the bardic lines--
+
+          The age of Jesus, the fair and energetic Hu
+          In God's Truth was eleven hundred.[227]
+
+The more usually assumed age of Jesus, _i.e._, thirty-three, may be
+connoted with the persistent thirty-threes elsewhere considered. The
+diameter of the circle of Long Meg and her Daughters is stated as 330
+feet,[228] a measurement which seemingly has some relation to the 330
+years of age assigned to Magus when he accomplished his magic change.
+
+Christianity has retained the memory of a St. Ursula and 11,000 virgins,
+but it has been a puzzle to hagiographers to account for the "11" or
+11,000 so persistently associated with her. In his essay on the legend,
+Baring-Gould refers to it as being "generated out of worse than
+nothing," lamenting this and kindred stories. "Alas! too often they are
+but apples of Sodom, fair-cheeked, but containing the dust and ashes of
+heathenism". But the story of St. Ursula is essentially beautiful;
+moreover, it is essentially British. _The Golden Legend_ tells us that
+Ursula was a British princess, and Cornwall claims, with a probability
+of right, that she was Cornish. Her mother was named Daria, her cousin
+Adrian, and there is a clear memory of the Darian, Adrian, Droian, or
+Trojan games perpetrated in the incident which _The Golden Legend_ thus
+records: "By the counsel of the Queen the Virgins were gathered together
+from diverse realms, and she was leader of them, and at the last she
+suffered martyrdom with them. And then the condition made, all things
+were made ready. Then the Queen shewed her counsel to the Knights of her
+Company, and made them all to swear this new chivalry, and then began
+they to make diverse plays and games of battle as to run here and there,
+and feigned many manners of plays. And for all that they left not their
+purpose, and sometimes they returned from this play at midday, and
+sometimes unnethe at evensong time. And the barons and great lords
+assembled them to see the fair games and disports, and all had joy and
+pleasure in beholding them, and also marvel."[229]
+
+From this account it would appear that twice a day the followers of St.
+Ursula joyed themselves and the onlookers by a sacred ballet, which no
+doubt symbolised in its convolutions the ethereal Harmony and the
+ordered movements of the Stars. Her consort's name is given as Ethereus,
+whence Ursula herself must have been Etherea, the Ethereal maid,
+conceived in all likelihood at the idyllic island Doliche, Idea, Aeria,
+Candia, or Crete. The name Ursula means _bear_, and it was supposed that
+around the seven stars of Arcturus, the immovable Great Bear, all the
+lesser stars wheeled in an everlasting procession. Of this giant's wheel
+or marguerite, Margaret, or Peggie, was seemingly deemed to be the axle,
+_peg_, or Golden Eye, and this idea apparently underlies Homer:--
+
+                    ... the axle of the Sky,
+          The Bear revolving points his _Golden Eye_.
+
+Having quitted Britain, St. Ursula and her train of 11,000 maidens
+underwent various vicissitudes. Eventually circumstances took them to
+Cologne, whereupon, to quote _The Golden Legend_, "When the Huns saw
+them they began to run upon them with a great cry and araged like wolves
+on sheep, and slew all this great multitude".[230] From time to time the
+monks of Cologne have unearthed large deposits of children's bones which
+have piously been claimed to be authentic relics of the 11,000 martyrs.
+
+In China and Japan the Great Mother is represented pouring forth the
+bubbling waters of creation from a vase, and in every bubble is depicted
+a small babe. This Goddess Kwanyon, known as the _eleven faced_ and
+_thousand handed_, is represented at the temple of San-ju-San-gen-do by
+33,333 images, and her name resolves, as will be seen, into Queen Yon.
+The name China, French Chine, is John, and Japon or Yapon, the land of
+the Rising Sun, whose cognisance is the Marguerite or Golden Daisy,
+whose priests are termed _bonzes_, and whose national cry is _banzai_,
+is radically the same as the British _Eubonia_ or Hobany, La Dame
+Abonde, the Giver of _Abundance_.
+
+Among the megalithic remains in Brittany there have been found ornaments
+of jade, a material which, until recently, was supposed not to exist
+except in China or Japan. At Carnac, near the town of Elven, is the
+world-famed megalithic ruin now consisting of eleven rows of rocks, said
+to number "somewhere between nine and ten thousand". As for many years
+these relics have been habitually broken up and used for building and
+road-making purposes, it is not unlikely that originally there were 1000
+rocks in each of the eleven rows, totalling in all to the mystic 11,000.
+We shall see in a later chapter that _Elphin_ stones were frequently
+_eleven_ feet high: our word _eleven_ is _elf_ in Dutch, _ellifir_ in
+Icelandic, _ainlif_ or _einlif_ in Gothic; but why this number should
+thus have been associated with the elves I am unable to decide, nor can
+I surmise why the authorities connote the word _eleven_ with _lika_,
+which means "remaining," or with _linguere_, which means "to leave". In
+modern Etruria it is believed by the descendants of the Etruscans that
+the old Etruscan deities of the woods and fields still live in the world
+as spirits, and among the ancient Etrurians it was held that in the
+spiritual world the rich man and the poor man, the master and the
+servant, were all upon one level or all _even_.[231] Our word _heaven_
+is radically _even_ and _ange_, the French for _angel_ is the same word
+as _onze_ meaning _eleven_.
+
+_The Golden Legend_ associates St. Maur with the Church of St. Maurice,
+where a blind man named Lieven is said to have sat for eleven
+years.[232] This marked connection between Maurice and eleven renders it
+probable that St. Maurice was the same King Maurus of Britain as was
+reputed to be the father of St. Ursula. The precise site of the
+monarch's domain is not mentioned, but as Cornwall claims him the
+probabilities are that his seat was St. Levan. St. Maurus of the Church
+Calendar is reputed to have walked on the waters, and he is represented
+in Art as holding the weights and measures with which he is said to have
+made the correct allotment of bread and wine to his monks. These
+supposed "measures" are tantamount to St. Michael's scales, which were
+sometimes assigned by Christianity to God the Father.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 49.--The Trinity in One Single God, holding the
+                 Balances and the Compasses. From an Italian
+                 Miniature of the XIII. Cent.
+                 From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+Ursula, as the daughter of Maurus, would have been Maura, and in face of
+the walking-on-the-sea story she was, no doubt, the Mairymaid,
+Merrowmaid, or Mermaid. Of St. Margaret we read that after her body had
+been broiled with burning brands, the blessed Virgin, without any hurt,
+issued out of the water. That St. Michael was associated in Art with a
+similar incident is evident from his miraculous preservation of a woman
+"wrapped in the floods of the sea". St. Michael "kept this wife all
+whole, and she was delivered and childed among the waves in the middle
+of the sea".[233] The Latin word _mergere_, _i.e._, Margery, means to
+sink into the sea, and _emerge_ means to rise out of the sea. In
+Cornwall Margery Daw is elevated into _Saint_ Margery Daw, and we may
+assume that her celebrated see-saw was the eternal merging and emerging
+of the Sun and Moon.
+
+The Cornish pinnacle associated with Maggie Figgy of St. Levan may be
+connoted with a monolith overlooking Loch Leven and entitled, "Carlin
+Maggie" or "Witch Maggie". This precipitous rock is precisely the same
+granite formation as is Maggie Figgy's Chair, and legend says that it
+originated from Maggie "flyting" the devil who turned her into
+stone.[234] The Scotch Loch Leven is known locally as Loch Eleven,
+"because it is eleven miles round, is surrounded by eleven hills, is fed
+or drained by eleven streams, has eleven islands, is tenanted by eleven
+kinds of fish".[235] It was also said to have been surrounded by the
+estates of eleven lairds.
+
+At Dunfermline is St. Margaret's Stone, "probably the last remnant of a
+Druid circle or a cromlech".[236]
+
+The megalithic Long Meg in Westmorland, standing by what is termed the
+"Maiden Way," is in close proximity to Hunsonby. The Dutch for _sun_ is
+_zon_, the German is _sonne_, whence Hunsonby in all probability was
+once deemed a _by_ or _abode_ of _Hunson_ the _ancient sun_ or _zone_.
+
+The circle of Long Meg is an _enceinte_, _i.e._, an _incinctus_, circuit
+or enclosure; that St. Margaret of Christendom was the patroness of all
+_enceinte_ women is obvious from Brand's reference to St. Margaret's
+Day, as a time "when all come to church that are, or hope to be, with
+child that year". _Sein_ is the French for bosom, and that Ursula of the
+11,000 virgins was a personification of the Good Mother of the Universe
+or Bosom of the World may be further implied by the fact that she
+corresponds, according to Baring-Gould, with the Teutonic Holda. Holda
+or Holle (the Holy), is a gentle Lady, ever accompanied by the souls of
+maidens and children who are under her care. Surrounded by these
+bright-eyed followers she sits in a mountain of crystal, and comes forth
+at times to scatter the winter snow, vivify the spring earth, or bless
+the fruits of autumn.
+
+The kindly Mother Holle was sometimes entitled Gode,[237] whence we may
+connote Margot, Marghet, or Marget with Big Good, or Big God. In
+Cornwall the Holly tree is termed Aunt Mary's tree, which, I think, is
+equal to Aunt Maura's tree, St. Maur being tantamount to St. Fairy or
+St. Big.
+
+According to Sir John Rhys, Elen the Fair of Britain figures like St.
+Ursula as the leader of the heavenly virgins; St. Levan's cell is shown
+at Bodellen in St. Levan, and as in Cornwall _bod_--as in Bodmin--meant
+_abode of_, one may resolve Bodellen into the _abode of Ellen_, and
+equate Ellen or Helen with Long Meg or St. Michael.
+
+We may recognise St. Kayne in the Kendale-Lonsdale district of North
+Britain, where also in the neighbourhood of the rivers Ken or Can, and
+Lone or Lune is a maiden way and an Elen's Causeway.[238] On the river
+Can is a famous waterfall at Levens, and in the same neighbourhood a
+seat of the ancient Machel family. In 1724 there existed at Winander
+Mere "the carcass of an ancient city,"[239] and it is not improbable
+that the _ander_ of Winander is related to the divine Thorgut, whose
+effigy from a coin is reproduced in a later chapter (Fig 422, p. 675).
+Kendal or Candale has always been famous for its British "cottons and
+coarse cloaths".
+
+In Etruria and elsewhere good genii were represented as winged
+elves--old plural _elven_--and the word _mouche_ implies that not only
+butterflies and moths, but also all winged flies were deemed to be the
+children of Michael or Michelet. According to Payne Knight, "The common
+Fly, being in its first stage of existence a principal agent in
+dissolving and dissipating all putrescent bodies, was adopted as an
+emblem of the Deity".[240] Thus it would seem that not only the
+_mouches_, but likewise the _maggots_ were deemed to be among Maggie's
+millions, fighting like the Hosts of Michael against filth, decay, and
+death.
+
+The connection between flies or mouches, and the elves or elven, seems
+to have been appreciated in the past, for _The Golden Legend_ likens the
+lost souls of Heaven, _i.e._, the elven of popular opinion, to flies:
+"By the divine dispensation they descend oft unto us in earth, as like
+it hath been shewn to some holy men. They fly about us as flies, they be
+innumerable, and like flies they fill the air without number."[241] Even
+to-day it is supposed that the spirits of holy wells appear occasionally
+in the form of flies, and there is little doubt that Beelzebub, the
+"Lord of flies," _alias_ Lucifer, whose name literally means "Light
+Bringer," was once innocuous and beautiful.
+
+In Cornwall flies seem to have been known as "Mother Margarets" (a fact
+of which I was unaware when equating _mouche_ with Michelet or Meg), for
+according to Miss Courtney, "Three hundred fathoms below the ground at
+Cook's Kitchen Mine, near Cambourne, swarms of flies may be heard
+buzzing, called by the men for some unknown reason 'Mother
+Margarets'".[242] Whether these subterranean "Mother Margarets" are
+peculiar to Cook's Kitchen Mine, and whether Cook has any relation to
+Gog and to the Cocinians who in deep caverns dwelt, I am unable to
+trace.
+
+That St. Michael was Lord of the Muckle and the Mickle, is supported in
+the statement that "he was prince of the synagogue of the Jews".[243]
+The word _synagogue_ is understood to have meant--a bringing together,
+a congregation; but this was evidently a secondary sense, due, perhaps,
+to the fact that the earliest synagogues were not held beneath a roof,
+but were congregations in sacred plains or hill-sides. It may reasonably
+be assumed that synagogues were prayer meetings in honour primarily of
+San Agog, St. Michael, or the Leader and Bringer together of all souls.
+
+By the Greeks the sobriquet Megale was applied to Juno the
+pomegranate--holding Mother of Millions, and the bird pre-eminently
+sacred to Juno was the Goose. The cackling of Juno's or Megale's sacred
+geese saved the Capitol, and the Goose of Michaelmas Day is seemingly
+that same sacred bird. In Scotland St. Michael's Day was associated with
+the payment of so-called cane geese, the word _cane_ or _kain_ here
+being supposed to be the Gaelic _cean_, which meant _head_, and its
+original sense, a duty paid by a tenant to his landlord in kind. The
+word _due_ is the same as _dieu_, and the association of St. Keyne with
+Michael renders it probable that the cane goose was primarily a _dieu_
+offering or an offering to the Head King Cun, or Chun. Etymology would
+suggest that the cane goose was preferably a _gan_der.
+
+Even in the time of the Romans, the Goose was sacred in Britain, and
+East and West it seems to have been an emblem of the Unseen Origin. In
+India, Brahma, the Breath of Life, was represented riding on a goose,
+and by the Egyptians the Sun was supposed to be a Golden Egg laid by the
+primeval Goose. The little yellow egg or _goose_berry was
+seemingly--judged by its otherwise inexplicable name--likened to the
+Golden Egg laid by Old Mother Goose. Among the symbols elsewhere dealt
+with were some representative of a goose from whose mouth a curious
+flame-like emission was emerging. I am still of the opinion that this
+was intended to depict the Fire or Breath of Life, and that the hissing
+habits of the Swan and Goose caused those birds to be elevated into the
+eminence as symbols of the Breath. The word _goose_ or _geese_ is
+radically _ghost_, which literally means spirit or breath; it is also
+the same as _cause_ with which may be connoted _chaos_. According to
+Irish mythology that which existed at the beginning was Chaos, the
+Father of Darkness or Night, subsequently came the Earth who produced
+the mountains, and the sea, and the sky.[244]
+
+  [Illustration: Fig. 50.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+In this emblem here reproduced Chaos or Abyssus is figured as the
+youthful apex of a primeval peak; at the base are geese, and the
+creatures midway are evidently seals. The _seal_ is the silliest of
+gentle creatures, and being amphibious was probably the symbol of
+_Celi_, the Concealed One, whose name occurs so frequently in British
+Mythology. To _seal_ one's eyelids means to close them, and the blind
+old man named Lieven, who sat in the porch of St. Maurice's for eleven
+years, may be connoted with Homer the blind and wandering old Bard, who
+dwelt upon the rocky islet of Chios, query _chaos_? Among the Latins
+_Amor_ or Love was the oldest of the gods, being the child of Nox or
+Chaos: Love--"this senior-junior, giant-dwarf, Dan Cupid"[245]--is
+proverbially blind, and the words Amor, Amour, are probably not only
+Homer, but likewise St. Omer. The British (Welsh) form of Homer is Omyr:
+the authorship of Homer has always been a matter of perplexity, and the
+personality of the blind old bard of Chios will doubtless remain an
+enigma until such time as the individuality of "Old Moore," "Aunt Judy,"
+and other pseudonyms is unravelled. It has always been the custom of
+story-tellers to attribute their legends to a fabulous origin, and the
+most famous collection of fairy-tales ever produced was published in
+France under the title _Contes de la Mere Oie_--"The Tales of Mother
+Goose". Goose is radically the same word as _gas_, a term which was
+coined by a Belgian chemist in 1644 from the Greek _chaos_: the Irish
+for swan is _geis_, and all the geese tribe are gassy birds which gasp.
+
+In a subsequent chapter we shall analyse _goose_ into _ag'oos_, the
+Mighty _Ooze_, whence the ancients scientifically supposed all life to
+have originated, and shall equate _ooze_ with _hoes_, the Welsh word for
+_life_, and with _Ouse_ or _Oise_, a generic British river name. In
+_huss_, the German for _goose_, we may recognise the _oose_ without its
+adjectival '_g_'.
+
+With the Blind Old Bard of Chios may be connoted the Cornish longstone
+known as "The Old Man,"[246] or "The Fiddler," also a second longstone
+known as "The Blind Fiddler".[247] In _because_ or _by cause_ we
+pronounce _cause_ "_koz_," and in Slav fairy-tales as elsewhere there is
+frequent mention of an Enchanter entitled _Kostey_, whose strength and
+vitality lay in a monstrous egg. The name _Kostey_ may be connoted with
+_Cystennyns_,[248] an old Cornish and Welsh form of Constantine: at the
+village of Constantine in Cornwall there is what Borlase describes as a
+vast egg-like stone placed on the points of two natural rocks, and
+pointing due North and South. This Tolmen or Meantol--"an egg-shaped
+block of granite _thirty-three_ feet long, and _eighteen_ feet broad,
+supposed by some antiquaries to be Druidical, is here on a barren hill
+690 feet high".[249] The Greek for egg is _oon_, and our _egg_ may be
+connoted not only with _Echo_--the supposed voice of Ech?--but also with
+_egg_, meaning to urge on, to instigate, to vitalise, or render agog.
+
+The acorn is an egg within a cup, and the Danish form of _oak_ is _eeg_
+or _eg_: the oak tree was pre-eminently the symbol of the Most High, and
+the German _eiche_ may be connoted with _uch_ the British for high. The
+Druids paid a reverential homage to the oak, worshipping under its form
+the god Teut or Teutates: this latter word is understood to have meant
+"the god of the people,"[250] and the term _teut_ is apparently the
+French _tout_, meaning _all_ or the total. The reason suggested by Sir
+James Frazer for oak-worship is the fact that the Monarch of the Forest
+was struck more frequently by lightning than any meaner tree, and that
+therefore it was deemed to be the favoured one of the Fire god. But to
+rive one's best beloved with a thunderbolt is a more peculiar and even
+better dissembled token of affection than the celebrated
+kicking-down-stairs. According to the author of _The Language and
+Sentiment of Flowers_[251] the oak was consecrated to Jupiter because it
+had sheltered him at his birth on Mount Lycaeus; hence it was regarded
+as the emblem of hospitality, and to give an oak branch was equivalent
+to "You are welcome". That the oak tree was originally a Food provider
+or _Feed for all_ is implied by the words addressed to the Queen of
+Heaven by Apuleus in _The Golden Ass_: "Thou who didst banish the savage
+nutriment of the ancient acorn, and pointing out a better food, dost,
+etc."
+
+It has already been suggested that _derry_ or _dru_, an oak or tree, was
+equivalent to _tre_, an abode or Troy, and there is perhaps a connection
+between this root and _tere_binth, the Tyrian term for an oak tree. That
+the oak was regarded as the symbol of hospitality is exceedingly
+probable, and one of the earliest references to the tree is the story of
+Abraham's hospitable entertainment given underneath the Oak of Mamre.
+The same idea is recurrent in the legend of Philemon and Baucis, which
+relates that on the mountains of Phrygia there once dwelt an aged, poor,
+but loving couple. One night Jupiter and Mercury, garbed in the disguise
+of two mysterious strangers who had sought in vain for hospitality
+elsewhere, craved the shelter of this Darby and Joan.[252] With alacrity
+it was granted, and such was the awe inspired by the majestic Elder
+that Baucis desired to sacrifice a goose which they possessed. But the
+bird escaped, and fluttering to the feet of the disguised gods Jupiter
+protected it, and bade their aged hosts to spare it. On leaving, the
+Wanderer asked what boon he could confer, and what gift worthy of the
+gods they would demand. "Let us not be divided by death, O Jupiter," was
+the reply: whereupon the Wandering One conjured their mean cottage into
+a noble palace wherein they dwelt happily for many years. The story
+concludes that Baucis merged gradually into a linden tree, and Philemon
+into an oak, which two trees henceforward intertwined their branches at
+the door of Jupiter's Temple.
+
+The name Philemon is seemingly _philo_, which means _love of_, and
+_mon_, man or men, and at the time this fairy-tale was concocted _Love
+of Man_, or hospitality, would appear to have been the motif of the
+allegorist.
+
+We British pre-eminently boast our ships and our men as being Hearts of
+Oak: the Druids used to summon their assemblies by the sending of an
+oak-branch, and at the national games of Etruria the diadem called
+_Etrusca Corona_, a garland of oak leaves with jewelled acorns, was held
+over the head of the victor.[253] There is little doubt that Honor Oak,
+Gospel Oak, Sevenoaks, etc., derived their titles from oaks once sacred
+to the _Uch_ or High, the _Allon_ or Alone, who was alternatively the
+Seven Kings or the Three Kings. "It is strange," says Squire, "to find
+Gael and Briton combining to voice almost in the same words this
+doctrine of the mystical Celts, who while still in a state of
+semi-barbarism saw with some of the greatest of ancient and modern
+philosophers the One in the Many, and a single Essence in all the
+manifold forms of life."[254]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [193] Virgil, _The Æneid_, Bk. III., c. liii.
+
+   [194] _Cf._ Geoffrey's _Histories of the Kings of Britain_
+         (Everyman's Library), p. 202.
+
+   [195] Virgil, _The Æneid_, Bk. III., 37.
+
+   [196] _Irish Mythological Cycle_, p. 50.
+
+   [197] xx. 8.
+
+   [198] Wood, E. J. _Giants and Dwarfs_, p. 54.
+
+   [199] Chap. xxvi.
+
+   [200] _The Irish Mythological Cycle_, p. 116.
+
+   [201] Wood, E.J., _Giants and Dwarfs_, p. 5.
+
+   [202] _The Romance of Names_, p. 65.
+
+   [203] Hone, W., _Ancient Mysteries_, p. 264.
+
+   [204] Wright, T., _Patrick's Purgatory_, p. 56.
+
+   [205] Courtney, Miss M. L., _Cornish Feasts and Folklore_, p. 28.
+
+   [206] Bartholomew, J. G., _A Survey Gazetteer of the British
+         Islands_, I. 612.
+
+   [207] The duplication _cock_, as in _haycock_, also meant a hill.
+
+   [208] Quoted from Brand's _Antiquities_, p. 42.
+
+   [209] _Cf._ Urlin, Miss Ethel, _Festivals, Holydays, and Saint
+         Days_, p. 2.
+
+   [210] Anwyl, E., _Celtic Religion_.
+
+   [211] Anwyl, E., _Celtic Religion_, p. 40.
+
+   [212] _Curious Myths of the Middle Ages_, pp. 637-40.
+
+   [213] "Morien" _Light of Britannia_, p. 262.
+
+   [214] The phallic symbolism of the serpent has been over-stressed
+         so obtrusively by other writers, that it is unnecessary here
+         to enlarge upon that aspect of the subject.
+
+   [215] Baldwin, J. D., _Prehistoric Nations_, p. 240.
+
+   [216] Sophocles, _Ajax_, 694-700.
+
+   [217] Windle, Sir B. C. A., _Remains of the Prehistoric Age in
+         Britain_, p. 198.
+
+   [218] _The Golden Legend_, V. 182-3.
+
+   [219] The ancient name "hoar rock," or white rock in the wood, may
+         have referred to the white god probably once there
+         worshipped, for actually there are no white rocks at St.
+         Michael's, or anywhere else in Cornwall.
+
+   [220] _The Golden Legend_ records an apparition of St. Michael at a
+         town named Tumba.
+
+   [221] Wood, E. J., _Giants and Dwarfs_, p. 91.
+
+   [222] _Cf._ Friend, Rev. Hilderic, _Flowers and Folklore_, II., p.
+         455.
+
+   [223] "Morien," _Light of Brittania_, p. 27.
+
+   [224] Anon, _A New Description of England and Wales_ (1724), p.
+         121.
+
+   [225] Dennis, G., _Cities and Centuries of Etruria_, p. 31.
+
+   [226] Munro, R., _Prehistoric Britain_, p. 223.
+
+   [227] _Barddas_, p. 222.
+
+   [228] Kains-Jackson, _Our Ancient Monuments_, p. 112. Fergusson
+         states "about 330 feet".
+
+   [229] Vol. vi., p. 64.
+
+   [230] Vol. vi., p. 66.
+
+   [231] Gray, Mrs. Hamilton, _Sepulchres of Etruria_.
+
+   [232] Vol., iii., p. 73.
+
+   [233] _Golden Legend_, vol. v., p. 184.
+
+   [234] Simpkins, J. E., _Fife_, p. 4; _County Folklore_, vol. vii.
+
+   [235] Simpkins, J. E., _Kinross-shire_, p. 377.
+
+   [236] _Ibid._, p. 241.
+
+   [237] _Curious Myths of the Middle Ages_, p. 336.
+
+   [238] I am unable to lay my hand on the reference for this Elen's
+         Causeway in Westmoreland.
+
+   [239] Anon., _A New Description of England_, 1724, p. 318.
+
+   [240] _Symbolical Language_, p. 37.
+
+   [241] _Golden Legend_, vol. v., p. 189.
+
+   [242] _Cornish Feasts and Folklore_, p. 131.
+
+   [243] _Golden Legend_, vol. v., p. 181.
+
+   [244] Jubainville, D'arbois de, _Irish Mythological Cycle_, p. 140.
+
+   [245] Shakespeare, _Love's Labour's Lost_, iii., 1.
+
+   [246] Ossian, the hero poet of Gaeldom, is represented as old,
+         blind, and solitary.
+
+   [247] _Cf._ Windle, Sir B.C.A., _Remains of the Prehistoric Age_,
+         pp. 197-8.
+
+   [248] Salmon, A.L., _Cornwall_, p. 88.
+
+   [249] Wilson, J.M., _The Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales_,
+         i., p. 484.
+
+   [250] Anwyl, E., _Celtic Religion_, p. 39.
+
+   [251] "L.V.," London (undated).
+
+   [252] I do not think this proverbially loving couple were
+         exclusively Scotch. The _darbies_, _i.e._, handcuffs or
+         clutches of the law may be connoted with Gascoigne's line
+         (1576): "To bind such babes in _father Darbie's_ bands".
+         "_Old Joan_" figures as one of the characters in the
+         festivities of Plough Monday, and in Cornwall any very
+         ancient woman was denominated "_Aunt Jenny_".
+
+   [253] Gray, Mrs. Hamilton, _Sepulchres of Ancient Etruria_, p. 131.
+
+   [254] _The Mythology of the British Islands_, p. 125.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER VI.
+
+                                   PUCK.
+
+     "Do you imagine that Robin Goodfellow--a mere name to you--conveys
+     anything like the meaning to your mind that it did to those for
+     whom the name represented a still living belief, and who had the
+     stories about him at their fingers' ends? Or let me ask you, Why
+     did the fairies dance on moonlight nights? or, Have you ever
+     thought why it is that in English literature, and in English
+     literature alone, the fairy realm finds a place in the highest
+     works of imagination?"
+                                                --F. S. HARTLAND.
+
+
+In British Faërie there figures prominently a certain "Man in the Oak":
+according to Keightley, Puck, _alias_ Robin Goodfellow, was known as
+this "Man in the Oak," and he considers that the word _pixy_ "is
+evidently Pucksy, the endearing diminutive _sy_ being added to Puck like
+Bet_sy_, Nan_cy_, Dix_ie_".[255] It is probable that this adjectival
+_si_ recurring in _sw_eet, _so_oth, _su_ave, _sw_an, etc., may be
+equated with the Sanscrit _su_, which, as in _sw_astika, is a synonym
+for the Greek _eu_, meaning soft, gentle, pleasing, and propitious. When
+used as an affix, this "endearing diminutive" yields _spook_, which was
+seemingly once "dear little Pook," or "soft, gentle, pleasing, and
+propitious Puck". In Wales the fairies were known as "Mothers'
+Blessings," and although spook now carries a sinister sense, there is no
+more reason to suppose that "dear little Pook" was primarily malignant
+than to suggest that the Holy _Ghost_ was--in the modern
+sense--essentially _ghastly_. Skeat suggests that _ghost_ (of uncertain
+origin) "is perhaps allied to Icelandic _geisa_, to rage like fire, and
+to Gothic _us-gais-yan_, to terrify". Some may be aghast at this
+suggestion, others, who cannot conceive the Supreme Sprite except as a
+raging and consuming fury, will commend it. In the preceding chapter I
+suggested that the elementary derivation of ghost was _'goes_, the Great
+Life or Essence, and as _te_ in Celtic meant good, it may be permissible
+to modernise _ghoste_, also _Kostey_ of the egg, into _great life good_.
+
+That there was a good and a bad Puck is to be inferred from the West of
+England belief in Bucca Gwidden, the white or good spirit, and Bucca
+Dhu, the black, malevolent one.[256] Puck, like Dan Cupid, figures in
+popular estimation as a _pawky_ little pickle; in Brittany the dolmens
+are known as _poukelays_ or Puck stones, and the particular haunts of
+Puck were heaths and desert places. The place-name Picktree suggests one
+of Puck's sacred oaks; Pickthorne was presumably one of Puck's
+hawthorns, and the various Pickwells, Pickhills, Pickmeres, etc., were
+once, in all probability, _spook_-haunted. The highest point at Peckham,
+near London, is Honor Oak or One Tree Hill, and Peckhams or Puckhomes
+are plentiful in the South of England. One of them was inferentially
+near Ockham, at Great and Little Bookham, where the common or forest
+consists practically solely of the three pre-eminently fairy-trees--oak,
+hawthorne, and holly. The summit of the Buckland Hills, above Mickleham,
+is the celebrated, box-planted Boxhill, and at its foot runs Pixham or
+Pixholme Lane. On the height, nearly opposite Pixham Lane, the Ordnance
+Map marks Pigdon, but the roadway from Bookham to Boxhill is known, not
+as Pigdon Hill, but Bagden Hill. In all probability the terms Pigdon and
+Bagden are the original British forms of the more modern Pixham and
+Bok's Hill.
+
+In the North of England Puck seems more generally Peg, whence the fairy
+of the river Ribble was known as Peg O'Nell, and the nymph of the Tees,
+as Peg Powler.[257] Peg--a synonym for Margaret--is generally
+interpreted as having meant pearl.
+
+The word _puck_ or _peg_, which varies in different parts of the country
+into pug, pouke, pwcca, poake, pucke, puckle, and phooka, becomes
+elsewhere bucca, bug, bogie, bogle, boggart, buggaboo, and bugbear.
+
+According to all accounts the Pucks, like the Buccas, were divided into
+two classes, "good and bad," and it was only the clergy who maintained
+that "one and the same malignant fiend meddled in both". As Scott
+rightly observes: "Before leaving the subject of fairy superstition in
+England we may remark that it was of a more playful and gentle, less
+wild and necromantic character, than that received among the sister
+people. The amusements of the southern fairies were light and sportive;
+their resentments were satisfied with pinching or scratching the objects
+of their displeasure; their peculiar sense of cleanliness rewarded the
+housewives with the silver token in the shoe; their nicety was extreme
+concerning any coarseness or negligence which could offend their
+delicacy; and I cannot discern, except, perhaps, from the insinuations
+of some scrupulous divines, that they were vassals to or in close
+alliance with the infernals, as there is too much reason to believe was
+the case with their North British sisterhood."[258]
+
+The elemental Bog is the Slavonic term for God,[259] and when the early
+translators of the Bible rendered "terror by night" as "bugs by night"
+they probably had spooks or bogies in their mind. In Etruria as in Egypt
+the bug or maybug was revered as the symbol of the Creator Bog, because
+the Egyptian beetle has a curious habit of creating small pellets or
+balls of mud. In Welsh _bogel_ means the _navel_, also _centre of a
+wheel_, and hence Margaret or Peggy may be equated with the nave or peg
+of the white-rayed Marguerite or _Day's Eye_.[260]
+
+It must constantly be borne in mind that the ancients never stereotyped
+their Ideal, hence there was invariably a vagueness about the form and
+features of prehistoric Joy, and Shakespeare's reference to Dan Cupid as
+a "senior-junior, giant-dwarf," may be equally applied to every Elf and
+Pixy. It is unquestionable that in England as in Scandinavia and Germany
+"giants and dwarfs were originally identical phenomenon".[261]
+
+In the words of an Orphic Hymn "Jove is both male and an immortal maid":
+Venus was sometimes represented with a beard, and as the Supreme Parent
+was indiscriminately regarded as either male or female, or as both
+combined, an occasional contradiction of form is not to be unexpected.
+The authorities attribute the contrariety of sex which is sometimes
+assigned to the Cornish saints as being due to carelessness on the part
+of transcribers, but in this case the monks may be exonerated, as the
+greater probability is that they faithfully transmitted the pagan
+legends. The Moon, which, speaking generally, was essentially a symbol
+of the Mother, was among some races, _e.g._, the Teutons and the
+Egyptians, regarded as masculine. In Italy at certain festivals the men
+dressed in women's garments, worshipped the Moon as Lunus, and the women
+dressed like men, as Luna. In Wales the Cadi, as we have seen, was
+dressed partially as a woman, partially as a man, and in all probability
+the cassock of the modern priest is a survival of the ambiguous duality
+of Kate or Good. In Irish the adjective _mo_--derived seemingly from Mo
+or Ma, the Great Mother--meant _greatest_, and was thus used
+irrespective of sex.
+
+The French word _lune_, like _moon_ and _choon_, is radically _une_, the
+initial consonants being merely adjectival, and is just as sexless as
+our _one_, Scotch _ane_. In Germany _hunne_ means _giant_, and the term
+"Hun," meant radically anyone formidable or gigantic.
+
+The Cornish for _full moon_ is _cann_, which is a slightly decayed form
+of _ak ann_ or _great one_, and this word _can_, or _khan_, meaning
+prince, ruler, _king_ or great one, is traceable in numerous parts of
+the world. _Can_ or _chan_ was Egyptian for _lord_ or _prince; can_ was
+a title of the kings of ancient Mexico; _khan_ is still used to-day by
+the kings of Tartary and Burmah and by the governors of provinces in
+Persia, Afghanistan, and other countries of Central Asia. In China
+_kong_ means _king_, and in modern England _king_ is a slightly decayed
+form of the Teutonic _konig_ or _kinig_. The ancient British word for
+_mighty chief_ was _chun_ or _cun_, and we meet with this infinitely
+older word than _king_ as a participle of royal titles such as
+_Cun_obelinus, _Cun_oval, _Cun_omor and the like. The same affix was
+used in a similar sense by the Greeks, whence Apollo was styled
+_Cun_ades and also _Cun_nins. The Cornish for _prince_ was _kyn_, and
+this term, as also the Irish _cun_, meaning _chief_, is evidently far
+more primitive than the modern _king_, which seems to have returned to
+us through Saxon channels. Prof. Skeat expresses his opinion that the
+term _king_ meant "literally a man of good birth," and he identifies it
+with the old High German _chunig_. Other authorities equate it with the
+Sanscrit _janaka_, meaning _father_, whence it is maintained that the
+original meaning of the word was "father of a tribe". Similarly the word
+_queen_ is derived by our dictionaries from the Greek _gyne_, a woman,
+or the Sanscrit _jani_, "all from root _gan_, to produce, from which are
+_genus_, _kin_, _king_, etc."
+
+The word _chen_ in Cornish meant _cause_, and there is no doubt a
+connection between this term and _kyn_, the Cornish for _prince_; the
+connection, however, is principally in the second syllable, and I see no
+reason to doubt my previous conclusions formulated elsewhere, that _kyn_
+or _king_ originally meant _great one_, or _high one_, whereas _chun_,
+_jani_, _gyne_, etc., meant _aged_ one.
+
+One of the first kings of the Isle of Man was Hacon or Hakon, a name
+which the dictionaries define as having meant _high kin_. In this
+etymology _ha_ is evidently equated with _high_ and _con_ or _kon_ with
+_kin_, but it is equally likely that Hakon or Haakon meant originally
+_uch on_ the _high one_. In Cornish the adjective _ughan_ or _aughan_
+meant _supreme_: the Icelandic for queen is _kona_, and there is no more
+radical distinction between _king_ and the disyllabic _kween_, than
+there is between the Christian names _Ion_, _Ian_, and the monosyllabic
+_Han_.
+
+_Janaka_, the Sanscrit for _father_, is seemingly allied to the English
+adjective _jannock_ or _jonnack_, which may be equated more or less with
+_canny_. _Un_canny means something unwholesome, unpleasant,
+disagreeable; in Cornish _cun_ meant _sweet_ or affable, and we still
+speak of sweets as _candies_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 51.--From _The Sepulchres of Etruria_ (Gray,
+                 Mrs. Hamilton).]
+
+In Gaelic _cenn_ or _ken_ meant _head_, the highest peak in the
+Himalayas is Mount Kun; one of the supreme summits of Africa is Mount
+Kenia, and in _Genesis_ (14-19) the Hebrew word _Konah_ is translated
+into English as "the Most High God". Of this Supreme Sprite the _cone_
+or pyramid was a symbol, and the reverence in which this form was held
+at Albano in Etruria may be estimated from the monument here
+depicted.[262] In times gone by khans, _cuns_, or kings were not only
+deemed to be moral and intellectual gods, but in some localities bigness
+of person was cultivated. The Maoris of New Zealand, whose tattooings
+are identical in certain respects with the complicated spirals found on
+megaliths in Brittany and Ireland, and who in all their wide wanderings
+have carried with them a totemic dove, used to believe bigness to be a
+royal essence. "Every means were used to acquire this dignity; a large
+person was thought to be of the highest importance; to acquire this
+extra size, the child of a chief was generally provided with many
+nurses, each contributing to his support by robbing their own offspring
+of their natural sustenance; thus, whilst they were half-starved,
+miserable-looking little creatures, the chief's child was the contrary,
+and early became remarkable by its good appearance."[263]
+
+The British adjective _big_ is of unknown origin and has no Anglo-Saxon
+equivalent. In Norway _bugge_ means a strong man, but in Germany _bigge_
+denoted a little child--as also a pig. The site of Troy--the famous
+Troy--is marked on modern maps _Bigha_, the Basque for _eye_ is
+_beguia_; _bega_ is Celtic for _life_. A fabulous St. Bega is the
+patron-saint of Cumberland; there is a Baggy Point near Barnstaple, and
+a Bigbury near Totnes--the alleged landing place of the Trojans. Close
+to Canterbury are some highlands also known as Bigbury, and it is
+probable that all these sites were named after _beguia_, the _Big Eye_,
+or _Buggaboo_, the _Big Father_.
+
+At Canterbury paleolithic implements have been found which supply proof
+of human occupation at a time when the British Islands formed part of
+the Continent, and, according to a scholarly but anonymous chronology
+exhibited in a Canterbury Hotel, "Neolithic, bronze, and iron ages show
+continuous occupation during the whole prehistoric period. The
+configuration of the city boundaries and the still existing traces of
+the ancient road in connection with the stronghold at Bigbury indicate
+that a populous community was settled on the site of the present
+Canterbury at least as early as the Iron Age."
+
+The branching antlers of the _buck_ were regarded as the rays of the
+uprising sun or _Big Eye_, and a sacred procession, headed by the
+antlers of a buck raised upon a pole, was continued by the clergy of St.
+Paul's Cathedral as late as the seventeenth century.[264] A scandalised
+observer of this ceremony in 1726 describes "the whole company blowing
+hunters' horns in a sort of hideous manner, and with this rude pomp they
+go up to the High Altar and offer it there. You would think them all the
+mad votaries of Diana!" On this occasion, evidently in accordance with
+immemorial wont, the Dean and Chapter wore special vestments, the one
+embroidered with bucks, the other with does. The buck was seemingly
+associated with Puck, for it was popularly supposed that a spectre
+appeared periodically in Herne's Oak at Windsor headed with the horns of
+a buck. So too was Father Christmas or St. Nicholas represented as
+riding Diana-like in a chariot drawn by bucks.
+
+The Greek for buck or stag is _elaphos_, which is radically _elaf_, and
+it is a singular coincidence that among the Cretan paleolithic folk in
+the Fourth Glacial Period "Certain signs carved on a fragment of
+reindeer horn are specially interesting from the primitive anticipation
+that they present of the Phoenician letter _alef_".[265]
+
+Peg or Peggy is the same word as _pig_, and it is generally supposed
+that the pig was regarded as an incarnation of the "Man in the Oak,"
+_i.e._, Puck or Buck, because the _bacco_ or _bacon_ lived on acorns.
+There is little doubt that the Saint Baccho of the Church Calendar is
+connected with the worship of the earlier Bacchus, for the date of St.
+Baccho's festival coincides with the vintage festival of Bacchus. The
+symbolism of the pig or bacco will be discussed in a subsequent chapter,
+meanwhile one may here note that _hog_ is the same as _oak_, and _swine_
+is identical with _swan_. So also _Meg_ is connected with _muc_ or
+_moch_ which were the Celtic terms for _hog_. Among the appellations of
+ancient Ireland was Muc Inis,[266] or Hog Island and Moccus, or the pig,
+was one of the Celtic sobriquets for Mercury. The Druids termed
+themselves "_Swine of Mon_,"[267] the Phoenician priests were also
+self-styled _Swine_, and there is a Welsh poem in which the bard's
+opening advice to his disciples is--"Give ear little pigs".
+
+The pig figures so frequently upon Gaulish coins that M. de la Saussaye
+supposed it with great reason to have been a national symbol. That the
+hog was also a venerated British emblem is evident from the coins here
+illustrated, and that CUNO was the Spook King is obvious from Figs. 52
+and 57, where the features face fore and aft like those of Janus. The
+word Cunobeline, Cunbelin, or Cymbeline, described by the dictionaries
+as a Cornish name meaning "lord of the Sun," is composed seemingly of
+_King Belin_. Belin, a title of the Sun God, is found also in Gaul,
+notably on the coinage of the Belindi: Belin is featured as in Fig. 58,
+and that the sacred Horse of Belin was associated with the _ded_ pillar
+is evident from Fig. 59.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 52 to 57.--British. From _Ancient Coins_
+                 (Akerman, J. Y.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 58 to 59.--Gaulish. From _ibid_.]
+
+Commenting upon Fig. 52 a numismatist has observed: "This seems made for
+two young women's faces," but whether Cunobelin's wives, sisters, or
+children, he knows not. In Britain doubtless there were many kings who
+assumed the title of Cunobelin, just as in Egypt there were many
+Pharoahs; but it is no more rational to suppose that the designs on
+ancient coins are the portraits of historic kings, their wives, their
+sisters, their cousins, or their aunts, than it would be for an
+archæologist to imagine that the dragon incident on our modern
+sovereigns was an episode in the career of his present Majesty King
+George.
+
+We shall subsequently connect George, whose name means _ploughman_, with
+the Blue or Celestial Boar, which, because it ploughed with its snout
+along the earth, was termed _boar, i.e., boer_ or farmer. With _bacco_
+or _bacon_ may be connoted _boukolos_, the Greek for cowherd, whence
+_bucolic_. The cattle of Apollo, or the Sun, are a familiar feature of
+Greek mythology.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 60.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+The female bacon, which _inter alia_ was the symbol of fecundity, was
+credited with a mystic thirty teats. The sow figures prominently in
+British mythology as an emblem of Ked, and was seemingly venerated as a
+symbol of the Universal Feeder. The little pig in Fig. 60, a coin of the
+Santones, whose capital is marked by the modern town of Saintes, is
+associated with a fleur-de-lis, the emblem of purity. The word _lily_ is
+_all holy_; the porker was associated with the notoriously pure St.
+Antony as well as with Ked or Kate, the immaculate Magna Mater, and
+although beyond these indications I have no evidence for the suggestion,
+I strongly suspect that the scavenging habits of the _moch_ caused it,
+like the fly or _mouche_, to be reverenced as a symbol of Ked, Cadi,
+Katy, or Katerina, whose name means the Pure one or the All Pure. The
+connection between _hog_ and _cock_ is apparent in the French _coche_ or
+_cochon_ (origin unknown). _Cochon_ is allied to _cigne_, the French for
+swan, Latin, _cygnus_, Greek, _kuknos_; the voice of the goose or swan
+is said to be its _cackle_, and the Egyptians gave to their All Father
+Goose a sobriquet which the authorities translate into "The Great
+Cackler".
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 61.--Swan with Two Necks. (Bank's Collection,
+                 1785).
+                 From _The History of Signboards_ (Larwood & Hotten).]
+
+Among the meanings assigned to the Hebrew _og_ is "long necked," and it
+is not improbable that the mysterious Inn sign of the "Swan with two
+necks" was originally an emblem of Mother and Father Goose. In Fig. 61
+the _geis_ or swan is facing fore and aft, like Cuno, which is radically
+the same _Great Uno_ as Juno or Megale, to whom the goose was sacred.
+_Geyser_, a gush or spring, is the same word as _geeser_, and there was
+a famous swan with two necks at Goswell Road, where the word Goswell
+implies an erstwhile well of Gos, Goose, or the Gush.[268] A Wayz_goose_
+is a jovial holiday or festival, _gust_ or _gusto_ means enjoyment, and
+the Greengoose Fair, which used to be held at Stratford, may be connoted
+with the "Goose-Intentos," a festival which was customarily held on the
+sixteenth Sunday after Pentecost. Pentecost, the time when the Holy
+Ghost descended in the form of "cloven tongues," resolves into
+_Universal Good Ghost_.
+
+The Santones, whose emblem was the Pig and Fleur-de-lis, were neighbours
+of the Pictones. Our British Picts, the first British tribe known by
+name to history, are generally supposed to have derived their title
+because they de_pict_ed pictures on their bodies. In West Cornwall there
+are rude stone huts known locally as Picts' Houses, but whether these
+are attributed to the Picts or the Pixies it is difficult to say. In
+Scotland the "Pechs" were obviously elves, for they are supposed to have
+been short, wee men with long arms, and such huge feet that on rainy
+days they stood upside down and used their feet as umbrellas. That the
+Picts' Houses of Cornwall were attributed to the Pechs is probable from
+the Scottish belief, "Oh, ay, they were great builders the Pechs; they
+built a' the auld castles in the country. They stood a' in a row from
+the quarry to the building stance, and elka ane handed forward the
+stanes to his neighbour till the hale was bigget."
+
+That the pig and the bogie were intimately associated is evidenced by a
+Welsh saying quoted by Sir John Rhys:--
+
+          A cutty black sow on every style
+          Spinning and carding each November eve.
+
+In Ireland Pooka was essentially a November spirit, and elsewhere
+November was pre-eminently the time of All Hallows or All Angels.
+_Hallow_ is the same word as _elle_ the Scandinavian for _elf_ or
+_fairy_, and at Michaelmas or Hallowe'en, pixies, spooks, and bogies
+were notoriously all-abroad:--
+
+          On November eve
+          A Bogie on every stile.
+
+The time of All Hallows, or Michaelmas used to be known as Hoketide, a
+festival which in England was more particularly held upon St. Blaze's
+Day; and at that cheerless period the people used to light bonfires or
+make blazes for the purpose of "lighting souls out of Purgatory". In
+Wales a huge fire was lighted by each household and into the ashes of
+this _bon_fire, this _alban_ or _elphin_ fire,[269] every member of the
+family threw a _white_ or "Alban," or an _elphin_ stone, kneeling in
+prayer around the dying fire.[270] In the Isle of Man Hallowtide was
+known as Hollantide,[271] which again permits the equation of St. Hellen
+or Elen and her train with Long Meg and her daughters. On the occasion
+of the Hallow or Ellie-time saffron or yellow cakes, said to be
+emblematical of the fires of purgatory, used to be eaten. To run _amok_
+in the East means a _fiery fury_--the words are the same; and that
+_bake_ (or _beeak_ as in Yorkshire dialect) meant fire is obvious from
+the synonymous _cook_. _Coch_ is Welsh for red, and the flaming red
+poppy or corn_cock_le, French--_coquelicot_, was no doubt the symbol of
+the solar poppy, pope, or pap. The Irish for pap or breast is _cich_,
+and in Welsh _cycho_ means a hive, or anything of concave or hivelike
+shape. Possibly here we have the origin of _quick_ in its sense of
+living or alive.
+
+One of the features of Michaelmas in Scotland was the concoction and
+cooking of a giant _cake_, bun, or bannock. According to Martin this was
+"enormously large, and compounded of different ingredients. This cake
+belonged to the Archangel, and had its name from him. Every one in each
+family, whether strangers or domestics, had his portion of this kind of
+shew-bread, and had of course some tithe to the friendship and
+protection of Michael."[272] In Hertfordshire during a corresponding
+period of "joy, plenty, and universal benevolence," the young men
+assembled in the fields choosing a very active leader who then led them
+a Puck-like chase through bush and through briar, for the sake of
+diversion selecting a route through ponds, ditches, and places of
+difficult passage.[273] The term _Ganging_ Day applied to this festival
+may be connoted with the Singin 'een of the Scotch Hogmanay, and with
+the leader of St. Micah's rout may be connoted _demagog_. This word,
+meaning popular leader, is attributed to _demos_, people, and _agogos_,
+leading, but more seemingly it is _Dame Gog_ or _Good Mother Gog_.
+
+In Durham is a Pickburn or Pigburn; _beck_ is a generic term for a small
+stream; in Devon is a river Becky, and in Monmouthshire a river Beeg. In
+Kent is Bekesbourne, and Pegwell Bay near St. Margarets in Kent, may be
+connoted with Backwell or Bachwell in Somerset. In Herefordshire is a
+British earthwork, known as Bach Camp, and on Bucton Moor in
+Northumberland there are two earth circles. In Devonshire is
+Buckland-Egg, or Egg-Buckland, and with the various Boxmoors, Boxgroves,
+Boxdales, and Boxleys may be connoted the Box river which passes Keynton
+and crosses Akeman Street. A Christmas _box_ is a boon or a gift, a box
+or receptacle is the same word as _pyx_; and that the evergreen undying
+box-tree was esteemed sacred, is evident from the words of Isaiah: "I
+will set in the desert the fir tree, and the pine tree, and the box tree
+together".[274]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 62 to 64.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+_Bacon_, radically _bac_, in neighbouring tongues varies into
+_baco_, _bakke_, _bak_, and _bache_. Bacon is a family name immortally
+associated with St. Albans, and it is probable that Trebiggan--a vast
+man with arms so long that he could take men out of the ships passing by
+Land's End, and place them on the Long Ships--was the Eternal Biggan or
+Beginning. In British Romance there figures a mystic Lady Tryamour,
+whose name is obviously _Tri_ or _Three Love_, and it is probable that
+Giant Trebiggan was the pagan Trinity, or Triton, whose emblem was the
+three-spiked trident. Triton _alias_ Neptune was the reputed Father of
+Giant Albion, and the shell-haired deity represented on Figs. 62 to 64
+is probably Albon, for the inscription in Iberian characters reads
+BLBAN. In the East Bel was a generic term meaning _lord_: in the West it
+seemingly meant, just as it does to-day, _fine_ or _beautiful_. The city
+of BLBAN or _beautiful Ban_ is now Bilbao, and the three fish on this
+coin are analogous to the trident, and to numberless other emblems of
+the Triune.
+
+The radiating fan of the cockle shell connects it with the Corn-cockle
+as the Dawn, standing jocund on the misty mountain tops, is related to
+the flaming midday Sun. All _conchas_, particularly the _echinea_ or
+"St. Cuthbert's Bead," were symbols of St. Katherine or Cuddy, and in
+Art St. Jacques or St. Jack was always represented with a shell.
+_Coquille_, the French for shell, is the same word as _goggle_, and in
+England the _cockle_ was popularly connected with a strange custom known
+as Hot Cockles or Cockle Bread. Full particulars of this practice are
+given by Hazlitt, who observes: "I entertain a conviction that with
+respect to these hot cockles, and likewise to leap-candle, we are merely
+on the threshhold of the enquiry ... the question stands at present much
+as if one had picked up by accident the husk of some lost substance....
+Speaking conjecturally, but with certain sidelights to encourage, this
+seems a case of the insensible degradation of rite into custom."[275]
+
+Shells are one of the most common deposits in prehistoric graves, and at
+Boston in Lincolnshire stone coffins have been found completely filled
+with cockle-shells. There would thus seem to be some connection between
+Ickanhoe, the ancient name for Boston, a town of the Iceni, situated on
+the Ichenield Way, and the _echinea_ or _concha_. As the cockle was
+particularly the symbol of Birth, the presence of these shells in
+coffins may be attributed to a hope of New Birth and a belief that Death
+was the _yoni_ or Gate of Life.
+
+The word _inimical_ implies _un-amicable_, or unfriendly, whence Michael
+was seemingly the Friend of Man. _Maculate_ means spotted, and the coins
+here illustrated, believed to have been minted at St. Albans, obviously
+feature no physical King but rather the Kaadman or Good Man of St.
+Albans in his dual aspect of age and youth. The starry, spotted, or
+maculate effigy is apparently an attempt to depict the astral or
+spiritual King, for it was an ancient idea that the spirit-body and the
+spirit-world were made of a so-called stellar-matter--a notion which has
+recently been revived by the Theosophists who speak of the astral body
+and the astral plane. Our modern _breath_, old English _breeth_, is
+evidently the Welsh _brith_ which means spotted, and it is to this root
+that Sir John Rhys attributes the term Brython or Britain, finding in it
+a reference to that painting or tattooing of the body which
+distinguished the Picts.[276] The word _tattoo_, Maori _tatau_, is the
+Celtic _tata_ meaning father, and the implication seems to follow that
+the custom of _tattooing_ arose from picking, dotting, or maculating the
+tribal totem or caste-mark.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 65 and 66.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+In the Old English representation here illustrated either St. Peter or
+God the Father is conspicuously tattooed or spotted; Pan was always
+assigned a _pan_ther's skin, or spotted cloak.
+
+A _speck_ is a minute spot, and among the ancients a speck or dot within
+a circle was the symbol of the central Spook or Spectre. This, like all
+other emblems, was understood in a personal and a cosmic sense, the
+little speck and circle representing the soul surrounded by its round of
+influence and duties; the Cosmic speck, the Supreme Spirit, and the
+circle the entire Universe. In many instances the dot and ring seems to
+have stood for the pupil in the iris of the eye. In addition it is
+evident that [circled dot] was an emblem of the Breast, and
+hieroglyphed the speck in the centre of the zone or sein, for the Greek
+letter _theta_ written--[circled dot] is identical with _teta,
+teat, tada, dot_ or _dad_. The dotted effigy on the coins supposedly
+minted at St. Albans may be connoted with the curious fact that in
+Welsh the word _alban_ meant _a primary point_.[277]
+
+  [Illustration: Fig. 67.--Christ's Ascent from Hell. From _Ancient
+                 Mysteries_ (Hone, W.).]
+
+_Speck_ is the root of _speculum_, a mirror, and it might be suggested
+by the materialist that the first reflection in a metal mirror was
+assumed to be a spook. The mirror is an attribute of nearly every
+ancient Deity, and the British Druids seem to have had some system of
+flashing the sunlight on to the crowd by means of what was termed by the
+Bards, the Speculum of the Pervading Glance. _Specula_ means a
+watch-tower, and _spectrum_ means vision. _Speech, speak_, and _spoke_,
+point to the probability that speech was deemed to be the voice of the
+indwelling spook or spectre, which etymology is at any rate preferable
+to the official surmise "all, perhaps, from Teutonic base _sprek_--to
+make a noise".
+
+  [Illustration: Fig. 68.--The Mirror of Thoth. From _The
+                 Correspondences of Egypt_ (Odhner, C.T.)]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 69.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 70 to 72.--British. From _English Coins and
+                 Tokens_ (Jewitt & Head).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 73.--From _The Correspondences of Egypt_
+                 (Odhner, C. T.).]
+
+The Egyptian hieroglyph here illustrated depicts the speculum of Thoth,
+a deity whom the Phoenicians rendered Taut, and to whom they attributed
+the invention of the alphabet and all other arts. The whole land of
+Egypt was known among other designations as "the land of the Eye," and
+by the Egyptians as also by the Etrurians, the symbolic blue Eye of
+Horus was carried constantly as an amulet against bad luck. Fig. 69 is
+an Egyptian die-stamp, and Figs. 70 to 72 are British coins of which the
+intricate symbolism will be considered in due course. The arms of Fig.
+73 are extended into the act of benediction, and _utat_, the Egyptian
+word for this symbol, resolves into the soft, gentle, pleasing, and
+propitious Tat. That the _utat_ or eye was familiar in Europe is
+evidenced by the Kio coin here illustrated.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 74.--From _Numismatique Ancienne_ (Barthelemy,
+                 J. B. A. A.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 75.--From _Symbolism of the East and West_
+                 (Aynsley, Mrs. Murray).]
+
+_Spica_, which is also the same word as spook, meant ear of corn; the
+wheatear is proverbially the Staff of Life, and _loaf_, old English
+_loof_, is the same word as _life_. Not infrequently the _Bona Dea_ was
+represented holding a loaf in her extended hand, and the same idea was
+doubtless expressed by the two breasts upon a dish with which St.
+Agatha, whose name means _Good_, is represented. Christianity accounts
+for this curious emblem by a legend that St. Agatha was tortured by
+having her breasts cut off, and it is quite possible that this nasty
+tale is correctly translated; the original tyrant or torturer being
+probably Winter, or the reaper Death, which cuts short the fruit fulness
+of Spring. In the Tartar emblem herewith the Phrygian-capped Deity is
+holding, like St. Agatha, the symbol of the teat or feeder, or
+_fodder_.[278]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 76 and 77.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+The wheatear or spica, or _buck_-wheat was a frequent emblem on our
+British coins, and to account for this it has been suggested that the
+British did a considerable export trade in corn; but unfortunately for
+this theory the _spica_ figures frequently upon the coins of Spain and
+Gaul. As a symbol the buckwheat typified plenty, but in addition to the
+wheatear proper there appear kindred objects which have been surmised to
+be, perhaps, fishbones, perhaps fern-leaves. There is no doubt that
+these mysterious objects are variants of the so-called "_ded_" amulet,
+which in Egypt was the symbol of the backbone of the God of Life. This
+amulet, of which the hieroglyph has been rendered variously as _ded_,
+_didu_, _tet_, and _tat_, has an ancestry of amazing antiquity, and
+according to Mackenzie, "in Paleolithic times, at least 20,000 years
+ago, the spine of the fish was laid on the corpse when it was entombed,
+just as the 'ded,' amulet, which was the symbol of the backbone of
+Osiris, was laid on the neck of the Egyptian mummy".[279] Frequently
+this "ded" emblem took the form of a column or pillar, which symbolised
+the eternal support and stability of the universe. On the summit of Fig.
+85 is a bug, _cock_roach, or _cock_chafer: in Etruria as in Egypt the
+bug amulet or _scarabeus_ was as popular as the Eye of Horus.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 78 to 84.--British. Nos. 1 to 8 from _Ancient
+                 British Coins_ (Evans, J.). No. 4 from _A New
+                 Description of England and Wales_ (Anon., 1724).
+                 No. 5 from _English Coins and Tokens_ (Jewitt & Head).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 85.--From _The Correspondences of Egypt_
+                 (Odhner, C. T.).]
+
+In Fig. 68 the spectral Eye was supported by Thoth, whose name varies
+into Thot, Taut, and numerous intermediate forms, which equate it with
+_ded_ or _dad_: similarly it will be found that practically every
+place-name constituted from Tot or Tat varies into Dot or Dad, _e.g._,
+Llan_dud_no, where is found the cradle of St. _Tud_no. Sometimes the
+Egyptians represented two or more pillars termed _deddu_, and this word
+is traceable in Trinidad, an island which, on account of its three great
+peaks, was named after _trinidad_, the Spanish for trinity. But
+_trinidad_ is evidently a very old Iberian word, for its British form
+was _drindod_, as in the place-name Llandrindod or "Holy Enclosure of
+the Trinity". The three great mounts on Trinidad, and the three famous
+medicinal springs at Llandrindod Wells render it probable that the site
+of Llan_drindod_ was originally a pagan dedication to the _trine teat_,
+or _triune dad_.
+
+Amid numerous hut circles at Llandudno is a rocking stone known as
+Cryd-Tudno, or the Cradle of Tudno. Who was the St. Tudno of Llandudno
+whose cradle or cot, like Kit's Coty in Kent, has been thus preserved in
+folk-memory? The few facts related of him are manifestly fabulous, but
+the name itself seemingly preserves one of the numerous sites where the
+Almighty Child of Christmas Day was worshipped, and the _no_ of _Tudno_
+may be connoted with _new_, Greek, _neo_, Danish, _ny_, allied to
+Sanscrit, _no_, hence _new_, "that which is now".
+
+At Llanamlleck in Wales there is a cromlech known as St. Illtyd's House,
+near which is a rude upright stone known as Maen-Illtyd, or
+Illtyd-stone. We may connote this _Ill_tyd with _All_-tyd or All Father,
+in which respect Illtyd corresponds with the Scandinavian _Ilmatar_,
+_Almatar_, or All Mother.
+
+It is told of Saint Illtyd that he befriended a hunted stag, and that
+like Semele, the wife of Jove, his wife was stricken with blindness for
+daring to approach too near him. The association of Illtyd with a stag
+is peculiarly significant in view of the fact that at Llandudno, leading
+to the cot or cradle of St. Tudno, are the remains of an avenue of
+standing stones called by a name which signifies "the High Road of the
+Deer". The branching antlers of the deer being emblems of the dayspring,
+the rising or _new_ sun, is a fact somewhat confirmatory of the
+supposition that the Cradle of Tudno was the shrine of the new or Rising
+Tud, and in all probability the High Road of the Deer was once the scene
+of some very curious ceremonies.
+
+Many of our old churches even to-day contain in their lofts antlers
+which formed part of the wardrobe of the ancient mummers or guise
+dancers.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 86.--From _Numismatique Ancienne_.]
+
+In the Ephesian coin herewith Diana--the _divine Ana_--the many-breasted
+Alma Mater, is depicted in the form of a pillar-palm tree between two
+stags. Among the golden treasures found by Schliemann at Mykenæ, were
+ornaments representing two stags on the top of a date palm tree with
+three fronds.[280] The _date_ palm may be connoted with the _ded_
+pillar, and the triple-fronded date of Mykenæ with the trindod or
+drindod of Britain.
+
+  [Illustration: Assyrian Ornament. (Nimroud.)]
+
+  [Illustration: Greek Honeysuckle Ornament.]
+
+  [Illustration: Greek Honeysuckle Ornament.]
+
+  [Illustration: Sacred Tree (N.W. Palace, Nimroud).]
+
+  [Illustration: Ornament on the Robe of King.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 87.--From _Nineveh_ (Layard).]
+
+The honeysuckle, termed conventionally a palmette, is classically
+represented as either seven or nine-lobed, and this symbol of the
+Dayspring or of Wisdom was common alike both East and West. The palm
+branch is merely another form of the fern or fish-bone, and the word
+palm is radically _alma_, the all nourisher. The palm leaf appears on
+one of the stones at New Grange, but as Fergusson remarks, "how a
+knowledge of this Eastern plant reached New Grange is by no means
+clear".[281] The _feather_ was a further emblem of the same spiritual
+_father_, _feeder_, or _fodder_, and in Egypt Ma or Truth was
+represented with a single-feather headdress (_ante_, p. 136). From the
+mistletoe to the fern, a sprig of any kind was regarded as the
+spright, spirit, or spurt of new life or new _Thought_ (_Thaut?_), and
+the forms of this young sprig are innumerable. The gist, ghost, or
+essence of the Maypole was that it should be a sprout well budded out,
+whence to this day at Saffron Walden the children on Mayday sing:--
+
+          A branch of May we have brought you,
+            And at your door it stands;
+          It is a sprout that is well budded out,
+            The work of our Lord's hands.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 88.--From _Irish Antiquities Pagan and
+                 Christian_ (Wakeman).]
+
+_Teat_ may be equated with the Gaulish _tout_, the whole or All, and it
+is probable that the Pelasgian shrine of Dodona was dedicated to that
+_All One_ or _Father One_. It is noteworthy that the sway of the
+pre-Grecian Pelasgians extended over the whole of the Ionian coast
+"beginning from Mykale":[282] this Mykale (_Megale or Michael?_)
+district is now Albania, and its capital is Janina, _query_ Queen Ina?
+
+It is probable that Kenna, the fairy princess of Kensington who is
+reputed to have loved Albion, was can_na_, the _New King_ or _New
+Queen_. On the river Canna in Wales is Llan_gan_ or Llanganna: Llan_gan_
+on the river Taff is dedicated to St. Canna, and Llan_gain_ to St.
+Synin. All these dedications are seemingly survivals of _King_, _Queen_,
+or _Saint_, Ina, Una, Une, ain or one. In Cornwall there are several St.
+Euny's Wells: near Evesham is Honeybourne, and in Sussex is a Honey
+Child. Upon Honeychurch the authorities comment, "The connection between
+a church and honey is not very obvious, and this is probably Church of
+_Huna_". Quite likely, but not, I think, a Saxon settler.
+
+The ancients supposed that the world was shaped like a bun, and they
+imagined it as supported by the tet or pillar of the Almighty. It is
+therefore possible that the Toadstool or Mushroom derived its name not
+because toads never sit upon it, but because it was held to be a perfect
+emblem of the earth. In some districts the Mushroom is named "Pooka's
+foot,"[283] and as the earth is proverbially God's footstool, the
+Toad-stool was held seemingly to be the stool of earth supported on the
+_ded_, or pillar of Titan. The Fairy Titania, who probably once held
+sway in Tottenham Court Road, may be connoted with the French _teton_, a
+teat; _tetine_, an udder; _teter_, to milk; and _tetin_, a nipple.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 89.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 90.--The Spirit of Youth. From a French
+                 Miniature of the fourteenth century. From _Christian
+                 Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+It is probable that "The Five Wells" at Taddington, "the Five Kings at
+Doddington," where also is "the Duddo Stone," likewise Dod Law at
+Doddington; Dowdeswell, Dudsbury, and the Cornish Dodman, are all
+referable originally to the fairy Titan or the celestial Daddy.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 91.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+In accordance with universal wont this Titan or Almighty, "this
+senior-junior, giant-dwarf, Dan Cupid," was conceived as anon a tiny
+toddling tot or Tom-tit-tot, anon as Old Tithonus, the doddering dotard:
+the Swedish for _death_ or _dead_ is _dod_; the German is _tod_. _Tod_
+is an English term for a fox, and Thot was the fox or _jackal_-headed
+maker-of-tracts or guide: thought is invariably the guide to every
+action, and Divine Thought is the final bar to which the human soul
+comes up for judgment. It has already been seen that in Europe the
+holder of the sword and scales was Michael, and there is reason to
+suppose that the Dog-headed titanic Christopher, who is said to have
+ferried travellers _pick-a-back_ across a river, was at one time an
+exquisite conception of Great Puck or Father Death carrying his children
+over the mystic river. By the _pagans_--the unsophisticated villagers
+among whom Pucca mostly survived--Death was conceived as not invariably
+or necessarily frightful, but sometimes as a lovely youth. In Fig. 91
+Death is Amor or Young Love, and in Fig. 90 an angel occupies the place
+of Giant Christopher: the words _death_ and _dead_ are identical with
+_dad_ and _tod_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 92.--Figure of Christ, beardless. Roman
+                 Sculpture of the IV. cent.
+                 From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 93.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 94.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+The Christian emblems herewith represent Christ supported by the Father
+or Mother upon a veil or scarf, which is probably intended for the
+rainbow or spectrum: the pagan Europa was represented, _vide_ Fig. 93,
+holding a similar emblem. According to mythology, Iris or the Rainbow
+was like Thot or Mercury, the Messenger of the Gods, and the symbolists
+delighted to blend into their hieroglyphs that same elusive ambiguity as
+separates Iris from Eros and the blend of colours in the spectrum.
+
+In the ninth century a learned monk expressed the opinion that only two
+words of the old Iberian language had then survived: one of these was
+_fern_, meaning _anything good_, and with it we may connote the Fern
+Islands among which stands the Megstone. Ferns, the ancient capital of
+Leinster, attributes its foundation to a St. Mogue, and St. Mogue's Well
+is still existing in the precincts of Ferns Abbey. The equation of Long
+Meg and her Daughters with Ursula and the Eleven Thousand Virgins is
+supported by the tradition that the original name of St. Ursula's
+husband was Holofernes,[284] seemingly Holy Ferns or Holy Phoroneus.
+What is described as "the highest term in Grecian history" was the
+ancestral Inachus, the father of a certain Phoroneus. The fabulous
+Inachus[285]--probably the Gaelic divinity Oengus[286]--is the _Ancient
+Mighty Life_, and Phoroneus is radically fern or frond. There figures in
+Irish mythology "a very ancient deity" whose name, judging from
+inscriptions, was Feron or Vorenn, and it is noteworthy that Oengus is
+associated particularly with New Grange, where the fern palm leaf emblem
+has been preserved. The Dutch for _fern_ is _varen_, and the root of all
+these terms is _fer_ or _ver_: the Latin _ferre_ is the root of
+_fertile_, etc., and in connection with the Welsh _ver_, which means
+essence, may be noted _ver_ the Spring and _vert_, green, whence
+_verdant, verdure, vernal,_ and _infernal_(?).
+
+Among the ferns whose spine-like fishbone fronds seemingly caused them
+to be accepted as emblems of the fertile Dayspring or the permeating
+Spirit of all Life, the _osmunda_ was particularly associated with the
+Saints and Gods: in the Tyrol it is still placed over doors for Good
+Luck, and one species of Osmunda (_Crispa_) is in Norway called St.
+Olaf's Beard. This is termed by Gerarde the Herb Christopher, and the
+Latin _crispa_ somewhat connects it with Christopher. The name Osmund is
+Teutonic for _divine protector_, but more radically Osmunda was _oes
+munda_, or the _Life of the World_. In Devonshire the Pennyroyal is also
+known as _organ_, _organy_, _organie_, or _origane_, all of which are
+radically the same as _origin_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 95 to 102.--British. Nos. [ ] to [ ] from Akerman.
+                 Nos. [ ] to [ ] from Evans.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 103.--Green Man (Roxburghe Ballads, circa
+                 1650).--From _The History of Signboards_ (Larwood &
+                 Hotten).]
+
+The British coins inscribed Ver are believed to have emanated from
+Verulam or St. Albans, but the same VER, VIR, or kindred legend is found
+upon the coins of Iberia and Gaul. It is not improbable that Verulam was
+at one time the chief city in Albion, but the place which now claims to
+be the mother city is Canterbury or Duro_vern_. The ancient name of
+Canterbury is supposed to have been bestowed upon it by the Romans, and
+to have denoted _evergreen_; but Canterbury is not physically more
+evergreen than every other spot in verdant England: Canterbury is,
+however, permeated with relics, memories, and traditions of St. George;
+and St. George is still addressed in Palestine as the "evergreen green
+one". Green was the symbol of rejuvenescence and immortality, and "the
+Green Man" of our English Inn Signs, as also the Jack-in-Green who used
+to figure along with Maid Marian and the Hobby Horse in the festivities
+of May Day, was representative of the May King or the Lord of Life. The
+colour green, according to the Ecclesiastical authorities, still
+signifies "hope, plenty, mirth, youth, and prosperity": as the colour of
+living vegetation, it was adopted as a symbol of life, and Angels and
+Saints, _particularly St. John_, are represented clad in green. In Gaul
+the Green Man was evidently conceived as Ver Galant, and the two cups,
+one inverted, in all probability implied Life and Death. According to
+Christian Legend, St. George was tortured by being forced to drink two
+cups, whereof the one was prepared to make him mad, the other to kill
+him by poison. The prosperity of an emblem lies entirely in the Eye, and
+it is probable that all the alleged dolours to which George was
+subjected are nothing more than the morbid misconceptions of men whose
+minds dwelt normally on things most miserable and conceived little
+higher. Thus seemingly the light-shod Mercury was degraded into George's
+alleged torture of being "made to run in red hot shoes": the heavy
+pillars laid upon him suggest that he was once depicted bearing up the
+pillars of the world: the wheel covered with razors and knives to which
+he was attached imply the solar wheel of Kate or Catarina: the posts to
+which he was fastened by the feet and hands were seemingly a variant of
+the _deddu_, and the sledge hammers with which he was beaten were, like
+many other of the excruciating torments of the "saint," merely and
+inoffensively the emblems of the Heavenly Hercules or Invictus.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 104.--From _The Everyday Book_ (Hone, W.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 105.--Ver Galant (Rue Henri, Lyons, 1759). From
+                 _The History of Signboards_.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 106.--Green Man and Still (Harleian Collection,
+                 1630). _Ibid._]
+
+Maid Marion, who was not infrequently associated with St. George, is
+radically _Maid Big Ion_, or _Fairy Ion_, and that St. George was also a
+marine saint is obvious from the various Channels which still bear his
+name. The ensign of the Navy is the red cross on a white ground, known
+originally as the Christofer or Jack, and in Fig. 106 the Green Man is
+represented with the scales of a Merman, or Blue John. The Italian for
+blue is _vera_; _vera_ means _true_; "true blue" is proverbial; and that
+Old George was Trajan, Tarchon, Tarragone, or _Dragon_ is obvious from
+the dragon-slaying incident. Little George has already been identified
+by Baring-Gould with Tammuz, the Adonis, or Beauty, who is identified
+with the Sun:[287] "Thou shining and vanishing in the beauteous circle
+of the Horæ, dwelling at one time in gloomy Tartarus, at another
+elevating thyself to Olympus, giving ripeness to the fruits".[288]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 107.--From _The Everyday Book_ (Hone, W.).]
+
+The St. George of Diospolis, the City of Light, who by the early
+Christians was hailed as "the Mighty Man," the "Star of the Morning,"
+and the "Sun of Truth," figures in Cornwall, particularly at Helston,
+where there is still danced the so-called _Furry_ dance: Helston,
+moreover, claims to show the great granite stone which was intended to
+cover the mouth of the Nether Regions, but St. Michael met Satan
+carrying it and made him drop it.
+
+It is unnecessary to labour the obvious identity between Saints George
+and Michael: "George," meaning _husbandman_, _i.e._, the Almighty in a
+bucolic aspect, is merely another title for the archangel, but more
+radically it may be traced to _geo_ (as in _ge_ology, _ge_ography,
+_ge_ometry) and _urge_, _i.e._, _earth urge_. It is physically true that
+farmers urge the earth to yield her increase, and until quite recently,
+relics of the festival of the sacred plough survived in Britain. Within
+living memory farmers in Cornwall turned the first sod to the formula
+"In the name of God let us begin":[289] in China, where the Emperor
+himself turns the first sod, much of the ancient ceremonies still
+survive.
+
+The legend of St. George and the dragon has had its local habitation
+fixed in many districts notably in Berkshire at the vale of the White
+Horse. The famous George of Cappadocia is first heard of as "a purveyor
+of provisions for the Army of Constantinople," and he was subsequently
+associated with a certain Dracontius (_i.e._, _dragon_), "Master of the
+Mint". The same legend is assigned at Lambton in England not to George
+but to "_John_ that slew ye worm": in Turkey St. George is known as
+Oros, which is obviously Horus or Eros, the Lord of the Horæ or hours,
+and the English dragon-slayer Conyers of _Sockburn_ is presumably King
+Yers, whose burn or brook was presumably named after Shock or Jock. In
+some parts of England a bogey dog is known under the title of "Old
+Shock," and in connection with Conyers and John that slew ye worm may be
+noted near Conway the famous Llandudno headlands, Great and Little
+_Orme_ or _Worm_.
+
+The St. George of Scandinavia is named Gest: that Gest was the great
+_Gust_ or Mighty Wind is probable, and it is more likely that Windsor,
+a world-famous seat of St. George, meant, not as is assumed _winding
+shore_, but _wind sire_. That St. George was the Ruler of the gusts or
+winds is implied by the fact that among the Finns, anyone brawling on
+St. George's Day was in danger of suffering from storms and tempests.
+The murmuring of the wind in the oak groves of Dodona was held to be the
+voice of Zeus, and the will of the All Father was there further deduced
+by means of a three-chained whip hanging over a metal basin from the
+hand of the statue of a boy. From the movements of these chains,
+agitated by the wind and blown by the gusts till they tinkled against
+the bowl, the will of the _Ghost_ was guessed, and the word _guess_
+seemingly implies that guessing was regarded as the operation of the
+good or bad _geis_ within. In Windsor Great Forest stood the famous Oak
+or Picktree, where Puck, _alias_ Herne the Hunter, appeared occasionally
+in the form of an antlered Buck. The supposition that St. George was the
+great _Gush_ or _geyser_ is strengthened by the fact that near the
+Cornish Padstow, Petrock-Stowe, or the stowe of the Great Pater, there
+is a well called St. George's Well. This well is described as a "mere
+spring which gushes from a rock," and the legend states that the water
+gushed forth immediately St. George had trodden on the spot and has
+ne'er since ceased to flow.
+
+The Italian for blue--the colour of the deep water and of the high
+Heavens--is also _turchino_, and on 23rd April (French _Avril_), blue
+coats used to be worn in England in honour of the national saint whose
+red cross on a white ground has immemorially been our Naval
+Ensign.[290] St. George figured particularly in the Furry or Flora
+dance at Helston, and the month of _Avril_, a period when the earth is
+opening up its treasures, seemingly derives its name from Ver or Vera,
+the "daughter deare" of Flora. On 23rd April "the riding of the George"
+was a principal solemnity in certain parts of England: on St. George's
+Day a White Horse used to stand harnessed at the end of St. George's
+Chapel in St. Martin's Church, Strand, and the Duncannon Street, which
+now runs along the south side of this church, argues the erstwhile
+existence either here or somewhere of a dun or down of cannon. A cannon
+is a gun, and our Dragoon guards are supposed to have derived their
+title from the dragons or fire-arms with which they were armed. The
+inference is that the first inventors of the gun, cannon, or dragon,
+entertained the pleasing fancy that their weapon was the fire-spouting
+worm.[291] The dragon was the emblem of the _Cyn_bro or Kymry:
+associated with the red cross of St. George it is the cognisance of
+London, and a fearsome dragon stands to-day at the boundary of the city
+on the site of Temple Bar.
+
+In the reign of Elizabeth an injunction was issued that "there shall be
+neither George nor Margaret," an implication that Margaret was once the
+recognised Consort of St. George, and the expression "riding of the
+George," points to the probability that the White Horse, even if
+riderless, was known as "the George". The White Horse of Kent with its
+legend INVICTA implies--unless Heraldry is weak in its grammar--not a
+horse but a mare: George was Invictus or the Unconquerable, and, as will
+be seen, there are good reasons to suppose that the White Horse and
+White Mare were indigenous to Britain long before the times of the Saxon
+Hengist and Horsa. It is now generally accepted that Hengist, which
+meant _horse_, and Horsa, which meant _mare_, were mythical characters.
+With the coming of the Saxons no doubt the worship of the White Horse
+revived for it was an emblem of Hanover, and in Hanover cream-coloured
+horses were reserved for the use of royalty alone. With the notorious
+Hanoverian Georges may be connoted the fact that opposite St. George's
+Island at Looe (Cornwall) is a strand or market-place named Hannafore:
+at Hinover in Sussex a white horse was carved into the hillside.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 108.--From _The Scouring of the White Horse_
+                 (Hughes, T.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 109.--British. From _A New Description of England_
+                 (1724).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 110 to 113.--British No. 110 from Camden. No. 112
+                 from Akerman. No. 113 from Evans.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 114.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 115 and 116.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 117.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 118.--British. From Evans.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 119.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+The White Horse--which subsequently became the Hobby Horse, or the Hob's
+Horse, of our popular revels--has been carved upon certain downs in
+England and Scotland for untold centuries. That these animals were
+designedly white is implied by an example on the brown heather hills of
+Mormond in Aberdeenshire: here the subsoil is black and the required
+white has been obtained by filling in the figure with white felspar
+stones.[292] It will be noticed that the White Horse at Uffington as
+reproduced overleaf is beaked like a bird, and has a remarkable
+dot-and-circle eye: in Figs. 110 to 113 the animal is similarly beaked,
+and in Fig. 111 the object in the bill is seemingly an egg. The designer
+of Fig. 109 has introduced apparently a goose or swan's head, and also a
+sprig or branch. The word BODUOC may or may not have a relation to
+Boudicca or Boadicea of the Ikeni--whose territories are marked by the
+Ichnield Way of to-day--but in any case _Boudig_ in Welsh meant victory
+or Victorina, whence the "very peculiar horse" on this coin may be
+regarded as a prehistoric Invicta. The St. George of Persia there known
+as Mithras was similarly worshipped under the guise of a white horse,
+and Mithras was similarly "Invictus". The winged genius surmounting the
+horse on Fig. 114, a coin of the Tarragona, Tarchon, or _dragon_
+district--is described as "Victory flying," and there is little doubt
+that the idea of White Horse or Invictus was far spread. At Edgehill
+there used to be a Red Horse carved into the soil, and the tenancy of
+the neighbouring Red Horse Farm was held on the condition that the
+tenant scoured the Red Horse annually _on Palm Sunday_: the palm is the
+emblem of Invictus, and it will be noticed how frequently the palm
+branch appears in conjunction with the horse on our British coinage.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 120.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 121.]
+
+The story of St. George treading on the Padstow Rock, and the subsequent
+gush of water, is immediately suggestive of the Pegasus legend. Pegasus,
+the winged steed of the Muses, which, with a stroke of its hoof, caused
+a fountain to gush forth, is supposed to have been thus named because he
+made his first appearance near the _sources_--Greek _pegai_--of Oceanus.
+It is obvious, however, from the coins of Britain, Spain, and Gaul, that
+Pegasus--occasionally astral-winged and hawk-headed--was very much at
+home in these regions, and it is not improbable that _pegasus_ was
+originally the Celtic _Peg Esus_. The god Esus of Western Europe--one of
+whose portraits is here given--was not only King Death, but he is
+identified by De Jubainville with Cuchulainn, the Achilles or Young Sun
+God of Ireland.[293] Esus, the counterpart of Isis, was probably the
+divinity worshipped at Uzes in Gaul, a coin of which town, representing
+a seven-rayed sprig springing from a brute, is here reproduced, and that
+King Esus or King Osis was the Lord of profound speculation, is somewhat
+implied by _gnosis_, the Greek word for knowledge. Tacitus mentions that
+the neighing of the sacred white horse of the Druids was regarded as
+oracular; the voice of a horse is termed its neigh, from which it would
+seem horses were regarded as super-intelligent animals which
+_knew_.[294] The inscription CUN or CUNO which occurs so frequently on
+the horse coins of Western Europe is seemingly akin to _ken_, the root
+of _know_, _knew_, _canny_, and _cunning_. In India the elephant
+_Ganesa_--seemingly a feminine form of _Genesis_ and _Gnosis_--was
+deemed to be the Lord of all knowledge.
+
+In connection with Pegasus may be noted Buk_ephalus_, the famed steed of
+Alexander. The Inscriptions EPPILLUS and EPPI[295] occur on the Kentish
+coins, Figs. 122 and 123; _hipha_ or _hippa_ was the Phoenician for a
+mare; in Scotland the nightmare is known as _ephi_altus; a _hippo_drome
+is a horse course, whence, perhaps, Bukephalus may be translated Big
+Eppilus. The little elf or elve under a bent sprig is presumably Bog or
+Puck, and in connection with the _Eagle_-headed Pegasus of Fig. 164 may
+be noted the Puckstone by the megalithic _Aggle_ Stone at Pur_beck_,
+where is a St. Alban's Head.[296]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 122 and 123.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+Whether or not Pegasus was Big Esus or Peg or Puck Esus is immaterial,
+but it is quite beyond controversy that the animals now under
+consideration are Elphin Steeds and that they are not the "deplorable
+abortions" which numismatists imagine. The recognised authorities are
+utterly contemptuous towards our coinage, to which they apply terms such
+as "very rude," "an attempt to represent a horse," "barbarous
+imitation," and so forth; but I am persuaded that the craftsmen who
+fabricated these archaic coins were quite competent to draw
+straightforward objects had such been their intent. Akerman is seriously
+indignant at the indefiniteness of the object which resembles a fishbone
+and "has been called a fern leaf," and he sums up his feelings by
+opining that this uncouth representation may be as much the result of
+incompetent workmanship as of successive fruitless attempts at
+imitation.[297]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 124 to 127.--Iberian. From Barthelemy.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 128 and 129.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 130.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+Incompetent comprehension would condemn Figs. 124 to 129, particularly
+the draughtsmanship of the head: it is hardly credible, yet, says
+Akerman, the small winged elf in these coins "apparently escaped the
+observation of M. de Saulcy". They emanated from the Tarragonian town of
+Ana or Ona, and are somewhat suggestive of the mythic tale that Minerva
+sprang from the head of Jove: the horses on the Gaulish coin illustrated
+in Fig. 130, which is attributed either to Verdun or Vermandois, are
+inscribed VERO IOVE and that Jou was the White Horse is, to some extent,
+implied by our elementary words _Gee_ and _Geho_. According to Hazlitt
+"the exclamation Geho! Geho! which carmen use to their horses is not
+peculiar to this country, as I have heard it used in France":[298] it is
+probable that the Jehu who drove furiously was a memory of the solar
+charioteer; it is further probable that the story of Io, the divinely
+fair daughter of Inachus, who was said to have been pursued over the
+world by a malignant gadfly, originated in the lumpish imagination of
+some one who had in front of him just such elfin emblems as the pixy
+horse now under consideration. That in reality the gadfly was a good
+_mouche_ is implied by the term gad: the inscription KIO on Fig. 74 (p.
+253) reads Great Io or Great Eye, and in connection with the remarkable
+optic of the White Horse at Uffington may be connoted the place-name
+Horse Eye near _Bex_hill. The curious place-name Beckjay in Shropshire
+is suggestive of Big Jew or Joy: the blue-crested monarch of the woods
+we call a jay (Spanish, _gayo_, "of doubtful origin") was probably the
+bird of Jay or Joy--just as _picus_ or the crested woodpecker was
+admittedly Jupiter's bird--and the Jaye's Park in Surrey, which is in
+the immediate neighbourhood of Godstone, Gadbrooke, and Kitlands, was
+seemingly associated at some period with Good Jay or Joy.
+
+We speak ironically to-day of our "Jehus," and the word _hack_ still
+survives: in Chaucer's time English carters encouraged their horses with
+the exclamation Heck![299] the Irish for _horse_ was _ech_, and the
+inscription beneath the effigy on Fig. 131, a Tarragonian coin, reads,
+according to Akerman, EKK. That the _hack_ was connected in idea with
+the oak is somewhat implied by a horse ornament in my possession, the
+eye or centre of which is represented by an oak corn or _ac_orn. In the
+North of England the elves seem to have been known as _hags_, for fairy
+rings are there known as _hag_ tracks. The word _hackney_ is identical
+with Boudicca's tribe the Ikeni, and it is believed that Cæsar's
+reference to the Cenimagni or Cenomagni refers to the Ikeni: whence it
+is probable that the Ikeni, like the Cantii, were worshippers of
+Invicta, the Great Hackney, the _Ceni Magna_ or Hackney Magna.
+
+The water horse which figures overleaf may be connoted with the Scotch
+kelpie, which is radically _ek Elpi_ or _Elfi_: the kelpie or water
+horse of Scotch fairy lore is a ghastly spook, just as Alpa in
+Scandinavia is a ghoul and _Ephialtes_ in Albany or Scotland is a
+nightmare: but there must almost certainly have been a White Kelpie, for
+the Greeks held a national horse race which they termed the Calpe, and
+Calpe is the name of the mountain which forms the European side of the
+Pillars of Hercules. From the surnames Killbye and Gilbey one may
+perhaps deduce a tribe who were followers of _'K Alpe_ the _Great All
+Feeder_: that the kelpie was regarded as the fourfold feeder is obvious
+from the four most unnatural teats depicted on the Pixtil coin of Fig.
+133.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 131.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 132.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 133.--Channel Islands. From Barthelemy.]
+
+The Welsh form of Alphin is Elphin, and the Cornish height known as
+Godolphin--whence the family name Godolphin--implies, like Robin
+Goodfellow, _Good Elphin_. With Elphin, Alban, and Hobany may be
+connected the Celtic Goddess Epona, "the tutelar deity of horses and
+probably originally a horse totem". To Epona may safely be assigned the
+word _pony_; Irish _poni_; Scotch _powney_, all of which the authorities
+connect with _pullus_, the Latin for _foal_: it is quite true there is a
+_p_ in both. We have already traced a connection between neighing,
+knowing, kenning, and cunning, and there is seemingly a further
+connection between Epona, the Goddess of Horses, and _opine_, for
+according to Plato the horse signified "reason and _opinion_ coursing
+about through natural things".[300]
+
+British horses used to be known familiarly as Joan, and the term
+_jennet_ presumably meant _Little Joan_: the Italian for a _hackney_ is
+_chinea_. At Hackney, which now forms part of London, there is an Abney
+Park which was once, it may be, associated with Hobany or Epona: the
+main street of Hackney or Haconey (which originally contained the Manor
+of Hoxton) is Mare Street; and this _mare_ was seemingly the Ken_mure_
+whose traces are perpetuated in Kenmure Road, Hackney. At the corner of
+Seven Sisters Road is the church of St. Olave, and the neighbouring
+Alvington Street suggests that this Kingsland Road district was once a
+town or down of Alvin the Elphin King. Godolphin Hill in Cornwall was
+alternatively known as Godolcan, and there is every reason to suppose
+that Elphin was the good old king, the good all-king, and the good holy
+king.
+
+Hackney was seemingly once one of the many congregating "Londons," and
+we may recognise Elen or Ollan in London Fields, London Lane, Lyne
+Grove, Olinda (or Good Olin) Road, Londesborough Road, Ellingfort (or
+Strong Ellin) Road, Lenthall (or Tall Elen) Road. In Linscott Street
+there stood probably at one time a Cot, Cromlech, or "Kit's Coty," and
+at the neighbouring Dalston[301] was very possibly a Tallstone,
+equivalent to the Cornish _tal carn_ or _high rock_.
+
+The adjective _long_ or _lanky_ is probably of Hellenic origin, and the
+giants or long men sometimes carved in hill-sides (as at Cerne Abbas)
+were like all Longstones once perhaps representations of Helen.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 134.--"Metal ornaments found on horse trappings
+                 (North Lincolnshire, 1907). Nos. 1-8 represent forms
+                 of the crescent amulet; Nos. 8-11, the horseshoe. No.
+                 12 is a well-known mystic symbol. No. 15 shows the
+                 cross potencée, and No. 16 the cross patée: these seem
+                 to denote Christian influence. Nos. 13 and 14 indicate
+                 the decay of folk memory concerning amulets, though
+                 _the heart pattern was originally talismanic_. Nos. 7
+                 and 8 form bridle 'plumes,' No. 6 is a hook for a
+                 bearing-rein; the remainder are either forehead
+                 medallions or breeching decorations. The patterns 1-4,
+                 9, 11, 13, 14, and 16, are fairly common in London."
+                 From _Folk Memory_ (Johnson, W.). ]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 135.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 136.--British. From Evans.]
+
+The Town Hall at Hackney stands on a plot of ground known as Hackney
+Grove, and the neighbouring Mildmay Park and Mildmay Grove suggest a
+grove or sanctuary of the Mild May or Mary. That Pegasus was known
+familiarly in this district is implied by the White Horse Inn on Hackney
+Marshes and by its neighbour "The Flying Horse": Hackney neighbours
+Homerton, and that the national Hackney or _mare_ was Homer or Amour is
+obvious from Fig. 135, where a heart, the universal emblem of _amour_,
+is represented at its Hub, navel, or bogel. According to Sir John Evans
+the "principal characteristic" of Fig. 136 is "the heart-shaped figure
+between the forelegs of the horse, the meaning of which I am at a loss
+to discover":[302] but any yokel could have told Sir John the meaning of
+the heart or hearts which are still carved into tree trunks, and were
+rarely anything else than the emblems of Amor. The observant Londoner
+will not fail to notice particularly on May Day--the Mary or Mother
+Day--when our Cockney horses parade in much of their immemorial finery
+and pomp--that golden hearts, stringed in long sequences over the
+harness, are conspicuous among the half-moons, stars, and other
+prehistoric emblems of the Bona dea or pre-Christian Mary.
+
+Hackney includes the churches of St. Mary, St. Michael, and St. Jude:
+Jude is the same word as _good_, and the St. Jude of Scripture who was
+surnamed Thadee, and was said to be the son of Alpheus, is apparently
+Good Tadi or Daddy, _alias_ St. Alban the All Good, the Kaadman. St.
+Jude is also St. Chad, and there was a celebrated Chadwell[303] at the
+end of the Marylebone Road now known as St. Pancras or King's Cross: at
+King's Cross there is a locality still known as Alpha Place.
+
+At Hackney is a Gayhurst Road, which may imply an erstwhile hurst or
+wood of Gay or Jay, and "at the south end of Springfield Road there is a
+curious and interesting little hamlet lying on the water's edge. The
+streets are very steep, and some of them extremely narrow--mere passages
+like the wynds in Edinburgh."[304] This little hamlet is "encircled" by
+Mount Pleasant Lane, whence one may assume that the eminence itself was
+known at some time or other as Mount Pleasant.
+
+The "Mount Pleasant" at Hackney may be connoted with the more famous
+"Mount Pleasant" at Dun Ainy, Knock Ainy, or the Hill of Aine in
+Limerick. The "_pleasant_ hills" of Ireland were defined as
+"_ceremonial_ hills," and it was particularly on the night of All
+Hallows that the immemorial ceremonies were there observed. To this day
+Aine or Ana, a beautiful and gracious water-spirit, "the best-natured of
+women," is reverenced at Knockainy, and the legend persists that "Aine
+promised to save bloodshed if the hill were given to her till the end of
+the world".[305] That Mount Pleasant at Hackney or Hackoney was
+similarly dedicated to High Aine or Ana is an inference to which the
+facts seem clearly to point.
+
+It would also be permissible to interpret Hackney as Oaken Island, in
+which light it may be connoted with Glastonbury, the word _glaston_
+being generally supposed to be _glasten_, the British for oak.
+Glastonbury, the celebrated Avalon, Apple Island, Apollo Island, or Isle
+of Rest, was a world-famous "Mount Pleasant," and on its most elevated
+height there stands St. Michael's Tower. Glastonbury itself,[306] "its
+two streets forming a perfect cross," is almost engirdled by a little
+river named the _Brue_. The French town _Bray_ is in the so-called
+Santerre or Holy-land district: the remains of a megalithic _santerre_,
+_saintuarie_ or sanctuary are still standing at Abury or Aubury in
+Wiltshire, and we may equate this place-name with _abri_, a generic term
+in French, "origin unknown," for _sanctuary_ or refuge.
+
+Near Bray, Santerre, is Auber's Ridge, which may be connoted with Aubrey
+Walk, the highest spot in Kensington, and it would seem that _Abury's_,
+_abris_, or "Mount Pleasants" were once plentiful in the bundle of
+communities, townships, parishes, and lordships which have now merged
+into the Greater London: Ebury Square in the South-West may mark one,
+and Highbury in the North, with its neighbouring "Mount Pleasant,"
+another.
+
+The immortal Mount Pleasant of the Muses was named Helicon, and from
+here sprang the celebrated fountains Aganippe and Hippocrene. At
+Holywell in Wales there is a village called Halkin lying at the foot of
+a hill named Helygen: there is a Heligan Hill in Cornwall, and a river
+Olcan in Hereford: there is an Alconbury in Hunts, and an Elkington
+(Domesday Alchinton) at Louth. An Elk is a gigantic buck whose radiating
+antlers are so fern-like that a genus has appropriately been designated
+the Elk fern. Ilkley in Yorkshire is thought to be the Olicana of
+Ptolemy, and there is standing to-day at Ramsgate a Holy Cone or Helicon
+modernised into "Hallicondane". The _dane_ here probably implies a _dun_
+or hill-fort, and the _Hallicon_ itself consists of a peak crossed by
+four roads.[307] This Ramsgate Hallicondane, which stands by Allington
+Park, may have been a _dun_ of the Elle or Elf King: in France Hellequin
+is associated with Columbine, and the little figure labelled CUIN
+(_infra_, p. 397 Fig. 336), may be identified with this virgin. The
+Alcantara district to which this Cuin coin has been attributed was, it
+may safely be assumed, a _tara_, _tre_, or _troy_ of Alcan.
+
+On the top of Tory Hill in Kilkenny, _i.e._, _Kenny's Church_, stood a
+pagan altar: the more famous Tara or Temair is associated primarily with
+a "son of Ollcain"; it is said next to have passed into the possession
+of a certain Cain, and to have been known as _Druim Cain_ or "Cain's
+Ridge".[308]
+
+Halcyon days mean blissful, pleasant, radiant, ideal, days, and of the
+Holy King or All King the blue jewelled King-fisher or Halcyon seems to
+have been a symbol. Whether there be any connection between Elgin and
+the Irish Hooligans, or whether these trace their origin to the "son of
+Ollcain," I do not know. From the colossal Kinia and Acongagua down to
+the humblest _peg_, every _peak_ seems to have been similarly named. The
+pimple is a diminutive hill or _pock_, and the _pykes_ of Cumberland
+are the _peaks_ of Derbyshire. At the summit of the Peak District
+stands Buxton, claiming to be the highest market-town in England: around
+Buxton, formerly written "Bawkestanes," still stand cromlechs and other
+Poukelays or Buk stones: Backhouse is a surname in the Buxton district,
+and the original Backhouses may well have worshipped either Bacchus,
+_i.e._, St. Baccho, or the gentle Baucis who merged into a Linden tree.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 137.--Ancient Pagan Altar on Tory Hill. From
+                 _Sketches of Irish History_ (Anon., 1844).]
+
+Near Buxton are the sources of the river Wye, and by Wye in Kent, near
+Kennington, we find Olantigh Park, St. Alban's Court, Mount Pleasant,
+Little London, and Trey Town: by the church at Wye are two inns, named
+respectively "The Old Flying Horse," and "The New Flying Horse"; Wye
+races are still held upon an egg-shaped course, and close to Kennington
+Oval--which I am unable to trace beyond its earlier condition of a
+market-garden--stands a celebrated "White Horse Inn". At Kennington by
+Wye a roadside inn sign is "The Golden Ball," which once presumably
+implied the Sun or Sol, for in the immediate neighbourhood is Soles
+Court.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 138.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+The horse was a constantly recurring emblem in the coins of Hispania,
+and the object on the Iberian coin here illustrated is defined by
+Akerman as "an apex": the appearance of this symbol, seemingly a spike
+or peg posed upon a teathill, on an Iberian or Aubreyan coin is evidence
+of its sanctity in West Europe. Theologians of the Dark Ages have been
+ridiculed for debating the number of angels that could stand upon a
+pin-point, but it is more than probable that the question was a subject
+of discussion long before their time: the Chinese believe that "at the
+beginning of Creation the chaos floated as a fish skims along the
+surface of a river; from whence arose something like a _thorn_ or
+_pickle_, which, being capable of motion and variation, became a soul or
+spirit".[309] The fairy sanctity of the thorn bush would therefore seem
+to have arisen from its _spikes_, and the abundance of these emblems
+would naturally elevate it into the house or abode of _spooks_: the
+burning bush, in which form the Almighty is said to have appeared before
+Moses, was, according to Rabbinical tradition, a thorn bush: the Elluf
+and the Alvah trees--the _aleph_ or the _alpha_ trees?--are described as
+large thorned species of Acacia; and the spiky acacia, Greek _Akakia_,
+is related to _akis_, a point or thorn.
+
+One of the attributes of the Man-in-the-Moon is a Thorn Bush, whence
+Shakespeare puts into the mouth of Moonshine, "This thorn bush is my
+thorn bush; and this dog my dog". The Man-in-the-Moon being identified
+with _Cain_, it becomes interesting to note that the surname Kennett is
+accepted as a Norman diminutive of _chien_, a dog.[310] On p. 149--a
+mediæval papermark--the Wanderer is surmounted by a bush; a bush is a
+little tree, and the word _bush_ (of unknown origin) is a variant of
+Bogie--also of _bougie_, the French for candle: bushes and briars were
+the acknowledged haunts of Bogie, _alias_ Hobany or Hob-with-a-canstick
+or bougie.
+
+_Bouche_ used to be an English word meaning meat and drink, whence Stow,
+referring to the English archers, says they had _bouch_ of court (to
+wit, meat and drink) and great wages of sixpence by the day.[311] In
+Rome and elsewhere a suspended bush was the sign of an inn, whence the
+expression "Good wine needs no bush": the _bouche_ or mouth is where
+meat and drink goes in, similarly _mouth_ may be connoted with the
+British _meath_, meaning nourishment. _Peck_ is also an old word for
+provender, and we still speak of feeling peckish.[312]
+
+The word _bucket_--allied to Anglo-Saxon _buc_, meaning a
+pitcher--implies that this variety of large can or mug was used for peck
+purposes: the illustration herewith, representing the decoration on a
+bronze bucket found at Lake Maggiore, consists of speck-centred circles,
+and dotted, spectral, or maculate geese, bucks, and horses.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 139.--Bronze from bucket, Sesto Calendo, Lake
+                 Maggiore. From the British Museum's _Guide to the
+                 Antiquities of the Early Iron Age_.]
+
+It is unnecessary to dilate on the great importance played in civic life
+by inns: numberless place-names are directly traceable to inn-signs; and
+the brewing of church ales, considered in conjunction with facts which
+will be noted in a subsequent chapter, make it almost certain that
+churches once dispensed food and drink and that _inn_ was originally an
+earlier name for church. Among the inscriptions of the catacombs is one
+which the authorities believe marks the sepulchre of a brewer: but these
+pictographs are without exception emblems, and it is more likely that
+the design in question (Fig. 140) stands for "that Brewer,"[313] the
+Lord of the Vineyard, or the Vinedresser. The Green Man with his Still
+implies a brewer; the distilling of Benedictine is still an
+ecclesiastical occupation, and the word _brew_ suggests that brewing was
+once the peculiar privilege of the _pères_ or priests who brewed the
+sacred ales. The word _keg_ is the same as the familiar Black _Jack_,
+and under _jug_ Skeat writes: "Drinking vessels of all kinds were
+formerly called _jocks_, _jills_, and _jugs_, all of which represent
+Christian names. Jug and Judge were usual as pet female names, and
+equivalent to Jenny or Joan."
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 140.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+The Hackney inn known as "The Flying Horse" may possibly owe its
+foundation and sign to the Templars, who possessed property in Hackney:
+the Templars' badge of Pegasus still persists in the Temple at
+Whitefriars, and the circular churches of the Templars had certainly
+some symbolic connection with Sun or Golden Ball. At Jerusalem, the
+ideal city which was always deemed to be the hub, bogel, or navel of the
+world, there are some extraordinary rock-hewn water tanks, known as the
+stables of King Solomon: Jerusalem was known as Hierosolyma or Holy
+Solyma, and that Solyma, Salem, or Peace was associated in Europe with
+the horse is clear from the coin of the Gaulish tribe known as the
+Solmariaca (Fig. 141). The animal here represented is treading under
+foot a dragon or scorpion, and the Solmariaca, whose city is now
+Soulosse, were seemingly followers of Solmariak, the Sol Mary, or Fairy.
+The aim of the _Free_masons is the rebuilding of the Temple of Solomon
+or Wisdom, and it is quite evident that the front view of a temple on
+Fig. 142 is not the representation of a material building such as the
+Houses of Parliament now depicted on our modern paper-money. The centre
+of Fig. 142 is a four-specked cross, the centre-piece of Fig. 143 is the
+six-breasted Virgin, and Fig. 144 is a very elaborated pantheon,
+hierarchy, or habitation of All Hallows: the inscription reads BASILICA
+ULPIA, _i.e._, _The Church_ Ulpia.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 141.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 142.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 143.--From Barthelemy.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 144.--From Barthelemy.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 145.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+Abdera, now Adra, is a Spanish town on the shores of the Mediterranean,
+founded, according to Strabo, by the Tyrians, and the name thus seems to
+connote a _tre_ of _Ab_ or Hob. I have elsewhere endeavoured to prove
+that King Solomon, the Mighty Controller of the Jinns, was the Eye of
+Heaven or the Sun, and this emblem appears in the triangle or delta of
+Fig. 145: the corresponding inscription on Fig. 145 are Phoenician
+characters, reading THE SUN,[314] and the curious fish-pillars are
+almost certainly a variant of the _deddu_. In Ireland a Salmon of Wisdom
+enters largely into Folklore: the word _salmon_ is Solomon or Wisdom, as
+also is _solemn_: in Latin _solemn_ is _solennis_, upon which Skeat
+comments: "Annual, occurring yearly, like a religious rite, religious,
+solemn, Latin _sollus_, entire, complete: _annus_, a year. Hence
+_solemn_--returning at the end of a complete year. The old Latin
+_sollus_ is cognate with Welsh _holl_, whole, entire." The cognomen
+Solomon occurs several times in the lists of British Kings, and one may
+see it figuring to-day on Cornish shop-fronts in the form of variants
+such as Sleeman, Slyman, etc. Solomon may be resolved into the Sol man,
+the Seul man, the Silly[315] (innocent) man, or the Sly man, the Cunning
+man, or Magus. The "Sea horse" to the right, illustrated by Akerman on
+Plate XX, No. 8, is a coin of the Gaulish Magusa, and bears the
+inscription Magus which, as will be remembered, was a title of the
+Wandering Jew.
+
+Maundrell, the English traveller, describing his journey in the
+seventeenth century to Jerusalem, has recorded that, "Our quarters, this
+first night, we took up at the Honeykhan, a place of but indifferent
+accommodation, about one hour and a half west of Aleppo". He goes on to
+say: "It must here be noted that, in travelling this country, a man does
+not meet with a market-town and inns every night, as in England. The
+best reception you can find here is either under your own tent, if the
+season permit, or else in certain public lodgments, founded in charity
+for the use of travellers. These are called by the Turks _khani_; and
+are seated sometimes in the towns and villages, sometimes at convenient
+distances upon the open road. They are built in fashion of a cloister,
+encompassing a court of 30 or 40 yards square, more or less, according
+to the measure of the founder's ability or charity. At these places all
+comers are free to take shelter, paying only a small fee to the
+khan-keeper (khanji), and very often without that acknowledgment; but
+one must expect nothing here but bare walls. As for other accommodations
+of meat, drink, bed, fire, provender, with these it must be every one's
+care to furnish himself."[316]
+
+The main roads of Britain were once seemingly furnished with similar
+shelters which were known as Coldharbours, and the Coldharbour Lanes of
+Peckham and elsewhere mark the sites of such refuges.
+
+The Eastern khans, "built in fashion of a cloister," find their parallel
+in the enclosed form of all primitive shelters, and the words _close_
+and _cloister_ are radically _eccles_, _eglos_, or _eglise_. Whence the
+authorities suppose Beccles in Silly Suffolk to be a corruption of _beau
+eglise_ or Beautiful Church: but to whom was this "beautiful church"
+first reared and dedicated, and by what name did the inhabitants of
+Beccles know their village? The surname Clowes, which may be connoted
+with Santa Claus, is still prevalent at Beccles, a town which belonged
+anciently to _Bury_ Abbey.
+
+The patron saint of English inns, travellers, and cross-roads, was the
+Canaanitish Christopher, and the earliest block prints representing Kit
+were "evidently made for pasting against the walls in inns, and other
+places frequented by travellers and pilgrims."[317] Kit's intercession
+was thought efficacious against all dangers, either by fire, flood, or
+earthquake, hence his picture was sometimes painted in colossal size and
+occupied the whole height of the building whether church or inn. The red
+cross of St. John of Jerusalem was the _Christopher_; travellers carried
+images of Cuddy as charms, and the equation of St. John with Canaanitish
+Christopher will account for Christopher's Houses being entitled
+Inns,[318] or Johns, or Khans. Under the travellers' images of
+Christopher used to be printed the inscription, "Whosoever sees the
+image of St. Christopher shall that day not feel any sickness," or
+alternatively, "The day that you see St. Christopher's face, that day
+shall you not die an evil death". The emblem on page 262, was, I think,
+wrongly guessed by Didron as "the spirit of youth": it is more probably
+a variant of Christopher, or the Spirit of Love, helping the palmer or
+pilgrim of life.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 146 and 147.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+Fig. 146, a coin of the Turones, whose ancient capital is now Tours,
+consists of a specky or spectral horse accompanied by an urn: this urn
+was the symbol of the Virgin, and the reader will be familiar with a
+well-known modern picture in which La Source is ambiguously represented
+as a maiden standing with a pitcher at a spring. _Yver_ is Norse for a
+_warm bubbling spring_, and on the coins of Vergingetorix we find the
+pitcher and the horse: the word _virgin_ is equivalent to _Spring
+Queen_, and as _ceto_ figures largely in British mythology as the ark,
+box, or womb of Ked, it is probable that Virgingetorix may be
+interpreted King Virgin Keto. In Gaul _rex_ meant King or Queen, but
+this word is less radical than the Spanish _rey_, French _roi_, British
+_rhi_: according to Sir John Rhys, "the old Irish _ri_, genitive _rig_,
+king, and _rigan_ queen would be somewhat analogous, although the Welsh
+_rhian_, the equivalent of the Irish _rigan_, differs in being mostly a
+poetic term for a lady who need not be royal".[319] The name Maria,
+which in Spain is bestowed indiscriminately upon men and women, would
+therefore seem to be _Mother Queen_, and _Rhea_, the Great Mother of
+Candia, might be interpreted as _the Princess_ or _the Queen_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 148.--Egyptian.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 149.--Etrurian. From _Cities and Cemeteries of
+                 Etruria_ (Dennis, G.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 150.--British. From _A New Description of England
+                 and Wales_ (Anon, 1724).]
+
+Among inscriptions to the Gaulish Apollo the most common are those in
+which he is entitled Albiorix and Toutiorix: these are understood by the
+authorities as having meant respectively "King of the World," and "King
+of the People".
+
+With the Cornish Well known as Joan's Pitcher may be connoted the
+variety of large bottle called a _demijohn_: according to Skeat this
+curious term is from the French _damejeanne_, Spanish _damajuana_--"Much
+disputed but _not_ of Eastern origin. The French form is right as it
+stands though often much perverted. From French _dame_ (Spanish _dama_),
+lady; and Jeanne (Spanish Juana), Joan, Jane." In our word _pitcher_ the
+_t_ has been wrongly inserted, the French _picher_ is the German
+_becher_, Greek _bikos_, and all these terms including _beaker_ are
+radically Peggy, Puck or Big. Pitchers are one of the commonest
+sepulchral offerings, and we are told that the Iberian bronze-working
+brachycephalic invaders of Britain introduced the type of sepulchral
+ceramic known as the beaker or drinking cup: "This vessel," says Dr.
+Munro, "was almost invariably deposited beside the body, and supposed to
+have contained food for the soul of the departed on its way to the other
+world."[320]
+
+The German form of Peggy or Margaret is Gretchen, which resolves into
+Great _Chun_ or Great _Mighty Chief_: Margot and Marghet may be rendered
+_Big God_ or _Fairy God_ or _Mother Good_.
+
+That the pitcher, demijohn, or jug was regarded in some connection with
+the Big Mother or Great Queen is obvious from the examples illustrated,
+and the apparition of this emblem on the coins of Tours may be connoted
+with the female-breasted jugs which were described by Schliemann as
+"very frequent" in the ruins of Troy. Similar objects were found at
+Mykenæ in connection with which Schliemann observes: "With regard to
+this vase with the female breasts similar vases were found on the
+islands of Thera (Santorin) and Therassia in the ruins of the
+prehistoric cities which, as before stated, were covered by an eruption
+of that great central volcano which is believed by competent geologists
+to have sunk and disappeared about 1700 to 1800 B.C.".[321] It is
+peculiarly noticeable that the dame Jeanne or jug is thus associated in
+particular with Troy, Etruria, Therassia, Thera (Santorin), the Turones,
+and Tours.
+
+The centre stone of megalithic circles constituted the speck or dot
+within the circle of the feeder or pap, and not infrequently one finds a
+Longstone termed either The Fiddler or The Piper. The incident of the
+Pied Piper is said to have occurred at Hamelyn on June 26th, 1284,
+during the feast of St. John and St. Paul. The street known as Bungen
+Strasse through which the Piper went followed by the enraptured children
+is still sacred to the extent that bridal and other processions are
+compelled to cease their music as they traverse it: Bungen of Bungen
+Street may thus seemingly be equated with _bon John_ or St. John on
+whose feast day the miracle is said to have happened. The Hamelyn Piper
+who--
+
+          ... blew three notes, such sweet
+          Soft notes as never yet musician's cunning
+          Gave to the enraptured air,
+
+may be connoted with Pan or _Father An_, and the mountain now called
+Koppenberg, into which the Hamelyn children were allured, was obviously
+Arcadia or the happy land of Pan: the _berg_ of Koppenberg is no doubt
+relatively modern, and the original name, Koppen, resolves into _cop_,
+_kopje_, or _hill-top of Pan_. The Land of the Pied Piper was manifestly
+_Himmel_, which is the German for _heaven_, and it may also be the
+source of the place-name Hamelyn.
+
+          He led us, he said, to a joyous land
+          Joining the town and just at hand,
+          Where waters gushed and fruit trees grew,
+          And flowers put forth a fairer hue,
+          And everything was strange and new.
+
+The story of the Piper and the children is found also in Abyssinia, and
+likewise among the Minussinchen Tartars: the word Minnusinchen looks
+very like small _Sinchen_ or beloved Sinchen, and with this _Sinchen_ or
+_bungen_ may be connoted the Tartar _panshen_ or pope, and also Gian Ben
+Gian, the Arabian name for the All Ruler of the Golden Age. That Cupid
+was known among the Tartars is somewhat implied by the divinity
+illustrated on p. 699.
+
+The Tartar story makes the mysterious Piper a foal which courses round
+the world, and with our _pony_ may be connoted _tarpon_, the Tartar word
+for the wild horse of the Asiatic steppes. _Cano_ is the Latin for _I
+sing_, and on Figs. 152 and 153 the Great Enchantress or Incantatrice is
+represented with the Pipes of Pan: among the wonders in the land of
+Hamelyn's Piper were horses with eagles' wings and these, together with
+the celestial foal and other elphin marvels, are to be found depicted on
+the tokens of prehistoric Albion. The tale of the Pied Piper may be
+connoted with the emblem of Ogmius leading his tongue-tied willing
+captives, and in Fig. 158 the mighty Muse is playing in human form upon
+his lute. In Fig. 160 the story of St. Michael or St. George is being
+played by a Pegasus, and in Fig. 158 CUNO is represented as a radiant
+elf. The arrow on Fig. 163 connects the exquisitely executed little
+figure with Cupid, Eros, or Amor--the oldest of the Gods--and probably
+this particular cherub was known as Puck, for his coin was issued in the
+Channel Islands by a people who inscribed their tokens _Pooc_tika,
+_Buc_ato, _Pix_til, and _Pich_til, _i.e._, _Pich tall_ or _chief_(?).
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 151 to 158.--British. No. 151 from Whitaker's
+                 _Manchester_. No. 152 from Evans. Nos. 153 to 157 from
+                 Akerman. No. 158 from _A New Description of England
+                 and Wales_.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 159 to 163.--Channel Islands. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 164 to 167.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+It is not improbable that this young sprig was known as the Little Leaf
+Man, for in Thuringia as soon as the trees began to bud out, the
+children used to assemble on a Sunday and dress one of their playmates
+with shoots and sprigs: he was covered so thoroughly as to be rendered
+blind, whereupon two of his companions, taking him by the hand lest he
+should stumble, led him dancing and singing from home to home. Amor,
+like Homer, was reputed blind, and the what-nots on Fig. 167 may
+possibly be _leaves_, the symbols of the _living, loving Elf_, or
+_Life_--"this senior-junior, giant-dwarf Dan Cupid".
+
+It was practically a universal pagan custom to celebrate the return of
+Spring by carrying away and destroying a rude idol of the old Dad or
+Death:--
+
+          Now carry we Death out of the village,
+          The new Summer into the village,
+          Welcome, dear Summer,
+          Green little corn.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 168.--From _The Everyday Book_ (Hone, W.).]
+
+In other parts of Bohemia--and the curious reader will find several
+Bohemias on the Ordnance maps of England--the song varies; it is not
+Summer that comes back but Life:--
+
+          We have carried away Death,
+          And brought back Life.[322]
+
+
+At the feast of the Ascension in Transylvania, the image of Death is
+clothed gaudily in the dress of a girl: having wound throughout the
+village supported by two girls the image is stripped of its finery and
+flung into the river; the dress, however, is assumed by one of the girls
+and the procession returns singing a hymn. "Thus," says Miss Harrison,
+"it is clear that the girl is a sort of resuscitated Death." In other
+words, like the May Queen she symbolised the Virgin or Fairy Queen--Vera
+or Una, the Spirit, Sprout, or Spirit of the Universe, the Fair Ovary of
+Everything who is represented on the summit of the Christmas Tree: in
+Latin _virgo_ means not only a virgin but also a sprig or sprout.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [255] _Fairy Mythology_, p. 298.
+
+   [256] Courtney, Miss, _Cornish Feasts and Folklore_, p. 129.
+
+   [257] Hope, R. C., _Sacred Wells_.
+
+   [258] _Demonology and Witchcraft_.
+
+   [259] At the time of writing the Servians say they are putting
+         their trust in "Bog and Britannia".
+
+   [260] This is an official etymology. It is the one and only poetic
+         idea admitted into Skeat's Dictionary.
+
+   [261] _Cf._ Johnson, W., _Folk Memory_, p. 159.
+
+   [262] Pliny relates Varro's description as follows: "King Porsenna
+         was buried beneath the city of Clusium, in a place where he
+         left a monument of himself in rectangular stone. Each side
+         was 300 feet long and 50 feet high, and within the basement
+         he made an inextricable labyrinth, into which if anyone
+         ventured without a clue, there he must remain, for he never
+         could find the way out again. Above this base stood five
+         pyramids, one in the centre and four at the angles, each of
+         them 75 feet in circumference at the base, and 150 feet high,
+         tapering to the top so as to be covered by a cupola of
+         bronze. From this there hung by chains a peal of bells,
+         which, when agitated by the wind, sounded to a great
+         distance. Above this cupola rose four other pyramids, each
+         100 feet high, and above these again, another story of five
+         pyramids, which towered to a height so marvellous and
+         improbable, that Varro hesitates to affirm their altitude."
+         And in this he was wise, for he had already said more upon
+         the subject than was credible. However, any one who has seen
+         the tomb of Aruns, the son of Porsenna, near the gate of
+         Albano, will be struck with the similarity of style, which,
+         comparing small things with great, existed between the
+         monuments of father and son. Those who have never been in
+         Italy may like to know that this tomb of Aruns is said to
+         have been built by Porsenna, for the young Prince who fell
+         there in battle with the Latins, and with the Greeks from
+         Cuma, and it is certainly the work of Etruscan masons. Five
+         pyramids rise from a base of 55 sq. feet, and the centre one
+         contains a small chamber, in which was found, about fifty
+         years since, an urn full of ashes.--Gray, Mrs. Hamilton,
+         _Sepulchres of Etruria_, p. 450.
+
+   [263] Taylor, R., _Te Ika A Maui_, or _New Zealand and its
+         Inhabitants_, p. 352.
+
+   [264] _Cf._ Stow, _London_.
+
+   [265] Evans, Sir Arthur, quoted in _Crete of Pre-hellenic Europe_,
+         p. 32.
+
+   [266] Bonwick _Irish Druids and Old Irish Religion_, p. 230.
+
+   [267] Anwyl, E.
+
+   [268] It is not unlikely that the Goss and Cass families of to-day
+         are the descendants of the British tribe referred to by the
+         Romans as the Cassi.
+
+   [269] The Welsh for alban or alpin is elphin.
+
+   [270] Urlin, Miss Ethel M., _Festivals, Holy Days, and Saints'
+         Days_, p. 192.
+
+   [271] _Ibid._, p. 196.
+
+   [272] _Cf._ Hone, W., _Everyday Book_, vol. i., col. 1340.
+
+   [273] _Cf._ Hone, W., _Everyday Book_, vol. i., col. 1340.
+
+   [274] xli. 19.
+
+   [275] _Faiths and Folklore_, i., 332.
+
+   [276] _Celtic Britain_, p. 211. Sir John frequently changed his
+         mind.
+
+   [277] _Barddas_, p. 416.
+
+   [278] The Phrygian Cap was symbolic.
+
+   [279] _Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe_, p. xxxii.
+
+   [280] _Mykenæ_, p. 179.
+
+   [281] _Rude Stone Monuments_, p. 207.
+
+   [282] Baldwin, J. G., _Prehistoric Nations_, p. 162.
+
+   [283] Keightley, _Fairy Mythology_, p. 317.
+
+   [284] Hazlitt, W. Carew, _Faiths and Folklore_, ii., 608.
+
+   [285] Rhys, Sir J., _Celtic Britain_, p. 271.
+
+   [286] The Celtic Angus is translated _excellent virtue_.
+
+   [287] _Cf._ Baring-Gould, Rev. S., _Curious Myths_, pp. 266-316.
+
+   [288] _Orphic Hymn_, lv., 5, 10, and 11.
+
+   [289] Courtney, Miss M. L., _Cornish Feasts and Folklore_, p. 136.
+
+   [290] From prehistoric times this ensign seems to have been known
+         as "the Jack," and the immutability of the fabulous element
+         was evidenced anew during the present year when on 23rd April
+         the Admiral on shore wirelessed to the Zeebrugge raiding
+         force: "England and St. George". To this was returned the
+         reply: "We'll give a twist to the dragon's tail".
+
+   [291] Since writing I find this surmise to be well founded. At the
+         present moment there is a Persian cannon (A.D. 1547) captured
+         at Bagdad, now on exhibition in London. It bears an
+         inscription to the effect:--
+
+              "'Succour is from God, and victory is at hand.'
+              The Commander of Victory and Help, the Shah,
+              Desiring to blot out all trace of the Turks,
+              Ordered Dglev to make this gun.
+              Wherever it goes it burns up lives,
+              It spits forth flames like a dragon.
+              It sets the world of the Turks on fire."
+
+   [292] Wise, T. A., _History of Paganism in Caledonia_, p. 114.
+
+   [293] _Irish Mytho. Cycle_, p. 229.
+
+   [294] The Norwegian for _neigh_ is _kn_eggya, the Danish, _gn_egge.
+
+   [295] There is no evidence to support the supposition that Eppillus
+         may have been an English king.
+
+   [296] An omniscient _eagle_ was associated with _Achill_ (Ireland).
+
+   [297] _Ancient Coins of the Romans Relating to Britain_, p. 197.
+
+   [298] _Faiths and Folklore_, vol. i., p. 329.
+
+   [299] _Faiths and Folklore_, vol. i., p. 329.
+
+   [300] Madeley, E., _The Science of Correspondence_, p. 194.
+
+   [301] Dalston in Cumberland is assumed to have been a town in the
+         dale or _dale's town_. But surely "towns" were never thus
+         anonymous?
+
+   [302] P. 299.
+
+   [303] Compare also Shadwell in East London, "said to be St. Chad's
+         Well".
+
+   [304] Mitton, G. E., _Hackney_, p. 11.
+
+   [305] _Cf._ Westropp, T. J., _Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy_,
+         vol. xxxiv., Sec. C., Nos. 3 and 4.
+
+   [306] Walters, J. Cuming, _The Lost Land of King Arthur_, p. 219.
+
+   [307] One of these has been slightly diverted by the exigencies of
+         the railway station.
+
+   [308] Macalister, R. A. S., _Temair Breg: A Study of the Remains
+         and Traditions of Tara, Proceedings of the Royal Irish
+         Academy_, sec. C., Nos. 10 and 11, p. 284.
+
+   [309] Picard, _Ceremonies of Idolatrous People_, vol. iv., p. 291.
+
+   [310] Weekley, E., _Romance of Names_, p. 224.
+
+   [311] _Survey of London_ (Everyman's Library), p. 416.
+
+   [312] The Peck family may have been inn-keepers or dealers in peck
+         or fodder, but more probably, like the Bucks and the Boggs,
+         they may trace their descent much farther.
+
+   [313] See _infra_, p. 689.
+
+   [314] Akerman, J. Y., _Ancient Coins_, p. 17.
+
+   [315] There is a river Slee or Slea in Lincolnshire.
+
+   [316] _Travels in the East_ (Bohn's Library), p. 384.
+
+   [317] Larwood & Hotten, _The History of Signboards_, p. 285.
+
+   [318] It is simply futile to refer the word _inn_ to "within,
+         indoors" (see Skeat).
+
+   [319] _Celtic Britain_, p. 66. It is therefore feasible that Wrens
+         Park, by Mildmay Park, Hackney, was primarily _reines_ Park.
+
+   [320] _Prehistoric Britain_, p. 247.
+
+   [321] _Mykenæ_, p. 293.
+
+   [322] _Ancient Art and Ritual_, pp. 70 and 71.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER VII
+
+                                  OBERON
+
+                "O queen, whom Jove hath willed
+          To found this new-born city, here to reign,
+          And stubborn tribes with justice to refrain,
+          We, Troy's poor fugitives, implore thy grace,
+          Storm-tost and wandering over every main,--
+          Forbid the flames our vessels to deface,
+          Mark our afflicted plight, and spare a pious race.
+
+                "We come not hither with the sword to rend
+          Your Libyan homes, and shoreward drive the prey.
+          Nay, no such violence our thoughts intend."
+                              --VIRGIL, _Æneid_, I., lxix., 57.
+
+
+The old Welsh poets commemorate what they term Three National Pillars of
+the Island of Britain, to wit: "First--Hu, the vast of size, first
+brought the nation of the Cymry to the Isle of Britain; and from the
+summer land called Deffrobani they came (namely, the place where
+Constantinople now is), and through Mor Tawch, the placid or pacific
+sea, they came up to the Isle of Britain and Armorica, where they
+remained. Second--Prydain, son of Aedd the Great, first erected a
+government and a kingdom over Ynys Prydain, and previous to that time
+there was but little gentleness and ordinance, save a superiority of
+oppression. Third--Dyfnwal Moelmud--and he was the first that made a
+discrimination of mutual rights and statute law, and customs, and
+privileges of land and nation, and on account of these things were they
+called the three pillars of the Cymry."[323]
+
+The Kymbri of Cambria claim themselves to be of the same race as the
+Kimmeroi, from whom the Crimea takes its name, also that Cumberland is
+likewise a land of the Cumbers. The authorities now usually explain the
+term Kymbri as meaning _fellow countrymen_, and when occurring in
+place-names such as Kemper, Quimper, Comber, Kember, Cymner, etc., it is
+invariably expounded to mean _confluence_: the word would thus seem to
+have had imposed upon it precisely the same meaning as _synagogue_,
+_i.e._, a coming together or congregation, and it remains to inquire why
+this was so.
+
+The _Kym_bri were also known as _Cyn_bro, and the interchangeability of
+_kym_ and _kin_ is seemingly universal: the _Khan_ of Tartary was
+synonymously the _Cham_ of Tartary; our _Cam_bridge is still
+academically _Can_tabrigia, a _com_pact is a _con_tract, and the
+identity between _cum_ and _con_ might be demonstrated by innumerable
+instances. This being so, it is highly likely that the Kymbri were
+followers of _King Bri_, otherwise King Aubrey, of the Iberii or Iberian
+race. In Celtic _aber_ or _ebyr_--as at _Aber_deen, _Aber_ystwith,
+etc.--meant a place of confluence of streams, burns, or brooks; and
+_aber_ seems thus to have been synonymous with _cam_ber.
+
+Ireland, or _Iber_nia, as it figures in old maps, now _Hiber_nia, traces
+its title to a certain Heber, and until the time of Henry VII., when the
+custom was prohibited, the Hibernians used to rush into battle with
+perfervid cries of _Aber!_[324] It is a recognised peculiarity of the
+Gaelic language to stress the first of any two syllables, whereas in
+Welsh the accent falls invariably upon the second: given therefore one
+and the same word "Aubrey," a Welshman should theoretically pronounce it
+'Brey, and an Irishman Aubr'; that is precisely what seems to have
+happened, whence there is a probability that the Heber and "St. Ibar" of
+Hibernia and the Bri of Cambria are references to one and the same
+immigrants.
+
+Having "cambred" Heber with Bri, or Bru, and finding them both assigned
+traditionally to the Ægean, it is permissible to read the preliminary
+vowels of Heber or Huber, as the Greek _eu_, and to assume that Aubrey
+was the soft, gentle, pleasing, and propitious Brey. _Bri_tain is the
+Welsh _Pry_dain, Hu was pronounced He, and it is thus not improbable
+that _Pry_ was originally _Pere He_, or Father Hu, and that the
+traditions of Hu and Bru referred originally to the same race.
+
+_Hyper_, the Greek for _upper_, is radically the same word as Iupiter or
+_Iu pere_, and if it be true that the French _pere_ is a phonetically
+decayed form of _pater_, then again, 'Pry or 'Bru may be regarded as a
+corrosion of Iupiter.
+
+Hu the Mighty, the National Pillar or ded, who has survived as the "I'll
+be _He_" of children's games, was indubitably the Jupiter of Great
+Britain, and he was probably the "Hooper" of Hooper's Blind, or Blind
+Man's Buff. According to the Triads, Hu obtained his dominion over
+Britain not by war or bloodshed, but by justice and peace: he instructed
+his people in the art of agriculture; divided them into federated tribes
+as a first step towards civil government, and laid the foundations of
+literature and history by the institution of Bardism.[325] In Celtic,
+_barra_ meant a Court of Justice, in which sense it has survived in
+London, at Loth_bury_ and Alderman_bury_. The pious Trojans claimed "the
+stubborn tribes with justice to refrain," and it is possible that
+_barri_ the Cornish for _divide_ or separate also owes its origin to Bri
+or _pere He_, who was the first to divide them into federated tribes.
+Among the Iberians _berri_ meant a _city_, and this word is no doubt
+akin to our _borough_.
+
+In Hibernia, the Land of Heber, Aubrey or Oberon, it is said that every
+parish has its green and thorn, where the little people are believed to
+hold their merry meetings, and to dance in frolic rounds.[326] A
+_pari_sh, Greek _paroika_, is an orderly division, and as often as not
+the civic centre was a fairy stone: according to Sir Laurence Gomme, who
+made a special study of the primitive communities, when and where a
+village was established a stone was ceremoniously set up, and to this
+_pierre_ the headman of the village made an offering once a year.[327]
+
+Situated in Fore Street, Totnes, there stands to-day the so-called
+Brutus Stone, from which the Mayor of Totnes still reads official
+proclamations. At Brightlingsea we have noted the existence of a
+_Broad_moot: there is a _Brad_stone in Devon, a Bradeston in Norfolk,
+and elsewhere these Brude or Brutus stones were evidently known as _pre_
+stones. The innumerable "Prestons" of this country were originally, I am
+convinced, not as is supposed "Priests Towns," but _Pre Stones i.e._,
+Perry or Fairy Stones. King James in his book on _Demonology_ spells
+fairy--Phairy; in Kent the cirrhus cloudlets of a summer day are termed
+the "Perry Dancers," and the _phairies_ of Britain probably differed
+but slightly, if at all, from the _per_ii or _per_is of _Per_sia.[328]
+
+Among the Greeks every town and village had its so-called "Luck," or
+protecting Goddess who specially controlled its fortunes, and by Pindar
+this Presiding Care is entitled _pherepolis_, _i.e._, the peri or phairy
+of the city.
+
+The various Purleys and Purtons of England are assigned by the
+authorities to _peru_ a pear, and supposed to have been pear-tree
+meadows or pear-tree hills, but I question whether pear-growing was ever
+the national industry that the persistent prevalence of _peru_ in
+place-names would thus imply.
+
+Around the _pre-stones_ of each village our forerunners indubitably used
+to _pray_, and in the memoirs of a certain St. Sampson we have an
+interesting account of an interrupted Pray-meeting--"Now it came to
+pass, on a certain day as he journeyed through a certain district which
+they call Tricurius (the hundred of Trigg), he heard, on his left hand
+to be exact, men worshipping (at) a certain shrine, after the custom of
+the Bacchantes, by means of a play in honour of an image. Thereupon he
+beckoned to his brothers that they should stand still and be silent
+while he himself, quietly descending from his chariot to the ground, and
+standing upon his feet and observing those who worshipped the idol, saw
+in front of them, resting on the summit of a certain hill an abominable
+image. On this hill I myself have been, and have adored, and with my
+hand have traced the sign of the cross which St. Sampson, with his own
+hand, carved by means of an iron instrument on a _standing stone_. When
+St. Sampson saw it (the image), selecting two only of the brothers to be
+with him, he hastened quickly towards them, their chief, Guedianus,
+standing at their head, and gently admonished them that they ought not
+to forsake the one God who created all things and worship an idol. And
+when they pleaded as an excuse that it was not wrong to keep the
+festival of their progenitors in a play, some being furious, some
+mocking, but some being of saner mind strongly urging him to go away,
+straightway the power of God was made clearly manifest. For a certain
+boy driving horses at full speed fell from a swift horse to the ground,
+and twisting his head under him as he fell headlong, remained, just as
+he was flung, little else than a lifeless corpse." The "corpse" was
+seemingly but a severe stun, for an hour or so later, St. Sampson by the
+power of prayer successfully restored the patient to life, in view of
+which miracle Guedianus and all his tribe prostrated themselves at St.
+Sampson's feet, and "utterly destroyed the idol".[329]
+
+The idol here mentioned if not itself a standing stone, was admittedly
+associated with one, and happily many of these Aubrey or Bryanstones are
+still standing. One of the most celebrated antiquities of Cornwall is
+the so-named _men scryfa_ or "inscribed rock," and the inscription
+running from top to bottom reads--RIALOBRAN CUNOVAL FIL.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 169--From _Symbolism of the East and West_.
+                 (Aynsley, Mrs. Murray.)]
+
+As history knows nothing of any "Rialobran, son of Cunoval," one may
+suggest that Rialobran was the _Ryall_ or _Royal Obran_, _Obreon_ or
+_Oberon_, the _bren_ or Prince of Phairyland who figures so largely in
+the Romance of mediæval Europe. The Rialobran stone of Cornwall may be
+connoted with the ceremonial _perron du roy_ still standing in the
+Channel Islands, and with the numerous _Browny_ stones of Scotland. In
+Cornwall the phairy _brownies_ seem to have been as familiar as in
+Scotland[330]: in the Hebrides--and as the Saint of this neighbourhood
+is St. Bride, the word Hebrides may perhaps be rendered _eu
+Bride_--every family of any importance once possessed a most obliging
+household Browny. Martin, writing in the eighteenth century, says: "A
+spirit by the country people called Browny was frequently seen in all
+the most considerable families in these Isles and North of Scotland in
+the shape of a tall man, but within these twenty or thirty years past he
+is seen but rarely." As the cromlechs of Brittany are termed _poukelays_
+or "puck stones," it is possible that the _dolmens_ or _tolmens_ of
+there and elsewhere were associated with the fairy _tall man_. Still
+speaking of the Hebrides Martin goes on to say: "Below the chapels there
+is a flat thin stone called Brownie's stone, upon which the ancient
+inhabitants offered a cow's milk every Sunday, but this custom is now
+quite abolished". The official interpretation of dolmen is _daul_ or
+_table stone_, but it is quite likely that the word _tolmen_ is capable
+of more than one correct explanation.
+
+The Cornish Rialobran was in all probability originally the same as the
+local St. Perran or St. Piran, whose sanctuary was marked by the parish
+of Lan_bron_ or Lam_borne_. There is a Cornish circle known as Perran
+Round and the celebrated Saint who figures as, Perran, Piran, Bron, and
+Borne,[331] is probably the same as Perun the Slav Jupiter. From a stone
+held in the hand of Perun's image the sacred fire used annually to be
+struck and endeavours have been made to equate this Western Jupiter with
+the Indian Varuna. That there was a large Perran family is obvious from
+the statement that "till within the last fifty years the registers of
+the parish from the earliest period bear the Christian name of 'Perran,'
+which was transmitted from father to son; but now the custom has
+ceased".[332] Thus possibly St. Perran was not only the original of the
+modern Perrin family, but also of the far larger Byrons and Brownes.
+Further inquiry will probably permit the equation of Rialobran or St.
+Bron or Borne with St. Bruno, and as Oberon figures in the traditions of
+Kensington it is possible that the Bryanstone Square in that district,
+into which leads Brawn Street, marks the site of another Brownie or
+Rialobran stone. This Bryanstone district was the home of the Byron
+family, and the surname Brinsmead implies the existence here or
+elsewhere a Brin's mead or meadow.
+
+The Brownies are occasionally known as "knockers," whence the "knocking
+stone" which still stands in Brahan Wood, Dingwall, might no doubt be
+rightly entitled a Brahan, Bryan, or Brownie Stone.[333]
+
+Legend at Kensington--in which neighbourhood is not only Bryanstone
+Square but also on the summit of Campden Hill an Aubrey Walk--relates
+that Kenna, the fairy princess of Kensington Gardens, was beloved by
+Albion the Son of Oberon; hence we may probably relate young Kenna with
+Morgana the Fay, or _big Gana_, the alleged Mother of Oberon.[334]
+Mediæval tales represent the radiant Oberon not only as splendid, as a
+meteor, and as a raiser of storms, but likewise as the childlike God of
+Love and beauteous as an angel newly born.
+
+      At once the storm is fled; serenely mild
+      Heav'n smiles around, bright rays the sky adorn
+      While beauteous as an angel newly born
+      Beams in the roseate day spring, glow'd _the child_
+      A lily stalk his graceful limbs, sustain'd
+      Round his smooth neck an ivory horn was chain'd
+      Yet lovely as he was on all around
+      Strange horror stole, for stern the fairy frown'd.[335]
+
+It is not unlikely that the Princess Kenna was Ken _new_ or the Crescent
+Moon, and the consociation at Kensington of Kenna with Oberon, permits
+not only the connotation of Oberon with his Fay mother Morgana, but also
+permits the supposition that Cuneval, the parent of Rialobran, was
+either _Cune strong_ or _valiant_. It is obvious that the most valiant
+and most valorous would inevitably become rulers, whence perhaps why in
+Celtic _bren_ became a generic term for _prince_: the words _bren_ and
+_prince_ are radically the same, and stand in the same relation to one
+another as St. Bron to his variant St. Piran.
+
+Oberon or Obreon, the leader of the Brownies, Elves, or Alpes, may I
+think be further traced in Cornwall at Carn Galva, for this Carn of
+Galva, _Mighty_ Elf or Alva, was, it is said, once the seat of a
+benignant giant named Holi_burn_. The existence of Alva or Ellie-stones
+is implied by the fairly common surnames Alvastone, Allistone, and
+Ellistone, and it is probable that Livingstone was originally the same
+name as Elphinstone.
+
+From the Aubry, Obrean, Peron stones, or Brownlows were probably
+promulgated the celebrated _Brehon_ laws:[336] as is well known the
+primitive Prince or Baron sat or stood in the centre of his _barrow_,
+_burra_, or _bury_, and ranged around him each at his particular stone
+stood the subordinate _peers_, _brehons_ (lawyers), and _barons_ of the
+realm. A _peer_ means an equal, and it is therefore quite likely that
+the _Pre_stons of Britain mark circles where the village peers held
+their parish or parochial meetings.
+
+With the English Preston the Rev. J. B. Johnston connotes Presteign, and
+he adds: "In Welsh Presteign is Llanandras, or Church of St.
+Andrews".[337] This illuminating fact enables us to connect the Perry
+stones with the cross of St. Andrew or _Ancient Troy_, and as Troy was
+an offshoot of Khandia we may reasonably accept Crete as the
+starting-point of Aubrey's worldwide tours. That Candia was the home of
+the gentle magna mater is implied by the ubiquitous dove: in Hibernia
+the name Caindea is translated as being Gaelic for _gentle goddess_, and
+we shall later connect this lady with "Kate Kennedy," whose festival is
+still commemorated at St. Andrews.
+
+To the East of Cape Khondhro in Crete, and directly opposite the town of
+Candia or Herakleion, lies the islet of Dhia: in Celtic _dia_, _dieu_,
+or _duw_ meant God,[338] and as in Celtic _Hugh_ meant _mind_, we may
+translate _dieu_ as having primarily implied _good Hu_, the good Mind or
+_Brain_. In a personal sense the Brain is the Lord of Wits, whence
+perhaps why _Obreon_--as Keightley spells Oberon--was said to be the
+Emperor of Fairyland, attended by a court and special courtiers, among
+whom are mentioned _Perri_wiggen, _Perri_winkle, and Puck.
+
+At the south-eastern extremity of Dhia is a colossal spike, peak, or
+_pier_, entitled Cape Apiri, and we may connote Apiri with the Iberian
+town named Ipareo. The coinage of Ipareo pourtrays "a sphinx walking to
+the left," at other times it depicted the Trinacria or walking legs of
+Sicily and the Isle of Man. The Three Legs of Sicily were represented
+with the face of Apollo, as the hub or _bogel_, and the ancient name of
+Sicily was _Hyper_eia. On the Feast Day of the Assumption of the Blessed
+Virgin Mary, the Sicilians or Hypereians hold what they still term the
+"Festival of the _Bara_". An immense machine of about 50 feet high is
+constructed, designing to represent heaven; and in the midst is placed a
+young female personating the Virgin, with an image of Jesus on her right
+hand; round the Virgin twelve little children turn vertically,
+representing so many seraphim, and below them twelve more children turn
+horizontally, as cherubim; lower down in the machine a sun turns
+vertically, with a child at the extremity of each of the four principal
+radii of his circle, who ascend and descend with his rotation, yet
+always in an erect posture; and still lower, reaching within about 7
+feet of the ground, are placed twelve boys who turn horizontally without
+intermission around the principal figure, designing thereby to exhibit
+the twelve apostles, who were collected from all corners of the earth,
+to be present at the decease of the Virgin, and witness her miraculous
+assumption. This huge machine is drawn about the principal streets by
+sturdy monks, and it is regarded as a particular favour to any family to
+admit their children in this divine exhibition, although the poor
+infants themselves do not seem long to enjoy the honours they receive as
+seraphim, cherubim, and apostles; the constant twirling they receive in
+the air making some of them fall asleep, many of them sick, and others
+more grievously ill.[339]
+
+Not only this Hypereian Feast but the machine itself is termed the
+_Bara_, whence it is evident that, like St. Michael, _Aubrey_ or Aber
+the Confluence, was regarded as the Camber, Synagogue, Yule or Holy
+Whole, and the fact that the Sicilian Bara is held upon the day of St.
+Alipius indicates some intimate connection with St. Alf or Alpi. The
+Walking Sphinx of the Iparean coins is identified by M. Lenormant as the
+Phoenician deity Aion, and according to Akerman the type was doubtless
+chosen in compliment to Albinus, who was born at Hadrumetum, a town not
+far from Carthage.[340] What was the precise connection between this
+Aion and Albinus I am unaware.
+
+Among the coins of Iberia some bear the inscriptions ILIBERI,
+ILIBEREKEN, and ILIBERINEKEN, which accord with Pliny's reference to the
+Iliberi or Liberini. Liber was the Latin title of the God of Plenty,
+whence _liberal_, _liberty_, _labour_, etc., and seemingly the _Elibers_
+or Liberins deified these virtues as attributes of the Holy Aubrey or
+the Holy Brain-King.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 170.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+Directly opposite Albania, the country of the _Epirotes_--known
+anciently as _Epirus_--is _Cantabria_ at the heel of Italy, and we meet
+again with the Cantabares in Iberia where they occupied Cantabria which
+comprised Alava. It may be noted in passing that in Epirus the olive was
+a supersacred tree: according to Miss Harrison--some of whose words I
+have italicised--this Moria, or Fate Tree, was the _very life_ of
+Athens; the _life_ of the _olive_ which fed her and lighted her was the
+_very life_ of the city. When the Persian host sacked the Acropolis they
+burnt the holy olive, and it seemed that all was over. But next day it
+put forth a new shoot and the people knew that the city's life still
+_lived_. Sophocles sang of the glory of the wondrous _life-tree_ of
+Athens:--
+
+  The untended, the self-planted, self-defended from the foe,
+  Sea-grey, children-nurturing olive tree that here delights to grow,
+  None may take nor touch nor harm it, headstrong youth nor age grown bold
+  For the round of Morian Zeus has been its watcher from of old;
+  He beholds it, and, Athene, thy own sea-grey eyes behold.
+
+From _Epirus_ one is attracted to the river _Iberus_ or _Ebro_ which is
+bounded by the _Pyrenees_, and had the town of _Hibera_ towards its
+mouth. Of the Iberian people in general Dr. Lardner states: "They are
+represented as tenacious of freedom, but those who inhabited the coasts
+were probably still more so of gain". I am at a loss to know why this
+offensive suggestion is gratuitously put forward, as the Iberians are
+said to have been remarkably slender and active and to have held
+corpulency in much abhorrence.[341] Of the Spanish Cantabres we are told
+that the consciousness of their strength gave them an air of calm
+dignity and a decision in their purposes not found in any other people
+of the Peninsula. "Their loud wailings at funerals, and many other of
+their customs strongly resemble those of the Irish."[342]
+
+_Pere_ and _parent_ are radically the same word, and that the Iberians
+reverenced their _peres_ is obvious from the fact that _parricides_ were
+conducted beyond the bounds of the Kingdom and there slain; their very
+bones being considered too polluted to repose in their native soil.[343]
+
+Lardner refers to the unbending resolution, persevering energy, and
+native grandeur of the Cantabrians, but he contemptuously rejects
+Strabo's "precious information" that some of the Spanish tribes had for
+6000 years possessed writing, metrical poems, and even laws. In view of
+the superior number of Druidical remains which are found in certain
+parts of Spain it is not improbable that the Barduti of Iberia
+corresponded with the Bards or Boreadæ of Britain.
+
+There are many references in the classics to certain so-called
+Hyperboreans, in particular the oft-quoted passage from Diodorus of
+Sicily or Hypereia: "Hecataeus and some other ancient writers report
+that there is an island about the bigness of Sicily, situated in the
+ocean, opposite to the northern coast of Celtica (Gaul), inhabited by a
+people called Hyperboreans, because they are 'beyond the north wind'.
+The climate is excellent, and the soil is fertile, yielding double
+crops. The inhabitants are great worshippers of Apollo, to whom they
+sing many, many hymns. To this god they have consecrated a large
+territory, in the midst of which they have a magnificent round temple,
+replenished with the richest offerings. Their very city is dedicated to
+him, and is full of musicians and players on various instruments, who
+every day celebrate his benefits and perfections."
+
+Claims to being the original Hyperborea have been put in by scholars
+from time to time on behalf of Stonehenge, the Hebrides, Hibernia,
+Scythia, Tartary, and Muscovy, "stretching quite to Scandinavia or
+Sweden and Norway": the locality is still unsettled and will probably
+remain so, for there is some reason to suppose that the Hyperboreans
+were a sect or order akin perhaps to the Albigenses, Cathari, Bridge
+Builders, Comacine Masters, Templars, and other Gnostic organizations of
+the Dark Ages.
+
+The chief Primary Bard of the West was entitled Taliesin, which Welsh
+scholars translate into _Radiant Brow_: the _brow_ is the seat of the
+_brain_, and the two words stand to each other in the same relation as
+Aubrey to Auberon.
+
+Commenting upon the Elphin _bairn_, illustrated in Fig. 162, Akerman
+observes that it is supposed to illustrate the Gaulish myth of the Druid
+Abaris to whom Apollo is said to have given an arrow on which he
+travelled magically through the air. It is an historic fact that a
+physical Abaris visited Athens where he created a most favourable
+impression; it is likewise a fact that Irish literature possesses the
+account of a person called Abhras, which perfectly agrees with the
+description of the Hyperborean Abaris of Diodorus and Himerius. The
+classic Abaris went to Greece to whip up subscriptions for a temple: the
+Irish Abhras is said to have gone to distant parts in quest of
+knowledge, returning by way of Scotland where he remained seven years
+and founded a new system of religion. In Irish Abar means "God the first
+Cause," and as in Ireland _cad_ (which is our _good_) meant _holy_, the
+magic word Abracadabra may be reasonably resolved into _Abra, Good
+Abra_. As already mentioned the Irish cried _Aber!_ when rushing into
+battle, and the word was no doubt used likewise at peaceful feasts and
+festivals. The inference would thus seem that the title of Abaris was
+assumed by the chief Druid or High Priest who personified during his
+tenure of office the archetypal Abaris. It is well known that the priest
+or king enacted in his own person the mysteries of the faith; and it is
+not improbable that chief Guedianus, whose sacred play was so rudely
+disturbed by St. Sampson, was personifying at the time the _Good Janus_
+or Genius.
+
+If my suggestion that Taliesin or _Radiant Brow_ was a generic title
+assumed by every Primary-Chief-Bard in Britain for the time being be
+correct, it is likely that the same principle applied elsewhere than in
+Wales. The first bard mentioned in Ireland was Amergin, which resolves
+into _Love King_, and may thus be equated with Homer the blind old man
+of Chios. The supposedly staid and gloomy Etrurians attributed all their
+laws and wisdom to an elphin child who was unexpectedly thrown up from
+the soil by a plough. As the Etrurian name for Cupid was Epeur, in all
+probability the aged child on Fig. 171 represents this elphin high-brow,
+and with _Epeur_ may be connoted the Etrurian _Per_ugia--probably the
+same word as Phrygia. The local saint of Peru_gia_, the _land of Peru_
+(_?_) was known as Good John of Perugia: in Hibernia St. Ibar is
+mentioned as being "like John the Baptist".[344]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 171.--From Barthelemy.]
+
+It was the custom in Etruria to represent _good genii_ as birds: birds
+sporting amid foliage are even to-day accepted and understood as
+symbolic of good genii in Paradise, and birds or _brids_, as we used to
+spell them, are of course Nature's little singing men, _i.e._, _bards_
+or _boreadæ_. A percipient observer of the Pictish inscriptions found in
+Scotland has recently pointed out that, "With the exception of the eagle
+which conveys a special meaning, shown in many early Scottish stones,
+the image of a bird is a sign of good omen. Winged creatures, indeed,
+almost always stand for angelic and spiritual things, whether in pagan
+or Christian times. The bird symbol involved the conception of
+ethereality or spirituality. The bird _motif_ occurs in the decoration
+of metallic objects in the British Islands during the early centuries
+in this era. I have found in Wigtownshire the image of a bird in bronze.
+It belongs to a time early in this era. It occurs within the pentacle
+symbol engraved on a pebble from the Broch of Burrian, Orkney. Birds are
+shown within the pedestal of a cross at Farr. Birds with a similar
+symbolism are found on the Shandwick stone, and on a stone at St.
+Vigeans. They are of frequent occurrence in foliageous work, often with
+the three-berried branch or with the three-lobed leaf, as at Closeburn.
+The pagan conception, absorbed into the early Christian ideas, was that
+the bird represented the disembodied spirit which was reputed to voyage
+here and there with a lightning celerity, like the flash of a swallow on
+the wing."[345]
+
+The Bards of Britain attributed the foundation of their order to Hu the
+First Pillar of the Island, and to unravel the personality of the early
+Bards will no doubt prove as impracticable as the disclosure of Homer,
+Amergin, Old Moore, and Old Parr.
+
+          No bird has ever uttered note
+          That was not in some first bird's throat,
+          Since Eden's freshness and man's fall
+          No rose has been original.
+
+As St. Bride, whose name may be connoted with _brid_ or _bird_, was the
+goddess of eloquence and poetry, the Welsh term Prydain is no doubt
+cognate with _prydu_ the Welsh for "to compose poetry". Probably
+_prate_, mediæval _praten_, meant originally to _preach_ in a fervid,
+voluble, and sententious manner, but in any case it is impossible to
+agree with Skeat that _prate_ was "of imitative origin". Imitative of
+what--a _parrot_?
+
+The _hyper_ of Hyperborean is our word _upper_; _over_, German _uber_,
+means _aloft_, which is radically _alof_, and _exuberant_ and
+_exhuberance_ resolve into, _from or out of Auberon_: the _bryony_ is a
+creeper of notoriously exuberant growth, in Greek _bruein_ means to teem
+or grow luxuriantly.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 172.--From Barthelemy.]
+
+With the river Ebro may be connoted the South Spanish town of Ebora or
+Epora which is within a few miles of Andura. The coins of this city are
+inscribed EPORA, AIPORA, and IIPORA, and the "bare bearded head to the
+right within a laurel garland" may here no doubt be identified with
+Hyperion, the father of Helios the Sun. In Homer, Helios himself is
+alluded to as Hyperion, which is the same name as our Auberon: the coins
+of the Tarragonensian town of Pria, which has been sometimes confused
+with Baria, in the south of Spain, figure a bull and are inscribed
+Prianen.
+
+There are in existence certain coins figuring an ear of corn, a pellet,
+a crescent, the head of Hercules, and a club, inscribed ABRA: the site
+of this city is unknown, but is believed to have been near Cadiz.
+
+On the banks of the Tagus there was a city named Libora and its coins
+pourtrayed a horse: in the opinion of Akerman the unbridled horse was
+the symbol of _liberty_, and it is quite likely that among other
+interpretations this was one, for it is beyond question that symbolism
+was never fettered into one solitary and stereotyped form.
+
+The ancient Libora is now known as Talavera la Reyna which may seemingly
+be modernised into _Tall Vera, the Queen_. The Tarraconensian town of
+Barea--whose emblem was the thistle--is now known as Vera: the old
+Portuguese Ebora is now Evora, _uber_ is the German for _over_; Varvara
+is the Cretan form of Barbara, and it is quite obvious that in various
+directions Vera and Bera with their derivatives were synonymous terms.
+
+It would seem that Aubrey or Avery toured with his cross into
+_Helvetia_, planting it particularly at _Ginevra_, now Geneva, and there
+for the moment we may leave him amid the _Alpine_ Oberland at Berne.
+
+The ancient town of Berne memorises in its museum a famed St. Bernard
+dog named "Barry," which saved the lives of forty travellers: this
+"Barry" associated with Oberthal may be connoted with "Perro," a
+shepherd's dog in Wales, whose curious name Borrow was surprised to find
+corresponded with _perro_, the generic term for _dog_ in Spain.[346]
+
+_Berne_ still maintains its erstwhile sacred Bruin or _bears_ in their
+bear-pit, but the Gaulish Eburs or Iburii seemingly reverenced not Bruin
+but the _boar_, _vide_ the EBUR coin here illustrated. The capital of
+the ancient Eburii is now Evreux, and they seem, no doubt for some
+excellent reason, to have been confused with the Cenomani, a people
+seemingly akin to our British Cenomagni, Iceni, or Cantii.
+
+Fig. 174, bearing the inscription EBURO, is a coin of the Eburones who
+inhabited the neighbourhood of Liége. It is a noteworthy fact that the
+people of Liége are admittedly conspicuous as the most courteous and
+charming of all Belgians. Their coins were inscribed EBUR, EBURO, and
+sometimes COM--a curious and unexplained legend which occurs frequently
+upon the tokens of Britain.
+
+The Celtiberian town of Cunbaria is now known as La Maria, the Kimmeroi
+were synonymously the Kymbri, and it is not improbable that these dual
+terms have survived in the _compère_ and _commère_ of modern France. The
+_pères_ or priests of France, like the parsons, priests, and presbyters
+of Britain, assign to infants at Baptism a God-Father and a God-Mother,
+which the French term respectively _parrain_ and _marrain_. _Compère_
+and _commère_ figure not only in the Church but also in the Theatre, and
+it is more than likely that the _commère_ and _compère_ of the modern
+Revue are the direct descendants of the patriarchal _Abaris_, _Abhras_,
+_Priest_, and _Presbyter_ of prehistoric times.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 173 and 174.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+On the Sierra de _Elvira_ near Granada used to stand Ilibiris whose
+coins are inscribed ILIBERI, ILBRS, ILIBERRIS, LIBER, ILBERNEN,
+ILBRNAKN, ILBREKN, and these legends may be connoted with the famous
+Irish Leprechaun, Lobaircin, or Lubarkin who figures less prominently in
+England as the Lubrican or Lubberkin. Sometimes the Irish knock off the
+_holy_ and refer simply to "_a little prechaun_," but the more usual
+form is Lubarkin:[347] this most remarkable of the fairy tribe in
+Ireland is supposed to be peculiar to that island, but one would
+probably have once met with him at Brecon, or Brychain at Brecknock, at
+Brechin in Forfarshire, at Birchington in Kent, at Barking near London,
+and in many more directions. In connection with Iberia in the West there
+occur references to a giant Bergyon, who may be connoted with Burchun of
+the Asiatic Buratys. The religion of these Buratys was, said Bell,
+downright paganism of the grossest kind: he adds the information, "they
+talk, indeed, of an Almighty and Good Being who created all things, whom
+they call Burchun; but seem bewildered in obscure and fabulous notions
+concerning His nature and government".[348] Inquiries may prove that
+these Burchun-worshipping Buratys were of the Asiatic Iberian race which
+Strabo supposed were descendants of the Western Iberi.[349]
+
+In addition to Barking near London (Domesday _Berchinges_) there is a
+Birchin Lane, and buried away in obscurity, opposite the Old Bailey in
+London, there is standing to-day a small open court entitled Prujean
+Square. In connection with this may be connoted the tradition that the
+origin of the societies of the inns of court is to be found in the law
+schools existing in the city: the first of these legal institutions
+entitled Johnstone's Inn,[350] was situated in Newgate; and the
+vulgarity of the name Johnstone raises a suspicion that Johnstones were
+as plentiful in Scotland as Prestons in England, both alike being Aubry
+or Bryanstones, where the Brehon laws were enunciated and administered.
+Whether the present Prujean Square marks the site of the original
+Johnstone, whence Johnstone's Inn, is a matter which may possibly be
+settled by future inquiry, but the word Prujean, which is _père John_,
+renders it extremely likely that the original Johnstone of Johnstone's
+Inn, Newgate, was alternatively _père_ Johnstone. If this were so,
+Prujean Square marks the primary Law Court of the Old Bailey, and at
+some remote period the officers of the Law merely stepped across the
+road into more commodious premises.
+
+The Governors of Gray's Inn, another most ancient Law School, are
+entitled "the Ancients"; _equity_ is radically the same word as _equus_,
+a horse; and the Mayors, or Mares, of Britain and Brittany seemingly
+represented the mare-headed Demeter or Good Mother. _Juge_ is _geegee_,
+our judges still wear _horse_-hair wigs of office, and the figure on the
+British coin here illustrated looks singularly like a _brehon_ or
+_barrister_ who has been called to the Bar.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 175.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+It is common knowledge that the primitive _Bar_ was a _barrow_, from the
+summit of which the Druid, King, or Abaris administered justice, and
+around which presumably were ranged each at his stone the prehistoric
+barristers or _abaristers_? Even until the eighteenth century the
+lawyers were assigned each a pillar in St. Paul's Church, and at their
+respective pillars the Men of Law administered advice. On the summit of
+Prestonbury Rings in Devonshire evidently once stood a phairie stone,
+and the name of Prestonpans in Scotland suggests that Prestons were not
+unknown in Albany.
+
+The laws of Greece were admittedly derived from Crete, and such was the
+reputation of King Minos that the mythologists made him the Judge of the
+Under-world. Lycurgus, the Cretan, would not permit his Code to be
+committed to writing, deeming it more permanent if engraved upon the
+brain: the Brehon laws of Ireland were enunciated in rhymed triplets
+termed Celestial Judgments, and the most ancient Law Codes of all
+nations are assigned without exception to Bards and a divine origin.
+
+Not only were laws enunciated from barrows, but the dead were buried in
+a barrow, and the knees of the deceased were tucked up under his chin so
+that the body assumed the position of an unborn child: in Welsh _bru_
+meant the belly or matrix, in Cornish _bry_ meant breast, and the notion
+seems to have been that the body of the deceased was restored as it were
+into Abraham's bosom whence it had sprung.[351]
+
+It is a remarkable fact that neither in the Greek nor Latin language is
+there any equivalent to the word _barrow_, whence it would seem, judging
+also from the immense number of round and oval barrows found in Britain,
+that these islands were pre-eminently the home of the barrow, and that
+the barrow was essentially a British institution.
+
+Connected with _barrow_ is the civic _borough_, also the _berg_ or hill:
+in Cornish _bre_, _bar_, or _per_ meant hill,[352] and _bar_ meant top
+or summit; _birua_ is the Basque for head, and in Gaelic _barra_ meant
+supposedly _mount of the circle_.[353]
+
+In Cornish _bron_ meant breast or pap, and one of the most popular
+heroines of Welsh Romance is the beautiful Bronwen or Branwen, a name
+which the authorities translate as meaning _Bosom White_. In old English
+_bosom_ was written _bosen_, and as _en_ was our ancient plural, as in
+brethr_en_, childr_en_, etc., it is probable that not only did _bosen_
+mean the bosses but that _bron_ or breast was originally _bru en_, _bre
+en_ or _bar en_, _i.e._, the tops or hills. This symbol of the Great
+Mother was represented frequently by two hills--from the Paps of Anu
+down to twin barrows, and it was also represented mathematically by two
+circles.
+
+In Celtic _bryn_ meant hillock or hill, in Cornish _bern_ meant a
+hayrick, and that the _mows_ or hayricks were made in the form of
+_bron_, the breast, may be implied from ancient Inn Signs of the Barley
+Mow. _Bara_ was Cornish for _bread_; in the same language _barn_ meant
+to judge, _barner_ a judge, and there is good reason to suppose that the
+tithe barns connected with Monasteries and Churches served originally
+not merely as store-houses, but as Courts of Justice, theatres, and
+centres of religion. In Cornish _bronter_ meant priest, _priest_ is the
+same word as _breast_, and the notion of _par_sons being pastors,
+feeders, or fathers is commemorated in the words themselves. In Cornish
+_brein_ or _brenn_ meant royal and supreme; the sacred centre stone of
+King's County in Ireland was situated at Birr, and _birua_ has already
+been noted as being the Basque for _head_. The probability of
+these words being connected is strengthened by Keightley's observation:
+"There must by the way some time or other have been an intimate
+connection between Spain and England, so many of our familiar words seem
+to have a Spanish origin".[354]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 176.--From _A Guide to Avebury_ (Cox, R.
+                 Hippesley).]
+
+In addition to the famous earthwork at _Abury_ in Wilts there is a less
+familiar one at _Eubury_ in Gloucestershire: at Redbourne in Herts is a
+"camp" known as "_Aubrey's_" or "_Aubury_," whence it would seem that
+_abri_, the generic term for a shelter or refuge, might also have
+originated in Britain.[355] The colossal _abri_ at Abury, or Aubrey,
+consisted of two circles within a greater one, and at the head of the
+avenue facing due east it will be noticed that Aubrey, the
+seventeenth-century antiquary, records twin barrows situated on what is
+now _Over_ton Hill.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 177.--Avebury "restored".]
+
+Lying in the sea a mile or so off the Cornish town of St. Just are a
+_pair_ of conical _ber_gs or _pyr_amids known as the Brisons, and
+opposite these is a little bay named Priest's Cove. There is no known
+etymology for Brisons, but it has been suggested that these remarkable
+burgs were once used as prisons: probably they were, for the stocks were
+frequently placed at the church door, and without doubt the ancient holy
+places served on necessity as prisons as well as Courts of St. Just. In
+the vicarage garden at St. Just was found a small bronze bull, and as
+the Phoenicians have been washed out of reckoning we may assign this
+idol either to the Britons who, until recently wassailed under the
+guise of a bull termed "the Broad,"[356] or to the Bronze-age Cretans,
+among whom the Bull or Minotaur was sacred. Perhaps instead of "Cretans"
+it would be more just to say Hellenes, for the headland opposite the
+Brisons was known originally as Cape Helenus, and there are the ruins of
+St. Hellen's Chapel still upon it.
+
+Hellen, the mythical ancestor from whom the Hellenes attributed their
+national descent, may possibly be recognised not only as the Long Man or
+Lanky Man of country superstition but also in Parth_olon_ or
+Barth_olon_, the alleged son of Terah (Troy?), who is said to have
+landed with an expedition at Imber Scene in Ireland within 300 years
+after the Flood. Partholon, _Father Good Holon_ (?) or _Pure Good Holon_
+(?) is said to have had three sons "whose names having been conferred on
+localities where they are still extant their memories have been thus
+perpetuated so that they seem still to live among us". This passage,
+quoted from Silvester Giraldus,[357] who was surnamed Cambrensis because
+he was a Welshman, permits the assumption that a similar practice
+prevailed also elsewhere, and if in the time of Giraldus (1146)
+place-names had survived since the Flood, there is no reason to suppose
+that they have since ceased to exist.
+
+Hellen was the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, who correspond to the Noah
+and Alpha of our British mythology: after floating for nine days during
+the Flood the world was said to have been re-peopled by these twain,
+_two-one_, giant or _joint_ pair, who created men by casting stones over
+their shoulders. In the Christian emblem here illustrated the divine
+Père or Parent, is being assisted by an angel, _peri_, or phairy, and it
+is possible that the Prestons of Britain were at one time Pyrrha stones.
+As the syllable _zance_ of Penzance is always understood as _san_, holy,
+possibly the two Brisons may be translated into _Pair Holy_: with the
+Greek Pyrrha-Flood story may be connoted Peirun the name of the Chinese
+Noah.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 178.--An Angel assisting the Creator. Italian
+                 Miniature of the XIII. Cent. From _Christian
+                 Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+The church of St. Just was originally known as Lafroodha, which is
+understood to have meant _laf_ church and _rhooda_,[358] "a corruption
+of the Saxon word rood or cross". Rhooda is, however, much older than
+Saxon, _rhoda_ is the Greek for rose, and the Rhodian Greeks used the
+rose as their national symbol. The immediate surroundings of the Dane
+John at Durovernum are known to this day as Rodau's Town, and we shall
+consider Rhoda at greater length in subsequent chapters.
+
+In the church of Roodha or St. Just there is standing a so-called "Silus
+stone" which was discovered in 1834, during alterations to the chancel:
+this object has carved upon it SILUS HIC JACET, the Greek letters
+[Greek: Ch.R.], and a crosier, whence it has been surmised that Silus
+was a priest or pastor. Mr. J. Harris Stone inquires: "Who was Silus? No
+one has yet discovered," and he adds: "It is a reasonable conjecture
+that he was one of those early British bishops who preached the Gospel
+before the mission of Augustine."
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 179.--Iberian coin of Rhoda, now Rosas. From
+                 Akerman.]
+
+I agree that he was British, but I am inclined to place him still
+farther back, and to assign his name at any rate to the Selli, under
+which title the priests of Epirus were known. The Selli were
+pre-eminently the custodians at Dodona, whence Homer's reference:--
+
+        Great King, Dodona's Lord, Pelasgian Jove,
+        Who dwell'st on high, and rul'st with sov'reign sway,
+        Dodona's wintry heights; where dwell around
+        Thy Sellian priests, men of unwashen feet,
+        That on the bare ground sleep.
+
+The Spartan courage and simplicity of the British papas is sufficiently
+exemplified by their voyages to Iceland and to the storm-tossed islands
+of the Hebrides, where they have left names such as Papa Stour, Papa
+Westray, etc. One may assume that the _selli_ of Dodona--as probably
+also the _salii_ or augurs of Etruria--lived originally in _cells_
+either single or in clusters which became the foundations of later
+monasteries: Silus may thus be connoted with _solus_, and the word
+_celibate_ suggests that the _selli_ led _soli_tary lives.
+
+Close to Perry Court, in Kent, is Selgrove, and the numerous Selstons,
+Seldens, Selsdens, Selwoods, and Selhursts, were in all probability
+hills, woods, denes, and groves where the Selli congregated, and
+celebrated the benefits and perfections of the Solus or Alone. Near
+Birmingham is Selly Oak, which may be connoted with _allon_, the Hebrew
+for oak, and with the fact that the oak groves of the _selli_ at Dodona
+were universally renowned. The Scilly Islands and Selsea or Sels Island
+in Hampshire may be connoted with Selby or Selebi, the abode of the
+_selli_ (_?_), in Yorkshire, now Selby Abbey. In Devonshire
+is _Zeal_ Monachorum, and judging by what was accomplished we may define
+the _selli_ as _zeal_ous and celestial-minded souls. In Welsh _celli_
+means a _grove_; in Latin _sylva_ means a _wood_; it is notorious that
+the Druids worshipped in groves, and it is not unlikely that Silbury
+Hill was particularly the selli's hill or barrow. On the other hand the
+pervasiveness of _Bury_ at Abury as exemplified in the immediately
+adjacent _Bar_bury Castle, _Bore_ham Downs, _Brad_enstoke, _Over_ton
+Hill, and Oli_vers_ Castle, makes it likely that the _Sil_ of Silbury
+may have been the Sol of Solway and Salisbury Crags.
+
+In Ireland our soft _cell_ is _kil_, whence Kilkenny, Kilbride, and
+upwards of 1400 place-names, all meaning _cell of_, or _holy to_ so and
+so. The enormous prevalence of this hard _kil_ in Ireland renders it
+probable that the word carried the same meaning in many other
+directions, notably at Cal_abria_ in Etruria: the wandering priests of
+Asia Minor and the near East were known as Calanders, a word probably
+equivalent to Santander, and as has been seen every Welsh Preston was a
+Llanandras or church of Andrew.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 180.--From _The Celtic Druids_ (Higgens, G.).]
+
+At Haverfordwest there is a place named Berea, upon which the Rev. J. B.
+Johnston comments: "Welsh Non-conformists love to name their chapels and
+villages around them so": among the Hebrew Pharisees there existed a
+mystic _haburah_ or _fellowship_;[359] and the Welsh word _Berea_,
+probably connected with _abri_, meaning a sanctuary, is associated by
+Mr. Johnston with the passage in Acts xvii., _i.e._: "And the brethren
+immediately sent away Paul and _Silas_ by night into Berea". That Paul
+preached from an _abri_, or Mount Pleasant, is implied by the statement
+that he stood in the midst of Mars Hill, whence he admonished his
+listeners against their altars to the Unknown God. It was traditionally
+believed that St. Paul preached not only to the people of Cornwall, but
+also to Londoners from Parliament Hill, where a prehistoric stone still
+stands.
+
+That Hellen was once a familiar name at Abury is implied by _Lans_down,
+_Lyn_ham, and perhaps Calne or _uch alne_ the _Great Alone_. Both the
+river Colne in Lancashire and the village of Calne near Abury are
+attributed as possibly to _calon_, the Welsh for heart or centre: the
+word _centre_ is radically San Troy, as also is _saintuary_ or
+_sanctuary_. Stukeley speaks particularly of Overton Hill as being the
+sanctuary, but the entire district was traditionally sacrosanct, and it
+was popularly supposed that reptiles died on entering the precincts: of
+the Hyperboreans, Diodorus expressly records they had consecrated a
+large territory.
+
+The village of Abury was occasionally spelled Avereberie, at other times
+Albury, and with this latter form may be connoted Alberich,[360] the
+German equivalent to Auberon. Chilperic, a variant of Alberich, is
+stated by Camden to be due to a German custom of prefacing certain names
+with _ch_ or _k_, a contracted form of _king_: I was unaware of this
+fact when first formulating my theory that an initial _K_ meant _great_.
+
+It is considered that Alberich meant _Elf rich_, and the official
+supposition is that the French Alberon, or Auberon, was made in Germany:
+according to Keightley, the German Albs or Elves have fallen from the
+popular creed, but in most of the traditions respecting them we
+recognise benevolence as one of the principal traits of their
+character.[361]
+
+Alberich may, as is generally supposed, have meant Albe_rich_, or _Albe
+wealthy_, but _brich_, _brick_, _brook_, etc., are fundamental terms and
+are radically _ber uch_. Brightlingsea--of which there are 193 variants
+of spelling--is pronounced by the natives Bricklesea, and there are
+innumerable British Brockleas, Brixtons, Brixhams, Brockhursts, etc.
+
+Among the many unsolved problems of archæology are the Hebridean
+_brochs_, which are hollow towers of dry built masonry formed like
+truncated cones. These erections, peculiar to Scotland, are found mainly
+in the Hebrides, and there is a surprising uniformity in their design
+and construction. Among the most notable brochs are those situated at
+Burray, Borrowston, Burrafirth, Burraness, Birstane, Burgar, Brindister,
+Birsay and in _Ber_wickshire, at Cockburnlaw, and the remarkable
+recurrence of _Bur_, or _Burra_, in these place-names is obviously due
+to something more than chance.
+
+At _Brook_land Church in Kent--within a few miles of Camber Castle--a
+triplex conical belfrey or _berg_ of wooden construction is standing,
+not on the tower, but on the ground in the immediate neighbourhood of
+the sacred edifice. The amazing cone-tomb illustrated on page 237 is
+that of Lars Porsenna, which means Lord Porsenna, and the bergs or
+conical pair of _Brison_ rocks lying off Priest's Cove at St. Just may
+be connoted not only with the word parson but with Parsons and Porsenna.
+Malory, in _Morte d'Arthur_, mentions an eminent Dame Brisen, adding
+that: "This Brisen was one of the greatest enchantresses that was at
+that time in the world living."[362]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 181 and 182.--From _Notes on the Structure of
+                 the Brochs_ (Anderson, J.). Proceedings of the Scotch
+                 Society of Antiquaries.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 183.--From _Symbolism of the East and West_
+                 (Aynsley, Mrs. Murray).]
+
+There is a famous broch at Burrian in the Orkneys; near St. Just are the
+parishes of St. Buryan and St. Veryan, both of which are identified with
+an ancient Eglosberrie, _i.e._, the _eglise_, close, or cloister of
+Berrie. A berry is a diminutive egg, and in some parts of the country
+gooseberries are known as deberries.[363] _De berry_ seemingly means
+_good_ or _divine_ berry, and the _pick_ly character of the gooseberry
+bush no doubt added to the sanctity: from the word goosegog _gog_ was
+seemingly once a term equivalent to _berry_; a goose is often termed a
+_barn_acle, and the phantom dog--sometimes a bear--entitled the
+_bargeist_ or _barguest_ was no doubt a popular degradation of the Hound
+of Heaven. Two hounds in leash are known as a _brache_, which is the
+same word as brace, meaning pair: in connection with the supposition
+that the Brisons were originally prisons may be noted that barnacles
+were primarily a pair of curbs or handcuffs.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 184.--From _The Correspondences of Egypt_ (Odhner
+                 C. T.).]
+
+From the typical ground plan of two brochs here given it will be seen
+that their form was that of a wheel, and it is possible that the flanged
+spokes of these essential _abris_ were based upon the svastika notion of
+a rolling, running trinacria such as that of Hyperea and of the Isle of
+Man. Brochs are in some directions known as _peels_, and at Peel Castle,
+in the Isle of Man, legend points to a grave 30 yards long as being that
+of Eubonia's first king: a curious tradition, says Squire, credits him
+with three legs, and it is these limbs arranged like the spokes of a
+wheel that appear on the arms of the Island.[364]
+
+In connection with the giant's grave at Peel may be connoted the legend
+in Rome that St. Paul was there beheaded "at the Three Fountains". The
+exact spot is there shown where the milk spouted from his apostolic
+arteries, and where moreover his head, after it had done preaching,
+took three jumps to the honour of the Holy Trinity, and at each spot on
+which it jumped there instantly sprang up a spring of living water which
+retains to this day a plain and distinct taste of milk.[365] This story
+of three jumps is paralleled in Leicester by a legend of Giant Bell who
+took three mighty leaps and is said to be buried at Belgrave:[366] Bell
+is the same word as Paul and Peel.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 185.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 186.--From _An Essay on Ancient Coins, Medals, and
+                 Gems_ (Walsh, R.).]
+
+The Lord of the Isle of Man is said to have swept swift as the spring
+wind over land and sea upon a horse named Splendid Mane: the Mahommedans
+tell of a milk-white steed named _Al Borak_, each of whose strides were
+equal to the furthest range of human vision: in Chaucer's time English
+carmen addressed their steeds as _brok_, and in Arabic _el boraka_
+means _the blessing_. _Broch_ is the same word as _brooch_, and upon
+ancient brooches a _brok_, as in Fig. 187, was sometimes represented:
+the magnificent ancestral brooches of the Highland families will be
+found on investigation frequently to be replete with ancient symbolism,
+the centre jewel representing the All-seeing Eye. _Broch_ or _broca_
+means a pin or spike, and _prick_ means dot or speck: _prick_, like
+_brok_, also meant horse, and every one is familiar with the gallant
+knight who "pricks," _i.e._, rides on horseback o'er the plain. _Prick_
+and _brok_ thus obviously stand in the same relation to each other as
+Chil_peric_ and Al_beric_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 187.--From the British Museum's _Guide to the
+                 Antiquities of the Early Iron Age_.]
+
+The phairy first king of the Isle of Man was regarded as the special
+patron of sea-faring men, by whom he was invoked as "Lord of Headlands,"
+and in this connection Berry Head at Brixham, Barras Head at Tintagel,
+and Barham or Barenham Down in Kent are interesting. The southern coast
+of Wales is sprinkled liberally with _Bru_ place-names from St. Bride's
+Bay wherein is Ramsey Island, known anciently as _ynis y Bru_, the Isle
+of Bru, to Burry river and Barry Isle next Sulli Isle (the _selli_
+isle?).
+
+Aubrey or Auberon may be said almost to pervade the West and South of
+England: at Barnstaple or Barn Market we meet with High Bray, river
+Bray, Bratton, Burnham, Braunton, _Berryn_arbor, the Brendon Hills,
+Paracombe and _Baggy_ Point; in the Totnes neighbourhood are _Big_bury,
+Burr Island, Beer Head, Berry Head, Branscombe, Branshill, and Prawle
+Point, which last may be connoted with the rivers Barle, Bark, and Brue.
+It is perhaps noteworthy that the three spots associated until the
+historic period with flint-knapping[367] are _Beer_ Head in Devon,
+_Pur_fleet near Barking, and _Bran_don in Suffolk.
+
+Totnes being the traditional landing-place of Bru it is interesting to
+find in that immediate district two Prestons, a Pruston, Barton, Bourton
+or Borton, Brookhill, Bructon, Brixham, Prescott, Parmount, Berry
+Pomeroy, Prestonberry and Preston Castle or Shandy's Hill.[368]
+Ebrington suggests an _ington_ or town of the children of Ebr; Alvington
+may be similarly connected with Alph, and Ilbert and Brent seemingly
+imply the _Holy Ber_ or _Bren_. The True Street by Totnes may be
+connoted with the adjacent Dreyton, and Bosomzeal Cross in all
+probability once bore in the centre, or bogel, the boss which
+customarily forms the eye of Celtic crosses. Hu being the first of the
+three deddu, tatu, or pillars, the term Totnes probably as in
+Shoeburyness meant Tot_nose_, and the adjacent Dodbrooke,
+Doddiscombleigh, and Daddy's Hole may all be connoted with the Celtic
+_tad_, _dad_, or _daddy_. With the Doddi of Doddiscombleigh or _Doddy's
+Valley Meadow_, may be connoted the gigantic and commanding Cornish
+headland known as Dodman. The Hollicombe by Preston was presumably the
+holy Coombe, and Halwell, at one time a Holy Well: in this neighbourhood
+of Kent's Cavern and Kent's Copse are Kingston and Okenbury; at
+Kingston-on-Thames is Canbury Park, and it is extremely likely that the
+true etymology of Kingston is not _King's Town_ but _King Stone_,
+_i.e._, a synonymous term for Preston and the same word as Johnstone.
+
+If as now suggested Bru was _père Hu_ we may recognise Hu at Hoodown
+which, at Totnes, where it occurs, evidently does _not_ mean a low-lying
+spit of land but, as at Plymouth Hoe or Haw, implied a hill. In view of
+the preceding group of local names it is difficult to assume that some
+imaginative Mayor of Totnes started the custom of issuing his
+proclamations from the so-called Brutus Stone in Fore Street merely to
+flatter an obscure Welsh poet who had vain-gloriously uttered the
+tradition that the British were the remnants of Droia: it is far more
+probable that the Mayor and corporation of Totnes had never heard of
+Taliesin, and that they stolidly followed an immemorial wont.
+
+With the church of St. Just or Roodha, and with the Rodau of Rodau's
+Town neighbouring the Danejohn at Canterbury or Durovernum, we shall
+subsequently connote Rutland or Rutaland and the neighbouring Leicester,
+anciently known as Ratæ. The highest peak in Leicestershire is Bardon
+Hill, followed, in order of altitude, by "Old John" in Bradgate Park,
+Bredon, and Barrow Hill.
+
+Adjacent to Ticehurst in Sussex--a hurst which is locally attributed to
+a fairy named Tice--may be found the curious place-names Threeleo Cross
+and Bewl Bri. These names are the more remarkable being found in the
+proximity of Priestland, Parson's Green, Barham, and Heart's Delight.
+Under the circumstances I think Threeleo Cross must have been a tri holy
+or three-legged cross, and that Huggins Hall, which marks the highest
+ground of the district, was Huge or High King's Hall: in close proximity
+are Queen's Street, Maydeacon House, Grovehurst, and Great Old Hay.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 188.--From _A Guide to Avebury_ (Cox, R.
+                 Hippesley).]
+
+With _Bredon_ in Leicestershire, a district where the tradition of a
+three-jumping giant, as has been seen, prevailed, may be connoted the
+prehistoric camp, or _abri_, of Bradenstoke, and that Abury itself was
+regarded as a vast _trinacria_ is probable from the fact that in the
+words of a quite impartial archæologist: "The _triangle_ of downs
+surrounding Avebury may be considered the hub of England and from it
+radiates the great lines of hills like the spokes of a wheel, the
+Coltswolds to the north, the Mendips to the west, the Dorsetshire Hills
+to the south west, Salisbury Plain to the south, the continuation of the
+North and South Downs to the east, and the high chalk ridge of the
+Berkshire Downs north-east to the Chilterns."[369]
+
+In this quotation I have ventured to italicise the word _triangle_ which
+idea again is recurrent in the passage: "The Downs round Avebury are the
+meeting-place of three main watersheds of the country and are the centre
+from which the great lines of hills radiate north-east, and west through
+the Kingdom. Here at the junction of the hills we find the largest
+prehistoric temple in the world with Silbury, the largest artificial
+earth mound in Europe, close by."[370]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 189.--British. From Evans.]
+
+The assertion by Stukeley that Avebury described the form of a circle
+traversed by serpentine stone avenues has been ridiculed by less
+well-informed archæologists, largely on the ground that no similar
+erection existed elsewhere in the world. But on the British coin here
+illustrated a cognate form is issuing from the eagle's beak, and in Fig.
+190 (a Danish emblem of the Bronze Age), the Great Worm or Dragon, which
+typified the Infinite, is supporting a wheel to which the designer has
+successfully imparted the idea of movement.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 190.--From _Symbolism of the East and West_
+                 (Aynsley, Mrs. Murray).]
+
+Five miles N.-E. of Abury there stands on the summit of a commanding
+hill the natural great fortress known as Barbury Castle, surrounded by
+the remains of numerous banks and ditches. The name Barbara--a
+duplication of Bar--is in its Cretan form Varvary, and it was seemingly
+the Iberian or Ivernian equivalent of "Very God of Very God," otherwise
+Father of Fathers, or Abracadabra. In Britain, and particularly in
+Ireland, children still play a game entitled, The Town of Barbarie,
+which is thus described: "Some boys line up in a row, one of whom is
+called the prince. Two others get out on the road and join hands and
+represent the town of Barbarie. One of the boys from the row then comes
+up to the pair, walks around them and asks--
+
+          Will you surrender, will you surrender
+          The town of Barbarie?
+
+They answer--
+
+          We won't surrender, we won't surrender,
+          The town of Barbarie.
+
+Being unsuccessful, he goes back to the prince and tells him that they
+won't surrender. The prince then says--
+
+          Take one of my good soldiers.
+
+This is done, and the whole row of boys are brought up one after the
+other till the town is taken by their parting the joined hands of the
+pair who represent the town of Barbarie."[371]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 191.--From _The Cross: Heathen and Christian_
+                 (Brock, M.).]
+
+It will be remarked that Barbarie is represented by a _pair_, which is
+suggestive of the Dioscuri or Heavenly Twins, and on referring to the
+life of St. Barbara we find her recorded as the daughter of Dioscorus,
+and as having been born at Heliopolis, or the city of the sun. The
+Dioscuri--those far-famed heroes Castor and Pollux--were said to have
+been born out of an egg laid by Leda the Swan: elsewhere the Dioscuri
+were known as the Cabiri, a term which is radically _abiri_. It is
+probable that St. Barbara was once represented with the emblems of the
+two Dioscuri or Cabiri, for one of her "tortures" is said to have been
+that she should be hanged between two forked trees. These two trees were
+doubtless two sprigs such as shown in Fig. 191 or two flowering pillars
+between which the Virgin was extended Andrew-wise in benediction. The
+next torture recorded of St. Barbara was the scorching of her sides with
+burning lamps, from which we may deduce that the Virgin was once
+depicted with two great lights on either side. Next, St. Barbara's
+oppressors made her strongly to be beaten, "and hurted her head with a
+mallet": the Slav deity Peroon was always depicted with a mallet, and
+the hammer or axe was practically a universal symbol of _Power_. As
+already noted, Peroon, the God with a mallet, has been equated by some
+scholars with Varuna of India; in Etruria the God of Death was generally
+represented with a great hammer, and the mallet with which St. Barbara
+was "hurted" may be further equated with the celebrated Hammer of Thor.
+
+The gigantic hammer cut into the hillside at Tours, and associated in
+popular estimation with Charles Martel, in view of the name Tours is far
+more likely to have been the hammer of Thor, who, as we have seen, was
+assigned to Troy.
+
+We are told that St. Barbara's father imprisoned his daughter within a
+high and strong _tour_, _tor_, or _tower_, that no man should see her
+because of her great beauty: this incident is common alike to
+fairy-tale--notably at Tory Island--and hagiology, and one meets
+persistently with the peerless princess imprisoned in a peel, broch, or
+tower. In Fig. 192 is represented a so-called Trinity of Evil, but in
+all probability this is a faithful reproduction of the Iberian Aber or
+Aubrey, _i.e._, the trindod seated upon his symbolic _tor_, _tower_, or
+_broch_. The strokes at the toes, like the more accentuated lines from
+the fingers of Fig. 193, denoted the streaming light, and when we read
+that one of the exquisite tortures inflicted upon St. George was the
+thrusting of poisoned thorns into his finger-nails it is a reasonable
+conclusion that St. George was likewise represented with rayed fingers.
+The feast of St. Ibar in Hibernia is held upon 23rd April or _Aperil_,
+which is also St. George's Day.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 192.--The Trinity of Evil. From a French
+                 Miniature of the XIII. Cent.
+
+                 FIG. 193.--God the Father Wearing a Lozenge-Shaped
+                 Nimbus. Miniature of the XIV. Cent. Italian Manuscript
+                 in the Bibliotheque Royale.
+
+                 From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+St. Barbara, we are told, was marvellously carried on a stone into a
+high mountain, on which _two_ shepherds kept their sheep, "the which saw
+her fly"; and it is apparent in all directions that Barbara was
+peculiarly identified with the Two-One Twain or Pair. Barbara is
+popularly contracted into Babs or Bab, and the little Barbara or Babette
+may probably be identified with the Babchild of Kent. The coin here
+illustrated was unearthed at the village of Babchild, known also as
+Bacchild, and its centre evidently represents the world _pap_, Pope,
+_paab_, or _baba_: in Christian Art the All Father is represented as a
+Pope, and as twin Popes, and likewise as a two-faced Person.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 194.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 195.--God the Father, the Creator, as an Old Man
+                 and a Pope. From a French stained glass window of the
+                 XVI. cent. From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+There is little doubt that the pre-Christian Pope was sometimes
+represented as a mother and child, and it was probably the discovery of
+one of these images or pictures that started the horrible scandal of
+Pope Joan or Papesse Jeanne. It is said that this accomplished but
+unhappy lady occupied the papal-chair for a period of two years five
+months under the title of John the _Eighth_, but having publicly become
+the mother of a little son her life ended in infamy and ill odour. To
+commemorate this shocking and incredible event a monument representing
+the Papess with her baby was, we are told, erected on the actual spot
+which was accordingly declared accursed to all ages: but as the incident
+thus memorised occurred as long ago as the ninth century, it is more
+probable that the statue was the source of the story and not _vice
+versa_. According to some accounts Joan was baptised Hagnes which is the
+feminine form of Hagon or Acon: others said her name was Margaret, and
+that she was the daughter of an English missionary who had left England
+to preach to the Saxons. At the time of the Reformation Germany seized
+with avidity upon the scandal as being useful for propaganda purposes,
+and with that delicacy of touch for which the Lutherans were
+distinguished, embroidered the tale with characteristic embellishments.
+According to Baring-Gould the stout Germans, not relishing the notion of
+Joan being a daughter of the Fatherland, palmed her off on England, but
+"I have little doubt myself," he adds, "that Pope Joan is an
+impersonification of the great whore of Babylon seated on the Seven
+Hills":[372] on the contrary, I think she was more probably a
+personification of the Consort of St. Peter the Rock, and the Keeper of
+the Keys of Heaven's Gate. Among Joan's sobriquets was Jutt, which is
+believed to have been "a nickname surely!": more seemingly Jutt was a
+Latinised form of Kud, Ked, Kate, or Chad, and Engelheim, or _Angel
+Home_, the alleged birth-place of Jutt, was either entirely mystical,
+or perhaps Anglesea, if not Engel Land.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 196.--The Divine Persons Distinct. A French
+                 Miniature of the XVI. Cent. From _Christian
+                 Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 197.--The Three Divine Persons Fused One into the
+                 Other. From a Spanish Miniature of the XIII. Cent. From
+                 _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 198.--From _An Essay on Ancient Coins, Medals, and
+                 Gems_ (Walsh, R.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 199.--From _The Gnostics and their Remains_ (King,
+                 C. W.).]
+
+The father of Jutt's child was said to have been Satan himself, who, on
+the occasion of the birth, was seen and heard fluttering overhead,
+crowing and chanting in an unmusical voice:--
+
+          Papa pater patrum, Papissae pandito partum
+          Et tibi tunc eadem de corpore quando recedam.
+
+This description would seem to have been derived from some ancient
+picture in which the Papa was represented either as a fluttering or
+chanting cock, or as cockheaded. Such representations were common among
+the Gnostics, and the legend, _papa-pater-patrum_, Father, Father of
+Fathers, is curiously suggestive of Barbara or Varvary: in the Gnostic
+emblem here reproduced is the counterpart to the cock-headed deity, and
+the reverse is obviously Vera, Una, or the naked Truth.
+
+Gretchen, the German for Margaret, being _Great Jane_, will account for
+Pope Joan, and Gerberta, another of her names is radically Berta:
+Bertha, or Peratha, among the Germans is equated with Perchta, and
+translated "Bright One," or the "Shining One": the same roots are found
+in St. Cuth_bert_, or _Cudbright_ as he becomes in Kirkcudbrightshire.
+
+The child of Papesse Jeanne, Gerberta, Hagnes or Jutt was deemed to be
+Antichrist: according to other accounts the mother of the feared and
+anticipated Antichrist was a very aged woman, of race unknown, called
+Fort Juda. Fort Juda was probably _Strong Judy_, Judy, the wife of
+Punch, being evidently a form of the very aged wife of Pan, the
+goat-headed symbol of Gott.[373] As Peter was the Janitor of the Gate,
+so Kate or Ked was similarly connected with the _Gate_ which is the same
+word as Gott or Goat: the Gnostic _God_ here represented is a seven-goat
+solar wheel.
+
+The horns and head of the goat still figure in representations of Old
+Nick, and there is no doubt that the horns of the crescent moon, under
+the form of Io, the heifer, were particularly worshipped at Byzantium:
+this City of the Golden Horn, now known as Constantinople, to which it
+will be remembered the British Chronicles assign our origin, was founded
+by a colony of Greeks from Megara, and in Scandinavia it is still known
+as Megalopolis, or the City of Michael; its ancient name Byzantium will
+probably prove to have been connected with _byzan_ or _bosen_, the
+bosses or paps, and Pera, the Christian district which borders the
+Bosphorus, may be connoted with Epeur.
+
+Fig. 200, reproduced from a Byzantine bronze pound weight, is supposed
+to represent "two military saints," but it more probably portrays the
+celestial pair, Micah and Maggie. Their bucklers are designed in the
+form of marguerites or marigolds; the A under the right hand figure is
+Alpha, whence we may perhaps equate this saint with Alpha, the consort
+of Noah. The spear-head under the other Invictus is the "Broad" arrow of
+Britain, and the meaning of this spear-head or arrow of Broad will be
+subsequently considered. It will be noticed that the stars which form
+the background are the triple dots, and the five-fruited tree is in all
+probability the Tree of Alpha, Aleph, or _Life_. Why _five_ was
+identified with _vif_ or _vive_, _i.e._, life, I am unable to surmise,
+but that it was thus connected will become apparent as we proceed.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 200.--From the British Museum's _Guide to Early
+                 Christian and Byzantine Antiquities_.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 201.--British. From _The Silver Coins of England_
+                 (Hawkins, E.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 202.--Bronze Reliquary Cross, XII. Cent. (No.
+                 559). From the British Museum's _Guide to Early
+                 Christian and Byzantine Antiquities_.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 203.--From _A Collection of 500 Facsimiles of the
+                 Watermarks used by Early Papermakers_ (1840).]
+
+The Arabic form of Constantinople is Kustantiniya, which compares
+curiously with Kystennyns, one of the old variants of the Cornish
+village named Constantine. There is a markedly Byzantine style about the
+group of British coins here reproduced, and Nos. 45 and 46 manifestly
+illustrate the Dioscuri, Twins, or Cabiri. The Greek word for _brothers_
+or twins is _adelphi_, and as according to Bryant the Semitic _ad_ or
+_ada_ meant first we may translate _adelphi_ into First Elphi or First
+Fay-ther. The head of No. 49, which is obviously an heraldic or symbolic
+figure, consists of the three circles, intricate symbolism underlies the
+Byzantine reliquary cross here illustrated, and the same fantastic
+system is behind the Gnostic paper-mark represented on Fig. 203. In
+this it will be noted the eyes are represented by what are seemingly two
+feathers: the feather was a symbol of the Father, and will be noted in
+the Alephant emblem illustrated on page 160.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 204.--The Trinity, in Combat with Behemoth and
+                 Leviathan. From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+In Fig. 204 the Celestial Invictus is depicted as a Trinity; three
+feathers are the emblem of the British Prince of Wales, and there is
+evidently some recondite meaning in the legend that St. Barbara insisted
+upon her father making three windows in a certain building on the
+grounds that "_three_ windows lighten all the world and all creatures".
+Upon Dioscorus inquiring of his daughter why she had upset his
+arrangements for two windows, Barbara's reply is reported to have been:
+"These three fenestras or windows betoken clearly the Father, the Son,
+and the Holy Ghost, the which be three persons and One Very God". The
+word _person_ is radically the same as _appear_ and _appearance_, and
+the portrayal of the Supreme Power as One, Two, or Three seems evidently
+to have been merely a matter of inclination: Queen Vera or Virtue may be
+regarded as One or as the Three Graces or Virtues. The mythic mother of
+St. David is said to have been Gwen of the Three Paps, and this St. Gwen
+Tierbron, or Queen of the Three Breasts, may be equated with the Lady
+Triamour, and with the patron of Llandrindod or St. _triune dad_ Wells.
+On the horse ornament illustrated _ante_ (No. 14, Fig. 134, p. 286),
+three hearts are represented: on Fig. 205 three circles, together with a
+palm branch,[374] associated with the national horse.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 205.--British. From Barthelemy.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 206.--Decoration on British chalk drum. From _A
+                 Guide to Antiquities of Bronze Age_ (B.M.).]
+
+  The emblems on page 499 depict two flying wheels, and likewise
+                 Three-in-One: near St. Just in Cornwall used to be
+                 three interlaced stone circles, and the phenomenon of
+                 three circles is noticeable elsewhere; there is little
+                 doubt, says Westropp, that in the three rings of
+                 Dunainy on the Knockainy Hill the triad of gods,
+                 Eogabal, Feri, and Aine, were supposed to dwell.[375]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 207.--Temple at Abury. From _The Celtic Druids_
+                 (Higgens, G.).]
+
+Avebury consists of two circles within one, and that "Avereberie" was
+regarded as the great periphery may be concluded from the name
+_Avereberie_ which is equivalent to periphery, Varvary, or Barbara. The
+bird emblem existing at _Farr_ is suggestive that the county of Forfar
+was once inhabited by worshippers of Varvara, Barbara, the Fair of
+Fairs, or Fire of Fires.
+
+Having set his labourers to work, the legend continues that Barbara's
+father departed thence and went into a far country, where he long
+sojourned: the Greeks used the word _barbaroi_ to mean not ruffians but
+those who lived or came from _abroad_; the same sense is born by the
+Hebrew word _obr_, and it is to this root that anthropologists assign
+the name _Hebrew_ which they interpret as meaning men who came from
+_abroad_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 208.--From _The Celtic Druids_ (Higgens, G.).]
+
+It is noteworthy that, according to Herodotus, the messengers of the
+Hyperboreans who came from abroad, _i.e._, _barbaroi_, were entitled by
+the Delians, "_Perpherees_" and held in great honour:[376] the inverted
+commas are original, whence it would seem that _perpheree_ was a local
+pronunciation of _hyperboreæ_.
+
+The general impression is that the Hebrew, or _Ebrea_ as the Italians
+spell it, derived his title from _Abra_ham whose name means Father of a
+Multitude. At _Hebron_ Abraham, the son of Terah, entertained three
+Elves or Angels: "He saw three and worshipped one":[377] at Hebron Abram
+bought a piece of land from a merchant named Ephron,[378] and I cannot
+believe that Ephron really meant, as we are told, _of a calf_; it is
+more probable that he derived his title from Hebron where Ephron was
+evidently a landowner. Tacitus records a tradition that the Hebrews were
+originally "natives of the Isle of Crete,"[379] and my suggestion that
+the Jews were the Jous gains somewhat from the fact that York--a
+notorious seat of ancient Jewry--was originally known as Eboracum or
+Eboracon. Our chroniclers state that York was founded by a King Ebrauc,
+the Archbishop of York signs himself to-day "Ebor," and the river Eure
+used at one time to be known as the Ebor: the Spanish river Ebro was
+sometimes referred to as the Iber.[380]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 209.--From _The Everyday Book_ (Hone, W.).]
+
+An interesting example of the Cabiri or Adelphi once existed at the
+Kentish village of Biddenden where the embossed seven-spiked ladies here
+illustrated, known as the Biddenden Maids, used to be impressed on cakes
+which were distributed in the village church on Easter Sunday. This
+custom was connected with a charity consisting of "twenty acres of land
+called the Bread and Cheese Land lying in _five_ pieces given by persons
+unknown, the rent to be distributed among the poor of this parish". The
+name of the two maidens is stated to have been Preston, and that this
+was alternatively a name for Biddenden is somewhat confirmed by an
+adjacent Broadstone, Fairbourne, and Bardinlea. Whether it is
+permissible here to read Bardinlea as Bard's meadow I do not know, but
+considered in connection with the local charity from five pieces of land
+it is curious to find that according to the laws of Dyvnwal Moelmud, the
+different functionaries of the Bardic Gorsedd had a right each to _five_
+acres of land in virtue of their office, were entitled to maintenance
+wherever they went, had freedom from taxes, no person was to wear a
+naked weapon in their presence, and their word was always
+paramount.[381] In view of this ordinance it almost looks as though the
+charitable five acres at Biddenden were the survival of some such
+privileged survival.
+
+As Biddy is a familiar form of Bridget or Bride, Biddenden may be
+understood as the dun or den of the Biddys, and the modern sense of our
+adjective _bad_ is, it is to be feared, an implication either that the
+followers of the Biddy's fell from grace, or that at any rate newer
+comers deemed them to have done so. The German for _both_ is _beide_,
+but that _both_ the _Bid_denden maidens were bad is unlikely: the brace
+of chickabiddies[382] illustrated overleaf may perhaps have fallen a
+little short of the designer's ideals, yet they were undoubtedly deemed
+fit and good, otherwise they would not have survived. That their
+admirers, while seeing Both or Twain, worshipped Ane is obviously
+possible from the popular "Heathen chant" here quoted from Miss
+Eckenstein's _Comparative Study of Nursery Rhymes_:--
+
+        1.  We will a' gae sing, boys,
+            Where will we begin, boys?
+            We'll begin the way we should,
+            And we'll begin at ane, boys.
+
+            O, what will be our ane, boys?
+            O, what will be our ane, boys?
+            --My only ane she walks alane,
+            And evermair has dune, boys.
+
+        2.  Now we will a' gae sing, boys;
+            Where will we begin, boys?
+            We'll begin where we left aff,
+            And we'll begin at twa, boys.
+
+            What will be our twa, boys?
+            --Twa's the lily and the rose
+            That shine baith red and green, boys,
+            My only ane she walks alane,
+            And evermair has dune, boys.
+
+In the near neighbourhood of Biddenden are Peckham, Buckman's Green,
+Buckhill, and Buggles, or Boglesden: the two bogles now under
+consideration were possibly responsible for the neighbouring Duesden,
+_i.e._ the Dieu's den or the Two's den. According to Skeat the word
+_bad_, mediæval _badde_, is formed from the Anglo-Saxon _baeddel_,
+meaning an hermaphrodite; all ancient deities seem to have been regarded
+as hermaphrodites, and it is impossible to tell from the Britannia,
+Bride, or Biddy figures on p. 120 whether Bru or Brut was a man or a
+maid. Apollo was occasionally represented in a skirt; Venus was
+sometimes represented with a beard; the beard on the obverse of No. 46,
+on p. 364, is highly accentuated, and that this feature was a
+peculiarity of Cumbrian belief is to be inferred from the life of Saint
+Uncumber. St. Uncumber, or _Old Queen Ber_, was one of the seven
+daughters born at a birth to the King of Portugal, and the story runs
+that her father wanting her to marry the prince of Sicily, she grew
+whiskers, "which so enraged him that he had her crucified".[383]
+
+One may infer that the fabricator of this pious story concocted it from
+some picture of a bearded virgin extended like Andrew on the Solar
+wheel: close to Biddenden is Old Surrender, perhaps originally a den or
+shrine of Old _Sire_ Ander.[384]
+
+At Broadstone, by Biddenden, we find Judge House, and doubtless the
+village _juge_ once administered justice at that broad stone. In Kent
+the paps are known colloquially as _bubs_ or _bubbies_: by Biddenden is
+a Pope's Hall, and a Bubhurst or Bubwood, which further permit the
+equation of the Preston Maids with Babs, Babby, or Barbara. St. Barbara
+was not only born at Heliopolis, but her tomb is described by
+Maundeville as being at Babylon, by which he means not Babylon in
+Chaldea, but Heliopolis in Egypt. In _The Welsh People_ Sir J. Morris
+Jones establishes many remarkable relationships between the language of
+Wales and the Hamitic language of early Egypt; in 1881 Gerald Massey
+published a list of upwards of 3000 similarities between British and
+Egyptian words[385]; and _In Malta and the Mediterranean Race_, Mr. R.
+N. Bradley prints the following extraordinary statement from Col. W. G.
+MacPherson of the Army Medical Service: "When I was in Morocco City, in
+1896, I met a Gaelic-speaking missionary doctor who had come out there
+and went into the Sus country (Trans-atlas), where 'Shluh' is the
+language spoken, just as it is the language of the Berber tribes in the
+Cis-atlas country. He told me that the words seemed familiar to him,
+and, after listening to the natives speaking among themselves, found
+they were speaking a Gaelic dialect, much of which he could follow. This
+confirmed my own observation regarding the names of the Berber tribes I
+myself had come across, namely, the Bini M'Tir, the Bini M'Touga, and
+the Bini M'Ghil. The 'Bini' is simply the Arabic for 'Children of,' and
+is tacked on by the Arabs to the 'M' of the Berbers, which means 'sons
+of' and is exactly the same as the Irish 'M,' or Gaelic 'Mac'. Hence the
+M'Tir, M'Touga, and M'Ghil, become in our country MacTiers, the
+MacDougalls, and the MacGills. I prepared a paper on this subject which
+was read by my friend Dr. George Mackay of Edinburgh, at the Pan-Celtic
+Congress there in 1907, I think, or it may have been 1908. It caused a
+leading article to be written in the _Scotsman_, I believe, but
+otherwise it does not appear to have received much attention."
+
+As it is an axiom of modern etymology to ignore any statements which
+cannot be squared with historical documents it is hardly a matter of
+surprise that Col. MacPherson's statements have hitherto received no
+consideration. But apart from the fact that certain Berber tribes still
+speak Gaelic, the Berbers are a highly interesting people: they extend
+all over the North of Africa, and the country between Upper Egypt and
+Abyssinia is known as Barbara or Barba. The word _Africa_ was also
+written _Aparica_, and the Berbers, apart from founding the Old Kingdom
+of _Bornou_ and the city of Timbuctoo, had an important seat at
+_Berryan_. They had in the past magnificent and stately temples, used
+the Arabic alphabet, and the Touriacks--the purest, proudest, most
+numerous, and most lordly family of the Berbers--have an alphabet of
+their own for which they claim great antiquity: they have also a
+considerable native literature.[386] The Touriack alphabet is almost
+identical with that used by the Tyrians in later times, and the name
+Touriack is thus probably connected with Tyre and Troy. In 1821, a
+traveller described the Touriacks as "the finest race of men I ever
+saw--tall, straight, and handsome, with a certain air of independence
+and pride that is very imposing. They are generally white, that is to
+say, comparatively so, the dark brown of their complexion being
+occasioned only by the heat of the climate. Their arms and bodies, where
+constantly covered, are as white as those of many Europeans."[387]
+
+To Britons the Berbers should be peculiarly interesting, as
+anthropologists have already declared that the primitive Scotch race
+were formed from "the great Iberian family, the same stock as the
+Berbers of North Africa": Laing and Huxley further affirm that among
+these Scotch aborigines they recognise the existence of men "of a very
+superior character".[388] It will probably prove that the "St. Barbe" of
+Gaul--a name connected with the megalithic monuments at
+Carnac--originated from Barba, or Berber influences: with this Gaulish
+St. Barbe may be connoted the fact that the pastors of the heretical
+Albigenses, whose headquarters were at the town of Albi, were for some
+unknown reason entitled _barbes_.
+
+A traveller in 1845 describes the Berbers or Touriacks as very white,
+always clothed, and wearing pantaloons like Europeans. The word
+_pantaloon_ comes from Venice where the patron saint is St. Pantaleone,
+but the British for pantaloons is _breeks_ or _breeches_. It was a
+distinction of the British to wear breeks: Sir John Rhys attributes the
+word Briton to "cloth and its congeners," and when, _circa_ 500 B.C.,
+the celebrated Abaris visited Athens his hosts were evidently impressed
+by his attire: "He came, not clad in skins like a Scythian, but with a
+bow in his hand, a quiver hanging on his shoulders, a plaid wrapped
+about his body, a gilded belt encircling his loins, and trousers
+reaching from the waist down to the soles of his feet. He was easy in
+his address; affable and pleasant in his conversation; active in his
+despatch, and secret in his management of great affairs; quick in
+judging of present accuracies; and ready to take his part in any sudden
+emergency; provident withal in guarding against futurity; diligent in
+the quest of wisdom; fond of friendship; trusting very little to
+fortune, yet having the entire confidence of others, and trusted with
+everything for his prudence. He spoke Greek with fluency, and whenever
+he moved his tongue you would imagine him to be some one out of the
+midst of the academy or very Lyceum."[389]
+
+I have suggested that Abaris or Abharas was a generic term for Druid or
+Chief Druid, and it is likely that the celebrated Arabian philosopher
+Averrhoes, who was born in Spain A.D. 1126, was entitled Averroes (his
+real name seems to have been Ibn Roshd) in respect of his famous
+philosophy: it is noteworthy that the Berbers were known alternatively
+as Barabbras.[390]
+
+In No. 41, on p. 364, two small brethren are like Romulus and Remus
+sucking nourishment from a wolf. This animal is the supposed ancestor of
+all the dog-tribe: the word _wolf_ is _eu olf_, and the term _bitch_,
+applied to all females of the wolf tribe, is radically _pige_, _peggy_,
+or _Puck_. The Bitch-nourished Brethren are radically _bre_, for the
+_-ther_ of _brother_ is the same adjective as occurs in fa_ther_,
+mo_ther_, and sis_ter_.
+
+Taliesin, the mystic title of the Welsh Chief Druid of the West, is
+translated as having meant _radiant brow_: the brow is the covering of
+the brain, and in No. 2, on p. 120, Britannia is pointing to her brow.
+In No. 3 of the same plate she is represented in the remarkable and
+unusual attitude of gazing up to Heaven: it will be remembered that,
+according to Cæsar, Britain was the cradle of the Druidic Philosophy,
+and that those wishing to perfect themselves in the system visited this
+country; that the Britons prided themselves on their brains is possibly
+the true inference to be drawn from the two curious coins now under
+consideration.
+
+The President of Celtic poetry and bardic music is said to have been a
+being of gigantic height named Bran: it is to Bran the Blessed that
+tradition assigns the introduction of the Cross into Britain, and when
+Bran died his head is stated to have been deposited under the White
+Tower of London, where it acted as a talisman against foreign
+aggression. One of the disastrous blunders alleged against King Arthur
+was the declaration that he disdained to hold the realm of England,
+except in virtue of his own prowess,[391] and Romance affirms that he
+disinterred the magic head of the Blessed Bran, thereby bringing untold
+woes upon the land. As a parallel to this story may be connoted the
+historic fact that when the Romans in 390 B.C. inquired the name of the
+barbaric general who had led the Celts victoriously against them, the
+Celtic officer replied by giving the name of the God to whom he
+attributed the success of his arms, and whom he figured to himself as
+seated invisible in a chariot, a javelin in his hand, while he guided
+the victorious host over the bodies of its enemies.[392] Now the name of
+this invisible chief under whom the Gaulish conquerors of Rome and
+Delphi claimed to fight, was Brennos, whom De Jubainville equates with
+Brian, the First of the Three divine Sons of Dana, or Brigit, the _Bona
+Dea_ of Britain. The highest town in France, and the principal arsenal
+and depot of the French Alps is entitled Briancon, and as this place was
+known to the Romans as Brigantium, we may connote Briancon with King
+Brian. Brigan may probably be equated with the fabulous Bregon of
+Hibernia, with Bergion of Iberia, and with St. Brychan of Wales, who is
+said to have been the parent of fifty sons and daughters, "all saints".
+The Hibernian super-King, entitled Brian Boru, had his seat at Tara,
+and from him may be said to have descended all the O'Briens, the
+Brownes, and the Byrons. The name Burgoyne is assigned to Burgundy, and
+it is probable that inquiry would prove a close connection between the
+Burgundii and giant Burgion of Iberia. In the Triads the Welsh prince
+Brychan is designated as sprung from one of the three holy families of
+Prydain: through Breconshire, or Brecknock, runs the river Bran; and
+that Awbrey was a family name in Brecon is implied by the existence in
+the priory church of St. John, or Holyrood, of tombs to the Awbreys.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 210.--Idols of the Bona Dea found at Troy. From
+                 _Ilios_ (Schliemann).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 211 to 213.--From British "chalk drums,"
+                 illustrated in British Museum's _Guide to Antiquities
+                 of Bronze Age_.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 214 to 219.--Mediæval Papermarks from _Les
+                 Filigranes_ (Briquet, C. M.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 220.--From _History of Paganism in Caledonia_
+                 (Wise, T. A.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 221.--The Creator, under the Form of Jesus Christ.
+                 Italian Miniature of the close of the XII. Cent. From
+                 _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+When the head of the beneficent and blessed Bran was deposited at London
+it is said to have rested there for a long time with the eyes looking
+towards France. One of the most remarkable and mysterious of the
+Pictish symbols, found alike in Picardy and Pictland generally, is the
+so-called butterfly design of which three typical examples are here
+illustrated. What it seems to represent is _Browen_ or the _Brows_, but
+it is also an excellent bird, butterfly, or _papillon_: or as we speak
+familiarly of using our brains, and as the grey matter of the brain
+actually consists of two divisions, which scientists entitle the
+_cerebrum_ and the _cerebellum_, the two-browed butterfly might not
+illogically be designated the brains. Both Canon Greenwell and Sir
+Arthur Evans have drawn attention to similar representations of the
+human face on early objects from Troy and the Ægean; the same symbol is
+found on sculptured menhirs of the Marne and Gard valleys in France,
+while clay vessels with this ornament, belonging to the early age of
+metal, have been found in Spain. The "butterfly" is seen on gold
+roundels from the earliest (shaft) graves at Mycenæ, and as Sir Hercules
+Read has rightly said, "everything points to the transmission of that
+influence to the British Isles by way of Spain".[393]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 222.--The Trinity in One God, Supporting the
+                 World. Fresco of the Campo Santo of Pisa, XIV. Cent.
+                 From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+The Scandinavians assigned three eyes to Thor, and Thor, as has been
+seen, was attributed by them to Troy. On the stone illustrated on p.
+381, now built into the church at Dingwall--a name which means _court
+hill_--three circles are on one side and two upon the other: some of the
+Trojan idols are three-eyed and some are "butterflies". Is it possible
+that this Elphin little face, or _papillon_, was the precursor of the
+modern cherub or Amoretto, and that it was the Puck of the Iberian
+Picts, who conceived their Babchild or Bacchild as peeping, _pry_ing,
+touting, and _peer_ing perpetually upon mankind? The ancients imagined
+that every worthy soul became a star, whence it is possible that the
+small blue flower we call a periwinkle was, like the daisy, a symbol of
+the fairy, phairy, or peri _peri_scope. In Devonshire the speedwell
+(_Veronica +chamædrys_) is known as Angels' Eyes; in Wales it is
+entitled the Eye of Christ:[394] the word _periwinkle_ may be connoted
+with the phairies Periwinkle, and Perriwiggen, who figure in the court
+of Oberon.
+
+In the magnificent emblem here illustrated the Pillar of the Universe,
+"to Whom all thoughts and desires are known, from Whom no secrets are
+hid," is supporting a great universe zoned round and round by Eyes,
+Cherubs, or Amoretti, and the earth within is represented by a cone or
+berg. In Fig. 221 the Creator is depicted as animating nine choirs of
+Amoretti by means of three rays or _breaths_, and as will be shown
+subsequently the creation of the world by means of three rays or beams
+of light from heaven was an elemental feature of British philosophy.
+
+The periwinkle, known in some districts as the cockle, may, I think, be
+regarded as a prehistoric symbol of the world-without-end query:--
+
+          Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
+          How I wonder what you are.
+
+The term cockle was applied not only to the periwinkle and the poppy,
+but likewise to the burdock, whose prickly _burrs_ are obviously a very
+perfect emblem of the Central Pyre, Fire, Burn, or Brand. In Italy the
+barberry, or berberis, is known as the Holy Thorn, as it is supposed
+that from this bush of _pricks_ and prickles was woven Christ's crown of
+thorns. As a home of the spooks the _brakes_ or _bracken_ rivalled the
+hawthorn,[395] and it was generally believed that by eating fern or
+bracken seed one became invisible. Witches were supposed to detest
+bracken, because it bears on its root the character C, the initial of
+the holy name Christ, "which may be plainly seen on cutting the root
+horizontally". Commenting on this belief the author of _Flowers and
+Folklore_ remarks: "A friend suggests, however, that the letter intended
+is not the English C, but the Greek X (Chi), the initial letter of the
+word _Christos_ which really resembles the marks on the root of the
+bracken."[396]
+
+In Cornish _broch_ denoted the yew tree, the sanctity of which is
+implied by the frequency with which a brace or pair of yews are found
+in churchyards. The yew is probably the longest living of all trees,
+accredited instances occurring of its antiquity to the extent of 1400
+years, and at Fortingal in _Perth_shire there is a famous yew tree which
+has been estimated to be 3000 years of age. This is deemed to be the
+most venerable specimen of living European vegetation, but at
+_Bra_bourne, in Kent, used to be a superannuated yew which claimed
+precedence in point of age even over that of Perthshire. A third
+claimant (2000 years) is that at Hensor (the _ancient sire_?) in
+Buckinghamshire, and a fourth exists at Buckland near Dover.[397]
+
+The _yew_ (Irish _eo_), named in all probability after Io, or Hu the
+Jupiter,[398] or Ancient Sire of Britain, is found growing profusely in
+company with the box on the white chalky brow of Boxhill overlooking
+Juniper Hall. The foot of this slope around which creeps the placid
+little river Mole is now entitled _Bur_ford Bridge, but before the first
+bridge was here built, the site was seemingly known as Bur ford. The
+neighbouring Dorking, through which runs the Pipbrook, is equivalent to
+Tor King, Tarchon, or Troy King, and there is a likelihood that the
+Perseus who redeemed Andromeda, the _Ancient Troy Maid_, was a member of
+the same family. In the Iberian coin herewith inscribed Ho, which is
+ascribed to Ilipa or Ilipala, one may perhaps trace Hu, _i.e._, _Hugh_
+the _mind_ or _brain_ in transit to these islands.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 223.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+To the yews on Boxhill one may legitimately apply the lines which Sir
+William Watson penned at the neighbouring Newlands or the lands of the
+self-renewing Ancient Yew:--
+
+          Old Emperor Yew, fantastic sire,
+          Girt with thy guard of dotard Kings,
+          What ages hast thou seen retire
+          Into the dusk of alien things?
+
+From Newlands Corner where the yews--the self-seeded descendants of
+immemorial ancestors--are thickly dotted, is a prospect unsurpassed in
+England.
+
+The beech trees which are also a feature in the neighbourhood of Boxhill
+irresistibly turn one's mind to the immortal beeches at _Burn_ham in
+Bucks. Bucks supposedly derives its name from the patronymic Bucca or
+Bucco, and this district was thus presumably a seat of the Bucca, Pukka,
+or Puck King, _alias_ Auberon, to whom at Burnham the _beech_ or _boc_
+would appear to have been peculiarly dedicated. There is a Burnham near
+Brightlingsea; a Burnby near Pocklington, a Burnham on the river Brue, a
+Burn in Brayton parish, Yorks; a river Burn or Brun in Lancashire, a
+river Burry in Glamorganshire, and in Norfolk a Burnham-Ulph. In
+Brancaster Bay are what are termed "Burnham Grounds"; hereabouts are
+Burnham Westgate, Burnham Deepdale, Burnham Overy, etc., and the local
+fishermen maintain "there are three other Burnhams under Brancaster
+Bay".[399] Doubtless the sea has claimed large tracts of Oberon's
+empire, but from Brean Down, Brown Willy, and Perran Round in the West
+to the famous Birrenswerk in Annandale, and the equally famous Bran
+Ditch in Cambridgeshire, the name of the Tall Man is ubiquitous. Among
+the innumerable Brandons or Branhills, Brandon Hill in Suffolk, where
+the flint knappers have continued their chipping uninterruptedly since
+old Neolithic times, may claim an honourable pre-eminence.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [323] _Cf._ Thomas, J. J., _Brit. Antiquissima_, p. 29.
+
+   [324] Hone, W., _Everyday Book_, i., 502.
+
+   [325] Squire, C., _Mythology of Ancient Britain and Ireland_, p.
+         52.
+
+   [326] Hazlitt, W. Carew, _Faiths and Folklore_, ii., 338.
+
+   [327] _Cf._ Johnson, W., _Folk Memory_, p. 143.
+
+   [328] Among the many Prestons I have enquired into is one with
+         which I am conversant near Faversham. Here the Manor House is
+         known as Perry Court; similarly there is a Perry Court at a
+         second Preston situated a few miles distant. In the
+         neighbourhood are Perry woods. There is a modern "Purston" at
+         Pontefract, which figured in Domesday under the form
+         "Prestun".
+
+   [329] Taylor, Rev. T., _Celtic Christianity of Cornwall_, p. 33.
+
+   [330] Courtney, Miss M. L., _Cornish Feasts and Folklore_, p. 123.
+
+   [331] Haslam, Wm., _Perranzabuloe_.
+
+   [332] _Ibid._, p. 60.
+
+   [333] "Mr. W. Mackenzie, Procurator Fiscal of Cromarty, writes me
+         from Dingwall (10th September, 1917), as follows: 'We are not
+         without some traces and traditions of phallic worship here.
+         There is a stone in the _Brahan_ Wood which is said to be a
+         "knocking stone". Barren women sat in close contact upon it
+         for the purpose of becoming fertile. It serves the purpose of
+         the mandrake in the East. I have seen the stone. It lies in
+         the Brahan Wood about three miles from Dingwall.'"--Frazer,
+         Sir J. G., quoted from _Folklore_, 1918, p. 219.
+
+   [334] Guerber, H. A., _Myths and Legends of the Middle Ages_, p.
+         219.
+
+   [335] Guerber, H. A., _Myths and Legends of the Middle Ages_, p.
+         221.
+
+   [336] "The Brehon laws are the most archaic system of law and
+         jurisprudence of Western Europe. This was the code of the
+         ancient Gaels, or Keltic-speaking Irish, which existed in an
+         unwritten form long before it was brought into harmony with
+         Christian sentiments.... It is impossible to study these laws
+         and the manners and customs of the early Irish, together with
+         their land tenure, and to compare them with the laws of Manu,
+         and with the light thrown on the Aryans of India by the
+         Sanskrit writings without coming to the conclusion that they
+         had a common origin."--Macnamara, N. C., _Origin and
+         Character of the British People_, p. 94.
+
+   [337] _Place-names of England and Wales_, p. 406.
+
+   [338] Of the Teutonic _Tiw_, Dr. Taylor observes: "This word was
+         used as the name of the Deity by all the Aryan nations. The
+         Sanskrit _deva_, the Greek _theos_, the Latin _deus_, the
+         Lithuanian _dewas_, the Erse _dia_, and the Welsh _dew_ are
+         all identical in meaning. The etymology of the word seems to
+         point to the corruption of a pure monotheistic faith." In
+         Chaldaic and in Hebrew _di_ meant the Omnipotent, in Irish
+         _de_ meant _goddess_, and in Cornish _da_ or _ta_ meant
+         _good_. From the elementary form _de_, _di_, or _da_, one
+         traces ramifications such as the Celtic _dia_ or _duw_
+         meaning a _god_. In Sanskrit Dya was the bright heavenly
+         deity who may be equated with the Teutonic _Tiu_, whence our
+         Tuesday, and with the Sanskrit Dyaus, which is equivalent to
+         the Greek Zeus. The same radical _d_' is the base of _dies_,
+         and of _dieu_; of _div_ the Armenian for _day_; of _div_ the
+         Sanskrit for _shine_; of _Diva_ the Sanskrit for _day_. Our
+         ancestors used to believe that the river Deva or Dee sprang
+         from two sources, and that after a very short course its
+         waters passed entire and unmixed through a large lake
+         carrying out the same quantity of water that it brought in.
+
+         The word "Dee" seems widely and almost universally to have
+         meant _good_ or _divine_, and it may no doubt be equated with
+         the "Saint Day" who figures so prominently in place-names,
+         and the Christian Calendar.
+
+   [339] Hone, W., _Everyday Book_, i., 1118.
+
+   [340] _Ancient Coins_, p. 3.
+
+   [341] Lardner, D., _History of Spain and Portugal_, vol. i, p. 18.
+
+   [342] _Ibid._, p. 13.
+
+   [343] _Ibid._, p. 6.
+
+   [344] Macalister, R. A. S., _Proc. Roy. Ir. Acad._, xxxiv., C.,
+         10-11.
+
+   [345] Mann, L. M., _Archaic Sculpturings_, p. 34.
+
+   [346] _Wild Wales_ (Everyman's Library), p. 258.
+
+   [347] Keightley, _Fairy Mythology_, p. 523.
+
+   [348] Bell's _Travels_, i., 248.
+
+   [349] _Cf._ Guest, Dr., _Origines Celticæ_, i., 61.
+
+   [350] Bellot, H. H. L., _The Temple_, p. 12.
+
+   [351] That there is nothing far-fetched in this possibility is
+         proved by a Vedic Hymn _circa_ 2500 B.C.: "Enter, O lifeless
+         one, the mother earth, the widespread earth, soft as a maiden
+         in her arms rest free from sin. Let now the earth gently
+         close around you even as a mother gently wraps her infant
+         child in soft robes. Let now the fathers keep safe thy
+         resting-place, and let Yama, the first mortal who passed the
+         portals of Death, prepare thee for a new abiding place."
+
+   [352] Near Land's End is _Bar_tinny or _Per_tinny, which is
+         understood to have meant _Hill of the Fire_.
+
+   [353] At Bradfield is a British camp on _Bar_ley Hill. Notable
+         earthwork _abris_ exist at _Bray_ford, _Bor_ingdon Camp, "Old
+         _Barrow_," _Parra_combe, and _Pre_stonbury in Devonshire: at
+         _Buri_ton, and _Bury_ Hill in Hampshire: at _Bree_don Hill,
+         _Burrough_-on-the-hill, and _Bury_ Camp in Leicestershire: at
+         _Borough_ Hill in Northamptonshire: at _Burrow_ Wood, _Bury_
+         Ditches, _Bury_ Walls, and Caer_bre_ in Shropshire: at Carn
+         Brea in Cornwall: at _Bourton_, and _Bury_ Castle, in
+         Somerset: at _Bar_moor in Warwickshire: at _Bar_bury, _Bury_
+         Camp, and _Bury_ Hill in Wiltshire: at _Berrow_ in
+         Worcestershire. Earthworks are also to be found on _Brow_
+         downs, _Bray_ downs, _Bray_ woods, and _Bury_ woods in
+         various directions.
+
+   [354] F. M., p. 464.
+
+   [355] "Camps of indubitably British date, Saxon, and Norman
+         entrenchments, to say nothing of minor matters such as dykes
+         and mounds and so-called amphitheatres, all are accredited to
+         a people who very probably had nothing at all to do with many
+         of them."--Allcroft, A. Hadrian, _Earthwork of England_, p.
+         289.
+
+   [356] The Bull's head will have been noted on the buckler of
+         Britannia, _ante_, p. 120.
+
+   [357] Bohn's Library, p. 114.
+
+   [358] Stone, J. Harris, _England's Riviera_.
+
+   [359] Abelson, J., _Jewish Mysticism_, p. 31.
+
+   [360] The authorities equate the names Alberic and Avery.
+
+   [361] F. M., p. 206.
+
+   [362] Book xl., chap. i.
+
+   [363] Friend, Rev. H., _Flowers and Folklore_, ii., 474.
+
+   [364] _Myths of Ancient Britain_, p. 18.
+
+   [365] Taylor, Rev. R., _Diegesis_, p. 271.
+
+   [366] Wood, E. J., _Giants and Dwarfs_, p. 44.
+
+   [367] Johnson, W., _Folk Memory_, p. 185.
+
+   [368] _Cf._ Shandwick or Shandfort _ante_, p. 327, also Shanid, p.
+         55.
+
+   [369] Cox, R. Hippesley, _A Guide to Avebury_, p. 55.
+
+   [370] _Ibid._
+
+   [371] _Folklore_, XXIX., i., p. 182.
+
+   [372] _Curious Myths of the Middle Ages._
+
+   [373] Jupiter is said to have been suckled by a goat.
+
+   [374] The Sanscrit for _palm_ is _toddy_--whence the drink of that
+         name.
+
+   [375] _Proc. of Royal Irish Acad._, xxxiv., C., 3, 4.
+
+   [376] Book IV., 33.
+
+   [377] Maundeville, in his Travels, mentions that near Hebron, "a
+         sacerdotal city, that is a sanctuary on the Mount of Mamre,
+         is an oak tree which the Saracens call _dirpe_, which is of
+         Abraham's time, and people called it the dry tree. They say
+         that it has been there since the beginning of the world, and
+         that it was once green and bore leaves, till the time that
+         our Lord died on the cross, and then it died, and so did all
+         the trees that were then in the world."--_Travels in the
+         East_, p. 162.
+
+   [378] _Gen._ xxiii.
+
+   [379] _History_, v., 2.
+
+   [380] Guest, Dr., _Origines Celticæ_, i., 54.
+
+   [381] _Barddas_, p. xxx.
+
+   [382] _Vide_ inscription _Chuck_hurst?
+
+   [383] Dawson, L. H., _A Book of the Saints_, p. 221.
+
+   [384] Skeat considers that _Sirrah_ is "a contemptuous extension of
+         _sire_, perhaps by addition of _ah!_ or _ha!_ (so Minsheu);
+         Old French _sire_, Provencial _sira_".
+
+   [385] _A Book of the Beginnings._
+
+   [386] "The Berbers, their language, and their books ought to be
+         fully explored and studied. Archæology and linguistic science
+         have lavished enthusiastic and toilsome study on subjects
+         much less worthy of attention, for these Berbers present the
+         remains of a great civilisation, much older than Rome or
+         Hellas, and of one of the most important peoples of
+         antiquity. Here are 'ruins' more promising, and, in certain
+         respects, more important, than the buried ruins of Nineveh;
+         but they have failed to get proper attention, partly because
+         a false chronology has made it impossible to see their
+         meaning and comprehend their importance. The Berbers
+         represent ancient communities whose importance was beginning
+         to decline before Rome appeared, and which were probably
+         contemporary with ancient Chaldea and the old monarchy of
+         Egypt."--Baldwin, J. D., _Prehistoric Nations_, p. 340.
+
+   [387] _Ibid._, p. 342.
+
+   [388] Laing, S., and Huxley, T. H., _The Prehistoric Remains of
+         Caithness_, pp. 70, 71.
+
+   [389] Quoted from Higgens, G., _Celtic Druids_.
+
+   [390] Latham, R. G., _The Varieties of Man_, p. 500.
+
+   [391] "Thy prowess I allow, yet this remember is the gift of
+         Heaven."--Homer.
+
+   [392] De Jubainville, _Irish Myth. Cycle_, p. 84.
+
+   [393] _A Guide to the Antiquities of the Bronze Age_ (B. M.).
+
+   [394] Wright, E. M., _Rustic Speech and Folklore_, p. 334.
+
+   [395] Rev. Hilderic Friend. This gentleman adds: "Interesting as
+         the study proves, we shall none of us regret that the English
+         nation is daily becoming more and more intelligent and
+         enlightened, and is leaving such follies to the heathen and
+         the past" (vol. ii., 568).
+
+   [396] As bracken is the plural of brake, fern was once presumably
+         the plural of _pher_.
+
+   [397] See Johnson, W., _Byways in British Archæology_, 375-7.
+
+   [398] Since writing I find that Didron, in vol. ii. of _Christian
+         Iconography_, p. 180, illustrates a drawing of Jupiter upon
+         which he comments, "a crown of yew leaves surrounds his
+         head".
+
+   [399] Guest, Dr., _Origines Celticæ_, i., 12.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER VIII
+
+                          SCOURING THE WHITE HORSE
+
+     "Where one might look to find a legitimate national pride in the
+     monuments of our forefathers there seems to be a perverse
+     conspiracy to give the credit to anyone rather than to the Briton,
+     and preferably to the Roman interloper. If any evidence at all be
+     asked for, the chance finding of a coin or two, or of a handful of
+     shivered pottery, is deemed enough. Such evidence is emphatically
+     not enough."--A. HADRIAN ALLCROFT.
+
+            The owld White Harse wants zettin to rights,
+            And the Squire hev promised good cheer,
+            Zo we'll gee un a scrape to kip un in zhape,
+            And a'll last for many a year.
+                                          --Berkshire Ballad.
+
+
+According to Gaelic mythology Brigit was the daughter of the supreme
+head of the Irish gods of Day, Life, and Light--whose name Dagda Mor,
+the authorities translate into _Great Good Fire_. Some accounts state
+there were three Brigits, but these three, like the three Gweneveres or
+Ginevras who were sometimes assigned to King Arthur, are evidently three
+aspects of the one and only Queen Vera, Queen Ever, or Queen Fair.
+Brigit's husband was the celebrated Bress, after whom we are told every
+fair and beautiful thing in Ireland was entitled a "bress".
+
+Brigit and Bress were the parents of three gods entitled Brian, Iuchar,
+and Uar, and it looks as though these three were equivalent to the
+Persian trinity of Good Thought, Good Deed, and Good Word. The term
+_word_ is derived by Skeat from a root _wer_, meaning to speak, whence
+_Uar_ was seemingly _werde_ or _Good Word_. _Brian_, I have already
+connoted with _brain_, whence Good Brian was probably equivalent to Good
+Thought, and Iuchar, the third of Bride's brats, looks curiously like
+_eu coeur_, _eu cor_, or _eu cardia_, _i.e._, soft, gentle, pleasing,
+and propitious _heart_, otherwise Kind Action or Good Deed.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 224 to 231.--British. From Evans.]
+
+These three mythic sons constitute the gods of Irish Literature and Art,
+and are said to have had in common an only son entitled Ecne,[400] whose
+name, according to De Jubainville, meant "knowledge or poetry".[401] The
+legend CUNO which appears so frequently in British coins in connection
+with Pegasus--the steed of the Muses--or the Hackney, varies into ECEN,
+_vide_ the examples herewith, and the palm branch or fern leaf
+constituting the mane points to the probability that the animal
+portrayed corresponds to "Splendid Mane," the magic steed of
+three-legged Mona.
+
+Mona was a headquarters of the British Druids by whom white horses were
+ceremoniously maintained. Speaking of the peculiar credulity of the
+German tribes Tacitus observes: "For this purpose a number of milk-white
+steeds unprophaned by mortal labour are constantly maintained at the
+public expense and placed to pasture in the religious groves. When
+occasion requires they are harnessed to a sacred chariot and the priest,
+accompanied by the king or chief of the state, attends to watch the
+motions and the neighing of the horses. No other mode of augury is
+received with such implicit faith by the people, the nobility, and the
+priesthood. The horses upon these solemn occasions are supposed to be
+the organs of the gods."[402]
+
+The horse is said to be exceptionally intelligent,[403] whence
+presumably why it was elevated into an emblem of Knowing, Kenning,
+Cunning, and ultimately of the Gnosis. That the Gnostics so regarded it
+is sufficiently evident apart from the collection of symbolic horses
+dealt with elsewhere.[404]
+
+The old French for _hackney_ was _haquenee_, the old Spanish was
+_hacanea_, the Italian is _chinea_, a contracted form of _acchinea_:
+jennet or Little Joan is connected with the Spanish _ginete_ which has
+been connoted with _Zenata_, the name of a tribe of Barbary celebrated
+for its cavalry.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 232.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 233.--From _The Cross: Heathen and Christian_
+                 (Brock, M.).]
+
+That Jeanette was worshipped in Italy _sub rosa_, would appear from the
+emblem here illustrated, which is taken from the title page of a work
+published in 1601.[405] The Hackney, the New-moon (Kenna?) and the Staff
+or Branch are emblems, which, as already seen, occur persistently on
+British coins, and the legend PHILOS IPPON IN DIES CRESCIT reading:
+"Love of the Horse; in time it will increase," obviously applied to
+some philosophy, and not a material taste for stud farms and the turf.
+
+In 1857, during some excavations in Rome in the palace of the Cæsars on
+the Palatine Hill, an inscription which is described as a "curious
+scratch on the wall" was brought to light. This so-called _graffito
+blasfemo_ has been held to be a vile caricature of the crucifixion, some
+authorities supposing the head to be that of a wild ass, others that of
+a jackal: beneath is an ill-spelt legend in Greek characters to the
+effect: "ALEXAMENOS WORSHIPS HIS GOD," and on the right is a meanly
+attired figure seemingly engaged in worship.[406]
+
+I am unable to recognise either a jackal or a wild ass in the figure in
+dispute, which seems in greater likelihood to represent a not
+ill-executed horse's head. Nor seemingly is the creature crucified, but
+on the contrary it is supporting the letter "T," or Tau, an emblem which
+was so peculiarly sacred among the Druids that they even topped and
+trained their sacred oak until it had acquired this holy form.[407] The
+Tau was the sign mentioned by Ezekiel as being branded upon the
+foreheads of the Elect, and this "curious scratch" of poor Alexamenos
+attributed to the very early part of the third century was not, in my
+humble opinion, the work of some illiterate slave or soldier attached to
+the palace of the Cæsars, ridiculing the religion of a companion, but
+more probably the pious work of a Gnostic lover of philosophy: that the
+Roman church was honeycombed with Gnostic heresies is well known.
+
+The word _philosophy_ is _philo sophy_ or the love of wisdom, but
+_sophi_, or wisdom, is radically _ophi_, or _opi_, _i.e._, the
+Phoenician _hipha_, Greek _hippa_, a mare: the name Philip is always
+understood as _phil ip_ or "love of the horse," and the _hobby_ horse of
+British festivals was almost certainly the _hippa_ or the _hippo_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 234.--Macedonian. From _English Coins and Tokens_
+                 (Jewitt & Head).]
+
+Of the 486 varieties of British coins illustrated by Sir John Evans no
+less than 360 represent a horse in one form or another, whence it is
+obvious that the hobby horse was once a national emblem of the highest
+import. In the opinion of this foremost authority all Gaulish and all
+British coins are contemptible copies of a wondrous Macedonian stater,
+which circulated at Marseilles, whence the design permeated Gaul and
+Britain in the form of rude and clownish imitations: this supposed
+model, the very mark and acme of all other craftsmen, is here
+illustrated, and the reader can form his own opinion upon its artistic
+merits. "It appears to me," says Sir John Evans, "that in most cases the
+adjuncts found upon the numerous degraded imitations of this type are
+merely the result of the engraver's laziness or incompetence, where they
+are not attributable to his ignorance of what the objects he was
+copying were originally designed to represent. And although I am willing
+to recognise a mythological and national element in this adaptation of
+the Macedonian stater which forms the prototype of the greater part of
+the ancient British series, it is but rarely that this element can be
+traced with certainty upon its numerous subsequent modifications."[408]
+
+The supposed modifications attributed to the laziness or incompetence of
+British craftsmen are, however, so astonishing and so ably executed that
+I am convinced the present theory of feeble imitation is ill-founded.
+The horses of Philippus are comparatively stiff and wooden by the side
+of the work of Celtic craftsmen who, _when that was their intention_,
+animated their creations with amazing verve and _elan_. Mr. W. Carew
+Hazlitt, who regards our early coins as "deplorable abortions," laments
+that one remarkable feature in the whole group of numismatic monuments
+of British and Celtic extraction is the spirit of servile imitation
+which it breathes, as well as the absence of that religious sentiment
+which confers a character on the Greek and Roman coinages.[409] How this
+writer defines religious sentiment I am unaware, but in any case it is
+difficult to square his assertion with Akerman's reference to "the great
+variety of crosses and other totally uninteresting objects" found on the
+_post_-Roman coinage.[410]
+
+We have already noted certain exquisitely modelled coins of Gaul and
+there are many more yet to be considered. Dr. Jewitt concedes that the
+imitations were not always servile "having occasionally additional
+features as drapery, a torque round the neck, a bandlet or what not,"
+but this writer obsequiously follows Sir John Evans in the opinion that
+the stater of Philip was "seized on by the barbarians who came in
+contact with Greek civilisation as an object of imitation. In Gaul this
+was especially the case, and the whole of the gold coinage of that
+country may be said to consist of imitations more or less rude and
+degenerate of the Macedonian Philippus."[411]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 235.--Cambre Castle, from Redruth. From
+                 _Excursions in the County of Cornwall_ (Stockdale, F.
+                 W. L.).]
+
+In 1769 a hoard of 371 gold British coins was discovered on the Cornish
+hill known as Carn Bre, near Cambourne, in view of which (and many other
+archæological finds) Borlase entertained the notion that Carn Bre was a
+prehistoric sanctuary. This conclusion is seemingly supported by the
+near neighbourhood of the town Redruth which is believed to have
+meant--_rhe druth_, or "the swift-flowing stream of the Druids". It is
+generally supposed that primitive coins were struck by priests within
+their sacred precincts,[412] and the extraordinary large collection
+found upon Carn Bre seems a strong implication that at some period coins
+were there minted. We find seemingly the Bre of Carn Bre, doubtless the
+Gaulish _abri_ or sanctuary, recurrent in Ireland, where at Bri Leith it
+was believed that Angus Mac Oge, the ever-young and lovely son of Dagda
+Mor, had his _brugh_ or _bri_, which meant _fairy palace_. The Cornish
+Cambourne, which the authorities suppose to have been _Cam bron_, and to
+have meant _crooked hill_, was more probably like Carn Bre the seat or
+_abri_ of King Auberon, "Saint" Bron, or King Aubrey.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 236.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 237.--British. From Evans.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 238.--From _Ancient Pagan and Modern Christian
+                 Symbolism_ (Inman, I.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 239.--Greek. From Barthelemy.]
+
+The generic term _coin_ is imagined to be derived from _cuneum_, the
+Latin accusative of _cuneus_, a wedge, "perhaps," adds Skeat, "allied to
+cone". It is, however, almost an invariable rule to designate coins by
+the design found upon their face, whence "angel," "florin," "rose,"
+"crown," "kreuzer" (cross), and so forth. The British penny is supposed
+to have derived its title from the head--Celtic _pen_--stamped upon
+it:[413] the Italian _ducat_ was so denominated because it bore the
+image of a _duke_, whose coins were officially known as _ducati_, or
+"coins of the duchy"; and as not only the legend _cuin_, _cuno_, etc.,
+appears upon early coinage, but also an image of an angel which we have
+endeavoured to show was regarded as the _Cun_ or _Queen_, it seems
+likely that the word _coin_ (Gaelic _cuinn_) is as old as the CUIN
+legend, and may have had no immediate relation either with _cunneus_ or
+_cone_. Nevertheless, the Queen of Heaven was occasionally depicted on
+coins in the form of a _cone_, as on the token here illustrated: on the
+coins of Cyprus Venus was represented under the symbolism of a
+cone-shaped stone.[414] The ancient minters not only customarily
+portrayed the features of their _pherepolis_ or Fairy of the City, but
+they occasionally rendered her identity fool-proof by inscribing her
+name at full length as in the ARETHUSA coin here illustrated: some of
+our seventh-century money bears the legend LUX--an allusion to the Light
+of the World; in the East coins were practically religious manifestos
+and bore inscriptions such as GOD IS ONE; GOD IS THE ETERNAL; THERE IS
+NO GOD BUT GOD ALONE; MAY THE MOST HIGH PERPETUATE HIS KINGDOM; and
+among the coins of Byzantium is an impression of the Virgin bearing the
+legend O LADY DO THOU KEEP IN SAFETY.[415]
+
+The early coinage of _Genoa_ represented a gate or _janua_; the Roman
+coin of Janus was known as the _As_, an implication that Janus, the
+first and most venerable of the Roman pantheon, was radically _genus_ or
+King As: in the same way it is customary among us to speak colloquially
+of "George," or more ceremoniously of "King George," and in all
+probability the full and formal title of the Roman _As_ was the Janus.
+On these coins there figured the _prow_ or forefront of a ship, and the
+same _prow_ will be noticed on the tokens of Britannia (_ante_, p. 120).
+It is remarkable that even 500 years after the coins of Janus had been
+out of circulation the youth of Rome used to toss money to the
+exclamation "Heads or Ships"--a very early instance of the _pari
+mutuel_!
+
+In connection with archaic coins it is curious that one cannot get away
+from John or Ion. The first people to strike coins are believed to have
+been either the Ionians or the Lydians, both of whom inhabited the
+locality of ancient Troy:[416] as early as the middle of the seventh
+century B.C., the Ægean island of Ægina, then a great centre of
+commerce, minted money, but the annalists of China go far further in
+their claim that as far back as 1091 B.C., a coinage was instituted by
+_Cheng_, the second King of Chou.[417] The generic term _token_ is
+radically _Ken_, _shekel_ is seemingly allied to Sheik, the Moorish or
+Berberian for a chief, and with _daric_, the Persian coin, one may
+connote not only Touriack but ultimately Troy or Droia. Our _guinea_ was
+so named after gold from Guinea; Guinea presumably was under Touriack or
+Berber influences, and we shall consider in a subsequent chapter Ogane,
+a mighty potentate of northern Africa whose toe, like that of Janus, the
+visitor most reverently kissed.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 240 and 241.--Archaic Carvings.]
+
+The Hackney of our early coinage thus not only appears pre-eminently
+upon it, but the very terms _coin_, _token_, _chink_, and _jingle_,[418]
+are permeated with the same root, _i.e._, Ecna, Ægina, or Jeanne.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 242 and 243.--Archaic Carvings.]
+
+That the worship of the Hackney stretches backward into the remotest
+depths of antiquity is implied by the carvings of prehistoric
+horse-heads found notably in the _trous_ or cave shelters of Derbyshire
+and Dordogne. The discoveries at Torquay in Kent's Cavern, in Kent's
+Copse, (or Kent's Hole as it is named in ancient maps), included bone,
+or horn pins, awls, barbed harpoons, and a neatly formed needle
+_precisely similar_ to analogous objects found in the rock shelters of
+Dordogne.[419] Many representations of horses and horse-heads have been
+found among the coloured inscriptions at Font de Gaune--the Fount of
+_Gaune_, and likewise at _Combar_elles: the Combar is here seemingly
+King Bar, and Bruniquel, another famous site of horse remains, is in all
+probability connected with the _broncho_. Perigord, the site of ancient
+Petrocorii, is radically _peri_, and Petro_cor_ii, the Father or Rock
+Heart, may be connoted with Iu_char_, the brother of Bryan and the
+father of Ecna, or _philosophy_.
+
+In England horse-teeth in association with a flint celt have been found
+at Wiggonholt in Sussex: the term _holt_ is applied in Cornwall to
+Pictish souterrains, and it is probable that Wiggonholt was once a holt
+or hole of _eu_ Igon: Ægeon was an alternative title of Briareus of the
+Hundred Hands, and as already shown Briareus was localised by Greek
+writers upon a British islet (_ante_, p. 82).
+
+The white horse constituted the arms of Brunswick or Burn's Wick; horses
+were carved upon the ancient font at _Burn_sall in Yorkshire, and that
+the _broncho_ was esteemed in Britain by the flint knappers is implied
+by the etching of a horse's head found upon a polished horse rib in a
+cave at _Cress_well Crags in Derbyshire. _Ceres_ or Demeter was
+represented as a mare, _cres_ is the root of _cresco_--I grow, and among
+the white horses carved upon the chalk downs of England, one at Bratton
+was marked by an exaggerated "crescentic tail". Bratton, or Bra-ton?
+Hill, whereon this curious brute was carved, may be connoted with
+Bradon, and Bratton may also be compared with _prad_, a word which in
+horsey circles means a horse, whence _prad cove_, a dealer in horses:
+with the white horse at Bratton may be connoted the horse carved upon
+the downs at _Pre_ston near Weymouth. For a mass of miscellaneous and
+interesting horse-lore the curious reader may refer to Mr. Walter
+Johnson's _Byways in British Archæology_: the opinion of this
+painstaking and reliable writer is that the famed white horse of
+Bratton, like its fellow at Uffington, although usually believed to
+commemorate victories over the Danes are more probably to be referred to
+the Late Bronze, or Early Iron Age.
+
+It has already been noted that artificially white horses were inscribed
+at times on Scotch hills, but these earth-monuments are unrecorded
+either in Ireland or on the Continent. On the higher part of Dartmoor
+there is a bare patch on the granite plateau in form resembling a horse,
+but whether the clearing is artificial is uncertain: the probabilities
+are, however, in favour of design for the site is known as White Horse
+Hill.[420]
+
+The White Horse of Berkshire--the shire of the horse, Al Borak, or the
+_brok_?--is situated at Uffington, a name which the authorities decode
+into town or village of Uffa: I do not think this imaginary "Uffa" was
+primarily a Saxon settler, and it is more probable that Uffa was
+_hipha_, the Tyrian title of the Great Mother whose name also meant
+_mare_, whence the Hellenic _hippa_. The authorities would like to read
+Avebury, a form of Abury or Avereberie, as _burg of Aeffa_, but near
+Avebury there is a white horse cut upon the slope of a down, and the
+adjacent place-name Uffcot suggests that here also was an _hipha_-cot,
+or cromlech. The ride of Lady Godiva nude upon a white horse was, as we
+shall see later, probably the survival of an ancient festival
+representative of _Good Hipha_, the St. Ive, or St. Eve, who figures
+here and there in Britain, otherwise Eve, the Mother of All Living.
+
+There used to be traces at Stonehenge of a currus or horse-course, and
+all the evidence is strongly in favour of the supposition that the horse
+has been with us in these islands for an exceedingly long time.
+
+When defending their shores against the Roman invaders the British
+cavalry drove their horses into the sea attacking their enemies while in
+the water, and one of the facts most impressive to Cæsar was the skill
+with which our ancestors handled their steeds. Speaking of the British
+charioteers he says: "First they advance through all parts of their
+Army, and throw their javelins, and having wound themselves in among the
+troops of horse, they alight and fight on foot; the charioteers retiring
+a little with their chariots, but posting themselves in such a manner,
+that if they see their masters pressed, they may be able to bring them
+off; by this means the Britons have the agility of horse, and the
+firmness of foot, and by daily exercise have attained to such skill and
+management, that in a declivity they can govern the horses, though at
+full speed, check and turn them short about, run forward upon the pole,
+stand firm upon the yoke, and then withdraw themselves nimbly into their
+chariots."[421]
+
+According to Mr. and Mrs. Hawes, two-wheeled chariots are delineated on
+Gnossian seals, among which is found a four-wheeled chariot having the
+front wheels armed with spikes:[422] the Britons are traditionally
+supposed to have attached scythes to their wheels, and Homer's
+description of a chariot fight might well have expressed the sensations
+of the British Jehu:--
+
+                                his flying steeds
+        His chariot bore, o'er bodies of the slain
+        And broken bucklers trampling; all beneath
+        Was splash'd with blood the axle, and the rails
+        Around the car, as from the horses' feet
+        And from the felloes of the wheels were thrown
+        The bloody gouts; and onward still he pressed,
+        Panting for added triumphs; deeply dyed
+        With gore and carnage his unconquer'd hands.[423]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 244.--From _A Guide to the Antiquities of Bronze
+                 Age_ (B.M.).]
+
+_Biga_, the Greek for chariot, is seemingly _buggy_, the name of a
+vehicle which was once very fashionable with us: the term, now
+practically extinct in this country, is still used largely in America,
+whither like much other supposedly American slang, it was no doubt
+carried by the pilgrim fathers.[424] To account satisfactorily for
+_buggy_ one must assume that the earliest _bigas_ were used
+ceremoniously in sacred festivals to Big Eye or the Sun: that this was a
+prevalent custom is proved by the Scandinavian model representing the
+Solar Chariot here illustrated. Among the cave-offerings of Crete the
+model biga was very frequent, and no doubt it had some such mental
+connection with the constellation King Charles's Wain, as still exists
+in Breton folklore. In what was known as King's barrow in Yorkshire, the
+skeleton of an old man was uncovered accompanied by chariot wheels, the
+skeletons of two small horses, and the skulls of two pigs: similar
+sepulchres have been found in great number in the Cambrai--Peronne--Bray
+district of France. Not only do we here find the term Santerre applied
+to an extensive plain, but the exquisite bronze plaques, discs, and
+flagons recovered from the tombs "appear to be of Greek workmanship". In
+the words of Dr. Pycraft (written in August, 1918): "The Marne is rich
+in such relics--though, happily, they need no little skill in finding,
+for they date back to prehistoric times ranging from the days of the
+Stone Age to the dawn of history. The retreat of this foul-minded brood
+[the German Army] towards the Vesle will probably mean the doom of the
+celebrated Menhirs, or standing stones, of the Marne Valley. These date
+back to about 6000 B.C., and are remarkable for the fact that they bear
+curiously sculptured designs, of which the most striking is a
+conventionalised representation of the human face.[425] This, and the
+general character of the ornamentation, bears a close likeness to that
+found on early objects from Hissarlik and the Greek islands.... These
+megalithic monuments mark the appearance in Europe of a new race,
+bringing with them new customs--and, what is still more important, the
+use of metal."[426]
+
+Among the finds at Troy, Schliemann recovered some curious two-holed
+whorls or wheels, in the eyes of which are representations of a horse:
+he also discovered certain small carved horse-heads.[427] That the horse
+was of good omen among the Trojans is implied by the description of the
+building of Æneas's new colony, for of this new-born _tre_ we read--
+
+        A grove stood in the city, rich in shade,
+        Where storm-tost Tyrians, past the perilous brine,
+        Dug from the ground by royal Juno's aid
+        A war-steed's head, to far-off days a sign
+        That wealth and prowess should adorn the line.[428]
+
+Such was the auspiciousness of this find that the Trojans forthwith
+erected an altar to Juno, _i.e._, Cuno?
+
+At the home of the Mother Goddess in Gnossus there has been discovered a
+seal impression which is described as a noble horse of enormous size
+being transported on a one-masted boat driven by Minoan oarsmen, seated
+beneath an awning:[429] it has been assumed by one authority after
+another that this seal-stone represented and commemorated the
+introduction into Crete of the thorough-bred horse, but more probably it
+was the same sacred horse as is traditionally associated with the fall
+of Troy. There is some reason to think that this supposedly fabulous
+episode may have had some historic basis: historians are aware that the
+Druids were accustomed to make vast wicker frames, sometimes in the form
+of a bull, and according to Roman writers these huge constructions
+filled either with criminals or with sacrificial victims were then
+burnt. Two enormous white horses constructed from wood and paper formed
+part of a recent procession in connection with the obsequies of the
+late Emperor of Korea, and it is quite possible that the wily Greeks
+strategically constructed a colossal horse by means of which they
+introduced a picked team of heroes in the Trojan sanctuary. According to
+Virgil--
+
+        Broken by war, long baffled by the force
+        Of fate, as fortune and their hopes decline,
+        The Danaan leaders build a monstrous horse,
+        Huge as a hill, by Pallas' craft divine,
+        And cleft fir-timbers in the ribs entwine.
+        They feign it vowed for their return, so goes
+        The tale, and deep within the sides of pine
+        And caverns of the womb by stealth enclose
+        Armed men, a chosen band, drawn as the lots dispose.[430]
+
+That this elaborate form of the wicker-cage was introduced into Troy
+upon some religious pretext would appear almost certain from the inquiry
+of the aged Priam--
+
+          but mark, and tell me now,
+    What means this monster, for what use designed?
+    Some warlike engine? _or religious vow_?
+  Who planned the steed, and why? Come, quick, the truth avow.[431]
+
+The Trojans were guileless enough to "through the gates the monstrous
+horse convey," and even to lodge it in the citadel fatuously ignoring
+the recommendation of Capys
+
+        ... to tumble in the rolling tide,
+        The doubtful gift, for treachery designed,
+        Or burn with fire, or pierce the hollow side.
+
+Unless there had been some highly superstitious feeling attaching to the
+votive horse, one cannot conceive why the sound advice of Capys was not
+immediately put into practice.
+
+Although both Greeks and Trojans were accomplished charioteers, riding
+on horseback was, we are told, so rare and curious an exhibition in
+ancient Greece that only one single reference is found in the poems of
+Homer. According to Gladstone, equestrian exercise was "the half-foreign
+accomplishment of the Kentauroi," who were fabulously half-man and
+half-horse: similarly, in most ancient Ireland there are no riders on
+horseback, and the warriors fight invariably from chariots.[432] On the
+other hand, in Etruria there are found representations of what might be
+a modern race meeting, and the effect of these pictures upon the early
+investigators of Etrurian tombs seems to have been most surprising. In
+the words of Mrs. Hamilton Gray: "The famous races of Britain seemed
+there to find their type. The racers, the race-stand, the riders with
+their various colours, the judges, the spectators, and the prizes were
+all before us. We were unbelieving like most of our countrymen.... Our
+understandings and imaginations were alike perplexed."[433]
+
+The verb to _canter_ is supposed to be derived from the pace at which
+pilgrims proceeded to _Canter_bury. But pilgrims either footed it or
+else ambled leisurely along on their palfreys, and the connection
+between canter and Cantuar is seemingly much deeper than supposed. At
+_Kintyre_ in Scotland the patron saint is St. _Cheiran_, who may be
+connoted with _Chiron_, the wise and good _Kentaur_ chief; and this
+connection of Chiron-Kentaur, Cheiran-Kintyre is the more curious,
+inasmuch as both an Irish MS. and Ptolemy refer independently by
+different terms to the Mull of Kintyre, as "the height of the
+_horse_".[434]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 245.--From _The Heroes_ (Kingsley, C.).]
+
+The illustration herewith is an early Victorian conception of Chiron,
+the wise and kindly Kentaur King, and CANTORIX, an inscription found on
+the spectral steeds of Fig. 146, might seemingly without outrage be
+interpreted as _Canto rex_, or _Song King_: in Welsh _canto_, a song or
+_chant_, was _gan_, and the title _tataguen_ meant "the father of the
+muse";[435] according to mythology the walls of Troy were built by
+Oceanus to the music of Apollo's lyre.
+
+It would appear probable that Kent, the county of Invicta, the White
+Horse, was pre-eminently a horse-breeding county, as it remains to this
+day: part of Cantuarburig is known as Hackington, and in view of the
+Iceni hackney-coins there is little doubt that horse-breeding was
+extensively practised wherever the equine Eceni, Cantii, and Cenomagni
+were established. It is noteworthy that the Icknield Way was known
+alternatively as Hackington Way, Hackney Way, Acknil Way, and Hikenilde
+Street.[436]
+
+It is a curious fact that practically the first scratchings of a horse
+represent the animal as bridled, whence the authorities assume that
+horses were kept semi-domesticated in a compound for purposes of food:
+immense collections of horse bones have been discovered, whence it seems
+probable that horses were either sacrificed in hecatombs or were eaten
+in large quantities; but the Tartars kept horses mainly for the mare's
+milk.
+
+Pliny mentions a horse-eating tribe, in Northern Spain, entitled the
+Concanni, with which Iberians may be connoted the Congangi of
+Cumberland, whose headquarters were supposedly Kendal: the western point
+of Carnarvonshire is named by Ptolemy Gangani, and the same geographer
+mentions another Gangani in the West of Hibernia. The Hibernian
+Ganganoi, situated in the neighbourhood of the Shannon, worshipped a
+Sengann whose name is supposed to mean _Old Gann_: we have illustrated
+the earthwork wheel cross of Shanid (_ante_ p. 55), and have suggested
+the equation of Sen Gann with Sinjohn. In all probability the fairy
+known in Ireland as Gancanagh, who appears in lonesome valleys and makes
+love to milkmaids, is a survival of the Gangani's All Father. The name
+Konken occurs among the kingly chronology of Archaic Britain; the most
+ancient inscribed stone in Wales is a sepulchral stone of a certain
+Cingen: the Saxon name Cunegonde is translated as having meant _royal
+lady_.
+
+The French _cancan_, an exuberant dance which is associated with Paris,
+the city of the Parisii, may be a survival from the times of the
+Celtiberian Concanni: Paris was the Adonis of the Hellenes, or Children
+of Hellas, and it is not unlikely that the lament _helas!_ or _alas!_
+was the cry wailed by the women on the annual waning of the Solar Power.
+At Helstone in Cornwall--supposed to be named from _hellas_, a
+marsh--there is still danced an annual Furry dance of which the feature
+is a long linked chain similar to that of the French farandole: if
+_faran_, like _fern_, be the plural of _far_, it follows that the
+_furry_ and the _faran_dole were alike festivals of the Great Fire,
+Phare, Fairy, Phairy, or Peri; the Parisii who settled in the
+Bridlington district are by some scholars assigned to Friesland.
+
+Persia, the home of the peris, is still known locally as Farsistan,
+whence the name Farsees or Parsees is now used to mean fire worshippers:
+the Indian Parsees seem chiefly to be settled in the district of India,
+which originally formed part of the ancient Indian Konkan kingdom, and
+the probabilities are that the Konkani of the East, like the Cancanii of
+the West, were worshippers of the Khan Khan, or King of Kings.
+
+In the most ancient literature of India entire hymns are addressed to
+the Solar Horse, and the estimation in which the White Horse was held
+in Persia may be judged from the annual salutation ceremony thus
+described by Williamson in _The Great Law_: "The procession to salute
+the God formed long before the rising of the sun. The High Priest was
+followed by a long train of Magi, in spotless white robes chanting hymns
+and carrying the sacred fire on silver censers. Then came 365 youths in
+scarlet, to represent the days of the year, and the colour of fire.
+These were followed by the chariot of the sun, empty, decorated with
+garlands, and drawn by superb white horses, harnessed with pure gold.
+Then came a white horse of magnificent size, his forehead blazing with
+gems, in honour of Mithras. Close behind him rode the king, in a chariot
+of ivory inlaid with gold, followed by his royal kindred, in embroidered
+garments and a long train of nobles, riding on camels richly
+caparisoned. This gorgeous retinue, facing the East, slowly ascended
+Mount Orontes. Arrived at the summit, the high priest assumed his tiara,
+wreathed with myrtle, and hailed the first rays of the rising sun with
+incense and with prayer. The other Magi gradually joined him in singing
+hymns to Ormuzd, the source of all blessings, by whom the radiant Mithra
+had been sent to gladden the earth, and preserve the principle of life.
+Finally, they all joined in the one universal chorus of praise, while
+king, princes, and nobles prostrated themselves before the orb of day."
+
+There is every likelihood that this festival was celebrated on a humbler
+scale at many a British "Hallicondane," and as the glory of the horse or
+courser is its speed--"swift is the sun in its course"--we may also be
+sure that no pains were spared to secure a worthy representative of the
+Supreme Ecna, Ekeni, or Hackney.
+
+In Egypt the whole land was ransacked in order to discover the precise
+and particular Bull, which by its special markings was qualified to play
+Apis, and when this precious beast was found there were national
+rejoicings. Reasoning by analogy it is probable that not only did each
+British horse-centre have its local races, but that there was in
+addition what might be called a Grand National either at Stonehenge or
+at one or another of the tribal centres. In such case the winners would
+become the sacred steeds, which, as we know, were maintained by the
+Druids in the sanctuaries, and from whose neighing or knowing auguries
+were drawn. Such was the value placed in Persia upon the augury of a
+horse's neigh, that on one memorable occasion the rights of two
+claimants to the throne were decided by the fact that the horse of the
+favoured one neighed first.[437]
+
+It is probable that the primitive horse-races of the Britons were
+elemental Joy-days, Hey-days, and Holy-days, similar to the
+time-honoured Scouring and Cleansing of the White Horse of Berkshire or
+Barrukshire. On the occasion of this festival in 1780, _The Reading
+Mercury_ informed its readers that: "Besides the customary diversions of
+horse-racing, foot-races, etc., many uncommon rural diversions and feats
+of activity were exhibited to a greater number of spectators than ever
+assembled on any former occasion. Upwards of 30,000 persons were
+present, and amongst them most of the nobility and gentry of this and
+the neighbouring counties, and the whole was concluded without any
+material accident."
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 246. From _The Scouring of the White Horse_
+                 (Hughes, T.).]
+
+Below the head of the White Horse, which at festival time was thoroughly
+scoured and restored to its pristine whiteness, is a huge scoop in the
+downs forming a natural amphitheatre, and at the base of this so-called
+"manger" are the clear traces of artificial banks or tiers. In 1825 the
+games were held at Seven Barrows, distant _two miles_ in a
+south-easterly direction from the White Horse itself. These Seven
+Barrows are imagined to be the burial places of seven chieftains slain
+at the battle of Ashdown, and adjacent mounds supposedly contain the
+corpses of the rank and file. But the starting-post of Lewes
+race-course, which is also _two miles_ in extent, is shown in the
+Ordnance map as being likewise situated at a group of seven tumuli, and
+as the winning-post at Lewes is at the base of Offham Hill the fact of
+starting at Seven Barrows, racing for two miles, and finishing
+respectively at Offham and Uffington is too conspicuous to be
+coincidence. Referring to the Stonehenge track Stukeley writes: "This
+course which is two miles long," and he adds casually, "there is an
+obscure barrow or two round which they returned".
+
+At Uffington are the remains of a cromlech known as Wayland's Smithy,
+Wayland, here as elsewhere, being an invisible, benevolent fairy
+blacksmith[438]: on Offham Hill, Lewes, stands an inn entitled the
+"Blacksmith's Arms," and below it Wallands Park.
+
+The sub-district of Lewes, where the De Vere family seem to have been
+very prominent, contains the parishes of St. John, South_over_, and
+Berwick: opposite the Castle Hill is Brack Mount, also a district called
+The Brooks; running past All Saints Church is Brooman's Lane, and the
+"rape" of Lewes contains the hundreds of Barcomb and Preston. The
+principal church in Lewes is that of St. Michael, which is known
+curiously as St. Michaels in _Foro_, and it stands, in all probability
+like the Brutus Stone, in _Fore_ Street, Totnes, in what was the centre
+or _forum_ of the original settlement.
+
+The name Lewes is thought to be _lowes_, which means barrows or
+toothills, and this derivation is no doubt correct, for within the
+precincts of Lewes Castle, which dominates the town, are still standing
+two artificial mounds nearly 800 feet apart from centre to centre.
+
+These two barrows, known locally as the Twin Mounds of Lewes, may be
+connoted with the _duas tumbas_ or two tumps, elsewhere associated with
+St. Michael: at their base lies Lansdowne Place, and at another Elan's
+Town, or Wick, _i.e._, Alnwick on the river Aln or Alone, near Berwick,
+we find a remarkable custom closely associated with so-called Twinlaw or
+Tounlow cairns. This festival is thus described by Hope: "On St. Mark's
+Day the houses of the new freemen are distinguished by a holly-tree
+planted before each door, as the signal for their friends to assemble
+and make merry with them. About eight o'clock the candidates for the
+franchise, being mounted on horseback and armed with swords, assemble in
+the market-place, where they are joined by the chamberlain and bailiff
+of the Duke of Northumberland, attended by two men armed with halberds.
+The young freemen arranged in order, with music playing before them and
+accompanied by a numerous cavalcade, march to the west-end of the town,
+where they deliver their swords. They then proceed under the guidance of
+the moorgrieves through a part of their extensive domain, till they
+reach the ceremonial well. The sons of the oldest freemen have the
+honour of taking the first leap. On the signal being given they pass
+through the bog, each being allowed to use the method and pace which to
+him shall seem best, some running, some going slow, and some attempting
+to jump over suspected places, but all in their turns tumbling and
+wallowing like porpoises at sea, to the great amusement of the populace,
+who usually assemble in vast numbers. After this aquatic excursion, they
+remount their horses and proceed to perambulate the remainder of their
+large common, of which they are to become free by their achievement. In
+passing the open part of the common the young freemen are obliged to
+alight at intervals, and place a stone on a cairn as a mark of their
+boundary, till they come near a high hill called the _Twinlaw_ or
+Tounlaw Cairns, when they set off at full speed, and contest the honour
+of arriving first on the hill, where the names of the freemen of Alnwick
+are called over. When arrived about _two miles_ from the town they
+generally arrange themselves in order, and, to prove their equestrian
+abilities, set off with great speed and spirit over bogs, ditches,
+rocks, and rugged declivities till they arrive at _Rottenrow Tower_ on
+the confines of the town, the foremost claiming the honour of what is
+termed 'winning the boundaries,' and of being entitled to the temporary
+triumphs of the day."[439]
+
+The occurrence of this horsey festival on St. _Mark's_ Day may be
+connoted with the fact that in Welsh and Cornish _march_, in Gaelic
+_marc_, meant _horse_: obviously _marc_ is allied to the modern _mare_.
+
+There is a Rottenrow at Lewes, and Rottenrow Tower on the confines of
+Alnwick is suggestive of the more famous Rotten Row in London. It would
+seem that this site was also the bourne or goal of steeplechases similar
+to those at Alnwick, for upwards of a mile westward there was once a
+street called Michael's Grove, of which the site is now occupied by
+Ovington Square. This "Ovington" may be connoted not only with Offham
+Hill and Uffington of the White Horse, but also with Oving in Bucks,
+where is an earthwork also a spring known as "the Horse Spring,"
+traditionally associated with Horsa.[440]
+
+Ovington Square at Kensington seems also to have been designated
+Brompton Grove, and as _Bronde_sbury, a few miles northward, was known
+alternatively as _Bromesbury_, and _Bromfield_, in Shropshire, as
+_Brunefield_, we may safely regard the _Brom_ which appears here, and in
+numerous Bromptons, Bromsgroves, Bromsberrows, Bromleas, also Brimham
+Rocks, as being the same word as _Bron_. The Latin name for
+broom--_planta genista_--apart from other evidence in my notebooks is an
+implication that the golden broom was deemed a symbol of Genista, the
+Good Genus or Janus: and as Janus of January, and _planta genista_, was
+the _first_, the word _prime_ may be connoted with _broom_. On 1st
+January, _i.e._, the first day of the first month, it was customary in
+England to make a globe of blackthorn, a plant which is the first to
+come into flower: we have already connoted the thorn or spica with the
+Prime Cause, and with the prime letter of the alphabet A, or Aleph,
+whence in all probability _bramble_ may be equated also with _broom_ and
+_prime_.
+
+Mitton, in _Kensington_, observes that before being Brompton Grove this
+part of the district had been known as Flounders Field,[441] but why
+tradition does not say. Flounders Field is on the verge of, if not
+within, the district known as Kensington Gore, and those topographers
+who have assigned _gore_ to the old English term meaning _mud_ are
+probably correct. From Kensington Gore, or Flounders Field, we may
+assume that the freemen of Kensington once wallowed their way as at
+Alnwick to Rottenrow, and the plight of these sportsmen must have been
+the more pitiable inasmuch as, at any rate at Alnwick, the freemen were
+by custom compelled to wear white robes. In this connection it may be
+noted that at the triennial road-surveying ceremony known in Guernsey as
+the _Chevauchee_ or Cavalcade of St. Michael (last held in 1837), a
+white wand was carried and the regimental band of the local militia was
+robed in long white smocks. "This very unmilitary costume," says a
+writer in _Folklore_, "must, I think, have been traditionally associated
+with the Chevauchee as it is quite unlike all the uniforms of that date
+worn by our local militia; it may have been a survival of some ancient,
+perhaps rustic, possibly priestly band of minstrels and musicians."[442]
+
+Whether our Whit or White Monday parade of carthorses has any claim to
+antiquity I am unaware, but it is noteworthy that the Scouring of the
+Uffington White Horse was celebrated on Whit Monday with great joyous
+festivity. The Cavalcade of St. Michael, in which all the nobility and
+gentry took part, was ordained to be held on the Monday of Mid May and
+was evidently a most imposing ritual. It seems to have culminated at the
+Perron du Roy (illustrated on p. 315), which was once the boundary stone
+of the Royal Fief: at this spot stood once an upright stone known as _La
+Rogue des Fees_, and a repast to the revellers was here served in a
+circular grass hollow where according to tradition the fays used to
+dance. During the procession the lance-bearer carried a wand eleven and
+a quarter feet long, the number of Vavasseurs was eleven, and it is
+possible that the eleven pools in Kensington, which were subsequently
+merged into the present Serpentine,[443] were originally constructed or
+adapted to this Elphin number in order to make a ceremonial course for
+the freemen floundering from Flounders Field to Rottenrow.
+
+Kensington in days gone by was pre-eminently a district of springs and
+wells; the whole of south-west London was more or less a swamp or
+"holland," and the early Briton, whose prehistoric canoe was found some
+years ago at Kew, might if he had wished have wallowed the whole way
+from Turnham Green, _via_ Brook Green, Parson's Green, Baron's Court,
+Walham and Fulham to Tyburn.
+
+If it be true that Boudicca were able to put 4000 war chariots into the
+field there must at that time have been numerous stud farms, and the
+low-lying pastures of the larger Kent, which once contained London, were
+ideal for the purpose. The Haymarket is said to have derived its name
+from the huge amount of hay required by the mews of Charing Cross; a
+mile or so westward is Hay Hill; old maps indicate enormous mews in the
+Haymarket district, and there are indications that some of the present
+great mews and stables of south-western London are the relics of ancient
+parks or compounds. According to Homer--
+
+        By Dardanus, of cloud-compelling Jove
+        Begotten, was Dardania peopled first,
+        Ere sacred Ilium, populous city of men,
+        Was founded on the plain; as yet they dwelt
+        On spring-abounding Ida's lowest spurs.
+        To Dardanus was Erichthonius born,
+        Great King, the wealthiest of the sons of men;
+        For him were pastur'd in the marshy mead,
+        Rejoicing with their foals, three thousand mares;
+        Them Boreas, in the pasture where they fed,
+        Beheld, enamour'd; and amid the herd
+        In likeness of a coal-black steed appear'd;
+        Twelve foals, by him conceiving, they produc'd.
+        These, o'er the teeming corn-fields as they flew,
+        Skimm'd o'er the standing ears, nor broke the haulm;
+        And o'er wide Ocean's bosom as they flew,
+        Skimm'd o'er the topmost spray of th' hoary sea.[444]
+
+Boreas, whom we may connote with Bress, the Consort of Brigit, or Bride,
+is here represented as _wallowing_, a term which Skeat derives from the
+Anglo-Saxon _wealwian_, to roll round: he adds, "see voluble," but in
+view of the world-wide rites of immersion or baptism it is more seemly
+to connect _wallow_ with _hallow_. Mr. Weller, Senr., preferred to spell
+his name with a "V": there is no doubt that Weller and Veller were
+synonymous terms, and therefore that Fulham, in which is now Walham
+Green, was originally a home of Wal or Ful, perhaps the same as Wayland
+or Voland, the Blacksmith of Wayland's Smithy and of Walland Park.[445]
+It is supposed that Fulham was the swampy home of _fowlen_, or water
+_fowls_, but it is an equally reasonable conjecture that it was likewise
+a tract of marshy meads whereon the _foalen_ or foals were pastured. As
+already noted the Tartar version of the Pied Piper represents the
+Chanteur or Kentaur as a _foal_, coursing perpetually round the world.
+The coins of the Gaulish Volcae exhibit a _wheel_ or _veel_ with the
+inscription VOL, others in conjunction with a coursing horse are
+inscribed VOOL, and we find the head of a remarkable maned horse on the
+coins of the Gaulish Felikovesi. As _felix_ means happy, one may connote
+the hobby horse with _happi_ness, or one's _hobby_, and it is not
+improbable that both Felixstowe and Folkestone were settlements of the
+adjacent Felikovesi, whose coins portray the Hobby's head or Foal.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 247 to 253.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 254 and 255.--Gaulish. From Barthelemy.]
+
+At Land's End, opposite the titanic headland known as Pardenick, or
+Pradenic, is Cairn Voel which is also known locally as "The Diamond
+Horse":[446] there is likewise a headland called The Horse, near Kynance
+Cove, and a stupendous cliff-saddle at Zennor,[447] named the Horse's
+Back. It would thus seem that the mythology of the Voel extended to the
+far West, and it is not improbable that Tegid Voel, the Consort of
+Keridwen the Mare, _alias_ Cendwen, meant _inter alia_ the Good Foal.
+
+Prof. Macalister has recently hooked up from the deep waters of Irish
+mythology a deity whose name Fal he connotes with a Teutonic Phol. This
+Fal, a supposedly non-Aryan, neolithic (?) "pastoral horse-divinity,"
+belonging to an older stratum of belief than the divine beings among the
+Tuatha De Danann, Prof. Macalister associates with the famous stone of
+Fal at Tara, and he remarks: "He looks like a Centaur, but is in
+parentage and disposition totally different from the orthodox Centaurs.
+He is, in fact, just the sort of being that would develop out of an
+ancient hippanthropic deity who had originally no connection with
+Centaurs, but who found himself among a people that had evolved the
+conception of the normal type of those disagreeable creatures."[448]
+
+In Cornwall is a river Fal; a _well_ is a spring, the _whale_ or
+elephant of the sea was venerated because like the elephant it gushed
+out a fountain of water from its head. The Wilton crescent, opposite one
+of the ancient conduits by Rotten Row, Kensington, may well have meant
+_Well town_, for the whole of this district was notoriously a place of
+wells: not only do we find Wilton Crescent, but in the immediate
+neighbourhood of Ovington Square and Flounders Field is _Walton_ Street
+and Hooper's Court. Sennen Cove at Land's End was associated with a
+mysterious sea-spirit known as the Hooper, and we shall meet again with
+Hooper, or Jupiter, the Hidden one in "Hooper's Hide," an alternative
+title for the game of Blind Man's Buff.
+
+The authorities derive _avon_, or _aune_, the Celtic for a gently
+flowing river, from _ap_, the Sanscrit for water, but it is more likely
+that there is a closer connection with Eve, or Eva--Welsh Efa--whose
+name is the Hebrew for life or enlivening, whence Avon would resolve
+most aptly into the _enlivening one_. Not only are rivers actually the
+enlivening ones, but the ancients philosophically assigned the origin of
+all life to water or ooze. According to Persian, or Parthian
+philosophy--and Parthia may be connoted in passing with Porthia, an old
+name for the Cornish St. Ives, for St. Ive was said to be a Persian
+bishop--the Prime appointed six pure and beneficent Archangels to
+supervise respectively Fire, Metals, Agriculture, Verdure, the Brutes,
+and Water. With respect to the last the injunction given was: "I confide
+to thee, O Zoroaster! the water that flows; that which is stagnant; the
+water of rivers; that which comes from afar and from the mountains; the
+water from rain and from springs. Instruct men that it is water which
+gives strength to all living things. It makes all verdant. Let it not be
+polluted with anything dead or impure, that your victuals, boiled in
+pure water, may be healthy. Execute thus the words of God."[449]
+
+Etymology points to the probability that water in every form, even the
+stagnant _fen_--the same word as _Aven_, _font_, and _fount_--was once
+similarly sacred in Britain, whence it may follow that even although
+Fulham and Walham were foul, vile, evil, and filthy,[450] the root _fal_
+still meant originally the _enlivening all_.
+
+The word _pollute_ (to be connoted with _pool_, Phol, or Fal) is traced
+by Skeat to _polluere_, which means not necessarily foul, but merely to
+_flow over_. The _willow_ tree (Welsh _helygen_), which grows
+essentially by the water-side, may be connoted with _wallow_.
+
+Of Candian or Cretan god-names only two are tentatively known, to
+wit--Velchanos and Apheia: Apheia may be connoted with Hephaestus, the
+Greek title of Vulcan or Vulcanus, and the connection between Hephaestus
+and Velchanos is clearly indicated by the inscribed figure of Velchanos
+which appears upon the coins of the Candian town of Phaestus. That the
+_falcon_ was an emblem of the Volcae is obvious from the bird on Fig.
+248, and the older forms of the English place-name Folkestone, _i.e._,
+Folcanstan, Folcstane, Fulchestan supposed to mean "stone of a man
+Folca," more probably imply a _Folk Stone_, or Falcon Stone, or Vulcan
+Stone. The Saxon gentleman named Folca is in all probability pure
+imagination.
+
+The more British title of Wayland or Voland, the Vulcan or Blacksmith of
+Uffington, and doubtless also of the Blacksmith of Walland's Park,
+Offham, is Govannon. One may trace Govan, the British Hammersmith, from
+St. Govans at Fairfield near Glasgow, or from St. Govan's Head in South
+Wales, to St. Govan's Well, opposite De Vere Gardens in Kensington. In
+Welsh _govan_ was a generic term for _smith_; one of the triune aspects
+of St. Bride was that of a metal worker, and it is reasonable to equate
+the Lady Godiva of _Coven_try, with Coventina or Coven of the Tyne,
+whose images from Coventina's Well in Northumberland are here
+reproduced. As will be seen she figures as Una or the One holding an
+olive branch, and as Three holding a phial or vial, a fire, and a
+what-not too obscure for specification. "The founding of the Temple of
+Coventina," says Clayton, "must be ascribed to the Roman officers of the
+Batavian Cohort, who had left a country where the sun shines every day
+and where in pagan times springs and running waters were objects of
+adoration."[451] But is there really no other possible alternative? Mr.
+Hope describes the goddess represented in Fig. 256 as floating on the
+leaf of a water-lily; the legend of the patron saint of St. Ives in
+Cornwall is to the effect that this maiden came floating over the waves
+upon a leaf, and it thus seems likely that Coventry, the home of Lady
+Godiva, derived its name from being the _tre_, _tree_, or _trou_ of
+Coven, or St. Govan.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 256.--From _The Legendary Lore of the Holy Wells
+                 of England_ (Hope, R. C.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 257.--From _The Legendary Lore of the Holy Wells
+                 of England_ (Hope, R. C.).]
+
+In his account of a great and triumphant jousting held in London on May
+Day, 1540, on which occasion all the horses were trapped in _white_
+velvet, Stow several times alludes to an Ivy Bridge by St. Martin's in
+the Fields, and this Ivy Bridge must have been closely adjacent to what
+is now Coventry Street and Cranbrook Street. _Crene_ is Greek for
+_brook_,[452] the Hippocrene or the _horse brook_ was the fountain
+struck by the hoof of the divine Pegasus: _Cran_brook Street is a
+continuation of Coventry Street, and I rather suspect that the
+neighbouring Covent Garden is not, as popularly supposed, a corruption
+of Convent Garden, but was from time immemorial a grove or garden of
+Good Coven. The Maiden Lane here situated probably derived its title
+from a sign or tablet of the Maiden similar to the Coventina pictures,
+and it is not improbable that Coven or Goodiva once reigned from Covent
+Garden _via_ Coventry Street to St. Govan's Well in Kensington. Near
+Ripon is an earthwork _abri_ known seemingly as Givendale,[453] and on
+Hambleton Hill in this neighbourhood used to be a White Horse carved on
+the down side.[454] The primal Coventrys were not improbably a tribal
+oak or other sacred _tree_, such as the Braintree in Essex near
+Bradwell,[455] and the Pick_tree_ previously noted.
+
+At Coveney, in Cambridgeshire--query, _Coven ea_ or Coven's
+island?--bronze bucklers have been found which in design "bear a close
+resemblance to the ribbon pattern seen on several Mycenæan works of art,
+and the inference is that even as far north as Britain, the Mycenæan
+civilisation found its way, the intermediaries being possibly
+Phoenician traders".[456] But the Phoenicians having now been
+evicted from the court it is manifestly needful to find some other
+explanation.
+
+Coveney is not many miles from St. Ives, Huntingdon, named supposedly
+after Ivo, a Persian bishop, who wandered through Europe in the seventh
+century. Possibly this same episcopal Persian founded Effingham near
+Bookham and Boxhill, for at the foot of the Buckland Hills is Givon's
+Grove, once forming part of a Manor named Pachevesham. On the downs
+above is Epsom, which certainly for some centuries has been _Ep's
+home_,[457] and the Pacheve of Pachevesham was possibly the same _Big
+Hipha_: there is second Evesham in the same neighbourhood. Speaking of
+the British inscription EPPILOS, Sir John Rhys observes that it is very
+probably a derivation from _epo_, a horse; and of the town of
+_Ep_eiacon, now _Eb_chester, the same authority states: "The name seems
+to signify a place for horses or cavalry".[458] Near Pachevesham, below
+Epsom, is an old inn named "The Running Mare".
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 258.--British. From _A New Description of England
+                 and Wales_ (Anon, 1724).]
+
+In connection with Givon, or Govan, or Coven, it is interesting to note
+that the word used by Tacitus to denote a British chariot is _covinus_.
+Local tradition claims that the scythes of Boudiccas _coveni_ were made
+at Birmingham, and there may be truth in this for the _bir_ of
+Birmingham is the radical of _faber_, feu_ber_, or _fire father_, and
+likewise of _Lefebre_, the French equivalent of Smith. That Birmingham
+was an erstwhile home of the followers of the Fire Father, the Prime, or
+Forge of Life, is deducible not only from the popular "Brum" or
+"Brummagem," but from the various forms recorded of the name.[459] The
+variant Brymecham may be modernised into Prime King; the neighbouring
+Bromsgrove is equivalent to Auberon's Grove; Bromieham was no doubt a
+home of the Brownies, and the authorities are sufficiently right in
+deriving from this name "Home of the sons of _Beorn_". Bragg is a common
+surname in Birmingham: Perkunas or _Peroon_, the Slav Pater or Jupiter,
+was always represented with a hammer. In Fig. 175 _ante_, p. 332, the
+British Fire Father, or Hammersmith, was labouring at what is assumed to
+be a helmet or a burnie, and Fig. 258 is evidently a variant of the same
+subject. In the _Red Book of Hergest_ there occurs a line--"With Math
+the ancient, with Gofannon," from which one might gather that Math and
+Gofannon were one. In any case the word _smith_ is apparently _se mith_,
+_se meath_, or _Se Math_, and the Smeath's Ridge at Avebury was probably
+named after the heavenly Smith or _Gofan_.
+
+According to Rice Holmes the bronze image of a god with a hammer has
+been found in England, but where or when is not stated: it is, however,
+generally believed that this Celtic Hammer Smith was a representation of
+the Dis Pater,[460] to whom the Celts attributed their origin.
+
+The London place-name Hammersmith appears in Domesday Book as
+Hermoderwode: in Old High German _har_ or _herr_ meant _high_, whence I
+suggest that Hermoderwode has not undergone any unaccountable phonetic
+change into Hammersmith, but was then surviving German for _Her moder_
+or _High Mother_ Wood. From Broadway Hammersmith to Shepherd's Bush runs
+"The Grove," and that originally this grove had cells of the Selli in it
+is somewhat implied by the name Silgrave, still applied to a side-street
+leading into The Grove. "Brewster Gardens," "Bradmore House," "British
+Grove," and Broadway all alike point similarly to Hammersmith being a
+pre-Saxon British settlement. Bradmore was the Manor house at
+Hammersmith, and the existence of lewes, leys, or barrows on this Brad
+moor is implied by the modern Leysfield Road. The lewes at Folkestone
+were in all probability situated on the commanding Leas, and as the
+local pronunciation of Lewis in the Hebrides is "the Lews" there
+likewise were probably two or more lowes or laws whence the laws were
+proclaimed and administered. Bradmore is suggestive of St. Bride, the
+heavenly Hammersmith who was popularly associated with a falcon, and the
+great Hammersmith or Vulcan may be connoted with the Golden _Falcon_,
+whose memory has seemingly been preserved in Hammersmith at Goldhawk
+Road.
+
+When Giraldus Cambrensis visited the shrine of the glorious Brigit at
+Kildare he was told the tale of a marvellous lone hawk or falcon
+popularly known as "Brigit's Bird". This beauteous tame falcon is
+reported to have existed for many centuries, and customarily to have
+perched on the summit of the Round Tower of Kildare.[461] Doubtless this
+story was the parallel of a fairy-tale current at Pharsipee in Armenia.
+"There," says Maundeville, "is found a sparrow-hawk upon a fair perch,
+and a fair lady of fairie, who keeps it; and whoever will watch that
+sparrow-hawk seven days and seven nights, and, as some men say, three
+days and three nights, without company and without sleep, that fair lady
+shall give him, when he hath done, the first wish that he will wish of
+earthly things; and that hath been proved oftentimes."[462]
+
+Goldhawk Road at Hammersmith is supposedly an ancient Roman Road, and in
+1884 the remains of a causeway were uncovered. Both _road_ and _route_
+are the same word as the British _rhod_, and Latin _rota_ meaning a
+wheel, and it is likely that the term roadway meant primarily a route
+along which _rotæ_ or wheels might travel: as _rotten_ would be the
+ancient plural of _rot_, Rottenrow may thus simply have meant a roadway
+for wheeled traffic. According to Borlase the British fighting chariot
+was a _rhod_, the rout of this traffic presumably caused _ruts_ upon
+the route, whence it is quite likely that Rotten Row was a rutty and
+foul thoroughfare. The ordinary supposition that this title is a
+corruption of _route du roi_ may possibly have some justification, for
+immediately opposite is Kingston House, and at one time Rotten Row was
+known as the King's Road: originally the world of fashion used to canter
+round a circular drive or ring of trees, some of which are still
+carefully preserved on the high ground near the present Tea House, and
+thus it might reasonably follow that Rotten Row was a corrupted form of
+_rotunda_ row.
+
+Opposite to Rotten Row are Rutland Gate and Rutland House, where lived
+the Dukes of Rutland, anciently written Roteland. Rutlandshire
+neighbours Leicester, a town known to the Romans under the name of
+Ratae; Leicestershire is watered by the river Welland, and in Stukeley's
+time there existed in a meadow near Ratae "two great banks called
+_Raw_dikes, which speculators look on as unaccountable".[463] That
+Leicester or Ratae paid very high reverence to the horse may be inferred
+from the fact that here the annual Riding of the George was one of the
+principal solemnities of the town, and one which the inhabitants were
+bound legally to attend. In addition to the Rottenrows at Kensington and
+Lewes there is a Rottenrow in Bucks, and a Rottenrow near Reading, all
+of which, together with Rottenrow Tower near Alnwick, must be considered
+in combination.
+
+Redon figures as a kingly name among the British chronologies, and as
+horses are associated so intimately with the various Rotten Rows, the
+name Redon may be connoted with Ruadan, a Celtic "saint" who is said to
+have presented King Dermot with thirty sea-green horses which rose from
+the sea at his bidding. Sea horses are a conspicuous feature on the
+coins of the Redones who dwelt in Gaul and commanded the mouth of the
+Loire.[464] The horse was certainly at home at Canterbury where Rodau's
+Town is in immediate proximity to what is now called Riding Gate.
+
+There is a river Roden at Wroxeter, a river Roding in Essex; Yorkshire
+is divided into three divisions called Ridings, and in East Riding, in
+the churchyard of the village of Rudstone, there stands a celebrated
+monolith which is peculiar inasmuch as its depth underground was said to
+equal its height above.[465] There is another Rudstone near Reading
+Street, Kent, and the Givon's Grove near Epsom is either in or
+immediately adjacent to a district known as Wrydelands. To _ride_ was
+once presumably to play the rôle of the Kentaur Queen, whether _equine_
+as represented in the Coventry Festival or as riding in a triumphal
+_biga_, _rhod_, _wain_ or _wagon_. That such riding was once a special
+privilege is obvious from the statement of Tacitus: "She claimed a right
+to be conveyed in her carriage to the Capitol; a right by ancient usage
+allowed only to the sacerdotal order, the vestal virgins, and the
+statues of the gods".[466]
+
+That the Lady of Coventry was the Coun or Queen is possibly implied by
+the _Coun_don within the borough of modern Coventry which also embraces
+a Foleshill,[467] and Radford.
+
+The coins of the Gaulish Rotomagi, whose headquarters were the Rouen
+district, depict the horse not merely cantering but galloping apace,
+whence obviously the Rotomagi were an equine or Ecuina people. With
+their coins inscribed Ratumacos may be compared the coinage of the
+Batavian Magusæ which depicts "a sea horse to the right," and is
+inscribed MAGUS.[468] Magus, as we have seen, was a title of the
+Wandering Geho, Jehu, or Jew, and he may here be connoted with the
+"Splendid Mane" which figures under the name Magu, particularly in Slav
+fairy-tale:--
+
+          Magu, Horse with Golden Mane,
+          I want your help yet once again,
+          Walk not the earth but fly through space
+          As lightnings flash and thunders roll,
+          Swift as the arrow from the bow
+          Come quick, yet so that none may know.[469]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 259 and 260.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+The French _roue_ meaning a wheel, and _rue_, a roadway, are probably
+not decayed forms of the Latin _rota_ but _ruder_, more _rudimentary_,
+and more _radical_: like the Candian Rhea, the Egyptian Ra or Re, and
+our _ray_, they are probably the Irish _rhi_, the Spanish _rey_, and the
+French _roi_.
+
+There is a river Rea in Shropshire and a second river Rea upon which
+stands _Bir_mingham: that this Rea was connected with the Candian Rhea
+is possible from the existence at Birmingham of a Canwell, or Canewell.
+Near Cambourne, or Cam_bre_, is the _rhe druth_ (Redruth) which the
+authorities decode into stream of the Druids. Running through the
+village of _Ber_riew in Wales, is a rivulet named the Rhiw, and rising
+on _Bar_don Hill, Leicestershire, is "the bright and clear little river
+Sence". As the word _mens_, or _mind_, is usually assigned to Minerva,
+Rhea was possibly the origin of _reason_, or St. Rhea, and to _Rhi Vera_
+may be assigned _river_ and _revere_; a _reverie_ is a _brown_ study.
+
+According to Persian philosophy the soul of man was fivefold in its
+essence, one-fifth being "the Roun, or Rouan, the principle of practical
+judgment, imagination, volition":[470] another fifth, "the Okho or
+principle of conscience," seemingly corresponds to what western
+philosophers termed the _Ego_ or _I myself_.
+
+In the neighbourhood of Brough in Westmorland is an ancient cross within
+an ancient camp, known as Rey Cross, and that Leicester or Ratae--which
+stands upon the antique _Via Devana_ or Divine Way--was intimately
+related with the Holy Rood is obvious from the modern Red Cross Street
+and High Cross Street.
+
+The ruddy _Rood_ was no doubt radically the rolling four-spoked wheel,
+felloe, felly, periphery, or brim, and although perhaps Reading denoted
+as is officially supposed, "Town of the Children of Reada," the name
+Read, Reid, Rea, Wray, Ray, etc., did not only mean ruddy or red-haired.
+I question whether Ripon really owes its title as supposed to _ripa_,
+the Latin for bank of a stream.
+
+The town hall of Reading is situated at Valpy Street in Forbury Gardens
+on what is known as The Forbury, seemingly the _Fire Barrow_ or
+prehistoric Forum, and doubtless a holy fire once burned ruddily at
+Rednal or Wredinhal near Bromsgrove. In Welsh _rhedyn_ means _fern_,
+whence the authorities translate Reddanick in Cornwall into the ferny
+place: the connection, however, is probably as remote and imaginary as
+that between Redesdale and reeds.
+
+The place-name Rothwell, anciently Rodewelle, is no doubt with reason
+assumed to be "well of the rood or cross". Ruth means _pity_, and the
+ruddy cross of St. John, now (almost) universally sacrosanct to Pity,
+was, I think, probably the original Holy Rood. The knights of St. John
+possessed at Barrow in Leicester or Ratae a site now known as Rothley
+Temple, and as _th_, _t_, and _d_, are universally interchangeable it is
+likely that this Rothley was once _Roth lea_ or Rood Lea. Similarly
+Redruth, in view of the neighbouring Carn Bre, was probably not "Stream
+of the Druids," but an _abri_ of the Red Rood. The sacred rod or pole
+known generally as the Maypole was almost invariably surmounted by one
+or more _rotæ_, or wheels, and the name "Radipole rood" at Fulham
+(nearly opposite Epple St.) renders it likely that the Maypole was once
+known alternatively as the Rood Pole. From the Maypoles flew frequently
+the ruddy cross of Christopher or George.
+
+In British mythology there figures a goddess of great loveliness named
+Arianrod, which means in Welsh the "Silver Wheel": the Persians held
+that their Jupiter was the whole circuit of heaven, and Arianrhod, or
+"Silver Wheel," was undoubtedly the starry _welkin_, the Wheel Queen, or
+the Vulcan of Good Law. With Wayland Smith may be connoted the river
+Welland of Rutland and Rataeland.
+
+Silver, a white metal,[471] was probably named after Sil Vera, the
+Princess of the Silvery Moon and Silvery Stars. Silver Street is a
+common name for _old_ roads in the south of England:[472] Aubrey Walk in
+Kensington, is at the summit of a Silver Street, and the prime Aubrey de
+Vere of this neighbourhood was, I suspect, the same ghost as originally
+walked Auber's Ridge in Picardy, and the famous French _Chemin des
+Dames_. France is the land of the Franks,[473] and near Frankton in
+Shropshire at Ellesmere, _i.e._, the Elle, Fairy, or Holy mere, are the
+remains of a so-called Ladies Walk. This extraordinary _Chemin des
+Dames_, the relic evidently of some old-time ceremony, is described as a
+paved causeway running far into the mere, with which more than forty
+years ago old swimmers were well acquainted. It could be traced by
+bathers until they got out of their depth. How much farther it might run
+they of course knew not. Its existence seems to have been almost
+forgotten until, in 1879, some divers searching for the body of a
+drowned man came upon it on the bottom of the mere, and this led to old
+inhabitants mentioning their knowledge of it.[474]
+
+England abounds in Silverhills, Silverhowes, Silverleys, Silvertowns,
+Silverdales, and Perryvales. By Silverdale at Sydenham is Jews Walk, and
+on Branch Hill at Hampstead is a fine prospect known as Judges Walk:
+here is Holly Bush Hill and Holly Mound, and opposite is Mount Vernon,
+to be connoted with Dur_overnon_, the ancient name of Canterbury or
+Rodau's Town.
+
+Jews Walk, and the Grove at Upper Sydenham, are adjacent to Peak Hill,
+which, in all probability, was once upon a time Puck's Hill, and the
+wooded heights of Sydenham were in all likelihood a caer _sidi_, or seat
+of fairyland.
+
+        My chair is prepared in Caer Sidi
+        The disease of old age afflicts none who is there.
+           .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
+        About its peaks are the streams of ocean
+        And above it is a fruitful fountain.
+
+Sir John Morris-Jones points out that _sidi_ is the Welsh equivalent of
+the Irish _sid_, "fairyland"[475] and he connects the word with _seat_.
+In view of this it is possible that St. Sidwell at Exeter was like the
+River Sid at Sidmouth, a _caer sidi_, or seat of the _shee_.
+
+Sydenham, like the Phoenician Sidon, is probably connected with
+Poseidon, or Father Sidon, and Rhode the son of Poseidon may be connoted
+with Rhadamanthus, the supposed twin brother of Minos. Near Canterbury
+is Rhodesminnis, or Rhode Common,[476] and on this common Justice was
+doubtless once administered by the representatives of Rhadamanthus, who
+was praised by all men for his wisdom, piety, and equity. It is said
+that Rhode was driven to Crete by Minos, and was banished to an Asiatic
+island where he made his memory immortal by the wisdom of his laws:
+Rhode, whose name is _rhoda_, the rose or Eros, is further said to have
+instructed Hercules in virtue and wisdom, and according to Homer he
+dwells not in the underworld but in the Elysian Fields.
+
+  [Illustration: A. POSTERN GATE. B. DECUMAN GATE. C. TOWER. D.
+                 CIRCULAR TOWER. E. & F. TOWERS. G. SITE OF RETURN
+                 WALL. H. SITE OF TOWER. I. SURFACE OF SUBTERRANEAN
+                 BUILDING.
+
+                 FIG. 261.--From _A Short Account of the Records of
+                 Richborough_ (W. D.).]
+
+A rose coin of Rhoda was reproduced _ante_, page 339; the _rhoda_ or
+rose, like the _rood_, is a universal symbol of love, and with Rodau's
+Town, Canterbury, or Durovernon, which is permeated with the rose of St.
+George, or _Oros_, _i.e._, _rose_, may be connoted the neighbouring
+_Rutu_piae, now Richborough. From the ground-plan of this impressive
+ruin it will be seen to be unlike anything else in Europe, inasmuch as
+it originally consisted of a quadrangle surrounding a massive rood or
+cross imposed upon a titanic foundation.[477]
+
+With Rutupiae, of which the _Rutu_ may be connoted with the _rood_
+within its precincts, Mr. Roach Smith, in his _Antiquities of
+Richborough_, connotes the Gaulish people known as the Ruteni. The same
+authority quotes Malebranche as writing "all that part of the coast
+which lies between Calais and Dunkirk our seamen now call Ruthen,"
+whence it is exceedingly likely that the Reading Street near
+Broadstairs, and the Rottingdean near Brighton were originally inhabited
+by children of Reada or Rota.
+
+Apparently "Rotuna" was in some way identified in Italy with Britain, or
+_natione Britto_, for according to Thomas an inscription was discovered
+at Rome, near Santa Maria _Rotuna_, bearing in strange alphabetical
+characters NATIONE BRITTO, somewhat analogous at first sight to Hebrew,
+Greek, or Phoenician letters.[478]
+
+From the plan it will be seen that the northern arm of the Rutupian rood
+points directly to the high road, and Rutupiæ itself constitutes the
+root or radical of the great main route leading directly through Rodau's
+Town, and Rochester to London Stone. The arms of Rochester or
+_Duro_brivum--where, as will be remembered, is a Troy Town--are St.
+Andrew on his _roue_ Or _rota_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 262.--Arms of Rochester.]
+
+The name _Durobrivæ_ was also applied by the Romans to the Icenian town
+of Caistor, where it is locally proverbial that,
+
+          Caister was a city when Norwich was none,
+          And Norwich was built of Caistor stone.
+
+There is a second Caistor which the Romans termed Venta Icenorum: the
+neighbouring modern Ancaster, the Romans entitled Causeimei. It is
+always taken for granted that the numerous _chesters_, _casters_,
+_cesters_ of this country are the survivors of some Roman _castra_ or
+fort. Were this actually the case it is difficult to understand why the
+Romans called Chester _Deva_, Ancaster _Causeimei_, Caistor _Durobrivæ_,
+and Rochester _Durobrivum_: in any case the word _castra_ has to be
+accounted for, and I think it will be found to be traceable to some
+prehistoric Judgment Tree, Cause Tree, Case Tree, or Juge Tree. No one
+knows exactly how "Zeus" was pronounced, but in any case it cannot have
+been rigid, and in all probability the vocalisation varied from _juice_
+to _sus_, and from _juge_ to _jack_ and _cock_.[479]
+
+The rider of a race-horse is called a _jockey_, and the child in the
+nursery is taught to
+
+          Ride a _cock_ horse to Banbury Cross
+          To see a white lady ride on a white horse.
+
+An English CAC horse is illustrated on page 453, and the White Lady of
+Banbury who careered to the music of her bells was very certainly the
+Fairy Queen whom Thomas the Rhymer describes as follows: "Her Steed was
+of the highest beauty and spirit, and at his mane hung thirty silver
+bells and nine, which made music to the wind as she paced along. Her
+saddle was of ivory, laid over with goldsmiths' work: her stirrups, her
+dress, all corresponded with her extreme beauty and the magnificence of
+her array. The fair huntress had her bow in hand, and her arrows at her
+belt. She led three greyhounds in a leash, and three hounds of scent
+followed her closely."
+
+This description might have been written of Diana, in which connection
+it may be noted that at Doncaster (British Cair Daun), the hobby horse
+used to figure as "the Queen's Pony". Epona, the Celtic horse-goddess,
+may be equated with the Chanteur or Centaur illustrated on so many of
+our "degraded" British coins, and Banstead Downs, upon which Ep's Home
+stands, may be associated with _Epona_, and with the shaggy little
+_ponies_[480] which ranged in _Epping_ Forest. Banstead, by Epsom (in
+Domesday Benestede), is supposed to have meant "bean-place or store": at
+Banwell in Somerset, supposed to have meant "pool of the bones," there
+is an earthwork cross which seemingly associates this Banwell with
+Banbury Cross, and ultimately to the cross of Alban.
+
+The bells on the fingers and bells on the White Lady's toes may be
+connoted with the silver bell of the value of 3s. 4d., which in 1571 was
+the prize awarded at Chester--a town of the Cangians or Cangi--to the
+horse "which with speede of runninge then should run before all
+others".[481]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 263.--Banwell Cross. From _Earthwork of England_
+                 (A. Hadrian Allcroft).]
+
+With this Chester Meeting may be noted Goodwood near Chichester.
+Chichester is in Sussex, and was anciently the seat of the Regni, a
+people whose name implies they were followers of _re gni_ or Regina, but
+the authorities imagine that Chichester, the county town of Sussex,
+owes its name to a Saxon Cissa, who also bestowed his patronymic on
+Cissbury Ring, the famous oval entrenchment near Broadwater. At Cissbury
+Ring, the largest and finest on the South Downs, great numbers of
+Neolithic relics have been found, and the name may be connoted with
+Chisbury Camp near Avebury.
+
+Near Stockport is Geecross, supposedly so named from "an ancient cross
+erected here by the Gee family". Presumably that Geecross was the _chi_
+cross or the Greek _chi_: the British name for Chichester was Caer
+_Kei_,[482] which means the fortress of Kei, but at more modern
+Chichester the famous Market Cross was probably a jack, for the four
+main streets of Chichester still stand in the form of the jack or red
+rood. The curious surname Juxon is intimately connected with Chichester;
+there is an inscription at Goodwood relating to a British ruler named
+Cogidumnus[483]--apparently _Cogi dominus_ or _Cogi Lord_--whence it
+seems probable that Chichester or Chichestra (1297) was as it is to-day
+an _assize_ or _juges_ tree, or even possibly a jockey's _tre_.
+
+The adjacent Goodwood being equivalent to _Jude wood_, it is worthy of
+notice that Prof. Weekley connotes the name Judson with Juxon. His words
+are: "The administration of justice occupied a horde of officials from
+the Justice down to the Catchpole.[484] The official title _Judge_ is
+rarely found, and this surname is usually from the female name Judge,
+which like Jug was used for Judith and later for Jane.
+
+"Janette, Judge, Jennie; a woman's name (Cotgrave). The names Judson and
+Juxon sometimes belong to these."[485]
+
+The word _Chester_ is probably the same as the neighbouring place-name
+_Goo_strey-_cum_-Barnshaw in _Che_shire, and the Barn shaw or Barn hill
+here connected with Goostrey may be connoted with Loch Goosey near
+Barhill in Ayrshire.
+
+Chi or Jou, who may be equated with the mysterious but important St.
+Chei of Cornwall, was probably also once seated at Chee Dale in
+Derbyshire, at Chew Magna, and Chewton, as well as at the already
+mentioned Jews Walk and Judges Walk near London.
+
+In Devonshire is a river Shobrook which is authoritatively explained as
+Old English for "brook of _Sceocca_, _i.e._, the devil, Satan! _cf._
+Shuckburgh": on referring we find Shuckburgh meant--"Nook and castle of
+the Devil, _i.e._, Scucca, Satan, a Demon, Evil Spirit; _cf._
+Shugborough". I have not pursued any inquiries at Shugborough, but it is
+quite likely that the Saxons regarded the British Shug or Shuck with
+disfavour: there is little doubt he was closely related to "Old Shock,"
+the phantom-dog, and the equally unpopular "Jack up the Orchard". In
+some parts of England Royal Oak Day is known as Shick Shack Day,[486]
+and in Surrey children play a game of giant's stride, known as Merritot
+or Shuggy Shaw.[487]
+
+Merrie Tot was probably once Merrie Tod or Tad, and Shuggy Shaw may
+reasonably be modernised as Shaggy Jew or Shaggy Joy. It will be
+remembered that the Wandering Jew, _alias_ Elijah, wore a shag gown
+(_ante_, p. 148): this shagginess no doubt typified the radiating beams
+of the Sun-god, and it may be connoted with the shaggy raiment and long
+hair of John the Baptist. As shaggy Pan, "the President of the
+Mountains," almost certainly gave his name to _pen_, meaning a hill, it
+may be surmised that _shaw_, meaning a wooded hill, is allied to Shuggy
+Shaw. The surname Bagshaw implies a place-name which originated from Bog
+or Bogie Shaw: but Bagshawes Cavern at Bradwell, near Buxton,[488] is
+suggestive of a cave or Canhole[489] attributed to Big Shaw, and the
+neighbouring _Tide_swell is agreeably reminiscent of Merrie _Tot_ or
+Shuggy Shaw.
+
+In connection with _jeu_, a game, may be connoted _gewgaw_, in Mediæval
+English _giuegoue_: the pronunciation of this word, according to Skeat,
+is uncertain, and the origin unknown; he adds, "one sense of _gewgaw_ is
+a Jew's Harp; _cf._ Burgundian _gawe_, a Jew's Harp".
+
+Virgil, in his description of a Trojan _jeu_ or _show_, observes--
+
+    This contest o'er, the good Æneas sought,
+    A grassy plain, with waving forests crowned
+    And sloping hills--fit theatre for sport,
+    Where in the middle of the vale was found
+    A circus. Hither comes he, ringed around
+    With thousands, here, amidst them, throned on high
+    In rustic state, he seats him on a mound,
+    And all who in the footrace list to vie,
+    With proffered gifts invites, and tempts their souls to try.[490]
+
+It will be noted that the _juge_ or showman seats himself amid shaws,
+upon a toothill or barrow, and doubtless just such eager crowds as
+collected round Æneas gathered in the ancient hippodrome which once
+occupied the surroundings of St. John's Church by Aubrey Walk,
+Kensington. "St John's Church," says Mitton, "stands on a hill, once a
+grassy mound within the hippodrome enclosure, which is marked in a
+contemporary map 'Hill for pedestrians,' apparently a sort of natural
+grand-stand."[491] A large tract of this district was formerly covered
+by a race-course known as the hippodrome. "It stretched," continues
+Mitton, "northward in a great ellipse, and then trended north-west and
+ended up roughly where is now the Triangle at the west-end of St.
+Quintin Avenue. It was used for both flat-racing and steeplechasing, and
+the steeplechase course was more than 2 miles in length. The place was
+very popular being within easy reach of London, but the ground was never
+very good for the purpose as it was marshy."[492]
+
+That the grassy mound or natural grand-stand of St. John was once sacred
+to the divine Ecne, Chinea, or Hackney, and that this King John or King
+Han was symbolised by an Invictus or prancing courser is implied from
+the lines of a Bardic poet: "Lo, he is brought from the firm enclosure
+with his light-coloured bounding steeds--even the sovereign ON, the
+ancient, the generous Feeder".[493] We have seen that in Ireland Sengann
+meant Old Gann, and that "Saint" John of Kensington was originally
+Sinjohn, Holy John, or Elgin, seems to be somewhat further implied from
+the neighbouring Elgin Crescent, Elgin Avenue, and Howley Street.
+
+The Fulham place almost immediately adjacent, considered in conjunction
+with Fowell Street, suggests that here, as at the more western Fulham,
+was a home of Foals or wild Fowl, or perhaps of Fal, the Irish
+Centaur-god.
+
+The sovereign On, the ancient Courser "of the blushing purple and the
+potent number," was mighty _Hu_, whose name New, or _Ancient Yew_, is, I
+think, perpetuated at Newbury--where _Hew_son is still a family name--at
+Newington Padox (said to be for _paddocks_) in Warsickshire, at
+Newington near Wye, in Kent, and possibly at other _New_markets or tons,
+which are intimately associated with horse-racing. With the river Noe in
+Derbyshire may be connoted Noe, the British form of Noah: The Newburns
+in Scotland and Northumberland can hardly have been so named because
+they were novel or new rivers, and in view of the fact that British
+mythology combined Noah's ark (Welsh _arch_) with a mare, it may be
+questioned whether the place-name Newark (originally Newarcha), really
+meant as at present supposed _New Work_.[494] It may be that the Trojan
+horse story was purely mythological, and had originally relation to the
+supposition that mankind all emerged from the body of the Solar Horse.
+
+The Kensington Hippodrome was eventually closed down on account of the
+noise and disorders which arose there, and one may safely assume there
+was always a certain amount of _rude_ness and _rowd_iness among the
+_rout_ at all hippodromes. Had Herr Cissa, the imaginary Saxon to whom
+the authorities so generously ascribe Cissbury Ring, Chichester, and
+many other places, been present on some prehistoric Whit Monday,
+doubtless like any other personage of importance he would have arrived
+at Kensington seated in a _reidi_--the equivalent of the British _rhod_.
+And if further, in accordance with Teutonic wont, Cissa had sneered at
+the shaggy little _keffils_[495] of the British, certainly some keen
+Icenian[496] would have pointed out that not only was the _keffil_ or
+_cafall_ a horse of very distinguished antiquity, but that the word
+_cafall_ reminded him agreeably of the Gaulish _cheval_ and the Iberian
+_cabal_, both very chivalrous or cavalryous old words suggestive of
+_valiant_, _valid_, and strong Che or Jou.
+
+Hereupon some young Cockney would inevitably have uttered the current
+British byword--
+
+          For acuteness and valour the Greeks
+          For excessive pride the Romans
+          _For dulness the creeping Saxons_.[497]
+
+Unless human nature is very changeable Herr Cissa would then have
+delivered himself somewhat as follows: "It is really coming to this,
+that we Germans, the people to whose exquisite Kultur the nations of
+Europe and of America, too, owe the fact that they no longer consist of
+hordes of ape-like savages roaming their primordial forests, are about
+to allow ourselves to be dictated to."[498]
+
+Irritated by the allusion to ape-like savages one may surmise that a
+jockey of Chichestra inquired whether Herr Cissa claimed the river
+Cuckmere and also Cuckoo- or _Houn_dean-Bottom, the field in which Lewes
+racecourse stands? He might also have insinuated that the White Horse
+cut in the downs below _Hinover_[499] in the Cuckmere valley was there
+long before the inhabitants of _Hanover_ adopted it as a totem, and that
+the Juxons were just as much entitled to the sign of the Horse as the
+Saxons of Saxony, or Sachsen. To this Herr Cissa would have replied that
+the White Horse at Uffington was a "deplorable abortion," and that its
+barbaric design was "a slander on the Saxon standard". Hereupon a yokel
+from Cuckhamsley Hill, near Zizeter, sometimes known as Cirencester,
+probably inquired with a chuckle whether Herr Cissa claimed every
+Jugestree, Tree of Justice, Esus Tree, Assize or Assembly Tree in the
+British Islands? He pertinently added that in Cirencester, or
+Churncester, they were in the habit of celebrating at Harvest Home the
+festival of the Kernababy, or Maiden, which he always understood
+represented the Corn baby, elsewhere known as the Ivy Girl, or "Sweet
+Sis". This youth had a notion that Sweet Sis, or the Lady of the
+Corn[500] was somehow connected with his native Cirencester, or Zizeter,
+and he produced a token or coin upon which the well coiffured head of a
+_chic_ little maiden or fairy queen was portrayed.[501]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 264.--British. From Evans.]
+
+An Icenian charioteer, who explained that his people alternatively
+termed themselves the _Jugan_tes,[502] also produced a medal which he
+said had been awarded him at Caistor, pointing out that the spike of
+Corn was the sign of the Kernababy, that the legend under the hackney
+read CAC, and that he rather thought the white horse of the Cuckmere
+valley and also the one by Cuckhamsley were representations of the same
+Cock Horse.[503] He added that he had driven straight from Goggeshall in
+his gig--a kind of _coach_ similar to that in which the living image of
+his All Highest used of old time to be ceremoniously paraded.
+
+Herr Cissa hereupon maintained that it was impossible for anyone to
+drive straight anywhere in a gig, for it was an accepted axiom of the
+science of language that the word gig, "probably of imitative origin,"
+meant "to take a wrong direction, to rove at random".[504] At this
+juncture a venerable _columba_ from St. Columbs, Nottinghill, intervened
+and produced an authentic Life of the Great St. Columba, wherein is
+recorded an incident concerning the holy man's journey in a gig without
+its linch pins. "On that day," he quoted, "there was a great strain on
+it over long stretches of road," nevertheless "the car in which he was
+comfortably seated moved forward without mishap on a straight
+course."[505]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 265.--Sculptured Stone, Meigle, Perthshire. From
+                 _The Life of St. Columba_ (Huyshe, W.).]
+
+In view of this feat, and of an illustration of the type of vehicle in
+which the journey was supposedly accomplished, it was generally accepted
+that Herr Cissa's definition of _gig_ was fantastic, whereupon the
+Saxon, protesting, "You do not care one iota for our gigantic works of
+Kultur and Science, for our social organisation, for our Genius!"
+asserted the dignity of his _gig_ definition by whipping up his horses,
+taking a wrong direction, and roving at random from the enclosure.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [400] With Ecne may be connoted _ech_, the Irish for _horse_.
+
+   [401] _Irish Myth. Cycle_, p. 82.
+
+   [402] _Germania_, x.
+
+   [403] "The senses of the horse are acute though many animals excel
+         it in this respect, but its faculties of observation and
+         memory are both very highly developed. A place once visited
+         or a road once traversed seems never to be forgotten, and
+         many are the cases in which men have owed life and safety to
+         these faculties in their beasts of burden. Even when
+         untrained it is very intelligent: horses left out in winter
+         will scrape away the snow to get at the vegetation beneath
+         it, which cattle are never observed to do."--Chambers's
+         _Encyclopædia_, v., 792.
+
+   [404] Bayley, H., _The Lost Language of Symbolism_, vol. ii. _Cf._
+         chapter, "The White Horse".
+
+   [405] _Nauticaa Mediterranea_, Rome, 1601.
+
+   [406] Brock, M., _The Cross: Heathen and Christian_, p. 64.
+
+   [407] "The oak, tallest and fairest of the wood, was the symbol of
+         Jupiter. The manner in which the principal tree in the grove
+         was consecrated and ordained to be the symbol of Jupiter was
+         as follows: The Druids, with the general consent of the whole
+         order, and all the neighbourhood pitched upon the most
+         beautiful tree, cut off all its side branches and then joined
+         two of them to the highest part of the trunk, so that they
+         extended themselves on either side like the arms of a man,
+         making in the whole the shape of a cross. Above the
+         insertions of these branches and below, they inscribed in the
+         bark of the tree the word Thau, by which they meant God. On
+         the right arm was inscribed Hesus, on the left Belenus, and
+         on the middle of the trunk Tharamus."--Quoted by Borlase in
+         _Cornwall_ from "the learned Schedius".
+
+   [408] _Ancient British Coins_, p. 49.
+
+   [409] _The Coin Collector_, p. 159.
+
+   [410] _Numismatic Manual_, p. 225.
+
+   [411] Jewitt, L., _English Coins and Tokens_, p. 4.
+
+   [412] Head, Barclay, V., _A Guide to the Coins of the Ancients_, p.
+         1 (B. M.).
+
+   [413] Akerman, J. Y., _Numismatic Manual_, p. 228.
+
+   [414] Akerman, J. Y., _Numismatic Manual_, p. 10.
+
+   [415] The earliest "Lady" of Byzantium was the fabulous daughter of
+         Io, _Cf._ Schliemann, _Mykene_.
+
+   [416] Macdonald, G., _The Evolution of Coinage_, p. 5.
+
+   [417] Macdonald, G., _The Evolution of Coinage_, p. 9.
+
+   [418] According to Skeat _jingle_, "a frequentative verb from the
+         base _jink_," is allied to _chink_, and _chink_ is "an
+         imitative word".
+
+   [419] Munro, Dr. Robt., _Prehistoric Britain_, p. 45. The italics
+         are mine.
+
+   [420] Johnson, W., _Folk Memory_, p. 321.
+
+   [421] _Bella Gallico_, Bk. IV.
+
+   [422] _Crete, the Forerunner of Greece_, p. 72.
+
+   [423] _Iliad_, XX., 570-80.
+
+   [424] "It's you English who don't know your own language, otherwise
+         you would realise that most of what you call 'Yankeeisms' are
+         merely good old English which you have thrown away."--J.
+         Russell Lowell.
+
+   [425] As illustrated _ante_, p. 381.
+
+   [426] _Illustrated London News_, 10th August, 1918.
+
+   [427] _Cf._ _Troy_, p. 353; _Ilios_, 619.
+
+   [428] Il., lix.
+
+   [429] Hawes, C. H. and H. B., _Crete the Forerunner of Greece_, p.
+         44.
+
+   [430] _Æneid_, Book II., 111.
+
+   [431] _Ibid._, 20.
+
+   [432] Johnson, W., _Byways_, 419.
+
+   [433] _Sepulchres of Ancient Etruria_, p. 10.
+
+   [434] Johnston, Rev. W. B., _Place-names of England and Wales_, p.
+         2.
+
+   [435] Morris-Jones, Sir J., _Taliesin_, p. 32.
+
+   [436] Guest, Dr., _Origines Celticæ_, ii., 218-27.
+
+   [437] Fraser, J. B., _Persia_.
+
+   [438] There is an Uffington in Lincoln on the river Welland.
+
+   [439] _Holy Wells_, p. 102.
+
+   [440] Allcroft, A. Hadrian, _Earthwork of England_, p. 136.
+
+   [441] P. 16.
+
+   [442] Carey, Miss E. F., _Folklore_, xxv., No. 4, p. 417.
+
+   [443] Mitton, C. F., _Kensington_, p. 58.
+
+   [444] _Iliad_, XX., 246, 262.
+
+   [445] The first lessee of the Manor at Kensington, now known as
+         Holland Park, was a certain Robert Horseman. Holland House
+         being built in a swamp, or _holland_, may owe its title to
+         that fact or to its having been erected by a Dutchman. The
+         Bog of _Allen_ in Ireland is authoritatively equated with
+         _holland_.
+
+   [446] This information was given me verbally by Miss Mary George of
+         Sennen Cove.
+
+   [447] Zennor is understood to have meant _Holy Land_.
+
+   [448] _Proc. of Roy. Ir. Acad._, xxxiv., C., 10-11, p. 376.
+
+   [449] Fraser, J.B., _Persia_, p. 132.
+
+   [450] According to Johnston, Felixstowe was the church of St. Felix
+         of Walton, sometimes said to be _stow_ of Felix, first bishop
+         of East Anglia. "But this does not agree with the form in
+         1318 Filthstowe which might be 'filth place,' place full of
+         dirt or foulness. This is not likely" (p. 259).
+
+   [451] _Cf._ _Holy Wells._
+
+   [452] The numerous British Cranbrooks and Cranbournes are assumed
+         to have been the haunts of cranes.
+
+   [453] Allcroft, A. Hadrian, _Earthwork of England_, p. 462.
+
+   [454] Johnson, W., _Folk Memory_, p. 321.
+
+   [455] Domesday Branchtrea, later Branktry. "This must be 'tree of
+         _Branc_,' the same name as in Branksome (Bournemouth),
+         Branxton (Coldstream), and Branxholm (Hawick)."--Johnston, J.
+         B., _Place-names of England and Wales_, p. 165.
+
+   [456] _A Guide to the Antiquities of the Iron Age_ (Brit. Museum),
+         p. 35.
+
+   [457] _Ep_ in old Breton meant _horse_; _cf. Origines Celticæ_, i.,
+         373, 380, 381.
+
+   [458] _Celtic Britain_, p. 229.
+
+   [459] 1158 Brimigham; 1166 Bremingeham; 1255 Burmingeham; 1413
+         Brymecham; 1538 Bromieham.
+
+   [460] _Ancient Britain_, p. 282.
+
+   [461] _Historical Works_ (Bohn's Library), p. 98.
+
+   [462] _Travels in the East_ (Bohn's Library), p. 202.
+
+   [463] _Avebury and Stonehenge_, p. 43.
+
+   [464] _A Guide to the Antiquities of the Iron Age_, p. 29.
+
+   [465] Higgens, G., _Celtic Druids_, p. lxxiv.
+
+   [466] _Annals_, Bk. xii, xii.
+
+   [467] In 1200 Folkeshull. Of Flixton in Lancashire the authorities
+         suggest, "perhaps a town of the flitch". Of Flokton in
+         Yorkshire, "Town of an unrecorded Flocca". I suspect Flokton
+         was really a Folk Dun or Folks Hill.
+
+   [468] Akerman, p. 166.
+
+   [469] _Slav Tales_, p. 182.
+
+   [470] Fraser, J. B., _Persia_, p. 134.
+
+   [471] The word _silver_ is imagined to be derived from _Salube_, a
+         town on the Black Sea.
+
+   [472] Johnston, J. B., _Place-names_, p. 445.
+
+   [473] The Frankish chroniclers assigned the origin of the Franks to
+         Troy. The word _Frank_ is radically feran or veran.
+
+   [474] Hope, R. C., _Holy Wells_, p. 137.
+
+   [475] _Taliesin_, p. 238.
+
+   [476] _Minnis_, said to be a Kentish word for _common_, is
+         seemingly the latter portion of _communis_.
+
+   [477] "Within the area towards the north-east corner is a solid
+         rectangular platform of masonry, 145 feet by 104 feet, and 5
+         feet in thickness. In the centre there is a structure of
+         concrete in the form of a cross, 87 feet in length, 7 feet 6
+         inches wide, which points to the north. The transverse arm,
+         47 feet long and 22 feet wide, points to the gateway in the
+         west wall. The platform rests upon a mass of masonry reaching
+         downward about 30 feet from the surface, it measures 124 feet
+         north to south and 80 feet east to west. At each corner there
+         are holes 5 to 6 inches square, penetrating through the
+         platform. A subterranean passage, 5 feet high, 3 feet wide,
+         has been excavated under the overhanging platform, around the
+         foundation beneath, which may be entered by visitors.
+
+         "The efforts that have been made to pierce the masonry have
+         failed in ascertaining whether there are chambers inside. No
+         satisfactory explanation of its origin and purpose has yet
+         been discovered. It may have formed the foundation of a
+         'pharos'. The late C. R. Smith, whose opinion on the subject
+         is of especial value, and also later authorities, have
+         thought that this remarkable structure enclosed receptacles
+         either for the storage of water, or for the deposit of
+         treasure awaiting shipment."--_A Short Account of the Records
+         of Richborough_ (W. D.).
+
+   [478] _Britannia Antiquissima_, p. 5.
+
+   [479] This on the face of it looks far-fetched, but the
+         intermediate forms may easily be traced, and the suggestion
+         is really more rational than the current claim that _fir_ and
+         _quercus_ are the "same word".
+
+   [480] Statues of Epona represent her seated "between foals".
+         _Ancient Britain_, p. 279.
+
+   [481] A small bell swinging in a circle may often be seen to-day as
+         a "flyer" ornament on the heads of London carthorses.
+
+   [482] Guest, Dr., _Origines Celticæ_, ii., p. 159.
+
+   [483] Tacitus in _Agricola_ gives Cogidumnus an excellent reference
+         to the following effect: "Certain districts were assigned to
+         Cogidumnus, a king who reigned over part of the country. He
+         lived within our own memory, preserving always his faith
+         unviolated, and exhibiting a striking proof of that refined
+         policy, with which it has ever been the practice of Rome to
+         make even kings accomplices in the servitude of mankind."
+
+   [484] This functionary is said to have acquired his title by
+         distraining on, or catching the people's pullets.
+
+   [485] _The Romance of Names_, p. 184.
+
+   [486] Hazlitt, W. C., _Faiths and Folklore_, ii., 543.
+
+   [487] _Ibid._, ii., 408.
+
+   [488] At _Bick_ley (Kent) is _Shaw_field Park.
+
+   [489] The neighbouring "Canholes" will be considered in a later
+         chapter.
+
+   [490] _Æneid_, Bk. V., 39.
+
+   [491] _Kensington_, p. 89.
+
+   [492] _Ibid._, p. 89.
+
+   [493] Davies, E., _Mytho. of Ancient Druids_, p. 528.
+
+   [494] The oldest church in Ireland (the Oratory of Gallerus) is
+         described as exactly like an upturned boat, and the _nave_ or
+         _ship_ of every modern sanctuary perpetuates both in form and
+         name the ancient notion of Noah's Ark, or the Ark of Safety.
+         The ruins of Newark Priory, near Woking, are situated in a
+         marshy mead amid seven branches of the river Wey which even
+         now at times turn the site into a swamp. There is a Newark in
+         Leicestershire and a Newark in St. John's Parish,
+         Peterborough; here the land is flat and mostly arable. At
+         Newark, in Notts, the situation was seemingly once just such
+         a wilderness of waters as surrounded Newark Priory, in Send
+         Parish, Woking. The ship of Isis, symbolizing the fecund Ark
+         of Nature, figured prominently in popular custom, and the
+         subject demands a chapter at the very least.
+
+   [495] _Keffil_ meaning _horse_ is still used in Worcestershire, and
+         Herefordshire. "This is a pure Welsh word nor need one feel
+         much surprised at finding it in use in counties where the
+         Saxon and the Brython must have had many dealings in horse
+         flesh. But what is significant is the manner in which it is
+         used, for it is employed only for horses of the poorest type,
+         or as a word of abuse from one person to another as when one
+         says--'you great keffil,' meaning you clumsy idiot."--Windle,
+         B. C. A., _Life in Early Britain_, p. 209.
+
+   [496] "The Icenians took up arms, a brave and warlike
+         people."--Tacitus, _Annals_.
+
+   [497] Windle, B. C. A., _Life in Early Britain_, p. 210.
+
+   [498] Quoted in _The Daily Express_, 9th October, 1918, from _Der
+         Rheinisch Westfalische Zeitung_.
+
+   [499] _Cf._ Johnson, W., _Folk Memory_, p. 326.
+
+   [500] The Cornish for _corn_ was _izik_.
+
+   [501] _Cf._ Fig. 358, p. 596.
+
+   [502] Evans, Sir J., _Ancient British Coins_, p. 404.
+
+   [503] "Under any circumstances the legend CAC on the reverse would
+         have still to be explained."--_Ibid._, p. 353.
+
+   [504] Skeat, p. 212.
+
+   [505] Huyshe, W., _Adamnan's Life of St. Columba_, p. 173.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER IX
+
+                              BRIDE'S BAIRNS
+
+     "But, I do not know how it comes to pass, it is the unhappy fashion
+     of our age to derive everything curious and valuable, whether the
+     works of art or nature, from foreign countries: as if Providence
+     had denied us both the genius and materials of art, and sent us
+     everything that was precious, comfortable, and convenient, at
+     second-hand only, and, as it were, by accident, from charity of our
+     neighbours."--BORLASE (1754).
+
+
+Homer relates that the gods watched the progress of the siege of Troy
+from the far-celebrated Mount Ida in Asia Minor: there is another
+equally famous Mount Ida in Crete, at the foot of which lived a people
+known as the Idaei. With Homer's allusion to "spring-abounding Ida's
+lowest spurs," where wandered--
+
+        ... in the marshy mead
+        Rejoicing with their foals three thousand mares,
+
+may be connoted his reference to "Hyde's fertile vale,"[506] and there
+is little doubt that spring-abounding Idas and Hyde Parks were once as
+plentiful as Prestons, Silverdales, and Kingstons.
+
+The name Ida is translated by the dictionaries as meaning _perfect
+happiness_, and Ada as _rich gift_: we have already seen that the ideal
+pair of Ireland were Great King Conn and Good Queen Eda, and that it was
+during the reign of these royal twain that Ibernia, "flowed with the
+pure lacteal produce of the dairy".[507]
+
+Hyde Park, now containing Rotten Row at Kensington, occupies the site of
+what figured in Domesday Book as the Manor of Hyde: the immediately
+adjacent Audley Streets render it possible that the locality was once
+known as Aud lea, or meadow, whence subsequent inhabitants derived their
+surname. Hyde Park is partly in Paddington, a name which the authorities
+decode into "town of the children of Paeda". This Paeda is supposed to
+have been a King of Mercia, but he would hardly have been so prolific as
+to have peopled a town, and, considered in conjunction with the
+neighbouring Praed or _pere Aed_ street, it is more likely that Paeda
+was Father Eda, the consort of Maida or Mother Eda, after whom the
+adjacent Maida Vale and Maida Hill seemingly took their title. By
+passing up Maida Vale one may traverse St. John's Wood, Brondesbury or
+Brimsbury, Kensal Green, Cuneburn, and eventually attain the commanding
+heights of Caen, or Ken wood, from whence may be surveyed not only
+"Hyde's fertile vale," situated on "spring-abounding Ida's lowest
+spurs," but a comprehensive sweep of greater London.
+
+According to Tacitus "some say that the Jews were fugitives from the
+island of Crete,"[508] and he continues: "There is a famous mountain in
+Crete called Ida; the neighbouring tribe, the Idaei, came to be called
+Judaei by a barbarous lengthening of the national name". Modern editors
+of Tacitus regard this statement as no doubt the invention of some Greek
+etymologer, but with reference to the Idaei they speak of this old
+Cretan race as "being regarded as a kind of mysterious half-supernatural
+beings to whom mankind were indebted for the discovery of iron and the
+art of working it".[509]
+
+There is evidence of a similar idealism having once existed among the
+Britons and the Jews in the second Epistle of Monk Gildas to the
+following effect: "The Britons, contrary to all the world and hostile to
+Roman customs, not only in the mass but also in the tonsure, are with
+the Jews slaves to the shadows of things to come rather than to the
+truth".[510] By "truth" Gildas here of course means his own particular
+"doxy," and the salient point of his testimony is the assertion that
+practically alone in the world the British and the Jews were dreamy,
+immaterial, superstitious idealists. That the Idaeians of Crete, Candia,
+or Idaea were singularly pure or candid may be judged from the testimony
+of Sir Arthur Evans: "Religion entered at every turn, and it was,
+perhaps, owing to the religious control of art that among all the Minoan
+representations--now to be numbered by thousands--no single example of
+indecency has come to light".[511] Referring to British candour,
+Procopius affirms: "So highly rated is chastity among these barbarians
+that if even the bare mention of marriage occurs without its completion
+the maiden seems to lose her fair fame".[512]
+
+This alleged purity of the British Maid is substantiated by the words
+_prude_ and _proud_, both of which like _pretty_, _purity_, and _pride_,
+are radically pure Ide. Skeat defines _prude_ as a woman of affected
+modesty, and adds "see _prowess_"; but prudery has little connection
+with prowess, and is it really necessary to assume that primitive
+prudery was "affected"? The Jewish JAH is translated by scholars as
+"pure Being"; the passionate adoration of purity is expressed in the
+prehistoric hymn quoted _ante_ page 183, Hu the Mighty was pre-eminently
+pure, and it is thus likely that the ancient Pere, Jupiter, or Aubrey
+meant originally the _Pure_.
+
+We have seen that Jupiter, the divine _Power_, was conceived
+indifferently as either a man or an immortal maid: a maid is a virgin,
+and the words _maid_ or _mayde_, like Maida, is radically "Mother Ida".
+According to Skeat _maid_ is related to Anglo-Saxon _magu_, a son or
+kinsman; and one may thus perhaps account for _brother_, _bruder_, or
+_frater_, as meaning originally the produce or progeny of the same
+_pere_--but not necessarily the same _pair_.
+
+To St. Bride may be assigned not only the terms _bride_ and bridegroom,
+or brideman; but likewise _breed_ and _brood_. Skeat connects the latter
+with the German _bruhen_ to scald, but a good mother does not scald her
+brood, and as St. Bride was known anciently as "The Presiding Care";
+even although _bairn_ is the same word as _burn_, we may assume that St.
+Bride did not burn her _brat_.
+
+There is a Bridewell and a church of St. Bride in London, but to the
+modern Londoner this "greatest woman of the Celtic Church" is
+practically unknown. In Hibernia and the Hebrides, however, St. Bride
+yet lives, and in the words of a modern writer is "more real than the
+great names of history. They, pale shadows moving in an unreal world,
+have gone, but she abides. With each revolving year she flits across the
+Machar, and her tiny flowers burn golden among the short, green, turfy
+grass at her coming. Her herald, the Gillebrighde, the servant of Bride,
+calls its own name and hers among the shores, a message that the sea,
+the treasury of Mary, will soon yield its abundance to the fisher,
+haven-bound by the cold and stormy waters of winter. He sees St. Bride,
+the Foster Mother, but his keen vision penetrates a vista far beyond the
+ages when Imperial Rome held sway and, in that immemorial past, beholds
+her still. In the uncharted regions of the Celtic imagination, she
+abides unchanging, her eyes starlit, her raiment woven of fire and dew;
+her aureole the rainbow. To him she is older than the world of men, yet
+eternally young. She is beauty and purity and love, and time for her has
+no meaning. She is a ministering spirit, a flame of fire. It is she who
+touches with her finger the brow of the poet and breathes into his heart
+the inspiration of his song. She is born with the dawn, and passes into
+new loveliness when the sun sets in the wave. The night winds sing her
+lullaby, and little children hear the music of her voice and look into
+her answering eyes. Who and what, then, is St. Bride? She is Bridget of
+Kildare, but she is more. She is the daughter of Dagda, the goddess of
+the Brigantes; but she is more. She is the maid of Bethlehem, the tender
+Foster Mother; but she is more even than that. She is of the race of the
+immortals. She is the spirit and the genius of the Celtic people."[513]
+
+St. Bride was known occasionally as St. Fraid, and Brigit, or Brigid, an
+alternative title of the Fair Ide, may be modernised into _Pure Good_.
+With her white wand Brigit was said to breathe life into the mouth of
+dead Winter, impelling him to open his eyes to the tears, the smiles,
+the sighs, and the laughter of Spring, whence to Brid, or Bryth of the
+Brythons, may be assigned the word _breathe_; and as Bride was
+represented by a sheaf of grain carried joyously from door to door,
+doubtless in her name we have the origin of _bread_.
+
+The name Bradbury implies that many barrows were dedicated to Brad;
+running into the river Rye of Kent is a river Brede, and as the young
+goddess of Crete was known to the Hellenes as Britomart, which means
+_sweet maiden_, we may equate Britomart with Britannia. At the village
+of Brede in Kent the seat now known as Brede Place is also known as the
+Giant's House, whence in all probability St. Bride was the maiden Giant,
+Gennet, or Jeanette.
+
+In the province of Janina in Albania is the town of Berat, and the
+foundation of either this Berat or else the Beyrout of Canaan was
+ascribed by the Greek mythologists to a maiden named Berith or Beroë.
+
+        Hail Beroë, fairest offering of the Nereids!
+        Beroë all hail! thou root of life, thou boast
+        Of Kings, thou nurse of cities with the world
+        Coeval; hail thou ever-favoured seat of Hermes ...
+        With Tethys and Oceanus coeval.
+        But later poets feign that lovely Beroë
+        Derived her birth from Venus and Adonis
+        Soon as the infant saw the light with joy
+        Old Ocean straight received her in his arms.
+        And e'en the brute creation shared the pleasure.
+        ... In succeeding years
+        A sacred town derived its mystic name
+        From that fair child whose birth coeval was
+        With the vast globe; but rich Ausonia's sons
+        The city call Berytus.[514]
+
+The same poet repeatedly maintains that the age of the city of Beroë was
+equal to that of the world, and that it could boast an antiquity much
+greater than that of Tarsus, Thebes, or Sardis. The reference to Beroë
+or Berith as the ever-favoured seat of Hermes implies the customary
+equation of Britannia = Athene = Wisdom. The prehistoric car illustrated
+in the preceding chapter is reproduced from a stone in Perthshire or
+Perithshire, and in a description written in 1569 this stone was then
+designated the Thane Stone.[515] That this was an Athene stone is
+somewhat implied by the further details, "it had a cross at the head of
+it and a goddess next that in a cart, and two horses drawing her and
+horsemen under that, and footmen and dogs". The Thanes of Scotland were
+probably the official representatives of Athene, or Wisdom, or Justice,
+and the dogs of the Thane Stone may be connoted with the Hounds of Diana
+or Britomart, and the greyhounds of the English Fairy Queen.
+
+Athene is presumably the same as Ethne, the reputed mother of St.
+Columba, and also as Ieithon, the Keltic goddess of speech or _prat_ing,
+after whom Anwyl considers the river Ieithon in Radnorshire was named.
+This Welsh river-name may be connoted with the river Ythan in Scotland,
+and the legend IDA, found upon the reverse of some of the Ikenian coins
+of England, may be connoted with the place-name Odestone, or Odstone,
+implying seemingly a stone of Od, or Odin.
+
+At Oddendale in Westmorland are the remains of a Druidic circle and
+traces of old British settlements: with the Thanestone may be connoted
+the carved example illustrated _ante_, page 381, from Dingwall, and also
+the decorated "Stone of the Fruitful Fairy," which exists in
+Ireland.[516]
+
+The authorities think it possible that the river Idle--a tributary of
+the Trent--derived its name from being empty, vain, or useless; but it
+is more probable that this small stream was christened by the Idaeans,
+and that the resident Nymph or Fruitful Fairy was the idyll, or the
+idol, whom they idealised. It is not without significance that the
+starting point of the races at Uffington was Idles Bush: "As many as a
+dozen or more horses ran, and they started from Idle's Bush which wur a
+vine owld tharnin-tree in thay days--a very nice bush. They started from
+Idle's Bush as I tell 'ee sir, and raced up to the Rudge-way."[517]
+Doubtless there were also many other "Idles Bush's," perhaps at some
+time one in every Ideian town or neighbourhood: there is seemingly one
+notable survival at Ilstrye or _Ideles_tree, now Elstree near St.
+Albans.
+
+That the Idaean ideal was Athene is implied by the adjective _ethnic_.
+The word _ethic_ which means, "relating to morals," is connected by
+Skeat with _sitte_, the German for custom: there is, however, no seeming
+connection between German custom and the Idyllic.[518]
+
+The early followers of Britomart are universally described as an
+industrious and peaceful people who made their conquests in arts and
+commerce: to them not only was ascribed the discovery of iron and the
+working of it, but the Cretan treatment of bronze proves that the
+Idaeans were consummate bronzesmiths. In Crete, according to Sir Arthur
+Evans, "new and refined crafts were developed, some of them like inlaid
+metal-work unsurpassed in any age or country".
+
+That the Britons were expert blacksmiths is evident not merely from
+their chariot wheels, but also from the superb examples of bronze
+art-craft, found notably in the Thames. For the sum of one shilling the
+reader may obtain _A Guide to the Antiquities of the Iron Age_,
+published by the British Museum, in which invaluable volume two
+wonderful examples of prehistoric ironmongery are illustrated in colour.
+One of these, a bronze shield discovered at Battersea, is rightly
+described by Romilly Allen, as "about the most beautiful surviving piece
+of late Celtic metal-work". The Celts, as this same authority observes,
+had already become expert workers in metal before the close of the
+Bronze Age; they could make beautiful hollow castings for the chapes of
+their sword sheaths; they could beat out bronze into thin plates and
+rivet them together sufficiently well to form water-tight cauldrons;
+they could ornament their circular bronze shields and golden diadems
+with repoussé patterns, consisting of corrugations and rows of raised
+bosses; and they were not unacquainted with the art of engraving on
+metal.[519]
+
+Not only were the Britons expert in ordinary metal-work but they are
+believed to have _invented_ the art of enamelled-inlay. Writing in the
+third century of the present era, an oft-quoted Greek observed: "They
+say that the barbarians who live in Ocean pour colours on heated bronze
+and that they adhere, become as hard as stone, and preserve the designs
+that are made in them".
+
+It is admitted that nowhere was greater success attained by this art of
+the early Iron Age than in Britain, and as Sir Hercules Read rightly
+maintains: "There are solid reasons for supposing this particular style
+to have been confined to this country".[520] The art of enamelling was
+of course practised elsewhere, particularly at Bibracte in Gaul, long
+before the Roman Conquest, but in the opinion of Dr. Anderson, the
+Bibracte enamels are the work of mere dabblers in the art compared with
+the British examples: the home of the art was Britain, and the style of
+the patterns, as well as the associations in which the objects decorated
+with it were found, demonstrate with certainty that it had reached its
+highest stage of indigenous development before it came in contact with
+the Roman culture.[521] The evidence of the bronze spear-head points to
+the same remarkable conclusions as the evidence of enamelled bronze, and
+in the opinion of the latest and best authorities, from its first
+inception throughout the whole progress of its evolution the spear-head
+of the United Kingdom has a character of its own, one quite different
+from those found elsewhere. In no part of the world did the spear-head
+attain such perfection of form and fabric as it did in these islands,
+and the old-fashioned notion that bronze weapons were imported from
+abroad is now hopelessly discredited. "Why, then," ask the authors of
+_The Origin, Evolution, and Classification of the Bronze
+Spear-Head_,[522] "may not a bronze culture have had its birth in our
+country where it ultimately attained a development scarcely equalled,
+certainly not surpassed, by that in any other part of the world?"
+
+One of the distinctions of the British spear-head is a certain variety
+of tang, of which the only parallel has been found in one of the early
+settlements at Troy. Forms also, somewhat similar, have been discovered
+in the Islands of the Ægean sea, and in the Terramara deposits of
+Northern Italy, but it is the considered opinion of Canon Greenwell and
+Parker Brewis, that whatever may be the true explanation of the history
+of the general development of a bronze culture in Great Britain and
+Ireland, "there can be no doubt whatever that the spear-head in its
+origin, progress, and final consummation was an indigenous product of
+those two countries, and was manufactured within their limits apart from
+any controlling influence from outside".[523]
+
+The magnificent bronze shield and _bric a brac_ found in London were
+thus presumably made there, and it is not improbable that the principal
+smitheries were situated either at Smithfield in the East, or Smithfield
+in the West in the ward of Farringdon or Farendone.
+
+Stow in his _London_ uses the word _fereno_ to denote an ironmonger, in
+old French _feron_ meant a smith, and wherever the ancient ferenos or
+smiths were settled probably became known as _Farindones_ or _fereno
+towns_. Stow mentions several eminent goldsmiths named Farendone; from
+_feron_, the authorities derive the surname Fearon, which may be seen
+over a shop-front near Farringdon Street to-day.
+
+Modern Farringdon Street leads from Smithfield or Smithy field[524] to
+Blackfriars, and it may be suggested that the original Black Friars were
+literally freres or brethren, who forged with industrious ferocity at
+their fires and furnaces. Without impropriety the early fearons might
+have adopted as their motto _Semper virens_: smiting in smithies is
+smutty work, and all these terms are no doubt interrelated, but not, I
+think, in the sense which Skeat supposes them, _viz._: "Smite, _to
+fling_. The original sense was to smear or rub over. 'To rub over,'
+seems to have been a sarcastic expression for 'to beat'; we find _well
+anoynted_--well beaten."
+
+The word _bronze_ was derived, it is said, from Brundusinum or Brindisi,
+a town which was famous for its bronze workers. Brindisi is almost
+opposite Berat in Epirus; the smith or _faber_ is proverbially _burly_,
+_i.e._, _bur_ like or _brawny_, and it is curious that the terms
+_brass_, _brasier_, _burnish_, _bronze_, etc., should all similarly
+point to Bru or Brut. With St. Bride or St. Brigit, who in one of her
+three aspects was represented as a smith, may be connoted _bright_, and
+with Bress, the Consort of Brigit, may be connoted _brass_. And as Bride
+was alternatively known as Fraid, doubtless to this form of the name may
+be assigned _fer_, _fire_, _fry_, _frizzle_, _furnace_, _forge_,
+_fierce_, _ferocious_, and _force_.
+
+That the island of Bru or Barri in South Wales was a reputed home of the
+burly _faber_, _feuber_, or Fire Father, is to be inferred from the
+statement of Giraldus Cambrensis, that "in a rock near the entrance of
+the island there is a small cavity to which if the ear is applied a
+noise is heard like that of smiths at work, the blowing of the bellows,
+strokes of the hammers, grinding of tools and roaring of
+furnaces".[525] It is supposed that Barri island owes its name to a
+certain St. Baroc, the remains of whose chapel once stood there: that
+St. Baroc was Al Borak, the White Horse or _brok_, upon whom every good
+Mussalman hopes eventually to ride, is implied by the story that St.
+Baroc borrowed a friend's horse and rode miraculously across the sea
+from Pembrokeshire to Ireland.
+
+On the coast between Pembroke and Tenby is Manor_beer_, known anciently
+as Maenor Pyrr, that is, says Giraldus, "the mansion of Pyrrus, who also
+possessed the island of Chaldey, which the Welsh call Inys Pyrr, or the
+island of Pyrrus". But the editor of Giraldus considers that a much more
+natural and congenial conjecture may be made in supposing Maenor Pyrr to
+be derived from _Maenor_ a _Manor_, and Pyrr, the plural of Por, a lord.
+I have already suggested a possible connection between the numerous
+_pre_ stones and Pyrrha, the first lady who created mankind out of
+stones.
+
+Near Fore Street, in the ward of Farringdon by Smithfield, will be found
+Whitecross Street, Redcross Street, and Cowcross Street: the last of
+these three cross streets by which was "Jews Garden," may be connoted
+with the Geecross of elsewhere. The district is mentioned by Stow as
+famous for its coachbuilders, and there is no more reason to assume that
+the word _coach_ (French _coche_) was derived from Kocsi, a town in
+Hungary, than to suppose that the first coach was a cockney production
+and came from Chick Lane or from Cock Lane, both of which neighbour the
+Cowcross district in Smithfield. The supposition that the _gig_ or
+_coach_ (the words are radically the same) was primarily a vehicle used
+in the festivals to Gog the _High High_, or _Mighty Mighty_, is
+strengthened by the testimony of the solar chariot illustrated _ante_,
+page 405.
+
+Not only were the British famed from the dawn of history[526] for their
+car-driving but from the evidence of sepulchral chariots and sepulchral
+harness the authorities are of opinion that the fighting car was long
+retained by the Kelts, "and its presence in the Yorkshire graves seems
+to show that it persisted in Britain longer than elsewhere".[527]
+
+Somewhere in the Smithfield district originally existed what Stow
+mentions as Radwell, and this well of the Redcross, or Ruddy rood, may
+be connoted with the Rood Lane a mile or so more eastward. Between Rood
+Lane and Red Cross Street is Lothbury: the suffix _bury_ (as in
+Lothbury, and Aldermanbury) is held by Stow, and also by Camden, to mean
+a Court of Justice, and this definition accords precisely with the
+theory that the barrow was originally the seat of Justice. At Lothbury
+the noise or _bruit_ made by the burly fabers was so vexatious that Stow
+seriously defines the place-name _Loth_bury as indicating a _loath_some
+locality.[528] The supposition that Cowcross Street, Jews Garden, and
+the Redcross or Ruddy rood site were primarily in the occupation of men
+of Troy or Droia may possibly be strengthened by the fact that here was
+a _Tre_mill brook, and the seat of a Sir Drew Drury. The parish church
+of Blackfriars is St. Andrews, there is another St. Andrews within a
+bow-shot of Smithfield, and that the "drews" were a skilled family is
+obvious from the fact that the name Drew is defined as Teutonic
+_skilful_. Both Scandinavians and Germans possess the Trojan tradition;
+the All Father of Scandinavia was named _Borr_, Thor, the Hammer God,
+was assigned to Troy, and in Teutonic mythology there figure two
+celestial Smith-brethren named Sindre and Brok.
+
+The cradle of the Cretan Zeus is assigned sometimes not to Mount Ida but
+to the neighbouring Mount Juktas which is described as an extraordinary
+"cone". When the Cretan script is deciphered it will probably transpire
+that Mount Juktas was associated with Juk, Jock, or Jack, and the name
+may be connected with _jokul_, the generic term in Scandinavia for a
+snow-covered or white-crowned height. Jack is seemingly the same word as
+the Hebrew Isaac, which is defined as meaning _laughter_; Jack may thus
+probably be equated with _joke_ and _jokul_ with _chuckle_, all of which
+symptoms are the offspring of _joy_ or _gaiety_. To _kyg_, an obsolete
+adjective meaning _lively_--and thus evidently a variant of _agog_--are
+assigned by our authorities the surnames Keach, Ketch, Kedge, and Gedge.
+In connection with _kyg_ Prof. Weekley quotes the line--
+
+                _Kygge_ or joly, _jocundus_.
+
+Among the gewgaws found in the sacred shrines of Juktas are numerous
+bijou gigs, or coaches, all no doubt once very _juju_, or sacred.
+
+To appreciate the outlook of the "half-supernatural" Idaeans one may
+find a partial key in the words of Aratus: "Let us begin with _Zeus_,
+let us always call upon and laud his name; all the network of
+interwending roads and all the busy markets of mankind are full of
+_Zeus_, and all the paths and fair havens of the sea, and everwhere our
+hope is in _Zeus_ for we are also his children".[529]
+
+Stow mentions the firmly-rooted tradition that the Cathedral of St. Paul
+stands upon the site of an ancient shrine to Jupiter. It may be merely
+coincidence that close to St. Paul's once stood an Ypres Hall:[530] in
+the immediate vicinity of Old St. Paul's used also to exist a so-called
+Pardon Churchyard, perhaps an implication that Ludgate Hill was once
+known as _Par dun_ or _Par Hill_. That "Pardon" was equivalent to
+"Pradon" is evident from the fact that modern Dumbarton was originally
+_Dun Brettan_, or the Briton's Fort. The slope leading from the Southern
+side of St. Paul's or Pardon Churchyard, is still named Peter's Hill,
+and in view of the Jupiter tradition it is not altogether unlikely that
+Peter's Hill was originally _eu Peter's_ Hill, synonymously _Pere dun_.
+The surname Pardon may still be found in this Godliman Street
+neighbourhood, where in Stow's time stood not only Burley House, but
+likewise Blacksmiths Hall. A funeral _pyre_ is a fire; a _phare_ is a
+lighthouse, and the intense purity of Bride's fire, phare, or pyre is
+implied by the fact that it was not suffered to be blown by human breath
+but by bellows only. From time immemorial the Fire of Bride was tended
+by nineteen holy maids, each of whom had the care of the Fire for one
+night in turn: on the twentieth night the nineteenth maid, having piled
+wood upon the fire, said: "Brigit, take charge of your own fire, for
+this night belongs to you". The tale ends that ever on the twentieth
+morning the fire had been miraculously preserved.[531]
+
+The patron saint of engineers is Barbara or Varvara, the sacred pyre of
+Bride was maintained within a circle or periphery of stakes and
+brushwood, and close at hand were certain very beautiful meadows called
+St. Bridget's pastures, in which no plough was ever suffered to turn a
+furrow. The words _mead_ and _meadow_ are the same as _maid_ and
+_maida_, whence it seems to follow that all meadows were dedicated to
+Bride, the pretty Lady of the Kine. Homer's "fertile vale of Hyde," and
+the Londoner's Hyde Park, were alike probably idealised and sacred
+meadows corresponding to the Irish Mag-Ithe or Plains of Ith; it is not
+unlikely that all _heaths_ were dedicated to _Ith_. To the Scandinavian
+Ith or Ida Plains we find an ancient poet thus referring: "I behold
+Earth rise again with its evergreen forests out of the deep ... the
+Anses meet on Ida Plain, they talk of the mighty earth serpent, and
+remember the great decrees, and the ancient mysteries of the unknown
+God". After foretelling a time when "All sorrows shall be healed and
+Balder shall come back," the poet continues: "Then shall Hoeni choose
+the rods of divination aright, and the sons of the _Twin Brethren_ shall
+inhabit the wide world of the winds".[532]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 266.--Etruscan Bucket, Offida, Picenum. From _A
+                 Guide to the Antiquities of the Early Iron Age_, p.
+                 17.]
+
+In Fig. 266--an Etrurian bucket--two diminutive Twin Brethren are being
+held by the _Bona Dea_--a winged Ange or Anse--who is surmounted by the
+symbolic cockle or coquille. The fact that this bucket was found at
+Offida renders it possible that the mother here represented was known
+to the craftsman who portrayed her as _Offi divine_, otherwise Hipha,
+Eve, or Good Iva. It will be noticed that the child on the right is
+white, that on the left black, and I have elsewhere drawn attention to
+many other emblems in which two A's, Alphas, Alifs, or Elves were
+similarly portrayed, the one as white, the other as black.[533] The
+intention of the artist seems to have been to express the current
+philosophy of a Prime or Supreme supervising both good and evil, light
+and dark, or day and night. Pliny says that British women used to attend
+certain religious festivals with their nude bodies painted black like
+Ethiopians, and there is probably some close connection between this
+obscure function, and the fact that Diana of the Ephesians, the
+many-breasted All-mother of Life, was portrayed at times as white, at
+times as black. There must be a further connection between this black
+and white _Bona Dea_, and the fact that in the Lady Godiva processions
+near Coventry, which took place at the opening of the Great May Fair
+festival, there were two Godivas, one of whom was the natural colour but
+the other was dyed black.[534]
+
+The _Bona Dea_ of Egypt, like the figure on the Etrurian bucket, was
+represented holding in her arms two children, one white and one black;
+and the two circles at Avebury, lying within the larger Avereberie or
+periphery, were probably representative of Day and Night circled by
+all-embracing and eternal Time.
+
+The Twin Brethren or Gemini are most popularly known as Castor and
+Pollux, and the propitious figures of these heavenly Twins were carved
+frequently upon the _prows_ of ancient ships. The phosphorescent stars
+or Will-o-the-wisps, which during storms sometimes light upon the masts
+of ships, used to be known as St. Elmo's Fires: St. Elmo is obviously
+St. Alma or St. All Mother, and the St. Helen with whom she is
+identified is seemingly St. Alone. It was believed that two stars were
+propitious, but that a solitary one boded bad luck; according to Pliny a
+single St. Elmo's fire was called Helen, "but the two they call Castor
+and Pollux, and invoke them as gods".
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 267.--From _Ancient Pagan and Modern Christian
+                 Symbolism_ (Inman, C. W.)]
+
+The appearance of the will-o-the-wisps, Castor and Pollux, was held to
+be an argument that the tempest was caused by "a sulphurous spirit
+rarefying and violently moving the clouds, for the cause of the fire is
+a sulphurous and bituminous matter driven downwards by the impetuous
+motion of the air and kindled by much agitation". I quote this passage
+as justifying the suggestion that _sulphur_--the yellow and fiery--is
+radically _phur_, and that _brimstone_, or _brenstoon_, as Wyclif has
+it, may be the stone of Brim or Bren, which burns.
+
+The identification of Castor and Pollux with stars or _asters_, enables
+us to equate Castor as the White god or Day god, for _dextra_, the Latin
+for right, is _de castra_, _i.e._, _good great astra_. The white child
+in Fig. 266 is that on the _right_ hand of the _Bona Dea_: that Pollux
+was the dark, _sinister_, _sinistra_, or left-hand power, is somewhat
+confirmed by the fact that the Celtic Pwll was the Pluto or deity of the
+underworld. Possibly the Latin _castra_, meaning a fort, originated from
+the idea that Castor was the heroic Invictus who has developed into St.
+Michael and St. George. The _sin_ of _sinister_ may possibly be the
+Gaelic _sen_, meaning senile, and the implication follows that the dark
+twin was the old in contradistinction to the new god.
+
+The French for nightmare is _cauche_mar, the French for left is
+_gauche_, and it is the left-hand mairy, or fairy, in Fig. 266 which is
+the shady one. Not only does _gauche_ mean _left_, but it also implies
+awkward, uncanny, and inept, whence it is to be feared that the Gooches,
+the Goodges, and their affiliated tribes were originally "Blackfriars,"
+and followers of the Black God. I have already suggested that the Gogs
+were unpopular among the Greeks, and the intensity of their feeling is
+seemingly reflected by the Greek adjective _kakos_[535] (the English
+_gagga_?), which means evil, dirty, or unpleasant.
+
+Castor and Pollux, or the Fires of St. Helen, were known along the
+shores of the Mediterranean as St. Telmo's Fires, the word Telmo being
+seemingly _t Elmo_ or Good Alma. By the Italians they are known as the
+Fires of St. Peter and St. Nicholas; Peter here corresponding probably
+to the _auburn_ Aubrey, and Nicholas to "Old Nick".
+
+It was fabled that Castor and Pollux were alike immortal, that like day
+and night they periodically died, but that whenever one of the brothers
+expired the other was restored to life, thus sharing immortality between
+them. "There was," says Duncan, "an allusion to this tradition in the
+Roman horse-races, where a single rider galloped round the course
+mounted on one horse while he held another by the rein."[536] This
+ceremony becomes more interesting when we find that the cauchemar, the
+nightmare, or the blackmare used in England to be known as the
+"ephialtes".[537] That this ill-omened _hipha_, or hobby, was ill-boding
+Helena, seems somewhat to be confirmed by the custom in Cumberland of
+allotting to servants the years' allowance for horse-meat on St.
+Helen's, Eline's, or Elyn's day.[538] It is believed that horse meat is
+now taboo in Britain, because the eating of horse was so persistently
+denounced by Christianity as a heathen rite.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 268.--British Altar. By kind permission of the
+                 authorities of the British Museum.
+                                                 [_To face page 479._]
+
+I have shown elsewhere some of the innumerable forms under which the
+fires of Elmo, or the heavenly Twain, were represented. In England it is
+evident that a pair of horses served as one form of expression, for
+among the treasures at the British Museum is an article which is thus
+described: "Bronze plate representing an altar decorated with blue,
+green, and red sunk enamels, and evidently unfinished, hence native work
+of the fourth or fifth century. Found in the river Thames, 1847". The
+principal decoration of this bijou altar--significantly 7 inches
+high--is two winged steeds supporting a demijohn, vase, or phial, the
+handles of which, in the form of [SS], are detached from the vase, but
+are emerging flame-like from the supporters' heads. The fact of these
+steeds appearing upon an "altar" is evidence of their sacred character,
+and one finds apparently the same two beasts delineated on a bucket,
+_vide_ Fig. 270. This so termed "barbaric production," discovered in an
+Aylesford gravel pit belonging to a gentleman curiously named Wagon, is
+attributed to the first century B.C., and has been compared unfavourably
+with the Etruscan bucket reproduced on page 474. The authorities of the
+British Museum comment upon it as follows: "The effect of barbaric
+imitation during two or three centuries may be appreciated by comparing
+the Etruscan _cista_ of the _fourth century_, with the Aylesford bucket
+of the _first century_ B.C. The first thing to be noticed is the absence
+from the latter of the heavy solid castings that form the feet and
+handle-attachments of the classical specimen. Such work was beyond the
+range of the British artificer, who was never successful with the human
+or animal form, but there is an evident desire to reproduce the salient
+features of the prototype. The solid uppermost band of the Etruscan
+specimen is represented by a thin embossed strip at Aylesford, while the
+classical motives are woefully caricatured. Minor analogies are noticed
+later, but the degradation of the ornament may fitly be dwelt on here
+as showing the limitations, and at the same time the originality of the
+native craftsman."
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 269.--Bronze-mounted bucket, Aylesford. From _A
+                 Guide to Antiquities of the Early Iron Age_ (B.M.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 270.--Embossed frieze of bucket, Aylesford. From
+                 _A Guide to Antiquities of the Early Iron Age_
+                 (B.M.).]
+
+I confess myself unable either to appreciate or dwell upon the alleged
+degradation of this design, or the woeful inadequacy of the
+craftmanship. The bold execution of the spirals proves that the British
+artist--had such been his intent--could without difficulty have
+delineated a copybook horse: what, however, he was seemingly aiming at
+was a facsimile of the heraldic and symbolic beasts which our coins
+prove were the cherished insignia of the country, and these "deplorable
+abortions" I am persuaded were no more barbarous or unsuccessful than
+the grotesque lions and other fantastics which figure in the Royal Arms
+to-day.
+
+In all probability the Aylesford bucket was made in the neighbourhood
+where it was found, for at Aylesford used to stand a celebrated "White
+Horse Stone". The attendant local legend--that anyone who rode a beast
+of this description was killed on or about the spot[539]--is seemingly a
+folk-memory of the time when the severe penalty for riding a white mare
+was death.[540] The place-name Aylesbury is derived by the authorities
+from _bury_, a fortified place of, and _Aegil_, the Sun-archer of
+Teutonic mythology: the head-dress of the face constituting the hinge of
+the Aylesford bucket consists of two circles which correspond in idea
+with the two children in the arms of the Etruscan hinge. That the bucket
+was originally a sacerdotal and sacred vessel is implied not only by the
+word but by the ancient custom thus recorded: "First on a pillar was
+placed a perch on the sharp prickled back whereof stood this idol ...
+in his left hand he held up a wheel, and in his right he carried a pail
+of water wherein were flowers and fruits".[541] I have elsewhere
+reproduced several emblems of Jupiter and Athene each seated on a "sharp
+prickled back," _i.e._, a _broccus_, saw, or zigzag, symbolic of the
+shaggy solar rays.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 271 to 273.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+There is nothing decadent or seriously wrong with the drawing of the
+steeds delineated in Figs. 271 and 272, although the "what-not"
+proceeding from the mouth of the Geho is somewhat perplexing. This is
+seemingly a ribbon or a chain, and like the perfect chain surrounding
+our SOLIDO coins, and the chain which will be noted upon the Trojan
+spindle whorl illustrated on page 583, was probably intended to portray
+what the ancients termed Jupiter's Chain: "All things," says Marcus
+Aurelius, "are connected together by a sacred chain, and there is not
+one link in it which is not allied with the whole chain, for all things
+have been so blended together as to form a perfect whole, on which the
+symmetry of the universe depends. There is but one world, and it
+comprehends everything; one God endued with ubiquity; one eternal
+matter; and one law, which is the Reason common to all intelligent
+creatures."
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 274 to 276.--British. From Evans, and from
+                 Barthelemy.]
+
+A chain of pearls is proceeding from the mouth of the little figure
+which appears on some of the Channel Island coins, _vide_ the DRUCCA
+example herewith: students of fairy-tale are familiar with the story of
+a Maid out of whose mouth, whenso'er she opened it fell jewels, and that
+this fairy Maid was Reason is implied by the present day compliment in
+the East, "Allah! you are a wise man, you spit pearls." The DRUCCA coin
+is officially described as a "female figure standing to the left, her
+right hand holding a serpent (?)" and it is quite likely that the
+serpent or symbol of Wisdom was intended by the artist. There is no
+question about the serpents in the Tyrian coin here illustrated, where
+on either side of the Maiden they are represented with almost precisely
+the same [SS] form as the [SS] proceeding from the mouths of the two
+steeds on the British "altar". In the latter case the centre is a vase
+or demijohn, in the former the centre is a Maid or Virgin. Without a
+doubt this BER virgin is Beroë or Berith, the _pherepolis_ of Beyrout:
+in Fig. 278 the two serpents are associated with a phare, fire, or pyre;
+from the mouth of the British "Jupiters," illustrated in Figs. 274 and
+275, the same two serpentine flames or S's are emerging.
+
+The word BER, as has been seen, is equivalent to Vir, and in all
+probability the word _virgin_ originally carried the same meaning as
+_burgeon_. That old Lydgate, the monk of _Bery_, knew all about Vera and
+how she made the buds to burgeon is obvious from his lines:--
+
+        Mightie Flora Goddesse of fresh flowers
+        Which clothed hath the soyle in lustie greene,
+        Made buds spring with her sweet showers
+        By influence of the sunne-shine
+        To doe pleasaunce of intent full cleane,
+        Unto the States which now sit here
+        Hath _Vere_ down sent her own daughter deare.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 277 and 278.--From _Ancient Pagan and Modern
+                 Christian Symbolism_ (Inman, C. W.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 279.--Bas Relievo on the Portal of the Temple of
+                 Montmorillon in France. From _Antiquities of Cornwall_
+                 (Borlase).]
+
+It is evident that Vere is here the equivalent of Proserpine, the Maid
+who was condemned to spend one-half her time in Hades, and that "Verray"
+was occasionally noxious is implied by the old sense attributed to this
+word of _nightmare_, _e.g._, Chaucer:--
+
+          Lord Jesus Christ and Seynte Benedykte
+          Bless this house from every wikked wight
+          Fro nyghte's _verray_, etc.
+
+Some authorities connoted this word _verray_ with Werra, a Sclavonic
+deity, and the connection is probably well founded: the Cornish Furry
+dance was also termed the Flora dance.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 280.--The Church as a Dove with Six Wings. A
+                 Franco-German Miniature of the XI. Cent. From
+                 _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+The name Proserpine is seemingly akin to Pure Serpent--the same Serpent,
+perhaps, whose form is represented _in extenso_ at Avebury: the _Bona
+Dea_ of Crete was figured holding serpents and the nude figure on the
+left of Fig. 279 has been ingeniously, and, I think, rightly interpreted
+by Borlase as Truth, or Vera. It was doubtless some such similar emblem
+as originated the ridiculous story that St. Christine of Tyre was
+"tortured" by having live serpents placed at her breasts: "The two asps
+hung at her breasts and did her no harm, and the two adders wound them
+about her neck and licked up her sweat."[542] Not only is this suffering
+Christine assigned to Tyre (in Italy), but she is said to have been
+enclosed in a certain _tower_ and to have been set upon a burning _tour_
+or wheel. Christine is the feminine of Christ, and that Christ was
+identified with _Sophia_ or Wisdom is obvious from the design herewith.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 281.--Jesus Christ as Saint Sophia. Miniature of
+                 Lyons, XII. Cent. From _Christian Iconography_
+                 (Didron).]
+
+The Sicilian coins of Janus depicted Columba or the Dove, and the same
+symbol of the Cretan, Epheia, Britomart, Athene, or Rhea figures in the
+hand of the Elf on page 627, and on the reverse of other British coins
+illustrated on the same page. The Dove is the acknowledged symbol of the
+Holy Ghost, yet the symbolists depicted even the immaculate Dove as
+duplex: the six wings of the parti-coloured Columba have in all
+probability an ultimate connection with the six beneficent
+world-supervisors of the Persian philosophy.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 282.--The Holy Ghost, as a Child, Floating on the
+                 Waters. From a Miniature of the XIV. Cent. From
+                 _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+In the Christian emblem below, the Holy Ghost is represented as a Child
+floating on the Waters of Chaos between the circles of Day and Night,
+and that the Supreme was the Parent alike of both Good and Evil is
+expressed in the verse: "I form the light and create darkness; I make
+peace and create evil. I, the Lord, do all these things." The preceding
+sentence runs: "There is none beside me. I am the Lord and there is none
+else."[543] That this idea was prevalent among the Druids of the west is
+strongly to be inferred from an ancient chant still current among the
+Bretons, which begins--
+
+  Beautiful child of the Druid, answer me right well.
+    What would'st thou that I should sing?
+  Sing to me the series of number one, that I may learn it this very day.
+  There is no series for one, for One is Necessity alone.
+  The father of death, there is nothing before and nothing after.[544]
+
+The _Magna Mater_ of Fig. 266 might thus appropriately have been known
+as Fate, Destiny, Necessity, or Fortune. _Fortuna_ is radically _for_,
+and with the Fortunes or fates may be connoted the English fairies known
+as Portunes. The Portunes are said to be peculiar to England, and are
+known by the French as Neptunes: the English Portunes are represented as
+diminutive little people who, "if anything is to be carried into the
+house, or any laborious work to be done, lend a hand and finish it
+sooner than any man could".[545] A jocular and amiable little people who
+loved to warm themselves at the fire.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 283.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+Among the heathen chants of the Spanish peasantry is one in which the
+number One stands for the wheel of Fortune, and the number six "for the
+loves you hold". These six loves may be connoted with the six pinions of
+the Dove illustrated on page 486, and that Janus of the Dove was
+regarded as the Chaos, Ghost, or Cause is obvious from the words which
+are put into his mouth by Ovid: "The ancients called me Chaos (for I am
+the original substance). Observe, how I can unfold the deeds of past
+times. This lucid air, and the three other bodies which remain, fire,
+water, and earth, formed one heap.[546] As soon as this mass was
+liberated from the strife of its own discordant association, it sought
+new abodes. Fire flew upwards: air occupied the next position, and earth
+and water, forming the land and sea, filled the middle space. Then I,
+who was a globe, and formless, assumed a countenance and limbs worthy of
+a god. Even now, as a slight indication of my primitive appearance, my
+front and back are the same."
+
+In the mouth of Fig. 283 is the wheel of the four quarters, and variants
+of this wheel-cross form the design of a very large percentage of
+English coins: I here use the word English in preference to British as
+"there was no native coinage either in Scotland, Wales, or Ireland": in
+England alone have prehistoric British coins been found,[547] and in
+England alone apparently were they coined. Somewhat the same conclusions
+are indicated by the wheel-cross which is peculiar to Wales, Cornwall,
+and the Isle of Man: neither in Scotland or Ireland does the circular
+form exist.[548]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 284.--Cretan Seal.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 285.--British. From _English Coins and Tokens_
+                 (Jewitt & Head).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 286.--British. From Evans.]
+
+Among the seals of Crete there has been found one figuring a ship and
+two half-moons: it has been supposed that this token signified that the
+devotee had ventured on a two months' voyage and signalised the
+successful exploit by the fabrication of an _ex voto_; but if the
+subject in question actually represents a material vessel one may
+question whether the mariner could successfully have negotiated even a
+two hours' trip. The pair of crescents which figure so frequently on
+the wheel-cross coins of Britain probably implied the twin lily-white
+maids of Druidic folk-song, and the superstitions in connection with
+this symbol of the two _sickles_--the word is essentially the same as
+_cycle_, Greek _kuklos_--seem in Anglesea or Mona even to linger
+yet.[549] Among sepulchral offerings found in a prehistoric barrow near
+Bridlington or Burlington, were "two pieces of flint chipped into the
+form of crescents,"[550] and it is possible that Ida the Flame bearer,
+whose name is popularly connected with _flame bearer_ or Flamborough
+Head, was not the Anglian chieftain, but the divine Ida, Head, or Flame
+to whom all Forelands and Headlands were dedicated. With Bridlington or
+Burlington may be connoted the fact that this town of the children of
+Brid is situated in the Deira district, which was occupied by the
+Parisii: this name is by some authorities believed to be only a
+corruption of that of the Frisii, originally settlers from the opposite
+coast of Friesland.
+
+The Etruscan name for Juno was Cupra, which may be connoted with Cabira,
+one of the titles of Venus, also with Cabura, the name of a fountain in
+Mesopotamia wherein Juno was said to bathe himself. The mysterious
+deities known as the Cabiri are described as "mystic divinities (?
+Phoenician origin) worshipped in various parts of the ancient world.
+The meaning of their name, their character, and nature are quite
+uncertain".[551] Faber, in his _Dissertation on the Mysteries of the
+Cabiri_, states that the Cabiri were the same as the Abiri:[552] in
+Hebrew _Cabirim_ means the Mighty Ones, and there is seemingly little
+doubt that Cabiri was originally _great abiri_. In Candia or Talchinea,
+the Cabiri were worshipped as the Telchines, and as _chin_ or _khan_
+meant in Asia Minor Priest as well as King, and as the offices of Priest
+and King were anciently affiliated, the term _talchin_ (which as we have
+seen was applied to St. Patrick) meant seemingly _tall_ or _chief
+King-Priest_. The custom of Priest-Kings adopting the style and titles
+of their divinities renders it probable that the historical Telchins
+worshipped an archetypal Talchin. The original Telchins are described by
+Diodorus, as first inhabiting Rhodes, and the Colossus of Rhodes was
+probably an image of the divine _Tall King_ or _Chief King_.
+
+It is related that Rhea entrusted the infant Neptune to the care of the
+Telchines who were children of the sea, and that the child sea-god was
+reared by them in conjunction with Caphira or Cabira, the daughter of
+Oceanus. As Faber observes: "Caphira is evidently a mere variation of
+Cabira," and he translates Cabira as _Great Goddess_: in view of the
+evidence already adduced one might likewise translate it Great _Power_,
+Great _Pyre_, or Great _Phairy_. The Cabiri are often equated with the
+Dioscuri or Great _Pair_, and these Twain were not infrequently
+expressed symbolically by Twin circles.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 287.--Mykenian. FIG. 288.--Cretan. FIG.
+                 289.--Scotch. From _Myths of Crete and Prehellenic
+                 Europe_ (Mackenzie, D. A.).]
+
+The emblem of the double disc, "barnacle," or "spectacle ornament" is
+found most frequently in Scotland where it is attributed to the Picts:
+sometimes the discs are undecorated, others are elaborated by a zigzag
+or zed, which apparently signified the Central and sustaining _Power_,
+Fire, or Force. Figs. 287 and 288 from Crete represent the discs
+transfixed by a _broca_ or spike and the winged ange or angel with a
+wand--the magic rod or wand which invariably denoted Power--may be
+designated King Eros. In Scotland the central _brocco_, _i.e._, skewer,
+shoot, or stalk is found sprouting into what one might term _broccoli_,
+and in Fig. 291 the dotted eyes, wheels, or paps are elaborated into
+sevens which possibly may have symbolised the seven gifts of the Holy
+Spirit. Notable examples of this disc ornament occur at Doo Cave in
+Fife, and as the Scotch refer to a Dovecote as "Doocot," it may be
+suggested that Doo Cave was a Dove Cave sacred to the _deux_, or _duo_,
+or Dieu. Other well-known specimens are found on a so-called "Brodie"
+stone and on the Inchbrayock stone in Forfarshire. Forfar, I have
+already suggested, was a land of St. Varvary: Overkirkhope, where the
+symbol also occurs, was presumably the hope or hill of Over, or _uber_,
+Church, and Ferriby,[553] in Lincolnshire, where the emblem is again
+found, was in all probability a _by_ or abode of Ferri. The name Cupar
+may be connoted with Cupra--the Juno of Etruria--and Inchbrayock is
+radically Bray or Brock.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 290 to 292.--Scotch. From _Archaic Sculpturings_
+                 (Mann, L. M.).]
+
+Sometimes the discs--which might be termed _Brick a Brack_ or, Bride's
+Bairns--are centred by what looks like a tree (French _arbre_) or, in
+comparison with Fig. 295, from the catacombs, might be an anchor: it has
+no doubt rightly been assumed that this and similar carvings symbolised
+the Tree of Life with Adam and Eve on either hand. According to a recent
+writer: "The symbol group of a man and woman on either side of a tree
+with a serpent at times introduced is of pre-Christian origin. The
+figures narrowly considered as Adam and Eve and broadly as the human
+family are accompanied by the Tree which stands for Knowledge, and the
+serpent which represents Wisdom. This old world-wide symbol seems to
+crop up in Pictland twisted and changed in a curious fashion."[554] One
+of these fantastic forms is, I think, the feathered elphin or
+_antennaed_ solar face of Fig. 293.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 293 and 294.--From _Archaic Sculpturings_ (Mann,
+                 L. M.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 295.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+Among the ancients the word _Eva_, not only denoted _life_, but it also
+meant _serpent_: the jumbled traditions of the Hebrews associated Eve
+and the Serpent unfavourably, but according to an early sect of Gnostic
+Christians known as the Ophites, _i.e._, _Evites_, or "Serpentites," the
+Serpent of Genesis was a personification of the Good principle, who
+instructed Eve in all the learning of the world which has descended to
+us. There is frequent mention in the Old Testament of a people called
+the Hivites or Hevites, so called because, like the Christian Ophites,
+they were worshippers of the serpent. We meet again with Eff the serpent
+in F the fifth letter of the alphabet: this letter, according to Dr.
+Isaac Taylor, was formed originally like a horned or sacred serpent, and
+the two strokes of our F are the surviving traces of the two horns.[555]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 296.--From _A Dictionary of Non-Classical
+                 Mythology_ (Edwardes and Spence).]
+
+The term Hivites is sometimes interpreted to mean Midlanders, which
+seems reasonable as they lived in the middle of Canaan. In connection
+with these serpent-worshipping Midlanders or Hivites it is significant
+that not only is the English Avebury described as being "situated in the
+very centre or heart of our country,"[556] but that it is geographically
+the very nave or bogel of the surrounding neighbourhood.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 297.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+Eva is in all probability the source of the word _ivy_, German _epheu_,
+for the evergreen ivy is notoriously a long-lived plant, and even by the
+early Christian Church[557] Ivy was accepted as the emblem of life and
+immortality. As immortality was the primary dogma of the Druids, hence
+perhaps why they and their co-worshippers decked themselves with wreaths
+of this undying and seemingly immortal plant.[558] The figure of the
+Græco-Egyptian "Jupiter," known as Serapis, appears (supported by the
+Twins) surrounded by an ivy wreath, and that the ancient Jews ivy-decked
+themselves like the British on festival occasions is evident from the
+words of Tacitus: "Their priests it is true made use of fifes and
+cymbals: they were crowned with wreaths of ivy, and a vine wrought in
+gold was seen in their temple".[559] The leaf on the British VIRI coin
+here illustrated has been held to be a vine "which does not appear to
+have been borrowed from any Roman coin," but, continues Sir John Evans,
+"whether this was an original type to signify the fertility of the soil
+in respect of vines or adapted from some other source it is hard to
+say".[560] If the device be a Vine leaf it probably symbolised the True
+Vine; if a fig leaf it undoubtedly was the sign of Maggie Figgy, the
+Mother of Millions, and the Ovary of Everything: the Sunday before
+Easter used to be known as Fig Sunday, and on this occasion figs were
+eaten in large quantities.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 298.--Thrones.--Fiery Two-winged Wheels. From
+                 Didron.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 299.--The Trinity under the Form of Three
+                 Circles. From a French Miniature of the close of the
+                 XIII. Cent. From Didron.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 300.--French MS., XIII. Cent. From Didron.]
+
+From Aubrey's plan of the Overton circle constituting the head of the
+serpent at Avebury, it will be seen that the neck was carefully
+modelled, and that a pair of barrows appeared at the mouth (see _ante_,
+page 335). This head of the Eve or serpent was a stone circle distant
+about a mile from the larger peripheries, and the whole design covered
+upwards of two miles of country. As already noted the serpent was the
+symbol of immortality and rejuvenescence, because it periodically
+sloughed its skin and reappeared in one more beautiful.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 301.--From _Ancient Pagan and Modern Christian
+                 Symbolism_ (Inman, C. W.).[561]]
+
+That the two and the three circles were taken over intact by
+Christianity is evident from the emblems illustrated on p. 499, and that
+the French possessed the tradition of Good Eva or the Good Serpent is
+manifest from Fig. 300.
+
+The Iberian inscription around Fig. 301--a French example--has not been
+deciphered, but it is sufficiently evident that the emblem represents
+the Iberian Jupiter with Juno and the Tree of Life.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 302.--God the Father, without a Nimbus and
+                 Beardless, Condemning Adam to Till the Ground and Eve
+                 to Spin the Wool. From _Christian Iconography_
+                 (Didron).]
+
+The Jews or Judeans of to-day are known indifferently as either Jews or
+Hebrews, and it would seem that Jou was "Hebrew," or, as the Italians
+write the word, Ebrea: the French for Jew is _juif_, evidently the same
+title as Jove or Jehovah.
+
+In Fig. 302, Jehovah is rather surprisingly represented as a _puer_ or
+boy: as already mentioned, the Eros of Etruria was named Epeur, and it
+is possible that the London church of St. Peter le Poor--which stood in
+Brode Street next Pawlet or Little Paul House--was originally a shrine
+of Jupiter the _puer_, or Jupiter the Boy.[562]
+
+In the design now under consideration the Family consists of three--the
+Almighty and Adam and Eve--but frequently the holy group consists of
+five, the additional two probably being Cain and Abel, Cain who slew his
+brother Abel, being obviously Night or Evil. In the emblems here
+illustrated which are defined by Briquet as "cars"; four cycles are
+supported by a broca or spike, constituting the mystic five. In Jewish
+mysticism the Chariot of Jehovah, or Yahve, was regarded as "a kind of
+mystic way leading up to the final-goal of the soul".[563]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 303 to 306.--Mediæval Paper Marks. From _Les
+                 Filigranes_ (Briquet, C. M.).]
+
+The number of the Cabiri was indeterminate, and there is a probability
+that the sacerdotal Solar Chariot of the Cabiri, whether four or
+two-wheeled, originated the term cabriolet, whence our modern cab. I
+have elsewhere reproduced two pillars bearing the legend CAB, and we
+might assume that the two-wheeled vehicle illustrated, _ante_, page 454,
+represented a cab were it not for the official etymology of _cabriolet_.
+This term, we are told, is from _cabriole_, a caper, leap of a goat,
+"from its supposed lightness".[564] I have never observed a cab either
+skipping like a ram, or capering like a goat; and in the days before
+springs the alleged skittishness of the cab must have been even less
+marked. In any case the particular vehicle illustrated _ante_, page 454,
+cannot with propriety be termed "a caperer," for it is reproduced by the
+editor of Adamnan's _Life of Columba_, as being no doubt the type of car
+in which the Saint, even without his lynch pins, successfully drove a
+sedate and undeviating course.
+
+The goat or _caper_ was a familiar emblem of _Jupiter_, and our words
+_kid_ and _goat_ are doubtless the German _gott_: the horns and the
+hoofs of the Solar goat--see _ante_, page 361--are perpetuated in the
+current notions of "Old Nick," and in many parts of Europe Saints
+Nicholas and Michael are equated;[565] hence there is very little doubt
+that these two once occupied the position of the two Cabiri, Nick or
+_Nixy_ being _nox_ or night, and Michael--Light or Day.
+
+The Gaulish coin here illustrated is described by Akerman, as "Two goats
+(?) on their hind legs face to face; the whole within a beaded circle":
+on the reverse is a hog, and some other animal represented with a
+_broccus_, or saw on its back. As this is a coin of the people
+inhabiting Agedincum Senonum (now Sens), the revolving twain are
+probably _gedin_--either _goats_, _kids_, or _gods_, and the baroque
+animal with the _broccus_ on its back may be identified with a _boar_.
+There is not much evidence in this coin, which was found at
+_Brettenham_, Norfolk, of "degradation" from the Macedonian stater
+illustrated _ante_, page 394, nevertheless, Sir John Evans sturdily
+maintains: "the degeneration of the head of Apollo into two boars and a
+wheel, impossible as it may at first appear, is in fact but a
+comparatively easy transition when once the head has been reduced into a
+form of regular pattern".[566]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 307.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+The Meigle in Perthshire, where the two-wheeled barrow or barouche was
+inscribed on the Thane stone, may be equated with St. Michael, and upon
+another stone at the same Meigle there occurs a carving which is defined
+as a group of four men placed in svastika form, one hand of each man
+holding the foot of the other. The author of _Archaic Sculpturings_
+describes this attitude as indicating the unbreakable character of the
+association of each figure with its neighbours, and expresses the
+opinion: "This elaborate variant of the symbol seems to symbolise aptly
+the four quarters of the earth, each quarter being represented by a man.
+The four quarters make a complete circle, and therefore all humanity,
+through love and affinity, should join from the four parts and form one
+inseparable bond of brotherhood."[567]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 308.--British. From Evans.]
+
+The wheel of _For_tune was sometimes represented by _four_ kings, one on
+each quadrant, and this emblem was used not only as an inn-sign, but
+also in churches, notably in Norfolk--the land of the Ikeni. The authors
+of _A History of Signboards_ cite continental examples surviving at
+Sienna, and in San Zeno at Verona. The wheels of San Zeno, Sienna, or
+Verona may be connoted with the Sceatta wheel-coin figured in No. 39 of
+page 364 _ante_, and with the seemingly revolving seals on the coin here
+illustrated.[568] The Sceatta four beasts connected by astral spokes are
+probably intended to denote seals, the phoca or seal having, as we have
+seen (_ante_, page 224), been associated with Chaos or Cause. In all
+probability the _phoca_ was a token of the Phocean Greeks who founded
+Marseilles: the phoca was pre-eminently associated with _Pro_teus, and
+in the _Faroe_ Islands they have a curious idea that seals are the
+soldiers of _Pharaoh_ who was drowned in the sea. Pharaoh, or _Peraa_,
+as the Egyptian wrote it, was doubtless the representative Priest-King
+of Phra, the Egyptian Sun-god, and the drowning of Pharaoh in the Red
+Sea was probably once a phairy-tale based on the blood-red demise of a
+summer sun sinking beneath the watery horizon.
+
+On Midsummer Day in England children used to chant--
+
+          Barnaby Bright, Barnaby Bright,
+          The longest day and the shortest night,
+
+whence it would appear that Barnaby was the _auburn_[569] divinity who
+was further connected with the burnie bee, lady bird, or "Heaven's
+little chicken". The rhyme--
+
+          Burnie bee, Burnie bee, fly away home
+          Your house is on fire, your children will burn,
+
+is supposed by Mannhardt to have been a charm intended to speed the sun
+across the dangers of sunset, in other words, the house on fire, or
+welkin of the West.
+
+The name Barnabas or Barnaby is defined as meaning _son of the master_
+or _son of comfort_; Bernher is explained as _lord of many children_,
+and hence it would seem that St. Barnaby may be modernised into
+Bairnsfather. In this connection the British Bryanstones may be connoted
+with the Irish Bernesbeg and with "The Stone of the Fruitful Fairy".
+Bertram is defined by the authorities as meaning _fair and pure_, and
+Ferdy or Ferdinand, the Spanish equivalent of this name, may be
+connoted with the English Faraday.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 309.--Jehovah, as the God of Battles. Italian
+                 Miniature, close of the XII. Cent. From _Christian
+                 Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 310.--Emblem of the Deity. _Nineveh_ (Layard).]
+
+The surname Barry, with which presumably may be equated variants such as
+Berry and Bray, is translated as being Celtic for _good marksman_: the
+Cretans were famed archers, and the archery of the English yeomen was in
+its time perhaps not less famous. If Barry meant _good marksman_, it is
+to be inferred that the archetypal Barry was Jou, Jupiter, or Jehovah as
+here represented, and as there is no known etymology for _yeoman_, it
+may be that the original _yeomen_ were like the Barrys, "good marksmen".
+The Greeks portrayed Apollo, and the Tyrians Adad, as a Sovereign
+Archer, and as the lord of an unerring bow. The name Adad is seemingly
+ad-ad, a duplication of Ad probably once meaning _Head Head_, or _Haut
+Haut_,[570] and the Celtic _dad_ or _tad_ is presumably a corroded form
+of Adad. The famous archer Robin Hood, now generally accepted as a myth
+survival, will be considered later; meanwhile it may here be noted that
+the authorities derive the surnames Taddy, Addy, Adkin, Aitkin, etc.,
+from _Adam_. One may connote Adkin or Little Ad with Hudkin, a Dutch and
+German elf akin to Robin Goodfellow: "Hudkin is a very familiar devil,
+who will do nobody hurt, except he receive injury; but he cannot abide
+that, nor yet be mocked. He talketh with men friendly, sometimes
+visibly, sometimes invisibly. There go as many tales upon this Hudkin in
+some parts of Germany as there did in England on Robin Goodfellow."[571]
+To this Hud the Leicestershire place-name Odestone or Odstone near
+Twycross--_query_ Two or Twa cross--may be due.
+
+I have suggested that the word _bosom_ or _bosen_, was originally the
+plural of _boss_, whence it is probable that the name Barnebas meant the
+Bairn, Boss, or teat. The word _bosse_ was also used to denote a
+fountain or gush, and the Boss Alley, which is still standing near St.
+Paul's, may mark either the site of a spring, or more probably of what
+was known as St. Paul's Stump. As late as 1714 the porters of
+Billingsgate used to invite the passer-by to _buss_ or kiss Paul's
+Stump; if he complied they gave him a name, and he was compelled to
+choose a godfather: if he refused to conform to the custom he was lifted
+up and bumped heavily against the stump. This must have been the relic
+of an extremely ancient formality, and it is not unlikely that the
+Church of Boston in Norfolk covers the site of a similar stump: Boston,
+originally _Icken_hoe, a haw or hill of Icken, is situated in what was
+once the territory of the Ikeni, and its church tower to this day is
+known as "Boston Stump". At Boskenna (_bos_ or abode of _ikenna_?) in
+the parish of St. Buryan, Cornwall, is a stone circle, and a cromlech
+"thought to have been the seat of an arch Druid". The chief street of
+Boston is named Burgate, there is a Burgate at Canterbury near which are
+Bossenden Woods, and Bysing Wood.
+
+In the West of England the numerous _bos-_ prefixes generally mean
+_abode_: one of the earliest abodes was the beehive hut, which was
+essentially a boss.
+
+At Porlock (Somerset) is Bossington Beacon; there is a Bossington near
+Broughton, and a Bosley at Prestbury, Cheshire. In the immediate
+proximity of Bosse Alley, London, Stow mentions a Brickels Lane, and
+there still remains a Brick Hill, Brooks Wharf, and Broken Wharf. It is
+not improbable that the river Walbrook which did _not_ run around the
+_walls_ of London but passed immediately through the heart of the city
+was named after Brook or Alberick, or Oberon: in any case the generic
+terms _burn_, _brook_, and _bourne_ (Gothic _brunna_, a spring or well),
+have to be accounted for, and we may seemingly watch them forming at the
+English river Brue, and at least two English bournes, burns, or brooks
+known as Barrow.
+
+We have already considered the pair of military saints famous at
+Byzantium or St. Michael's Town: in the neighbourhood of Macclesfield,
+Cheshire, is a Bosley: the Bosmere district in Cumberland includes a
+Mickfield, in view of which it becomes interesting to note, near Old
+Jewry, in London, the parish church of St. Michael, called St. Michael
+at Bassings hall. With Michael at Bassings hall may be connoted St.
+Michael of Guernsey, an island once divided into two great fiefs, of
+which one was the property of Anchetil Vicomte du _Bessin_. The bussing
+of St. Paul's Stump or the Bosse of Billingsgate had evidently its
+parallel in the Fief du Bessin, for Miss Carey in her account of the
+Chevauchee of St. Michael observes that, "the one traditional dance
+connected with all our old festivals and merry-makings has always been
+the one known as _A mon beau Laurier_, where the dancers join hands and
+whirl round, curtsey, and kiss a central object".[572]
+
+We may reasonably assume that John Barton, who is mentioned by Stow as a
+great benefactor to the church of St. Michael, was either John Briton,
+or John of some particular Barton, possibly of the neighbouring Pardon
+Churchyard. The adjacent Bosse Alley is next _Huggen_ Lane, wherein is
+the Church of All Hallows, and running past the church of St. Michael at
+Bassings hall is another _Hugan_ Lane. _Gyne_, as in gynæcology, is
+Greek for _woman_, whence the _gyne_ or _queen_ of the Ikenian
+_Icken_hoe or Boston Stump, may have meant simply woman, maiden,
+_queen_, or "a flaunting extravagant _quean_". Somewhat east from the
+Sun tavern,[573] on the north side of this Michael's church, is Mayden
+Lane, "now so called," says Stow, "but of old time Ingene Lane, or Ing
+Lane": "down lower," he continues, "is Silver Street (I think of
+Silversmiths dwelling there)". It has been seen that Silver Streets are
+ubiquitous in England, and as this Silver Street is in the immediate
+proximity of Adle Street and Ladle Lane, there is some presumption that
+Silver was here the Leda, or Lady, or Ideal, by whom it was said that
+Jupiter in the form of a swan became the Parent of the Heavenly twins or
+Fairbairns. We have considered the sign of the Swan with two necks as
+found near Goswell Road, and the neighbouring _Goose_ Lane, Wind_goose_
+Lane, Pente_cost_ Lane, and _Chis_well Street are all in this connection
+interesting. I have already suggested that Angus, Aengus, or Oengus, the
+pre-Celtic divinity of New Grange, meant _ancient goose_: Oengus was
+alternatively known as Sen-gann or Old Gann, connected with whom were
+two young Ganns who were described sometimes as the sons of Old Gann,
+sometimes as his father. In the opinion of Prof. Macalister Oengus,
+_alias_ Dagda mor, the Great Good Fire, _alias_ Sengann, "was not
+originally _son_ of the two youths, but _father_ of the two youths, and
+he thus falls into line with other storm gods as the parent of
+Dioscuri."[574]
+
+There is little doubt that Aengus, the _ancient goose_, the Father of
+St. Bride, was Sengann the Old Gander, and in connection with St.
+Michael's goose it is noteworthy that Sinann, the Goddess of the
+Shannon, was alternatively entitled Macha. Mr. Westropp informs[575] us
+that Sengann was the god of the Ganganoi who inhabited Connaught, hence
+no doubt he was the same as Great King Conn, and Sinann was the same as
+Good Queen Eda.
+
+At the north end of London Bridge stands Old Swan Pier, upon the site
+of which was once Ebgate, an ancient water-gate. "In place of this
+gate," says Stow, "is now a narrow passage to the Thames called Ebgate
+Lane, but more commonly the Old Swan." _Eb_gate may be connoted with the
+neighbouring Abchurch Lane, where still stands what Stow termed "the
+parish church of St. Marie _Ab_church, _Ape_church, or _Up_church, as I
+have read it," and this same root seemingly occurs in the Upwell of St.
+Olave _Up_well distant only a few hundred yards. This spot accurately
+marks the _hub_ of ancient London, and there is here still standing the
+once-famous London stone: "some have imagined," says Stow, "the same to
+be set up by one John, or Thomas Londonstone, dwelling there against,
+but more likely it is that such men have taken name of the stone than
+the stone of them".
+
+There is little doubt that London stone, where oaths were sworn and
+proclamations posted, was the Perry stone of the men who made the six
+main roads or tribal tracks which centred there, of which great wheel
+_Ab_church formed seemingly the _hob_ or _hub_. Abchurch was in all
+probability originally a church of Hob, and it may aptly be described as
+one of the many primitive _abbeys_: there is an Ibstone at Wallingford,
+which the modern authorities--like the "John Londonstone" theorists of
+Stow's time--urge, was probably Ipa's stone: there is an Ipsley at
+Redditch, assumed to be either _aspentree meadow_ or perhaps _Aeppas
+mead_. Ipstones at Cheadle, we are told, "may be from a man as above";
+of Hipswell in Yorkshire Mr. Johnston concludes, "there is no name at
+all likely here, so this must be well at the hipple or little heap". But
+as Hipswell figures in Leland as _Ipres_well, is there any absolute
+_must_ about the "hipple," and is it not possible that Ipres or
+Hipswell may have been dedicated to the same _hipha_ or _hip_, the Prime
+Parent of our Hip! Hip! Hip! who was alternatively the Ypre of Ypres
+Hall and Upwell by Abchurch? At Halifax there is a _Hipper_holme which
+appeared in Domesday as _Huperun_, and here the authorities are really
+and seriously nonplussed. "It seems hard to explain Huper or Hipper.
+There is nothing like it in _Onom_, unless it be Hygebeort or Hubert;
+but it may be a dissimilated form of _hipple_, _hupple_, and mean 'at
+the little heaps'."[576]
+
+Let us quit these imaginary "little heaps" and consider the position at
+the Halifax Hipperholme, or Huperun. The church here occupied the site
+of an ancient hermitage said to have been dedicated to St. John the
+Baptist, the Father of hermits, and to have possessed as a sacred relic
+the alleged true face of St. John: my authority continues that this
+attracted great numbers of pilgrims who "approached by four ways, which
+afterwards formed the main town thoroughfares concentrating at the
+parish church; and it is supposed to have given rise to the name
+Halifax, either in the sense of _Holy Face_ with reference to the face
+of St. John, or in the sense of _Holy ways_ with reference to the four
+roads, the word _fax_ being Old Norman French for _highways_".[577] More
+recent authorities have compared the word with Carfax at Oxford, which
+is said to mean Holy fork, or Holy road, converging as in a fork. The
+roads at Carfax constitute a four-limbed cross; Oxenford used to be
+considered "the admeasured centre of the whole island";[578] it was
+alternatively known as Rhydychain, whence I do not think that
+Rhydychain meant a ford for oxen, but more probably either _Rood King_,
+or _Ruddy King_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 311.--From _The Cross: Heathen and Christian_
+                 (Brock, M.).]
+
+In 1190 Halifax was referred to as Haliflex, upon which the Rev. J. B.
+Johnston comments: "the _l_ seems to be a scribe's error, and _flex_
+must be _feax_. Holy flax would make no sense. In Domesday it seems to
+be called Feslei, can the _fes_ be _feax_ too?" In view of the cruciform
+streets of Chichester, of our cruciform rood or rota coins, and of the
+four rivers supposed by all authorities to flow to the four quarters out
+of Paradise, is it not possible that four-quartered Haliflex was a fay's
+lea or meadow, whose founders built their "abbey"[579] in the true-face
+form of the _Holy Flux_ or Fount, the _ain_ or flow of living water?
+Four _ains_ or eyes are clearly exhibited on the emblems here
+illustrated, which show the four-quartered sacramental buns or brioches,
+whence the modern Good Friday bun has descended.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 312.--Roman roads. From _A New Description of
+                 England and Wales_ (Anon. 1724).]
+
+It was a prevalent notion among our earliest historians that "In such
+estimation was Britain held by its inhabitants, that they made in it
+four roads from end to end, which were placed under the King's
+protection to the intent that no one should dare to make an attack upon
+his enemy on these roads".[580] These four great roads, dating from
+the time of King Belinus, and supposedly running from sea to sea, were
+probably mythical, but in view of the sanctity of public highways and
+the King's Peace which was enforced thereon, it is not improbable that
+numerous "Holloways"--now supposed to mean hollow or sunk ways--were
+originally and actually _holy ways_.
+
+The Punjaub is so named because it is watered not by four but by five
+rivers, and that five streams possessed a mystic significance in British
+mythology is evident from the story of Cormac's voyage to the Land of
+Paradise or Promise.[581] "Palaces of bronze and houses of white silver,
+thatched with white bird's wings are there. Then he sees in the garth a
+shining fountain with five streams flowing out of it, and the hosts in
+turn a-drinking its water."[582]
+
+It has been recently pointed out that the Celtic conception of Paradise
+"offers the closest parallel to the Chinese," whence it is significant
+to find that in the Chinese "Abyss of Assembly" there were supposed to
+lie five fairy islands of entrancing beauty, which were inhabited by
+spirit-like beings termed _shên jên_.[583] I have in my possession a
+Chinese temple-ornament consisting of a blue porcelain broccus of five
+rays or peaks, which, like the five fundamental cones of the Etruscan
+tomb (_ante_, p. 237), in all probability represent the five bergs or
+islands of the blessed. The inner circle of Stonehenge consisted of five
+upstanding trilithons of which the stones came--by popular repute--from
+Ireland. Among the Irish divinities mentioned by Mr. Westropp is not
+only the gracious Aine who was worshipped by five Firbolg tribes, but
+also an old god who kindled five streams of magic fire from which his
+sons--the fathers of the Delbna tribes--all sprang.[584]
+
+It will be remembered that the Avebury district is the boss, gush, or
+spring of five rivers, and Avebury or Abury was almost without doubt
+another "abbey" or _bri_ of Ab on similar lines to the six-spoked _hub_,
+_hob_, or _boss_ of Abchurch, Londonstone. It is difficult to believe
+that the six roads meeting at Abchurch arranged themselves so
+symmetrically by chance, and it is still more difficult to attribute
+them to the Roman Legions.
+
+As Mr. Johnson has pointed out there is a current supposition, seemingly
+well based, that some of the supposedly Roman roads represent older
+trackways, straightened and adapted for rougher usage.[585] That London
+stone at Abchurch was the hub, navel or _bogel_ of the Cantian British
+roads may be further implied by the immediately adjacent _Buckle_sbury,
+now corrupted into Bucklersbury. Parts of the Ichnield Way--notably at
+Broadway--are known as Buckle Street, the term _buckle_ here being
+seemingly used in the sense of Bogle or Bogie. It is always the custom
+of a later race to attribute any great work of unknown origin to Bogle
+or the Devil, _e.g._, the Devil's Dyke, and innumerable other instances.
+
+_Ichnos_ in Greek means _track_, _ichneia_ a _tracking_; whence the
+immemorial British track known as the _Ichnield_ Way may reasonably be
+connoted with the ancient Via _Egnatio_ near Berat in Albania. That
+Albion, like Albania, possessed very serviceable ways before the advent
+of any Romans is clear from Cæsar's _Commentaries_. After mentioning the
+British rearguard--"about 4000 charioteers only being left"--Cæsar
+continues: "and when our cavalry for the sake of plundering and ravaging
+the more freely scattered themselves among the fields, he
+(Cassivelaunus) used to send out charioteers from the woods by _all the
+well-known roads_ and paths, and to the great danger of our horse engage
+with them, and this source of fear hindered them from straggling very
+extensively".[586]
+
+It has been seen that the Welsh tracks by which the armies marched to
+battle were known as Elen's Ways, whence possibly six such Elen's Ways
+concentrated in the heart of London, which I have already suggested was
+an Elen's dun. In French forests radiating pathways, known as _etoiles_
+or stars, were frequent, and served the most utilitarian purpose of
+guiding hunters to a central Hub or trysting-place.
+
+One of the marvels which impress explorers in Crete is the excellence of
+the ancient Candian roads. According to Tacitus the British, under
+Boudicca, chiefly Cantii, Cangians, and Ikeni, "brought into the field
+an incredible multitude".[587] The density of the British population in
+ancient times is indicated by the extent of prehistoric reliques,
+whereas the Roman invaders were never numerically more than a negligible
+fraction. It is now admitted by historians that Roman civilisation did
+not succeed in striking the same deep roots in British soil as it did
+into the nationality of Gaul or Spain. "For one thing, the numbers both
+of Roman veterans and of Romanised Britons remained comparatively small;
+for another, beyond the Severn and beyond the Humber lay the multitudes
+of the un-Romanised tribes, held down only by the terror of the Roman
+arms, and always ready to rise and overwhelm the alien culture."[588]
+
+Commenting upon the Icknield Way, Dr. Guest remarks the lack upon its
+course of any Roman relics, a want, however, which, as he says, is amply
+compensated for by the many objects, mostly of British antiquity, which
+crowd upon us as we journey westward--by the tumuli and "camps" which
+show themselves on right and left--by the six gigantic earthworks which
+in the intervals of eighty miles were raised at widely different periods
+to bar progress along this now deserted thoroughfare.[589] In a similar
+strain Mr. Johnson writes of the Pilgrim's Way in Surrey: "To my
+thinking, the strongest argument for the prehistoric way lies in the
+plea expressed by the grim old earthworks and silent barrows which stud
+its course, and by the numerous relics dug up here and there, relics of
+which we may rest assured not one-half has been put on record."[590]
+
+Tacitus pictures a Briton as reasoning to himself "compute the number of
+men born in freedom and the Roman invaders are but a handfull".[591] Is
+it in these circumstances likely that the Roman handful troubled to
+construct six great arteries or main roads centring to London stone?
+
+The Romans ran military roads from castra to castra, but in Roman eyes
+London was merely "a place not dignified with the name of a colony, but
+the chief residence of merchants and the great mart of trade and
+commerce".[592]
+
+Holloway Road, in London, implies, I think, at least one _Holy Way_, and
+there seems to me a probability that London stone was a primitive
+Jupiterstone, yprestone, preston, pray stone, or phairy stone, similar
+to the holy centre-stone of sacred Athens: "Look upon the dance,
+Olympians; send us the grace of Victory, ye gods who come to the heart
+of our city, where many feet are treading and incense streams: in sacred
+Athens come to the holy centre-stone".
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [506] _Iliad_, Bk. XX., 434.
+
+   [507] A King Cunedda figures in Welsh literature as the first
+         native ruler of Wales, and tradition makes Cunedda a son of
+         the daughter of Coel, probably the St. Helen who was the
+         daughter of Old King Cole, and who figures as the London
+         Great St. Helen and Little St. Helen: possibly, also, as the
+         ancient London goddess Nehallenia = New Helen, Nelly = Ellen.
+
+   [508] _History_, Bk. V.
+
+   [509] Church, A. J. and Brodribb, W. J., _The History of Tacitus_,
+         1873, p. 229.
+
+   [510] Quoted in _Celtic Britain_, Rhys, Sir J., p. 74.
+
+   [511] Address to British Association.
+
+   [512] Quoted in _The Veil of Isis_, Reade, W. W., p. 47.
+
+   [513] Wilkie, James, _Saint Bride, the Greatest Woman of the Celtic
+         Church_.
+
+   [514] Nonnus, quoted from _A Dissertation on The Mysteries of the
+         Cabiri_, Faber, G. S., vol. ii., p. 313.
+
+   [515] Huyshe, W., _The Life of St. Columba_, p. 247.
+
+   [516] Canon ffrench, _Prehistoric Faith and Worship_, p. 56.
+
+   [517] Hughes, T., _The Scouring of the White Horse_, p. 111.
+
+   [518] Apart from recent experiences and the records of the Saxon
+         invaders of this country, one may connote the candid maxims
+         of the Frederick upon whom the German nation has thought
+         proper to confer the sobriquet of "Great," _e.g._:--
+
+         "It was the genius of successive rulers of our race to be
+         guided only by self-interest, ambition, and the instinct of
+         self-preservation."
+
+         "When Prussia shall have made her fortune, she will be able
+         to give herself the air of good-faith and of constancy which
+         is only suitable for great States or small Sovereigns." "As
+         for war, it is a profession in which the smallest scruple
+         would spoil everything."
+
+         "Nothing exercises a greater tyranny over the spirit and
+         heart than religion.... Do we wish to make a treaty with a
+         Power? If we only remember that we are Christians all is
+         lost, we shall always be duped."
+
+         "Do not blush at making alliances with the sole object of
+         reaping advantage for yourself. Do not commit the vulgar
+         fault of not abandoning them when you believe it to be to
+         your advantage to do so; and, above all, ever follow this
+         maxim that to despoil your neighbours is to take from them
+         the means of doing you harm."
+
+         In the eyes of the stupid and unappreciative Britons the
+         Saxons were "swine," and the "loathest of all things," _vide_
+         Layamon's _Brut_, _e.g._: "Lo! where here before us the
+         heathen hounds, who slew our ancestors with their wicked
+         crafts; and they are to us in land _loathest of all things_.
+         Now march we to them, and starkly lay on them, and avenge
+         worthily our kindred, and our realm, and avenge the mickle
+         shame by which they have disgraced us, that they over the
+         waves should have come to Dartmouth. And all they are
+         forsworn, and all they shall be destroyed; they shall be all
+         put to death, with the Lord's assistance! March we now
+         forward, fast together"--(Everyman's Library, p. 195).
+
+         "The Saxons set out across the water, until their sails were
+         lost to sight. I know not what was their hope, nor the name
+         of him who put it in their mind, but they turned their boats,
+         and passed through the channel between England and Normandy.
+         With sail and oar they came to the land of Devon, casting
+         anchor in the haven of Totnes. The heathen breathed out
+         threatenings and slaughter against the folk of the country.
+         They poured forth from their ships, and scattered themselves
+         abroad amongst the people, searching out arms and raiment,
+         firing homesteads and slaying Christian men. They passed to
+         and fro about the country, carrying off all they found
+         beneath their hands. Not only did they rob the hind of his
+         weapon, but they slew him on his hearth with his own knife.
+         Thus throughout Somerset and a great part of Dorset, these
+         pirates spoiled and ravaged at their pleasure, finding none
+         to hinder them at their task"--(_Ibid._, p. 47).
+
+   [519] Allen J. Romilly, _Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times_,
+         p. 130.
+
+   [520] _A Guide to the Antiquities of the Iron Age_, p. 89.
+
+   [521] Quoted by J. Romilly Allen, in _Celtic Art_, p. 138.
+
+   [522] Rev. Wm. Greenwell and Parker Brewis, _Archæologia_, vol.
+         lxi., pp. 439, 472 (1909).
+
+   [523] Rev. Wm. Greenwell and Parker Brewis, _Archæologia_, vol.
+         lxi., p. 4.
+
+   [524] The standard supposition that Smithfield is a corruption of
+         _smooth field_ may or may not be well founded.
+
+   [525] Bohn's ed., p. 382.
+
+   [526] The psychology of Homer's description of the Vulcan menage is
+         curiously suggestive of a modern visit to the village
+         blacksmith:--
+
+            "Him swelt'ring at his forge she found, intent
+            On forming twenty tripods, which should stand
+            The wall surrounding of his well-built house,
+            The silver-footed Queen approach'd the house,
+            Charis, the skilful artist's wedded wife,
+            Beheld her coming, and advanc'd to meet;
+            And, as her hand she clasp'd, address'd her thus:
+              'Say, Thetis of the flowing robe, belov'd
+            And honour'd, whence this visit to our house,
+            An unaccustom'd guest? but come thou in,
+            That I may welcome thee with honour due.'
+              Thus, as she spoke, the goddess led her in,
+            And on a seat with silver studs adorn'd,
+            Fair, richly wrought, a footstool at her feet,
+            She bade her sit; then thus to Vulcan call'd;
+              'Haste hither, Vulcan; Thetis asks thine aid.'
+              Whom answer'd thus the skill'd artificer:
+              'An honour'd and a venerated guest
+            Our house contains; who sav'd me once from woe,
+            Then thou the hospitable rites perform,
+            While I my bellows and my tools lay by.'
+            He said, and from the anvil rear'd upright
+            His massive strength; and as he limp'd along,
+            His tott'ring knees were bow'd beneath his weight.
+            The bellows from the fire he next withdrew,
+            And in a silver casket plac'd his tools;
+            Then with a sponge his brows and lusty arms
+            He wip'd, and sturdy neck and hairy chest.
+            He donn'd his robe, and took his weighty staff;
+            Then through the door with halting step he pass'd;
+            ... with halting gait,
+            Pass'd to a gorgeous chair by Thetis' side,
+            And, as her hand he clasp'd, address'd her thus:
+              'Say Thetis, of the flowing robe, belov'd
+            And honour'd, whence this visit to our house,
+            An unaccustom'd guest? say what thy will,
+            And, if within my pow'r esteem it done.'"
+
+                                 _Iliad_, Bk. XVIII., p. 420-80.
+
+   [527] British Museum, _A Guide to the Antiquities of the Early Iron
+         Age_, p. 54.
+
+   [528] "Antiquities to be noted therein are: First the street of
+         Lothberie, Lathberie, or Loadberie (for by all these names
+         have I read it), took the name (as it seemeth) of berie, or
+         court of old time there kept, but by whom is grown out of
+         memory. This street is possessed for the most part by
+         founders, that cast candlesticks, chafing-dishes, spice
+         mortars, and such like copper or laton works and do afterward
+         turn them with the foot, and not with the wheel, to make them
+         smooth and bright with turning and scrating (as some do term
+         it), making a loathsome noise to the by-passers that have not
+         been used to the like, and therefore by them disdainfully
+         called Lothberie."--_London_ (Ev. Lib.), p. 248.
+
+   [529] _Phenomena_, p. xvii.
+
+   [530] Stow, _London_, p. 221.
+
+   [531] _Giraldus Cambrensis_, p. 97.
+
+   [532] _Cf._ Rhys, Sir J., _Celtic Heathendom_, p. 613.
+
+   [533] _Cf._ _A New Light on the Renaissance_ and _The Lost Language
+         of Symbolism_.
+
+   [534] Windle, B. C. A., _Life in Early Britain_, p. 116.
+
+   [535] Cacus figures in mythology as a huge giant, the son of
+         Vulcan, and the stealer of Hercules' oxen.
+
+   [536] Duncan, T., _The Religions of Profane Antiquity_, p. 59.
+
+   [537] Hazlitt, W. Carew, _Faith and Folklore_, vol. i., p. 210.
+
+   [538] A trace of the old sacrificial eating?
+
+   [539] Gomme, L., _Folklore as an Historic Science_, p. 43.
+
+   [540] See Johnson, W., _Byways of British Archæology_. "Among the
+         Saxons only a high priest might lawfully ride a mare," p.
+         436.
+
+   [541] Faber, G. S., _The Mysteries of the Cabiri_, i., 220.
+
+   [542] _Golden Legend_, iv., 96.
+
+   [543] Is. xlv. 7.
+
+   [544] Quoted from Eckenstein, Miss Lena, _Comparative Studies in
+         Nursery Rhymes_, p. 153.
+
+   [545] Keightley, _Fairy Mythology_, p. 285.
+
+   [546] The "one heap" of chaos was illustrated _ante_, p. 224.
+
+   [547] Allen F. Romilly, _Celtic Art_, p. 78.
+
+   [548] _Ibid._, p. 188.
+
+   [549] The following letter appeared in _Folklore_ of June 29,
+         1918:--
+
+         "Twenty-five years ago an old man in one of the parishes of
+         Anglesey invariably bore or rather wore a sickle over his
+         neck--in the fields, and on the road, wherever he went. He
+         was rather reticent as to the reason why he wore it, but he
+         clearly gave his questioner to understand that it was a
+         protection against evil spirits. This custom is known in
+         Welsh as '_gwisgo'r gorthrwm_,' which literally means
+         'wearing the oppression'. _Gorthrwm_ = _gor_, an
+         intensifying affix = _super_, and _trwm_ = heavy, so that
+         the phrase perhaps would be more correctly rendered 'wearing
+         the overweight'. It is not easy to see the connection
+         between the practice and the idea either of overweight or
+         oppression; still, that was the phrase in common use.
+
+         "For a similar reason, that is, protection from evil spirits
+         during the hours of the night, it was and is a custom to
+         place two scythes archwise over the entrance-side of the
+         wainscot bed found in many of the older cottages of Anglesey.
+         It is difficult to find evidence of the existence of this
+         practice to-day as the old people no doubt feel that it is
+         contrary to their prevailing religious belief and will not
+         confess their faith in the efficacy of a 'pagan' rite which
+         they are yet loth to abandon.
+
+                                           "R. GWYNEDON DAVIES."
+
+   [550] Wright T., _Essays on Arch. Subjects_, i., 26.
+
+   [551] Smith, W., _A Smaller Classical Dictionary_.
+
+   [552] Vol. i., p. 210.
+
+   [553] Domesday Ferebi, "probably dwelling of the _comrade_ or
+         partner". Do the authorities mean _friend_?
+
+   [554] Mann, L., _Archaic Sculpturings_, p. 30.
+
+   [555] _Cf._ _The Alphabet_, i., 12.
+
+   [556] Lord Avebury. Preface to _A Guide to Avebury_, p. 5.
+
+   [557] Durandus, _Rationale_.
+
+   [558] "Ruddy was the sea-beach and the circular revolution was
+         performed by the attendance of the white bands in graceful
+         extravagance when the assembled trains were assembled in
+         dancing and singing in cadence with garlands and ivy branches
+         on the brow."--_Cf._ Davies, E. _Mythology of British
+         Druids_.
+
+   [559] _History_, V., 5.
+
+   [560] _Ancient British Coins_, p. 178.
+
+   [561] "Copied by Higgins, _Anacalypsis_, on the authority of
+         Dubois, who states (vol. iii., p. 88), that it was found on a
+         stone in a church in France, where it had been kept
+         religiously for six hundred years. Dubois regards it as
+         wholly astrological, and as having no reference to the story
+         told in Genesis."
+
+   [562] It is quite improbable that there was any foundation for
+         Stow's surmise that the epithet Poor was applied to the
+         parish of St. Peter in Brode Street, "for a difference from
+         others of that name, sometimes peradventure a poor parish".
+         It is, however, possible that the church was dedicated to
+         Peter the Hermit, _i.e._, the poor Peter.
+
+   [563] _Cf._ Abelson, J., _Jewish Mysticism_, p. 34.
+
+   [564] _Cf._ also Brachet A., _Ety. Dictionary of French Language_:
+         "A two-wheeled carriage which being light _leaps_ up". Had
+         our authorities been considering _phaeton_, this definition
+         might have passed muster. Although Skeat connects _phaeton_
+         with the Solar Charioteer he nevertheless connotes _phantom_.
+         Why?
+
+   [565] Blackie, C., _Place-names_, p. 137.
+
+   [566] _Coins of the Ancient Britons_, p. 121.
+
+   [567] P. 28.
+
+   [568] It is a miracle that this and the other coins illustrated on
+         page 364 did not go into the dustbin. The official estimate
+         of their value and interest is expressed in the following
+         reference from Hawkin's _Silver Coins of England_, p. 17:--
+
+         "After the final departure of the Romans, about the year
+         450, the history of the coinage is involved in much
+         obscurity; the coins of that people would of course continue
+         in circulation long after the people themselves had quitted
+         the shores, and it is not improbable that the rude and
+         uncouth pieces, which are imitations of their money, and
+         _are scarce because they are rejected from all cabinets and
+         thrown away as soon as discovered_, may have been struck
+         during the interval between the Romans and Saxons."
+
+         The italics are mine, and comment would be inadequate.
+         Happily, in despite of "the practised numismatist," Time,
+         which antiquates and hath an art to make dust of all things,
+         hath yet spared these minor monuments.
+
+   [569] Auburn hair is golden-red--hence I am able to recognise only
+         a remote comparison with _alburnum_, the white sap wood or
+         inner bark of trees.
+
+   [570] "We also find Adad numbered among the gods whom the Syrians
+         worshipped; nevertheless we find but little concerning him,
+         and that little obscure and unsatisfactory, either in ancient
+         or modern writers. Macrobius says, "The Assyrians, or rather
+         the Syrians, give the name Adad to the god whom they worship,
+         as _the highest_ or greatest," and adds that the
+         signification of this name is the One or the Only. This
+         writer also gives us clearly to understand that the Syrians
+         adored the sun under this name; at least, the surname Adad,
+         which was given to the sun by the natives of Heliopolis,
+         makes them appear as one and the same."--Christmas, H. Rev.,
+         _Universal Mythology_, p. 119.
+
+   [571] _Discourse concerning Devils_, annexed to _The Discovery of
+         Witchcraft_, Reginald Scot, i., chap. xxi.
+
+   [572] _Folklore_, XXV., 4, p. 426.
+
+   [573] "The Sun and Moon have been considered as signs of pagan
+         origin, typifying Apollo and Diana," _History of Signboards_,
+         p. 496.
+
+   [574] _Proc. of Royal Irish Acad._, xxxiv., c. 10-11, pp. 318, 320.
+
+   [575] _Ibid._, c. 8, p. 159.
+
+   [576] Johnston, Rev. J. B., _The Place-names of England and Wales_,
+         p. 304.
+
+   [577] Wilson, J. M., _Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales_, i.,
+         839.
+
+   [578] Herbert, A., _Cyclops Christianus_, p. 93.
+
+   [579] In Ireland an "abbey" is a cell or hermitage.
+
+   [580] _Cf._ Guest, Dr., _Origines Celticæ_, ii., 223.
+
+   [581] The name Cormac is defined as meaning _son of a chariot_. Is
+         it to be assumed that the followers of Great Cormac
+         understood a physical road car?
+
+   [582] Wentz., W. Y. E., _The Fairy Faith in Celtic Countries_, p.
+         341.
+
+   [583] "The inhabitants are called _shên jên_, spirit-like beings, a
+         term hardly synonymous with _hsien_, though the description
+         of them is consistent with the recognised characteristics of
+         _hsien_. The passage runs as follows: 'Far away on the Isle
+         of Ku-shê there dwell spirit-like beings whose flesh is
+         [smooth] as ice and [white] as snow, and whose demeanour is
+         as gentle and unassertive as that of a young girl. They eat
+         not of the Five Grains, but live on air and dew. They ride
+         upon the clouds with flying dragons for their teams, and roam
+         beyond the Four Seas. The _shên_ influences that pervade that
+         isle preserve all creatures from petty maladies and mortal
+         ills, and ensure abundant crops every year.'"--Yetts, Major
+         W. Perceval, _Folklore_, XXX., i., p. 89.
+
+   [584] _Proc. Roy. Irish Acad._, xxxiv., c. 8, p. 135.
+
+   [585] _Folk Memory_, p. 339.
+
+   [586] _De B. Gallico_, v., 19.
+
+   [587] Annals, xxxiv.
+
+   [588] Hearnshaw, F. J. C., _England in the Making_, p. 22.
+
+   [589] _Origines Celticæ_, ii., 240.
+
+   [590] _Folk Memory_, p. 349.
+
+   [591] _Agricola_, xv.
+
+   [592] Tacitus, _Annals_, xxxiii.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER X
+
+                              HAPPY ENGLAND
+
+     "In the old time every Wood and Grove, Field and Meadow, Hill and
+     Cave, Sea and River, was tenanted by tribes and communities of the
+     great Fairy Family, and at least one of its members was a resident
+     in every House and Homestead where the kindly virtues of charity
+     and hospitality were practised and cherished. This was the faith of
+     our forefathers--a graceful, trustful faith, peopling the whole
+     earth with beings whose mission was to watch over and protect all
+     helpless and innocent things, to encourage the good, to comfort the
+     forlorn, to punish the wicked, and to thwart and subdue the
+     overbearing."--ANON, _The Fairy Family_, 1857.
+
+     "It is very much better to believe in a number of gods than in none
+     at all."--W. B. YEATS.
+
+
+It is generally supposed that the site of London has been in continuous
+occupation since that remote period when the flint-knappers chipped
+their implements at Gray's Inn, and the pile-dwelling communities, whose
+traces have been found in the neighbourhood of London Stone, drove their
+first stakes into the surrounding marshes. Not only are there in London
+the material evidences of antediluvian occupation, but "the fact remains
+that in the city of London there are more survivals from past history
+than can be found within the compass of any other British city, or of
+any other area in Britain."[593]
+
+Sir Laurence Gomme assigns some importance to the place-name "Britaine
+Street"--now "Little Britain"--where, according to Stow, the Earls of
+Britain were lodged, but it is probable that in _Up_well, _Eb_gate,
+_Ab_church, _Ape_church or _Up_church, we may identify relics of an
+infinitely greater antiquity.
+
+When Cæsar paid his flying visit to these islands he learned at the
+mouth of the Thames that what he terms an _oppidum_ or stronghold of the
+British was not far distant, and that a considerable number of men and
+cattle were there assembled. As it has been maintained that London was
+the stronghold here referred to, the term _oppidum_ may possibly have
+been a British word, Cæsar's testimony being: "_The Britons apply_ the
+name of _oppidum_ to any woodland spot difficult to access, and
+fortified with a rampart and trench to which they are in the habit of
+resorting in order to escape a hostile raid".[594] That the _dum_ of
+_oppidum_ was equivalent to _dun_ is manifest from the place-name
+Dumbarton, which was originally Dunbrettan.
+
+In view of the natural situation of St. Alban's there is a growing
+opinion among archæologists that London, and not St. Alban's, was the
+stronghold which stood the shock of Roman conquest when Cæsar took the
+_oppidum_ of Cassivellaunus.
+
+The inscriptions EP, EPPI, and IPPI figure frequently on British coins,
+and there were probably local hobby stones, hobby towns, and _oppi duns_
+in the tribal centre of every settlement of hobby-horse worshippers. In
+Durham is Hoppyland Park, near Bridgewater is Hopstone, near Yarmouth is
+Hopton, and Hopwells; and Hopwood's, Happy Valley's, Hope Dale's, Hope
+Point's, Hopgreen's, Hippesley's and Apsley's may be found in numerous
+directions. It is noteworthy that none of these terms can have had any
+relation to the hop plant, for the word _hops_ is not recorded until the
+fifteenth century; nor, speaking generally, have they any direct
+connection with _hope_, meaning "the point of the low land mounting the
+hill whence the top can be seen".[595]
+
+The word _hope_, meaning expectation, is in Danish _haab_, in German
+_hoffe_: Hopwood, near Hopton, is at Alvechurch (Elf Church?), apart
+from which straw one would be justified in the assumption that Hop, Hob,
+or Hoph, where it occurs in place-names, had originally reference to
+Hob-with-a-canstick, _alias_ Hop-o'-my-Thumb. The Hebrew expression for
+the witch of Endor, consulted by King Saul, is _ob_ or _oub_, but in
+Deuteronomy xviii. 11, the term _oph_ is used to denote a familiar
+spirit.[596] As we find a reference in Shakespeare to "urchins,
+_ouphes_, and fairies," the English ouphes would seem to have been one
+of the orders of the Elphin realm: the authorities equate it with _alph_
+or _alp_, and the word has probably survived in the decadence of
+Kipling's "muddied _oaf_".
+
+Offa, the proper name, is translated by the dictionaries as meaning
+_mild_, _gentle_: it is further remarkable that the root _oph_, _op_, or
+_ob_, is very usually associated with things diminutive and small. In
+Welsh _of_ or _ov_ means "atoms, first principles";[597] in French
+_oeuf_, in Latin _ova_, means an egg; the little egg-like berry of the
+hawthorn is termed a _hip_; to _ebb_ is to diminish, and in S.W.
+Wiltshire is "a _small_ river," named the Ebbe. Hob, with his flickering
+candlestick, or the homely Hob crouching on the hob, seems rarely to
+have been thought of otherwise than as the child Elf, such as that
+superscribed EP upon the British coin here illustrated: yet to the
+_ub_iquitous Hob may no doubt be assigned _up_, which means aloft or
+overhead, and _hoop_, the symbol of the Sun or Eye of Heaven.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 313.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+Within and all around the _oppida_ the military and sacerdotal hubbub
+was undoubtedly at times uproarious, and the vociferation used on these
+occasions may account for the word _hubbub_,[598] a term which according
+to Skeat was "imitative". This authority adds to his conjecture:
+"formerly also _whoobub_, a confused noise. Hubbub was confused with
+_hoop-hoop_, re-duplication of _hoop_ and _whoobub_ with _whoop-hoop_."
+But even had our ancestors mingled _hip! hip!_ in their muddled minds
+even then the confusion would have been excusable.
+
+_Ope_, when occurring in proper-names such as Panope or Europe, is
+usually translated Eye--thus, Panope as _Universal Eye_, and Europa as
+_Broad Eye_. The small red eye-like or optical berries of the hawthorn
+are termed _hips_ or haws, and it is probable that once upon a time the
+hips were deemed the elphin eyes of Hob, the Ubiquitous or Everywhere.
+In India the favourite bead in rosaries is the seed named _rudraksha_,
+which means "the Eye of the god Rudra or S'iva": Rudra, or the _ruddy
+one_, is the Hub or centre of the Hindoo pantheon, and S'iva, his more
+familiar name (now understood to mean "kindly, gracious, or propitious")
+is more radically "dear little Iva or Ipha". In India millions of S'eva
+stones are still worshipped, and the _rudraksha_ seeds or Eyes of S'iva
+are generally cut with eleven facets,[599] evidently symbolising the
+eleven Beings which are said to have sprung from the dual
+personalities--male and female--of the Creative Principle.
+
+_Epine_, the French for thorn, is ultimately akin to Hobany, and _hip_
+may evidently be equated with the friendly Hob. According to Bryant Hip
+or Hipha was a title of the Phoenician Prime Parent, and it is
+probable that our _Hip! Hip! Hip!_--the parallel of the Alban _Albani!
+Albani!_--long antedated the _Hurrah!_
+
+The Hobdays and the Abdys of Albion may be connoted with _Good Hob_, and
+that this Robin Goodfellow or benevolent elf was the personification of
+shrewdness and cunning is implied by _apt_ and in_ept_, and that happy
+little Hob was considered to be pretty is implied by _hübsch_, the
+Teutonic for _pretty_: the word _pretty_ is essentially _British_, and
+the piratical habits of the early British are brought home to them by
+the word _pirate_. We shall, however, subsequently see that _pirates_
+originally meant "attempters" or men who _tried_.
+
+The surname Hepburn argues the existence at some time of a Hep bourne
+or brook; in Northumberland is Hepborne or Haybourne, which the
+authorities suppose meant "burn, brook, with the hips, the fruit of the
+wild rose": but hips must always have been as ubiquitous and plentiful
+as sparrows. In Yorkshire is Hepworth, anciently written Heppeword, and
+this is confidently interpreted as meaning _Farm of Heppo_: in view,
+however, of our hobby-horse festivals, it is equally probable that in
+the Hepbourne the Kelpie, the water horse, or _hippa_ was believed to
+lurk, and one may question the historic reality of farmer Heppo.
+
+The hobby horse was principally associated with the festivals of
+May-Day, but it also figured at Yule Tide. On Christmas Eve either a
+wooden horse head or a horse's skull was decked with ribbons and carried
+from door to door on the summit of a pole supported by a man cloaked
+with a sheet: this figure was known as "Old Hob":[600] in Welsh _hap_
+means fortune--either good or bad.
+
+Apparently the last recorded instance of the Hobby-Horse dance occurred
+at Abbot's Bromley, on which occasion a man carrying the image of a
+horse between his legs, and armed with a bow and arrow (the emblems of
+Barry the Sovereign Archer), played the part of Hobby: with him were six
+companions wearing reindeer heads (the emblems of the Dayspring) who
+danced the hey and other ancient dances. Tollett supposes the famous
+hobby horse to be the King of the May "though he now appears as a
+juggler and a buffoon with a crimson foot-cloth fretted with gold, the
+golden bit, the purple bridle, and studded with gold, the man's purple
+mantle with a golden border which is latticed with purple, his golden
+crown, purple cap with a red feather, and with a golden knop".[601]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 314 to 317.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 318.--British. From Camden.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 319.--Head Dress of the King (N.W. Palace
+                 Nimroud). From _Nineveh_ (Layard).]
+
+A _knop_ or _knob_ means a boss, protuberance, or rosebud--originally,
+of course, a wild rosebud which precedes the hip--and it is probably the
+same word as the CUNOB which occurs so frequently in British coins. In
+Fig. 314 CUNOB occurs alone, and I am not sure that Figs. 315 and 318
+should not be read ELINI CUNOB. The knob figured not only on our Hobby
+Horse, but also as a symbol on the head-dress of Tyrian kings, and there
+is very little doubt that the charming small figure on the obverse of
+CUNOB ELINI is intended for King Ob, or Ep. There is a Knap Hill at
+Avebury, a Knapton in Yorkshire, and a Knapwell in Suffolk: Knebworth
+in Herts was Chenepenorde in Domesday, and the imaginary farmer Cnapa or
+Cnebba, to whom these place-names are assigned, may be equated with the
+afore-mentioned farmer Heppo of Hepworth.
+
+Knaves Castle (Lichfield), now a small mound--a _heap_?--is ascribed to
+"_cnafa_, a boy or servant, later a knave, a rogue": Cupid is a
+notorious little rogue, nevertheless, proverbially Love makes the world
+go round, and constitutes its nave, navel, hub, or boss: with _snob_
+Skeat connotes _snopp_, meaning a boy or anything _stumpy_.
+
+In course of time like _boss_, Dutch _baas_, _knob_ seems to have been
+applied generally to mean a lord or master, and the Londoner who takes
+an agreeable interest in the "nobs"[602](and occasional _snobs_) riding
+in Hyde Park is possibly following an ancestral custom dating from the
+time when the Ring was originally constructed. Apsley House, now
+standing at the east end of Rotten Row, occupies the site of the park
+ranger's lodge, the Ranger was a highly important personage, and it is
+not improbable that the site of Apsley House was once known as Ap's lea
+or meadow. The immediately adjacent Stanhope Gate and Stanhope Street,
+or Stanhope in Durham, may mark the site of a stone hippa or horse
+similar to the famous stone horse in Brittany upon which--I believe to
+this day--women superstitiously seat themselves with the same purpose as
+they sit upon the Brahan stone in Ireland: Bryanstone Square in London
+is not more than a mile from Stanhope Street and Apsley House.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 320.--La Venus de Quinipily, near Baud Morbihan,
+                 Brittany. From _Symbolism of the East and West_
+                 (Aynsley, Mrs. Murray).]
+
+The Breton statue of Quinipily may be deemed a portrait of _holy Queen
+Ip_, and Gwennap, near Redruth, where is a famous amphitheatre, was
+probably a Queen Hip lea or seat of the same Queen's worship.
+
+Gwen Ap was presumably the same as Queen Aph or Godiva, the Lady of the
+White Horse, and Godrevy on the opposite side of St. Ives Bay may be
+equated with _Good rhi Evy_, or Good Queen Evie. A few miles from
+Liskeard there is a village named St. Ive, which the natives pronounce
+_St. Eve_: the more western, better-known Saint Ive's, is mentioned in a
+document of 1546 as "Seynt Iysse," and what apparently is this same
+dedication reappears at a place four miles west of Wadebridge termed St.
+Issey. "Whose name is it," inquires W. C. Borlase, "that the parish of
+St. Issey bears?" He suggests somewhat wildly that it may be the same as
+Elidius, corrupted to Liddy, Ide, or Idgy, endeavouring to prove that
+this Elidius is the same as the great Welsh Teilo.
+
+It would be simpler and more reasonable to assume that St. Issey is a
+trifling corruption of "Eseye," which was one of the titles of the old
+British Mother of Life. The goddess Esseye--alternatively and better
+known as Keridwen--is described by Owen in his _Cambrian Biography_ as
+"a female personage, in the mythology of the Britons considered as _the
+first of womankind_, having nearly the same attributes with Venus, in
+whom are personified the generative powers".
+
+With Eseye and with St. Issey, _alias_ St. Ive, may be connoted the
+deserted town of Hesy in Judea: on the mound now known as Tell el Hesy,
+or the hill town of Hesy, the remains of at least eight super-imposed
+prehistoric cities have been excavated, and among the discoveries on
+this site was a limestone lampstand subscribed on the base
+APHEBAL.[603] The winged maiden found at the same time is essentially
+Cretan, and it is not an unreasonable assumption that on this _Aphe_
+fragment of pottery from Hesy we have a contemporary portrait of the
+Candian Aphaia or Britomart, _alias_ Hesy, or St. Issy, or St. Ive: the
+British Eseye was alternatively known as Cendwen.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 321.--From _A Mound of Many Cities_
+                 (Bliss, J. B.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 322.--From _A Mound of Many Cities_
+                 (Bliss, J. B.).]
+
+The British built their _oppida_ not infrequently in the form of an eye
+or optic, and also of an oeuf, ova, or egg. The perfect symmetry of
+these designs point conclusively to the probability that the earthworks
+were not mere strongholds scratched together anyhow for mere defence:
+the British burial places or barrows were similarly either circular or
+oval, and that the Scotch dun illustrated in Fig. 324 was British, is
+implied not only by its name Boreland-Mote, but by its existence at a
+place named Parton, this word, like the Barton of Dumbarton, no doubt
+signifying Dun Brettan or Briton.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 323.--From _The Motes of Kirkcudbrightshire_
+                 (Coles, F. R.). (Soc. Antiq. Scot.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 324.--From _The Motes of Kirkcudbrightshire_
+                 (Coles, F. R.). (Soc. Antiq. Scot.)]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 325.--"Spindle-whorls" from Troy. From
+                 _Prehistoric London_ (Gordon, E. O.).
+                                                [_To face page 534._]
+
+Egypt was known as "The Land of the Eye":[604] the amulet of the
+All-seeing Eye was perhaps even more popular in Egypt than in Etruria,
+and the mysterious and unaccountable objects called "spindle whorls,"
+which occur so profusely in British tombs, and which also have been
+found in countless numbers underneath Troy, were probably Eye amulets,
+rudely representative of the human iris. The Trojan examples here
+illustrated are conspicuously decorated with the British _Broad_ Arrow,
+which is said to have been the symbol of the Awen or Holy Spirit. In
+their accounts of the traditional symbols, speech, letters, and signs of
+Britain, according to their preservation by means of memory, voice, and
+usages of the Chair and Gorsedd, the Welsh Bards asserted that the three
+strokes of the Broad Arrow or bardic hieroglyph for God originated from
+three diverging rays of light seen descending towards the earth. Out of
+these three strokes were constituted all the letters of the bardic
+alphabet, the three strokes / | \ reading in these characters
+respectively 0 1 0, and thus spelling the mystic OHIO or YEW; hence it
+would seem that this never-to-be-pronounced Name[605] was a faerie
+conception originating in the mind of some primitive poet philosophising
+from a cloud-encumbered sunrise or sunset. According to tradition there
+were five ages of letters: "The first was the age of the three letters,
+which above all represented the Name of God, and which were a sign of
+Goodness and Truth, and Understanding and Equity, of whatsoever kind
+they might be".[606] On these rays, it is said, were inscribed every
+kind and variety of Science and Knowledge, and on His return to Heaven
+the Almighty Architect is described as--
+
+          Followed with acclamation, and the sound
+          Symphonious of ten thousand harps that tun'd
+          Angelic harmonies.
+
+The philosophers of Egypt believed that the universe was created by the
+pronunciation of the divine name; similarly the British bards taught
+that: "The universe is matter as ordered and systematised by the
+intelligence of God. It was created by God's pronouncing His own
+name--at the sound of which light and the heavens sprang into existence.
+The name of God is itself a creative power. What in itself that name is,
+is known to God only. All music or natural melody is a faint and broken
+echo of the creative name."[607]
+
+Everywhere and in everything the Druids recognised this celestial
+Trinity: not only did their Hierarchy consist of three orders, _i.e._,
+Druids, Bards, and Seers, each group being again subdivided into three,
+but also, as we have seen, they uttered their Triads or aphorisms in
+triple form. There is little doubt that the same idea animated the
+Persian philosophy of Good Thought, Good Deed, Good Word, and Micah's
+triple exordium: "Do justly, love mercy, walk humbly". The bards say
+distinctly: "The three mystic letters signify the three attributes of
+God, namely, Love, Knowledge, and Truth, and it is out of these three
+that justice springs, and without one of the three there can be no
+justice".[608]
+
+This is a simpler philosophy than the incomprehensibilities of the
+Athanasian Creed,[609] and it was seemingly drilled with such living and
+abiding force into the minds of the Folk, that even to-day the Druidic
+Litanies or Chants of the Creed still persist. Throughout Italy and
+Sicily the Chant of the Creed is known as The Twelve Words of Verita or
+Truth, and it is generally put into the mouth of the popular Saint
+Nicholas of _Bari_.[610] The Sicilian or Hyperean festival of the Bara
+has already been noted _ante_, p. 320.
+
+The British chant quoted _ante_, page 373, continues: "What will be our
+three boys"? "What will be our four"? five? six? and onwards up to
+twelve, but always the refrain is--
+
+          My only ain she walks alane
+          And ever mair has dune, boys.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 326.--St. John. From _Christian Iconography_
+                 (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 327.--Christ, with a Nimbus of Three Clusters of
+                 Rays. Miniature of the XVI. Cent. MS. of the Bib.
+                 Royale. _Ibid._]
+
+In Irish mythology we are told that the Triad similarly "infected
+everything," hence Trinities such as Oendia (the one god), Caindea (the
+gentle god), and Trendia (the mighty god): other accounts specify the
+three children of the Boyne goddess, as Tear Bringer, Smile Bringer, and
+Sleep Bringer: the word _sleep_ is in all probability a corruption of
+_sil Eep_.
+
+Among the Trojan "spindle whorls" some are decorated with four awens,
+corresponding seemingly to the Four Kings of the Wheel of Fortune;
+others with three groups constituting a total of nine strokes. As each
+ray represented a form of Truth, the number nine--which as already
+noted is invariably true to itself--was essentially the symbol of Truth,
+and that this idea was absorbed by Christianity is obvious from
+representations such as Figs. 326 and 327.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 328.--"Cross" at Sancreed (Cornwall). From _The
+                 Cornish Riviera_ (Stone, J. Harris).
+                                               [_To face page 538._ ]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 329.--Caerbrân Castle in Sancred. From
+                 _Antiquities of Cornwall_ (Borlase).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 330 and 331.--British. From Evans.]
+
+At Sancreed in Cornwall--supposedly a dedication to the holy
+Creed--there is a remarkable "cross" which is actually a holed stone on
+a shank:[611] and in the same parish is a "castle" which was once
+evidently a very perfect Eye. In the Scilly Islands, lying within a
+stone circle, is what might be a millstone with a square hole in its
+centre: this Borlase ranks among the holed stones of Cornwall, and that
+it was a symbol of the Great Eye is a reasonable inference from the name
+Salla Key where it is still lying. We have seen the symbolic Eye on the
+KIO coin illustrated _ante_, page 253; the word _eye_ pronounced
+frequently _oy_ and _ee_, is the same as the _hey_ of _Heydays_ and the
+Shepherds' Dance or _Hey_, hence in all probability Salla Key or Salakee
+Downs[612] were originally sacred to the festivals of _Sala Kee_,
+_i.e._, silly, innocent, or happy, '_Kee_ or _Great Eye_. The old plural
+of _eye_ was _eyen_ or _een_, and it is not unlikely that the primeval
+Ian, John, or Sinjohn, was worshipped as the joint Sun and Moon, or Eyes
+of Day and Night. On the hobby-horse coins here illustrated, the body
+consists of two curiously conspicuous circles or _eyen_, possibly
+representing the _awen_.
+
+          My only _ane_ she walks alane
+          And ever mair has dune, boys.
+
+On Salla Key Downs is Inisidgen Hill, which takes its name from an
+opposite island: in old MSS. this appears as _Enys au geon_, which the
+authorities assume meant "Island of St. John". _Geon_, however, was the
+Cornish for _giant_; on Salla Key Downs is "Giant's Castle," and close
+at hand is the Giant's Chair: this is a solid stone worked into the form
+of an arm-chair: "It looks like a work of art rather than nature, and,
+according to tradition, it was here the Arch Druid was wont to sit and
+watch the rising Sun".[613] The neighbouring island of Great Ganilly was
+thus in all probability sacred to _Geon_, the Great King, or Queen Holy.
+
+The Saints' days, heydays, and holidays of our predecessors seem to have
+been so numerous that the wonder is that there was ever any time to
+work: apparently from such evidence as the Bean-setting dance, even the
+ancient sowing was accomplished to the measure of a song, and the
+festivities in connection with old Harvest Homes are too multifarious
+and familiar to need comment.
+
+The attitude of the clergy towards these ancient festivals seems to have
+been uniform and consistent.
+
+          These teach that dancing is a Jezebel,
+          And barley-break the ready way to hell;
+          The morrice-idols, Whitsun-ales, can be
+          But profane relics of a jubilee.[614]
+
+One of the greatest difficulties of the English Church was to suppress
+the dancing which the populace--supported by immemorial custom--insisted
+upon maintaining, even within the churches and the churchyards. Even
+to-day English churches possess reindeer heads and other paraphernalia
+of archaic feasts, and in Paris, as recently as the seventeenth century,
+the clergy and singing boys might have been seen dancing at Easter in
+the churches.[615] In Cornwall on the road from Temple to Bradford
+Bridge is a stone circle known as The Trippet Stones, and doubtless many
+churches occupy the sites of similar places where from time immemorial
+the Folk tripped it jubilantly on jubilees: custom notoriously dies
+hard.
+
+In the Eastern counties of England the two principal reapers were known
+as the Harvest Lord and Lady, who presided over the Hoppings, and other
+festivities of the season. Sometimes the Harvest Lady was known as the
+Hop Queen,[616] and this important potentate may be connoted with the
+harvest doll which, in Kent particularly, was termed the Ivy Girl. As
+Prof. Weekley connotes the surname Hoppe with Hobbs, Hobson, and
+Hopkins, we may infer from the name _Hopkin_son, there must once have
+been a Hop King as well as a Hop Queen, and the rôle of this English
+Hopkin was probably similar to that enacted by other Jack-in-Greens,
+King-of-the-Years, or Spirit-of-the-Years. The pomp and circumstance of
+the parallel of the Hopkin ceremony in Greece may be judged from the
+following particulars: "They wreathe," says Plato, "a pole of olive wood
+with laurel and various flowers. On the top is fitted a bronze globe
+from which they suspend smaller ones. Midway round the pole they place a
+lesser globe, binding it with purple fillets, but the end of the pole is
+decked with saffron. By the topmost globe they mean the sun, to which
+they actually compare Apollo. The globe beneath this is the moon; the
+smaller globes hung on are the stars and constellations, and the fillets
+are the course of the year, for they make them 365 in number. The
+Daphnephoria is headed by a boy, both whose parents are alive, and his
+nearest male relation carries the filleted pole. The Laurel-Bearer
+himself, who follows next, holds on to the laurel; he has his hair
+hanging loose, he wears a golden wreath, and he is dressed out in a
+splendid robe to his feet and he wears light shoes. There follows him a
+band of maidens holding out boughs before them, to enforce the
+supplication of the hymns."[617]
+
+With this Greek festival of the Laurel-Bearer may be connoted the "one
+traditional dance connected with all our old festivals and merry
+makings" in Guernsey, and known as _A mon beau Laurier_. In this
+ceremony the dancers join hands, whirl round, curtsey, and kiss a
+central object, in later days either a man or a woman, but, in the
+opinion of Miss Carey, "perhaps originally either a sacred stone or a
+primeval altar".[618] Adulation of this character is calculated to
+create _snobs_, the word as we have seen being fundamentally connected
+with _stump_. I have already suggested a connection between the
+salutation _A mon beau Laurier_ and the kissing or bussing of Paul's
+stump at Billingsgate, which is situated almost immediately next Ebgate.
+On Mount Hube, in Jersey, have been found the remains of a supposed
+Druidic temple, and doubtless Mount _Hube_, like Apechurch or Abechurch,
+was a primitive Hopeton, _oppidum_, or Abbey.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 332.--From _The Everyday Book_ (Hone, W.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 333.--From _The Everyday Book_ (Hone, W.).]
+
+The Hoop is a frequent inn sign generally associated with some
+additional symbol such as is implied in the familiar old signs,
+Swan-on-the-Hoop, Cock-on-the-Hoop, Crown-on-the-Hoop,
+Angel-on-the-Hoop, Falcon-on-the Hoop, and
+Bunch-of-Grapes-on-the-Hoop.[619] That the hoop or circle was a sacred
+form need not be laboured, for the majority of our megalithic monuments
+are circular, and there is no doubt that these rude circles are not
+simply and solely "adjuncts of stone age burials," but were the
+primitive temples of the Hoop Lady or Fairy Queen. It was customary to
+represent the Hop Lady within hoops or wheels; and that the Virgin was
+regarded indifferently as either One, Two, Three or Four is clear from
+the indeterminate number of dolls which served on occasion as the idola
+or ideal. In Irish _oun_ or _ain_ means the cycle or course of the
+seasons, and the great Queen Anu or Aine who was regarded as the boss,
+hub, or centre of the Mighty Wheel may be equated with Una, the Fairy
+Queen.
+
+The Druids are said to have considered it impious to enclose or cover
+their temples, presumably for the same reasons as prevailed among the
+Persians. These are explained by Cicero who tells us that in the
+expedition of Xerxes into Greece all the Grecian temples were destroyed
+at the instigation of the Magi because the Grecians were so impious as
+to enclose those gods within walls who ought to have all things around
+them open and free, their temple being the universal world. In Homer's
+time--
+
+          On rough-hewn stones within the sacred cirque
+          Convok'd the hoary sages sat.
+
+and there is little doubt that similarly in these islands the
+priest-chiefs held their solemn and ceremonial sessions.
+
+The word Druid is in disfavour among modern archæologists; nevertheless,
+apparently all over Britain the Druids were traditionally associated in
+the popular memory with megalithic monuments. Martin, in the relation of
+his Tour of the Hebrides, made in the middle of the eighteenth century,
+observes: "In the Western Islands where there are many, what are called
+by the common people _Druin Crunny_, that is Druids' Circles," and the
+same observer recounts: "I inquired of the inhabitants what tradition
+they had concerning these stones, and they told me it was a place
+appointed for worship in the time of heathenism, and that the chief
+Druid stood near the big stone in the centre from whence he addressed
+himself to the people that surrounded him".[620]
+
+There is presumptive and direct evidence that the stone circles of
+Britain served the combined uses of Temple, Sepulchre, Place of
+Assembly, and Law Court. The custom of choosing princes by nobles
+standing in a circle upon rocks, prevailed until comparatively recent
+times, and Edmund Spenser, writing in 1596 on the State of Ireland, thus
+described an installation ceremony: "One of the Lords arose and holding
+in his hand a white wand perfectly straight and without the slightest
+bend, he presented it to the chieftain-elect with the following words,
+'Receive the emblematic wand of thy dignity, now let the unsullied
+whiteness and straightness of this wand be thy model in all thy acts, so
+that no calumnious tongue can expose the slightest stain on the purity
+of thy life, nor any favoured friend ever seduce thee from dealing out
+even-handed justice to all'."[621]
+
+The white wand figuring in this ceremony is evidently the magic rod or
+fairy wand with which the Elphin Queen is conventionally equipped, and
+which was figured in the hand of the Cretan "Hob," _ante_, page 494.
+
+Sometimes in lieu of a centre stone the circles contained stone chairs.
+Many of these old Druidic thrones have been broken up into gate-posts or
+horse-troughs, but several are still in existence, and some are
+decorated with a carving of two footprints. These two footprints were in
+all probability one of the innumerable forms in which the perennial Pair
+were represented, _vide_ the Vedic invocation: "Like two lips speaking
+sweetly to the mouth, like two breasts feed us that we may live. Like
+two nostrils as guardians of the body, like two ears be inclined to
+listen to us. Like two hands holding our strength together ... like two
+hoofs rushing in quickly," etc.
+
+In the British coin here illustrated the Giant Pair are featured as
+joint steeds: "Coming early like two heroes on their chariots ... ye
+bright ones every day come hither like two charioteers, O ye strong
+ones! Like two winds, like two streams your motion is eternal; like _two
+eyes_[622] come with your sight toward us! Like two hands most useful to
+the body; _like two feet_ lead us towards wealth."[623]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 334.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+Occasionally the two footprints are found cut into simple rock: in
+Scotland the King of the Isles used to be crowned at Islay, standing on
+a stone with a deep impression on the top of it made on purpose to
+receive his feet. The meaning of the feet symbol in Britain is not
+known, but Scotch tradition maintained that it represented the size of
+the feet of Albany's first chieftain. On Adam's Peak in Ceylon (ancient
+_Tafrobani_) there is a super-sacred footprint which is still the goal
+of millions of devout pilgrims, and on referring to India where the foot
+emblem is familiar we find it explained as very ancient, and used by the
+Buddhists in remembrance of their great leader Buddha. In the tenth
+century a Hindu poet sang:--
+
+          In my heart I place the feet
+          The Golden feet of God.
+
+and it would thus seem that the primeval Highlander anticipated by many
+centuries Longfellow's trite lines on great men, happily, however,
+before departing, graving the symbolic footprints of his "first
+Chieftain," not upon the sands of Time, but on the solid rocks.
+
+The Ancients, believing that God was centred in His Universe, a point
+within a circle was a proper and expressive hieroglyph for Pan or All.
+The centre stone of the rock circles probably stood similarly for God,
+and the surrounding stones for the subsidiary Principalities and Powers
+thus symbolising the idea: "Thou art the Eternal One, in whom all order
+is centred; Lord of all things visible and invisible, Prince of mankind,
+Protector of the Universe".[624] A tallstone or a longstone is
+physically and objectively the figure one, 1.
+
+If it were possible to track the subsidiary Powers of the Eternal One to
+their inception we should, I suspect, find them to have been
+personifications of Virtues, and this would seem to apply not merely to
+such familiar Trinities as Faith, Hope, and Charity; Good Thought, Good
+Deed, and Good Word, but to quartets, quintets, sextets, and septets
+such as the Seven Kings or Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit, _i.e._, "Ye
+gifte of wisdome; ye gifte of pittie; ye gifte of strengthe; ye gifte of
+comfaite; ye gifte of understandinge; ye gifte of counyinge; ye gifte of
+dreede".
+
+The Persian Trinity of Thought, Deed, and Word, is perfectly expressed
+in the three supposed Orders of the Christian hierarchy. As stated in
+_The Golden Legend_ these are--sovereign Love as touching the order of
+Seraphim, perfect Knowledge, and perpetual Fruition or usance. "There be
+some," continues De Voragine, "that overcome and dominate over all vices
+in themselves, and they by right be called of the world, gods among
+men."[625]
+
+It is related of King Arthur that he carried a shield named Prydwen, and
+if the reader will trouble to count the dots ranged round the centre
+boss of the shield on page 120 the number will be found to be _eleven_.
+At Kingston on Thames, where the present market stone is believed to be
+the surviving centre-piece of a stone-circle, a brass ring ornamented
+with _eleven_ bosses was discovered.[626] In Etruria _eleven_ mystic
+shields were held in immense veneration:[627] it will further be noted
+that the majority of the wheatears on British and Celtiberian coins
+consist of _eleven_ corns.
+
+The word _eleven_, like its French equivalent _onze_, _ange_, or
+_angel_, points to the probability that for some reason eleven was
+essentially the number sacred to the _elven_, _anges_, or _onzes_.
+Elphinstone, a fairly common surname, implies the erstwhile existence of
+many Elphinstones: there is an Alphian rock in Yorkshire; bronze urns
+have been excavated at Alphamstone in Essex, and the supposititious
+Aelfin, to whom the Alphington in Exeter is attributed, was far more
+probably Elphin.
+
+The dimensions of many so-called longstones--whether solitary or in the
+centres of circles--point to the probability that menhirs or
+standing-stones were frequently and preferably 11 feet high. In
+Cornwall alone I have noted the following examples of which the
+measurements are extracted from _The Victoria County History_. The
+longstone at Trenuggo, Sancreed, now measures 11 feet 2 inches; that at
+Sithney 11 feet; that at Burras "about 10 feet," that at Parl 12 feet;
+and that at Bosava 10 feet. In the parish of St. Buryan the longstones
+standing at Pridden, Goon Rith, Boscawen Ros, and Trelew, now measure
+respectively 11 feet 6 inches, 10 feet 6 inches, 10 feet, and 10 feet 4
+inches.
+
+If one takes into account such casualties of time as weathering, washing
+away of subsoil, upcrop of undergrowth, subsidence, and other accidents,
+the preceding figures are somewhat presumptive that each of the
+monuments in question was originally designed to stand 11 feet high.
+
+Frequently a circle of stones is designated The Nine Maids, or The
+Virgin Sisters, or The Merry Maidens. The Nine Maidens is suggestive of
+the Nine Muses, and of the nine notorious Druidesses, which dwelt upon
+the Island of Sein in Brittany. The Merry Maidens may be equated with
+the Fairy or Peri Maidens, and that this phairy theory holds good
+likewise in Spain is probable from the fact that at Pau there is a
+circle of nine stones called La Naou _Peyros_.[628]
+
+"When we inquired," says Keightley, "after the fairy system in Spain, we
+were told that there was no such thing for that the Inquisition had long
+since eradicated such ideas." He adds, however, "we must express our
+doubt of the truth of this charge": I concur that not even the
+Inquisition was capable of carrying out such fundamental destruction as
+the obliteration of all peyros. Probably the old plural for peri or
+fairy was _peren_ or _feren_, in which case the great Fernacre circle in
+the parish of St. Breward, Cornwall, was presumably the sacred eye or
+hoop of some considerable neighbourhood. About 160 feet eastward of
+Fernacre (which is one of the largest circles in Cornwall), and in line
+with the summit of _Brown_ Willy (the highest hill in Cornwall) is a
+small erect stone. The neighbouring Row Tor (_Roi_ Tor or _Rey_ Tor?)
+rises due north of Fernacre circle, and as the editors of _Cornwall_
+point out: "If as might appear probable this very exact alignment north
+and south, east and west, was intentional, and part of a plan where
+Fernacre was the pivot of the whole, it is a curious feature that the
+three circles mentioned should have been so effectively hidden from each
+other by intervening hills".[629]
+
+The major portion of this district is the property of an Onslow family;
+there is an Onslow Gardens near Alvastone Place in Kensington, and there
+is a probability that every Alvastone, Elphinstone, or _On_slow
+neighbourhood was believed to be inhabited by _Elven_ or _Anges_: it is
+indeed due to this superstition that the relatively few megalithic
+monuments which still exist have escaped damnation, the destruction
+where it has actually occurred having been sometimes due to a deliberate
+and bigoted determination, "to brave ridiculous legends and
+superstitions".[630] Naturally the prevalent and protective
+superstitions were fostered and encouraged by prehistoric thinkers for
+the reasons doubtless quite rightly surmised by an eighteenth century
+archæologist who wrote: "But the truth of the story is, it was a burying
+place of the Britons before the calling in of the heathen sexton (_sic_
+query _Saxon_) into this Kingdom. And this fable invented by the Britons
+was to prevent the ripping up of the bones of their ancestors." The
+demise of similar fables under the corrosive influence of modern kultur,
+has involved the destruction of countless other stone-monuments, so that
+even of Cornwall, their natural home, Mr. T. Quiller Couch was
+constrained to write: "Within my remembrance the cromlech, the holy
+well, the way-side cross and inscribed stone, have gone before the
+utilitarian greed of the farmer and the road man, and the undeserved
+neglect of that hateful being, the _cui bono_ man".
+
+Parish Councils of to-day do not fear to commit vandalisms which private
+individuals in the past shrank from perpetrating.[631] A Welsh
+"Stonehenge" at Eithbed, Pembrokeshire, shown on large-scale Ordinance
+maps issued last century, has disappeared from the latest maps of the
+district, and a few years ago an archæologist who visited the site
+reported that the age-worn stones had been broken up to build ugly
+houses close by--"veritable monuments of shame".
+
+In the Isle of _Pur_beck near _Bourne_mouth, _Brank_sea, _Bronks_ea
+(Bronk's _ea_ or island) _Branks_ome and numerous other _Bron_
+place-names which imply that the district was once haunted by Oberon, is
+a barrow called Puckstone, and on the top of this barrow, now thrown
+down, is a megalith said to measure 10 feet 8 inches. In all probability
+this was once 11 feet long, and was the Puckstone or Elphinstone of that
+neighbourhood: near Anglesea at Llandudno is a famous longstone which
+again is _eleven_ feet high.
+
+In Glamorganshire there is a village known as Angel Town, and in
+Pembroke is Angle or Nangle: Adamnan, in his _Life of Columba_, records
+that the saint opened his books and "read them on the Hill of the
+Angels, where once on a time the citizens of the Heavenly Country were
+seen to descend to hold conversation with the blessed man". Upon this
+his editor comments: "this is the knoll called 'great fairies hill'. Not
+far away is the 'little fairies hill'. The fairies hills of pagan
+mythology became angels hills in the minds of the early Christian
+saints."[632] One may be permitted to question whether this
+metamorphosis really occurred, and whether the idea of Anges or Angles
+is not actually older than even the Onslows or _ange_ lows. The Irish
+trinity of St. Patrick, St. Bride, and St. Columba, are said all to lie
+buried in one spot at Dunence, and the place-name _Dunence_ seemingly
+implies that that site was an _on's low_, or _dun ange_. The term
+_angel_ is now understood to mean radically a messenger, but the primary
+sense must have been deeper than this: in English _ingle_--as in
+inglenook--meant _fire_, and according to Skeat it also meant a darling
+or a paramour. Obviously _ingle_ is here the same word as _angel_, and
+presumably the more primitive Englishman tactfully addressed his consort
+as "mine ingle". The Gaelic and the Irish for fire is _aingeal_; we
+have seen that the burnebee or ladybird was connected with fire, and
+that similarly St. Barneby's Day was associated with Barnebee _Bright_:
+hence the festival held at _Engle_wood, or _Ingle_wood (Cumberland)
+yearly on the day of St. Barnabas would appear to have been a primitive
+fire or _aingeal_ ceremony. It is described as follows: "At Hesket in
+Cumberland yearly on St. Barnabas Day by the highway side under a Thorn
+tree according to the very ancient manner of holding assemblies in the
+open air, is kept the Court for the whole Forest of Englewood, the
+'Englyssh wood' of the ballad of Adam Bel".[633]
+
+Stonehenge used to be entitled Stonehengels, which may be modernised
+into the _Stone Angels_,[634] each stone presumably standing as a
+representative of one or other of the angelic hierarchy. When the Saxons
+met the British in friendly conference at Stonehenge--apparently even
+then the national centre--each Saxon chieftain treacherously carried a
+knife which at a given signal he plunged into the body of his unarmed,
+unsuspecting neighbour; subsequently, it is said, hanging the corpses of
+the British royalties on the cross rocks of Stonehenge: hence ever after
+this exhibition of Teutonic _realpolitik_ Stonehenge has been assumed to
+mean the Hanging Stones, or Gallow Stones.[635] We find, however, that
+Stonehenge was known as Sta_hengues_ or Est_anges_, a plural form which
+may be connoted with Hengesdun or Hengston Hill in Cornwall: Stonehenge
+also appears under the form Senhange, which may have meant either _Old
+Ange_ or _San Ange_, and as the priests of ancient cults almost
+invariably assumed the character and titles of their divinity it is
+probable that the Druids were once known as _Anges_. In Irish the word
+_aonge_ is said to have meant _magician_ or _sorcerer_, which is
+precisely the character assigned by popular opinion to the Druids. In
+_Rode hengenne_, another title of Stonehenge,[636] we have apparently
+the older plural hen_gen_ with the adjectival _rood_ or _ruddy_, whence
+Stonehenge would seem to have been a shrine of the Red Rood Anges.
+
+    [Illustration: FIG. 336.--Stonehenge. From _The Celtic Druids_
+                   (Higgens, G.).]
+
+As this monument was without doubt a national centre it is probable that
+as I have elsewhere suggested Stonehenge meant also the _Stone Hinge_:
+the word _cardinal_ means radically hinge; the original Roman cardinals
+whose round red hats probably typified the ruddy sun, were the priests
+of Janus, who was entitled the Hinge, and there is no reason to suppose
+that the same idea was not equally current in England.
+
+That the people of CARDIA associated their _angel_ or _ange_ with
+_cardo_, a _hinge_ or _angle_ is manifest from the coin illustrated in
+Fig. 336.
+
+According to Prof. Weekley, "_Ing_, the name of a demi-god, seems to
+have been early confused with the Christian _angel_ in the prefix
+_Engel_ common in German names, _e.g._, Engelhardt anglicised as
+_Engleheart_. In Anglo-Saxon we find both _Ing_ and _Ingel_. The modern
+name Ingoll represents Ingweald (Ingold) and _Inglett_ is a diminutive
+of similar origin. The cheerful _Inglebright_ is from Inglebeort. The
+simple _Ing_ has given through Norse Ingwar the Scottish _Ivor_."[637]
+But is it not possible that Ivor never came through Ingwar, but was
+radically a synonym--_fairy_ = _Ing_, or _fire_ = _ingle_? Inga is a
+Scandinavian maiden-name, and if the Inge family--of gloomy repute--are
+unable to trace any cheerier origin it may be suggested that they came
+from the Isle of Man where the folk claim to be the descendants of
+fairies or anges: "The Manks confidently assert that the first
+inhabitants of their island were fairies, and that these little people
+have still their residence amongst them. They call them the 'Good
+people,' and say they live in wilds and forests, and mountains, and shun
+great cities because of the wickedness acted therein."[638]
+
+As there is no known etymology for _inch_ and _ounce_ it is not
+improbable that these diminutive measures were connected with the
+popular idea of the _ange's_ size and weight: Queen Mab, according to
+Shakespeare, was "no bigger than an agate stone on the forefinger of an
+alderman," and she weighed certainly not more than an ounce. The origin
+of Queen Mab is supposedly Habundia, or La Dame Abonde, discussed in a
+preceding chapter, and there connoted with Eubonia, Hobany, and Hob: in
+Welsh Mab means _baby boy_, and the priests of this little king were
+known as the Mabinogi, whence the _Mabinogion_, or books of the
+Mabinogi.
+
+Whether there is any reason to connect the three places in Ireland
+entitled Inchequin with the _Ange Queen_, or the Inchlaw (a hill in
+Fifeshire) with the Inch Queen Mab I have had no opportunity of
+inquiring.
+
+The surnames Inch, Ince, and Ennis, are all usually connoted with _enys_
+or _ins_, the Celtic and evidently more primitive form of _in_sula, an
+island, _ea_ or _Eye_.
+
+The Inge family may possibly have come from the Channel Islands or
+_insulæ_, where as we have seen the Ange Queen, presumably the Lady of
+the Isles or _inces_, was represented on the coinage, and the Lord of
+the Channel Isles seems to have been Pixtil or _Pixy tall_. That this
+_Pixy tall_ was alternatively _ange tall_ is possibly implied by the
+name Anchetil, borne by the Vicomte du Bessin who owned one of the two
+fiefs into which Guernsey was anciently divided. It will be remembered
+that in the ceremony of the Chevauchee de St. Michel, _eleven_
+Vavasseurs functioned in the festival; further, that the lance-bearer
+carried a wand 11-1/4 feet long. The Welsh form of the name _Michael_ is
+_Mihangel_, and as Michael was the Leader of all angels, the _mi_ of
+this British mihangel may be equated with the Irish _mo_ which, as
+previously noted, meant _greatest_.
+
+As Albion or _albi en_, is the equivalent to Elphin or _elven_, it is
+obvious that England--or _Inghil_terra, as some nations term it--is a
+synonym for Albion, in both cases the meaning being Land of the Elves
+or Angels. For some reason--possibly the Masonic idea of the right
+angle, rectitude, and square dealing--_angle_ was connected with
+_angel_, and in the coin here illustrated the angel has her head fixed
+in a photographic pose by an angle. In Germany and Scandinavia,
+Engelland means the mystic land of unborn souls, and that the Angles who
+inhabited the banks of the _Elbe_ (Latin _Alva_) believed not only in
+the existence of this spiritual Engelland, but also in the living
+existence of Alps, Elves, Anges, or Angels is a well-recognised fact.
+The Scandinavians traced their origin to a primal pair named Lif and
+Lifthraser: according to Rydberg it was the creed of the Teuton that on
+arriving with a good record at "the green worlds of the gods"; "Here he
+finds not only those with whom he became personally acquainted while on
+earth, but he may also visit and converse with ancestors from the
+beginning of time, and he may hear the history of his race, nay, the
+history of all past generations told by persons who were
+eye-witnesses".[639] The fate of the evil-living Teuton was believed to
+be far different, nevertheless, in sharp distinction to the Christian
+doctrine that all unbaptised children are lost souls, and that infants
+scarce a span in size might be seen crawling on the fiery floor of hell,
+even the "dull and creeping Saxon" held that every one who died in
+tender years was received into the care of a Being friendly to the
+young, who introduced them into the happy groves of immortality.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 336.--Greek. From Barthelemy.]
+
+The suggestion that the land of the Angels derived its title from the
+angelic superstitions of the inhabitants, may be connoted with seemingly
+a parallel case in Sweden, _i.e._, the province of Elfland. According to
+Walter Scott this district "had probably its name from some remnant of
+ancient superstition":[640] during the witch-finding mania of the
+sixteenth century at one village alone in Elfland, upwards of 300
+children "were found more or less perfect in a tale as full of
+impossible absurdities as ever was told round a nursery fire". Fifteen
+of these hapless little visionaries were led to death, and thirty-six
+were lashed weekly at the church doors for a whole year: an unprofitable
+"conspiracy" for the poor little "plotters"!
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 337.--From _Essays on Archæological Subjects_
+                 (Wright, T.).]
+
+There figures in Teutonic mythology not only Lif the first parent, but
+also a divinity named Alf who is described as young, but of a fine
+exterior, and of such remarkably white splendour that rays of light
+seemed to issue from his silvery locks. Whether the Anglo-Saxons, like
+the Germans, attributed any significance to _eleven_ I do not know: if
+they did not the grave here illustrated which was found in the white
+chalk of Adisham, Kent, must be assigned to some other race. It is
+described by its excavator as follows: "The grave which was cut very
+neatly out of the rock chalk was full 5 feet deep; it was of the exact
+shape of a cross whose legs pointed very minutely to the four cardinal
+points of the compass; and _it was every way eleven feet long_ and about
+4 feet broad. At each extremity was a little cover or arched hole each
+about 12 inches broad, and about 14 inches high, all very neatly cut
+like so many little fireplaces for about a foot beyond the grave into
+the chalk."[641] It would seem possible that these crescentic corner
+holes were actually ingle nooks, and one may surmise a primitive
+lying-in-state with corner fires in lieu of candles. As the Saxons of
+the fifth and sixth centuries were notoriously in need of conversion to
+the Cross it is difficult to assign this crucial sepulchre to any of
+their tribes.
+
+Whether Albion was ever known as Inghilterra or Ingland before the
+advent of the Angles from the Elbe need not be here discussed, but, at
+any rate, it seems highly unlikely that Anglesea, the sanctuary or
+Holyhead of British Druidism, derived its name from Teutonic invaders
+who can hardly have penetrated into that remote corner for long after
+their first friendly arrival. At the end of the second century
+Tertullian made the surprising and very puzzling statement: "Places in
+Britain hitherto unvisited by the Romans were subjected to
+Christianity":[642] that the cross was not introduced by the Romans is
+obvious from the apparition of this emblem on our coinage one to two
+hundred years before the Roman invasion; the famous megalithic monument
+at Lewis in the Hebrides is cruciform, and the equally famed pyramid at
+New Grange is tunnelled in the form of a cross.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 338.--_Plan an Guare_, St. Just. From _Cornwall_
+                 (Borlase).]
+
+According to Pownal, New Grange was constructed by the Magi "or _Gaurs_
+as they were sometimes called":[643] Stonehenge or Stonehengels is
+referred to by the British Bards as Choir _Gawr_, a term which is of
+questioned origin: the largest stone circle in Ireland is that by Lough
+_Gur_; the amphitheatre at St. Just is known as Plan an Guare or _Plain
+of Guare_, and the place-name _Gor_hambury or Verulam, where are the
+remains of a very perfect amphitheatre, suggests that this circle, as
+also that at Lough Gur, and Choir Gawr, was, like Bangor, a home, seat,
+or Gorsedd of the Gaurs or Aonges. Doubtless the _gaurs_ of Britain like
+the _guru_ or holy men of India, and the _augurs_ of Rome, indulged in
+augury: in Hebrew _gor_ means a congregation, and that the ancients
+congregated in and around stone circles choiring, and gyrating in a
+_gyre_ or wheel, is evident from the statement of Diodorus Siculus,
+which is now very generally accepted as referring to Stonehenge or Choir
+Gawr. "The inhabitants [of Hyperborea] are great worshippers of Apollo
+to whom they sing many many hymns. To this god they have consecrated a
+large territory in the midst of which they have a magnificent round
+temple replenished with the richest offerings. Their very city is
+dedicated to him, and is full of musicians and players on various
+instruments who every day celebrate his benefits and perfections."
+
+Among the superstitions of the British was the idyll that the music of
+the Druids' harps wafted the soul of the deceased into heaven: these
+harps were constructed with the same mysterious regard to the number
+three as characterised the whole of the magic or Druidic philosophy: the
+British harp was triangular, its strings were three, and its tuning keys
+were three-armed: it was thus essentially a harp of Tara. That the
+British were most admirable songsters and musicians is vouched for in
+numerous directions, and that Stonehenge was the Hinge of the national
+religion is evident from the fact that it is mentioned in a Welsh Triad
+as one of the "Three Great _Cors_ of Britain in which there were 2400
+saints, that is, there were 100 for every hour of the day and night, in
+rotation perpetuating the praise of God without intermission".[644] That
+similar _choirs_ existed among the _gaurs_ of ancient Ireland would
+appear from an incident recorded in the life of St. Columba: the
+popularity of this saint was, we are told, so great, even among the
+pagan Magi, that 1200 poets who were in Convention brought with them a
+poem in his praise: they sang this panegyric with music and chorus, "and
+a surpassing music it was"; indeed, so impressive was the effect that
+the saint felt a sudden emotion of complacency and gave way to temporary
+vanity.
+
+The circle of St. Just was not only known as _Plan an guare_, but also
+as _Guirimir_, which has been assumed to be a contraction of _Guiri
+mirkl_, signifying in Cornish a _mirkl_ or _miracle_ play.[645]
+Doubtless not only Miracle Plays, but sports and interludes of every
+description were centred in the circles: that the Druids were competent
+and attractive entertainers is probable in view of the fact that the
+Arch Druid of Tara is shown as a leaping juggler with golden ear-clasps,
+and a speckled coat: he tosses swords and balls into the air "and like
+the buzzing of bees on a beautiful day is the motion of each passing the
+other".[646]
+
+The circles were similarly the sites of athletic sports, duels, and
+other "martial challenges": the prize fight of yesterday was fought in a
+ring, and the ring still retains its popular hold. The Celts customarily
+banquetted in a circle with the most valiant chieftain occupying the
+post of honour in the centre.
+
+We know from Cæsar that the Gauls who were "extremely devoted to
+superstitious rites," sent their young men to Britain for instruction in
+Druidic philosophy: we also know that it was customary when a war was
+declared to vow all captured treasures to the gods: "In many states you
+may see piles of these things heaped up in their consecrated spots, nor
+does it often happen that anyone disregarding the sanctity of the case
+dares either to secrete in his house things captured or take away those
+deposited: and the most severe punishment with torture has been
+established for such a deed".[647] As British customs "did not differ
+much" from those of Gaul it is thus almost a certainty that Stonehenge
+was for long periods a vast national treasure-house and Valhalla.
+
+Notwithstanding the abundance of barrows, earthworks, and other
+evidences of prehistoric population it is probable that Salisbury Plain
+was always a green spot, and we are safe in assuming that Choir Gawr was
+the seat of Gorsedds. By immemorial law and custom the Gorsedd had
+always to be held on a green spot, in a conspicuous place in full view
+and hearing of country and aristocracy, in the face of the sun, the Eye
+of Light, and under the expansive freedom of the sky that all might see
+and hear. As _sedum_ is the Latin for _seat_, and there seems to be some
+uncertainty as to what the term Gorsedd really meant, I may be permitted
+to throw out the suggestion that it was a Session, Seat, or Sitting of
+the Gaurs or Augurs: by Matthew Arnold the British Gorsedd is described
+as the "oldest educational institution in Europe," and moreover as an
+institution not known out of Britain.
+
+Slightly over a mile from Stonehenge or Choir Gawr is the nearest
+village now known as Amesbury, originally written Ambrosbury or
+Ambresbury: here was the meeting-place of Synods even in historic times,
+and here was a monastery which is believed to have taken its name from
+Ambrosius Aurelius, a British chief. It is more probable that the
+monastery and the town were alike dedicated to the "Saint" Ambrose,
+particulars of whose life may be found in De Voragine's _Golden Legend_.
+According to this authority the name Ambrose may be said "of _ambor_ in
+Greek which is to say as father of light, and _soir_ that is a little
+child, that is a father of many sons by spiritual generations, clear and
+full of light". Or, says De Voragine, "Ambrose is said of a stone named
+_ambra_ which is much sweet, oderant, and precious, and also it is much
+precious in the church". That amber was likewise precious in the eyes of
+the heathen is obvious from its frequent presence in prehistoric tombs,
+and from the vast estimation in which it was held by the Druids. Not
+only was the golden amber esteemed as an emblem of the golden sun, but
+its magical magnetic properties caused it to be valued by the ancients
+as even more precious than gold. There was also a poetic notion
+connecting amber and Apollo, thus expressed by a Greek poet:--
+
+          The Celtic sages a tradition hold
+          That every drop of amber was a tear
+          Shed by Apollo when he fled from heaven
+          For sorely did he weep and sorrowing passed
+          Through many a doleful region till he reached
+          The sacred Hyperboreans.[648]
+
+It will be remembered that Salisbury Plain was sometimes known as
+Ellendown, with which name may be connoted the statement of Pausanias
+that Olen the Hyperborean was the first prophet of Delphi.[649]
+
+On turning to _The Golden Legend_ we seem to get a memory of the Tears
+of Apollo in the statement that St. Ambrose was of such great compassion
+"that when any confessed to him his sin he wept so bitterly that he
+would make the sinner to weep". The sympathies of St. Ambrose, and his
+astonishing tendency to dissolve into tears, are again emphasised by the
+statement that he wept sore even when he heard of the demise of any
+bishop, "and when it was demanded of him why he wept for the death of
+good men for he ought better to make joy, because they went to Heaven,"
+Ambrose made answer that he shed tears because it was so difficult to
+find any man to do well in such offices. The legend continues, "He was
+of so great stedfastness and so established in his purpose that he would
+not leave for dread nor for grief that might be done to him". In
+connection with this proverbial _constancy_ it may be noted that at the
+village of _Constantine_ there is a Longstone--the largest in
+Cornwall--measuring 20 feet high and known as Maen Amber, or the Amber
+Stone: this was apparently known also as Men _Perhen_, and was broken up
+into gateposts in 1764. In the same parish is a shaped stone which
+Borlase describes as "like the Greek letter omega, somewhat resembling a
+cap": from the illustration furnished by Borlase it is evident that this
+monument is a _knob_ very carefully modelled and the measurements
+recorded, 30 feet in girth, _eleven_ feet high,[650] imply that it was
+imminently an Elphinstone, Perhenstone, or Bryanstone. With this
+constantly recurrent combination of 30 and 11 feet, may here be
+connoted the measurements of the walls of Richborough or Rutupiæ:
+according to the locally-published _Short Account_ "the north wall is
+the most perfect of the three that remain, 10 feet 8 inches in thickness
+and nearly 30 feet in height; the winding courses of tiles to the outer
+facing are in nearly their original state".[651] The winding courses
+here mentioned consists of five rows of a red brick, and if one allows
+for inevitable _detritus_ the original measurements of the quadrangle
+walls may reasonably be assumed as having been 30 × 11 feet: the solid
+mass of masonry upon which Rutupiæ's cross is superimposed reaches
+"downward about 30 feet from the surface". Four or five hundred yards
+from the castle and upon the very summit of the hill are the remains of
+an amphitheatre in the form of an egg measuring 200 × 160 feet. To this,
+the first _walled_ amphitheatre discovered in the country, there were
+three entrances upon inclined planes, North, South, and West.
+
+The first miracle recorded of St. Ambrose is to the effect that when an
+infant lying in the cradle a swarm of bees descended on his mouth; then
+they departed and flew up in the air so high that they might not be
+seen. Greek mythology relates that the infant Zeus was fed by bees in
+his cradle upon Mount Ida, and a variant of the same fairy-tale
+represents Zeus as feeding daily in Ambrosia--
+
+          The blessed Gods those rooks Erratic call.
+          Birds cannot pass them safe, no, not the doves
+          Which his ambrosia bear to Father Jove.[652]
+
+Ambrosia, the fabled food of the gods, appears to have been honey: it is
+said that the Amber stones were anointed with Ambrosia, hence it is
+significant to find in immediate proximity to each other the
+place-names Honeycrock and Amberstone in Sussex. The Russians have an
+extraordinary idea that Ambrosia emanated from horses' heads,[653] and
+as there is a "Horse Eye Level" closely adjacent to the Sussex
+Honeycrock and Amberstone we may assume that the neighbouring Hailsham,
+supposed to mean "Home of Aela or Eile," was originally an Ellie or
+Elphin Home. Layamon refers to Stonehenge, "a plain that was pleasant
+besides Ambresbury," as Aelenge, which probably meant Ellie or Elphin
+meadow, for _ing_ or _inge_ was a synonym for meadow. The correct
+assumption may possibly be that all flowery meads were the recognised
+haunts of the anges or ingles: the fairy rings are usually found in
+meadows, and the poets feigned Proserpine in a meadow gathering flowers
+ere she was ravished below by Pluto: as late as 1788 an English poet
+expressed the current belief, "'Tis said the fairy people meet beneath
+the bracken shade on _mead_ and hill".
+
+Across the Sussex mead known as Horse Eye Level runs a "Snapsons Drove":
+Snap is a curious parental name and is here perhaps connected with
+Snave, a Kentish village, presumably associated with _San Aphe_ or _San
+Ap_.[654] Not only was the hipha or hobby horse decorated with a knop or
+knob, but a radical feature of its performance seems to have been
+movable jaws with which by means of a string the actor snapped at all
+and sundry: were these snappers, I wonder, the origin of the Snapes and
+Snapsons? In view of the fact that the surname Leaper is authoritatively
+connoted with an entry in a fifteenth century account-book: "To one
+that _leped_ at Chestre 6s. 8d.," the suggestion may possibly be worth
+consideration.
+
+In Sussex there are two Ambershams and an Amberley: in Hants is
+Amberwood. St. Ambrose is recorded to have been born in Rome, whence it
+is probable that he was the ancient divinity of _Umbria_: in Derbyshire
+there is a river Amber, and in Yorkshire a Humber, which the authorities
+regard as probably an aspirated form of _cumber_, "confluence". The
+magnetic properties of _amber_, which certainly cause a _humber_ or
+confluence, may have originated this meaning; in any case _cumber_ and
+_umber_ are radically the same word. Probably Humberstones and
+Amberstones will be found on further inquiry to be as plentiful as
+Prestons or Peri stones: there is a Humberstone in Lincolnshire, another
+at Leicester, near Bicester is Ambrosden, and at Epping Forest is
+Ambresbury. This Epping Ambresbury, known alternatively as Ambers'
+Banks, is admittedly a British _oppidum_: the remains cover 12 acres of
+ground and are situated on the highest plateau in the forest. As there
+is an Ambergate near _Bux_ton it is noteworthy that Ambers' Banks in
+Epping are adjacent to Beak Hill, Buckhurst Hill, and High Beech Green.
+I have already connoted Puck or Bogie with the beech tree, and it is
+probable that Fairmead Plain by High Beech Green was the Fairy mead
+where once the pixies gathered: close by is Bury Wood, and there is no
+doubt the neighbourhood of Epping and Upton was always very British.
+
+In old English _amber_ or _omber_ meant a pitcher--query a
+honey-crock[655]--whence the authorities translate the various
+Amberleys as _meadow of the pitcher_, and Ambergate, near Buxton, as
+"probably pitcher road". The Amber Hill near Boston, we are told, "will
+be from Old English _amber_ from its shape," but as it is extremely
+unusual to find hills in the form of a pitcher this etymology seems
+questionable. At the Wiltshire Ambresbury there is a Mount Ambrosius at
+the foot of which, according to local tradition, used to exist a college
+of Druidesses,[656] in which connection it is noteworthy that just as
+Silbury Hill is distant about a mile from the Avebury Circle, so Mount
+Ambrosius is equally distant from Choir Gawr.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 339.--A Persian King, adorned with a Pyramidal
+                 Flamboyant Nimbus. Persian Manuscript, Bibliothèque
+                 Royale. From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+To Amber may be assigned the words _umpire_ and _empire_; Oberon, the
+lovely child, is haply described as the _Emperor_ of Fairyland, whence
+also no doubt he was the lord and master of the _Empyrean_. When dealing
+elsewhere with the word _amber_ I suggested that it meant radically _Sun
+Father_,[657] and there are episodes in the life of St. Ambrose which
+support this interpretation, _e.g._, "it happened that an enchanter
+called devils to him and sent them to St. Ambrose for to annoy and
+grieve him, but the devils returned and said that they might not
+approach to his gate because there was a great fire all about his
+house". Among the Persians it was customary to halo their divinities,
+not with a circle but with a pyre or pyramid of fire, and in all
+probability to the _auburn_ Auberon the Emperor of the Empyrean may be
+assigned not only _burn_ and _brand_, but also _bran_ in the sense of
+bran new. That St. Ambrose was Barnaby Bright or the White god of day is
+implied by the anecdote "a fire in the manner of a shield covered his
+head, and entered into his mouth: then became his face as white as any
+snow, and anon it came again to his first form".[658] The basis of this
+story would seem to have been a picture representing Ambrose with fire
+not entering into, but _emerging from_, his mouth and forming a
+surrounding halo "in the manner of a shield". _Embers_ now mean ashes,
+and the Ember Days of Christianity probably trace backward to the
+immemorial times of prehistoric fire-worship. At Parton, near Salisbury,
+one meets with the curious surname Godber: and doubtless inquiry would
+establish a connection between this Godber of Parton and Godfrey.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 340.--The Divine Triplicity, Contained within the
+                 Unity. From a German Engraving of the XVI. Cent. From
+                 _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+The weekly fair at Ambresbury used to be held on _Fri_day; the maid
+Freya, to whom Friday owes its name, was evidently _Fire Eye_; the Latin
+_feriæ_ were the hey-days or holidays dedicated to some fairy. Fairs
+were held customarily on the festival of the local saint, frequently
+even to-day within ancient earthworks: the most famous Midsummer Fair
+used to be that held at _Barnwell_: Feronia, the ancient Italian
+divinity at whose festival a great fair was held, and the first-fruits
+of the field offered, is, as has been shown, equivalent to Beronia or
+Oberon.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 341.--God, Beardless, either the Son or the
+                 Father. French Miniature of the XI. Cent. From
+                 _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 342.--British. From Evans.]
+
+According to Borlase there is in Anglesea "a horse-shoe 22 paces in
+diameter called Brangwyn or Supreme court; it lies in a place called
+Tre'r Drew or Druids' Town".[659] Stonehenge consists of a circle
+enclosing a horse-shoe or hoof--the footprint and sign of Hipha the
+White Mare, or Ephialtes the Night Mare, and a variant of this idea is
+expressed in the circle enclosing a triangle as exhibited in the
+Christian emblem on p. 571. That Christianity did not always conceive
+the All Father as the Ancient of Days is evident from Fig. 341, where
+the central Power is depicted within the _writhings_ of what is
+seemingly an acanthus _wreath_: the CUNOB fairy on the British coin
+illustrated _ante_, page 528, is extending what is either a ball of
+fire or else a wreath. The word _wraith_, meaning apparition, is
+connoted by Skeat with an Icelandic term meaning "a pile of stones to
+warn a wayfarer," hence this _heap_ may be connoted with _rath_ the
+Irish, and _rhaith_ the Welsh, for a fairy dun or hill. Skeat further
+connotes _wraith_ with the Norwegian word _vardyvle_, meaning "a
+guardian or attendant spirit seen to follow or precede one," and he
+suggests that _vardyvle_ meant _ward evil_. Certainly the _wraiths_ who
+haunted the raths were supposed to ward off evil, and the giant
+Wreath,[660] who was popularly associated with Port_reath_ near
+_Redruth_, was in all probability the same _wraith_ that originated the
+place-name Cape Wrath. In Welsh a speech is called _ar raith_ or on the
+mound, hence we may link _rhe_toric to this idea, and assume that the
+raths were the seats of public eloquence as we know they were.
+
+As wreath means a circle it is no doubt the same word as _rota_, a
+wheel, and Rodehengenne or Stonehengels may have meant the Wheel Angels.
+The cruciform _rath_, illustrated _ante_, page 55, is pre-eminently a
+_rota_, and in Fig. 343 Christ is represented in a circle supported by
+four somewhat unaerial Evangelists or Angels.
+
+Mount Ida in Phrygia was the reputed seat of the _Dactyli_, a word which
+means _fingers_, and these mysterious Powers were sometimes identified
+with the Cabiri. The Dactyli, or _fingers_, are described as fabulous
+beings to whom the discovery of iron and the art of working it by means
+of fire was ascribed, and as the philosophy of Phairie is always
+grounded upon some childishly simple basis, it is probable that the
+Elphin eleven in its elementary sense represented the ten fingers
+controlled by Emperor Brain. The digits are magic little workmen who
+level mountains and rear palaces at the bidding of their lord and master
+Brain: the word _digit_, French _doight_, is in fact _Good god_, and
+_dactyli_ is the same word plus a final _yli_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 343.--Christ with a Plain Nimbus, Ascending to
+                 Heaven in a Circular Aureole. Carving in Wood of the
+                 XIV. Cent. From Evans.]
+
+In _Folklore as an Historical Science_ Sir Laurence Gomme lays some
+stress upon a tale which is common alike to Britain and Brittany, and is
+therefore supposed to be of earlier date than the separation of Britons
+and Bretons. This tale which centres at London, is to the effect that a
+countryman once upon a time dreamed there was a priceless treasure
+hidden at London Bridge: he therefore started on a quest to London where
+on arrival he was observed loitering and was interrogated by a
+bystander. On learning the purpose of his trip the Cockney laughed
+heartily at such simplicity, and jestingly related how he himself had
+also dreamed a dream to the effect that there was treasure buried in the
+countryman's own village. On his return home the rustic, thinking the
+matter over, decided to dig where the cockney had facetiously indicated,
+whereupon to his astonishment he actually found a pot containing
+treasure. On the first pot unearthed was an inscription reading--
+
+          Look lower, where this stood
+          Is another twice as good.
+
+Encouraged he dug again, whereupon to his greater astonishment he found
+a second pot bearing the same inscription: again he dug and found a
+third pot even yet more valuable. This fabulously ancient tale is
+notably identified with Upsall in Yorkshire; it is, we are told, "a
+constant tradition of the neighbourhood, and the identical bush yet
+exists (or did in 1860) beneath which the treasure was found; a
+_bur_tree or elder."[661] Upsall was originally written Upeshale and
+Hupsale (primarily Ap's Hall?) and the idea is a happy one, for in
+mythology it is undeniably true that the deeper one delves the richer
+proves the treasure trove. In suggesting that eleven may have been the
+number of the ten digits guided and controlled by the Brain one may thus
+not only remark the injunction to the Jews: "Thou shalt make curtains of
+goatshair to be a covering upon the tabernacle: _eleven_ curtains shalt
+thou make,"[662] but one may note also the probable elucidation of this
+Hebrew symbolism:--
+
+          Shall any gazer see with mortal eyes
+            Or any searcher know by mortal mind;
+          Veil after veil will lift, but there must be
+            Veil upon veil behind.[663]
+
+Assuming that in the simplest sense the elphin eleven were the ten
+digits and the Brain, one may compare with this combination the ten
+Powers or qualities which according to the Cabala emanated from "The
+Most Ancient One". "He has given existence to all things. He made ten
+lights spring forth from His midst, lights which shone with the forms
+which they had borrowed from Him and which shed everywhere the light of
+a brilliant day. The Ancient One, the most Hidden of the hidden, is a
+high beacon, and we know Him only by His lights which illuminate our
+eyes so abundantly. His Holy Name is no other thing than these
+lights."[664]
+
+According to _The Golden Legend_ the Emperor of Constantinople applied
+to St. Ambrose to receive the sacred mysteries, and that Ambrose was
+Vera or Truth is hinted by the testimony of the Emperor. "I have found a
+man of _truth_, my master Ambrose, and such a man ought to be a bishop."
+The word _bishop_, Anglo-Saxon _biscop_, supposed to mean _overseer_, is
+like the Greek _episcopus_, radically _op_, an _eye_.[665] Egyptian
+archæologists tell us that in Egypt the Coptic Land of the Great Optic,
+even the very games had a religious significance; whence there was
+probably some ethical idea behind the British "jingling match by eleven
+blind-folded men and one unmasked and hung with bells". This joyous and
+diverting _jeu_ is mentioned as part of the sports-programme at the
+celebrated Scouring of the White Horse: we have already noted the
+blind-folded Little Leaf Man, led blind Amor-like from house to house,
+also the _Blind_ Man who is said to have sat for _eleven_ years in the
+Church of St. Maur (or Amour?), and among other sports at the Scouring,
+eleven enters again into an account of chasing the fore wheel of a wagon
+down the hill slope. The trundling of a fiery wheel--which doubtless
+took place at the several British Trendle Hills--is a well-known feature
+of European solar ceremonies: the greater interest of the Scouring item
+is perhaps in the number of competitors: "_eleven_ on 'em started and
+amongst 'em a sweep-chimley and a millard [milord], and the millard
+tripped up the sweep-chimley and made the zoot fly a good 'un--the wheel
+ran pretty nigh down to the springs that time".[666]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 344 and 345.--British. From Akerman and Evans.]
+
+The Jewish conception of The Most Ancient One, the most Hidden of the
+hidden, reappears in Jupiter Ammon, whose sobriquet of Ammon meant _the
+hidden one_: "Verily, Thou art a God that hidest Thyself". In England
+the game of _Hide and Seek_ used to be known as _Hooper's Hide_,[667]
+and this curious connection between Jupiter, the Hidden one, and
+_Hooper's Hide_ somewhat strengthens my earlier surmise that Hooper =
+Iupiter.
+
+In the opinion of Sir John Evans "there can be little doubt" of the head
+upon the obverse of Fig. 344 being intended for Jupiter Ammon;[668] in
+Cornish Blind Man's Hide and Seek, the players used to shout "Vesey,
+vasey vum: _Buckaboo_ has come!"[669]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 346.--Glass Beads, England and Ireland. From _A
+                 Guide to the Antiquities of the Early Iron Age_
+                 (B.M.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 347.--From _A Guide to the Antiquities of the
+                 Bronze Age_ (B.M.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 348.--From _Archaic Sculpturings_ (L. Mann).]
+
+If as now suggested the wheel and the "spindle whorl" were alike symbols
+of the Eye of Heaven, it is equally probable that the amber, and many
+other variety of bead, was also a talismanic eyeball:[670] among grave
+deposits the blue bead was very popular, assumedly for the reason that
+blue was the colour of heaven. Large quantities of blue "whorls" were
+discovered by Schliemann[671] at Mykenæ, and among the many varieties of
+beads found in Britain one in particular is described as "of a Prussian
+Blue colour with three circular grooves round the circumference, filled
+with white paste".[672] This design of three circles reappears in Fig.
+347 taken from the base of a British Incense-cup; likewise in a group of
+rock sculpturings (Fig. 348) found at Kirkmabreck in Kirkcudbrightshire.
+Mr. Ludovic Mann, who sees traces of astronomical intention in this
+sculpture, writes: "If the pre-historic peoples of Scotland and indeed
+Europe had this conception, then the Universe to their mind would
+consist of eleven units, namely, the nine celestial bodies already
+referred to, and the Central Fire and the 'Counter-Earth'. Very probably
+they knew also of elliptical motions. Oddly enough the cult of eleven
+units (which I detected some fifteen years ago) representing the
+universe can be discerned in the art of the late Neolithic and Bronze
+Ages in Scotland and over a much wider area. For example, in nearly all
+the cases of Scottish necklaces of beads of the Bronze Age which have
+survived intact, it will be found that they consist of a number of beads
+which is eleven or a multiple of eleven. I have, for example, a fine
+Bronze Age necklace from Wigtownshire consisting of 187 beads (that is
+of 17 × 11) and a triangular centre piece. The same curious recurrence
+of the number and its multiples can often be detected in the number of
+standing stones in a circle, in the number of stones placed in slightly
+converging rows found in Caithness, Sutherland, some parts of England,
+Wales, and in Brittany. The number eleven is occasionally involved in
+the Bronze Age pottery decorations, and in the patterns on certain
+ornaments and relics of the Bronze Age.... The Cult of eleven seems to
+survive in the numerous names of Allah, who was known by ninety-nine
+names, and hence it is invariably the case that the Mahommedan has a
+necklace consisting of either eleven or a multiple of eleven beads but
+not exceeding ninety-nine, as he is supposed to repeat one of the names
+for each bead which he tells."[673]
+
+We have seen that the _rudraksha_ or eye of the god S'iva seeds are
+usually eleven faceted, and my surmise that the whorls of Troy were
+universal Eyes is further implied by the group here illustrated.
+According to Thomas, our British Troy Towns or Caer Troiau were
+originally astronomical observatories, and he derives the word _troiau_
+from the verb _troi_ to _turn_, or from _tro_ signifying a _flux of
+time_:--[674]
+
+          By ceaseless actions all that is subsists;
+          Constant rotation of th' unwearied wheel
+          That Nature rides upon, maintains her health,
+          Her beauty and fertility. She dreads
+          An instant's pause and lives but while she moves.
+
+The Trojan whorls are unquestionably _tyres_ or _tours_, and the notion
+of an eye is in some instances clearly imparted to them by radiations
+which resemble those of the _iris_. The wavy lines of No. 1835 and 1840
+probably denote water or the spirit, in No. 1847 the "Jupiter chain" of
+our SOLIDO coin reappears; the astral specks on 1841 and 1844 may be
+connoted with the stars and planets, and in 1833 the sense of rolling or
+movement is clearly indicated.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 349.--Specimen Patterns of Whorls Dug up at Troy.
+                 From _Ilios_ (Schliemann).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 350.--Specimen Patterns of Whorls Dug up at Troy.
+                 From _Ilios_ (Schliemann).]
+
+Schliemann supposes that the thousands of whorls found in Troy served as
+offerings to the tutelary deity of the city, _i.e._, Athene: some of
+them have the form of a cone, or of two cones base to base, and that
+Troy was pre-eminently a town of the Eternal Eye is perhaps implied by
+the name Troie.
+
+Fig. 351 is a ground plan of Trowdale Mote in Scotland which, situated
+on a high and lonely marshland within near sight of nothing but a few
+swelling hillocks amongst reeds and mosses and water, has been described
+as the "strangest, most solitary, most prehistoric looking of all our
+motes".[675]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 351.--From Proceedings Soc. Ant. Scot.]
+
+It was popularly supposed that all the witches of West Cornwall used to
+meet at midnight on Midsummer Eve at Trewa (pronounced _Troway_) in the
+parish of Zennor, and around the dying fires renewed their vows to the
+Devil, their master. In this wild Zennor (supposedly _holy land_)
+district is a witch's rock which if touched nine times at midnight
+reputedly brought good luck.
+
+The "Troy Town" of Welsh children is the Hopscotch of our London
+pavements; at one time every English village seems to have possessed its
+maze (or Drayton?), and that the mazes were the haunts of fairies is
+well known:--
+
+          ... the yellow skirted fays
+          Fly after the night steeds
+          Leaving their moon-loved maze.
+
+In _A Midsummer-Night's Dream_ Titania laments:--
+
+          The nine men's morris is filled up with mud
+          And the quaint mazes in the wanton green
+          For lack of tread are indistinguishable.
+
+At St. Martha's Church near Guildford, facing Newlands Corner are the
+remains of an earthwork maze close by the churchyard, and within this
+maze used to be held the country sports.[676] We shall consider some
+extraordinarily quaint mazes and Troy Towns in a subsequent chapter, but
+meanwhile it may here be noted that in the Scilly Islands (which the
+Greeks entitled Hesperides) is a monument thus described: "Close to the
+edge of the cliff is a curious enclosure called Troy Town, taking its
+name from the Troy of ancient history; the streets of ancient Troy were
+so constructed that an enemy, once within the gates, could not find his
+way out again. The enclosure has an outer circle of white pebbles placed
+on the turf, with an opening at one point, supposed to represent the
+walls and gate of Troy. Within this there are several rows of stones;
+the spaces between them represent the streets. It presents quite a maze,
+and but few who enter can find their way out again without crossing one
+of the boundary lines. It is not known when or by whom it was
+constructed, but it has from time to time been restored by the
+islanders."[677]
+
+This Troy Town is situated on _Camper_dizil Point; in the same
+neighbourhood is Carn _Himbra_ Point, and _Himbrian, Kymbrian_, or
+_Cambrian_ influences are seemingly much evident in this district, as
+doubtless they also were at Comberton[678] famous for its maze.
+
+At the very centre, eye, or _San Troy_ of St. Mary's Island is situated
+Holy Vale, and here also are the place-names Maypole, Burrow, and
+Content. It has already been suggested that Bru or Burrow was originally
+_pure Hu_ or _pere Hu_, Hu being, as will be remembered, the traditional
+Leader of the Kymbri into these islands, and the first of the Three
+National Pillars of Britain: the chief town of St. Mary's is Hugh Town,
+and running through Holy Vale is what is described as a paved way (in
+wonderful preservation) known as the Old Roman Road, formerly supposed
+to be the main-way to Hugh Town. One may be allowed to question whether
+the Legions of Imperial Rome ever troubled to construct so fine a
+causeway in so insignificant an island; or if so, for what reason? The
+houses of Holy Vale are embowered in trees of larger growth than those
+elsewhere in the neighbourhood: they "complete a picture of great calm
+and repose," and that this Holy Vale was anciently an _abri_ is fairly
+self-evident apart from the interesting place-name _Burrow_, and the
+neighbouring Bur Point.
+
+The Romans entitled the Scillies _Sillinæ Insulæ_: I have already
+suggested they were a seat of the Selli; we have met with Selene in
+connection with St. Levan's, and it is not improbable that the deity of
+_Sillinæ Insulæ_ was Selene, Helena, or Luna. The Silus stone from the
+ruined chapel of St. Helen's at Helenium or Land's End (Cape Cornwall)
+has been already noted: the most ancient building in all the _Sillinæ
+Insulæ_ or the Scillies is the ruined chapel on St. Helen's of which the
+northern aisle now measures 12 feet wide and 19 feet 6 inches long. As
+the Hellenes usually had ideas underlying all their measurements it is
+probable that the 19 feet 6 inches was primarily 19 feet, for nineteen
+was a highly mystic Hellenic number. Of the Hyperboreans Diodorus
+states: "They say, moreover, that Apollo once in nineteen years comes
+into the island in which space of time the stars perform their courses
+and return to the same points, and therefore the Greeks call the
+revolutions of nineteen years the Great Year". Nineteen nuns tended the
+sacred fire of St. Bridget, and according to some observers the inmost
+circle of Stonehenge consisted of nineteen "Blue Stones".[679] These
+nineteen Stone Hengles may be connoted with the nineteen ruined huts on
+the summit of Ingleborough in Yorkshire: the summit of Ingleborough is a
+plateau of about a mile in circuit and hereupon are "vestiges of an
+ancient British camp of about 15 acres inclosing traces of _nineteen_
+ancient _horseshoe shaped_ huts".[680]
+
+As the word _ingle_, meaning _fire_, is not found until 1508 the
+authorities are unable to interpret Ingleborough as meaning Fire hill,
+although without doubt it served as a Beacon: the same etymological
+difficulty likewise confronts them at Ingleby Cross, Inglesham, numerous
+Ingletons, and at Ingestre. We have seen that Inglewood was known as
+Englysshe Wood;[681] in Somerset is Combe English, and in the Scillies
+is English Island Hill: 500 yards from this English Hill is a stone
+circle embracing an upright stone the end of which is 18 inches square.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 352.--Stonehenge Restored. From _Our Ancient
+                 Monuments_ (Kains-Jackson).]
+
+Eighteen courtiers were assigned to the _ange_ Oberon: the megalith Long
+Meg is described as a square unhewn freestone column 15 feet in
+circumference by 18 feet high, and there is no doubt that eighteen or
+twice nine possessed at one time some significance. I suspect that the
+double nine stood for the Twain, each of which was reckoned as nine or
+True: on the top of Hellingy Downs in the Scillies is a barrow covered
+with large stones _nine_ feet long, and built upon a mound which is
+surrounded by inner and outer rows of stone.[682]
+
+On Salakee Downs there is a monolith resting on a large flat rock, on
+three projections situated at a distance of _eighteen_ inches from one
+another and each having a diameter of about 2 inches:[683] this is known
+as the Druid's throne, and about 5 yards to the east are two more
+upright rocks of similar size and shape named the Twin Sisters.[684] The
+Twin Sisters of Biddenden, whose name was Preston, were associated with
+five pieces of ground known as the Bread and Cheese Lands, in which
+connection it is interesting to find that near English Island Hill is
+Chapel _Brow_, constituting the eastern point of a deep bay known by the
+curious name of Bread and Cheese Cove.[685] In connection with Biddenden
+we connoted Pope's Hall and Bubhurst; it is thus noteworthy that near
+Bread and Cheese Cove is a Bab's Carn, and a large sea cavern known as
+Pope's Hole.
+
+In Germany and Scandinavia the stone circles are known not as Merry
+Maidens, but as Adam's Dances. Close to Troy Town on St. Agnes in the
+Scillies are two rocks known as Adam and Eve: these are described as
+_nine_ feet high with a space about _nine_ inches between them: "Here,
+too, is the Nag's Head, which is the most curious rock to be met with on
+the islands; it has a remote resemblance to the head of a horse, and
+would seem to have been at one time an object of worship, being
+surrounded by a circle of stones".[686]
+
+On the lower slopes of Hellingy are the remains of a primitive village,
+and the foundations of many circular huts: among these foundations have
+been found a considerable quantity of crude pottery, and an ancient
+hand-mill which the authorities assign to about 2000 B.C. We have seen
+that the goddesses of Celtdom were known as the _Mairæ, Matronæ,
+Matres_, or _Matræ_ (the mothers): further, that the Welsh for Mary is
+Fair, whence the assumption becomes pressing that the "Saint" Mary of
+the Scillies was primarily the Merry Fairy. The author of _The English
+Language_ points out that in Old English _merry_ meant originally no
+more than "agreeable, pleasing". Heaven and Jerusalem were described by
+old poets as "merry" places; and the word had supposedly no more than
+this signification in the phrase "Merry England," into which we read a
+more modern interpretation.[687] That the Scillies were permeated with
+the Fairy Faith is sufficiently obvious; at Hugh Town we find the
+ubiquitous Silver Street, and the neighbouring Holvear Hill was not
+improbably holy to Vera.
+
+Near the Island of St. Helen's is a group of rocks marked upon the map
+as Golden Ball Bar; near by is an islet named Foreman. The farthest
+sentinel of the Scillies is an islet named the Bishop, now famous to all
+sea-farers for its _phare_. It is quite certain that no human Bishop
+would ever have selected as his residence an abode so horribly exposed,
+whence it is more likely that the Bishop here commemorated was the
+Burnebishop or Boy Bishop whose ceremonies were maintained until recent
+years, notably and particularly at Cambrai. In England it is curious to
+find the Lady-bird or Burnie Bee equated with a Bishop, yet it was so;
+and hence the rhyme:--
+
+        Bishop, Bishop Burnebee, tell me when my wedding will be,
+        Fly to the east, fly to the west,
+        Fly to them that I love best.
+
+In connection with the Island of St. _Agnes_ it may be noted that
+_ignis_ is the Latin for _fire_, whence it is possible that the islets,
+Big Smith and Little Smith, Burnt Island and Monglow, all had some
+relation to the Fieryman, Fairy Man, or Foreman: it is also possible
+that the neighbouring Camperdizil Point is connected with _deiseul_, the
+Scotch ejaculation, and with _dazzle_. Troy Town in St. Agnes is almost
+environed by Smith Sound, and this curious combination of names points
+seemingly to some connection between the Cambers and the metal
+smiths.[688]
+
+It will be remembered that Agnes was a title of the Papesse Jeanne, who
+was said to have come from Engelheim or _Angel's Home_: in Germany the
+Lady Bird used to be known as the Lady Mary's Key-bearer, and exhorted
+to fly to Engelland: "Insect of Mary, fly away, fly away, to Engelland.
+Engelland is locked, its key is broken."[689] Sometimes the invocation
+ran: "Gold chafer up and away to thy high storey to thy Mother Anne, who
+gives thee _bread and cheese_. 'Tis better than bitter death."[690]
+
+Thanks to an uncultured and tenacious love of Phairie, the keys of rural
+Engelland have not yet been broken, nor happily is Engelland locked. Our
+history books tell us of a splendid pun[691] perpetrated by a Bishop of
+many centuries ago: noticing some captured English children in the
+market-place at Rome, he woefully exclaimed that had they been baptised
+then would they have been _non Angli sed angeli_. Has this episcopal
+pleasantry been overrated? or was the good Bishop punning unconsciously
+deeper than he intended?
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [593] Gomme, Sir L., _London_, p. 74.
+
+   [594] _De bello Gallico_, v., 21.
+
+   [595] Blackie, C., _Dictionary of Place-names_, p. 21.
+
+   [596] Garnier, Col., _The Worship of the Dead_, p. 240.
+
+   [597] Thomas, J., _Brit. Antiquissima_, p. 108.
+
+   [598] The choral music of the Teutons did not create a favourable
+         impression on the mind of Tacitus, _vide_ his account of a
+         primitive Hymn of Hate: "The Germans abound with rude strains
+         of verse, the reciters of which, in the language of the
+         country, are called Bards. With this barbarous poetry they
+         inflame their minds with ardour in the day of action, and
+         prognosticate the event from the impression which it happens
+         to make on the minds of the soldiers, who grow terrible to
+         the enemy, or despair of success, as the war-song produces an
+         animated or a feeble sound. Nor can their manner of chanting
+         this savage prelude be called the tone of human organs: it is
+         rather a furious uproar; a wild chorus of military virtue.
+         The vociferation used upon these occasions is uncouth and
+         harsh, at intervals interrupted by the application of their
+         bucklers to their mouths, and by the repercussion bursting
+         out with redoubled force."--_Germania_, I., iii., p. 313.
+
+   [599] Blackman, Winifred S., _The Rosary in Magic and Religion_,
+         Folklore, xxiv., 4.
+
+   [600] Wright, E. M., _Rustic Speech and Folklore_, p. 303.
+
+   [601] _Cf._ Hazlitt, W. Carew, _Faiths and Folklore_, i., p. 314.
+
+   [602] Cockney dialect is closely akin to Kentish, and abounds in
+         venerable verbal relics: "The stranger enters, but he
+         nonetheless pays his toll; he does not leave any mark on
+         London, but London leaves an indelible stamp upon him. The
+         children of the foreigner, the children of the Yorkshireman
+         or Lancastrian, belong in speech neither to Yorkshire nor
+         Lancashire, they become more Cockney than the Cockneys; and
+         even the alien voices of the east end, notably less musical
+         than those of our own people, take on the tones of London's
+         ancient speech."--MacBride, Mackenzie, _London's Dialect, An
+         Ancient form of English Speech, with a Note on the Dialects
+         of the North of England, and the Midlands and Scotland_, p.
+         8.
+
+   [603] Bliss, J. B., _A Mound of Many Cities or Tell el Hesy
+         Excavated_.
+
+   [604] I was unaware of this rather corroborative evidence when I
+         put forward the suggestion five years ago that _Egypt_ was
+         radically _ypte_ or _Good Eye_.
+
+   [605] The Iberians and Jews also possessed a never-to-be-uttered
+         sacred Name.
+
+   [606] _Barddas_, p. 95.
+
+   [607] _Ibid._, p. 251.
+
+   [608] _Barddas_, p. 23.
+
+   [609] As also was the Bardic conception of God, summed up in the
+         Triad:--
+
+            "Three things which God cannot but be; whatever perfect
+            Goodness ought to be; whatever perfect
+            Goodness would desire to be; and whatever perfect
+            Goodness can be."
+
+         Again--
+
+                 "There is nothing beautiful but what is just;
+                  There is nothing just but _love_;
+                  There is no love but God."
+
+         And thus it ends. Tydain, the Father of Awen, sang it, says
+         the Book of Sion Cent (_Barddas_, p. 219).
+
+   [610] Eckenstein, L., _Comparative Studies in Nursery Rhymes_, p.
+         146.
+
+   [611] Illustrated on page opposite.
+
+   [612] This name appears on maps sometimes as Salla Key, sometimes
+         as Salakee.
+
+   [613] Tonkin, J. C., _Lyonesse_, p. 38.
+
+   [614] Randolph (1657).
+
+   [615] Johnson, W., _Byways_, p. 185.
+
+   [616] Hazlitt, W. Carew, _Faiths and Folklore_, i., 309.
+
+   [617] Quoted from Harrison, J., _Ancient Art and Ritual_, p. 188.
+
+   [618] _Folklore_, XXV., iv., p. 426.
+
+   [619] Larwood and Hotten, _Hist. of Signboards_, p. 504.
+
+   [620] _Cf._ Borlase, W., _Cornwall_, pp. 193, 201.
+
+   [621] One may connote this ceremony with the Bardic triad: "God is
+         the measuring rod of all truth, all justice, and all
+         goodness, therefore He is a yoke on all, and all are under
+         it, and woe to him who shall violate it".
+
+   [622] See Fig. 331, p. 538.
+
+   [623] Quoted from _Science of Language_, Max Müller, p. 540.
+
+   [624] Sabean Litany attributed to Enoch.
+
+   [625] _G. L._, v. 185, 195.
+
+   [626] Walford E., _Greater London_, vol. ii., p. 299.
+
+   [627] Dennis G., _Cities of Etruria_.
+
+   [628] _Cornwall_, vol. i., 397; _Victoria County Histories_.
+
+   [629] _Cornwall_, vol. i., 394; _Victoria County Histories_.
+
+   [630] Blackie's _Dictionary of Place-Names_ defines Godmanham as
+         follows: "the holy man's dwelling, the site of an idol temple
+         destroyed under the preaching of Paulinus whose name it
+         bears," p. 98.
+
+   [631] "The year before last I went to Bodavon Mountain to take
+         photographs of the cromlech that used to lie there. When I
+         got there, however, I found the place absolutely bare, not a
+         vestige of the cromlech remaining. On making inquiries, a
+         road newly metalled was pointed out to me, and I was told
+         that the cromlech had been used for that purpose. This was
+         done despite the fact that many tons of loose stone are lying
+         on the mountain-side close by."--Griffith, John E., _The
+         Cromlechs of Anglesey and Carnarvon_, 1900.
+
+   [632] Huyshe, W., _Life of St. Columba_, p. 176.
+
+   [633] Hazlitt, W. Carew, _Faiths and Folklore_, i., 210.
+
+   [634] "The metrical historian Hardyng twice employed but without
+         explaining the appellation _stone Hengels_, 'which called is
+         the Stone Hengles certayne'. This reads like _lapides
+         Anglorum_ or _lapides Angelorum_."--Herbert, A., _Cyclops
+         Christianus_, p. 165.
+
+   [635] "Who would ween, in this worlds realm, that Hengest thought
+         to deceive the king who had his daughter. For there is never
+         any man, that men may not over-reach with treachery. They
+         took an appointed day, that these people should come
+         together with concord and with peace, in a plain that was
+         pleasant beside Ambresbury; the place was _Aelenge_; now
+         hight it Stonehenge. There Hengest the traitor, either by
+         word or by writ, made known to the king; that he would come
+         with his forces, in honour of the king; but he would not
+         bring in retinue but three hundred knights, the wisest men
+         of all that he might find. And the king should bring as many
+         on his side bold thanes, and who should be wisest of all
+         that dwelt in Britain, with their good vestments, all
+         without weapons, that no evil, should happen to them,
+         through confidence of the weapons. Thus they it spake, and
+         eft they it brake; for Hengest the traitor thus gan he teach
+         his comrades, that each should take a long saex (knife), and
+         lay be his shank, within his hose, where he it might hide.
+         When they came together, the Saxons and Britons, then quoth
+         Hengest, most deceitful of all knights: 'Hail be thou, lord
+         king, each is to thee thy subject! If ever any of thy men
+         hath weapon by his side, send it with friendship far from
+         ourselves, and be we in amity, and speak we of concord; how
+         we may with peace our lives live.' Thus the wicked man spake
+         there to the Britons. Then answered Vortiger--here he was
+         too unwary--'If here is any knight so wild, that hath weapon
+         by his side, he shall lose the hand through his own brand,
+         unless he soon send it hence'. Their weapons they sent away,
+         then had they nought in hand; knights went upward, knights
+         went downward, each spake with other as if he were his
+         brother.
+
+         "When the Britons were mingled with the Saxons, then called
+         Hengest of knights most treacherous: 'Take your saexes, my
+         good warriors, and bravely bestir you and spare ye none!'
+         Noble Britons were there, but they knew not of the speech,
+         what the Saxish men said them between. They drew out the
+         saexes, all aside; they smote on the right side, they smote
+         on the left side; before and behind they laid them to the
+         ground; all they slew that they came nigh; of the king's men
+         there fell four hundred and five, woe was the king
+         alive!"--Layamon, _Brut._.
+
+   [636] _Cf._ Herbert, A., _Cyclops Christianius_, p. 163.
+
+   [637] _Surnames_, p. 31.
+
+   [638] _Cf._ Hazlitt, W. Carew, _Faith and Folklore_, ii., 389.
+
+   [639] _Teutonic Mythology_, Rydberg, p. 360.
+
+   [640] _Demonology_, 177.
+
+   [641] _Cf._ Wright, T., _Essays on Archæological Subjects_, i.,
+         120.
+
+   [642] Davies, D., _The Ancient Celtic Church of Wales_, p. 14.
+
+   [643] _Cf._ _Sketches of Irish History_, anon., Dublin, 1844.
+
+   [644] _Cf._ Gordon, E. O., _Prehistoric London, its Mounds and
+         Circles_, p. 67.
+
+   [645] Borlase, _Cornwall_, p. 208.
+
+   [646] _Cf._ Bonwick, J., _Irish Druids_, p. 11.
+
+   [647] _De Bello Gallico_, VI., x., 17.
+
+   [648] Quoted by Bryant from _Appollon Argonaut_, L. 4, V. 611.
+
+   [649] _Cf._ Wilkes, Anna, _Ireland, Ur of the Chaldees_, p. 88.
+
+   [650] Borlase, _Antiquities of Cornwall_, p. 173.
+
+   [651] p. 6.
+
+   [652] _Odyssey_, XII.
+
+   [653] Johnson, W., _Byways_, p. 440.
+
+   [654] As all our _Avons_ are traced to Sanscrit _ap_, meaning
+         water, one may here note the Old English word _snape_,
+         meaning _a spring_ in arable ground.
+
+   [655] In the mediæval _Story of Asenath_, the Angel who describes
+         himself as "Prince of the House of God and Captain of His
+         Host," and was thus presumably Michael, says to Asenath;
+         "Look within thine _Aumbrey_, and thou shall find withal to
+         furnish thy table". Then she hastened thereto and found "a
+         store of Virgin honey, white as snow of sweetest savour". The
+         archangel tells Asenath that "all whom Penitence bringeth
+         before Him shall eat of this honey gathered by the bees of
+         Paradise, from the dew of the roses of Heaven, and those who
+         eat thereof shall never see death but shall live for
+         evermore."--_Aucassin and Nicolette and other Mediæval
+         Romances_, p. 209 (Everyman's Library).
+
+   [656] Gordon, A. O., _Prehistoric London_, p. 66.
+
+   [657] _Lost Language_, ii., 141.
+
+   [658] _Golden Legend_, iii., 117.
+
+   [659] _Cornwall_, p. 207.
+
+   [660] Hunt, J., _Popular Romances of the West of England_, p. 76.
+
+   [661] P. 20
+
+   [662] Exod. xxvi. 7.
+
+   [663] Arnold, E., _Light of Asia_.
+
+   [664] _Cf._ Abelson, J., _Jewish Mysticism_, p. 137.
+
+   [665] The Bryan of popular ballad seems to have been famed for the
+         casting of his glad eye:--
+
+                    "Bryan he was tall and strong
+                    Right blithsome rolled his een."
+                                       --_Percy Reliques_, i., 276.
+
+   [666] Hughes, T., _Scouring the White Horse_, p. 110.
+
+   [667] Taylor, J., _The Devil's Pulpit_, ii., 297.
+
+   [668] P. 344.
+
+   [669] Courtney, Miss M. L., _Cornish Feasts and Folklore_, p. 175.
+
+   [670] Among the Maoris potent powers were supposed to reside in the
+         human eye. "When a warrior slew a chief, he immediately
+         gouged out his eyes and swallowed them, the _atua tonga_, or
+         divinity, being supposed to reside in that organ; thus he not
+         only killed the body, but also possessed himself of the soul
+         of his enemy, and consequently the more chiefs he slew, the
+         greater did his divinity become."--Taylor, R., _Te Ika A
+         Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants_.
+
+   [671] _Mykenæ_, p. 77.
+
+   [672] B.M., _Guide to the Early Iron Age_, p. 107.
+
+   [673] _Archaic Sculpturings_, p. 23.
+
+   [674] _Britannia Antiquissima_, p. 50.
+
+   [675] Coles, F. R., _The Motes of Kirkcudbrightshire_, p. 151.
+
+   [676] Johnson, W., _Byways_, p. 195.
+
+   [677] _Lyonesse, a Handbook for the Isles of Scilly_, p. 70.
+
+   [678] The Cambridgeshire Comberton is situated on the Bourn brook:
+         there is also a Great and Little Comberton underlying Bredon
+         Hill in the Pershore district of Worcester.
+
+   [679] The term "Bluestone" in the West of England meant _holy
+         stone_.
+
+   [680] Wilson, J. G., _Imperial Gazetteer_.
+
+   [681] On the tip-top of Highgate Hill is now standing an
+         _Englefield_ House immediately adjacent to an _Angel_ Inn.
+
+   [682] _Lyonesse_, p. 41.
+
+   [683] _Ibid._, p. 39.
+
+   [684] _Ibid._, p. 39.
+
+   [685] _Ibid._, p. 79.
+
+   [686] _Ibid._, p. 78.
+
+   [687] P. 112.
+
+   [688] Writing _not_ in connection with either Monglow or
+         Camperdizil Miss Gordon observes: "We may conjure up the
+         scene where the watery stretches reflected in molten gold the
+         'pillars of fire' symbolising the presence of God; we seem to
+         behold the reverend forms of the white clad Druids revolving
+         in the mystic 'Deasil' dance from East to West around the
+         glowing pile, and so following the course of the Sun, the
+         image of the Deity".--_Prehistoric London_, p. 72.
+
+   [689] Eckenstein, L., _Comp. St. Nursery Rhymes_, p. 97.
+
+   [690] P. 98.
+
+   [691] Skeat believed _pun_ meant something _punched_ out of shape.
+         Is it not more probably connected with the Hebrew _pun_
+         meaning _dubious_?
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER XI
+
+                              THE FAIR MAID
+
+     "We could not blot out from English poetry its visions of the
+     fairyland without a sense of irreparable loss. No other literature
+     save that of Greece alone can vie with ours in its pictures of the
+     land of fantasy and glamour, or has brought back from that
+     mysterious realm of unfading beauty treasures of more exquisite and
+     enduring charm."--ALFRED NUTT.
+
+     "We have already shown how long and how faithfully the Gaelic and
+     Welsh peasants clung to their old gods in spite of all the efforts
+     of the clerics to explain them as ancient kings, or transform them
+     into wonder-working saints, or to ban them as demons of
+     Hell."--CHARLES SQUIRE.
+
+
+In the preceding chapter it was shown that the number eleven was for
+some reason peculiarly identified with the Elven, or Elves: in Germany
+eleven seems to have carried a somewhat similar significance, for on the
+eleventh day of the eleventh month was always inaugurated the Carnival
+season which was celebrated by weekly festivities which increased in
+mirthful intensity until Shrove Tuesday.[692] Commenting upon this
+custom it has been pointed out that "The fates seem to have displayed a
+remarkable sense of artistry in decreeing that the Great War should
+cease at the moment when it did, for the hostilities came to an end at
+the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month".[693]
+
+Etymologists connect the word Fate with fay; the expression _fate_ is
+radically _good fay_, and it is merely a matter of choice whether Fate
+or the Fates be regarded as Three or as One: moreover the aspect of
+Fate, whether grim or beautiful, differs invariably to the same extent
+as that of the two fairy mothers which Kingsley introduces into _The
+Water Babies_, the delicious Lady Doasyouwouldbedoneby and the
+forbidding Mrs. Bedonebyasyoudid.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 353.--Printer's Ornament (English, 1724).]
+
+The Greek _Moirae_ or Fates were represented as either three austere
+maidens or as three aged hags: the Celtic _mairae_, of which Rice Holmes
+observes that "no deities were nearer to the hearts of Celtic peasants,"
+were represented in groups of three; their aspect was that of gentle,
+serious, motherly women holding new-born infants in their hands, or
+bearing fruits and flowers in their laps; and many offerings were made
+to them by country folk in gratitude for their care of farm, and flock,
+and home.[694]
+
+In the Etrurian bucket illustrated on page 474, the Magna Mater or Fate
+was represented with two children, one white the other black: in the
+emblems herewith the supporting Pair are depicted as two Amoretti, and
+the Central Fire, Force, or Tryamour is portrayed by three hearts
+blazing with the fire of Charity. There is indeed no doubt that the
+Three Charities, Three Graces, and Three Fates were merely presentations
+of the one unchanging central and everlasting Fire, Phare, or Force.
+Among the Latins the Moirae were termed Parcae, and seemingly all
+mythologies represent the Great Pyre, Phare, or Fairy as at times a
+Fury. In Britain Keridwen--whose name the authorities state meant
+_perpetual love_--appears very notably as a Fury, and on certain British
+coins she is similarly depicted. What were the circumstances which
+caused the moneyers of the period to concentrate such anguish into the
+physiognomy of the pherepolis it would be interesting to know: the fact
+remains that they did so, yet we find what obviously is the same
+fiery-locked figure with an expression unmistakably serene.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 354.--Printer's Ornament (English, 1724).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 355 to 358.--British.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 359.--Mary, in an Oval Aureole, Intersected by
+                 Another, also Oval, but of smaller size. Miniature of
+                 the X. Cent. From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+Tradition seems to have preserved the memory of the Virgin Mary as one
+of the Three Greek Moirae or Three Celtic Mairae or Spinners, for
+according to an apocryphal gospel Mary was one of the spinsters of the
+Temple Veil: "And the High priest said; choose for me by lot who shall
+spin the gold and the white and fine linen, and the blue and the
+scarlet, and the true purple. And the true purple and the scarlet fell
+to the lot of Mary, and she took them and went away to her house."[695]
+The purple heart-shaped mulberry in Greek is _moria_, and the Athenian
+district known as Moria is supposed to have been so named from its
+similitude to a mulberry leaf. In Cornwall the scarlet-berried holly is
+known as Aunt Mary's Tree, and as _aunt_ in the West of England was a
+title applied in general to _old_ women, it is evident that Aunt Mary of
+the Holly Tree must have been differentiated from the little Maid of
+Bethlehem. According to _The Golden Legend_ St. Mary died at the age of
+seventy-two, a number of which the significance has been partially
+noted, and she was reputed to have been fifteen years of age when she
+gave birth to the Saviour of the World: the number fifteen is again
+connected with St. Mary in the miracle thus recorded of her early
+childhood: "And when the circle of three years was rolled round, and the
+time of her weaning was fulfilled, they brought the Virgin to the Temple
+of the Lord with offerings. Now there were round the temple according to
+the fifteen Psalms of Degrees, fifteen steps going up."[696] Up these
+mystic fifteen steps we are told that the new-weaned child miraculously
+walked unaided.
+
+The New Testament refers to three Marys; in the design overleaf the
+figure might well represent Fate, and that there was once a Great and a
+Little Mary is somewhat implied by the fact that in Jerusalem adjoining
+the church of St. Mary was "another church of St. Mary called the
+Little":[697] that there was also at one time a White Mary and a Black
+Mary is indubitable from the numerous Black Virgins which still exist in
+continental churches. Even the glorious Diana of Ephesus was, as has
+been seen, at times represented as black: the name Ephesus, where the
+Magna Mater was pre-eminently worshipped, is radically Ephe, and that
+Godiva of Coventry was alternatively associated with night is clear from
+the fact that the Godiva procession at a village near Coventry included
+two Godivas, one white, the other black.[698]
+
+Near King's Cross, London, in the ward of Farendone, used to exist a
+spring known as Black Mary's Hole: this name was popularly supposed to
+have originated from a negro woman who kept a black cow and used to
+draw water from the spring, but tradition also said that it was
+originally the Blessed Mary's Well, and that this having fallen into
+disrepute at the time of the Reformation the less attractive cognomen
+was adopted.[699]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 360.--Engraving on Pebble, Montastruc, Bruniquel.
+
+                 FIG. 361.--Dagger-handle in form of mammoth, Bruniquel.
+
+                 From _A Guide to the Antiquities of the Stone Age_
+                 (B.M.).]
+
+The immense antiquity of human occupation of this site is indicated by
+the fact that opposite Black Mary's Hole there was found at the end of
+the seventeenth century a pear-shaped flint instrument in the company of
+bones of some species of elephant: after lying unappreciated for many
+years the tool in question has since been recognised as a piece of human
+handiwork, and may fairly claim to be the first of its kind recorded in
+this or any other country.[700] That the contemporaries of the mammoth
+were no mean artists is proved by the Bruniquel objects--particularly
+the engraving on pebble--here illustrated: not only does the elephant
+figure on our prehistoric coinage, but it is also found carved on
+upwards of a hundred stones in Scotland and notably upon a broch at
+_Brechin_ in Forfarshire. Such was the skill of the Brigantian
+flintworkers who were settled around Burlington or Bridlington
+(Yorkshire, anciently _Deira_) that they successfully fabricated small
+fish-hooks out of flint, a feat forcing one to endorse the dictum of T.
+Quiller Couch: "This is a matter not unconnected with our present
+subject, as the hand which fashioned so skilfully the barbed arrow-head
+of flint, and the polished hammer-axes may be fairly associated with a
+brain of high capabilities".[701]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 362.--Probable Restoration of Dagger with Mammoth
+                 Handle. From _A Guide to the Antiquities of the Stone
+                 Age_ (B.M.).]
+
+We have seen that in Scandinavia Mara--doubtless Black Mary--was a
+ghastly spectre associated with the Night _Mare_: to this Black Mary may
+perhaps be assigned _mar_, meaning to injure or destroy, and probably
+also _morose_, _morbid_, and _murder_. We again get the equation _mar_ =
+Mary in _marrjan_ the old German for _mar_, for _marrjan_ is equivalent
+to the name Marian which is merely another form of Mary. The Maid Marian
+who figured in our May-day festivities in association with the sovereign
+archer Robin Hood, was obviously not the marrer nor the morose Mary but
+the Merry Lady of the Morris Dance, _alias_ the gentle Maiden Vere or
+daughter deare of Flora. To White Mary or Mary the Weaver of the scarlet
+and true purple, may be assigned _mere_, meaning true and also _merry_,
+_mirth_, and _marry_: to Black Mary may be assigned _myrrh_ or _mar_,
+meaning bitterness, and it is characteristic of the morose tendency of
+clericalism that it is to this root that the authorities attribute the
+Mary of Merry England.
+
+The association of the May-fair or Fairy Mother with fifteen, and
+merriment is pointed by the custom that the great fair which used to be
+held in the Mayfair district of London began on May 1 and lasted for
+fifteen days: this fair, we are told, was "not for trade and
+merchandise, but for musick, showes, drinking, gaming, raffling,
+lotteries, stage plays, and drolls".[702] That the Mayfair district was
+once dedicated to Holy Vera is possible from Oliver's Mount, the site of
+which, now known as Mount Street, is believed to mark a fort erected by
+Oliver Cromwell. We have noted an Oliver's Castle at Avebury or
+Avereberie, hence it becomes interesting to find an Avery Row in
+northern Mayfair, and an Avery Farm Row in Little Ebury Street. The term
+Ebury is supposed to mark the site of a Saxon _ea burgh_ or _island
+fort_, an assumption which may be correct: at the time of Domesday there
+existed here a manor of Ebury, and that this neighbourhood was an _abri_
+or sanctuary dedicated to Bur or Bru is hinted in the neighbouring
+place-names _Bruton_ Street (adjoining Avery Row, which is equivalent to
+Abery Row), _Bour_don Street, _Bur_ton Street, and _Bur_wood Place.
+Among the charities of Mayfair is one derived from a benefactor named
+Abourne: we have noticed that the tradition of the neighbourhood is that
+Kensington Gardens were the haunt of Oberon's fair daughter, and I have
+already ventured the suggestion that Bryanstone Square--by which is
+Brawn Street--marks the site of a Brawn, Bryan, Obreon, or Oberon
+Street. Northwards lies Brondesbury or Bromesbury: at Bromley in Kent
+the parish church was dedicated to St. Blaze, and the local fair used to
+be held on St. Blaze's Day,[703] and that the Broom or _planta genista_
+was sacred to the primal Blaze is further pointed by the ancient custom
+of firing broom-bushes on 1st May--the Mayfair's day.[704] In Cornwall
+furze used to be hung at the door on Mayday morning: at Bramham or
+Brimham Rocks in Yorkshire the custom of making a blaze on the eve of
+the Summer Solstice prevailed until the year 1786.[705] By Bromesbury or
+Brondesbury is Primrose Hill, which was also known as Barrow Hill: there
+are, however, no traces of a barrow on this still virgin soil which was
+probably merely a brownlow, brinsley, or brinsmead, unmarked except by
+fairy bush or stone.[706] The French for primrose is primevere, and that
+the Mayfair was the Prime and Princess of _all_ meads is implied by
+Herrick's lines:--
+
+        Come with the Spring-time forth, fair Maid, and be
+        This year again the Meadow's Deity.
+        Yet ere ye enter, give us leave to set
+        Upon your head this flowry coronet;
+        To make this neat distinction from the rest,
+        You are _the Prime_, and Princesse of the feast:
+        To which with _silver_ feet lead you the way,
+        While sweet-breath'd nymphs attend you on this day.
+        This is your houre; and best you may command,
+        Since you are Lady of this fairie land.
+        Full mirth wait on you, and such mirth as shall
+        Cherrish the cheek, but make none blush at all.
+
+With the "silver feet" of the Meadow Maid may be connoted the curious
+custom of the London Merrymaids thus described by a French visitor to
+England in the time of Charles II.: "On the first of May, and the five
+or six days following, all the pretty young country girls, that serve
+the town with milk, dress themselves up very neatly and borrow abundance
+of silver plate whereof they make a pyramid which they adorn with
+ribbons and flowers, and carry upon their heads instead of their common
+milk-pails."[707] That this pyramid or pyre of silver represented a
+crown or halo is further implied by an engraving of the eighteenth
+century depicting a fiddler and two milk-maids dancing, one of the maids
+having on her head a silver plate. It is probable that this symbolised
+the moon, and that the second dancer represented the sun, the twain
+standing for the Heavenly Pair, or the Powers of Day and Night.
+
+In Ireland there is little doubt that St. Mary was bracketed
+inextricably with St. Bride, whence the bardic assertion:--
+
+          There are _two_ holy virgins in heaven
+          By whom may I be guarded
+          Mary and St. Brighed.[708]
+
+In a Latin Hymn Brighid--"the Mary of the Gael"--is startlingly
+acclaimed as the Magna Mater or Very Queen of Heaven:--
+
+  Brighid who is esteemed the Queen of the true God
+  Averred herself to be _Christ's Mother_, and made herself such by
+         words and deeds.[709]
+
+At Kildare where the circular pyreum assuredly symbolised the central
+Fire, the servants of Bride were known indeterminately as either
+Maolbrighde or Maolmuire, _i.e._, servants of Brighde, or servants of
+Muire, and it is probable that _Muire_, the Gaelic form of Mary, was
+radically _mother ire_, the word _ire_ being no doubt the same as _ur_,
+an Aryan radical meaning _fire_, whence _ar_son, _ar_dent, etc. The
+circular pyreum of Bride or Brighit the Bright, may be compared with the
+"round church of St. Mary" in Gethsemane: here the Virgin was said to
+have been born, and on the round church in question containing her
+sepulchre it was fabled that "the rain never falls although there is no
+roof above it".[710] This circular church of St. Mary was thus like the
+circular hedge of St. Bride open to the skies, and it is highly probable
+that the word Mary, Mory, Maree, etc., sometimes meant _mor_, _mawr_, or
+_Big_ Eye. The golden centre or Bull's Eye will be subsequently
+considered, meanwhile it is relevant to _Mor eye_ to point out that less
+than 200 years ago it was customary to sacrifice a bull on 25th
+August--a most ardent period of the year--to the god Mowrie and his
+"devilians" on the Scotch island of Inis Maree, evidently Mowrie's
+island.[711] At other times and in other districts, Mowrie, Muire, or
+Mary was no doubt equated with the Celtic Saints Amary and Omer: the
+surviving words _amor_, _amour_, pointing logically to the conclusion
+that _love_ was Mary's predominant characteristic. There is no radical
+distinction between _amour_ and _humour_, both words probably enshrining
+the adjectival _eu_, meaning soft, gentle, pleasing, and propitious:
+humour is merriment. A notable connection with Mary and _amour_ is found
+in Germany where Mother Mary is alternately Mother Ross or Rose: not
+only is the rose the symbol of _amour_, but the word _rose_ is evidently
+a corrosion of _Eros_, the Greek title of Cupid or Amor. Miss
+Eckenstein states: "I have come across Mother Ross in our own [English]
+chapbook literature,"[712] whence it becomes significant to find that
+Myrrha, the Virgin Mother of the Phrygian Adonis, was the consort of a
+divine Smith, or Hammer-god named Kinyras. The word Kinyras may thus
+reasonably be modernised into King Eros, and it is not unlikely that
+inquiries at Ross, Kinross, and Delginross would elicit a connection
+between these places and the God of Love.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 363.--From _Cities of Etruria_ (Dennis, C.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 364.--From _Ancient Pagan and Modern Christian
+                 Symbolism_ (Inman, C. W.).]
+
+The authorities are slovenly content to equate Mary with Maria, Muire,
+Marion, etc., assigning all these variations without distinction to
+_mara_, or bitterness: with regard to Maria, however, it may be
+suspected that this form is more probably to be referred to Mother
+Rhea, and more radically to _ma rhi_, _i.e._, Mother Queen, Lady, or
+Princess. That the word was used as generic term for Good Mother or Pure
+Mother is implied by its almost universal employment: thus not only was
+Adonis said to be the son of Myrrha, but Hermes was likewise said to be
+the child of Maia or Myrrha. The Mother of the Siamese Saviour was
+entitled Maya Maria, _i.e._, the Great Mary; the Mother of Buddha was
+Maya; Maia was a Roman Flower goddess, and it is generally accepted that
+_May_, the month of the Flower goddess, is an Anglicised form of Maia.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 365.--Maya, the Hindoo Goddess, with a Cruciform
+                 Nimbus. Hindostan Iconography. From _Ancient Pagan and
+                 Modern Christian Symbolism_ (Inman, C. W.).]
+
+The _earliest known_ allusion to the morris dance occurs in the church
+records of Kingston-on-Thames, where the morris dancers used to dance in
+the parish church.[713] There are in Britain not less than forty or
+fifty Kingstons, three Kingsburys, four Kentons, seven Kingstons, one
+Kenstone, and four Kingstones: all these may have been the towns or
+seats of tribal Kings, but under what names were they known before Kings
+settled there? It is highly improbable that royal residences were
+planted in previously uninhabited spots, and it is more likely that our
+Kings were crowned and associated with already sacred sites where stood
+a royal and super-sacred stone analogous to the Scotch _Johnstone_. This
+was certainly the case at Kingston-on-Thames where there still stands in
+the market-place the holy stone on which our ancient Kings were crowned:
+near by is _Can_bury Park, and it would not surprise me if the original
+barrow or mound of _Can_ were still standing there. The surname Lovekyn,
+which appears very prominently in Kingston records, may be connoted with
+the adjective _kind_, and it is probable that Moreford, the ancient name
+of Kingston-on-Thames, did not--as is supposed--mean _big ford_, but
+Amor or Mary ford. In Spain and Portugal (Iberia) the name Maria is
+bestowed indiscriminately upon men and women: that the same
+indistinction existed in connection with St. Marine may be inferred from
+the statement in _The Golden Legend_: "St. Marine was a noble virgin,
+and was _one only_ daughter to her father who changed the habit of his
+daughter so that she seemed and was taken for his son and not a
+woman".[714]
+
+If the Mary of the Marigolds or "winking marybuds," which "gin to ope
+their golden eyes," was Mary or Big Eye, it may also be surmised that
+San Marino was the darling of the Mariners, and was the chief Mary-maid,
+Merro-maid or Mermaid: although the New Testament does not associate the
+Virgin Mary with _mare_ the sea, amongst her titles are "Myrhh of the
+Sea," "Lady of the Sea," and "Star of the Sea". At St. Mary's in the
+Scillies, in the neighbourhood of Silver Street, is a castle known as
+Stella Maria: this castle is "built with salient angles resembling the
+rays of a star," and Pelistry Bay on the opposite side of the islet was
+thus presumably sacred to Belle Istry, the Beautiful Istar or Star. It
+has often been supposed that Start Point was named after Astarte, and
+there is every probability that the various rivers Stour, including the
+Kentish Great Stour and Little Stour, were also attributed to Istar or
+Esther. The Greek version of the Book of _Esther_--a varient of
+Istar--contains the remarkable passage, "A little fountain became a
+river, and there was light, and the sun, and much water": in the
+neighbourhood of the Kentish Stour is Eastry; in Essex there is a Good
+Easter and a High Easter, and in Wilts and Somerset are Eastertowns. In
+England the sun was popularly supposed to dance at Eastertide, and _in
+Britain alone_ is the Easter festival known under this name: the ancient
+Germans worshipped a Virgin-mother named Ostara, whose image was common
+in their consecrated forests.
+
+What is described as the "camp" surrounding St. Albans is called the
+Oyster Hills, and amid the much water of the Thames Valley is an
+Osterley or Oesterley. On the Oyster Hills at St. Albans was an hospice
+for infirm women, dedicated to St. Mary de Pree, the word _pree_ here
+being probably _pre_, the French for a meadow--but Verulam may have been
+_pre land_, for in ancient times it was known alternatively as Vrolan or
+_Bro_lan.[715] The Oesterley or Oester meadow in the Thames Valley,
+sometimes written Awsterley, was obviously common ground, for when Sir
+Thomas Gresham enclosed it his new park palings were rudely torn down
+and burnt by the populace, much to the offence of Queen Elizabeth who
+was staying in the place at the time. Notwithstanding the royal
+displeasure, complaints were laid against Gresham "by sundry poor men
+for having enclosed certain common ground to the prejudice of the poor".
+
+Next Osterley is Brentford, where once stood "the Priory of the Holy
+Angels in the Marshlands": other accounts state that this organisation
+was a "friary, hospital, or fraternity of the Nine holy orders of
+Angels". With this holy Nine may be connoted the Nine Men's Morrice and
+the favourite Mayday pageant of "the Nine Worthies". As _w_ and _v_ were
+always interchangeable we may safely identify the "worthies" with the
+"virtues," and I am unable to follow the official connection between
+_worth_ and _verse_: there is no immediate or necessary relation between
+them. The Danish for _worth_ is _vorde_, the Swedish is _varda_, and
+there is thus little doubt that _worthy_ and _virtue_ are one and the
+same word. In _Love's Labour's Lost_ Constable Dull expresses his
+willingness to "make one in a dance or so, or I will play the tabor to
+the Worthies and let them dance the Hey".
+
+Osterley is on the river Brent, which sprang from a pond "vulgarly
+called Brown's Well,"[716] whence it is probable that the Brent vulgarly
+derived its name from Oberon, the All _Parent_. Brentford was the
+capital of Middlesex; numerous pre-historic relics have been found
+there, and that it was a site of immemorial importance is testified by
+its ancient name of Breninford, supposed to mean King's Road or Way. But
+bren_en_ is the plural of bren--a Prince or King, and two fairy Princes
+or two fairy Kings were traditionally and proverbially associated with
+the place. In Cowper's _Task_ occur the lines:--
+
+United yet divided twain at once So sit two kings of Brentford on one
+throne.
+
+Prior, in his _Alma_, refers to the two Kings as being "discreet and
+wise," and it is probable that in Buckingham's _The Rehearsal_, of which
+the scene is laid at Brentford, we have further scraps of genuine and
+authentic tradition. _The Rehearsal_ introduces us to two true Kings and
+two usurpers: the true Kings who are represented as being very fond of
+one another come on to the stage hand-in-hand, and are generally seen
+_smelling at one rose_ or one nosegay. Imagining themselves being
+plotted against, one says to the other:--
+
+        Then spite of Fate we'll thus combined stand
+        And like true brothers still walk hand in hand.
+
+Driven from their throne by usurpers, nevertheless, towards the end of
+the play, "the two right Kings of Brentford descend in the clouds
+singing in white garments, and three fiddlers sitting before them in
+green". Adjacent to Brentford is the village of Twickenham where at the
+parish church used to prevail a custom of giving away on Easter Day the
+divided fragments of two great cakes.[717] This apparently innocuous
+ceremony was, however, in 1645 deemed to be a superstitious relic and
+was accordingly suppressed. We have seen that charity-cakes were
+distributed at Biddenden in commemoration of the Twin Sisters; we have
+also seen that St. Michael was associated with a great cake named after
+him, hence it is exceedingly probable that Twickenham of the Two Easter
+Cakes was a seat of the Two or Twa Kings who survived in the traditions
+of the neighbouring Breninford or King's Ford.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 366 to 370.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+That the Two or Twa Kings of Twickenham were associated with Two Fires
+is suggested by the alternative name Twi_ttan_ham: in Celtic _tan_ meant
+fire, and the term has survived in _tan_dsticker, _i.e._, fire-sticks,
+or matches: it has also survived in _tinder_, "anything for kindling
+fires from a spark," and in _etincelle_, the French for spark. In
+Etruria Jupiter was known as Tino or Tin, and on the British Star-hero
+coin here illustrated the legend reads TIN: the town of Tolentino, with
+which one of the St. Nicholas's was associated in combination with a
+star, was probably a shrine of Tall Ancient Tino; in modern Greece Tino
+is a contracted form of Constantine. The Bel_tan_ or Bel_tein_ fires
+were frequently in pairs or twins, and there is a saying still current
+in Ireland--"I am between Bels fires," meaning "I am on the horns of a
+dilemma". The Dioscuri or Two Kings were always associated with fires or
+stars: they were the _beau-ideal_ warriors or War Boys, and to them was
+probably sacred the "Warboy's Wood" in Huntingdon, where on May Day the
+poor used to go "sticking" or gathering fuel. The Dioscuri occur
+frequently on Roman coins, and it will be noticed that the British
+Warboy is often represented with a star, and with the palm branch of
+Invictus. On the assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary it is said that
+an angel appeared before her bearing "a bough of the palm of
+paradise--and the palm shone by right great clearness and was like to a
+green rod whose leaves shone like to the morrow star".[718] There is
+very little doubt that the mysterious fish-bone, fern-leaf, spike, ear
+of corn, or back-bone, which figures so frequently among the "what-nots"
+of our ancient coinage represented the green and magic rod of Paradise.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 371.--Star or Bush (MS., circa 1425). From _The
+                 History of Signboards_ (Larwood & Hotten).]
+
+At Twickenham is Bushey Park, which is assumed to have derived its name
+from the bushes in which it abounded: for some reason our ancestors
+combined their Bush and Star inn-signs into one, _vide_ the design
+herewith: we have already traced a connection between _bougie_--a
+candle, and the _Bogie_ whose habitation was the brakes and bushes:
+whence it is not unlikely that Bushey Park derived its title from the
+Elphin fires, Will-o-the-wisps, or bougies which must have danced
+nightly when Twickenham was little better than a swamp. The Rev. J. B.
+Johnston decodes Bushey into "Byssa's" isle or peninsula, and it is not
+improbable that Bushey in Hertfordshire bears the same interpretation,
+only I do not think that the supposititious Byssa, Bissei, or Bisi was
+an Anglo-Saxon. That "Bisi" was Bogie or Puck is perhaps implied further
+by the place-name Den_bies_ facing Boxhill: we have already noted in
+this district Bagdon, Pigdon, Bookham, and Pixham, whence Denbies,
+situated on the brow of Pigdon or Bagdon, suggests that here seemingly
+was the actual Bissei's den. The supposititious Bissei assigned to
+Bushey may be connoted with the giant Bosow who dwelt by repute on
+Buzza's Hill just beyond Hugh Town, St. Mary's. According to Miss
+Courtney the Cornish family of Bosow are traceable to the giant of
+Buzza's Hill.[719] Presumably to Puck or Bog, are similarly traceable
+the common surnames Begg, Bog, etc.
+
+By the Italians the phosphorescent lights or bougies of St. Elmo are
+known not as Castor and Pollux, but as the fires of St. Peter and St.
+Nicholas: the name Nicholas is considered to mean "Victory of the
+People"; in Greek _nike_ means _victory_: we have seen that in Russia
+Nicholas was equated with St. Michael, in face of which facts it is
+presumptive that St. Nicholas was Invictus, or the Unconquerable. In
+London, at Paternoster Lane used to stand "the fair parish church of St.
+Michael called Paternoster,"[720] and that St. Nicholas was originally
+"Our Father" or Paternoster is implied by the corporate seal of
+Yarmouth: this represents St. Nicholas supported on either side by
+angels, and bears the inscription _O Pastor Vere Tibi Subjectis
+Miserere_. It must surely have savoured of heresy to hail the supposed
+Nicholas of Patara in Lycia as _O Pastor Vere_, unless in popular
+estimation St. Nicholas was actually the Great Pastor or True Feeder:
+that Nicholas was indeterminately either the Father or the Mother is
+deducible from the fact that in Scotland the name Nicholas is commonly
+bestowed on girls.
+
+In France and Italy prayers are addressed to Great St. Nicholas, and it
+is probable that there was always a Nichol and a Nicolette or _nucleus_:
+we are told that St. Nicholas, whose mother's name was Joanna, was born
+at Patara, and that he became the Bishop of Myra: on his fete day the
+proper offering was a cock, and that Nicholas or Invictus was the
+chanteur or Chanticleer, is implied by the statement: "St. Nicholas went
+abroad in most part in London singing after the old fashion, and was
+received with many people into their houses, and had much good cheer, as
+ever they had in many places": on Christmas Eve St. Nicholas still
+wanders among the children, notwithstanding the sixteenth century
+censure--"thus tender minds to worship saints and wicked things are
+taught".
+
+Nicholas is an extended form of Nike, Nick, or Neck, and the frequent
+juxtaposition of St. Nicholas and St. George is an implication that
+these Two Kings were once the Heavenly Twins. We have already noted an
+Eleven Stone at Trenuggo--the _abode of Nuggo?_ and there is a
+likelihood that Nuggo or Nike was there worshipped as One and Only, the
+_Unique_: that he was Lord of the Harvests is implied by the fabrication
+of a harvest doll or Neck. According to Skeat _neck_ originally meant
+the nape or knop of the neck; it would thus seem that _neck_--Old
+English _nekke_--was a synonym for knob or knop. In Cornwall Neck-day
+was the great day of the year, when the Neck was "cried"[721] and
+suspended in the ingle nook until the following year: in the words of an
+old Cornishwoman: "There were Neck cakes, much feasting and dancing all
+the evening. Another great day was Guldise day when the corn was drawn:
+Guldise cakes and a lump of pease-pudding for every one."[722]
+
+Near London Stone is the Church of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, and at Old
+Jewry stood St. Mary Cole Church: it is not unlikely that this latter
+was originally dedicated to Old King Cole, the father of the lovely
+Helen and the Merry Old Soul whose three fiddlers may be connoted with
+the three green fiddlers of the Kings of Brentford. The great bowl of
+Cole, the _ghoul_ of other ages, may be equated with the _cauldron_ or
+_calix_ of the Pastor Vere: the British word for _cauldron_ was _pair_,
+and the Druidic bards speak with great enthusiasm of "their cauldron,"
+"the cauldron of Britannia," "the cauldron of Lady Keridwen," etc. This
+cauldron was identified with the Stone circles, and the Bardic poets
+also speak of a mysterious _pair dadeni_ which is understood to mean
+"the cauldron of new birth or rejuvenescence".[723] The old artists
+seemingly represented the Virtues as emerging from this cauldron as
+three naked boys or Amoretti, for it is said that St. Nicholas revived
+three murdered children who had been pickled in brine by a wicked
+inn-keeper who had run short of bacon. This miracle is his well-known
+emblem, and the murder story by which the authorities accounted for the
+picture is probably as silly and brutal an afterthought as the horrid
+"tortures" and protracted dolours of other saints. Nevertheless some
+ghoulish and horrible practices seem to have accompanied the worship of
+the cauldron, and the author of _Druidism Exhumed_ reproduces a Scotch
+sculpture of a cauldron out of which protruding human legs are waving
+ominously in the air.
+
+St. Nicholas of Bari is portrayed resuscitating three youths from three
+tubs: that Nicholas was radically the Prince of Peace is implied,
+however, from the exclamation "Nic'las!" which among children is
+equivalent to "fainites": the sign of truce or fainites is to cross the
+two fore-fingers into the form of the _treus_ or cross.
+
+St. Nicholas is the unquestioned patron of all children, and in the past
+bands of lads, terming themselves St. Nicholas' Clerks or St. Nicholas'
+Knights, added considerably to the conviviality of the cities.
+Apparently at all abbeys once existed the custom of installing upon St.
+Nicholas' Day a Boy Bishop who was generally a choir or singing boy:
+this so-called Bearn Bishop or Barnebishop was decked, according to one
+account, in "a myter of cloth and gold with _two knopps_ of silver gilt
+and enamelled," and a study of the customs prevailing at this amazing
+festival of the Holy Innocent leaves little doubt that the Barnebishop
+personified the conception of the Pastor Vere in the aspect of a lad or
+"knave". The connection between _knop_ and _knave_ has already been
+traced, and the "two knopps" of the episcopal knave or bairnbishop
+presumably symbolised the _bren_ or breasts of Pastor Vere, the
+celestial Parent: it has already been suggested that the knops on Figs.
+30 to 38 (p. 149) represented the Eyes or Breasts of the All Mighty.
+
+In Irish _ab_ meant _father_ or _lord_, and in all probability St.
+Abb's Head, supposedly named after a Bishop Ebba, was once a seat of
+Knebba worship: that Cunobe was the Mighty Muse, singing like St.
+Nicholas after the old fashion, is evident from the British coin
+illustrated on page 305, a sad example of carelessness, declension, and
+degradation from the Macedonian Philippus.
+
+The festival of the Burniebishop was commemorated with conspicuous pomp
+at Cambrai, and there is reason to think that this amazing institution
+was one of Cambrian origin: so fast and furious was the accompanying
+merriment that the custom was inevitably suppressed. The only Manor in
+the town of Brentford is that of Burston or Boston, whence it is
+probable that Brentford grew up around a primeval Bur stone or
+"Denbies". That the place was famous for its merriment and joviality is
+sufficiently evidenced by the fact that in former times the parish rates
+"were mainly supported by the profits of public sports and diversions
+especially at Whitsuntide".[724]
+
+According to _The Rehearsal_ when the True Kings or Two Kings,
+accompanied by their retinue of three green-clad fiddlers, descended
+from the clouds, a dance was then performed: "an ancient dance of right
+belonging to the Kings of Brentford, but since derived with a little
+alteration to the Inns of Court". On referring to the famous pageants of
+the Inns of Court we find that the chief character was the Lord of
+Misrule, known otherwise as the King of Cockneys or Prince of Purpool.
+We have seen that the Hobby Horse was clad in purple, and that Mary was
+weaver of the true purple--a combination of true blue and scarlet. The
+authorities connote _purple_, French _purpre_, with the Greek
+_porphureos_, "an epithet of the surging sea," and they ally it with
+the Sanscrit _bhur_, meaning _to be active_. The cockney, and very
+active Prince of Purpool or Portypool was conspicuously celebrated at
+Gray's Inn which occupies the site of the ancient Manor of _Poripool_,
+and the ritual--condemned and suppressed by the Puritans as "popish,
+diabolical, and antechristian"--seems invariably to have started by a
+fire or phare lighted in the hall: this at any rate was the custom and
+status with which the students at St. John's, Oxford, opened the
+proceedings on All Hallows' Eve.
+
+The Druidic Bards allude to their sacred pyreum, or fire-circle, as a
+_pair dadeni_, and that a furious Fire or Phare was the object of their
+devotion is obvious from hymns such as--
+
+          Let burst forth ungentle
+          The horse-paced ardent fire!
+          Him we worship above the earth,
+          Fire, fire, low murmuring in its dawn,
+          High above our inspiration,
+          Above every spirit
+          Great is thy terribleness.[725]
+
+_Pourpre_ or _purple_, the royal or imperial colour, was doubtless
+associated with the Fire of Fires, and the connection between this word
+and _porphureos_ must, I think, be sought in the idea of _pyre furious_
+or _fire furious_, rather than any epithet of the surging sea. The Welsh
+for purple is _porffor_.
+
+Either within or immediately adjacent to the Manor of Poripool or
+Purpool were some famous springs named Bagnigge Wells: at the corner of
+Bathhurst Street, Paddington, was a second Bagnigge Wells, and the
+river Fleet used also at one time to be known as the Bagnigge. This
+ubiquitous Bagnigge was in all probability _Big Nigge_ or Big Nicky--
+
+          Know you the Nixies gay and fair?
+          Their eyes are black and green their hair,
+                  They lurk in sedgy shores.
+
+The fairy Nokke, Neck, or Nickel, is said to have been a great musician
+who sat upon the water's edge and played a golden harp, the harmony of
+which operated on all nature:[726] sometimes he is represented as a
+complete horse who could be made to work at the plough if a bridle of
+particular kind were used: he is also represented as half man and half
+horse, as an aged man with a long beard, as a handsome young man, and as
+a pretty little boy with golden hair and scarlet cap. That Big Nigge
+once haunted the Bagnigge Wells is implied by the attendant legend of
+Black Mary, Black Mary's Hole being the entrance, or immediately
+adjacent, to one of the Bagnigge springs: similarly, as has been noted,
+Peg Powler, and Peg this or that, haunted the streams of Lancashire.
+
+We have seen that Keightley surmised the word _pixy_ to be the endearing
+diminutive _sy_ added to Puck, whence, as in Nancy, Betsy, Dixie, and so
+forth, Nixy may similarly be considered as _dear little Nick_. In
+Suffolk, the fairies are known as farisees, seemingly, _dear little
+fairies_, and our ancestors seem to have possessed a pronounced
+partiality for similar diminutives: we find them alluding to the Blood
+of the Lambkin, an expression which Adamnan's editors remark as "a bold
+instance of the Celtic diminutive of endearment so characteristic of
+Adamnan's style": they add: "Throughout Adamnan's work, diminutives are
+constantly used, and these in most cases are used in a sense of
+endearment difficult to convey in English, perfectly natural as they are
+in the mouth of the kindly and warm-hearted Irish saint. In the present
+case Dr. Reeves thinks the diminutives may indicate the poorness of the
+animals from the little there was to feed them upon."[727] As the
+traditions of Fairyland give no hint for the assumption of any rationing
+or food-shortage it seems hardly necessary to consider either the
+pixies, the farisees, or the nixies as either half-starved or even
+impoverished.
+
+In Scandinavia and Germany the nixies are known as the nisses, and they
+there correspond to the brownies of Scotland: according to Grimm the
+word _nisse_ is "Nicls, Niclsen, _i.e._, Nicolaus, Niclas, a common name
+in Germany and the North, which is also contracted to Klas, Claas"; but
+as _k_ seems invariably to soften into _ch_, and again into _s_, it is a
+perfectly straight road from Nikke to Nisse, and the adjective _nice_ is
+an eloquent testimonial to the Nisses' character. Some Nisses were
+doubtless _nice_, others were obviously nasty, noxious, and nocturnal:
+the Nis of Jutland is in Friesland called Puk, and also Niss-Puk,
+Nise-Bok, and Niss-Kuk: the _Kuk_ of this last mentioned may be connoted
+with the fact that the customary offering to St. Nicholas was a
+cock--the symbol of the Awakener--and as St. Nicholas was so intimately
+connected with Patara, the cock of St. Peter is no doubt related to the
+legend.
+
+St. Nicholas, or Santa Claus, customarily travels by night: the nixies
+were black-eyed; Old Nick was always painted black; _nox_, or night, is
+the same word as nixy; and _nigel_, _night_, or _nicht_ all imply
+blackness. According to Cæsar: "all the Gauls assert that they are
+descended from the god Dis, and say that this tradition has been handed
+down by the Druids. For that reason they compute the divisions of every
+season not by the number of days but by nights; they keep birthdays, and
+the beginnings of months and years in such an order that the day follows
+the night."[728] The expressions fortnight, and sen'night thus not only
+perpetuate an idea of great antiquity but one which is philosophically
+sound: to our fore-runners Night was no wise evil, but the beneficent
+Mother of a Myriad Stars: the fairies revelled in the dark, and in eyes
+of old "the vast blue night was murmurous with peris wings"[729].
+
+The place-name Knightsbridge is probably a mis-spelling of Neyte, one of
+the three manors into which Kensington was once divided: the other two
+were Hyde and Ebury, and it is not unlikely that these once constituted
+a trinity--Hyde being the Head, Ebury the Brightness, and Neyte--Night.
+The Egyptian represented Nut, Naut, or Neith as a Mother Goddess with
+two children in her arms, one white the other black: to her were
+assigned the words: "I am what has been, what is, and what will be," and
+her worshippers declared: "She hath built up life from her own body". In
+Scandinavia Nat was the Mother of all the gods: she was said to be an
+awe-inspiring, adorable, noble, and beneficent being, and to have her
+home on the lower slopes of the Nida mountains: _nid_ is the French for
+_nest_, and with Neyte may be connoted _nuit_, the French for _night_.
+That St. Neot was _le nuit_ is implied by the tradition that the Church
+of St. Neot in Cornwall was built not only by night, but entirely by
+Neot himself who drew the stones from a neighbouring quarry, aided only
+by the help of reindeer. These magic reindeer are obviously the animals
+of St. Nick, and it is evidently a memory of Little Nick that has
+survived in the tradition that St. Neot was a saint of very small
+stature--somewhere about 15 inches high.[730] With Mother _Nat_ of
+Scandinavia, and Mother _Naut_ or Neith of Egypt, may be connoted
+Nutria, a Virgin-Mother goddess of Etruria; a divine nurse with whose
+name may be connected _nutrix_ (nurse) and _nutriment_.
+
+St. Nicholas is the patron saint of seafarers and there are innumerable
+dedications to him at the seaside: that Nikke was Neptune is
+unquestionable, and connected with his name is doubtless _nicchio_ the
+Italian for a shell. From _nicchio_ comes our modern _niche_, which
+means a shell-like cavity or recess: in the British EPPI coin,
+illustrated on page 284, the marine monster may be described as a nikke,
+and the apparition of the nikke as a perfect horse might not ineptly be
+designated a _nag_.
+
+I have elsewhere illustrated many representations of the Water-Mother,
+the Mary-Maid, the Mermaid, the Merrow-Maid, or as she is known in
+Brittany--Mary Morgan. The resident nymph or genius of the river
+Se_vern_ was named Sa_brina_; the Welsh for the Severn is Ha_vren_, and
+thus it is evident that the radical of this river name is _brina_,
+_vren_, or _vern_: the British Druids recognised certain governing
+powers named _feraon: fern_ was already noted as an Iberian word meaning
+_anything good_, whence it is probable that in Havren or Severn the
+affix _ha_ or _se_ was either the Greek _eu_ or the British and Sanscrit
+_su_, both alike meaning the _soft, gentle, pleasing_, and
+_propitious_.
+
+          Sabrina fair,
+            Listen where thou art sitting
+          Under the glassy, cool, translucent wave,
+            In twisted braids of lilies, knitting
+          The loose train of thy amber-dropping hair.
+
+In the neighbourhood of Bryanstone Square is Lissom Grove, a corruption
+of Lillestone Grove: here thus seemingly stood a stone sacred to the
+Lily or the All Holy, and the neighbouring church of St. Cyprian
+probably marks the local memory of a traditional _sy brian_, _Sabrina_,
+or _dear little brownie_.
+
+Near Silchester, on the boundary line between Berks and Hants, is a
+large stone known as the Imp stone, and as this was formerly called the
+Nymph stone,[731] it is probable that in this instance the Imp stone was
+a contraction of Imper or Imber stone--the Imp being the Nymph of the
+amber-dropping hair. The Scandinavians believed that the steed of the
+Mother Goddess Nat produced from its mouth a froth, which consisted of
+honey-dew, and that from its bridle dropped the dews in the dales in the
+morning: the same idea attached to the steeds of the Valkyre, or War
+Maidens, from whose manes, when shaken, dew dropped into the deep dales,
+whence harvests among the people.[732]
+
+Originally, _imp_ meant a scion, a graft, or an offspring, a sprout, or
+sprig: _sprig_, _spright_, _spirit_, _spirt_, _sprout_, and _sprack_ (an
+old English word meaning lively, perky, or pert), are all radically
+_pr_: in London the sparrow "was supposed to be the soul of a dead
+person";[733] in Kent, a sparrow is termed a _sprug_, whence it would
+appear that this pert, perky, little bird was once a symbol of the
+sprightly sprout, sprite, or spirit.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 372.--Six-winged angel holding lance, wings
+                 crossed on breast, arrayed in robe and mantle. (From
+                 Didron.)]
+
+Stow mentions that the fair parish church of St. Michael called
+Paternoster when new built, was made a college of St. Spirit and St.
+Mary. All birds in general were symbols of St. Spirit, but more
+particularly the Columba or Culver,[734] which was pre-eminently the
+emblem of Great Holy Vere: we have already illustrated a half white,
+half black, six-winged representation of this sacred sign of simplicity
+and love, and the six-winged angel here reproduced is, doubtless,
+another expression of the far-spread idea:--
+
+          The embodied spirit has a thousand heads,
+          A thousand eyes, a thousand feet, around
+          On every side, enveloping the earth,
+          Yet filling space no larger than a span.
+          He is himself this very universe;
+          He is whatever is, has been, and shall be;
+          He is the lord of immortality.[735]
+
+It is difficult to conceive any filthiness or evil of the dove, yet the
+hagiologists mention "a foul dove or black culver," which is said to
+have flown around the head of a certain holy Father named Nonnon.[736]
+We may connote this Nonnon with Nonna or Non, the reputed mother of St.
+David, for of St. David, we are told, his birth was heralded by angels
+thirty years before the event, and that among other miracles (such as
+restoring sight to the blind), doves settled on his shoulders. Dave or
+Davy is the same word as dove; in Welsh _dof_ means _gentle_, and it is
+more probable that the gentle dove derived its title from this word than
+as officially surmised from the Anglo-Saxon _dufan_, "to plunge into".
+According to Skeat, _dove_ means literally _diver_, but doves neither
+dive nor plunge into anything: they have not even a diving flight. The
+Welsh are known familiarly as Taffys, and the Church of Llan_daff_ is
+supposed to mean Church on the River Taff: it is more probable that
+Llandaff was a shrine of the Holy Dove, and that David with the doves
+upon his shoulder was a personification of the Holy Spirit or Wisdom.
+_Non_ is the Latin for _not_, and the black dove associated with Nonnon
+or _not not_ was no doubt a representation of that _Neg_ation,
+non-existence or inscrutable void, which existed before the world was,
+and is otherwise termed Chaos or Cause. That Wisdom or the Holy Spirit
+was conceived as the primal and inscrutable _Darkness_, is evident from
+the statement in _The Wisdom of Solomon_: "For God loveth none but him
+that dwelleth with Wisdom. For she is more beautiful than the sun, and
+above all the orders of stars: being compared with the light _she is
+found before it_."
+
+The Nonnon of whom "it seemed that a foul dove or black culver flew
+about him whilst he was at Mass at the alter" was said to be the Bishop
+of Heliopolis, _i.e._, the city of the Sun, and he comes under notice
+in connection with St. Pelagienne--"said of _pelagus_ which is as much
+to say as the _sea_". The interpretation further placed upon St.
+Pelagienne is that "she was the sea of iniquity, and the flood of sins,
+but she plunged after into the sea of tears and washed her in the flood
+of baptism". That poor Pelagienne was the Water Mother of Mary Morgan is
+implied further by the fragment of autobiography--"I have been called
+from my birth Pelagienne, but for the pomp of my clothing men call me
+Margaret":[737] we have seen that Pope Joanna of Engelheim was also
+called Margaret, whence it is to be suspected that although it is true
+that _pelagus_ meant _the sea_ St. Pelagienne was primarily the _Bella_
+or beautiful _Jeanne_, _i.e._, Mary Morgan or Morgiana.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 373 to 376.--Greek. From Barthelemy.]
+
+On the coins of King _Janus_ of Sicily there figured a dove; _jonah_,
+_yuneh_, or _Ione_ are the Hebrew and Greek terms for dove; the Ionian
+Greeks were worshippers of the dove, and the consociation of St. Columbe
+Kille or the "little dove of the church" with the Hebridean island of
+Iona is presumptive evidence of the worship of the dove in Iona. In the
+Rhodian Greek coins here illustrated the reverse represents the rhoda or
+rose of Rhodes, and the obverse head may be connoted with the story of
+St. Davy with the dove settled on his shoulder: that the dove was also
+an English emblem is obvious from the British coins, Figs. 377 to 384;
+the dove will also be found frequently introduced on the contemned
+_sceattae_ illustrated _ante_, page 364.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 377.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 378.--British. From Evans.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 379 to 384.--British (Channel Islands). From
+                 Barthelemy.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 385.--The Father, Represented as Slightly
+                 Different to the Son. French Miniature of the Close of
+                 the XIII. Cent. From _Christian Iconography_
+                 (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 386.--The Divine Dove, in a Radiating Aureole.
+                 From a French Miniature of the XV. Cent. From
+                 _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 387.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 388.--God the Father, with a Bi-Triangular
+                 Nimbus; God the Son, with a Circular Nimbus; God the
+                 Holy Ghost, without a Nimbus, and within an Aureole.
+                 (Fresco at Mount Athos.) From _Christian Iconography_
+                 (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 389.--The Three Divine Persons, Adorned with the
+                 Cruciform Nimbus. Miniature of the close of the XIII.
+                 Cent. MS. in the Bibliothèque Royale. From _Christian
+                 Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 390.--God the Father, and God the Son, with
+                 Features Exactly Identical. French Miniature of the
+                 commencement of the XIII. Cent. From _Christian
+                 Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+Among the golden treasures unearthed by Schliemann at Mykenae was a
+miniature "model of a temple" on which are seated two pigeons with
+uplifted wings:[738] among the curious and interesting happenings which
+occurred during the childhood of the Virgin Mary it is recorded that
+"Mary was in the Temple of the Lord as if she were a dove that dwelt
+there, and she received food as from the hand of an angel": Fig. 380
+appears to illustrate this dove dwelling in a Temple. The legend
+continues that when the Holy Virgin attained the age of twelve years
+the Angel of the Lord caused an assembly of all the widowers each of
+whom was ordained to bring with him his rod: the High Priest then took
+these rods and prayed over them, but there came no sign: at last Joseph
+took his rod "and behold a dove came out of the rod and flew upon
+Joseph's head".[739] It is said by Lucian that in the most sacred part
+of the temple of Hieropolis, the holy city of Syria, were three figures
+of which the centre one had a golden dove upon its head: not only was no
+name given to this, but the priests said nothing concerning its origin
+or form, calling it simply "The sign": according to the British
+Bards--"To Addav came the sign. It was taught by Alpha, and it was the
+earliest polished melody of Holy God, and by a wise mouth it was
+canticled." There is little doubt that the descending dove with wings
+outstretched was a variant of the three rays or Broad Arrow, that the
+_awen_ was the _Iona_, and that this same idea was conveyed by the
+Three _ains_, or _eyen_, Eyes, Golden Balls, or pawnbroker's sign. It is
+recorded of St. Nicholas of Bari, the patron saint of pawnbrokers, that
+immediately he was born he stood up in the basin in which he was being
+washed and remained with hands clasped, and uplifted eyes, for two
+hours: in later life he became wealthy, and threw into a window on three
+successive nights a bag of gold as a dowry for three impoverished and
+sore-tempted maidens. In commemoration of these three bags of gold St.
+Nicholas became the patron saint of pawnbrokers whose sign of the Three
+Golden Balls is a conversion of the three anonymous gifts.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 391.--From Barthelemy.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 392.--British (Channel Islands). From
+                 Barthelemy.]
+
+In Hebrew the Three Apples, Eyes, or Golden Balls are called _ains_ or
+fountains of living water, and to this day in Wales a spring of water is
+called in Welsh the Eye of the Fountain or the Water Spring. It will be
+remembered that the sister of St. Nonna, and therefore the aunt of St.
+Davy, was denominated Gwen of the Three Breasts, _Tierbron_, or three
+breasts, may be connoted with three-eyed Thor, and the combination of
+Eyes and Sprigs is conspicuously noticeable in Fig. 39, page 364: one
+will also note the head of No. 49 on the same plate.
+
+The Three Holy Children on the reverse of Fig. 391--a Byzantine
+coin--are presumably the offspring of St. Michael _alias_ Nichol on the
+obverse: the arms of Cornwall consist of fifteen golden balls called
+_besants_; the county motto is One and All. Of St. Nicholas of Tolentino
+who became a friar at the age of _eleven_, we are told that a star
+rested over his altar and preceded him when he walked, and he is
+represented in Art with a lily in his hand--the symbol of his pure
+life--and a star over his head: that Nicolette was identified with the
+Little Star or Stella Maris is clear from Troubadour _chansons_, such as
+the following from that small classic _Aucassin and Nicolette_--
+
+          Little Star I gaze upon,
+          Sweetly drawing to the moon,
+          In such golden haunt is set
+          Love, and bright-haired Nicolette.
+          God hath taken from our war
+          Beauty, like a shining star.
+          Ah, to reach her, though I fell
+          From her Heaven to my Hell.
+          Who were worthy such a thing,
+          Were he emperor or king?
+          Still you shine, oh, perfect Star,
+                Beyond, afar.
+
+It is impossible to say whether the three-eyed elphin faces illustrated
+_ante_, page 381, are asters, marguerites, marigolds, or suns: in the
+centre of one of them is a heart, and without doubt they one and all
+symbolised the Great Amour or Margret. During excavations at Jerusalem
+in 1871, the symbol of Three Balls was discovered under the Temple of
+King Solomon on Mount Moriah: this temple was circular, and it is
+probable that the name Moriah meant originally Moreye or Big Eye. That
+the three cavities in question were once ains or eyes is implied by the
+explorer's statement: "Within this recess are three cylindrical holes
+5-1/4 inches in diameter, the lines joining their centres forming the
+sides of an equilateral triangle. Below this appears once to have been a
+basin to collect the water, but whatever has been there, it has been
+violently removed ... there can be little doubt that this is an ancient
+overflow from the Birket Israil."[740] It is probable that the measure
+of these three cup-like holes was once 5 inches, and that the resultant
+fifteen had some original connection with the fifteen besants or basins
+of Byzantine Britain.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 393.--From _The Recovery of Jerusalem_ (Wilson
+                 and Warren).]
+
+With the _brook Birket Israil_ at Mount Moriah may be connoted the
+neighbouring "large pool called El Burak": the existence on Mount Moriah
+of subterranean cisterns or basins known as Solomon's Stables renders it
+probable that El Burak was El Borak, the fabulous white steed upon which
+the faithful Mussulman expects one day to ride. The Eyes of the British
+broks or nags here illustrated are curiously prominent, and in Fig. 396
+the _eleven_-eared wheat sprig is springing from a trefoil: with the
+lily surmounting the CUNO steed may be connoted the two stars or morrow
+stars which frequently decorate this triune emblem of Good Deed, Good
+Thought, Good Word: they may be seen to-day on the badges of those
+little Knights of To-morrow, the Boy Scouts.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 394 to 396.--British. From Evans.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 397.--British (Channel Islands). From
+                 Barthelemy.]
+
+The lily appears in the hand of the PIXTILOS figure here illustrated,
+and among the Pictish emblems found on the vitrified fort at Anwath in
+Scotland is the puckish design illustrated on page 496, Fig. 293. This
+was probably a purely symbolic and elementary form of the dolorous and
+pensive St. John which Christianity figured with a pair of marigolds or
+marguerites in lieu of feathers or antennae.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 398.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 399.--From _An Essay on Ancient Gems_ (Walsh,
+                 R.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 400.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 401 and 402.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+  [Illustration: Fig. 403.--From _Symbolism of the East and West_
+                 (Aynsley, Mrs. Murray).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 404.--English Eighteenth Century Printer's
+                 Ornament.]
+
+Accompanying the Pictish inscription in question were the elaborate
+barnacles or spectacles reproduced _ante_, page 495: in Crete the
+barnacles, as illustrated on page 494, are found humanised by a small
+winged figure holding a wand, and the general effect of the two circles
+when superimposed is that of the figure 8. The nine-rayed ABRACAX lion
+as portrayed by the Gnostics, and doubtless a variant of Abracadabra,
+has its serpentine body twined into an 8; on a Longstone in Brittany
+there is a figure holding an 8 tipped staff, and the same emblem will be
+noticed on the coins of the Longostaliti, a _Gaul_ish people who
+seemingly were so ghoulish as to venerate a _cal_ix or _caul_dron: from
+the _pair dadeni_ or cauldron of renaissance represented on these astral
+coins it will be noticed there are emerging two stars and other
+interesting nicknacks. The locks of hair on the astral figure
+represented on the coins of Marseilles--a city founded by a colony of
+Phocean Greeks from Ionia--number exactly eight: in Scotland we have
+traced the memory of eight ancient hags, the Mothers of the World: in
+Valencia we have noted the procession of eight scrupulously coiffured
+Giants, and there is very little doubt that the eight survivors of the
+Flood,[741] by whom the world was re-peopled, is a re-statement of the
+same idea of the Gods of the four quarters and their Consorts. In
+connection with the Ogdoad or Octet of eight gods one may connote the
+curious erection which once decorated the London Guildhall, the seat of
+Gogmagog:[742] here, "on each side of the flight of steps was an
+_octangular_ turreted gallery, balustraded, having an office in each,
+appropriated to the hallkeeper: these galleries assumed the appearance
+of arbours from being each surrounded by six palm-trees in ironwork, the
+foliage of which gave support to a large balcony, having in front a
+clock (with three dials) elaborately ornamented, and underneath a
+representation of the Sun, resplendent with gilding; the clock frame was
+of oak. At the angles were the cardinal virtues, and on the top a
+curious figure of Time with a young child in his arms."[743] At the
+village of _Thame_-on-Thames, which the authorities state meant _rest,
+quiet_, otherwise _tame_ or kindly, gentle _Time_, there is a celebrated
+figure of St. Kitt, _alias_ Father Time, with the little figure of New
+Time or _Change_ upon his shoulder. In Etruria a parallel idea would
+seem to have been current, for Mrs. Hamilton Gray describes an Etruscan
+work of art inscribed "Isis nourishing Horus, or Truth teaching
+Time".[744] It is most unusual to find the Twins depicted as old men, or
+Bald ones with the mystic Lock of Horus on their foreheads, but in the
+eighteenth-century emblem here reproduced the intention of the deviser
+is unmistakable, and the central Sun is supported by two Times.
+
+In a cave situated at the cross roads at Royston in Hertfordshire, there
+is the figure of St. Kitt beneath which are apparently eight other
+figures: these are assumedly "other saints," but the Christian Church
+does not assign any singular pre-eminence to St. Christopher, and the
+decorators of the Royston Cave evidently regarded St. Kitt as the
+Supreme One or God Himself. It is abundantly evident that to our
+ancestors Kit or Kate was God, Giant, Jeyantt,[745] or Good John: that
+he was deemed the deity of the ocean is obvious from instances where the
+water in which he stands is full of crabs, dolphins, and other ocean
+creatures. I have suggested that Christopher was a representation of
+_dad_ or Death carrying the soul over the river of Death, _i.e._,
+"Dowdy" with the spriggan on his back. Among sailors Death is known
+familiarly as "Old Nick," "Old Davy," or "Davy Jones," and in
+Cornwall they have a curious and inexplicable saying: "as ancient as the
+Flood of Dava". I think this Dava must have been the genius of the
+rivers Dove, Taff and Tavy.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 405.--St. Christopher. From Royston Cave.
+                                               [_To face page 640._ ]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 406.--Mediæval Paper mark. From _Les Filigranes_
+                 (Briquet, C. M.).]
+
+That Kit was connected with the eight of the Cretan Eros figure is
+further implied by the fact that on the summit of a lofty hill near
+Royston or Roystone there is, or was, a "hollow oval". The length of
+this prehistoric monument was stated in 1856 as about 31 feet
+(originally 33?) and its breadth about 22 feet. "Within this bank are
+two circular excavations meeting together in the middle and nearly
+forming the figure eight. Both excavations descend by concentric and
+contracting rings to the walls which form the sides of the
+chambers."[746] From this description the monument would appear to be
+identical in design with the 8-in-an-oval emblem here illustrated, a
+mediæval papermark traceable to the Italian town of St. Donino. Examples
+of twin earthwork circles forming the figure 8 are not unknown in
+Ireland.
+
+At Royston, which, as we shall see, was the Lady Roesia's town, is a
+place called Cocken Hatch, but whether this is the site of the
+eight-form monument in question, I am unaware: in the megalithic stone
+illustrated on p. 638 the Cadi is not only holding an 8 on the tip of
+his _caduceus_, but he has also a _cadet_ or little son by the hand:
+_cadi_ is Arabic for a _judge_, and in Wales the Cadi no doubt acted as
+the final judge. In Celtic the word _cad_ meant war, an implication
+that in one of his aspects Ked or St. Kitt was the ever-victorious
+Michael or the all-conquering Nike: there is a Berkshire ballad extant,
+in which the word _caddling_, meaning fighting, is employed, yet
+caddling is the same word as _cuddling_. In Scotland, _caddie_ means a
+messenger or errand boy: Mercury or Hermes was the Messenger of the
+Gods: among the Greeks, Iris was the Messenger, and Iris was
+unquestionably the Turkish Orus or St. George. In Arabia, St. George is
+known as El Khoudr, and it is believed that El Khoudr is not yet dead,
+but still flies round and round the world: in a subsequent chapter it
+will be shown that Orus is the same as Horus the Egyptian dragon-slayer;
+hence Giggras, another of St. George's titles, may be resolved into
+Mighty Mighty Horus or Eros, and it is possible that the Pictish town of
+Delginross should read _Tall King Eros_.
+
+The eleven rows of rocks at Carnac extend, it is said, for _eight_
+miles, and at the neighbouring Er-lanic are two megalithic circles, one
+dipping into the sea, the other submerged in deep water: according to
+Baring-Gould, these two rings are juxtaposed, forming an 8, and lie on
+the south-east of the island; the first circle consists of 180 stones
+(twice _nine_), but several are fallen, and it can only be seen complete
+when the tide is out; one stone is 16 feet high; the second circle can
+be seen only at low tide.[747]
+
+It is probable that the measurements of the Venus de Quinipily,
+illustrated on p. 530, are not without significance: the statue stands
+upon a pedestal, 9 feet high, and the figure itself rises 8 feet
+high.[748] With eight may be further connoted the eastern teaching of
+the "Noble Eightfold Path," and also the belief of Western Freemasonry
+as stated in Mackey's _Lexicon of Freemasonry_: "Eight was esteemed as
+the first cube (2 × 2 × 2), and signified friendship, prudence, counsel,
+and justice. It designated the primitive Law of Nature, which supposes
+all men to be equal." The root of _eight_, _octave_, and _octet_ or
+_ogdoad_ is _Og_, the primeval giant, who, as we have seen, was reputed
+to have waded alongside the ark with its eight primordial passengers.
+
+When flourishing, the megalithic monument at Carnac must have dwarfed
+our dual-circled, two-mile shrine at Avebury: "The labour of its
+erection," to quote from Deane, "may be imagined from the fact that it
+originally consisted of eleven rows of stones, about 10,000 in number,
+of which more than 300 averaged from 15 to 17 feet in height, and from
+16 to 20 or 30 feet in girth; one stone even measuring 42 feet in
+circumference".
+
+One of the commonest of sepulchral finds in Brittany is the stone axe,
+sometimes banded in alternate stripes of black and white: the axe was
+pre-eminently a Cretan emblem, and my suggestion that the Carnac stones
+were originally erected to the honour of St. Ursula and the 11,000
+Virgins is somewhat strengthened by the coincidence that the London
+Church of St. Mary Axe was closely and curiously identified with the
+legend. According to Stow: "In St. Marie Street had ye of old time a
+parish church of St. Marie the Virgin, St. Ursula and the 11,000
+Virgins, whose church was commonly called St. Marie at the Axe of the
+sign of an axe over against the east, and thereof on St. Marie
+Pellipar". In view of the fact that the town of Ypres boasted an
+enormous collection of relics of the 11,000 Virgins, the title Pellipar
+may be reasonably resolved into _Belle power_: the Cretan axe or double
+axe symbolised almighty _power_.[749]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 407.--Bronze statuette, Despeña Perros.
+
+                 FIG. 408.--Bronze statuette, Aust-on-Severn, Gloucs.
+
+                 From _A Guide to the Antiquities of the Bronze Age_
+                 (B.M.).]
+
+According to an Assyrian hymn, Istar, the immaculate great _Star_, the
+"Lady Ruler of the Host of Heaven," the "Lady of Ladies," "Goddess
+without peer," who shaped the lives of all mankind was the "Stately
+world-Queen sov'ran of the Sky".
+
+        Adored art thou in every sacred place,
+        In temples, holy dwellings, and in shrines.
+        Where is thy name not lauded? Where thy will
+        Unheeded, and thy images not made?[750]
+
+In the caves or "fetish shrines" of Crete have been found rude figurines
+of the Mother and the Child, and it is probable that the pathetically
+crude bronze statuettes here illustrated represent the austere wielder
+of the wand of doom. Fig. 407 comes from Iberia where it was discovered
+in the vicinity of what was undoubtedly a shrine near the pass over the
+Sierra _Morena_ at Despena _Perros_: Fig. 408 comes from the English
+village of Aust-on-Severn. The place-name Aust appears in Domesday as
+Austreclive, and the authorities suppose it to have meant "not _East_ as
+often thought, but the Roman Augusta": I doubt whether any Roman Augusta
+ever troubled to claim a mere cleeve, and it is more probable that
+Austreclive was a cleft or pass sacred to the austere Austre. There is
+an Austrey at Atherstone, an Austerfield at Bawtry, and an "Austrells"
+at Aldridge: this latter, which may be connoted with the Oyster Hills
+round Verulam, the authorities assume to have meant "Austerhill, hill of
+the hearth, forge or furnace". That Istar was the mighty Hammer Smith is
+probable, for the archaic hymnist writes:--
+
+                                    I thee adore--
+        The gift of strength is thine for thou art strong.
+
+In all likelihood the head-dress of our figurines was intended to denote
+the crescent moon for the same hymnist continues:--
+
+                              O Light divine,
+        Gleaming in lofty splendour over the earth,
+        Heroic daughter of the moon, O hear!
+                              O stately Queen,
+        At thought of thee the world is filled with fear,
+        The gods in heaven quake, and on the earth
+        All spirits pause and all mankind bow down
+        With reverence for thy name ... O Lady Judge
+        Thy ways are just and holy; thou dost gaze
+        On sinners with compassion, and each morn
+        Leadest the wayward to the rightful path.
+        Now linger not, but come! O goddess fair,
+        O Shepherdess of all, thou drawest nigh
+        With feet unwearied.
+
+I have suggested that the circle of Long Meg and her daughters
+originally embodying the idea of a Marygold, Marguerite, or Aster, was
+erected to the honour of St. Margaret the Peggy, or Pearl of Price, and
+it is possible that the oyster or producer of the pearl may have derived
+its name from Easter or Ostara: that Astarte was St. Margaret is obvious
+from the effigies herewith, and the connection is further pointed by the
+already noted fact that in the neighbourhood of St. Margaret's,
+Westminster, there prevailed traditions of a Giantess named Long Meg.
+This powerful Maiden was evidently Margaret or Invicta, on the
+War-path, her pugilistic exploits being far-famed: it is particularly
+related that Long Meg distinguished herself in the wars at Bulloigne,
+whence it will probably prove that "Bulloigne" was associated with the
+War Maid whom the Romans termed Bellona, and that both Bulloigne and
+Bologna were originally shrines of Bello gina, either the _Beautiful
+Woman_ or the _War Queen_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 409.--St. Margaret. From Westminster Abbey. From
+                 _The Cross: Christian and Heathen_ (Brock, M.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 410.--Astarte, the Syrian Venus. From a Coin in
+                 the British Museum. From _The Cross: Christian and
+                 Heathen_ (Brock, M.).]
+
+That Istar, "the heroic daughter of the moon," was Bellona or the Queen
+of War is clear from the invocation--
+
+                                  O hear!
+        Thou dost control our weapons and award
+        In battles fierce the Victory at will,
+        O crowned majestic Fate. Ishtar most high,
+        Who art exalted above all the gods,
+        Thou bringest lamentation; thou dost urge
+        With hostile hearts our brethren to the fray.
+        _The gift of strength is thine for thou art strong_,
+        Thy will is urgent brooking no delay,
+        Thy hand is violent, thou _queen of war_,
+        Girded with battle and enrobed with fear,
+        Thou sov'ran wealder of the wand of Doom,
+        The heavens and earth are under thy control.
+
+There is very little doubt that the heroic Long Meg of Westminster was
+alternatively the Mary Ambree of old English ballad: in Ben Jonson's
+time apparently any remarkable virago was entitled a Mary Ambree, and
+the name seems to have been particularly associated with Ghent.[751] As
+the word Ambree is radically _bree_, it is curious to find John of
+Gaunt, who is associated with Kensington, also associated with Carn Brea
+in Cornwall: here, old John of Gaunt is believed to have been the last
+of the giants, and to have lived in a castle on the top of Carn Brea,
+whence in one stride he could pass to a neighbouring town four miles
+distant. The Heraldic Chain of SSS was known as John of Gaunt's chain:
+the symbol of SSS occurs frequently on Candian or Cretan monuments, and
+it is probable that John of Gaunt's chain was originally Jupiter's, or
+Brea's chain.[752]
+
+The name Ghent, Gand, or Gaunt may be connoted not only with Kent or
+Cantium, and Candia or Crete, but also with Dr. Lardner's statement:
+"That the full moon was the chief feast among the ancient Spaniards is
+evident from the fact that _Agandia or Astartia_ is the name for Sunday
+among the Basques".
+
+We have already seen that Cain was identified with "the Man in the
+Moon," that _cann_ was the Cornish for _full moon_, and we have connoted
+the fairy Kenna of Kensington with the New Moon: the old English
+_cain_, meaning _fair_ or bright, is clearly connected with _candid_
+and _candescent_. Kenna is the saint to whom the village of Keynsham on
+the Somersetshire Avon is dedicated, and St. Kenna is said there to have
+lived in the heart of a wood. To the north of Kensington lies St. John's
+Wood, and also the ancient seat named Caen or Ken Wood: this Ken Wood,
+which is on the heights of Highgate, and is higher than the summit of
+St. Paul's, commands a panoramic view of the metropolis that can nowhere
+else be matched. Akin to the words _ken_, _cunning_, and _canny_, is the
+Christian name Conan which is interpreted as being Celtic for _wisdom_.
+The Celtic names Kean and Kenny--no doubt akin to Coyne--meant _vast_,
+and in Cornish _ken_ meant _pity_. On the river Taff there is a
+Llan_gain_ of which the church is dedicated to St. Canna, and on the
+Welsh river Canna there is a Llan_ganna_ or Llan_gan_: at Llan_daff_ by
+Car_diff_ is Canon's Park.
+
+There is a celebrated well in Cornwall known as St Kean's, St. Kayne's,
+St. Keyne's, or St. Kenna's, and the supposed peculiarity of this
+fountain is that it confers mastery or chieftainship upon whichever of a
+newly-wedded couple first drinks at it after marriage. St. Kayne or St.
+Kenna is also said to have visited St. Michael's Mount, and to have
+imparted the very same virtue to a stone seat situated dizzily on the
+height of the chapel tower: "whichever, man or wife, sits in this chair
+first _shall rule_ through life": this double tradition associating rule
+and mastery with St. Kayne makes it justifiable to equate the "Saint"
+with _kyn_, _princess_ and with _khan_ the _great Han_ or King. There
+was a well at Chun Castle whose waters supposedly bestowed perpetual
+youth: _can_, meaning a drinking vessel, is the root of _canal_,
+_channel_, or _kennel_, meaning water course: we have already connoted
+the word _demijohn_ or Dame Jeanne with the Cornish well termed Joan's
+Pitcher, and this root is seemingly responsible for _canopus_, the
+Egyptian and Greek term for the human-headed type of vase as illustrated
+on page 301. A writer in _Notes and Queries_ for 3rd January, 1852,
+quotes the following song sung by children in South Wales on New Year's
+morning, _i.e._, 1st January, when carrying a can of water newly drawn
+from the well:--
+
+          Here we bring new water
+            From the well so clear,
+          For to worship God with
+            The happy New Year.
+          Sing levez dew, sing levez dew,
+            The water and the wine;
+          The seven bright gold wires
+            And the bugles they do shine.
+
+          Sing reign of Fair Maid
+            With gold upon her toe,
+          Open you the west door,
+            and let the old Year go.
+          Sing reign of Fair Maid
+            With gold upon her chin,
+          Open you the east door,
+            And let the New Year in.
+
+We have traced Maggie Figgy of St. Levan on her titanic chair
+supervising the surging waters of the ocean, and there is little doubt
+that the throne of St. Michael's was the corresponding seat of Micah,
+the Almighty King or Great One. The equation of Michael = Kayne may be
+connoted with the London Church now known as St. Nicholas _Acon_: this
+name appearing mysteriously in ancient documents as alternatively
+"Acun," "Hakoun," "Hakun," and "Achun" it is supposed may have denoted
+a benefactor of the building. In Cornish _ughan_ or _aughan_ meant
+_supreme_; in Welsh _echen_ meant _origins_ or _sources_,[753] and as
+_Nicholas_ is the same word as _nucleus_ it is impossible now to say
+whether St. Nicholas Acon was a shrine of the _Great One_ or of _echen_
+the little Nicholas or _nucleus_. Probably as figured at Royston where
+Kitt is bearing the Cadet or the small _chit_ upon his shoulder, the two
+conceptions were concurrent: on the opposite side of the Royston Cave is
+figured St. Katherine, Kathleen, or Kate: Catarina means _the pure one_,
+but _catha_ as in _catholic_ also means the universal, and there is no
+doubt that St. Kathleen or Kate was a personification of the Queen of
+the Universe.
+
+Cendwen or Keridwen, _alias_ Ked, was represented by the British Bards
+as a mare, whale, or ark, whence emerged the universe: the story of
+Jonah and the whale is a variant of the Ark legend, and it is not
+without significance that the Hebridean island of Iona is identified as
+the locale of a miraculous "Whale of wondrous and immense size lifting
+itself up like a mountain floating on the surface".[754] Notwithstanding
+the forbidding aspect of this monster, St. Columba's disciple quiets the
+fears of his companion by the assurance: "Go in peace; thy faith in
+Christ shall defend thee from this danger, I and that beast are under
+the power of God".
+
+It has been seen that Night was not necessarily esteemed as evil, nor
+were the nether regions considered to be outside the radius of the
+Almighty: that Nicholas, Nixy, or Nox was the black or nether deity is
+obvious, yet without doubt he was the same conception as the Babylonish
+"exalted One of the nether world, Him of the radiant face, yea radiant;
+the exalted One of the nether world, Him of the dove-like voice, yea
+dove-like".[755]
+
+That St. Margaret was the White Dove rather than the foul Culver is
+probable from her representation as the Dragon-slayer, and it is
+commonly accepted that this almost world-wide emblem denoted Light
+subduing Darkness, Day conquering Night, or Good overcoming Evil. But
+there is another legend of St. Margaret to the effect that the maid so
+meek and mild was swallowed by a Dragon: her cross, however, haply stuck
+in its throat, and the beast perforce let her free by incontinently
+bursting (date uncertain); in Art St. Margaret therefore appears as
+holding a cross and rising from a dragon, although as Voragine candidly
+admits--"the story is thought to be apocryphal". We have seen that Magus
+or the Wandering Jew was credited with the feat of wriggling out of a
+post--"and they saw that he was no other than a beardless youth and fair
+faced": that the adventure of Maggie was the counterpart to that of
+Magus is rendered probable by the fact that St. Margaret's birth is
+assigned to Antioch, a city which was alternatively known as Jonah. With
+Jonah or Iona may be connoted the British Aeon--
+
+        Aeon hath seen age after age in long succession,
+        But like a serpent which has cast its skin,
+        Rose to new life in youthful vigour strong.
+
+In Calmet's _Biblical Dictionary_ there is illustrated a medal of
+ancient Corinth representing an old man in a state of decrepitude
+entering a whale, but on the same medal the old man renewed is shown to
+have come out of the same fish in a state of infancy.
+
+Among the Greeks Apollo or the Sun was represented as riding on a
+dolphin's back: the word _dolphin_ is connected with _delphus_, the
+womb, and doubtless also with _Delphi_, the great centre of Apollo
+worship and the legendary navel of the Universe. Alpha has been noted as
+the British name of Noah's wife, and it is probable that Delphi meant at
+one time the Divine Alpha or Elf: in the Iberian coin here illustrated
+(origin uncertain) the little Elf or spriggan is equipped with a cross;
+in the coin of Carteia (Spain) the inscription XIDD probably corresponds
+to the name which the British Bards wrote--"Ked".
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 411 and 412.--Iberian. From Akerman.]
+
+In India the Ark or Leviathan of Life is represented as half horse or
+half mare, and among the Phoenicians the word _hipha_ denoted both
+_mare_ and _ship_: in Britain the _Magna Mater_, Ked, was figured as the
+combination of an old giantess, a hen, a mare, and as a ship which set
+sail, lifted the Bard from the earth and swelled out like a ship upon
+the waters. Davies observes: "And that the ancient Britons actually did
+portray this character in the grotesque manner suggested by our Bard
+appears by several ancient British coins where we find a figure
+compounded of a bird, a boat, and a mare". The coin to which Davies here
+refers is that illustrated on page 596, Fig. 356: that the Babylonians
+built their ships in the combined form of a mare and fish is clear from
+the illustration overleaf.
+
+The most universal and generally understood emblem of peace is a dove
+bearing in its beak an olive-branch,[756] or sprig, and this emblem is
+intimately associated with the Ark: among the poems of the Welsh Bard
+Aneurin is the expectation--
+
+      The crowned Babe will come like Iona
+      Out of the belly of the whale; great will be his dignity.
+      He will place every one according to his merits,
+      He is the principal strong tower of the Kingdom.[757]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 413.--A Galley (Khorsabad). From _Nineveh_
+                 (Layard).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 414 and 415.--British (Channel Islands). From
+                 Barthelemy.]
+
+As Iona means dove, the culver on the hackney's back (Fig. 415) is
+evidently St. Columba, and the crowned Babe in Fig. 414 is in all
+probability that same "spriggan on Dowdy's back," or Elphin, as the
+British Bards speak so persistently and mysteriously of "liberating". In
+Egypt the spright is portrayed rising from a maculate or spotted beast,
+and in all these and parallel instances the emblem probably denoted
+rejuvenescence or new birth; either Spring _ex_ Winter, Change _ex_
+Time, the Seen from the Unseen, Amor _ex_ Nox, Visible from Invisible,
+or New from Old.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 416.--From _The Correspondences of Egypt_
+                 (Odhler).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 417.--Mediæval Papermark. From _Les Filigranes_
+                 (Briquet, C. M.).]
+
+The eight parents from the Ark may be connoted with Aught from Naught,
+for _eight_ is the same word as _aught_ and _naught_ is the same word as
+_night_, _nuit_, or _not_: _naughty_ means evil, whence the legend of
+Amor being born from Nox or Night might perhaps have been sublimated
+into the idea of Good emerging even from things noxious or
+nugatory.[758] Yet in the Cox and Box like rule of Night and Day the
+all-conquering Nikky was no doubt regarded as _unique_: "Shining and
+vanishing in the beauteous circle of the Hours, dwelling at one time in
+gloomy Tartarus, at another elevating himself to Olympus giving ripeness
+to the fruits": it is not unlikely that the ruddy _nectarine_ was
+assigned to him, and similarly _nectar_ the celestial drink of the gods,
+or _ambrosia_ in a liquid form.
+
+Of the universally recognised Dualism the black and white magpie was
+evidently an emblem, and the superstitions in connection with this bird
+are still potent. The Magpie is sometimes called Magot-pie, and
+Maggoty-pie, and for this etymology Skeat offers the following
+explanation: "Mag is short for Magot--French _Margot_, a familiar form
+of _Marguerite_, also used to denote a Magpie. This is from Latin
+_Margarita_, Greek _Margarites_, a pearl." There is no material
+connection between a pearl and a Magpie, but both objects were alike
+emblems of the same spiritual Power or Pair: between Margot and Istar
+the same equation is here found, for in Kent magpies were known
+popularly as _haggisters_.[759] Although I have deemed _hag_ to mean
+_high_ it will be remembered that in Greek _hagia_ meant holy, whence
+haggister may well have been understood as _holy ister_.
+
+Layamon in his _Brut_ mentions that the Britons at the time of Hengist's
+invasion "Oft speak stilly and discourse with whispers of two young men
+that dwell far hence; the one hight Uther the other Ambrosie". Of these
+fabulous Twain--the not altogether forgotten Two Kings of their
+ancestors--we may equate Uther with the _uter_ or womb of Night and
+Aurelie Ambrosie with Aurora the Golden Sunburst.
+
+It is probable that the Emporiae, some of whose elphin horse coins were
+reproduced on page 281, were worshippers of Aurelie Ambrosie or "St.
+Ambrose" of whom it will be remembered: "some said that they saw a star
+upon his body": it is also not unlikely that our Mary Ambree or Fair
+Ambree was the daughter of Amber, the divine Umpire and the Emperor of
+the Empyrean. The ballad recalls:--
+
+        There was none ever like Mary Ambree,
+        Shee led upp her souldiers in battaile array
+        'Gainst three times theyr number by breake of the day;
+        Seven howers in skirmish continued shee,
+        Was not this a brave bonny lasse, Mary Ambree?[760]
+
+The sex of this braw Maiden was disguised under a knight's panoply, and
+it was only when the fight was finished that her personality was
+revealed.
+
+        No captain of England; behold in your sight
+        Two breasts in my bosome, and therefore no knight,
+        No knight, sons of England, nor captain you see,
+        But a poor simple lass called Mary Ambree.
+
+If the reader will turn back to the Virago coins illustrated _ante_, p.
+596, which I think represent _Ked_ in the aspect of _Hecate_--the names
+are no doubt cognate--he will notice the pastoral crook of the little
+Shepherdess or Bishop of all souls, and there is little doubt that these
+figures depict what a Welsh Bard termed "the winged genius of the
+splendid crosier".
+
+Although Long Meg of Westminster was said to be a Virago, and was
+connected in popular opinion with "Bulloigne," it is not unlikely that
+Bulloigne was a misconception of Bulinga; the ornamental water of what
+is now St. James' Park is a reconstruction of what was originally known
+as Bulinga Fen, and in that swamp it is probable that
+Kitty-with-her-canstick, _alias_ Belinga the _Beautiful Angel_, was
+supposed to dwell. The name Bolingbroke implies the existence somewhere
+of a Bolinga's brook where Belle Inga might also probably have been seen
+"dancing to the cadence of the stream"; in Shropshire is an earthwork
+known as Billings Ring, and at Truro there is a Bolingey which is
+surmised to have meant "isle of the Bollings". These Bollings were
+presumably related to the Billings of Billingsgate and elsewhere,[761]
+and the Bellinge or Billing families were almost certainly connected
+with Billing, the race-hero of the Angles and Varnians. According to
+Rydberg the celestial Billing "represents the evening and the glow of
+twilight, and he is ruler of those regions of the world where the
+divinities of light find rest and peace": Billing was the divine
+defender of the Varnians or Varinians, which word, says Rydberg, "means
+'defenders' and the protection here referred to can be none other than
+that given to the journeying divinities of light when they have reached
+the Western horizon".[762]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG 418.--Adapted from the Salisbury Chapter Seal.
+                 From _The Cross: Christian and Pagan_ (Brock, M.).]
+
+That Billing and the Ingles were connected with Barkshire, the county of
+the Vale of the White Horse or Brok, is implied by place-names such as
+Billingbare by Inglemeer Pond in the East, by Inkpen Beacon--originally
+Ingepenne or Hingepenne--in the South, and by Inglesham near Fearnham
+and Farringdon in the West. Near Inglemeer is Shinfield and slightly
+westward is Sunning, which must once have been a place of uncanny
+sanctity for "it is amazing that so inconsiderable a village should have
+been the See of _eight_ Bishops translated afterwards to Sherborn and at
+last to Salisbury."[763] The seal of Salisbury represents the Maiden of
+the Sun and Moon, and it is probable that the place-name Maidenhead,
+originally Madenheith, near Marlow (Domesday Merlawe--Mary low or hill?)
+did not, as Skeat so aggressively assumes, mean a _hythe_ or landing
+place for maidens, but Maiden_heath_, a heath or mead sacred to the braw
+Maiden.
+
+With the Farens and the Varenians may be connoted the Cornish village of
+Trevarren or the abode of Varren: this is in the parish of St. Columb,
+where Columba the Dove is commemorated not as a man but as a Virgin
+Martyr. Many, if not all, Cornish villages had their so-called "Sentry
+field" and the Broad Sanctuary at St. Margaret's, Westminster, no doubt
+marks the site of some such sanctuary or city of refuge as will be
+considered in a following chapter. That St. Margaret the Meek or Long
+Meg was the _Bride_ of the adjacent St. Peter is a reasonable inference,
+and it is probable that "Broad Sanctuary" was originally hers. According
+to _The Golden Legend_: "Margaret is Maid of a precious gem or
+ouche[764] that is named a Margaret. So the blessed Margaret was white
+by virginity, little by humility, and virtuous by operation. The virtue
+of this stone is said to be against effusion of blood, against passion
+of the heart, and to comfortation of the spirit." I am unable to trace
+any immediate connection between St. Margaret and the Dove, but an
+original relation is implied by the epithets which are bestowed by the
+Gaels to St. Columbkille of Iona who is entitled "The Precious Gem,"
+"The Royal Bright Star," "The Meek," "The Wise," and "The Divine Branch
+who was in the yoke of the Pure Mysteries of God". These are titles
+older than the worthy monk whose biography was written by Adamnan: they
+belong to the archetypal Columba or Culver. There is a river Columb in
+Devonshire upon which stands the town of Cullompton: in Kent is Reculver
+once a Royal town of which "the root is unknown, but the present form
+has been influenced by old English _culfre_, _culfer_, a culver-dove or
+wood-pigeon".
+
+That St. Columba of Iona was both the White and the Black Culver is
+implied by his two names of Colum (dove) and Crimthain (wolf): that the
+great Night-dog or wolf was for some reason connected with the _nutrix_
+(_vide_ the coin illustrated on page 364, and the Etrurian Romulus and
+Remus legend) is obvious, apart from the significance of the word _wolf_
+which is radically _olf_. Columbas' mother, we are told, was a certain
+royal Ethne, the _eleventh_ in descent from Cathair Mor, a King of
+Leinster: Leinster was a _stadr_, _ster_, or place of the Laginenses,
+and that Columba was a personification of Young Lagin or the Little
+_Holy King_ of Yule is implied (apart from much other evidence) in the
+story that one of his visitors "could by no means look upon his face,
+suffused as it was with a marvellous glow, and he immediately fled in
+great fear".
+
+Among the Gaels the Little Holy King of Tir an Og, or the Land of the
+Young, was Angus Og or Angus the youthful: when discussing Angus
+(_excellent virtue_) in connection with the ancient goose and the cain
+goose I was unaware that the Greek for goose is _ken_. In the far-away
+Hebrides the men, women, and children of Barra and South Uist (or Aust?)
+still hold to a primitive faith in St. Columba, St. Bride, or St. Mary,
+and as a shealing hymn they sing the following astonishingly beautiful
+folk-song:--
+
+        Thou, gentle Michael of the white steed,
+        Who subdued the Dragon of blood,
+        For love of God and the Son of Mary
+        Spread over us thy wing, shield us all!
+        Spread over us thy wing, shield us all!
+
+        Mary, beloved! Mother of the White Lamb
+        Protect us, thou Virgin of nobleness,
+        Queen of Beauty! Shepherdess of the flocks!
+        Keep our cattle, surround us together,
+        Keep our cattle, surround us together.
+
+        Thou Columkille, the friendly, the kind,
+        In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Spirit Holy,
+        Through the Three-in-One, through the Three,
+        Encompass us, guard our procession,
+        Encompass us, guard our procession.
+
+        Thou Father! Thou Son! Thou Spirit Holy!
+        Be the Three-One with us day and night,
+        On the Machair plain, on the mountain ridge,
+        The Three-One is with us, with His arm around our head,
+        The Three-One is with us, with His arm around our head.
+
+But the Boatmen of Barray sing for the last verse:--
+
+        Thou Father! Thou Son! Thou Spirit Holy!
+        Be the Three-One with us day and night,
+        And on the crested wave, or on the mountain side,
+        Our Mother is there, and Her arm is under our head,
+        Our Mother is there, and Her arm is under our head.[765]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [692] _The Evening Standard_, 12th Nov., 1918.
+
+   [693] _Ibid._
+
+   [694] _Ancient Britain_, p. 283.
+
+   [695] _Cf._ Stoughton, Rev. J., _Golden Legends of the Olden Time_,
+         p. 9.
+
+   [696] _Cf._ Stoughton, Rev. J., _Golden Legends of the Olden Time_,
+         p. 5.
+
+   [697] Wright, T., _Travels in the East_, p. 39.
+
+   [698] Windle, Sir B. C. A., _Life in Early Britain_, p. 116.
+
+   [699] Mitton, G. E., _Clerkenwell_, p. 79.
+
+   [700] B.M., _Guide to Antiquities of Stone Age_, p. 26.
+
+   [701] _Holy Wells of Cornwall._
+
+   [702] Mitton, G. E., _Mayfair_, p. 1.
+
+   [703] Walford, E., _Greater London_.
+
+   [704] Bonwick, E., _Irish Druids_, p. 208.
+
+   [705] Hardwick, C., _Traditions, Superstitions, and Folklore_, p.
+         34.
+
+   [706] The surname Brinsmoad still survives in the Primrose Hill
+         neighbourhood.
+
+   [707] _Faiths and Folklore_, ii., 401.
+
+   [708] Herbert, A., _Cyclops Christianus_, p. 114.
+
+   [709] _Ibid._, p. 114.
+
+   [710] _Travels in the East_, p. 28.
+
+   [711] Donnelly, I., _Atlantis_, p. 428.
+
+   [712] _Comparative Studies in Nursery Rhymes_, p. 82.
+
+   [713] Walford, E., _Greater London_, ii., 305.
+
+   [714] iii., 226.
+
+   [715] _A New Description of England_, p. 112.
+
+   [716] _A New Description of England_, p. 118.
+
+   [717] Walford, E., _Greater London_, i., 77.
+
+   [718] _Golden Legend_, iv., p. 235.
+
+   [719] _Cornish Feasts and Folklore_, p. 114.
+
+   [720] Stow, p. 217.
+
+   [721] In some parts this ceremony was known as "crying the Mare":
+         in Wales the horse of the guise or goose dancers was known as
+         Mari Lhwyd.
+
+   [722] Mrs. George of Sennen Cove.
+
+   [723] Irvine, C., _St. Brighid and her Times_, p. 6.
+
+   [724] _Greater London_, l., p. 40.
+
+   [725] Quoted, _St. Brighid and Her Times_, p. 7.
+
+   [726] Keightley, I., _F. M._, pp. 139-49.
+
+   [727] Huyshe, W., _Life of Columba_, p. 129.
+
+   [728] _De Bello Gallico_, p. 121.
+
+   [729] See Appendix B, p. 873.
+
+   [730] _Cf._ Courtney, Miss M. E., _Cornish Feasts and Folklore_, p.
+         105.
+
+   [731] Wilson, J., _Imperial Gazetteer_, i., 1042.
+
+   [732] Rydberg, V., _Teutonic Mythology_, p. 361.
+
+   [733] Windle, Sir B. C. A., _Life in Early Britain_, p. 63.
+
+   [734] The _cul_ of _culver_ or _culfre_ and _columba_ was probably
+         the Irish _Kil_: hence the _umba_ of _columba_ may be
+         connoted with _imp_.
+
+   [735] Rig-Veda (mandala X, 90).
+
+   [736] _Golden Legend_, v., 235.
+
+   [737] _Golden Legend_, v., 236.
+
+   [738] Mykenae, p. 267.
+
+   [739] Stoughton, Dr. J., _Golden Legends of the Olden Time_, p. 9.
+
+   [740] Wilson and Warren, _The Recovery of Jerusalem_, i., 166.
+
+   [741] Noah, Shem, Ham, Japhet, and their respective wives.
+
+   [742] Gogmagog is also found at Uriconium, now Wroxeter, in
+         Shropshire. Since suggesting a connection between Gog and
+         Coggeshall in Essex, I find that Coggeshall was traditionally
+         associated with a giant whose remains were said to have been
+         found. _Cf._ Hardwick, C., _Traditions, Superstitions and
+         Folklore_, p. 205.
+
+   [743] Thornbury, W., _Old and New London_, i., 386.
+
+   [744] _Sepulchres of Ancient Etruria_, p. 16.
+
+   [745] The civic giant of Salisbury is named Christopher.
+
+   [746] _Archæologia_, from _The Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. i., p.
+         124.
+
+   [747] _Brittany_, p. 232.
+
+   [748] Aynsley, Mrs. Murray, _Symbolism of the East and West_, p.
+         87.
+
+   [749] I have elsewhere reproduced examples of the double axe
+         crossed into the form of an ex (X). Sir Walter Scott observes
+         that in North Britain "it was no unusual thing to see
+         females, from respect to their supposed views into futurity,
+         and the degree of divine inspiration which was vouchsafed to
+         them, arise to the degree of HAXA, or chief priestess, from
+         which comes the word _Hexe_, now universally used for a
+         witch". He adds: "It may be worth while to notice that the
+         word Haxa is still used in Scotland in its sense of a
+         druidess, or chief priestess, to distinguish the places where
+         such females exercised their ritual. There is a species of
+         small intrenchment on the western descent of the Eildon
+         hills, which Mr. Milne, in his account of the parish of
+         Melrose, drawn up about eighty years ago, says, was
+         denominated _Bourjo_, a word of unknown derivation, by which
+         the place is still known. Here a universal and subsisting
+         tradition bore that human sacrifices were of yore offered,
+         while the people assisting could behold the ceremony from the
+         elevation of the glacis which slopes inward. With this place
+         of sacrifice communicated a path, still discernible, called
+         the _Haxellgate_, leading to a small glen or narrow valley
+         called the _Haxellcleuch_--both which words are probably
+         derived from the Haxa or chief priestess of the pagans"
+         (_Letters on Demonology_). It may be suggested that the
+         mysterious _bourjo_ was an _abri_ of pere Jo or Jupiter. The
+         Scotch _jo_ as in "John Anderson my Jo," now signifying
+         _sweetheart_, presumably meant joy.
+
+   [750] _Cf._ McKenzie, Donald A., _Myths of Babylonia_, p. 18.
+
+   [751]               Mary Ambree
+               Who marched so free,
+               To the siege of Gaunt,
+               And death could not daunt
+               As the ballad doth vaunt.
+
+   [752] In Kirtlington Park (Oxon) was a Johnny Gaunt's pond in
+         which his spirit was supposed to dwell. A large ash tree was
+         also there known as Johnny Gaunt's tree.
+
+   [753] Herbert, A., _Cyclops_, p. 202.
+
+   [754] _Life of Columba_, p. 40.
+
+   [755] _Cf._ Mackenzie, D. A., _Myths of Babylonia_, p. 86.
+
+   [756] There is a London church entitled "St. Nicholas Olave".
+
+   [757] _Cf._ Morien, _Light of Britannia_, p. 67.
+
+   [758] Skeat connotes _naughty_ with "_na_ not, _wiht_ a whit, see
+         no and whit": it would thus seem to have been equivalent to
+         _no white_, which is black or nocturnal.
+
+   [759] Hardwick, C., _Traditions, Superstitions, and Folklore_, p.
+         254.
+
+   [760] The _seven_ hours in skirmish are suggestive of the Fair maid
+         with gold upon her toe:--
+
+                     The _seven_ bright gold wires
+                     And the bugles they do shine,
+
+                                              _ante_, p. 650.
+
+   [761] Presumably Billingham River in Durham was a home of the
+         Billings: there is a Billingley in Darfield parish,
+         Yorkshire, a Billingsley in Bridgenorth, Salop: Billingbear
+         in Berks is the seat of Lord Braybrook: Billingford _or
+         Pirleston_ belonged to a family named Burley: at Billington
+         in Bradley parish, Staffs, is a commanding British camp known
+         as Billington Bury. Billinge Hill, near Wigan, has a beacon
+         on the top and commands a view of Ingleborough.
+
+   [762] _Teutonic Mythology_.
+
+   [763] _A New Description of England_, 1724, p. 61.
+
+   [764] An _ouche_ is a _bugle_: "the bugles they do shine".
+
+   [765] Quoted from _Adamnan's Life of Columba_ (Huyshe, W.).
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER XII.
+
+                             PETER'S ORCHARDS.
+
+     "But all the beauty of the pleasaunce drew its being from the song
+     of the bird; for from his chant flowed love which gives its shadow
+     to the tree, its healing to the simple, and its colour to the
+     flower. Without that song the fountain would have ceased to spring,
+     and the green garden become a little dry dust, for in its sweetness
+     lay all their virtue."--_Provençal Fairy Tale_.
+
+
+Among the relics preserved at the monastery of St. Nicholas of Bari is a
+club with which the saint, who is said to have become a friar at the age
+of _eleven_, was beaten by the devil: a club was the customary symbol of
+Hercules; the Celtic Hercules was, as has been seen, depicted as a
+baldhead leading a rout of laughter-loving followers by golden chains
+fastened to their ears, and as it was the habit of St.
+Nicholas-of-the-Club to wander abroad singing after the ancient fashion,
+one may be sure that Father Christmas is the lineal descendant of the
+British Ogmios or Mighty Muse, _alias_ the Wandering Jew or Joy. That
+Bride "the gentle" was at times similarly equipped is obvious from a
+ceremony which in Scotland and the North of England used to prevail at
+Candlemas: "the mistress and servants of each family take a sheaf of
+oats and dress it up in woman's apparel, put it in a large basket and
+lay a wooden club by it, and this they call "Briid's Bed," and then the
+mistress and servants cry three times: "Briid is come, Briid is
+welcome"! This they do just before going to bed": another version of
+this custom records the cry as--"Bridget, Bridget, come is; thy bed is
+ready".
+
+In an earlier chapter we connected Iupiter or Jupiter with Aubrey or
+Oberon, and that this roving Emperor of Phairie Land was familiar to the
+people of ancient Berkshire is implied not only by a river in that
+county termed the Auborn, but also by adjacent place-names such as
+Aberfield, Burfield, Purley, and Bray. Skeat connotes Bray (by
+Maidenhead) with "Old English _braw_, Mercian _breg_, an eyebrow," but
+what sensible or likely connection is supposed to exist between the town
+of Bray and an eyebrow I am unable to surmise: we have, however,
+considered the prehistoric "butterfly" or eyebrows, and it is not
+impossible that Bray was identified with this mysterious Epeur (Cupid)
+or Amoretto. The claims to ubiquity and antiquity put by the British
+poet into the mouth of Taliesin or _Radiant Brow_--the mystic child of
+Nine constituents[766]--is paralleled by the claims of Irish Ameurgin,
+likewise by the claims of Solomonic "Wisdom," and there is little doubt
+that the symbolic forms of the "Teacher to all Intelligences" are beyond
+all computation.
+
+That Berkshire, the shire of the White Horse, was a seat of beroc or El
+Borak the White Horse is further implied by the name Berkshire:
+according to Camden this originated "some say from Beroc, a certain wood
+where box grew in great plenty"; according to others from a disbarked
+oak [_i.e._, a _bare oak_!] to which when the state was in more than
+ordinary danger the inhabitants were wont to resort in ancient times to
+consult about their public affairs".[767] Overlooking Brockley in Kent
+is an Oak of Honor Hill, and probably around that ancient and possibly
+bare Oak the natives of old Brockley or Brock Meadow met in many a
+consultation.[768] At Coventry is Berkswell: Berkeleys are numerous, and
+that these sites were _abris_ or sanctuaries is implied by the official
+definition of Great Berkhamstead, _i.e._, "_Sheltered, home place, or
+fortified farm_".
+
+At St. Breock in Cornwall there is a pair of Longstones, one measuring
+12 feet 4 inches, the other 8 feet, and in all probability at some time
+or other these pierres or petras were symbols of the phairy Pair who
+were the Parents and Protectors of the district. At St. Columb in
+Cornwall there is a Longstone known as "The Old Man": now measuring 7
+feet 6 inches, in all probability this stone was originally 8 feet high;
+it was also "once apparently surrounded by a small circle".
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 419.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+In the British coin here illustrated the Old Man jogging along with a
+club is probably CUN the Great One, or the Aged One. The brow of Honor
+Oak ridge is known as Canonbie Lea, which may be resolved into the
+"meadow of the abode of King On": from this commanding height one may
+contemplate all London lying in the valley; facing it are the highlands
+of Cuneburn, Kenwood, Caenwood, and St. John's Wood. London stone is
+situated in what is now termed Cannon Street--a supposed corruption of
+Candlewick Street: the greater probability is that the name is connected
+with the ancient Kenning or Watch Tower, known as a _burkenning_, which
+once occupied the site now marked by Tower Royal in Cannon Street: the
+ancient Cenyng Street by Mikelgate at York, or Eboracum--a city
+attributed to a King Ebrauc who will probably prove to be identical with
+Saint Breock--marked in all likelihood the site of a similar broch,
+burgkenning, barbican, or watch tower. One may account for ancient
+Candlewick by the supposition that this district was once occupied by a
+candle factory, or that it was the property of a supposititious Kendal,
+who was identical with the Brook, Brick, or Broken of the neighbouring
+Brook's wharf, Brickhill, and Broken wharf. At Kendal in Westmorland,
+situated on the river Can or Kent, around which we find Barnside, the
+river Burrow or Borrow, and Preston Hall, we find also a Birbeck, and
+the memories of a Lord Parr: this district was supposedly the home of
+the Concanni. The present site of Highbury Barn Tavern by Canonbury
+(London) was once occupied by a "camp" in what was known as Little St.
+John's Wood,[769] and as this part of London is not conspicuously
+"high," it is not improbable that Highbury was once an _abri_: in the
+immediate neighbourhood still exists Paradise Road, Paradise Passage,
+Aubert Park and a Calabria Road which may possibly mark the site of an
+original Kil abria. At Highbury is Canonbury Tower, whence tradition
+says an underground passage once extended to the _priory_ of St. John's
+in Clerkenwell: from Highbury to the Angel at Islington there runs an
+Upper Street: _upper_ is the Greek _hyper_ meaning _over_ (German
+_uber_), and that the celebrated "Angel" was originally a fairy or
+Bellinga, is somewhat implied by the neighbouring Fairbank Street--once
+a fairy bank?--and by Bookham Street--once a home of Bogie or Puck?
+From Canonbie Lea at Honor Oak, Brockley (London), one overlooks
+Peckham, Bickley, Beckenham, and Bellingham, the last named being
+decoded by the authorities into _home of Belling_.
+
+We have noted the tradition at Brentford of Two Kings "united yet
+divided twain at once," yet there is also an extant ballad which
+commences--
+
+          The noble king of Brentford
+          Was old and very sick.
+
+The Cornish hill of Godolphin was also known as Godolcan, and in view of
+the connection between Nicolas and eleven it may be assumed that this
+site was sacred either to Elphin, the _elven_, the Holy King, or the Old
+King. At Highbury is an Old Cock Tavern, and in Upper Street an Old Parr
+Inn: not improbably Old Parr was once the deity of "Upper" Street or
+"Highbury," and it is also not unlikely that the St. Peter of
+Westminster was similarly Old Parr, for according to _The History of
+Signboards_--"'The OLD MAN,' Market Place, Westminster, was probably
+intended for Old Parr, who was celebrated in ballads as 'The Olde, Olde,
+Very Olde Manne'. The token represents a bearded bust in profile, with a
+bare head.[770] In the reign of James I. it was the name of a tavern in
+the Strand, _otherwise called the Hercules Tavern_, and in the
+eighteenth century there were two coffee-houses, the one called 'the OLD
+MAN'S,' the other 'the YOUNG MAN'S' Coffee-house."[771]
+
+If the Old, Old, Very Old Man were Peter the white-haired warden of the
+walls of Heaven it is obvious that the Young Man would be Pierrot: it is
+not by accident that white-faced Pierrot, or Peterkin, or Pedrolino, is
+garbed in white and wears a conical white cap, the legend that accounts
+for this curious costume being to the effect that years and years ago
+St. Peter and St. Joseph were once watching (from a burkenning?) over a
+wintry plain from the walls of Paradise, when they beheld what seemed a
+pink rose peering out from beneath the snow; but instead of being a rose
+it proved to be the face of a child, who St. Peter picked up in his
+arms, whereupon the snow and rime were transformed into an exquisite
+white garment. It was intended that the little Peter should remain
+unsullied, but, as it happened, the Boy, having wandered from Paradise,
+started playing Ring-o-Roses on a village green where a little girl
+tempted him to talk: then the trouble began, for Pierrot speckled his
+robe, and St. Peter was unable to allow him in again; but he gave him
+big black buttons and a merry heart, and there the story ends.[772]
+
+In Pantomime--which has admittedly an ancestry of august antiquity--the
+counterpart to Pierrot is Columbine, or the Little Dove; doubtless the
+same Maiden as the Virgin Martyr of St. Columb, Cornwall: this parish is
+situated in what was termed "The Hundred of _Pydar_"; in Welsh Bibles
+Peter is rendered _Pedr_, and one of the Welsh bards refers to
+Stonehenge as "the melodious quaternion of Pedyr": in Cornwall there is
+also a Padstow or Petroxstowe, and there is no doubt that Peter, like
+Patrick, was the Supreme Padre or Parent. According to the native
+ancient ecclesiastical records of Wales known as the Iolo MSS., the
+native name of St. Patrick was Maenwyn, which means _stone sacred_:
+hence one may assume that the island of Battersea or Patrixeye was the
+abode of the padres who ministered at the neighbouring shrine of St.
+Peter or petra, the Rock upon which the church of Christ is
+traditionally built.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 420.--From _A New Description of England_ (1724).]
+
+At Patrixbourne in Kent was a seat known as Bifrons, once in the
+possession of a family named Cheyneys:[773] whether there be any
+connection between this estate named Bifrons and _Bifrons_, or _Two
+fronted_, a sobriquet applied to Janus, I am unaware: the connection
+Cheyneys--Bifrons--Patrixbourne is, however, the more curious inasmuch
+as they immediately neighbour a Bekesbourne, and on referring to Peckham
+we find that a so-termed Janus bifrons was unearthed there some
+centuries ago. The peculiarity of this Peckham Janus is that, unlike any
+other Janus-head I know, it obviously represents a Pater and Mater, and
+not two Paters, or a big and little Peter. The feminine of Janus is Jane
+or Iona, and at Iona in Scotland there existed prior to the Reformation
+when they were thrown into the sea, some remarkable _petræ_, to wit,
+three noble marble globes placed in three stone basins, which the
+inhabitants turned three times round according to the course of the
+sun:[774] these were known as _clacha brath_ or Stones of Judgment.
+
+Tradition connects St. Columba of Iona in the Hebrides with Loch Aber,
+or, as it was sometimes written, Loch Apor, and among the stories which
+the honest Adamnan received and recorded "nothing doubting from a
+certain religious, ancient priest," is one to the effect that Columba
+on a memorable occasion, turning aside to the nearest rock, prayed a
+little while on bended knees, and rising up after prayer blessed the
+brow of the same rock, from which thereupon water bubbled up and flowed
+forth abundantly. With the twelve-mouthed _petra_ or rock of Moses
+which, according to Rabbinic tradition, followed the Israelites into the
+wilderness, may be connoted the rock-gushing fountain at Petrockstowe,
+Cornwall. That St. Patrick was Shony the Ocean-deity, to whom the
+Hebrideans used to pour out libations, is deducible from the legend that
+on the day of St. Patrick's festival the fish all rise from the sea,
+pass in procession before his altar, and then disappear. The personality
+of the great St. Patrick of the Paddys is so remarkably obscure that
+some hagiographers conclude there were seven persons known by that name;
+others distinguish three, and others recognise two, one of whom was
+known as "_Sen_ Patrick," _i.e._, the senile or senior Patrick: there is
+little doubt that the archetypal Patrick was represented indifferently
+as young and old and as either seven, three, two, or one: whence perhaps
+the perplexity and confusion of the hagiographers.
+
+It is not improbable that the Orchard Street at Westminster may mark the
+site of a burial ground or "Peter's Orchard," similar to that which was
+uncovered in Wiltshire in 1852: this was found on a farm at Seagry, one
+part of which had immemorially been known as "Peter's Orchard".[775]
+From generation to generation it had been handed down that in a certain
+field on this farm a church was built upon the site of an ancient
+_heathen_ burial ground, and the persistence of the heathen tradition is
+seemingly presumptive evidence, not only of inestimable age, but of the
+memory of a pre-Christian Peter.
+
+It may be assumed that "Peter's Orchard" was originally an apple orchard
+or an Avalon similar to the "Heaven's Walls," which were discovered some
+years ago near Royston: these "walls," immediately contiguous to the
+Icknield or Acnal Way, were merely some strips of unenclosed but
+cultivated land which in ancient deeds from time immemorial had been
+called "Heaven's Walls". Traditional awe attached to this spot, and
+village children were afraid to traverse it after dark, when it was said
+to be frequented by supernatural beings: in 1821 some labourers digging
+for gravel on this haunted spot inadvertently discovered a wall
+enclosing a rectangular space containing numerous deposits of sepulchral
+urns, and it then became clear that here was one of those plots of
+ground environed by walls to which the Romans gave the name of
+_ustrinum_.[776]
+
+The old Welsh graveyards were frequently circular, and there is a
+notable example of this at Llanfairfechan: the Llanfair here means holy
+enclosure of Fair or Mairy, and it is probable that Fechan's round
+churchyard was a symbol of the Fire Ball or _Fay King_. At Fore in
+Ireland the Solar wheel figures notably at the church of "Saint" Fechan
+on an ancient doorway illustrated herewith. That the Latin _ustrinum_
+was associated with the Uster or Easter of resurrection is likely
+enough, for both Romans and Greeks had a practice of planting roses in
+their graveyards: as late as 1724 the inhabitants of Ockley or Aclea in
+Surrey had "a custom here, time immemorial, of planting rose trees in
+the graves, especially by the young men and maidens that have lost
+their lovers, and the churchyard is now full of them".[777] That "The
+Walls of Heaven" by Royston was associated with roses is implied by the
+name Royston, which was evidently a rose-town, for it figures in old
+records as _Crux Roies_, _Croyrois_, and _Villa de cruce Rosia_. The
+expression "God's Acre" still survives, seemingly from that remote time
+when St. Kit of Royston, the pre-Christian "God," was worshipped at
+innumerable Godshills, Godstones, Gaddesdens, and Goodacres.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 421.--From _The Age of the Saints_ (Borlase,
+                 W. C.).]
+
+Tradition asserts that the abbey church of St. Peter's at Westminster
+occupies the site of a pagan temple to Apollo--the Etrurian form of
+Apollo was Aplu, and there is no doubt that the sacred _apple_ of the
+Druids was the symbol of the "rubicund, radiant Elphin" or Apollo.
+According to Malory, a certain Sir Patrise lies buried in Westminster,
+and this knight came to his untoward end by eating an apple, whereupon
+"suddenly he brast (burst)":[778] from this parallel to the story of St.
+Margaret erupting from a dragon it is probable that Sir Patrise was the
+original patron of Westminster, or ancient Thorney Eye. Patera was a
+generic title borne by the ministers at Apollo's shrines, and as
+glorious Apollo was certainly the Shine, it is more than likely that
+Petersham Park at Sheen, where still stands a supposedly Roman _petra_
+or altar-stone, was a park or enclosure sacred to Peter, or, perhaps, to
+Patrise of the apple-bursting story.
+
+The Romans applied the title Magonius to the Gaulish and British Apollo;
+sometimes St. Patrick is mentioned as Magounus, and it is probable that
+both these epithets are Latinised forms of the British name Magon: the
+Druidic Magon who figures in the traditions of Cumberland is in all
+probability the St. Mawgan whose church neighbours that of the Maiden
+St. Columb in the Hundred of Pydar in Cornwall.
+
+One of the principal towns in Westmorland is Appleby, which was known to
+the Romans as Abellaba: the Maiden Way of Westmorland traverses Appleby,
+starting from a place called Kirkby Thore, and here about 200 years ago
+was found the supposed "amulet or magical spell," illustrated in Fig.
+422. The inscription upon the reverse is in Runic characters, which some
+authorities have read as THOR DEUS PATRIUS; and if this be correct the
+effigy would seem to be that of the solar Sir Patrise, for apparently
+the object in the right hand is an apple: there is little doubt that the
+great Pater figures at Patterdale, at Aspatria, and at the river
+Peterill, all of which are in this neighbourhood, and in all probability
+the Holy Patrise or Aspatria was represented by the culminating peak
+known as the "Old Man" of Coniston.
+
+Some experts read the legend on Fig. 422 as THURGUT LUETIS, meaning "the
+face or effigies of the God Thor": according to others Thurgut was the
+name of the moneyer or mintmaster; according to yet others the coin was
+struck in honour of a Danish Admiral named Thurgut: where there is such
+acute diversity of opinion it is permissible to suggest that
+Thurgut--whose effigy is seemingly little suggestive of a sea-dog--was
+originally the _Three Good_ or the _Three God_, for the figure's sceptre
+is tipped by the three circles of Good Thought, Good Deed, and Good
+Word. In Berkshire the country people, like the Germans with their
+_drei_, say _dree_ instead of _three_, and thus it may be that the
+Apples Three, or the Apollos Three (for the ancients recognised Three
+Apollos--the celestial, the terrestrial, and the infernal) were
+worshipped at Apple_dre_, or Apple_dore_ opposite Barnstable, and at
+Apple_dur_ Comb or Apple_dur_well, a manor in the parish of Godshill,
+Isle of Wight.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 422.--From _A New Description of England_.]
+
+English "Appletons" are numerous, and at Derby is an Appletree which was
+originally Appletrefelde: it is known that this Apple-Tree-Field
+contained an apple-tree which was once the meeting place of the Hundred
+or Shire division, and it is probable that the two Apuldre's of Devon
+served a similar public use. As late as 1826 it was the custom, at
+Appleton in Cheshire, "at the time of the wake to clip and adorn an old
+hawthorn which till very lately stood in the middle of the town. This
+ceremony is called the bawming (dressing) of Appleton Thorn".[779]
+Doubtless Appleton Thorn was originally held in the same estimation as
+the monument bushes of Ireland, which are found for the most part in the
+centre of road crossings. According to the anonymous author of _Irish
+Folklore_,[780] these ancient and solitary hawthorns are held in immense
+veneration, and it would be considered profanation to destroy them or
+even remove any of their branches: from these fairy and phooka-haunted
+sites, a lady dressed in a long flowing white robe was often supposed to
+issue, and "the former dapper elves are often seen hanging from or
+flitting amongst their branches". We have in an earlier chapter
+considered the connection between spikes and spooks, and it is obvious
+that the White Lady or Alpa of the white thorn or aubespine is the
+Banshee or Good Woman Shee:--
+
+        She told them of the fairy-haunted land
+        Away the other side of Brittany,
+        Beyond the heaths, edged by the lonely sea;
+        Of the deep forest-glades of Broce-liande,
+        Through whose green boughs the golden sunshine creeps,
+        Where Merlin,[781] _by the enchanted thorn-tree_ sleeps.
+
+In the forest of Breceliande--doubtless part of the fairy Hy
+Breasil--was a famed Fountain of Baranton or Berendon into which
+children threw tribute to the invocation, "Laugh, then, fountain of
+Berendon, and I will give thee a pin".[782] The first pin was presumably
+a spine or thorn; the first flower is the black-thorn; on 1st January
+(the first day of the first month), people in the North of England used
+to construct a blackthorn globe and stand hand in hand in a circle round
+the fire chanting in a monotonous voice the words "Old Cider,"
+prolonging each syllable to its utmost extent. I think that Old Cider
+must have been Thurgut, and that in all probability the initial _Ci_ was
+_sy_, the ubiquitous endearing diminutive of pucksy, _pixie_, etc.
+
+According to Maundeville, "white thorn hath many virtues; for he that
+beareth a branch thereof upon him, no thunder nor tempest may hurt him;
+and no evil spirit may enter in the house in which it is, or come to the
+place that it is in": Maundeville refers to this magic thorn as the
+aubespine, which is possibly a corruption of _alba_ thorn, or it may be
+of Hob's thorn. In modern French _aube_ means the dawn.
+
+We have seen that there are some grounds for surmising that Brawn Street
+and Bryanstone Square (Marylebone) mark the site of a Branstone or fairy
+stone, in which connection it may be noted that until recently: "near
+this spot was a little cluster of cottages called 'Apple Village'":[783]
+in the same neighbourhood there are now standing to-day a Paradise
+Place, a Paradise Passage, and Great Barlow Street, which may quite
+possibly mark the site of an original _Bar low_ or _Bar lea_. Apple
+Village was situated in what was once the Manor of Tyburn or Tyburnia:
+according to the "Confession" of St. Patrick the saint's grandfather
+came from "a village of Tabernia,"[784] and it is probable that the
+Tyburn brook, upon the delta of which stands St. Peter's (Westminster),
+was originally named after the Good Burn or Oberon of Bryanstone and the
+neighbouring Brawn Street. The word _tabernacle_ is traceable to the
+same roots as _tavern_, French _auberge_, English _inn_.
+
+Around the effigy of Thurgut will be noted either seven or eight M's: in
+mediæval symbolism the letter M stood usually for Mary; the parish
+church of Bryanstone Square is dedicated to St. Mary, and we find the
+Virgin very curiously associated with one or more apple-trees. According
+to the author of _St. Brighid and Her Times_: "Bardism offers nothing
+higher in zeal or deeper in doctrine than the _Avallenan_, or Song of
+the Apple-trees, by the Caledonian Bard, Merddin Wyllt. He describes his
+Avallenan as being one Apple-tree, the Avallen, but in another sense it
+was 147 apple-trees, that is, mystically (taking the sum of the digits,
+1 4 7 equal 12), the sacred Druidic number. Thus in his usual repeated
+description of the Avallen as one apple-tree, he writes:--
+
+      Sweet apple-tree! tree of no rumour,
+      That growest by the stream, without overgrowing the circle.
+
+Again, as 147 apple trees--
+
+      Seven sweet apple-trees, and seven score
+      Of equal age, equal height, equal length, equal bulk;
+      Out of the bosom of mercy they sprung up.
+
+Again--
+
+      They who guard them are one curly-headed virgin."
+
+In fairy-tale the apple figures as the giver of rejuvenescence and new
+life, in Celtic mythology it figures as the magic Silver Branch which
+corresponds to Virgil's Golden Bough. According to Irvine the word
+_bran_ meant not only the Druidical system, but was likewise applied to
+individual Druids who were termed _brans_: I have already suggested that
+this "purely mystical and magical name" is our modern _brain_; according
+to all accounts the Druids were eminently men of brain, whence it is
+possible that the fairy-tale "Voyage of _Bran_" and the Voyage of St.
+Brandon were originally brainy inventions descriptive of a mental voyage
+of which any average brain is still capable. The Voyage of Bran relates
+how once upon a time Bran the son of Fearbal[785] heard strange music
+behind him, and so entrancing were the sounds that they lulled him into
+slumber: when he awoke there lay by his side a branch of silver so
+resplendent with white blossom that it was difficult to distinguish the
+flowers from the branch. With this fairy talisman, which served not
+only as a passport but as food and drink, and as a maker of music so
+soothing that mortals who heard it forgot their woes and even ceased to
+grieve for their kinsmen whom the Banshee had taken, Bran voyaged to the
+Islands called Fortunate, wherein he perceived and heard many strange
+and beautiful things:--
+
+        A branch of the Apple Tree from Emain
+        I bring like those one knows;
+        Twigs of white silver are on it,
+        Crystal brows with blossoms.
+
+        There is a distant isle
+        Around which sea horses glisten:
+        A fair course against the white swelling surge,
+        Four feet uphold it.
+
+In Wales on 1st January children used to carry from door to door a
+holly-decked apple into which were fixed three twigs--presumably an
+emblem of the Apple Island or Island of Apollo, supported on the three
+sweet notes of the Awen or creative Word. Into this tripod apple were
+stuck oats:[786] the effigy of St. Bride which used to be carried from
+door to door consisted of a sheaf of oats; in Anglo-Saxon _oat_ was
+_ate_, plural _aten_, and it is evident that oats were peculiarly
+identified with the Maiden.
+
+In Cormac's _Adventure in the Land of Promise_ there again enters the
+magic Silver Branch, with three golden apples on it: "Delight and
+amusement to the full was it to listen to the music of that branch, for
+men sore wounded or women in childbed or folk in sickness would fall
+asleep, at the melody when that branch was shaken". The Silver Branch
+which seems to have been sometimes that of the Apple, sometimes of the
+Whitethorn, corresponds to the mistletoe or Three-berried and
+Three-leaved Golden Bough: until recent years a bunch of Mistletoe or
+"All Heal"--the essential emblem of Yule--used to be ceremoniously
+elevated to the proclamation of a general pardon at York or Ebor: it is
+still the symbol of an affectionate _cumber_ or gathering together of
+kinsmen. King Camber is said to have been the son of Brutus; he was
+therefore, seemingly, the young St. Nicholas or the Little Crowned King,
+and in Cumberland the original signification of the "All Heal" would
+appear to have been traditionally preserved. In _Tales and Legends of
+the English Lakes_ Mr. Wilson Armistead records that many strange tales
+are still associated with the Druidic stones, and in the course of one
+of these alleged authentic stories he prints the following Invocation:--
+
+  _1st Bard_. Being great who reigns alone,
+                   Veiled in clouds unseen unknown;
+                   Centre of the vast profound,
+                   Clouds of darkness close Thee round.
+
+  _3rd Bard_. Spirit who no birth has known,
+                   Springing from Thyself alone,
+                   We thy living emblem show
+                   In the mystic mistletoe,
+                   Springs and grows without a root,
+                   Yields without flowers its fruit;
+                   Seeks from earth no mother's care,
+                   Lives and blooms the child of air.
+
+  _4th Bard_. Thou dost Thy mystic circle trace
+                     Along the vaulted blue profound,
+                   And emblematic of Thy race
+                     We tread our mystic circle round.
+
+  _Chorus_.   Shine upon us mighty God,
+                     Raise this drooping world of ours;
+                   Send from Thy divine abode
+                     Cheering sun and fruitful showers.
+
+In view of the survival elsewhere of Druidic chants and creeds which are
+unquestionably ancient, it is quite possible that in the above we have a
+genuine relic of prehistoric belief: that the ideas expressed were
+actually held might without difficulty be proved from many scattered and
+independent sources; that Cumberland has clung with extraordinary
+tenacity to certain ancient forms is sufficiently evident from the fact
+that even to-day the shepherds of the _Borrow_dale district tell their
+sheep in the old British numerals, _yan_, _tyan_, _tethera_,
+_methera_,[787] etc.
+
+The most famous of all English apple orchards was the Avalon of Somerset
+which as we have seen was encircled by the little river Brue: with
+Avalon is indissolubly associated the miraculous Glastonbury Thorn, and
+that Avalon[788] was essentially British and an _abri_ of King Bru or
+Cynbro is implied by its alternative title of Bride Hay or Bride Eye:
+not only is St. Brighid said to have resided at Avalon or the Apple
+Island, but among the relics long faithfully preserved there were the
+blessed Virgin's scrip, necklace, distaff, and bell. The fact that the
+main streets of Avalon form a perfect cross may be connoted with Sir
+John Maundeville's statement that while on his travels in the East he
+was shown certain apples: "which they call apples of Paradise, and they
+are very sweet and of good savour. And though you cut them in ever so
+many slices or parts across or end-wise, you will always find in the
+middle the figure of the holy cross."[789] That Royston, near the site
+of "Heaven's Walls," was identified with the Rood, Rhoda, or Rose Cross
+is evident from the ancient forms of the name Crux Roies (1220),
+Croyrois (1263), and Villa de Cruce Rosia (1298): legend connects the
+place with a certain Lady Roese, "about whom nothing is known," and
+probability may thus associate this mysterious Lady with Fair Rosamond
+or the Rose of the World. In the Middle Ages, The Garden of the Rose was
+merely another term for Eden, Paradise, Peter's Orchard, or Heaven's
+Walls, and the Lady of the Rose Garden was unquestionably the same as
+the Ruler of the Isles called Fortunate--
+
+                                    --a Queen
+        So beautiful that with one single beam
+        Of her great beauty, all the country round
+        Is rendered shining.
+
+Some accounts state that the bride of Oberon was known as Esclairmond, a
+name which seemingly is one with _eclair monde_ or "Light of the World".
+
+We have seen that the surroundings of the Dane John at Canterbury are
+still known as Rodau's Town: the coins of the Rhodian Greeks were
+sometimes _rotae_ or wheel crosses in the form of a rose, and there is
+little doubt that our British rota coins were intended to represent
+various conceptions of the Rose Garden, or Avalon, or the Apple Orchard:
+using another simile the British poets preached the same Ideal under the
+guise of the Round Table.[790] Fig. 179, (_ante_, p. 339) represented a
+rose combined with four sprigs or sprouts, and in Fig. 423 (British) the
+intention of the rhoda is clearly indicated: on the carved column
+illustrated on page 708 the rood is a _rhoda_, and my suggestion in an
+earlier chapter that "Radipole road," near London, may have marked the
+site of a rood pole is somewhat strengthened by the fact that Maypoles
+occasionally displayed St. George's red rood or the banner of England,
+and a white pennon or streamer emblazoned with a red cross terminating
+like the blade of a sword. Occasionally the poles were painted yellow
+and black in spiral lines, the original intention no doubt being
+representative of Night and Day.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 423 and 424.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+        Alas poore Maypoles what should be the cause
+        That you were almost banished from the earth?
+        Who never were rebellious to the lawes,
+        Your greatest crime was harmless honest mirth,
+        What fell malignant spirit was there found
+        To cast your tall Pyramids to ground?
+
+The same poet[791] deplores the gone-for-ever time when--
+
+        All the parish did in one combine
+        To mount the rod of peace, and none withstood
+        When no capritious constables disturb them,
+        Nor Justice of the peace did seek to curb them,
+        Nor peevish puritan in rayling sort,
+        Nor over-wise churchwarden spoyled the sport.
+
+Overwise scholars have assumed that the Maypole was primarily and merely
+a phallic emblem; it was, however, more generally the simple symbol of
+justice and "the rod of peace": _rod_, _rood_, and _ruth_ are of course
+variants of one and the same root.
+
+Among, if not the prime of the May Day dances was one known popularly as
+Sellingers Round: here probably the _r_ is an interpolation, and the
+immortal Sellinga was in all likelihood _sel inga_ or the innocent and
+happy Ange of Islington:--
+
+        To Islington and Hogsdon runnes the streame,
+        Of giddie people to eate cakes and creame.
+
+At the famous "Angel" of Islington manorial courts were held seemingly
+from a time immemorial: on a shop-front now facing it the curious
+surname Uglow may be seen to-day, and in view of the adjacent Agastone
+Road it is reasonable to assume that at Hogsdon, now spelt Hoxton, stood
+once an Hexe or Hag stone, perhaps also that the hill by the Angel was
+originally known as the _ug low_ or Ug hill. We have noted that fairy
+rings were occasionally termed hag tracks, and that the Angel district
+was once associated with these evidences of the fairies is seemingly
+implied by a correspondent who wrote to _The Gentleman's Magazine_ in
+1792 as follows: "Having noticed a query relating to fairy rings having
+once been numerous in the meadow between Islington and Canonbury, and
+whether there were any at this time, and having never seen those
+extraordinary productions whether of Nature or of animals, curiosity
+led me on a late fine day to visit the above spot in search of them,
+but I was disappointed. There are none there now; the meadow above
+mentioned is intersected by paths on every side and trodden by man and
+beast." Man and beast have since converted these intersections into mean
+streets among which, however, still stand Fairbank and Bookham Streets.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 425.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+The Maypole was generally a sprout and was no doubt in this respect a
+proper representative of the "blossoming tree" referred to in a Gaelic
+Hymn in honour of St. Brighid--
+
+            Be extinguished in us
+            The flesh's evil, affections
+            By this blossoming tree
+            This Mother of Christ.
+
+The May Queen was invariably selected as the fairest and best
+dispositioned of the village maidens, and before being "set in an Arbour
+on a Holy Day" she was apparently carried on the shoulders of four men
+or "deacons":[792] assuredly these parochial deacons were personages of
+local importance, and they may possibly account for the place-name
+Maydeacon House which occurs at Patrixbourne, Kent, in conjunction with
+Kingston, Heart's Delight, Broome Park, and Barham. The word _deacon_ is
+_Good King_ or _Divine King_: we have seen that four kings figured
+frequently in the wheel of Fortune, and the ceremonious carrying by four
+deacons was not merely an idle village sport for it formed part of the
+ecclesiastical functions at the Vatican. An English traveller of some
+centuries ago speaking of the Pope and his attendant ceremonial, states
+that the representative of Peter was carried on the back of four deacons
+"after the maner of carrying whytepot queenes in Western May
+games":[793] the "Whytepot Queen" was no doubt representative of Dame
+Jeanne, the demijohn or Virgin, and the counterpart to Janus or St.
+Peter.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 426.--Cretan. From Barthelemy.]
+
+One of what Camden would have dubbed the sour kind of critics inquired
+in 1577: "What adoe make our young men at the time of May? Do they not
+use night-watchings to rob and steal yong trees out of other men's
+grounde, and bring them home into their parish with minstrels playing
+before? And when they have set it up they will deck it with floures and
+garlands and dance around, men and women together most unseemly and
+intolerable as I have proved before." The scenes around the Maypole
+("this stinckyng idoll rather") were unquestionably sparkled by a
+generous provision of "ambrosia":--
+
+          From the golden cup they drink
+          Nectar that the bees produce,
+          Or the grapes ecstatic juice,
+          Flushed with mirth and hope they burn.[794]
+
+On that ever-memorable occasion at Stonehenge, when the Saxons massacred
+their unsuspecting hosts, a Bard relates that--
+
+      The glad repository of the world was amply supplied.
+      Well did Eideol prepare at _the spacious circle of the world_
+      Harmony and gold and great horses and intoxicating mead.
+
+The word _mead_ implies that this celestial honey-brew was esteemed to
+be the drink of the Maid; _ale_ as we know was ceremoniously brewed
+within churches, and was thus probably once a _holy_ beverage drunk on
+_holy_-days: the words _beer_ and _brew_ will account for
+representations of the senior Selenus, as at times _inebriate_. The
+Fairy Queen, occasionally the "Sorceress of the ebon Throne," was
+esteemed to be the "Mother of wildly-working dreams"; Matthew Arnold
+happily describes the Celts as "drenched and intoxicated with fairy
+dew," and it seems to have a general tenet that the fairy people in
+their festal glee were sometimes inebriated by ambrosia:--
+
+          From golden flowers of each hue,
+          Crystal white, or golden yellow,
+          Purple, violet, red or blue,
+          We drink the honey dew
+                  Until we all get mellow,
+                  Until we all get mellow.[795]
+
+In the neighbourhood of Fair Head, Antrim, there is a whirlpool known as
+Brecan's Cauldron in connection with which one of St. Columba's miracles
+is recorded. That the Pure King or Paragon was also deemed to be "that
+brewer" or the Brew King of the mystic cauldron, is evident from the
+magic recipe of Taliesin, which includes among its alloy of ingredients
+"to be mixed when there is a calm dew falling," the liquor that bees
+have collected, and resin (amber?) and pleasant, precious silver, the
+ruddy gem and the grain from the ocean foam (the pearl or margaret?):--
+
+          And primroses and herbs
+          And topmost sprigs of trees,
+          Truly there shall be a puryfying tree,
+          Fruitful in its increase.
+          Some of it let that brewer boil
+          Who is over the _five_-woods cauldron.
+
+We have noted the five acres allotted to each Bard, five springs at
+Avebury, five fields at Biddenden, "five wells" at Doddington, five
+banners at the magic fountain of Berenton, and five fruits growing on a
+holy tree: the mystic meaning attached to five rivers was in all
+probability that which is thus stated in Cormac's _Adventure in the Land
+of Promise_: "The fountain which thou sawest with the five streams out
+of it is the fountain of Knowledge, and the streams are the five senses
+through which Knowledge is obtained. And no one will have Knowledge who
+drinketh not a draught out of the fountain itself and out of the
+streams." That Queen Wisdom was the Lady of the Isles called Fortunate,
+is explicitly stated by the poet who tells us that there not Fantasy but
+Reason ruled: he adds:--
+
+        All this is held a fable: but who first
+        Made and recited it, hath in this fable
+        Shadowed a truth.[796]
+
+From the group of so-called Sun and Fire Symbols here reproduced, it
+will be seen that the svastika or "Fare ye well" cross assumed
+multifarious forms: in Thrace, the emblem was evidently known as the
+_embria_, for there are in existence coins of the town of Mesembria,
+whereon the legend MESEMBRIA, meaning the (city of the) midday sun, is
+figured by the syllable MES, followed by the svastika as the equivalent
+of EMBRIA.[797]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 427.--Sun and Fire Symbols from Denmark of the
+                 later Bronze Age. From _Symbolism of the East and
+                 West_ (Murray-Aynsley).]
+
+The whirling bird-headed wheel on page 709 is a peculiarly interesting
+example of the British rood, or rota of ruth; as also is No. 40 of Fig.
+201 (_ante_, p. 364) where the peacock is transformed into a svastika:
+the _pear_-shaped visage on the obverse of this coin may be connoted
+with the Scotch word _pearie_, meaning a pear-shaped spinning-top, and
+the seven _ains_ or balls may be connoted with the statement of
+Maundeville, that he was shown seven springs which gushed out from a
+spot where once upon a time Jesus Christ had played with children.
+
+No. 43 of the contemned sceattae (p. 364) evidently represents the
+legendary Bird of Fire, which, together with the peacock and the eagle,
+I have discussed elsewhere: this splendid and mysterious bird--as those
+familiar with Russian ballet are aware--came nightly to an apple-tree,
+but there is no reason to assume that the apple was its only or peculiar
+nourishment. The Mystic Boughs illustrated on page 627 (Figs. 379 to
+384) may well have been the mistletoe or any other berried or
+fruit-bearing branch: in Fig. 397 (p. 635) the Maiden is holding what is
+seemingly a three-leaved lily, doubtless corresponding to the old
+English Judge's bough or wand, now discontinued, and only faintly
+remembered by a trifling nosegay.[798]
+
+Symbolists are aware that in Christian and Pagan art, birds pecking at
+either fruit or flowers denote the souls of the blessed feeding upon the
+joys of Paradise: all winged things typified the Angels or celestial
+Intelligences who were deemed to flash like birds through the air, and
+the reader will not fail to note the angelic birds sitting in Queen
+Mary's tree (Fig. 425, p. 686).
+
+There is a delicious story of a Little Bird in Irish folk-tale, and
+among the literature of the Trouveres or Troubadours, there is _A Lay of
+the Little Bird_ which it is painful to curtail: it runs as follows:
+"Once upon a time, more than a hundred years ago, there lived a rich
+villein whose name I cannot now tell, who owned meadows and woods and
+waters, and all things which go to the making of a rich man. His manor
+was so fair and so delightsome that all the world did not contain its
+peer. My true story would seem to you but idle fable if I set its beauty
+before you, for verily I believe that never yet was built so strong a
+keep and so gracious a tower. A river flowed around this fair domain,
+and enclosed an orchard planted with all manner of fruitful trees. This
+sweet fief was builded by a certain knight, whose heir sold it to a
+villein; for thus pass baronies from hand to hand, and town and manor
+change their master, always falling from bad to worse. The orchard was
+fair beyond content. Herbs grew there of every fashion, more than I am
+able to name. But at least I can tell you that so sweet was the savour
+of roses and other flowers and simples, that sick persons, borne within
+that garden in a litter, walked forth sound and well for having passed
+the night in so lovely a place. Indeed, so smooth and level was the
+sward, so tall the trees, so various the fruit, that the cunning
+gardener must surely have been a magician, as appears by certain
+infallible proofs.
+
+"Now in the middle of this great orchard sprang a fountain of clear,
+pure water. It boiled forth out of the ground, but was always colder
+than any marble. Tall trees stood about the well, and their leafy
+branches made a cool shadow there, even during the longest day of summer
+heat. Not a ray of the sun fell within that spot, though it were the
+month of May, so thick and close was the leafage. Of all these trees the
+fairest and the most pleasant was a pine. To this pine came a singing
+bird twice every day for ease of heart. Early in the morning he came,
+when monks chant their matins, and again in the evening, a little after
+vespers. He was smaller than a sparrow, but larger than a wren, and he
+sang so sweetly that neither lark, nor nightingale, nor blackbird, nay,
+nor siren even, was so grateful to the ear. He sang lays and ballads,
+and the newest refrain of the minstrel and the spinner at her wheel.
+Sweeter was his tune than harp or viol, and gayer than the country
+dance. No man had heard so marvellous a thing; for such was the virtue
+in his song that the saddest and the most dolent forgot to grieve whilst
+he listened to the tune, love flowered sweetly in his heart, and for a
+space he was rich and happy as any emperor or king, though but a burgess
+of the city, or a villein of the field. Yea, if that ditty had lasted
+100 years, yet would he have stayed the century through to listen to so
+lovely a song, for it gave to every man whilst he hearkened, love, and
+riches, and his heart's desire. But all the beauty of the pleasaunce
+drew its being from the song of the bird; for from his chant flowed love
+which gives its shadow to the tree, its healing to the simple, and its
+colour to the flower. Without that song the fountain would have ceased
+to spring, and the green garden become a little dry dust, for in its
+sweetness lay all their virtue. The villein, who was lord of this
+domain, walked every day within his garden to hearken to the bird. On a
+certain morning he came to the well to bathe his face in the cold
+spring, and the bird, hidden close within the pine branches, poured out
+his full heart in a delightful lay, from which rich profit might be
+drawn. 'Listen,' chanted the bird in his own tongue, 'listen to my
+voice, oh, knight, and clerk, and layman, ye who concern yourselves with
+love, and suffer with its dolours: listen, also, ye maidens, fair and
+coy and gracious, who seek first the gifts and beauty of the world. I
+speak truth and do not lie. Closer should you cleave to God than to any
+earthly lover, right willingly should you seek His altar, more firmly
+should you hold to His commandment than to any mortal's pleasure. So you
+serve God and Love in such fashion, no harm can come to any, for God and
+Love are one. God loves sense and chivalry; and Love holds them not in
+despite. God hates pride and false seeming; and Love loveth loyalty. God
+praiseth honour and courtesy; and fair Love disdaineth them not. God
+lendeth His ear to prayer; neither doth Love refuse it her heart. God
+granteth largesse to the generous, but the grudging man, and the
+envious, the felon and the wrathful, doth he abhor. But courtesy and
+honour, good sense and loyalty, are the leal vassals of Love, and so you
+hold truly to them, God and the beauty of the world shall be added to
+you besides. Thus told the bird in his song'."[799]
+
+It is not necessary to relate here the ill-treatment suffered by the
+bird which happily was full of guile, nor to describe its escape from
+the untoward fate destined for it by the villein.
+
+In Figs. 428 to 430 are three remarkable British coins all of which
+seemingly represent a bird in song: it is not improbable that the idea
+underlying these mystic forms is the same as what the Magi termed the
+_Honover_ or Word, which is thus described: "The instrument employed by
+the Almighty, in giving an origin to these opposite principles, as well
+as in every subsequent creative act, was His Word. This sacred and
+mysterious agent, which in the Zendavesta is frequently mentioned under
+the appellations _Honover_ and _I am_, is compared to those celestial
+birds which constantly keep watch over, the welfare of nature. Its
+attributes are ineffable light, perfect activity, unerring prescience.
+Its existence preceded the formation of all things--it proceeds from the
+first eternal principal--it is the gift of God."[800]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 428 to 430.--British. From Evans.]
+
+The symbol of Hanover[801] was the White Horse and we have considered
+the same connection at Hiniver in Sussex: it is also a widely accepted
+verity that the White Horse--East and West--was the emblem of pure
+Reason or Intelligence; the Persian word for _good thought_ was
+_humanah_, which is seemingly our _humane_, and if we read _Honover_ as
+_ancient ver_ the term may be equated in idea with _word_ or _verbum_.
+The Rev. Professor Skeat derives the words _human_ and _humane_ from
+_humus_ the ground, whence the Latin _homo_, a man, literally, "a
+creature of earth," but this is a definition which the pagan would have
+contemptuously set aside, for notwithstanding his perversity in bowing
+down to wood and stone he believed himself to be a creature of the sun
+and claimed: "my high descent from Jove Himself I boast".
+
+We have seen that Jove, Jupiter, or Jou was in all probability Father
+_Joy_, and have suggested that the Wandering Jew was a personification
+of the same idea: it has also been surmised that Elisha--one of the
+alternative names of the Wanderer--meant radically Holy Jou: it is not
+improbable that the Shah or Padishah of Persia was similarly the
+supposed incarnation of this phairy _père_. The various
+well-authenticated apparitions of the Jew are quite possibly due to
+impersonations of the traditional figure, and two at least of these
+apparitions are mentioned as occurring in England: in one case the old
+man claiming to be the character wandered about ejaculating "Poor Joe
+alone"; in another "Poor John alone alone".[802] Both "Joe" and "John"
+are supposed by Brand to be corruptions of "Jew": the greater
+probability is that they were genuine British titles of the traditional
+Wanderer.
+
+The exclamation of "alone alone" may be connoted with the so-called
+Allan apples which used to figure so prominently in Cornish festivities:
+these Allan apples doubtless bore some relation to the Celtic St. Allan:
+_haleine_ means _breath_,[803] _elan_ means fire or energy, and it is in
+further keeping with St. Allan that his name is translated as having
+meant _cheerful_.
+
+The festival of the Allan apple was essentially a cheery proceeding: two
+strips of wood were joined crosswise by a nail in the centre; at each of
+the four ends was stuck a lighted candle with large and rosy apples hung
+between. This construction was fastened to a beam or the ceiling of the
+kitchen, then made to revolve rapidly, and the players whose object was
+to catch the Allan apples in their mouths frequently instead had a taste
+of the candles.[804] Obviously this whirling firewheel was an emblem of
+Heol the Celtic Sun _wheel_, and as Newlyn is particularly mentioned as
+a site of the festival, we may equate St. Newlyna of Newlyn with the
+Noualen of Brittany, and further with the Goddess Nehellenia or New
+Helen of London. Nehellenia has seemingly also been traced at Tadcaster
+in Yorkshire where the local name Helen's Ford is supposed to be a
+corruption of the word Nehellenia:[805] Nelly, however, is no corruption
+but a variant of Ellen. The Goddess Nehallenia is usually sculptured
+with a hound by her side, and in her lap is a basket of fruits
+"symbolising the fecundating power of the earth".[806] In old English
+_line_ meant to fecundate or fertilise, and in Britain Allan may be
+considered as almost a generic term for rivers--the all fertilisers--for
+it occurs in the varying forms Allen, Alan, Alne, Ellen, Elan, Ilen,
+etc.: sometimes emphasis on the second syllable wears off the
+preliminary vowel, whence the river-names Len, Lyn, Leen, Lone, Lune,
+etc., are apparently traceable to the same cause as leads us to use
+_lone_ as an alternative form of the word _alone_. The Extons Road, Jews
+Lane, and Paradise now found at King's Lynn point to the probability
+that King's Lynn (Domesday _Lena_, 1100 _Lun_, 1314 Lenne[807]) was
+once a London and an Exton. The great red letter day in Lynn used to be
+the festival of Candlemas, and on that occasion the Mayor and
+Corporation attended by twelve decrepit old men, and a band of music,
+formerly opened a so-called court of Piepowder: on reference to the
+Cornish St. Allen it is agreeable to find that this saint "was the
+founder of St. Allen's Church in Powder". This Powder, sometimes written
+Pydar, is not shown on modern maps, but it was the title for a district
+or Hundred in Cornwall which contains the village of Par: it would
+appear to be almost a rule that the place-name Peter should be closely
+associated with Allen, _e.g._, Peterhead in Scotland, near Ellon, and
+Petrockstowe or Padstowe in Cornwall is near Helland on the river Allan.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 431.--Sixteenth Century Printer's Ornament.]
+
+In the emblem herewith the _alan_ or cheery old Pater is associated like
+Nehelennia with the fruits of the earth, amongst which one may perhaps
+recognise _coddlins_ and other varieties of Allan apple.
+
+The Cornish Allantide was celebrated on the night of Hallow'een, and as
+Sir George Birdwood rightly remarks the English Arbor Day--if it be ever
+resuscitated--should be fixed on the first of November or old "Apple
+Fruit Day," now All Hallows[808] or All Saint's Day, the Christian
+substitute for the Roman festival of Pomona; also of the first day of
+the Celtic Feast of Shaman or Shony the Lord of Death. Shaman may in all
+probability be equated with Joe alone, and Shony with poor John alone
+alone: Shony, as has been seen, was an Hebridean ocean-deity, and the
+omniscient Oannes or John of Sancaniathon, the Phoenician historian,
+lived half his time in ocean: the Eros or Amoretto here illustrated from
+Kanauj may be connoted with Minnussinchen or the little Sinjohn of
+Tartary.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 432.--From Kanauj. From _Symbolism of the East
+                 and West_ (Aynsley, Mrs. Murray).]
+
+With the apple orchard Pomona or of the Pierre, Pere, or Pater Alone,
+the monocle and monarch of the universe, may be connoted the far-famed
+paradise of Prester or Presbyter _John_: this mythical priest-king is
+rendered sometimes as Preste _Cuan_, sometimes as _Un Khan_ or John
+King-Priest, and sometimes as Ken Khan: he was clearly a personification
+of the King of Kings, and his marvellous Kingdom, which streamed with
+honey and was overflowing with milk, was evidently none other than
+Paradise or the Land of Heaven. "Mediæval credulity" believed that this
+so-called "Asiatic phanton," in whose country stood the Fountain of
+Youth and many other marvels, was attended by seven kings, twelve
+archbishops, and 365 counts: the seventy-two kings and their kingdoms
+said to be the tributaries of Prester John may be connoted with the
+seventy-two dodecans of the Egyptian and Assyrian Zodiac: these
+seventy-two dodecans I have already connoted with the seventy-two stones
+constituting the circle of Long Meg. Facing the throne of Prester
+John--all of whose subjects were virtuous and happy--stood a wondrous
+mirror in which he saw everything that passed in all his vast dominions.
+The mirror or monocle of Prester John is obviously the speculum of
+Thoth, Taut, or Doddy, and I suspect that the seventy-two dodecans of
+the Egyptian and Chaldean Zodiac were the seventy-two Daddy Kings of Un
+Khan's Empire: none may take, nor touch, nor harm it--
+
+    For the round of Morian Zeus has been its watcher from of old
+    He beholds it and Athene thy own sea-grey eyes behold.[809]
+
+The first written record of Preste Cuan figures in the chronicles of the
+Bishop of Freisingen (1145): the name Freisingen is radically _singen_:
+and it is quite probable that the Bungen Strasse at Hamelyn identified
+with the Pied Piper was actually the scene of a "Poor John, Alone,
+Alone," incident such as Brand thus describes: "I remember to have seen
+one of these impostors some years ago in the North of England, who made
+a very hermit-like appearance and went up and down the streets of
+Newcastle with a long train of boys at his heels muttering, 'Poor John
+alone, alone!' I thought he pronounced his name in a manner singularly
+plaintive,"[810] we have seen that the Wandering Jew was first recorded
+at St. Albans: the ancient name for Newcastle-on-Tyne--where he seems to
+have made his last recorded appearance--was _Pan_don. With the _panshen_
+or pope of Tartary may be connoted the probability that the rosy Allan
+apple of Newlyn was a _pippen_: the parish of "Lynn or St. Margaret,"
+not only includes the wards of Paradise and Jews Lane, but we find there
+also an Albion Place, and the curious name Guanock; modern Kings Lynn
+draws its water supply from a neighbouring _Gay_ wood.
+
+In the year 1165 a mysterious letter circulated in Europe emanating, it
+was claimed, from the great Preste Cuan, and setting forth the wonders
+and magnificence of his Kingdom: this epistle was turned into verse,
+sung all over Europe by the _trouveres_, and its claims to universal
+dominion taken so seriously by Pope Alexander that this _Pon_tiff or
+_Pon_tifex[811] published in 1177 a counter-blast in which he maintained
+that the Christian professions of the mysterious Priest King were worse
+than worthless, unless he submitted to the spiritual claims of the See
+of Rome. There is little doubt that the popular Epistle of Prester John
+was the wily concoction of the Gnostic Trouveres or Merry Andrews, and
+that the unimaginative Pope who was so successfully stung into a reply,
+was no wise inferior in perception to the scholars of recent date who
+have located to their own satisfaction the mysterious Kingdom of Prester
+John in Tartary, in Asia Minor, or in Abyssinia: by the same peremptory
+and supercilious school of thought the Garden of Eden has been
+confidently placed in Mesopotamia, and the Irish paradise of Hy Breasil,
+"not unsuccessfully," identified with Labrador.
+
+The probability is that every community attributed the Kingdom of Un
+Khan to its own immediate locality, and that like the land of the Pied
+Piper it was popularly supposed to be joining the town and close at
+hand. In the fifteenth century a hard-headed French traveller who had
+evidently fallen into the hands of some whimsical mystic, recorded:
+"There was also at _Pera_ a Neapolitan, called Peter of Naples, with
+whom I was acquainted. He said he was married in the country of Prester
+John, and made many efforts to induce me to go thither with him. I
+questioned him much respecting this country, and he told me many things
+which I shall here insert, but I know not whether what he said be the
+truth, and shall not therefore warrant any part of it." Upon this
+honeymoon the archæologist, Thomas Wright, comments: "The manner in
+which our traveller here announces the relation of the Neapolitan shows
+how little he believed it; and in this his usual good sense does not
+forsake him. This recital is, in fact, but a tissue of absurd fables and
+revolting marvels, undeserving to be quoted, although they may generally
+be found in authors of those times. They are, therefore, here omitted;
+most of them, however, will be found in the narrative of John de
+Maundeville."[812]
+
+We have seen that the Wandering Jew was alternatively termed Magus, a
+fact already connoted with the seventy-two stones of Long Meg, or
+Maggie: it was said that Un Khan was sprung from the ancient race of the
+Magi,[813] and I think that the solar circle at Shanagolden by Canons
+Island Abbey, on the Shannon in the country of the Ganganoi, was an
+_abri_ of Ken Khan, Preste Cuan, or Un Khan.
+
+The rath or dun of Shanid or Shenet, as illustrated _ante_, p. 55, has a
+pit in its centre which, says Mr. Westropp, "I can only suppose to have
+been the base of some timber structure": whether this central structure
+was originally a well, a tower, or a pole, it no doubt stood as a symbol
+of either the Tower of Salvation, the Well of Life, or the Tree of
+Knowledge. There is little doubt that this solar wheel or wheel of Good
+Fortune--which as will be remembered was occasionally depicted with four
+deacons or divine kings, a variant of the seventy-two dodecans--was akin
+to what British Bardism alluded to as "the melodious quaternion of
+Peter," or "the quadrangular delight of Peter, the great choir of the
+dominion";[814] it was also akin to the design on the Trojan whorl which
+Burnouf has described as "the four epochs (quarters) of the month or
+year, and the holy sacrifice".[815]
+
+The English earthwork illustrated in Fig. 433 (A) is known by the name
+of Pixie's Garden, and its form is doubtless that of one among many
+varieties of "the quadrangular delight of Peter". A pixy is an elf or
+_ouphe_, and the Pixie's Garden of _Uff_culme Down (Devon) may be
+connoted in idea with "Johanna's Garden" at St. Levans: Johanna, as we
+have seen, was associated with St. Levan (the home of Maggie Figgie),
+and in the words of Miss Courtney: "Not far from the parish of St. Levan
+is a small piece of ground--Johanna's Garden--which is fuller of weeds
+than of flowers".[816] I suspect that Johanna, like Pope Joan of
+Engelheim and Janicula, was the fabulous consort of Prester John or Un
+Khan.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 433.--From _Earthwork of England_ (A. Hadrian
+                 Allcroft).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 434.--From _Symbolism of the East and West_
+                 (Aynsley, Mrs. Murray).]
+
+Fig. 433 (B) represents two diminutive earthworks which once existed on
+Bray Down in _Dor_setshire: these little Troytowns or variants of the
+quadrangular delight of Peter may be connoted with the obverse design of
+the Thorgut talisman found near Appleby and illustrated on page 675:
+the two crescent moons may be connoted with two sickles still remembered
+in Mona, and the twice-eight crescents surrounding Fig. 434 which is
+copied from a mosaic pavement found at Gubbio, Italy.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 435.--From _The Word in the Pattern_ (Watts, Mrs.
+                 G. F.).]
+
+The Pixie's Garden illustrated in Fig. 433 (A) obviously consists of
+four T's centred to one base and the elaborate svastika, illustrated in
+Fig. 435, is similarly distinguished by four concentric T's. The Kymbri
+or Cynbro customarily introduced the figure of a T into the thatch of
+their huts, and it is supposed that _ty_, the Welsh for a house or home,
+originated from this custom. We have seen that the Druids trained their
+super sacred oak tree (Hebrew _allon_) into the form of the T or Tau,
+which they inscribed Thau (_ante_, p. 393), and as _ty_ in Celtic also
+meant _good_, the four T's surrounding the svastika of Fig. 435 would
+seem to be an implication of all surrounding beneficence, good luck, or
+_all bien_.
+
+The Cynbro are believed to have made use of the T--Ezekiel's mark of
+election--as a magic preservative against fire and all other
+misfortunes, whence it is remarkable to find that even within living
+memory at _Camber_well by Peckham near London, the _chi_-shaped or
+ogee-shaped[817] angle irons, occasionally seen in old cottages, were
+believed to have been inserted "_in order to protect the house from_
+fire as well as from falling down".[818]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 436.--Celtic Emblem. From _Myths of Crete_
+                 (Mackenzie, D. A.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 437 and 438.--Mediæval Papermarks. From _Les
+                 Filigranes_ (Briquet, C. M.).]
+
+Commenting upon Fig. 435, which is taken from a Celtic cross at Carew
+in Wales, Mrs. G. F. Watts observes: "This symbol was used by British
+Christians to signify the labyrinth or maze of life round which was
+sometimes written the words 'God leadeth'".[819] Among the Latin races
+the Intreccia or Solomon's Knot, which consists frequently of three
+strands, is regarded as an emblem of the divine Being existent without
+beginning and without end--an unbroken Unity: coiled often into the
+serpentine form of an S it decorates Celtic crosses and not infrequently
+into the centre of the maze is woven the _svastika_ or Hammer of Thor.
+The word Svastika is described by oriental scholars as being composed of
+_svasti_ and _ka_: according to the Dictionaries _svasti_ means
+_welfare, health, prosperity, blessing, joy, happiness_, and _bliss_: in
+one sense _ka_ (probably the _chi_ [Greek: ch]) had the same meaning,
+but _ka_ also meant "The Who," "The Inexplicable," "The Unknown," "The
+Chief God," "The Object of Worship," "The Lord of Creatures," "Water,"
+"The Mind or Soul of the Universe".
+
+In southern France--the Land of the Troubadours--the Solomon's Knot, as
+illustrated in Fig. 438, is alternatively known as _lacs d'amour_, or
+the knot of the Annunciation: this design consists, as will be noted, of
+a svastika extended into a rose or maze, and a precisely similar emblem
+is found in Albany. The title _lacs d'amour_ or lakes of love,
+consociated with the synonymous knot of the Annunciation, is seemingly
+further confirmation of the equation _amour_ = Mary: another form of
+knot is illustrated in Fig. 440, and this the reader will compare with
+Fig. 439, representing a terra-cotta tablet found by Schliemann at Troy.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 439.--From _Troy_ (Schliemann).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 440 and 441.--Mediæval Papermarks. From _Les
+                 Filigranes_ (Briquet, C. M.).]
+
+It will be remembered that according to the Pierrot legend St. Peter
+looking out from the Walls of Heaven detected what he first took to be a
+rosebud in the snow: the name Piers, which like Pearce is a variant of
+Peter, is essentially _pieros_, either Father Rose or Father Eros. The
+rood or rhoda pierre here illustrated is a Rose cross, and is
+conspicuously decorated with intreccias, or Solomon's Knots: whether
+the inscription--which looks curiously Arabic--has ever been deciphered
+I am unable to say; it would, however, seem that the Andrew or Chi
+cross, which figures upon it, permits the connection of this Chooyvan
+rood with Choo or Jou.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 442.--From _A New Description of England_ (Anon,
+                 1724).]
+
+Among the whorls from Troy, Burnouf has deciphered objects which he
+describes as a wheel in motion; others as the _Rosa mystica_; others as
+the three stations of the Sun, or the three mountains. The Temple of
+Solomon was situated on Mount Moriah, one of the three holy hills of
+Hierosolyma, and it is probable that Meru, the paradise peak of
+Buddhism, was like Mount Moriah, originally Amour. That the wheel coins
+of England were symbolic of the Apple Orchard, the Garden of the Rose,
+or of the Isles called Fortunate is further pointed by the variant here
+illustrated, which is unmistakeably a _Rosa mystica_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 443.--From Evans.]
+
+As has been pointed out by Sir George Birdwood it was the Apple Tree of
+the prehistoric Celtic immigrants that gave to the whole peninsular of
+the West of England--Gloucestershire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire,
+Devonshire, and Cornwall, the mystic name of "Ancient Avalon," or Apple
+Island:--
+
+        Deep meadowed, happy, fair with orchard lawns,
+        And bowery hollows, crowned with summer seas.
+
+  [Illustration: Fig. 443A.--British. From Evans.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [766] Primary chief bard am I to Elphin,
+         And my original country is the region of the summer stars;
+         Idno and Heinin called me Merddin,
+         At length every king will call me Taliesin.
+
+         I was with my Lord in the highest sphere,
+         On the fall of Lucifer into the depth of hell
+         I have borne a banner before Alexander;
+         I know the names of the stars from north to south;
+         I have been on the galaxy at the throne of the Distributer;
+         I was in Canaan when Absalom was slain;
+         I conveyed the Divine Spirit to the level of the vale of Hebron;
+         I was in the court of Don before the birth of Gwdion.
+         I was instructor to Eli and Enoc;
+         I have been winged by the genius of the splendid crosier;
+         I have been loquacious prior to being gifted with speech;
+         I was at the place of the crucifixion of the merciful Son of God;
+         I have been three periods in the prison of Arianrod;
+         I have been the chief director of the work of the tower on Nimrod;
+         I am a wonder whose origin is not known.
+         I have been in Asia with Noah in the ark,
+         I have seen the destruction of Sodom and Gomorra;
+         I have been in India when Roma was built,
+         I am now come here to the remnant of Troia.
+
+         I have been with my Lord in the manger of the ass:
+         I strengthened Moses through the water of Jordan;
+         I have been in the firmament with Mary Magdalene;
+         I have obtained the muse from the cauldron of Caridwen;
+         I have been bard of the harp to Lleon or Lochlin,
+         I have been on the White Hill, in the court of Cynvelyn,
+         For a day and a year in stocks and fetters,
+         I have suffered hunger for the Son of the Virgin,
+         I have been fostered in the land of the Deity,
+         I have been teacher to all intelligences,
+         I am able to instruct the whole universe.
+         I shall be until the day of doom on the face of the earth
+         And it is not known whether my body is flesh or fish.
+
+   [767] _A New Description of England_ (1724), p. 57.
+
+   [768] _Brax_field Road at modern Brockley may mark the site of this
+         meadow.
+
+   [769] Wilson, J., _Imperial Gazetteer_, i., 946.
+
+   [770] _Cf._ CUN, coin, _ante_, p. 666.
+
+   [771] P. 494.
+
+   [772] _Cf._ Pierrot's Family Tree. _T.P.'s Weekly_, 1st August,
+         1914.
+
+   [773] Wilson, J., _Imperial Gazetteer_, ii., 584.
+
+   [774] Toland, _History of Druids_, p. 356.
+
+   [775] _Cf_. Gomme, Sir L., _Folklore as an Historic Science_, pp.
+         43, 44.
+
+   [776] _Cf._ Gomme, Sir L., _Folklore as an Historic Science_, p.
+         44.
+
+   [777] _A New Description of England_, p. 65.
+
+   [778] _Morte D'Arthur_, Bk. xviii, ch. viii.
+
+   [779] Hazlitt, W. Carew, _Faiths and Folklore_, i., 12.
+
+   [780] "Lageniensis," p. 86.
+
+   [781] Taliesin or _Radiant Brow_ claims to have been Merlin.
+
+   [782] "All the old traditions which give an interest to the Forest
+         continue to be current there. The Fairies, who are kind to
+         children, are still reported to be seen in their white
+         apparel upon the banks of the Fountain; and the Fountain
+         itself (whose waters are now considered salubrious) is still
+         said to be possessed of its marvellous rain-producing
+         properties. In seasons of drought the inhabitants of the
+         surrounding parishes go to it in procession, headed by their
+         _five_ great banners, and their priests, ringing bells and
+         chanting Psalms. On arriving at the Fountain, the Rector of
+         the Canton dips the foot of the Cross into its waters, and it
+         is sure to rain before a week elapses."
+
+         "Brecilicn etait une de ces forets sacrees qu'habitaient les
+         pretresses du druidisme dans le Gaule; son nom et celui de sa
+         vallee l'attesteraient a defaut d'autre temoignage; les noms
+         de lieux sont les plus surs garans des evenemens
+         passés."--_Cf._ Notes on _The Mabinogion_ (Everyman's
+         Library), p. 383-90.
+
+   [783] Mitton, G. E., _Hampstead and Marylebone_.
+
+   [784] Probably the Glamorganshire "Tabernae Amnis," now Bont y Von.
+
+   [785] Fearbal or sometimes Fibal. The "Merry Devil" associated in
+         popular tradition with Edmonton beyond Islington was known by
+         the name of Peter Fabell: I think he was originally "the
+         Angel," and that the names Fearbal or Fabell meant _Fairy or
+         Fay Beautiful_.
+
+   [786] "Morien," _Light of Britannia_, p. 61.
+
+   [787] I am inclined to think that the _eena deena dina dux_ of
+         childrens' games may be a similarly ancient survival.
+
+   [788] There was also an Aballo, now Avalon, in France: there is
+         also near Dodona in Albania an Avlona or Valona. A
+         correspondent of _The Westminster Gazette_ points out that:
+         "Valona is but a derivative of the Greek (both ancient and
+         modern) _Balanos_. This is clearer still if you realise that
+         the Greek _b_ is (and no doubt in ancient days also was)
+         pronounced like an English _v_: thus, _valanos_."
+
+   [789] _Travels in the East_, p. 152.
+
+   [790] According to Malory: "Merlin made the Round Table in tokening
+         of roundness of the world, for by the Round Table is the
+         world signified by right, for all the world, Christian and
+         heathen, repair unto the Round Table; and when they are
+         chosen to be of the fellowship of the Round Table they think
+         them more blessed and more in worship than if they had gotten
+         half the world; and ye have seen that they have lost their
+         fathers and their mothers, and all their kin, and their wives
+         and their children, for to be of your fellowship."--_Morte
+         D'Arthur_, Book xiv. 11.
+
+   [791] Fenner, W., _Pasquils Palinodia_, 1619.
+
+   [792] _Faiths and Folklore_, ii., 401.
+
+   [793] _Ibid._, 402.
+
+   [794] Aneurin's _Gododin_.
+
+   [795] _Cf._ "Laganiensis," _Irish Folklore_, p. 35.
+
+   [796] _Cf._ _New Light on Renaissance_, p. 169.
+
+   [797] Birdwood, Sir G., preface to _Symbolism of East and West_, p.
+         xvi.
+
+   [798] Hazlitt, W. Carew, _Faiths and Folklore_, ii., 402.
+
+   [799] _Cf._ _Aucassin and Nicoletté_, Everyman's Library.
+
+   [800] Fraser, J. B., _Persia_, p. 129.
+
+   [801] At Looe in Cornwall the site of what was apparently the
+         ancient forum or Fore street, is now known as "Hannafore".
+         Opposite is St. George's Islet. The connection between George
+         and Hanover suggests that St. George was probably the patron
+         saint of Hanover.
+
+   [802] Hardwick, C., _Traditions, Superstitions, and Folklore_, p.
+         159.
+
+   [803] The _lungs_ are the organs of _haleine_.
+
+   [804] Courtney, Miss M. E., _Cornish Feasts_, p. 3.
+
+   [805] Johnson, W., _Folk Memory_, p. 212.
+
+   [806] _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 211.
+
+   [807] The authorities are perplexed by this place-name. "O. E.
+         _Llynn_ means usually a torrent running over a rock which
+         does not exist here. Its later meaning, a pool, is not
+         recorded until 1577".
+
+   [808] The Elsdale Street at Hackney which is found in close contact
+         with Paradise Passage, Well Street, and Paragon Road may mark
+         an original Elves or Ellie's Dale. Leading to "The Grove" is
+         _Pigwell_ Passage.
+
+   [809] _Ante_, p. 323.
+
+   [810] _Cf._ Hardwick, C., _Trad. Super. and Folklore_, p. 159.
+
+   [811] This word means evidently much more than, as supposed,
+         _bridge builder_.
+
+   [812] The Rev. Baring-Gould quotes portions of this epistle in his
+         _Curious Myths of the Middle Ages_, but its contents are
+         evidently distasteful to him as he breaks off: "I may be
+         spared further extracts from this extraordinary letter which
+         proceeds to describe the church in which Prester John
+         worships, by enumerating the precious stones of which it is
+         constructed, and their special virtues": as a matter of fact,
+         the account is an agreeable fairy-tale or fable which is no
+         more extravagant than the account of the four-square,
+         cubical, golden-streeted New Jerusalem attributed to the
+         Revelations of St. John.
+
+   [813] Chambers' _Encyclopædia_, viii., 398.
+
+   [814] Guest, Dr., _Origines Celtica_, ii., 182.
+
+   [815] _Cf._ Schliemann, _Troy_.
+
+   [816] _Cornish Feasts_, p. 76.
+
+   [817] _Cf. ante_, p. 345, Fig. 183, No. 10.
+
+   [818] Aynsley, Mrs. Murray, _Symbolism of the East and West_, p.
+         60.
+
+   [819] _The Word in the Pattern_.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER XIII.
+
+                                ENGLISH EDENS
+
+     At bottom, a man is what his thinking is, thoughts being the
+     artists who give colour to our days. Optimists and pessimists live
+     in the same world, walk under the same sky, and observe the same
+     facts. Sceptics and believers look up at the same great stars--the
+     stars that shone in Eden, and will flash again in Paradise.--Dr. J.
+     FORT NEWTON.
+
+
+The name under which Jupiter was worshipped in Crete is not yet
+deciphered, but as we are told that the favourite abode of King Jou at
+Gnossus was on Mount Olympus where in its delightful recesses he held
+his court, and administered patriarchal justice; and as we are further
+told by Julius Firmicus that: "vainly the Cretans to this day adore the
+tumulus of Jou," it is fairly obvious that, however many historic King
+Jou's there may have been, the archetypal Jou was a lord of the tumulus
+or dun.
+
+The ancient Irish were accustomed to call _any_ hill or artificial mound
+under which lay vaults, a _shee_, which also is the generic term for
+fairy: similarly we have noted a connection between the term _rath_--or
+dun--and _wraith_. Although fairies were partial to banks, braes,
+purling brooks, brakes, and bracken, they particularly loved to
+congregate in duns or raths, and their rapid motions to and fro these
+headquarters were believed to create a noise "somewhat resembling the
+loud humming of bees when swarming from a hive". I have little doubt
+that all hills, _bryns_, or barrows were regarded not only as _bruen_,
+or breasts, but as ethereal beehives, and the superstitions still
+associated with bees are evidence that bees themselves were once deemed
+sacred. There are upwards of a thousand localities in Ireland alone
+where the word _rath_, _raw_, _rah_, _ray_, or _ra_ marks the site of a
+fairy rath,[820] and without going so far as to assert that every
+British -_dun_ or -_ton_ was a fairy _dun_ or _doun_ further
+investigation will probably establish an unsuspected multitude of
+Dunhills or Edens.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 444.--Birs Nimroud.]
+
+We have seen that in Ireland _fern_ meant anciently _anything good_, and
+also in all probability _fer en_ the Fires or Fairies: at the romantic
+hill of Cnock-Firinn or the _Hill of firinn_ was supposed to dwell a
+fairy chief named Donn Firineach, _i.e._, Donn the Truthful or the
+Truthteller;[821] evidently, therefore, this Don was a counterpart and
+consort of Queen Vera, and as he is reputed to have come from Spain his
+name may be connoted with the Spanish _don_ which, like the Phoenician
+_adon_, is a generic term meaning _the lord_. With "Generous Donn the
+King of Faery" may be connoted the Jewish Adonai, a plural form of
+_Adon_ "lord" combined with the pronoun of the first person: when
+reading the Scriptures aloud the Jews rather than utter the super-sacred
+word Jhuh, substitute Adonai, and in Jewry Adonai is thus a title of the
+Supreme Being. Among the Phoenicians Adon or _the lord_ was specially
+applied to the King of Heaven or the Sun and that sacred Nineveh was
+essentially a dunhill is evidenced by Fig. 444
+
+With Adon may be connoted Adonis, the lovely son of Myrrha and Kinyras,
+whose name has been absorbed into English as meaning any marvellously
+well-favoured youth: prior to the festivals of Adonis it was customary
+to grow forced gardens in earthen or _silver_ pots, and there would thus
+seem to have been a close connection in ideas between our English
+"_whytepot_ queen" or maiden with the pyramid of silver, and with the
+symbolic Gardens of Adonis or Eden as grown in Phrygia and Egypt.
+
+Skeat connotes the word maiden--which is an earlier form than
+_maid_--with the Cornish _maw_, a boy: if, however, we read _ma_ as
+_mother_ the word _maiden_ becomes _Mother Iden_, and I have little
+doubt that the Maiden of mythology and English harvest-homes was the
+feminine Adonis. Adonis was hymned as the Shepherd of the Twinkling
+Stars; I have surmised that Long Meg of the seventy-two Daughters was
+the Mighty Maiden of the Stars, whence it is interesting to find Skeat
+connoting _maiden_ with Anglo-Saxon _magu_, a kinsman: that Long Meg was
+the All Mother whence _mag_ or _mac_ came to mean _child of_ has already
+been suggested. Not only does Long Meg of Cumberland stand upon Maiden
+Way, but there is in the same district a Maidenmoor probably like
+Maidenhead or Maidenheath, a heath or mead dedicated to the Maid. Our
+dictionaries define the name May as a contraction of either Mary or
+Margaret, _i.e._, Meg: in the immediate neighbourhood of Long Meg is
+another circle called Mayborough, of which the vallum or enclosure is
+composed of stones taken from the beds of the Eamount or Eden rivers; in
+the centre of Mayborough used to stand four magnificent monoliths
+probably representative of the four _deacons_ or Good Kings who
+supported the Whytepot Queen.
+
+There is a seat called St. Edans in Ireland close to Ferns where, as
+will be remembered, is St. Mogue's Well: in Lincolnshire is a
+Maidenwell-_cum-Farworth_, and at Dorchester is a Haydon Hill in the
+close proximity of Forstone and _Goodman_stone. That this Haydon was the
+_Good Man_ is implied by the stupendous monument near by known as Mew
+Dun, Mai Dun, or Maiden Castle: this _chef d'oeuvre_ of prehistoric
+engineering, generally believed to be the greatest earthwork in Britain,
+is an oblong camp extending 1000 yards from east to west with a width of
+500 yards, and it occupies an area of 120 acres:[822] entered by four
+gates the work itself is described as puzzling as a series of mazes, and
+to reach the interior one is compelled to pass through a labyrinth of
+defences. The name Dorchester suggests a Droia or Troy camp, and I have
+little doubt that the labyrinthine Maiden was a colossal Troy Town or
+Drayton. Among the many Draytons in England is a Drayton-Parslow, which
+suggests that it stood near or upon a Parr's low or a Parr's lea: out of
+great Barlow Street, Marylebone, leads Paradise Place and Paradise
+Passage: there is a Drayton Park at Highbury, and in the immediate
+proximity an Eden Grove and Paradise Road: there was a Troy Town where
+Kensington Palace now stands,[823] and in all likelihood there was
+another one at Drayton near Hanwell and Hounslow. That Hounslow once
+contained an _onslow_ or _ange hill_ seems to me more probable than that
+it was merely the "burial mound" of an imaginary _Hund_ or _Hunda_: in
+Domesday Hounslow figures as Honeslow which may be connoted with
+Honeybourne at Evesham and Honeychurch in Devon. With regard to the
+latter it has been observed: "The connection between a church and honey
+is not very obvious, and this is probably Church of _Huna_": the
+official explanation of "Honeybourne" is--"brook with honey sweet
+water," but it is more probable that Queen Una was reputed to dwell
+there. That Una was not merely the creation of Spenser is evidenced from
+the fact that in Ireland "Una is often named by the peasantry as regent
+of the preternatural _Sheog_ tribes":[824] at St. Mary's-in-the-Marsh,
+Thanet, is a Honeychild Manor and an Old Honeychild: with the Three
+White Balls at Iona it may be noted that on the summit of Hydon Heath
+(Surrey) is a place marked Hydon's Ball.
+
+At a distance of "about 110 yards" from Mayborough is another circle
+known as Arthur's Round _Table_: a mile from Dunstable is a circular
+camp known as Maiden Bower, whence it is probable that Dunstable meant
+either Dun staple (market), or that the circular camp there was a
+"table" of "generous Donn". That the term "Maiden" used here and
+elsewhere means _maiden_ as we now understand it may be implied from the
+famous Maiden Stone in Scotland: this sculptured Longstone, now
+measuring 10 feet in height, bears upon it the mirror and comb which
+were essentially the emblems of the Mairymaid.
+
+There is an eminence called Maiden Bower near Durham which figures
+alternatively as _Dun_holme; Durham is supposed to mean--"wild beast's
+home or lair," but I see no more reason to assign this ferocious origin
+to Durham than, say, to Dorchester or Doracestria: Ma, the mistress of
+Mount Ida, was like Britomart[825] esteemed to be the Mother of all
+beasts or _brutes_, and particularly of _deer_; Diana is generally
+represented with a deer, and the woody glens of many-crested Ida were
+indubitably a lair of forest brutes--
+
+        Thus Juno spoke, and to her throne return'd,
+        While they to spring-abounding Ida's heights,
+        Wild nurse of forest beasts, pursued their way.[826]
+
+Yorkshire, or Eboracum and the surrounding district, the habitat of the
+Brigantes, was known anciently as Deira: by the Romans Doracestria, or
+Dorchester was named Durnovaria upon which authority comments: "In the
+present name there is nothing which represents _varia_, so that it
+really seems to mean 'fist camp'"; doubtless, fisticuffs,
+boxing-matches, and many other kind of Trojan game were once held at
+Doracestria as at every other Troy or Drayton.
+
+King Priam, the Mystic King of Troy, is said to have had fifty sons and
+daughters: the same family is assigned not only to St. Brychan of
+Cambria, but also to King Ebor, or Ebrauc of York, whence in all
+probability the Brigantes who inhabited Yorkshire and Cumberland were
+followers of one and the same Priam, Prime, Broom, Brahm, or Brahma: the
+name Abraham or Ibrahim is defined as meaning "father of a multitude".
+The Kentish Broom Park near Patrixbourne whereby is Hearts Delight,
+Maydeacon House, and Kingston is on Heden Downs, and immediately
+adjacent is a Dennehill and Denton: at Dunton Green, near Sevenoaks, the
+presence of a Mount Pleasant implies that this Dunton was an Eden Town.
+
+There is an Edenkille, or Eden Church at Elgin, and at Dudley is a Haden
+Cross, supposed to have derived its title "from a family long resident
+here": it would be preferable and more legitimate to assign this family
+name to the site and describe them as the "De Haden's". There is a
+Haddenham at Ely, and at Ely Place, Holborn, opposite St. Andrews, is
+Hatton Garden: I suggest that Sir Christopher Hatton, like the Hadens of
+Haden Cross, derived his name from his home, and not _vice versa_.
+
+In the Hibernian county of Clare is an Eden Vale: Clare Market in London
+before being pulled down was in the parish of St. Clement _Dane_, here
+also stood Dane's Inn, and within a stone's throw is the church of St.
+Dunstan. The numerous St. Dunstans were probably once Dane stones, or
+Dun stanes, and the sprightly story of St. Dunstan seizing the nose of a
+female temptress with the tongs must be relegated to the Apocrypha. In
+the opinion of Sir Laurence Gomme the predominant cult in Roman London
+was undoubtedly that of Diana, for the evidence in favour of this
+goddess includes not only an altar, but other finds connected with her
+worship: Sir Laurence goes even further than this, stating his
+conviction that "Diana practically absorbed the religious expression of
+London":[827] that London was a _Lunadun_ has already been suggested.
+
+It has always been strongly asserted by tradition that St. Paul's
+occupies the site of a church of Diana: if this were so the Diana stones
+on the summit of Ludgate Hill would have balanced the Dun stones on the
+opposing bank of the river Fleet, or Bagnigge. We have seen that _mam_
+in Gaelic meant a gently sloping hill; the two dunhills rising from the
+river Fleet, or Bagnigge, were thus probably regarded like the Paps of
+Anu at Killarney, as twin breasts of the Maiden: there are parallel
+"Maiden Paps" near Berriedale (Caithness), others near Sunderland, and
+others at Roxburgh. According to Stow the famous cross at Cheapside was
+decorated with a statue of Diana, the goddess, to which the adjoining
+Cathedral had been formerly dedicated: prior to the Reformation, two
+jets of water--like the jets in Fig. 44 (p. 167)--prilled from Diana's
+naked breast "but now decayed".
+
+By Claremarket and the church of St. Clement Dane stood Holywell Street,
+somewhat north of which was yet another well called--according to
+Stow--Dame Annis the _Clear_, and not far from it, but somewhat West,
+was also one other _clear_ water called Perilous Pond. This "perilous"
+was probably once _peri lass, i.e., perry lass_, or _pure lass_, and the
+neighbouring Clerkenwell (although the city clerks or _clerken_ may in
+all likelihood have congregated there on summer evenings), was once
+seemingly sacred to the same type of phairy as the Irish call a
+_cluricanne_.[828] The original Clerken, or Cluricanne, was in all
+probability the resplendent _clarus_, clear, shining, _Glare_ King, or
+_Glory_ King: but it is equally likely that the -_ken_ of Clerken was
+the endearing diminutive _kin_, as in Lambkin. That St. Clare was adored
+by her disciples is clear from _The Golden Legend_, where among other
+interesting data we are told: "She was crowned with a crown right clear
+shining that the obscurity of the night was changed into clearness of
+midday": we are further told that once upon a time as a certain friar
+was preaching in her presence: "a right fair child was to fore St.
+Clare, and abode there a great part of the sermon". It is thus
+permissible to assume that this marvellous holy woman, whose doctrine
+shall "enlumine all the world," was originally depicted in company of
+the customary Holy Child, or the Little Glory King.
+
+The original Clerken Well stood in what is now named Ray Street, and
+quite close to it is Braynes Row; not far distant was Brown's Wood.[829]
+The name Sinclair implies an order or a tribe of Sinclair followers, and
+that the St. Dunstan by St. Clement's Dane and Claremarket was something
+more than a monk is obvious from the tradition that "Our Lord shewed
+miracles for him _ere he was born_": the marvel in point is that on a
+certain Candlemas Day the candle of his Mother Quendred[830]
+miraculously burned full bright so that others came and lighted their
+tapers at the taper of St. Dunstan's mother; the interpretation placed
+upon this marvel was that her unborn child should give light to all
+England by his holy living.[831]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 445.--Gaulish. From Akerman.]
+
+As recorded in _The Golden Legend_ the life of poor St. Clare was one
+long dolorous great moan and sorrow: it is mentioned, however, that she
+had a sister Agnes and that these two sisters loved marvellously
+together. We may thus assume that the celestial twins were Ignis, _fire_
+and Clare, _light_: _Agnes_ is the Latin for _lamb_, and this symbol of
+Innocence is among the two or three out of lost multitudes which have
+been preserved by the Christian Church. In the illustration herewith the
+lambkin, in conjunction with a star, appears upon a coin of the Gaulish
+people whose chief town was Agatha: its real name, according to Akerman,
+was Agatha Tyke, and its foundation has been attributed both to the
+Rhodians and the Phoceans. Agatha is Greek for _good_, and _tyke_ meant
+fortune or good luck: the effigy is described as being a bare head of
+Diana to the right and without doubt Diana, or the divine Una, was
+typified both by _ignis_ the fire, and by _agnes_ the lamb: in India
+Agni is represented riding on a male _agnes_, and in Christian art the
+Deity was figured as a ram.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 446.--Agni.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 447.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+At the Cornish town of St. Enns, St. Anns, or St. Agnes, the name of St.
+Agnes--a paragon of maiden virtue--is coupled with a Giant Bolster, a
+mighty man who is said to have held possession of a neighbouring hill,
+sometimes known as Bury-anack: at the base of this hill exists a very
+interesting and undoubtedly most ancient earthwork known as "The
+Bolster".[832] As Anak meant _giant_,[833] Bury Anack was seemingly the
+_abri_, _brugh_, _bri_, or fairy palace of this particular Anak, and if
+we spell Bolster with an e he emerges at once into Belstar, the
+_Beautiful Star_ who is represented in association with Agnes on page
+719: probably the maligned Bolster of Cornwall had another of his abris
+at Bellister Castle on the Tyne, now a crumbling mass of ruins.
+
+Some accounts mention the Clerkenwell pool of Annis the Clear as being
+that of Agnes the Clear: opposite the famous Angel of this neighbourhood
+is Claremont Square, and about half a mile eastward is Shepherdess Walk;
+that the Shepherdess of this walk was Diane, _i.e.,_ Sinclair the
+counterpart of Adonis, the Shepherd of the twinkling stars, is somewhat
+implied by Peerless Street, which leads into Shepherdess Walk. Perilous
+Pool at Clerkenwell was sometimes known as Peerless Pool: it has been
+seen that the hags or fairies were associated with this Islington
+district which still contains a Paradise Passage, and of both "Perilous"
+and "Peerless" I think the correct reading should be _peri lass_; it
+will be remembered that the peris were quite familiar to England as
+evidenced by the feathery clouds or "perry dancers," and the numerous
+Pre Stones and Perry Vales.[834] In Red Cross Street, Clerkenwell, are
+or were Deane's Gardens; at Clarence Street, Islington, the name Danbury
+Street implies the existence either there or elsewhere of a Dan barrow.
+
+Opposite Clare Market and the churches of St. Dunstan and St. Clement
+Dane is situated the Temple of which the circular church, situated in
+Tanfield Court,[835] is dedicated to St. Anne: St. Anne, the mother of
+St. Mary, is the patron saint of Brittany, where she has been identified
+with Ma or Cybele, the Magna Mater of Mount Ida; that Anna was the
+consort of Joachim or the Joy King I do not doubt, and in her aspect of
+a Fury or Black Virgin she was in all probability the oak-haunting Black
+Annis of Leicestershire: "there was one flabby eye in her head". In view
+of the famous round church of St. Mary the Virgin it is permissible to
+speculate whether the "small circular hut of stone," in which Black Mary
+of Black Mary's Hole was reputed to have dwelt on the banks of the
+Fleet, Bagnigge or Holeburn (now Holborn) was or was not the original
+Eye dun of the Pixy, or Big Nikke.
+
+The emblems associated with the Temple and its circular church are
+three; the Flying Horse or Pegasus; two men or _twain_ riding on a
+single horse (probably the Two Kings) and the Agnus Dei: in the emblem
+herewith this last is standing on a dun whence are flowing the four
+rivers of Eden. The lamb was essentially an emblem of St. John who, in
+Art, is generally represented with it; whence it is significant that in
+Celtic the word for lamb is identical with the name Ion, the Welsh being
+_oen_, the Cornish _oin_, the Breton _oan_, the Gaelic _uan_, and the
+Manx _eayn_. That Sinjohn was always _sunshine_ and the _sheen_, never
+apparently darkness, is implied by the Basque words _egun_ meaning
+_day_, and Agandia or Astartea meaning Sunday. The Basque for _God_ is
+_jainco_, the Ugrian was _jen_, and the Basque _jain_, meaning _lord_ or
+_master_, is evidently synonymous with the Spanish _don_ or _donna_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 448.--Divine Lamb, with a Circular Nimbus, not
+                 Cruciform, Marked with the Monogram of Christ, and the
+                 [Greek: A] and [Greek: Ô]. Sculptured on a Sarcophagus
+                 in the Vatican. The earliest ages of Christianity.
+                 From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+In addition to St. Annes opposite St. Dunstans, and St. Clement Dane
+there is a church of St. Anne in Dean Street, Soho: Ann of Ireland was
+alternatively Danu, and it is clear from many evidences that the initial
+_d_ or _t_ was generally adjectival. The Cornish for _down_ or dune is
+_oon_, and Duke was largely correct when he surmised in connection with
+St. Anne's Hill, Avebury: "I cannot help thinking that from Diana and
+Dian were struck off the appellations Anna and Ann, and that the
+_feriæ_, or festival of the goddess, was superseded by the fair, as now
+held, of the saint. I shall now be told that the fane of the hunting
+goddess would never have been seated on this high and bare hill, that
+the Romans would have given her a habitation amidst the woods and
+groves, but here Callimachus comes to my aid. In his beautiful Hymn on
+Diana he feigns her to entreat her father Jupiter, 'also give me _all_
+hills and mountains'."
+
+Not only is Diana (Artemis) made to say "give me all hills and
+mountains," but Callimachus continues, "for rarely will Artemis go down
+into the cities": hence it is probable that all denes, duns, and downs
+were dedicated to Diana. In Armenia, Maundeville mentions having visited
+a city on a mountain seven miles high named Dayne which was founded by
+Noah; near by is the city of Any or Anni, in which he says were one
+thousand churches. Among the rock inscriptions here illustrated, which
+are attributed to the Jews when migrating across Sinai from Egypt, will
+be noticed the name Aine prefixed by a thau cross: the mountain rocks of
+the Sinai Peninsular bear thousands of illegible inscriptions which from
+time to time fall down--as illustrated--in the ravines; by some they are
+attributed to the race who built Petra.[836] I am unable to offer any
+suggestion as to how this Roman lettering AINE finds itself in so
+curious a milieu.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 449.--View of Wady Mokatteb from the S. E. From
+                 _The One Primeval Language_ (Forster, O.).]
+
+Speaking of the bleak moorlands of Penrith (the _pen ruth?_), where are
+found the monuments of Long Meg and of Mayborough, Fergusson testily
+observes: "No one will now probably be found seriously to maintain that
+the long stone row at Shap was a temple either of the Druids or of
+anyone else. At least if these ancient people thought a single or even a
+double row of widely-spaced stones stretching to a mile and a half
+across a bleak moor was a proper form for a place to worship in, they
+must have been differently constituted from ourselves[837]."
+Indubitably they were; and so too must have been the ancient Greeks: the
+far-famed Mount Cynthus, whence Apollo was called Cynthus, is described
+by travellers as "an ugly hill" which crosses the island of Delos
+obliquely; it is not even a mountain, but "properly speaking is nothing
+but a ridge of granite". I am told that Glastonbury--the Avalon, the
+Apple Orchard, the Sacred Eden of an immeasurable antiquity--is
+disappointing, and that nowadays little of any interest is to be seen
+there. "Donn's House," the gorgeous _bri_ or palace of generous Donn the
+King of Faery, is in reality no better than a line of sandhills in the
+Dingle Peninsula, Kerry; of the inspiring Tipperary I know nothing, but
+can sympathise with the prosaic Governor of the Isle of Man, who a
+century or so ago reported that practically every dun in Manxland was
+crowned with a cairn which seemed "nothing but the rubbish of Nature
+thrown into barren and unfruitful heaps".
+
+"Miserable churl" sang the wily, enigmatic Bird, whose advice to the
+rich villein has been previously quoted,[838] "when you held me fast in
+your rude hand easy was it to know that I was no larger than a sparrow
+or a finch, and weighed less than half an ounce. How then could a
+precious stone three ounces in weight be hid in my body? When he had
+spoken thus he took his flight, and from that hour the orchard knew him
+no more. _With the ceasing of his song the leaves withered from the
+pine, the garden became a little dry dust and the fountain forgot to
+flow._"
+
+Among the legends of the Middle Ages is one to the effect that
+Alexander, after conquering the whole world determined to find and
+compass Paradise. After strenuous navigation the envoys of the great
+King eventually arrived before a vast city circled by an impenetrable
+wall: for three days the emissaries sailed along this wall without
+discovering any entrance, but on the third day a small window was
+discerned whence one of the inhabitants put out his head, and blandly
+inquired the purpose of the expedition; on being informed the
+inhabitant, nowise perturbed, replied: "Cease to worry me with your
+threats but patiently await my return". After a wait of two hours the
+denizen of Heaven reappeared at the window and handed the envoys a gem
+of wonderful brilliance and colour which in size and shape exactly
+reproduced _the human eye_[839]. Alexander, not being able to make head
+or tail of these remarkable occurrences, consulted in secret all the
+wisest of the Jews and Greeks but received no suitable explanation;
+eventually, however, he found an aged Jew who elucidated the mystery of
+the hidden Land by this explanation: "O King, the city you saw is the
+abode of souls freed from their bodies, placed by the Creator in an
+inaccessible position on the confines of the world. Here they await in
+peace and quiet the day of their judgment and resurrection, after which
+they shall reign forever with their Creator. These spirits, anxious for
+the salvation of humanity, and wishing to preserve your happiness, have
+destined this stone as a warning to you to curb the unseemly desires of
+your ambition. Remember that such insatiable desires merely end by
+enslaving a man, consuming him with cares and depriving him of all
+peace. Had you remained contented with the inheritance of your own
+kingdom you would have reigned in peace and tranquillity, but now, not
+even yet satisfied with the conquest of enormous foreign possessions and
+wealth, you are weighed down with cares and danger."
+
+The name of the aged Jew who furnished Alexander with this information
+is said to have been Papas, or Papias: Papas was an alternative name for
+the Phrygian Adonis, whence we may no doubt equate the old Adonis
+(_i.e._, Aidoneus, or Pluto?) with the Aged Jew, or the Wandering Jew.
+It has been seen that the legend of the Wandering Jew apparently
+originated at St. Albans: in France _montjoy_ was a generic term for
+herald, and I have little doubt that these Mountjoys were originally so
+termed as being the denizens of some sacred Mount. There is a Mount Joy
+near Jerusalem, and there was certainly at least one in France: among
+the legends recorded in Layamon's _Brut_ is one relating to a Mont Giu
+and a wondrous Star: "From it came gleams terribly shining; the star is
+named in Latin, comet. Came from the star a gleam most fierce; at this
+gleam's end was a dragon fair; from this dragon's mouth came gleams
+enow! But twain there were mickle, unlike to the others; the one drew
+toward France, the other toward Ireland. The gleam that toward France
+drew, it was itself bright enow; to _Munt-Giu_ was seen the marvellous
+token! The gleam that stretched right west, it was disposed in seven
+beams."[840] It is probable that Chee Tor in the neighbourhood of
+Buxton, Bakewell,[841] and Haddon Hall, was once just as bogie a Mount
+as Munt-Giu: at Church_down_ in Gloucester is a Chosen Hill, which
+apparently was sacred to Sen Cho, and this hill was presumably the
+original church of Down; all sorts of "silly traditions" are said to
+hang around this spot, and the natives ludicrously claim themselves to
+be "the Chosen" People.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 450.--From _The Everyday Book_ (Hone, W.).]
+
+Chee Tor at Buxton overlooks the river Wye, a name probably connected
+with _eye_, and with numerous _Ea_mounts, _Ey_tons, _Ea_tons, _How_dens,
+etc.: that Eton in Bucks was an Eye Dun is inferable from the _ad
+montem_ ceremonies which used until recently to prevail at Salt
+Hill.[842] In British, _hy_ or _ea_, as in Hy Breasil, Batters_ea_,
+Chels_ea_, etc., meant an island, and the ideal Eden was usually
+conceived and constructed in island form: if a natural "Eye Town" were
+not available it was customary to construct an artificial one by running
+a trench around some natural or artificial barrow. The word _eye_ also
+means a shoot, whence we speak of the eye of a potato, and the standard
+Eyedun seems always to have possessed an eye of eyes in the form either
+of a tree, a well, or a tower: it was not unusual to surmount the Beltan
+fire or Tan-Tad with a tree; the favourite phare tree was a fir tree, in
+Provence the Yule log was preferably a pear tree. It was anciently
+supposed that the earth was an island established upon the floods, and
+Homer preserves the belief of his time by referring to Oceanus as a
+river-stream:--
+
+        And now, borne seaward from _the river stream_
+        _Of the Oceanus_, we plow'd again
+        The spacious Deep, and reach'd th' Ææan Isle,
+        Where, daughter of the dawn, Aurora takes
+        Her choral sports, and whence the sun ascends.[843]
+
+According to Josephus, the Garden of Eden "was watered by one river
+which ran round about the whole earth,[844] and was parted into four
+parts," and this immemorial tradition was expressed upon the circular
+and sacred cakes of ancient nations which were the forerunners of our
+Good Friday's Hot Cross Buns. Associated with the pagan Eucharists here
+illustrated[845] will be noted Eros--whose name is at the base of
+_eucharist_--also what seemingly is the Old Pater. In Egypt the cross
+cake was a hieroglyph for "civilised land," and was composed of the
+richest materials including milk and honey, the familiar attributes of
+Canaan or the Promised Land. The remarkable earthwork cross at Banwell
+has no doubt some relation to the Alban cross on our Easter _bun_, Greek
+_boun_, and the so-termed Pixies' Garden illustrated in Fig. 433(A),
+probably was once permeated by the same phairy imagination as perceived
+Paradise in the dusty "Walls of Heaven," "Peter's Orchard," and
+"Johanna's Garden".
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 451.--Love-Feast with Wine and Bread. Relief in
+                 the Kircher Museum at Rome, presumably pagan. After
+                 Roller, pl. LIV. 7.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 452.--A Pagan Love-Feast. Now in the Lateran
+                 Museum. From Roller, _Les Cata. de Rome_, pl. LIV. The
+                 pagan character is assured by the winged Eros at the
+                 left.]
+
+The name Piccadilly is assumed to have arisen because certain buns
+called piccadillies were there sold: the greater likelihood is that the
+bun took its title from Piccadilly. This curious place-name, which
+commemorates the memory of a Piccadilly Hall, is found elsewhere, and
+is probably cognate with Pixey lea, _Poukelay_, and the legend PIXTIL,
+etc. Opposite Down Street, Piccadilly, or Mayfair, there are still
+standing in the Green Park the evidences of what may once have been
+tumuli or duns, and the Buckden Hill by St. Agnes' Well in Hyde Park
+may, as is supposed, have been a den for bucks, or, as is not more
+improbable, a dun sacred to Big Adon:[846] leading to Buck Hill and St.
+Agnes' Well there is still a pathway marked on the Ordnance map Budge
+Walk, an implication seemingly that Bougie, or Bogie, was not unknown in
+the district. We have connoted Rotten Row of _Hyde_ Park with Rotten Row
+Tower near Alnwick: this latter is situated on _Aidon_ Moor. By _Down_
+Street, Mayfair, is Hay Hill, at the foot of which flowed the Eye Brook,
+and this beck no doubt meandered past the modern Brick Street, and
+through the Brookfield in the Green Park where the fifteen joyful
+heydays of the Mayfair were once celebrated: whether the Eye Brook
+wandered through Eaton Square--the site of St. Peter's Church--I do not
+know, nor can I trace whether or not the "Eatons" hereabout are merely
+entitled from Eaton Hall in the Dukeries. Each Eaton or island ton,
+certainly every sacred island, seems to have been deemed a "central boss
+of Ocean: that retreat a goddess holds,"[847] and this central boss
+appears to have been conceived indifferently or comprehensively as
+either a Cone, a Pyramid, a Beehive, or a Teat. Wyclif, in his
+translation of the Bible, refers to Jerusalem as "the totehill Zyon,"
+and there is little doubt that all teathills were originally cities or
+sites of peace: according to Cyprien Roberts: "The first basilicas,
+_placed generally upon eminences_, were called Domus Columbæ, dwellings
+of the dove, that is, of the Holy Ghost. They caught the first rays of
+the dawn, and the last beams of the setting sun."[848] Everywhere in
+Britain the fays were popularly "gentle people," "good neighbours," and
+"men of peace": a Scotch name for Fairy dun or High Altar of the Lord of
+the Mound used to be--_sioth-dhunan_, from _sioth_ "peace," and _dun_ "a
+mound": this name was derived from the practice of the Druids "who were
+wont occasionally to retire to green eminences to administer justice,
+establish peace, and compose differences between contending parties. As
+that venerable order taught a _saogle hal_, or World-beyond-the-present,
+their followers, when they were no more, fondly imagined that seats
+where they exercised a virtue so beneficial to mankind were still
+inhabited by them in their disembodied state".[849]
+
+In Cornwall there is a famous well at Truce which is legendarily
+connected with Druidism:[850] Irish tradition speaks of a famous Druid
+named Trosdan; St. Columba is associated with a St. Trosdan;[851] at St.
+Vigeans in Scotland there is a stone bearing an inscription which the
+authorities transcribe "Drosten,"[852] probably all the dwellers on the
+Truce duns were entitled Trosdan,[853] and it is not unlikely that the
+romantic Sir Patrise of Westminster was originally Father Truce. It has
+already been noted that _treus_ was Cornish for cross, that children
+cross their fingers as a sign of fainits or truce, and there is very
+little doubt that cruciform earthworks, such as Shanid, and cruciform
+duns such as Hallicondane in Thanet were truce duns. The Tuatha de
+Danaan, or Children of Donn, who are supposed to have been the
+introducers of Druidism into Ireland, were said to have transformed into
+fairies, and the duns or raths of the Danaan are still denominated
+"gentle places".[854] That the ancient belief in the existence of
+"gentle people" is still vivid, is demonstrated beyond question by the
+author of _The Fairy Faith in Celtic Countries_, who writes (1911): "The
+description of the Tuatha de Danaan in the 'Dialogue of the Elders' as
+'sprites or fairies with corporeal or material forms, but endued with
+immortality,' would stand as an account of prevailing ideas as to the
+'good people' of to-day".[855] The generous Donn, the King of Faery, is
+obviously Danu, or Anu, or Aine, the Irish goddess of prosperity and
+abundance, for we are told that well she used to cherish the circle of
+the gods.[856] At Knockainy, or the _Hill of Ainy_, Aine, whose name
+also occurs constantly on Gaulish inscriptions,[857] was until recent
+years worshipped by the peasants who rushed about carrying burning
+torches of hay: that Aine was Aincy, or _dear little aine_, is inferred
+by the alternative name of her dun Knockain_cy_: "Here," says Mr.
+Westropp, "a cairn commemorates the cult of the goddess Aine, of the
+god-race of the Tuatha De Danaan. She was a water-spirit, and has been
+seen, half raised out of the water, combing her hair. She was a
+beautiful and gracious spirit, 'the best-natured of women,' and is
+crowned with meadow-sweet (_spiræa_), to which she gave its sweet smell.
+She is a powerful tutelary spirit, protector of the sick, and connected
+with the moon, her hill being sickle-shaped, and men, before performing
+the ceremonies, used to look for the moon--whether visible or not--lest
+they should be unable to return."[858] By St. Anne's in Dean Street,
+Soho, is Dansey Yard, where probably _dancing_ took place, and dins of
+every sort arose.
+
+The original sanctuary at Westminster was evidently associated with a
+dunhill which seems to have long persisted for Loftie, in his _History
+of Westminster_, observes: "The _hillock_ on which we stand is called
+Thorn Ey".[859] Tothill Street, Westminster, marks the site of what was
+probably the teat hill of Sir Patrise: the tothills being centres of
+neighbourly intercourse a good deal of tittle-tattle doubtless occurred
+there, and from the toothills watchmen _touted_, the word _tout_[860]
+really meaning peer about or look out: "How beautiful on the Mounds are
+the feet of Him that bringeth _tidings_--that publisheth Peace".[861] It
+has been supposed that certain of the Psalms of David were addressed not
+to the Jewish Jehovah, but to the Phoenician Adon or Adonis, and it is
+not an unreasonable assumption that these hymns of immemorial antiquity
+were first sung in some simple Eyedun similar to the wattled pyreum at
+Kildare, or that at Avalon or Bride Eye.
+
+The oldest sanctuary in Palestine is a stone circle on the so-called
+Mount of God, and in Britain there is hardly a commanding eminence which
+is not crowned with a Carn or the evidences of a circle. The Cities of
+Refuge and the Horns of the Altar, so constantly mentioned in the Old
+Testament, may be connoted with the fact that in an island fort at Lough
+Gur, Limerick, were discovered "two ponderous horns of bronze," which
+are now in the British Museum: it will be remembered that at Lough Gur
+is the finest example of Irish stone circles. But stone circles are
+probably much more modern than the reputed founding of St. Bride's first
+monastery at Kildare. We are told that Bride the Gentle, the Mary of the
+Gael, who occasionally hanged her cloak upon a lingering sunbeam, had a
+great love of flowers, and that once upon a time when wending her way
+through a field of _clover_[862] she exclaimed, "Were this lovely plain
+my own how gladly would I offer it to the Lord of Heaven and Earth". She
+then begged some sticks from a passing carter, staked and wattled them
+into a circle, and behold the Monastery was accomplished. The character
+of this simple edifice reminds one of "that structure neat," to which
+Homer thus alludes:--
+
+        Unaided by Laertes or the Queen,
+        With tangled thorns he fenced it safe around,
+        And with contiguous stakes riv'n from the trunks
+        Of solid oak black-grain'd hemm'd it without.[863]
+
+The circle of Mayborough originally contained two cairns which are
+suggestive of Andromache's "turf-built cenotaph with altars twain": the
+great bicycle within a monocycle at Avebury is trenched around, and the
+summit of the circumference is still growing thickly with "tangled
+thorns". On the Wrekin there is a St. Hawthorn's Well; of "Saint"
+Hawthorn nothing seems to be known, and I strongly suspect that he was
+originally a sacred thorn or monument bush. The first _haies_ or hedges
+were probably the hawthorn or haw hedges around the sacred Eyes, and the
+original _ha-has_ or sunk ditches were presumably the water trenches
+which surrounded the same jealously-guarded Eyes: and as _ha-ha_ is also
+defined as "an old woman of surprising ugliness, a caution," it may be
+suggested that the caretakers or beldames[864] of the awful Eyes were,
+like some of the vergers and charwomen of the present day, not usually
+comely.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 453.--Trematon, Cornwall.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 454.--Chun Castle.]
+
+The iris-form of the Eye was shown in the ground plan _ante_, page 534,
+and that this design was maintained even for ages after the first
+primitive Rock or Tower had given place to statelier edifices might be
+shown by many more evidences than the design here illustrated: the
+_maton_ of this Trematon Castle was in all probability the same Maiden
+as the Shee of Maiden Castle, Maiden Paps, and the Maiden Stane.
+Trematon, in Cornwall, was the site of a Stannary Court, whence arose
+the proverbial localism "Trematon Law," and there are peculiarities
+about the Castle which merit more than passing attention. Rising
+majestically amid the surrounding foliage the keep is described as
+standing on the summit of a conical mound: Baring-Gould characterises
+the aspect as being that of a pork pie, whence its windowless walls
+would seem to bear a resemblance to the massive masonry at Richborough.
+The Richborough walls now measure 10 feet 8 inches in thickness and
+nearly 30 feet in height; those at Trematon are stated as being 10 feet
+thick and 30 feet high. Like Maiden Castle at Dorchester, Trematon is of
+an oval form and it was formerly divided into apartments, but as there
+are no marks of windows they would appear to have been lighted from the
+top.[865] The gateway consisted of three strong arches, and the general
+arrangements would seem to have resembled those at Chun where, as will
+be noted, there were three outer chambers encircling about a dozen inner
+stalls. Chun is cyclopean unmortared stonework; Maiden Castle is
+earthwork; Richborough is supposedly Roman masonry: of Trematon little
+is known that may be deemed authentic, but it is generally believed to
+have been originally erected prior to the Conquest: as, however, the
+Anglo-Saxons were incapable of masonry it would seem that Trematon might
+be assigned to an antiquity not less than that of Richborough Castle
+which it so curiously parallels. With the various Maiden Lanes of
+King's Cross, Covent Garden, and elsewhere may be connoted the Mutton
+Lane of Hackney, which was famous for a bun house which once rivalled
+that at _Cheynes_ Walk, Chelsea: Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, is a
+continuation of Chandos Street, and it will probably prove that the
+surname Chandos is ultimately traceable to _Jeanne douce_. In Caledonia
+_douce_ is not necessarily feminine, and the King John tradition, which
+unaccountably lingered around Canonbury,[866] may be connoted with the
+John Street and Mutton Hill of Clerkenwell. The sheep or mutton is the
+proper emblem of St. John, and perhaps the same King John may be further
+identified with the Goodman of the adjacent Goodman's Fields. We have
+seen that in Caledonia the gudeman was the devil, whence it becomes
+interesting to find near Brown's Wood, Islington, stood once a "Duval's
+(vulgarly called Devil's) Lane".[867]
+
+St. Columba alludes affectionately to--
+
+          My _derry_, my little oak grove,
+          My dwelling and my little cell.
+
+The Eye dun illustrated _ante_, page 584, which is described as the
+strangest, most solitary, most prehistoric-looking of all our motes, is
+known as _Trow_dale Mote; St. Columba is associated with _Tiree_; he is
+also said to have been imprisoned at _Tara_, and to have written the
+book _Durrow_ with his own hand: there is thus some ground for tracing
+the Mote, Maton, Maid or Maiden, _alias_ St. Columba, to Droia or Troy.
+That the dove was pre-eminently a Cretan emblem is well known, and that
+all derrys or trees were sacred Troys or sanctuaries is further implied
+by the ancient meaning of the adjective _terribilis_, _i.e._, sacred:
+thus we find Westminster or Thorn Ey alluded to by old writers as a
+_locus terribilis_,[868] and it would seem that any awe-inspiring or
+awful spot was deemed _terrible_ or sacred.
+
+In the Celtic Calendar there figures a St. Maidoc or Aidan: Maidoc is
+_maid high_, and I am afraid St. Aidan was occasionally "a romping girl"
+or _hoiden_. One does not generally associate Pallas Athene with
+revelry, and it is difficult to connect with gaiety the grim example of
+Athene which the present proprietors of _The Athenæum_ have adopted as
+their ideal; yet, says Plato, "Our virgin Lady, delighting in the sports
+of the dance, thought it not meet to dance with empty hands; she must be
+clothed in full armour, and in this attire go through the dance. And
+youths and maidens should in every respect imitate her example,
+honouring the goddess, both with a view to the actual necessities of war
+and to the festivals." Hoiden or hoyden meant likewise a gypsy--a native
+of Egypt "the Land of the Eye"--and also a heathen: Athene, who was
+certainly a heathen maid, may be connoted with Idunn of Scandinavia, who
+keeps the apples which symbolise the ever-renewing and rejuvenating
+force of Nature.[869] Tradition persistently associates Eden with an
+apple, although Holy Writ contains nothing to warrant the connection:
+similarly tradition says that Eve had a daughter named Ada: as Idunn was
+said to be the daughter of Ivalde we may equate Idunn, the young and
+lovely apple-maid, with Ada or Ida, and Ivalde, her mother with the Old
+_Wife_, or Ive Old.[870] In an earlier chapter we connected Eve with
+_happy_, Hob, etc., and there is little doubt that Eve, "the Ivy Girl,"
+was the Greek Hebe who had the power of making old men young again, and
+filled the goblets of the gods with nectar.
+
+Idunn, "the care-healing maid who understands the renewal of youth,"
+was, we are told, the youthful leader of the _Idunns_ or fairies: in
+present-day Welsh _edyn_ means a _winged one_, and _ednyw_ a spirit or
+essence. It is said that from the manes of the horses of the Idunns
+dropped a celestial dew which filled the goblets and horns of the heroes
+in Odin's hall; it is also said that the Idunns offer full goblets and
+horns to mortals, but that these, thankless, usually run away with the
+beaker after spilling its contents on the ground. There must be an
+intimate connection between the legend of the fair Idunns, and the fact
+that at the Caledonian Edenhall, on the river Eden, is preserved an
+ancient goblet known as The Luck of Edenhall:--
+
+            If this glass do break or fall
+            Farewell the luck of Edenhall.
+
+The river Eden flows into the Solway Firth, possibly so named because
+the Westering Sun must daily have been seen to create a golden track or
+sun-way over the Solway waters. Ptolemy refers to Solway Firth as Ituna
+Estuarium, so that seemingly Eden or Ituna may be equated not only with
+the British rivers Ytene and Aeithon, but also with the Egyptian Aten.
+According to Prof. Petrie, the cult of Aten "does not, so far, show a
+single flaw in a purely scientific conception of the source of all life
+and power upon earth. The Sun is represented as radiating its beams on
+all things, and every beam ends in a hand which imparts life and power
+to the king and to all else. In the hymn to the Aten, the universal
+scope of this power is proclaimed as the source of all life and action,
+and every land and people are subject to it, and owe to it their
+existence and allegiance. No such grand theology had ever appeared in
+the world before, so far as we know, and it is the forerunner of the
+later monotheist religions while it is even more abstract and impersonal
+and may well rank as a scientific theism."
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 455.--British. From Evans]
+
+Egyptian literature tells of a King Pepi questing for the tree of life
+in company with the Morning Star carrying a spear of Sunbeams.
+
+      Thy rising is beautiful, O living Aton, Lord of Eternity,
+      Thou art shining, beautiful, strong,
+      Thy love is great and mighty.
+      Thy rays are cast into every face
+      Thy glowing hue brings life to hearts
+      When thou hast filled the two Lands with thy love
+      O God, who himself fashioned himself,
+      Maker of every land.
+      Creator of that which is upon it,
+      Men, all cattle, large and small.
+      All trees that grow in the soil,
+      They live when thou dawnest for them.
+      Thou art the mother and the father of all that thou has made.
+
+Yet this resplendent Pair or Parent was also addressed by the Egyptians
+as the Sea on High and invoked--
+
+          Bow thy head, decline thy arms, O Sea!
+
+The Maiden Morning Star or Stella Maris was imagined as refreshing the
+heart of King Pepi to life: "She purifies him, she cleanses him, he
+receives his provision from that which is in the Granary of the Great
+God, he is clothed by the Imperishable Stars." The intimate connection
+between Candia and Egypt, the "Land of the Eye" is generally admitted,
+and as it is an etymological fact that the letters _m_ and _n_ are
+almost invariably interchangeable (indeed if language begins with voice
+and ends with voice it is impossible to suppose that two such similar
+sounds could have maintained their integrity), it is probable that
+Candia is radically related to Khem, which seemingly was the most
+ancient name for Egypt. The celebrated "Maiden Bower," by Mount
+Pleasant, Dunstable, is believed to be the modern equivalent of magh
+_din_ barr, pronounced mach _dim_ barr, and it is decoded as _magh_, a
+level expanse, _din_, a hill or hill fortress, and _barr_, a summit: I
+note this derivation--which certainly cannot be applied to the Maiden
+Stane--as it equates _din_ with _dim_, in which connection it is
+noteworthy that in France and Belgium _Edinburgh_ becomes _Edimbourg_.
+In all probability therefore Adam, Master of Eden, was originally Adon
+or "the Lord," and Notre _Dame_ of France was equivalent to the
+_Madonna_ of Italy.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 456.--From _The Correspondences of Egypt_
+                 (Odhner).]
+
+In Caledonia the moothills were known alternatively as _Dom_hills, and
+in the "Chanonry of Aberdeen" was a dun known as Donidon or Dunadon:
+_doom_ still means fate or judgment; in Scots Law giving sentence was
+formerly called "passing the doeme"; the judge was denominated the
+Doomster, and the jury the Doomsmen. In the Isle of Man the judges are
+termed Deemsters, and in Scandinavia stone circles are known as Doom
+rings: the Hebrew Dan meant _judgment_, and the English Dinah[871] is
+interpreted as _one who judges_; in the Isle of Man the Laws are not
+legal until they have been proclaimed from the _Tyn_wald Hill. That the
+Domhills of Britain have largely preserved their physical condition is
+no doubt due to the doom frequently inflicted on malefactors that they
+should carry thither a certain quantity of earth and deposit it.[872]
+
+In Europe there are numerous megalithic monuments known popularly as
+"Adam's Graves," and near Draycott at Avebury the maps mark an Adam's
+Grave. On the brow of a hill near Heddon (Northumberland) is a
+trough-like excavation in the solid rock known as the Giant's Grave;
+there is a similar Giant's Grave near Edenhall by Penrith, and a
+neighbouring chasm entitled The Maiden's Step is popularly connected
+with Giant Torquin: this Torquin suggests Tarquin of Etruria, between
+which and Egypt there was as close if not a closer connection than that
+between Candia and Khem.
+
+At Maidstone, originally Maidenstone, there is a _Moat_ Park: in Egypt
+_Mut_ was one of the names given to the Queen of Heaven, or Lady of the
+Sky: Mut was no doubt a variant of Maat, or Maht, the Egyptian Goddess
+of Truth, for in the worship of the Egyptian Aton "Truth" occupied a
+pre-eminent position, and the capital of Ikhnaton, the most conspicuous
+of the Aton-worshipping kings, was called the "Seat of Truth".
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 457.--Maat.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 458.--Mut.]
+
+Surmounting the Maat here illustrated is a conspicuous _feather_ which
+we have already connoted with _feeder_ and _fodder_. Maat, the giver of
+provision from that which is in the granary of the Great God, is thus
+presumably allied with _meat_, also to _mud_,[873] or liquid earth. The
+word _mud_ is not found in Anglo-Saxon, but is evidently the
+Phoenician _mot_, and it would be difficult for modern science to add
+very much to the prehistoric conception of the Phoenicians. According
+to their great historian Sancaniathon: "The beginning of all things was
+a condensed, windy air, or a breeze of thick air, and a chaos turbid and
+black as Erebus. Out of this chaos was generated Môt, which some call
+Ilus" (_mud_), "but others the putrefaction of a watery mixture. And
+from this sprang all the seed of the creation, and the generation of the
+universe.... And, when the air began to send forth light, winds were
+produced, and clouds, and very great defluxions and torrents of the
+heavenly waters."[874] It is probable that _Sancaniathon_, the
+Phoenician sage to whom the above passage is attributed, was radically
+_Iathon_ or _Athene_.
+
+We have connoted the Egyptian sun-god Phra with Pharoah, or Peraa, who
+was undoubtedly the earthly representative of the same Fire or Phare as
+was worshipped by the Parsees, or Farsees of Persia: the Persian
+historians dilate with enthusiasm on the justice, wisdom, and glory of a
+fabulous Feridoon whose virtues acquired him the appellation of the
+Fortunate, and it is probable that this Feridoon was the Fair Idoon
+whose palace, like the Fairy Donn's, was located on some humble fire
+dun, or peri down. The name Feridoon, or Ferdun (the Fortunate),[875] is
+translated as meaning _paradisiacal_: Ferdusi is etymologically
+equivalent to _perdusi_, which is no doubt the same word as _paradise_,
+and we can almost visualise the term _feridoon_ transforming itself into
+_fairy don_. Nevertheless by one Parthian poet it was maintained--
+
+        The blest Feridoon an angel was not,
+        Of musk or of amber, he formed was not;
+        By justice and mercy good ends gained he,
+        Be just and merciful thou'lt a Feridoon be.[876]
+
+In Germany, Frei or Frey meant a privileged place or sanctuary: in
+London such a sanctuary until recently existed around the church of St.
+Mary Offery, or Overy (now St. Saviours, Southwark), and in a subsequent
+chapter we shall consider certain local traditions which permit the
+equation of St. Mary Overy, and of the Brixton-Camberwell river _Effra_,
+with the Fairy _Ovary_ of the Universe. The Gaelic and Welsh for an
+opening or _mouth_ is _aber_, whence Aberdeen is held to mean the mouth
+of the Don: but at Loch_aber_ or Loch _Apor_ this interpretation cannot
+apply, and it is not improbable that Aberdeen on the river Don was
+primarily a Pictish Abri town--a Britain or Prydain. As the capital of
+Caledonia is Edinburgh or Dunedin, it may be suggested that the whole of
+Caledonia stern and wild was originally a _Kille_, or church of Don.
+
+At Braavalla, in Osturgothland, there are remains of a marvellous "stone
+town," whence we may assume that this site was originally a Braavalla,
+or _abri valley_: the chief of the Irish Barony of Barrymore who was
+entitled "The Barry" is said to have inhabited an enchanted brugh in one
+of the Nagles Hills. Near New Grange in Ireland there is a remarkable
+dolmen known locally as the house or tomb of Lady "Vera, or Birra":[877]
+five miles distant is Bellingham, and I have little doubt that every
+fairy dun or fairy town, the supposed local home of Bellinga, the Lord
+Angel or the Beautiful Angel, was synonymously a "Britain"; that Briton
+and Barton are mere variants of the same word is evident from such
+place-names as Dumbarton, originally Dunbrettan.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 459.--New Grange, Ireland.
+
+                 Fig. I _The Barrow at New Grange_
+
+                 Fig. II _Section of the Tumulus_
+
+                 Fig. III _Section of the Gallery & Dome_]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 460--Kit's Coty, near Maidstone.
+                                                 [_To face page 751._ ]
+
+It has been seen that Prydain--of whom it was claimed that before his
+coming there was little ordinance in these Islands save only a
+superiority of oppression--was the reputed child of King Aedd: Aedd was
+one of the titles of Hu, the first of our national Three Pillars, and he
+was probably identical with Aeddon, a name which, says Davies, "I think
+was a title of the god himself": the priests of Hu were apparently
+termed Aeddons, whence like the Mountjoys of France we may assume they
+were the denizens of the Aeddon duns: inquiry will probably establish
+one of these sanctuaries at Haddington; at Addington (Domesday
+_Edin_tone) in Kent there are the remains of one still standing. With
+the pagan Aeddons may be connoted the Celtic Saint Aidan, Æden, or
+Aiden, whose name is associated with Lindis_farne_, also the St. Aidan,
+or Maidoc of _Ferns_, who among other prodigies is recorded as having
+driven to and from Rome in twenty-four hours. At _Farn_ MacBride in
+Glencolumkille, there are some cromlechs which exactly resemble in plan
+the house of Lady Vera, or Birra, at New Grange:[878] at Evora, in
+_Por_tugal, situated on bleak heathland, is a similar monument which
+Borrow described as the most perfect and beautiful of its kind he had
+ever seen: "It was circular, and consisted of stones immensely large and
+heavy at the bottom, which towards the top became thinner, having been
+fashioned by the hand of art to something like the shape of _scallop
+shells_.... Three or four individuals might have taken shelter within
+the interior in which was growing a small thorn tree."[879] The scallop
+shell, like the cockle and all coquilles, was obviously an emblem of
+Evora, the Ovary, the Aber, the opening.
+
+The _Bona dea_ of Candia was represented with a headdress in the form of
+a cat; we shall connote this animal (German _kater_) with St. Caterina
+or Kate, the immaculate pure one, and it is not unnoteworthy that the
+Kentish _Kit's_ coty, near Maidstone, _vide_ the photograph here
+reproduced, contains what might be a rude much-weathered image of the
+sacred _cat_, lioness, or _kit_ten:[880] In Caledonia is a famous
+Cat[881] Stane, and the Duchess of Sutherland still bears the honorary
+title "Lady of the Cat".[882] The word _kitt_en resolves into Great
+Itten: the New Forest used to be known as the Forest of Ytene,[883] and
+I do not think that the great British Forest of Dean has any real
+connection with the supposition that the Danes may have taken up their
+residence there: _Dean_ was almost a generic name for forest, and we
+meet with it from Arden to the Ardennes.[884]
+
+For an explication of the word _dawn_ Skeat observes: "see day"; it is,
+however, probable that _dawn_ was the little or young Don or Adon. By
+the Welsh the constellation Cassiopeaia is known under the title of
+Don's chair. That the Irish Don was Truth is probable from the statement
+"His blue dome (the sky) was an infallible weather-glass, whence its
+name the Hill of Truth".[885]
+
+According to the Edda,[886] a collection of traditions which have been
+assigned variously by scholars to Norway, Greenland, and the British
+Isles, the world was created by the sons of Bor, and in the beginning
+the gods built a citadel in Ida-plain and an age of universal innocence
+prevailed. Situated on Cockburn Law in Berwickshire--a wick or fortress
+of Ber upon which stands the largest of all the brochs--is a prehistoric
+circle known as Edina or Wodens Hall. The English name Edana or Edna,
+defined as meaning _perfect happiness_ or _rich gift_, is stated to be a
+variant of Ida or Ada: in Hebrew the name Adah means _beauty_, and Ada,
+the lovely daughter of Adam, is probably Eda, the "passionately
+beloved"[887] Breaton princess of Hibernia, or Ma Ida of Tyburnia or
+Marylebone.
+
+The Garden of Eden has somewhat unsuccessfully, I believe, been located
+in Mesopotamia: the Jews doubtless had their Edens even though
+Palestine is arid, and the authorities translate the name Adam as having
+meant _red earth_: according to early Rabbinical writers Adam was a
+giant; he touched the Arctic pole with one hand and the Antarctic with
+the other.[888] I have here noted but a handful of the innumerable Edens
+in Britain which includes five rivers of that name:[889] that the Lady
+of Britain was Prydain, Brython, or _pure Athene_, _i.e._, Wisdom, is a
+well-recognised tradition, for she is conventionally represented as
+Athene. In Greece the girl-name Theana meant _Divine Intelligence_,[890]
+and Ida was interpreted _far seeing_: in Troy the goddess of the city,
+which originally stood upon a dun hill, was Athene, and the innumerable
+owl-headed emblems found there by Schliemann were her sign: "Before the
+human form was adopted her (Athene's) proper symbol was the Owl; a bird
+which seems to surpass all other creatures in acuteness and refinement,
+of organic perception; its eyes being calculated to discern objects
+which to all others are enveloped in darkness; its ear to hear sounds
+distinctly when no other can perceive them at all, and its nostrils to
+discriminate effluvia with such nicety that it has been deemed prophetic
+from discovering the putridity of death even in the first stages of
+disease."[891]
+
+We have noted the existence of some exclusively British fairies known as
+Portunes: among the Latins Portunas was a name of Tri_ton_ or Nep_tune_:
+the Mother of the British Portunes might be termed Phortuna, or, as we
+should now write the word, Fortuna, and the stone circle at Goodaver in
+Cornwall might be described as a Wheel of Good Phortune: the Hebrew for
+_fortune_ is _gad_, and it is probable that the famous Gadshill, near
+Rochester, was at one time a God's Hill; from Kit's Coty on the heights
+above Rochester it is stated that according to tradition a continuous
+series of stone monuments once extended to Addington where are still the
+remains of another coty or cromlech.
+
+There are in England numerous Addingtons or Edintones, and at at least
+two of these are Druidic remains: the Kentish Addington, near Snodland
+and Kit's Coty, is dedicated to St. Margaret, and the church itself is
+situated on a rise or dun. Half a mile from Bacton in Hereford is a
+small wood known as St. Margaret's Park, and in the centre of this is a
+cruciform mound, its western arm on the highest ground, its eastern on
+the lowest: this cruciform mound was described in 1853 as being 15 feet
+at base,[892] a familiar figure which may be connoted with the statement
+in _The Golden Legend_ that St. Margaret was fifteen years of age. In
+addition to the cruciform mount at St. Margaret's Park, Bacton, there
+are further remains of archæologic interest: about 100 years ago nine
+large yew trees which were surrounding it--one of gigantic size--were
+felled to the ground, and my authority states that its venerable
+antiquity was evident from the decayed stumps of _oaks_ still visible
+felled ages ago together with more recent ones.[893] In addition to the
+cross in this prehistoric Oak grove of the Lady Margaret there are three
+curious cavities, two of them circular, the third oval or egg-shaped:
+the ancient veneration for the _oeuf_, or egg, has degenerated to the
+Easter egg, and in Ireland the Dummy's Hill,[894] associated with
+egg-trundling may, I think, be equated with Donna or the Dame.
+
+The Cretan Britomart in Greek was understood to mean _sweet maiden_; in
+Welsh _pryd_ meant precious, dear, fair, beautiful; Eda of Ireland was
+"passionately beloved," and to the Britons the sweet maiden was
+inferentially Britan_nia_, the _new_ pure Athene, Ma Ida the Maid or
+Maiden whose character is summed up in the words _prude_, _proud_,
+_pride_, and _pretty_. In Ireland we may trace her as Meave, _alias_
+Queen Mab, and the headquarters of this Maiden were either at Tara or at
+Moytura: the latter written sometimes Magh Tuireadh, probably meant the
+plain of Troy, for there are still all the evidences here of a
+megalithic Troy town. The probabilities are that Stanton Drew in
+Somerset, like Drewsteignton in Devon, with which tradition connects St.
+Keyna, was another Dru stonetown for here are a cromlech, a logan stone,
+two circles, some traces of the Via Sacra or Druid Way and an ancient
+British camp: in Aberdeen there are circles at _Tyre_bagger, Dun_adeer_,
+and at Deer.
+
+Among other so-called monuments of the Brugh at Moytura recorded in the
+old annalists are "the Two Paps of the Morrigan," "The Mound of the
+Morrigan," _i.e_., the Mound of the Great Queen, also a "Bed of the
+Daughter of Forann":[895] Forann herself was doubtless the Hag whose
+weirdly-sculptured chair exists at Lough Crew in Meath: _Meath_ was
+esteemed the _mid_, _middle_, or _midst_, of Ireland, and here as we
+have seen existed the central stone at Birr. There is a celebrated Hag's
+Bed at Fermoy, doubtless the same Hag as the "Old Woman of Beare," whose
+seven periods of youth necessitated all who lived with her to die of old
+age: this Old Woman's grandsons and great grandsons were, we are told,
+tribes and races, and in several stories she appears to the hero as a
+repulsive hag who suddenly transforms herself into a beautiful Maid. At
+Moytura--with which tradition intimately associates the Children of
+Don--is a cairn called to this day the "cairn of the One Man": with this
+One Man we may connote Un Khan or Prester John, of whose mystic Kingdom
+so many marvellous legends circulated during the Middle Ages.
+
+Among the miracles attributed to St. Patrick is one to the effect that
+by the commandment of God he "made in the earth a great circle with his
+staff": this might be described as a _byre_, _i.e._, an enclosure or
+bower, and we may connote the word with the stone circle in
+Westmoreland, at Brackenbyr, _i.e._, the byre of Brecon, Brechin, or the
+Paragon? The husband of Idunn was entitled Brage, whose name _inter
+alia_ meant King: Brage was the god of poetry and eloquence; a
+superfluity of prating, pride, and eloquence is nowadays termed _brag_.
+
+The burial place of St. Patrick, St. Bride, and Columba the Mild, is
+alleged to be at Duno in Ulster: "In Duno," says _The Golden Legend_,
+"these three be buried all in one sepulchre": the word Duno is _d'uno_,
+the divine Uno, and the spot was no doubt an Eden of "the One Man":
+Honeyman[896] is a fairly common English surname, and although this
+family may have been dealers in honey, it is more probable that they are
+descendants of the One Man's ministers: in Friesland are megalithic
+Hunnebeds, or Giant's Beds, and I have little doubt that the
+marvellously scooped stone at Hoy in the Hebrides[897]--the parallel of
+which existed in Egypt, the Land of the Eye--was originally a Hunne Bed
+or _grotte des fees_.
+
+"Of Paradise," says Maundeville, "I cannot speak for I have not been
+there": nevertheless this traveller--who was not necessarily the arch
+liar of popular assumption--has recorded many artificial paradises which
+he was permitted to explore: the word _paradise_ is the Persian
+_pairidaeza_, which means an enclosure, or place walled in: it is thus
+cognate with our _park_, and the first parks were probably sanctuaries
+of the divine Pair. Nowhere that I know of is the place-name
+Paradise[898] more persistent than in Thanet or Tanet, a name supposed
+by the authorities to be Celtic for _fire_: at the nose of the North
+Foreland old maps mark Faire Ness, and I have little doubt that Thanet,
+"by some called Athanaton and Thanaton,"[899] was originally sacred to
+Athene. In Suffolk is a Thingoe, which is understood to mean "how, or
+mound of the _thing_, or provincial assembly": the chief Cantian _thing_
+or folkmoot was probably held at the Dane John at Cantuarbig or
+Durovernon; the word _think_ implies that Athene was a personification
+of Reason or Holy Rhea, and the equivalence of the words _remercie_ and
+_thank_, suggest that all dons, donatives, and donations were deemed to
+have come from the Madonna or Queen Mercy, to whom thanks or
+remerciements were rendered by the utterance of her name. In the North
+of England there are numerous places named Unthank, which seemingly is
+ancient Thank: the Deity is still thanked for _meat_, _i.e._, _fare_, or
+_forage_; _free_, according to Pearsall, "comes from an Aryan root
+meaning _dear_ (whence also our word _friend_), and meant in old
+Teutonic times those who are _dear_ to the head of the household--that
+is connected with him by ties of friendship, and not slaves, or in
+bondage".[900] The word _dear_, French _adore_, connects _tre_ or abode
+with Droia or Troy: yet the _Sweet Maiden_ of Crete could at times show
+dour displeasure, and one of her best known representations is thus
+described: "The pose of the little figure is dignified and firm, the
+side face is even winning, but the eyes are fierce, and the outstretched
+hands holding the heads of the snakes are so tense and show such
+strength that we instinctively feel this was no person to be played
+with".[901] The connection at Edanhall of The Maiden's Step with Giant
+Torquin establishes a probability that the Maid or the Maiden was either
+the Troy Queen or the Eternal Queen, or _dur queen_, the hard Queen, at
+times a little dragon, oftener a _dear Queen_, _i.e._, Britomart, the
+Sweet Maiden, or Eda, the passionately beloved, the _Adorée_. "Bride,
+the _gentle_" is an epithet traditionally applied to St. Bride, St.
+Brigit, or St. Brig; in Welsh, _brig_ and _brigant_ mean _tip top_ or
+_summit_, and these terms may be connoted with the Irish _brig_ meaning
+pre-eminent power, influence, authority, and high esteem. At Chester, or
+Deva, there has been found an inscription to the "Nymph-Goddess Brig,"
+and at Berrens in Scotland has been found an altar to the Goddess of
+Brigantia, which exhibits a winged deity holding a spear in one hand,
+and a globe in the other.
+
+In the British Museum is a coin lettered CYNETHRYTH REGINA: this lady,
+who is described as the widow of Offa, is portrayed "in long curls,
+behind head long cross": assuredly there were numerous Queen
+Cynethryths, but the original Cynethryth was equally probably Queen
+Truth, and in view of the fact that the motto of Bardic Druidism was
+"the Truth against the world," we may perhaps assume that the Druid was
+a follower of Truth or Troth.
+
+In the opinion of the learned Borlase the sculpture illustrated on page
+485 represents the six progressive orders of Druidism contemplating
+Truth, the younger men on the right viewing the Maiden draped in the
+garb of convention, the older ones on the left beholding her nude in her
+symbolic aspect as the feeder of two serpents: it is not improbable that
+Quendred, the miraculous light-bearing Mother of St. Dunstan, was a
+variant of the name Cynethryth, at times Queen Dread, at times Queen
+Truth.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 461.--Britannia, A.D. 1919.
+                _By permission of the Proprietors of "Punch"._]
+
+The frequent discovery of coins--Roman and otherwise--within cromlechs
+such as Kit's Coty and other sacred sites appears to me to prove
+nothing in respect of age, but rather a survival of the ancient
+superstition that the fairies possessed from time immemorial certain
+fields which could not be taken away or appropriated without gratifying
+the pixy proprietors by a piece of money:[902] the land-grabber is no
+novelty, nor seemingly is conscience money. That important battles
+occurred at such sites as Moytura and Braavalla is no argument that
+those fantastic Troy Towns or Drewsteigntons were, as Fergusson
+laboriously maintained, monuments to commemorate slaughter. According to
+Homer--
+
+              Before the city stands a lofty mound,
+        In the mid plain, by open space enclos'd;
+        Men call it Batiaea; but the Gods
+        The tomb of swift Myrinna; muster'd _there
+        The Trojans and Allies their troops array'd_.[903]
+
+Nothing is more certain than that with the exception of a negligible
+number of conscientious objectors, a chivalrous people would defend its
+Eyedun to the death, and that the last array against invaders would
+almost invariably occur in or around the local Sanctuarie or Perry dun.
+
+It is a wholly unheard of thing for the British to think or speak of
+Britain as "the Fatherland": the Cretans, according to Plutarch, spoke
+of Crete as their Motherland, and not as the Fatherland: "_At first_,"
+says Mackenzie, "the Cretan Earth Mother was the _culture deity_ who
+instructed mankind ... in Crete she was well developed before the
+earliest island settlers began to carve her images on gems and seals or
+depict them in frescoes. She symbolised the island and its social life
+and organisation."[904]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [820] _Irish Folklore_, p. 32.
+
+   [821] _Irish Folklore_, p.78
+
+   [822] Heath, F. R. and S., _Dorchester_, p. 40.
+
+   [823] Dorchester stands on the "Econ Way"
+
+   [824] _Irish Folklore_, p. 79.
+
+   [825] In _Crete the Forerunner of Greece_, Mr. and Mrs. Hawes
+         remark that Browning's great monologue corresponds perfectly
+         with all we know of the Minoan goddess--
+
+              I shed in Hell o'er my pale people peace
+              On earth, I caring for the creatures guard
+              Each pregnant yellow wolf and fox-bitch sleek,
+              And every feathered mother's callow brood,
+              And all that love green haunts and loneliness.
+
+   [826] _Iliad_, xv., 175.
+
+   [827] _London_, p. 59.
+
+   [828] _Irish Folklore_, p. 34.
+
+   [829] Gomme, Sir L., _The Topography of London_, ii., 215.
+
+   [830] See Cynethryth _post_, p. 761.
+
+   [831] _Golden Legend_, iii., 188.
+
+   [832] Hunt, R., _Popular Romances of the West of England_, p. 73.
+
+   [833] Cf. Numbers xiii. 33.
+
+   [834] Adjacent to Perry Mount, Perrivale, Sydenham, are Adamsrill
+         road, Inglemere road, _Allen_by road, and _Ex_bury road.
+
+   [835] This Tanfield Court supposedly takes its name from an
+         individual named Tanfield. Wherever the original Tanfield was
+         it was doubtless the scene of many a bonfire or Beltan
+         similar to the joyous "Tan Tads," or "Fire Fathers" of
+         Brittany.
+
+   [836] _Cf_. Forster, Rev. C., _The One Primeval Language_, 1851.
+
+   [837] _Rude Stone Monuments_, p. 131.
+
+   [838] "His feathers were all ruffled for he had been grossly
+         handled by a glove not of silk, but of wool, so he preened
+         and plumed himself carefully with his beak."
+
+   [839] _Folklore_, xxix., No. 3, p. 195.
+
+   [840] P. 165.
+
+   [841] At Bickley in Kent there is a _Shaw_field Park, which may be
+         connoted with the Bagshaw's Cavern at Buxton.
+
+   [842] By Chee Tor is Mon_sal_ Dale, and we may reasonably connote
+         _sal_ and "_salt_" with Silbury and Sol: into the waters of
+         the Solway Firth flows the river Eden or Ituna, and doubtless
+         the Edinburgh by Salisbury Crags is older than any Saxon
+         Edwin or Scandinavian Odin. (Since writing I find it was
+         originally named Dunedin, _cf._ Morris Jones, Sir G.,
+         _Taliesin_.)
+
+   [843] _Odyssey_, Book I., 67.
+
+   [844] Chapter I.
+
+   [845] From an article by Dr. Paul Carus in _The Open Court_.
+
+   [846] The fine megalith now standing half a mile distant at "The
+         Den" was transported from Devonshire about a century ago--no
+         doubt with the idea of tripping some unwary archæologist.
+
+   [847] _Odyssey_, Book I., 67.
+
+   [848] _Cours d'Hieroglyphique Chretienne_, in _L'Universite
+         Catholique_, vol. vi., p. 266.
+
+   [849] _Cf._ Hazlitt, W. C., _Faiths and Folklore_, i., 222.
+
+   [850] Hunt, p. 328.
+
+   [851] Deer, near Aberdeen, is said to have derived its name from
+         _deur_, the Gaelic for _tear_, because St. Drostan shed tears
+         there. The monkish authority in the Book of Deer says:
+         "Drostan's tears came on parting with Columcille". Said
+         Columcille, "Let Dear be its name henceforward".
+
+   [852] Fergusson, p. 273.
+
+   [853] The Tuttle family may similarly be assigned to one or other
+         of the innumerable Toothills.
+
+   [854] _Irish Folklore_, p. 31.
+
+   [855] Wentz, W. Y. Evans, p. 404.
+
+   [856] In Irish _aine_ means _circle_.
+
+   [857] Westropp, T. J., _Proc. of Royal Irish Academy_.
+
+   [858] _Cf._ _Folklore_, xxix., No. 2, p. 159.
+
+   [859] Quoted from Besant's _Westminster_.
+
+   [860] Besant supposes that Tothill Street took its name from
+         watermen touting there for fares.
+
+   [861] Ps. lii. 7.
+
+   [862] In Persia the Shamrakh was held sacred as being emblematical
+         of the Persian triads.
+
+   [863] _Odyssey_, xiv., 12.
+
+   [864] Skeat comments upon the word _hag_ as "perhaps connected with
+         Anglo-Saxon _haga_, a hedge enclosure, but this is
+         uncertain": this authority's definition of a _ha-ha_ is as
+         follows: "Ha-ha, Haw-haw, a sunk fence (F.). From F. _haha_
+         an interjection of laughter, hence a surprise in the form of
+         an unexpected obstacle (that laughs at one). The French word
+         also means an old woman of surprising ugliness, a 'caution'."
+
+         The Celts were conspicuously chivalrous towards women, and I
+         question whether they burst into haw-haws whensoever they met
+         an ill-favoured old dame. As to the ha-has, or "unexpected
+         obstacles," Cæsar has recorded that "the bank also was
+         defended by sharp stakes fixed in front, and stakes of the
+         same kind fixed under the water were covered by the river":
+         if, then, the amiable victim who unexpectedly stumbled upon
+         this obstacle chuckled ha-ha! or haw-haw! as he nursed his
+         wounded limbs, the ancient Britons must have possessed a far
+         finer sense of humour than has usually been assigned to them.
+
+   [865] Stockdale, F. W. L., _Excursions Through Cornwall_, 1824, p.
+         116.
+
+   [866] Gomme, Sir L., _The Topography of London_, ii., 222.
+
+   [867] _Ibid._, ii., 216.
+
+   [868] Besant, W., _Westminster_, p. 20.
+
+   [869] Rydberg, _Teutonic Mythology_, p. 118.
+
+   [870] In the Kentish neighbourhood of Preston, Perry-court,
+         Perry-wood, Holly Hill, Brenley House, and Oversland is an
+         _Old Wives Lees_, and Britton Court Farm.
+
+   [871] A London cockney refers to his sweetheart as his _donah_.
+
+   [872] See "Archæologia" (from _The Gentleman's Magazine_), i., 286.
+
+   [873] The English moot hills are sometimes referred to as _mudes_
+         or _muds_, Johnson, W., _Byways_, p. 67.
+
+   [874] Quoted from Donnelly, I., _Ragnarok_.
+
+   [875] Moody, S., _What is Your Name?_ p. 266.
+
+   [876] Anon, _Secret Societies of the Middle Ages: History of the
+         Assassins_.
+
+   [877] Fergusson, J., _Rude Stone Monuments_, p. 231.
+
+   [878] Fergusson, p. 523.
+
+   [879] _Ibid._, p. 390.
+
+   [880] Almost immediately above the cromlech is Dan's Hill, and in
+         close neighbourhood are Burham, Borough Court, Preston Hall,
+         Pratling Street, and Bredhurst, _i.e._, Bred's Wood. That
+         Bred was _San Od_ is possibly implied by the adjacent
+         _Snod_hurst and _Snod_land. At Sinodun Hill in Berkshire,
+         Skeat thinks _Synods_ may have once been held. The Snodland
+         neighbourhood in Kent abounds in prehistoric remains.
+
+   [881] The authorities assume that the _cat_ is here cath, the
+         Gaelic for _war_. It might equally well be _cad_, the Gaelic
+         for _holy_: in the East a _jehad_ is a Holy War.
+
+   [882] Lang, A., _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, i., 72.
+
+   [883] _A New Description of England_, 1724.
+
+   [884] Sharon Turner informs us, on the authority of Cæsar, Strabo,
+         and Diodorus Siculus, that the Britons "cleared a space in
+         the wood, on which they built their huts and folded their
+         cattle; and they fenced the avenues by ditches and barriers
+         of trees. Such a collection of houses formed one of their
+         towns." _Din_ is the root of _dinas_, the Welsh word in
+         actual use for a _town_.
+
+   [885] Westropp, T. J., _Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy_, p.
+         165.
+
+   [886] With _Edda_, a general term for the rules and materials for
+         verse-making, may be connoted our _ode_.
+
+   [887] According to the original Irish of the story-teller,
+         translated and published for the first time in 1855, Conn,
+         the Consort of Eda, "was a puissant warrior, and no
+         individual was found able to compete with him either on land
+         or sea, or question his right to his conquest. The great King
+         of the West held uncontrolled sway from the island of Rathlin
+         to the mouth of the Shannon by sea, and as far as the
+         glittering length by land. The ancient King of the West,
+         whose name was Conn, was good as well as great, and
+         passionately loved by his people. His Queen (Eda) was a
+         Breaton (British) princess, and was equally beloved and
+         esteemed, because she was the great counterpart of the King
+         in every respect; for whatever good qualification was wanting
+         in the one, the other was certain to indemnify the omission.
+         It was plainly manifest that heaven approved of the career in
+         life of the virtuous couple; for during their reign the earth
+         produced exuberant crops, the trees fruit ninefold
+         commensurate with their usual bearing, the rivers, lakes and
+         surrounding sea teemed with abundance of choice fish, while
+         herds and flocks were unusually prolific, and kine and sheep
+         yielded such abundance of rich milk that they shed it in
+         torrents upon the pastures; and furrows and cavities were
+         filled with the pure lacteal produce of the dairy. All these
+         were blessings heaped by heaven upon the western districts of
+         Innes Fodhla, over which the benignant and just Conn swayed
+         his sceptre, in approbation of the course of government he
+         had marked out for his own guidance. It is needless to state
+         that the people who owned the authority of this great and
+         good sovereign were the happiest on the face of the wide
+         expanse of earth. It was during his reign, and that of his
+         son and successor, that Ireland acquired the title of the
+         'happy Isle of the West' among foreign nations. Con Mor and
+         his good Queen Eda reigned in great glory during many years."
+
+   [888] Wood, E. J., _Giants and Dwarfs_, p. 11. According to
+         Maundeville in Egypt "they find there also the apple-tree of
+         Adam which has a bite on one side".
+
+   [889] There is a conspicuously interesting group of names around
+         the river Eden in Sussex. At Edenbridge is Dencross, and in
+         close neighbourhood Ide Hill, Dane Hill, Paxhill Park, Brown
+         Knoll, St. Piers Farm, Hammerwood, Pippenford Park, Allen
+         Court, Lindfield, Londonderry, and Cinder Hill. With
+         Broadstone Warren and Pippinford Park it is noteworthy that
+         opposite St. Bride's Church, Ludgate Hill, is Poppins Court
+         and Shoe Lane: immediately adjacent is a Punch Tavern, whence
+         I think that Poppins was Punch and _Shoe_ was Judy. The gaudy
+         _popinjay_, at which our ancestors used to shoot, may well
+         have stood in Poppins Court: a representation of this
+         brilliant parrot or parrakeet is carved into one of the
+         modern buildings now occupying the site.
+
+   [890] Moody, S., _What is Your Name_? p. 257.
+
+   [891] Knight, R. Payne, _The Symbolic Language of Ancient Art and
+         Mythology_, p. 128.
+
+   [892] "Archæologia" (from _The Gentleman's Magazine_), p. 270.
+
+   [893] "Archæologia" (from _The Gentleman's Magazine_), p. 270.
+
+   [894] "When I was a child I would no more have thought of going out
+         on Easter morning without a real Easter egg than I would have
+         thought of leaving my stocking unsuspended from the foot of
+         my bed on Christmas Eve. A few days before Easter I used to
+         go out to the park, where there were a great many whin
+         bushes, and gather whinblossoms, which I carried home to my
+         mother, who put two eggs in a tin, one for me and one for my
+         sister, and added the whinblossoms and water to them, and set
+         them to boil together until the eggs were hard and the shells
+         were stained a pretty brown hue.
+
+         "On Easter Monday my sister and I would carry our eggs to a
+         mound in the park called 'The Dummy's Hill,' and would trundle
+         them down the slope. All the boys and girls we knew used to
+         trundle their eggs on Easter Monday. We called it 'trundling'.
+         The egg-shell generally cracked during the operation of
+         'trundling,' and then the owner of it solemnly sat down and ate
+         the hard-boiled egg, which, of course, tasted very much better
+         than an egg eaten in the ordinary way. 'The Dummy's Hill' was
+         sadly soiled with egg-shells at the end of Easter Monday
+         morning.
+
+         "My uncle, who was a learned man, said that this custom of
+         'trundling' eggs was a survival of an old Druidical rite. It
+         seems to me to be queer that we in the North of Ireland should
+         still be practising that ancient ceremony when English children
+         should have completely forgotten it, and should think of an
+         Easter egg, not as a real thing laid by hens and related to the
+         ancient religion of these islands, but as a piece of
+         confectionery turned out by machinery and having no ancient
+         significance whatever."--Ervine, St. John, _The Daily
+         Chronicle_, 4th April, 1919.
+
+   [895] Fergusson, J., _Rude Stone Monuments_, p. 191.
+
+   [896] The surname Honeywell found at Kingston implies either there
+         or somewhere a Honeywell. There are several St. Euny Wells in
+         Cornwall.
+
+   [897] It measures 36 feet x 18 feet 9 inches, see _ante_, p. 9.
+
+   [898] At Margate are Paradise Hill, Dane Park, Addington Street
+         leading to Dane Hill, and Fort Paragon: at Ramsgate is also a
+         Fort Paragon, and a four-crossed dun called Hallicondane.
+         There used to be a Paradise near Beachy (Bougie, or Biga Head
+         (?)): by Broadstairs or Bridestowe which contains a shrine to
+         St. Mary to which all passing vessels used to doff their
+         sails, is Bromstone, and a Dane Court by Fairfield, all of
+         which are in St. Peter's Parish. By the Sister Towers of
+         Reculver are Eddington, Love Street, Hawthorn Corner, and
+         Honey Hill: in Thanet, Paramour is a common surname. By
+         Minster is Mount Pleasant and Eden Farm: by Richborough is
+         Hoaden House and Paramore Street. To Reculver as to
+         Broadstairs passing mariners used customarily to doff their
+         sails:--
+
+               Great gods, whom Earth and Sea and Storms obey,
+           Breathe fair, and waft us smoothly o'er the main.
+           Fresh blows the breeze, and broader grows the bay,
+           And on the cliffs is seen Minerva's fane.
+           We furl the sails, and shoreward row amain
+           Eastward the harbour arches, scarce descried,
+           Two jutting rocks, by billows lashed in vain,
+           Stretch out their arms the narrow mouth to hide.
+           Far back the temple stands and seems to shun the tide.
+
+                                         --_Æneid_, Bk. III., lxviii.
+
+   [899] _A New Description of England and Wales_, 1724, p. 84.
+
+   [900] _The English Language_, p. 141.
+
+   [901] Mr. and Mrs. Hawes, _Crete the Forerunner of Greece_, p. 123.
+
+   [902] Hazlitt, W. Carew, _Faiths and Folklore_, i., 222.
+
+   [903] _Iliad_, ii., 940.
+
+   [904] _Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe_, pp. 70, 190. The
+         italics are mine.
+
+
+
+
+                                 CHAPTER XIV.
+
+                                 DOWN UNDER.
+
+     "It is our duty to begin research even if we have to penetrate many
+     a labyrinth leading to nowhere and to lament the loss of many a
+     plausible system. A false theory negatived is a positive
+     result."--THOS. J. WESTROPP.
+
+
+In the year 1585 a curious occurrence happened at the small hamlet of
+Mottingham in Kent: betimes in the morning of 4th August the ground
+began to sink, so much so that three great elm trees in a certain field
+were swallowed up into a pit of about 80 yards in circumference and by
+ten o'clock no part of them could be seen. This cavity then filled with
+water of such depth that a sounding line of 50 fathoms could hardly find
+or feel any bottom: still more alarming grew the situation when in an
+adjacent field another piece of ground sunk in like manner near the
+highway and "so nigh a dwelling house that the inhabitants were greatly
+terrified therewith".[905]
+
+To account for a subsidence much deeper than an elm tree one must
+postulate a correspondingly lofty _soutterrain_: the precise spot at
+Mottingham where these subsidences are recorded was known as Fairy Hill,
+and I have little doubt that like many other Dunhills this particular
+Fairy Hill was honeycombed or hollowed. Almost every Mottingham[906] or
+Maiden's Home consisted not only of the characteristic surface features
+noted in the preceding chapter, but in addition the thoroughly ideal
+Maiden's Home went down deep into the earth: in Ireland the children of
+Don were popularly reputed to dwell in palaces _underground_; similarly
+in Crete the Great Mother--the Earth Mother associated with circles and
+caves, the goddess of birth and death, of fertility and fate, the
+ancestress of all mankind--was assumed to gather the ghosts of her
+progeny to her abode in the Underworld.[907]
+
+Caves and caverns play a prime and elementary part in the mythologies of
+the world: their role is literally vital, for it was believed that the
+Life of the World, in the form of the Young Sun, was born yearly anew on
+25th December, always in a cave: thus caves were invariably sacred to
+the Dawn or God of Light, and only secondarily to the engulfing powers
+of Darkness; from the simple cell, _kille_, or little church gradually
+evolved the labyrinthine catacomb and the stupendous rock-temple.
+
+The County of Kent is curiously rich in caves which range in importance
+from the mysterious single _Dene_ Hole to the amazing honeycomb of
+caverns which underlie Chislehurst and Blackheath: a network of caves
+exists beneath Trinity Church, Margate; moreover, in Margate is a
+serpentine grotto decorated with a wonderful mosaic of shell-work which,
+so far as I am able to ascertain, is unique and unparalleled. The grotto
+at Margate is situated in the Dene or Valley underneath an eminence now
+termed _Dane_ Hill: one of the best known of the Cornish so-called
+Giant's Holts is that situated in the grounds of the Manor House of
+Pen_deen_, not in a dene or valley, but on the high ground at Pendeen
+Point. In Cornish _pen_ meant head or point, whence Pendeen means _Deen
+Headland_, and one again encounters the word _dene_ in the mysterious
+Dene holes or Dane holes found so plentifully in Kent: these are
+supposed to have been places of refuge from the Danes, but they
+certainly never were built for that purpose, for the discovery within
+them of flint, bone, and bronze relics proves them to be of neolithic
+antiquity.
+
+There must be some close connection in idea between the serpentine
+grotto in The _Dane_, Margate, the subterranean chamber at Pen_deen_,
+Cornwall, the Kentish _Dene_ Holes and the mysterious tunnellings in the
+neighbourhood of County _Down_, Ireland: these last were described by
+Borlase as follows: "All this part of Ireland abounds with Caves not
+only under mounts, forts, and castles, but under plain fields, some
+winding into little hills and risings like a volute or ram's horn,
+others run in zigzag like a serpent; others again right forward
+connecting cell with cell. The common Irish think they are skulking
+holes of the Danes after they had lost their superiority in that
+Island."[908] They may conceivably have served this purpose, but it is
+more probable that these mysterious tunnellings were the supposed
+habitations of the subterranean Tuatha te Danaan, _i.e._, the Children
+of _Don_ or _Danu_.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 462.--Ground plan of a section of the Chislehurst
+                 caves, from an article by Mr. W. J. Nichols, published
+                 in _The Journal of the British Archæological
+                 Association_, 1903.]
+
+In County Down we have a labyrinthine connection of cell with cell, and
+in some parts of Kent the same principle appears to have been at work
+culminating in the extraordinary subterranean labyrinth known as "The
+Chislehurst Caves": these quarryings, hewn out of the chalk, cover in
+seemingly unbroken sequence--superposed layer upon layer--an enormous
+area, under the Chislehurst district: between 20 and 30 miles of
+extended burrowings have, it is said, already been located, yet it is
+suspected that more remain to be discovered. Commenting upon this
+extraordinary labyrinth Mr. W. J. Nichols, a Vice-President of the
+British Archæological Association, has observed: "Not far from this
+shaft we see one of the most interesting sights that these caves can
+show us: a series of galleries, with rectangular crossings, containing
+many chambers of semicircular, or apsidal form, to the number of thirty
+or more--some having altar-tables formed in the chalk, within a point or
+two of true orientation. This may be accidental, but the fact remains;
+and the theory is supported by the discovery of an adjoining chamber,
+apparently intended for the officiating priest. There is an air of
+profound mystery pervading the place: a hundred indications suggest that
+it was a subterranean Stonehenge; and one is struck with a sense of
+wonder, and even of awe, as the dim lamplight reveals the extraordinary
+works which surround us."
+
+In the caverns of Mithra twelve apses corresponding to the twelve signs
+of the Zodiac used to be customary: the _thirty_ apses at Chislehurst
+may have had some relation to the thirty dies or days, and if the number
+of niches extended to thirty-three this total should be connoted with
+the thirty-three elementary giants considered in an earlier chapter.
+
+There are no signs of the Chislehurst Caverns having at any time been
+used systematically as human abodes, but in other parts of the world
+similar sites have been converted into villages: one such existing at
+Troo in France is thus described by Baring-Gould: "What makes Troo
+specially interesting is that the whole height is like a sponge
+perforated with passages giving access to halls, some of which are
+circular and lead into stone chambers; and most of the houses are wholly
+or in part underground. The caves that are inhabited are staged one
+above another, some reached by stairs that are little better than
+ladders, and the subterranean passages leading from them form a
+labyrinth within the bowels of the hill and run in superposed
+stories."[909] The name of this subterranean city of Troo may be
+connected with _trou_, the French generic term for a hole or pit: the
+Provençal form of _trou_ is _trauc_, which etymologists identify with
+_traugum_, the Latin for a cave or den. The Latin _traugum_ (origin
+unknown) is radically the same as _troglos_, the Greek for a cave,
+whence the modern term _troglodite_ or cave dweller, and it is not
+unlikely that the _dene_ of _denehole_ is the same word as _den_: the
+Provençal _trauc_ may be connoted with the English place-name Thurrock,
+which is on the Essex side of the river Thames, and is famous for the
+large number of deneholes that still exist there.
+
+The place-name Thurrock and the word _trauc_, meaning a cave, may
+evidently be equated with the two first syllables of _traugum_ and
+_troglos_. According to my theories the primitive meaning of _tur og_
+was Eternal, or _Enduring Og_, and it is thus a felicitous coincidence
+that Og, the famous King of Bashan, was a troglodite: the ruins of his
+capital named Edrei, which was situated in the Zanite Hills, still
+exist, and are thus described by a modern explorer: "We took with us a
+box of matches and two candles. After we had gone down the slope for
+some time, we came to a dozen rooms which, at present, are used as goat
+stalls and store-rooms for straw. The passage became gradually smaller,
+until at last we were compelled to lie down flat and creep along. This
+extremely difficult and uncomfortable progress lasted for about eight
+minutes, when we were obliged to jump down a steep well, several feet in
+depth. Here I noticed that the younger of my two attendants had remained
+behind, being afraid to follow us; but probably it was more from fear of
+the unknown European, than of the dark and winding passages before us.
+We now found ourselves in a broad street, which had dwellings on both
+sides, whose height and width left nothing to be desired. The
+temperature was mild, the air free from unpleasant odours, and I felt
+not the smallest difficulty in breathing. Further along there were
+several cross-streets, and my guide called my attention to a hole in the
+ceiling for air, like three others which I afterwards saw, now closed
+from above. Soon after we came to a market-place, where, for a long
+distance, on both sides of the pretty broad street were numerous shops
+in the walls, exactly in the style of the shops seen in Syrian cities.
+After a while we turned into a side street, where a great hall, whose
+roof was supported by four pillars, attracted my attention. The roof, or
+ceiling, was formed of a single slab of jasper, perfectly smooth and of
+immense size, in which I was unable to perceive the slightest
+crack."[910] The here-described holes in the ceiling for air "now closed
+from above" correspond very closely to the shafts running up here and
+there from the Chislehurst caves to the private gardens overhead.
+
+In connection with the troglodite town of Troo, and with the French word
+_trou_ meaning a hole, it is worthy of note that a subterranean chamber
+or "Giant's Holt," exists at _Trew_ in Cornwall, and a similar one at
+the village of _Trew_oofe: the name Trewoofe suggests the word
+_trough_, a generic term for a scooped or hollowed-out receptacle: we
+have already noted that in the west of England a small ship is still
+called a _trow_; the Anglo-Saxon for a trough was _troh_, the German is
+_trog_, the Danish is _trug_, and the Swedish _trag_.
+
+The artificial cave at _Trewoofe_ also suggests a connection with the
+famous Cave-oracle in Livadia known as the Den of _Trophonius_: this
+celebrated oracle contained small niches for the reception of
+gift-offerings and there are curious little wall-holes in some of the
+Cornish _souterrains_ which cannot, so far as one can judge, have filled
+any other purpose than that served by the niches in the Cave of
+Trophonius. The calcareous mountain in which the oracle of Trophonius
+was situated is tunnelled by a number of other excavations, but over the
+entrance to what is believed to be the veritable prophetic grotto is
+graved the mysterious word CHIBOLET, or, according to others, ZEUS
+BOULAIOZ, meaning ZEUS THE COUNSELLOR. The Greek for _counsellor_ is
+_bouleutes_, and the radical _bouleut_ of this term is curiously
+suggestive of Bolleit, the name applied to _two_ of the Cornish
+subterranean chambers, _i.e._, the Bolleit Cave in the parish of St.
+Eval and the Bolleit Cave near St. Buryan: the latter of these sites
+includes a stone circle and other monolithic remains which are believed
+by antiquarians to mark the site of some battle; whence the name Bolleit
+is by modern etymologers interpreted as having meant _field of blood_,
+but it exceeds the bounds of coincidence that there should also be a
+Bolleit cave elsewhere, and the greater probability would seem that
+these Cornish _souterrains_ were sacred spots serving among other uses
+the purposes of Oracle and Counsel Chambers. If the disputed
+inscription over the Trophonian Den really read CHIBOLET it would decode
+agreeably in accordance with my theories into CHI or Jou the COUNSELLOR;
+but I am unaware that the Greek Zeus was ever known locally as Chi.[911]
+
+The celebrated Blue John cave of Derbyshire--where we have noted Chee
+Dale--is situated in _Tray_ Cliff, and in the neighbouring "Thor's Cave"
+have been found the remains of prehistoric man: similar remains have
+been unearthed at Thurrock where the dene holes are conspicuously
+abundant, and in view of the persistent recurrence of the cave-root
+_tur_ or _trou_ it is worth noting that cave making was a marked
+characteristic of the people of _Tyre_: "Wherever the Tyrians
+penetrated, to Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, similar burial places have been
+discovered."[912] According to Baring-Gould all the subterranean
+dwellings of Europe bear a marked resemblance to the troglodite town of
+King Og at Edrei--a veritable Tartarus or Underworld--and the _drei_ of
+Edrei is no doubt a variant of trou, Troo, Trew or Troy, for, as already
+seen, in the Welsh language "Troy town" is Caer _Droia_ or Caer _Drei_.
+
+One has to consider three forms or amplifications of the same
+phenomenon: (1) the single cave; (2) several caves connected to one
+another by serpentine tunnels; (3) a labyrinth or honeycomb of caves
+leading one out of the other and ranged layer upon layer. Etymology and
+mythology alike point to the probability, if not the certainty, that
+among the ancients a cave, natural or artificial, was regarded as the
+symbol of, and to some extent a facsimile of the intricate Womb of
+Creation, or of Mother Nature. "Man in his primitive state," says a
+recent writer, "considers himself to have emerged from some cave; in
+fact, _from the entrails of the Earth_. Nearly all American
+creation-myths regard men as thus emanating from the bowels of the great
+terrestrial mother."[913]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 463.]
+
+  [Illustration: Sections of a Dene-hole and Ground Plan of Chambers.
+                 (_Based upon a plan and description by Mr. T. V.
+                 Holmes, F.G.S._)
+
+                 FIG. 464.--From _The Chislehurst Caves_ (Nichols, W. J.).]
+
+Fig. 463, evidently representative of the Great terrestrial Mother
+holding in her hand a simple horn, the fore-runner of the later _cornu
+copia_ or horn of abundance, is the outline sketch of a rock-carved
+statue, 2 feet in height, discovered on the rubble-covered face of a
+rock cliff in the Dordogne: this has been proved to be of Aurignacian
+age and is the only yet discovered statue of any size executed by the
+so-called Reindeer men; in the Chislehurst caves have been discovered
+the deer horn picks of the primeval men who apparently first made them.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 465.--Ground plan of a group of Dene Holes in
+                 Hangman's Wood, Kent. From a plan by Mr. A. R.
+                 Goddard, F.S.A.]
+
+The Kentish Dene hole is never an aimless quarrying; on the contrary it
+always has a curiously specific form, dropping about 100 feet as a
+narrow shaft approximately 3 feet in diameter and then opening out into
+a six-fold chamber, _vide_ the plans[914] herewith. This is not a
+rational or business-like form of chalk quarry, and it must have been
+very difficult indeed to bucket up the output in small driblets,
+transport it from the tangled heart of woods, and pack-horse it on to
+galleys in the Thames: nevertheless something similar seems to have been
+the procedure in Pliny's time for he tells that white chalk, or
+_argentaria_, "is obtained by means of pits sunk like wells with narrow
+mouths to the depth sometimes of 100 feet, when they branch out like the
+veins of mines and this kind is chiefly used in Britain".[915]
+
+In view of the fact that either chalk or flints could have been had
+conveniently in unlimited quantities for shipment, either from the coast
+cliffs of Albion, or if inland from the commonsense everyday form of
+chalk quarry, it is difficult to suppose otherwise than that the
+Deneholes--which do _not_ branch out indiscriminately like ordinary
+mine-veins--were dug under superstitious or ecclesiastical control. Of
+this system perhaps a parallel instance may be found in the remarkable
+turquoise mines recently explored at Maghara near Sinai: "These mines,"
+says a writer in _Ancient Egypt_,[916] "lie in the vicinity of two
+adjacent caves facing an extensive site of burning, which has the
+peculiarities of the high-places of which we hear so much in the Bible.
+These caves formed a sanctuary which, judging from what is known of
+ancient sanctuaries in Arabia generally, was at once a shrine and a
+store house, presumably in the possession of a priesthood or clan, who,
+in return for offerings brought to the shrine, gave either turquoise
+itself, or the permission to mine it in the surrounding district. The
+sanctuary, like other sanctuaries in Arabia, was under the patronage of
+a female divinity, the representative of nature-worship, and one of the
+numerous forms of Ishthar."
+
+The name of this Istar-like or Star Deity is not recorded, but in this
+description she is alluded to as _Mistress of the Turquoise Country_,
+and later simply as _Mistress of Turquoise_. We may possibly arrive at
+the name of the British Lady of the star-shaped dene holes by reference
+to a votive tablet which was unearthed in 1647 near Zeeland: this is to
+the following effect:--
+
+          To the Goddess Nehalennia--
+          For his goods well preserved--
+            Secundus Silvanius
+            A chalk Merchant
+            Of Britain
+          Willingly performed his merited vow.
+
+I am acquainted with no allusions in British mythology to Nehalennia,
+but she is recognisable in the St. Newlyna of Newlyn, near Penzance, and
+of Noualen in Brittany: it is not an unreasonable conjecture that St.
+Nehalennia of the Thames was a relative of Great St. Helen, and she was
+probably the little, young, or _new Ellen_. At Dunstable, where also
+there are dene holes, we find a Dame Ellen's Wood, and it may be
+surmised that _Nelly_ was originally a _diminutive_ of Ellen.
+
+Among the Bretons as among the Britons precisely the same mania for
+burrowing seems at one period to have prevailed, and in an essay on _The
+Origin of Dene Holes_, Mr. A. R. Goddard pertinently inquires: "What,
+then, were these great excavations so carefully concealed in the midst
+of lone forests?" Mr. Goddard points out that an interesting account of
+the use made of very similar places in Brittany by the peasant armies,
+during the war in La Vendee, is to be found in Victor Hugo's _Ninety
+Three_, and that that narrative is partially historic, for it ends, "In
+that war my father fought, and I can speak advisedly thereof". Victor
+Hugo writes: "It is difficult to picture to oneself what these Breton
+forests really were. They were towns. Nothing could be more secret, more
+silent, and more savage. There were wells, round and narrow, masked by
+coverings of stones and branches; the interior at first vertical, then
+horizontal, spreading out underground like funnels, and ending in dark
+chambers." These excavations, he states, had been there from time
+immemorial, and he continues: "One of the wildest glades of the wood of
+Misdon, perforated by galleries and cells, out of which came and went a
+mysterious society, was called The Great City. The gloomy Breton forests
+were servants and accomplices of the rebellion. The subsoil of every
+forest was a sort of _madrepore_, pierced and traversed in all
+directions by a secret highway of mines, cells, and galleries. Each of
+these blind cells could shelter five or six men."
+
+The notion that the dene holes of Kent were built as refuges from the
+Danes, and that the tortuous _souterrains_ of County Down were
+constructed by the defeated Danes as skulking holes is on a par with the
+supposition that the _souterrains_ of La Vendee were built as an
+annoyance to the French Republic; and the idea that the solitary or
+combined dene holes situated in the heart of lone, dense, and
+inaccessible forests were due to action of the sea, or mere shafts sunk
+by local farmers simply for the purpose of obtaining chalk seems to me
+irrational and inadequate. It is still customary for hermits to dwell in
+caves, and in Tibet there are Buddhist Monasteries "where the inmates
+enter as little children, and grow up with the prospect of being
+literally immured in a cave from which the light of day is excluded as
+well as the society of their fellow-men, there to spend the rest of
+their life till they rot": it is thus not impossible that each dene hole
+in Britain was originally the abode of a hermit or holy man, and that
+clusters of these sacred caves constituted the earliest monasteries. In
+Egypt near Antinoe there is a rock-hewn church known as _Dayn_ Aboo
+Hannes, which is rendered by Baring-Gould as meaning "The Convent of
+Father John": it would thus appear that in that part of the world _dayn_
+was the generic term for _convent_, and it is not unlikely that the
+ecclesiastical _dean_ of to-day does not owe his title to the Greek word
+_diaconus_, but that the original deaneries were congeries of dene holes
+or dens. The mountains and deserts of Upper Egypt used to be infested
+with ascetics known as Therapeutæ who dwelt in caves, and the immense
+amount of stone which the extensive excavations provided served
+secondarily as material for building the pyramids and neighbouring
+towns: the word Therapeut, sometimes translated to mean "holy man," and
+sometimes as "healer," is radically _thera_ or _tera_, and one of the
+most remarkable of the Egyptian cave temples is that situated at Derr or
+Derri.
+
+In addition to dene holes on the coast of _Dur_ham and at _Dun_stable
+there are dene holes in the _dun_, _down_, or hill overlooking Kit's
+Coty: it may reasonably be surmised that the latter were inhabited by
+the _drui_ or wise men who constructed not only Kit's Coty but also the
+other extensive megalithic remains which exist in the neighbourhood. The
+well-known cave at St. Andrews contains many curious Pictish sculptures,
+and the connection between _antrou_ (or _Andrew_), a cave, and _trou_, a
+hole, extends to the words _entrails_, _intricate_, and _under_.
+Practically all the "Mighty Childs" of mythology are represented as
+having sprung from caves or underground: Jupiter or Chi (the _chi_ or
+[Greek: ch] is the cross of _Andrew_[917]) was cave-born and worshipped
+in a cave; Dionysos was said to have been nurtured in a cave; Hermes was
+born at the mouth of a cave, and it is remarkable that, whereas a cave
+is still shown as the birthplace of Jesus Christ at Bethlehem, St.
+Jerome complained that in his day the pagans celebrated the worship of
+Thammuz, or Adonis, _i.e._, Adon, _at that very cave_.
+
+Etymology everywhere confirms the supposition that underlying cave
+construction and governing worship within caves was a connection, in
+idea, between the cave and the Mother of Existence or the Womb of
+Nature. The "Womb of Being" is a common phrase applied to Divinity, and
+in Scotland the little pits which were constructed by the aborigines are
+still known as _weems_, from _wamha_, meaning a cave. In Lowland Scotch
+_wame_ meant _womb_, and _wamha_, a cave, is obviously akin not only to
+_wame_ but also to _womb_, Old English _wambe_; indeed the cave was
+considered so necessary a feature of Mithra-worship that where natural
+cavities did not exist artificial ones were constructed. The standard
+reason given for Mithraic cave-worship was that the cave mystically
+signified "the descent of the soul into the sublunary regions and its
+regression thence". Doubtless this sophisticated notion at one period
+prevailed: that all sorts of Mysteries were enacted within caves is too
+well known to need emphasis, and I think that the seemingly
+unaccountable apses within the Chislehurst labyrinth may have served a
+serious and important purpose in troglodite philosophy.
+
+The celebrated cave at Royston is remarkably bell-shaped; many of the
+barrows at Stonehenge were _bell_-formed, and in Ceylon the gigantic
+bell-formed pyramids there known as Dagobas are connected by
+etymologists with _gabba_, which means not only _shrine_ but also
+_womb_. In the design on p. 783, Isis, the Great Mother, is surrounded
+by a cartouche or halo of bell-like objects: the sistrum of Isis which
+was a symbol of the Gate of Life was decorated with bells; bells formed
+an essential element of the sacerdotal vestments of the Israelites;
+bells are a characteristic of modern Oriental religious usage, and in
+Celtic Christianity the bell was regarded--according to C. W. King--as
+"the actual type of the Godhead".[918]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 466.--Section of Royston Cave traced from a
+                 drawing in _Cliff Castles and Cliff Dwellings of
+                 Europe_ (Baring-Gould, S.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 467.--From _Ancient Pagan and Modern Christian
+                 Symbolism_ (Inman, C. W.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 468. [_To face page 788._]
+
+The Royston Cave is said to be an exact counterpart to certain caves in
+Palestine,[919] which are described as "tall domes or bell-shaped
+apartments ranging in height from 20 to 30 feet, and in diameter from 10
+to 12 to 20 or 30 feet, or more. The top of these domes usually
+terminates in a small circular opening for the admission of light and
+air. These dome-shaped caverns are mostly in clusters three or four
+together. They are all hewn regularly. Some of them are ornamented
+either near the bottom or high up, or both with rows of small holes or
+niches like pigeon holes extending quite round."[920] It was customary
+to sell pigeons in the Temple at Jerusalem: there is a prehistoric cave
+in Dordogne on the river Dronne which _vide_, Fig. 468 is distinguished
+by pigeon holes. This sacred cave is still used as a pigeonry, and in
+view of the mass of evidence connecting doves with prehistoric caves and
+Diana worship, I should not be surprised if the pigeons which congregate
+to-day around St. Paul's are the direct descendants of the Diana's Doves
+of the prehistoric _domus columbae_.[921] At _Chadwell_ in Essex are
+ordinary dene holes, and at Tilbury there were "several spacious caverns
+in a chalky cliff built artificially of stone to the height of 10
+fathoms and somewhat straight at the top": I derive this information, as
+also the illustrations here reproduced, from the anonymous _New
+Description of England and Wales_, published in 1724.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 469 and 470.--From _A New Description of
+                 England_ (Anon, 1724).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 471.--Sculpturings from the interior of Royston
+                 Cave.
+                                                   [_To face page 784._]
+
+Both St. Kit and St. Kate figure on the walls of the bell-shaped cave
+situated beneath Mercat House at the cross roads at Royston; and thus
+the name Mercat may here well have meant Big Kit or Kate: close by was
+an ancient inn known as the Catherine Wheel. We shall probably be safe
+not only in assigning Kit's Coty to Kate or Ked "the most generous and
+most beauteous of ladies," but also in assigning to her the Kyd brook,
+on the right bank of which the Chislehurst caves are situated: "It is
+somewhat remarkable," says Mr. Nichols, "that the archæological
+discoveries hitherto made have been for the most part on the line of
+this stream". The Kyd brook rises in what is now known as the Hawkwood,
+which was perhaps once equivalent to the Og from whom the King of Edrei
+took his title.
+
+Following the course of the Kyd brook--in the neighbourhood of which the
+Ordnance Map records a "Cadlands"--there exists to this day within
+Elmstead Woods a sunken road, a third of a mile in length, now covered
+with venerable oaks: three miles southward are the great earthworks at
+Keston, the supposed site of the Roman station of Noviomagus, "with its
+temple tombs and massive foundations of flint buildings scattered
+through the fields and woodland in the valley below".[922]
+
+The name Noviomagus meant seemingly New Magus; that Keston was a seat of
+the Magi is implied by the fact that the ruins in question are situated
+in Holwood Park: whether this meant Holywood Park, or whether it was so
+known because there were holes in it, is not of essential importance; it
+is sufficiently interesting to note that there are legends at Keston
+that two subterranean passages once ran from the ruins, the one to Coney
+Hall Hill adjoining Hayes Common, the other towards Castle Hill at
+Addington.[923] These burrows have not been explored within living
+memory, but at Addington itself near the remains of a monastery which
+stand upon an eminence "a subterranean passage communicates which even
+now is penetrable for a considerable distance".[924] At Addington are
+not only numerous tumuli, but it is a tradition among the inhabitants
+that the place was formerly of much greater extent than at present, and
+we are told that timbers and other material of ruined buildings are
+occasionally turned up by the plough: here also is an oak of which the
+trunk measures nearly 36 feet in girth, and in the churchyard is a yew
+which from the great circumference of its trunk must be of very great
+antiquity; that Addington was once a seat of the Aeddons or Magi, is an
+inference of high probability.
+
+Addington is situated in what is now Surrey, and is in close proximity
+to a place named Sanderstead: the Sander whose stead or enclosure here
+stood may be connoted with the French Santerre, which district abounds
+with _souterrains_: in the valley of the Somme alone there are at least
+thirty "singular excavations" which _communicate with parish
+churches_:[925] these Santerre and Sanderstead similarities may be
+connoted with the fact that on the coast of _Dur_ham are caverns hewn in
+the limestone and known as Dane's holes.
+
+In the forest of Tournehem near St. Omer are some curious square and
+circular _fosses_ known locally as Fosses, Sarrasines, or Fosses des
+Inglais:[926] saracens is the name under which the Jews or Phoenicians
+are still known in Cornwall, and in view of the Tyrians love of
+burrowing or making trous, Tournehem may here perhaps be identified with
+Tyre, or the Tyrrhenians of Etruria. The Inglais can hardly be the
+modern English, but are more probably the prehistoric Ingles whose
+marvellous monument stands to-day at Mount Ingleborough in Yorkshire, or
+ancient Deira: this must have been a perfect Angel borough, or Eden, for
+not only is it a majestic hill crowned by a tower called the Hospice,
+and with other relics previously noted, but it also contains one of the
+most magnificent caverns in the kingdom. This is entered by a low wide
+arch and consists for the first 600 feet, or thereabouts, of a mere
+tunnel which varies in height from 5 to 15 feet: one then enters "a
+spacious chamber with surface all elaborated in a manner resembling the
+work of a Gothic cathedral in limestone formations of endless variety of
+form and size, and proceeds thence into a series of chambers, corridors,
+first made accessible in 1838, said to have an aggregate extent of about
+2000 feet, and displaying a marvellous and most beautiful variety of
+stalactites and stalagmites. A streamlet runs through the whole, and
+helps to give purity to the air."[927] This description is curiously
+reminiscent of the famous and gigantic Han Grotto near Dinant: with the
+Han Grotto, through which run the rivers Lesse and Tamise, may be
+connoted the Blue John Cavern in Derbyshire, and I have little doubt
+that Han or Blue John, or Tarchon was the Giant originally worshipped by
+the Chouans or Jacks, who inhabited the terrible recesses of La Vendee.
+The name Joynson which occurs in the Kentish dene hole district implies
+possibly the son of a Giant, or a son of Sinjohn: it is not unlikely
+that the "Hangman's" Wood, in which the group of dene holes here planned
+occur, was originally the Han, Hun, giant, or Hahnemann's Wood. At
+Tilbury the spacious caverns were adjacent to _Shen_field, in the
+neighbourhood of Downs Farm: at Dunstable is a little St. John's Wood, a
+Kensworth, and a Mount Pleasant; this district is dotted with "wells,"
+and the adjacent Caddington is interpreted as having meant "the hill
+meadow of Cedd or Ceadda".
+
+Dinant or Deonant is generally supposed to derive its name from Diana,
+and we are told that the town originally possessed "_onze_ eglises
+paroissales". Whether these eleven parishes were due to chance or
+whether they were originally sacred to an elphin eleven must remain a
+matter of conjecture: at the entry to the Grotto in Dane Hill, Margate
+(Thanet), is a shell-mosaic _yoni_ surmounted by an eleven-rayed star.
+
+The association of "les Inglais" with the fosses in the forest of
+Tournehem may possibly throw some light upon the curiously persistent
+sixfold form in which our British dene holes seem invariably to have
+been constructed. Engelland as we have seen was the mystic Angel Land in
+which the unborn children of the future were awaiting incarnation: that
+six was for some reason associated with birth and creation is evident
+from the six days of Jewish tradition, and from the corresponding 6000
+years of Etrurian belief. The connection between six and creation is
+even more pointed in the Druidic chant still current in Brittany, part
+of which has already been quoted:--
+
+  Beautiful child of the Druid, answer me right well.
+  What would'st thou that I should sing?
+  Sing to me the series of number one that I may learn it this very day.
+  There is no series for one, for One is Necessity alone.
+  The father of death, there is nothing before and nothing after.
+
+Nevertheless the Druid or Instructor runs through a sequence expounding
+three as the three Kingdoms of Merlin, five as the terrestrial zones, or
+the divisions of time, and _six_ as "_babes of wax quickened into life
+through the power of the moon_":[928] the moon which periodically wanes
+and waxes like a matron, was of course Diana, whence possibly the
+sixfold form of the dene or Dane holes.
+
+In the Caucasus--the land of the Kimbry, _don_ was a generic term for
+water and for river:[929] we have a river _Dane_ in Cheshire, a river
+_Dean_ in Nottinghamshire, a river _Dean_ in Forfarshire, a river _Dun_
+in Lincolnshire, a river _Dun_ in Ayrshire, and a river _Don_ in
+Yorkshire, Aberdeen, and Antrim. There is a river Don in Normandy, and
+elsewhere in France there is a river Madon which is suggestive of the
+_Madonna_: the root of all these terms is seemingly Diane, Diana, or
+Dione, and it may reasonably be suggested that the dene or Dane holes of
+this country, like many other dens, were originally shrines dedicated to
+the prehistoric Madonna.
+
+The fact that the subsidence at Modingham immediately filled up with
+water is presumptive evidence not only of a vast cavern, but also of a
+subterranean river, or perhaps a lake. That such spots were sacrosanct
+is implied by numerous references such as that quoted by Herbert wherein
+an Italian poet describes a visit of King Arthur to a small mount
+situated in a plain, and covered with stones: into that mount the King
+followed a hind he was chasing, tracking her through subterranean
+passages until he reached a cavern where "he saw the preparations for
+earthquakes and volcanic fires. He saw the flux and reflux of the sea."
+
+  [Illustration: Thirteenth Century Window from Chartres. FIG.
+                 472.--From _Christian Iconography_ (Didron).]
+
+Among the poems of Taliesin is one entitled _The Spoils of Hades_,
+wherein the mystic Arthur is figured as the retriever of a magic
+cauldron, no doubt the sun or else the _pair dadeni_, or cauldron of
+new birth: "It commences," says Herbert, "with reference to the
+prison-sepulchre of Arthur describing in all _six_ such sanctuaries;
+though I should rather say one such under _six_ titles". This mysterious
+_six_ is suggestive of the _six_fold dene holes, and that this six was
+for some reason associated with the Madonna is obvious from the
+Christian emblem here illustrated. According to the theories of the
+author of _L'Antre des Nymphes_, "the cave was considered in ancient
+times as the universal matrix from which the world and men, light and
+the heavenly bodies, alike have sprung, and the initiation into ancient
+mysteries always took place in a cave". I have not read this work, and
+am unacquainted with the facts upon which M. Saintyves bases his
+conclusions: these, however, coincide precisely with my own. It will not
+escape the reader's attention that Fig. 472 is taken from Chartres, the
+_central_ site of Gaul, to which as Cæsar recorded the Druids annually
+congregated.
+
+Layamon in his _Brut_ recounts that Arthur took counsel with his knights
+on a spot exceeding fair, "beside the water that Albe was named":[930] I
+am unable to trace any water now existing of that name which, however,
+is curiously reminiscent of Coleridge's romantic Alph:--
+
+          In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
+          A stately pleasure-dome decree,
+          Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
+          Through caverns measureless to man
+            Down to a sunless sea.
+
+It has already been noted that the Saxon monks filled up passages at St.
+Albans which ran even under the river: that similar constructions
+existed elsewhere is clear from the Brut of Kings where it is stated
+that Lear was buried by his daughter Cordelia in a vault under the river
+Soar in Leicestershire: "a place originally built in honour of the god
+Janus, and in which all the workmen of the city used to hold a solemn
+ceremony before they began upon the new year".[931] That the Druids
+worshipped and taught in caves is a fact well attested; that solemn
+ceremonies were enacted at Chislehurst is probable; that they were
+enacted in Ireland at what was known as Patrick's Purgatory even to
+comparatively modern times is practically certain. This famous
+subterranean Purgatory, which Faber describes as a "celebrated engine of
+papal imposture," flourished amazingly until 1632, when the Lords
+Justices of Ireland ordered it to be utterly broken down, defaced, and
+demolished; and prohibited any convent to be kept there for the time to
+come, or any person to go into the said island on a superstitious
+account.[932] The popularity of Patrick's Purgatory, to which immense
+numbers of pilgrims until recently resorted, is connected with a local
+tradition that Christ once appeared to St. Patrick, and having led him
+to a desert place showed him a deep hole: He then proceeded to inform
+him that whoever entered into that pit and continued there a day and a
+night, having previously repented and being armed with the true faith,
+should be purged from all his sins, and He further added that during the
+penitent's abode there he should behold both the torments of the damned,
+and the joyful blisses of the blessed. That both these experiences were
+dramatically represented is not open to doubt, and that the actors were
+the drui or magi is equally likely: Lough _Derg_, the site of the
+Purgatory, is suggestive of drui, and also of Thurrock where, as we have
+seen, still exist the dene holes of troglodites.
+
+On page 558 was reproduced a coin representing the Maiden in connection
+with a right angle, and there may be some connection between this emblem
+and the form of Patrick's Purgatory: "Its shape," says Faber, "resembles
+that of an L, excepting only that the angle is more obtuse, and it is
+formed by two parallel walls covered with large stones and sods, its
+floor being the natural rock. Its length is 16-1/2 feet, and its width 2
+feet, but the building is so low that a tall man cannot stand erect in
+it. It holds nine persons, and a tenth could not remain in it without
+considerable inconvenience."[933] This Irish chapel to hold nine may be
+connoted with Bishop Arculf's description in A.D. 700 of the Holy
+Sepulchre at Jerusalem. He describes this church as very large and
+round, encompassed with three walls, with a broad space between each,
+and containing three altars of wonderful workmanship, in the middle
+wall, at three different points; on the south, the north, and the west.
+"It is supported by twelve stone columns of extraordinary magnitude; and
+it has eight doors or entrances through the three opposite walls, four
+fronting the north-east, and four to the south-east. In the middle space
+of the inner circle is a _round grotto cut in the solid rock_, the
+interior of which is _large enough to allow nine men to pray standing_,
+and the roof of which is about a foot and a half higher than a man of
+ordinary stature."[934] To the above particulars Arculf adds the
+interesting information that: "On the side of Mount Olivet there is a
+cave not far from the church of St. Mary,[935] on an eminence looking
+towards the valley of Jehoshaphat, in which are two very deep pits. One
+of these extends under the mountain to a vast depth; the other is sunk
+straight down from the pavement of the cavern, and is said to be of
+great extent. These pits are always closed above. In this cavern are
+four stone tables; one, near the entrance, is that of our Lord Jesus,
+whose seat is attached to it, and who, doubtless, rested Himself here
+while His twelve apostles sat at the other tables."[936]
+
+Jerusalem was for many centuries regarded as the admeasured centre of
+the whole earth, and doubtless every saintuaire was originally the local
+_centre_: in Crete there has been discovered a small shrine at Gournia
+"situated in the very centre of the town," and with the mysterious pits
+of elsewhere may be connoted the "three walled pits," nearly 25 feet
+deep, which remain at the northern entrance of Knossus: the only
+explanation which has been suggested for these constructions is that
+"they may have been oubliettes".
+
+Around Patrick's Purgatory in Lough Derg were built seven chapels, and
+it is evident that at or near the site were many other objects of
+interest: Giraldus Cambrensis says there were nine caves there,[937]
+another account states that an adventurer--a venerable hermit, Patrick
+by name--"one day lighted on this cave which is _of vast extent_. He
+entered it and wandering on in the dark lost his way so that he could no
+more find how to return to the light of day. After long rambling through
+the gloomy passages he fell upon his knees and besought Almighty God if
+it were His will to deliver him from the great peril wherein he
+lay."[938] This adventure doubtless actually befell an adventurous
+Patrick, and before starting on his foolhardy expedition he would have
+been well advised to have consulted some such experienced Bard as the
+Taliesin who--claiming himself to be born of nine constituents--wrote--
+
+        I know every pillar in the Cavern of the West.
+
+Similarly the author of _The Incantation of Cunvelyn_ maintained:--
+
+        With the habituated to song (Bard)
+        Are flashes of light to lead the tumult
+        In ability to descend
+        Through spikes along brinks
+        Through the opening of trapdoors.[939]
+
+This same poet speaks of the furze or broom bush in blossom as being a
+talisman: "The furzebush is it not radiance in the gloom?" and he adds
+"of the sanctity of the winding refuge they (the enemy) have possessed
+themselves". Upon this Herbert very pertinently observes: "This sounds
+as if the possessors of the secret had an advantage over their opponents
+from their faculty of descending into chambers and galleries cunningly
+contrived, and artfully obscured and illuminated.... I think there was
+somewhere a system of chambers, galleries, etc.,[940] approaching to the
+labyrinthine character."[941]
+
+The Purgatory of St. Patrick was once called _Uamh Treibb Oin_, the
+_wame_, or cave of the tribe of Oin or Owen, upon which Faber comments:
+"Owen, in short, was no other than the Great God of the Ark, and the
+same as Oan, Oannes, or Dagon": he was also in all probability the
+_Janus_ of the river Soar, the _Shony_ of the Hebrides, the Blue _John_
+of Buxton, the Tar_chon_ of Etruria, and the St. Patrick on whose
+festival and before whose altar all the fishes of the sea rose and
+passed by in procession. After expressing the opinion "I am persuaded
+that Owen was the very same person as Patrick," Faber notes the
+tradition, no doubt a very ancient one among the Irish, that Patrick was
+likewise called Tailgean or Tailgin: there is a celebrated Mote in
+Ireland named Dun_dalgan_, and the Glen_dalgeon_, to which the
+miraculous Bird of St. Bridget is said to have taken its flight, was
+presumably a glen once sacred to the same Tall John, or Chief King, or
+Tall Khan, or High Priest, as was worshipped at the Pictish town of
+Delginross in Caledonia; we have already considered this term in
+connection with the Telchines of Telchinia, Khandia, or Crete.
+
+That Lough _Derg_ was associated with Drei, Droia, or Troy, and with the
+_drui_ or Druids, is further implied by its ancient name Lough _Chre_,
+said to mean lake of the _soothsayers_. Sooth is Truth and the Hibernian
+_chre_ may be connoted with the "Cray," which occurs so persistently in
+the Kentish dene hole district, _e.g._, Foots Cray, St. Mary Cray, and
+St. Paul's Cray: the Paul of this last name may be equated with the
+Poole of the celebrated Buxton Poole's Cavern, Old Poole's Saddle, and
+Pell's Well: the "bogie" of Buxton was no doubt the same Puck, Pooka, or
+Bwcca, as that of the Kentish Bexley, Bickley, and Boxley at each of
+which places are dene holes.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 473.--Sculpture on the Wall of St. Clement's
+                 Cave, Hastings.
+                                                  [_To face page 797._]
+
+The cauldron of British mythology was known occasionally as Pwyll's
+Cauldron, Pwyll, the chief of the Underworld, being the infernal or
+Plutonic form of the Three Apollos. Referring to the Italian tale of
+King Arthur's entrance into the innermost caverns of the earth, Herbert
+observes: "Valvasone's account of this place is a just description of
+the Cor upon Mount Ambri, and goes to identify it with the mystical Ynys
+Avallon (Island of Apples). All that he says of it is in wide departure
+from the tales which he might have read in Galfridus and Giraldus. But
+when we further see that he places within its recesses the cauldron of
+deified nature or Keridwen, it truly moves our wonder whence this matter
+can have come into his pages."[942] Doubtless Herbert would have puzzled
+still more in view of what is apparently the same mystic cauldron, bowl,
+or tureen carved upon the walls of St. Clement's Caves at Hastings.[943]
+
+Presumably the St. Clement of these caves which have been variously
+ascribed to the Romans and the Danes, was a relative of St. Clement Dane
+in London by St. Dunstan in the West: the Hastings Caves are situated
+over what is marked on the Ordnance map as Torfield, and as this is
+immediately adjacent to a St. Andrew it is probable that the Anderida
+range, which commences hereby and terminates at the Chislehurst Caves,
+was all once dedicated to the ancient and eternal Ida. _Antre_ is a
+generic term for cave, and as _trou_ means hole, the word _antrou_ is
+also equivalent to _old hole_. When first visiting the famous Merlin's
+Cave at Tintagel or Dunechein, where it is said that Art_hur_ or
+Ar_tur_, the mystic Mighty Child, was cast up by the ninth wave into the
+arms of the Great Magician, my companion's sense of romance received a
+nasty jar on learning that Merlin's Cave was known locally as "The Old
+Hole": it may be, however, that this term was an exact rendering of the
+older Keltic _antrou_, which is literally _old hole_: the Tray Cliff in
+Derbyshire, where is situated the Blue John Mine, may well have been the
+_trou_ cliff.
+
+The highest point of the highland covering St. Clement's Caves is known
+as "The Ladies' Parlour"; at the foot of this is Sandringham Hotel,
+whence--in view of the neighbouring St. Andrew and Tor field--it is
+possible that "Sandringham"[944] was here, as elsewhere, a _home of the
+children of Sander_: immediately adjacent is a Braybrook, and a
+Bromsgrove Road. Near Reigate is a Broome Park which we are told "in the
+romantic era rejoiced in the name of Tranquil Dale":[945] the
+neighbouring Buckland, Boxhill, and Pixhome Lane may be connoted with
+Bexhill by Hastings, and there are further traditional connections
+between the two localities. Under the dun upon which stand the remains
+of Reigate Castle are a series of caves, and besides the series of caves
+under the castle there are many others of much greater dimensions to the
+east, west, and south sides:[946] my authority continues, "Here many of
+the side tunnels are sealed up; one of these is said to go to Reigate
+Priory--which is possible--but another which is _reputed to go to
+Hastings_, impels one to draw the line somewhere".[947]
+
+We have seen that Brom and Bron were obviously once one and the same,
+and there is very little doubt that the Bromme of Broompark or Tranquil
+Dale was the same Peri or Power as was presumably connected with Purley,
+and as the Bourne or Baron associated with Reigate. In one of the
+Reigate caverns is a large pool of clear water which is said to appear
+once in seven years, and is still known as Bourne water:[948] under the
+castle is a so-called Baron's Cave which is about 150 feet long, with a
+vaulted roof and a circular end with a ledge or seat around it. In
+popular estimation this is where the Barons met prior to the signing of
+Magna Charta: possibly they did, and without doubt many representatives
+of _The_ Baron--good, bad, bold, and indifferent--from time to time sat
+and conferred upon the same ledge. From the Baron's Cave a long inclined
+plane led to a stairway of masonwork which extended to the top of the
+mound.
+
+Reigate now consists of a pair of ancient Manors, of which one was
+Howleigh; the adjacent _Ag_land Moor, as also _Ox_ted, suggests the
+troglodyte King Og of Edrei. Among the Reigate caves is one denominated
+"The Dungeon": _Tin_tagel was known alternatively not only as
+_Dun_dagel, but also as _Dune_chein, evidently the same word as the
+great _Dane_ John tumulus at Canterbury. The meaning of this term
+depends like every other word upon its context; a _dungeon_ is a
+down-under or dene hole, the keep or _donjon_ of a castle is its main
+tower or summit: similarly the word dunhill is identical with dene hole;
+_abyss_ now means a yawning depth, but on page 224 Abyss was represented
+as a dunhill.
+
+From the cavern at Pentonville, known as Merlin's Cave, used to run a
+subterranean passage: modern Pentonville takes its title from a ground
+landlord named Penton, a tenant who presumably derived his patronymic
+either from that particular _penton_ or from one elsewhere. In
+connection with the term _pen_ it is curious to find that at Penselwood
+in Somerset there are what were estimated to be 22,000 "pen pits": these
+pits are described as being in general of the form which mathematicians
+term the frustrum of a cone, not of like size one with another, but from
+10 to 50 feet over at top and from 5 to 20 feet in the bottom.[949] I
+have already surmised that the various Selwoods, Selgroves, and
+Selhursts were so named because they contained the cells of the austere
+_selli_: by Penselwood is Wincanton, a place supposed to have derived
+its title from "probably a man's name; nasalised form of _Hwicca_, _cf._
+Whixley, and see _ton_"; but in view of the innumerable _cone_-shaped
+cells hereabout, it would seem more feasible that _canton_ meant _cone
+town_. We have already illustrated the marvellous cone tomb said to have
+once existed in Etruria: in connection with this it is further recorded
+that within the basement King Porsenna made an inextricable labyrinth,
+into which if one ventured without a clue, there he must remain for he
+never could find the way out again; according to Mrs. Hamilton Gray the
+labyrinth of a counterpart of this tomb still exists, "but its locality
+is unascertained".
+
+There are said to be pits similar to the Wincanton pen pits in
+Berkshire, there known as Coles pits: we have already connoted St.
+Nichol of the tub-miracle, likewise King Cole of the Great Bowl with
+Yule the Wheel or Whole. The Bowl of Cole was without doubt the same as
+the _pair dadeni_, or Magic Cauldron of _Pwyll_ which Arthur "spoiled"
+from Hades: with _Paul's_ Cray may be connoted the not-far-distant Pol
+Hill overlooking Sevenoaks. Otford, originally Ottanford, underlies Pol
+Hill, which was no doubt a dun of the celestial Pol, _alias_ Pluto, or
+Aidoneus: in the graveyard at Ottanford may be seen memorials of the
+Polhill family, a name evidently analogous to Penton of Pentonville.
+
+The memory of our ancestors dwelling habitually in either pen pits, dene
+holes, or cole pits, has been preserved in Layamon's _Brut_, where it is
+recorded: "At Totnes, Constantin the fair and all his host came ashore;
+thither came the bold man--well was he brave!--and with him 2000 knights
+such as no king possessed. Forth they gan march into London, and sent
+after knights over all the kingdom, and every brave man, that speedily
+he should come anon. The Britons heard that, _where they dwelt in the
+pits_, in earth and in stocks they hid them (like) badgers, in wood and
+in wilderness, in heath and in fen, so that well nigh no man might find
+any Briton, except they were in castle, or in burgh inclosed fast. When
+they heard of this word, that Constantin was in the land, _then came
+out of the mounts_ many thousand men; they leapt out of the wood as if
+it were deer. Many hundred thousand marched toward London, by street and
+by weald all it forth pressed; and the brave women put on them men's
+clothes, and they forth journeyed toward the army."
+
+It has been assumed that the means of exit from the dene holes, and from
+the subterranean city with which they communicated, was a notched pole,
+and it is difficult to see how any other method was feasible: in this
+connection the Mandan Indians of North America have a curious legend
+suggestive of the idea that they must have sprung from some troglodite
+race. The whole Mandan nation, it is said, once resided in one large
+village underground near a subterranean lake; a grape-vine extended its
+roots down to their habitation and gave them a view of the light. Some
+of the most adventurous climbed up the vine and were delighted with the
+sight of the earth which they found covered with buffalo and rich with
+every kind of fruit: men, women, and children ascended by means of the
+vine (the notched pole?), but when about half the nation had attained
+the surface of the earth a big or buxom woman, who was clambering up the
+vine, broke it with her weight and closed upon herself and the rest the
+light of the Sun. There is seemingly some like relation between this
+legend and the tradition held by certain hill tribes of the old Konkan
+kingdom in India, who have a belief that their ancestors came out of a
+cave in the earth. In connection with this Konkan tale, and with the
+fact that the Concanii of Spain fed on horses, it may here be noted that
+not only do traces of the horse occur in the most ancient caves, but
+that vast deposits of horse bones point to the probability that horses
+were eaten sacrificially in caves.[950] In the Baron's Cave at Reigate,
+"There are many bas relief sculptures, Roman soldiers' heads, grotesque
+masks of monks, horses' heads and other subjects which can only be
+guessed at":[951] these idle scribblings have been assigned to the Roman
+soldiery, who are supposed at one time to have garrisoned the castle,
+and the explanation is not improbable: the favourite divinity of the
+Roman soldiery was Mithra, the Invincible White Horse, and several
+admittedly Mithraic Caves have been identified in Britain.[952] It has
+always been supposed that these were the work of Roman invaders, and in
+this connection it should be noted that deep in the bowels of the
+Chislehurst labyrinth there is a clean-cut well about 70 feet deep lined
+with Roman cement: but granting that the Romans made use of a ready-made
+cave, it is improbable that they were responsible for the vast net-work
+of passages which are known to extend under that part of Kent. There
+is--I believe--a well in the heart of the Great Pyramid; a deep
+subterranean well exists in one of the series of caves at Reigate.
+
+In his article on the Chislehurst Caves Mr. Nichols inquires, "might not
+the shafts of these dene holes have lent themselves to the study of the
+heavenly bodies?" That the Druids were adepts at astronomy is testified
+by various classical writers, and according to Dr. Smith there are sites
+in Anglesey still known in Welsh as "the city of the Astronomers," the
+Place of Studies, and the Astronomers' Circle.[953] There was a famous
+Holy Well in Dean's Yard, Westminster, and it would almost seem that a
+well was an integral adjunct of the sacred duns: according to Miss
+Gordon "there is a well of unknown antiquity at Pentonville under
+Sadlers Wells Theatre (Clerkenwell), lined with masonry of ancient date
+throughout its entire depth, similar to the prehistoric wells we have
+already mentioned in the Windsor Table Mound, on the Wallingford Mound,
+and the Well used by the first Astronomer Royal at Greenwich".[954] But
+masonry-lined wells situated in the very bowels of the earth as at
+Chislehurst and Reigate cannot have served any astronomic purpose; they
+must, one would think, have been constructed principally for ritualistic
+reasons. At Sewell, near Dunstable, immediately next to Maiden Bower
+there once existed a very remarkable dene hole: this is marked on the
+Ordnance Maps as "site of well," but in the opinion of Worthington
+Smith, "this dene hole was never meant for a well". It was recently
+destroyed by railway constructors who explored it to the depth of 116
+feet; but, says Worthington Smith, "amateur excavators afterwards
+excavated the hole to a much greater depth and found more bones and
+broken pots. The base has never been reached. The work was on the top of
+a very steep and high bank."[955] On Mount Pleasant at Dunstable was a
+well 350 feet deep,[956] and any people capable of sinking a narrow
+shaft to this depth must obviously have been far removed from the
+savagery of the prime.
+
+In 1835 at _Tin_well, in Rutlandshire, the singular discovery was made
+of a large subterranean cavern supported in the centre by a stone
+pillar: this chamber proved on investigation to be "an oblong square
+extending in length to between 30 and 40 yards, and in breadth to about
+8 feet. The sides are of stone, the ceiling is flat, and at one end are
+two doorways bricked up."[957] About forty years ago, at Donseil in
+France--or rather in a field belonging to the commune of Saint Sulpice
+le _Don_seil[958]--a ploughman's horse sank suddenly into a hole: the
+grotto which this accident revealed was found to have been cut out from
+soft grey granite in an excellent state of preservation and is thus
+described: "After passing through the narrow entrance, you make your way
+with some difficulty down a sloping gallery some 15 yards in length, to
+a depth beneath the surface of nearly 20 feet; this portion is in the
+worst condition. Then you find yourself in a _circular gallery_
+measuring about 65 feet in circumference, _with the roof supported by a
+huge pillar_, 18 feet in diameter. It is worth noticing that the walls,
+which are hewn out of the granite, are not vertical, but convex like an
+egg. At 19 feet to the left of the inclined corridor, and at an
+elevation of 30 inches above the level of the soil of the circular
+gallery, we come upon a small opening, through which it is just possible
+for a man to squeeze himself: it gives access to a gallery
+_thirty-three_ feet long, at the bottom of which a loftier and more
+spacious gallery has been begun, but, apparently, not completed."[959]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 474. PLAN OF THE GROTTO AT MARGATE.]
+
+I invite the reader to note the significance of these measurements and
+to compare the general design of the Donseil _souterrain_ with the form
+of Fig. 474: this is the ground plan of a grotto which was accidentally
+discovered by some schoolboys in 1835, and exists to-day in the side of
+_Dane_ Hill, Margate. Its form is very similar to the apparent design of
+the great two-mile Sanctuary at Avebury, see page 351, and its
+situation--a dene or valley on the side of a hill--coincides exactly
+with that of the small Candian cave-shrines dedicated to the serpent
+goddess. In Candia no temples have been discovered but only small and
+insignificant household shrines: "It is possible," says Mr. Hall, "that
+the worship of the gods on a great scale was only carried out in the
+open air, or the palace court, or in a grave or cave not far distant.
+Certainly the sacred places to which pilgrimage was made and at which
+votive offerings were presented, were such groves, rocky gorges, and
+caves."[960]
+
+The sanctity of Cretan caves is indisputably proved by the immense
+number of votive offerings therein found, in many cases encrusted and
+preserved by stalagmites and stalactites. Among the house shrines of the
+Mother Goddess and her Son remain pathetic relics of the adoration paid
+by her worshippers: one of these saved almost intact by Sir Arthur Evans
+is described as a small room or cell, smaller even than the tiny chapels
+that dot the hills of Crete to-day--a place where one or two might pray,
+leave an offering and enjoy community with the divinity rudely
+represented on the altar ... one-third of the space was for the
+worshipper, another third for the gifts, the last third for the
+goddess.[961]
+
+There are diminutive _souterrains_ in Cornwall notably at St. Euny in
+the parish of Sancreed where the gift niches still remain intact: in
+many instances these "Giants Holts" are in serpentine form, and the
+serpentine form of the Margate Grotto is unmistakable. The Mother
+Goddess of Crete has been found figured with serpents in her hands and
+coiling round her shoulders: according to Mr. Mackenzie: "Her mysteries
+were performed in caves as were also the Paleolithic mysteries. In the
+caves there were sacred serpents, and it may be that the prophetic
+priestesses who entered them were serpent charmers: cave worship was of
+immense antiquity. The cave was evidently regarded as the door of the
+Underworld in which dwelt the snake-form of Mother Earth."[962]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 475.--Ground plan of _Souterrain_ at St. Euny's,
+                 Sancreed, Cornwall.]
+
+It has been seen that the serpent because of sloughing its skin was the
+emblem of rejuvenescence, regeneration, and New Birth; it is likely
+that the word _sanctus_ is radically the same as _snag_, meaning a short
+branch, and as _snake_, which in Anglo-Saxon was _snaca_: it is certain
+that the _snake trou_ or snake cave was one of the most primitive
+_sanctuaries_.[963] Not only is the Margate Grotto constructed in
+serpentine form, but upon one of the panels of its walls is a Tree of
+Life, of which two of the scrolls consist of horned serpents: these are
+most skilfully worked in shells, and from the mouth of each serpent is
+emerging the triple tongue of Good Thought, Good Deed, Good Word.
+
+The word dean, French _doyen_, is supposed to be the Latin _decanum_ the
+accusative of decanus, one set over ten soldiers or ten monks: it is, as
+already suggested, more probable that the original deans were the
+priests of Diane, and that they worshipped in dene holes, in dens, in
+denes, on downs, and at dunhills. The word _grot_ is probably the same
+as _kirit_, the Turkish form of Crete, and as the _Keridwen_ or _Kerid
+Holy_ of Britain. The ministers of the Cretan Magna Mater were entitled
+_curetes_, and the modern curate may in all likelihood claim a verbal
+descent from the Keridwen or Sancreed whose name is behind our _great,
+crude_, and _cradle_. The Magna Mater of Kirid or Crete was sometimes as
+already mentioned depicted with a cat upon her head: I have equated the
+word _cat_ with Kate, Kitty, or Ked, and in all probability the
+catacombs of Rome anciently Janicula were originally built in her
+honour. In Scotland _souterrains_ are termed _weems_, a word which is
+undoubtedly affiliated both in form and idea with womb, tomb, and
+coombe: the British bards allude frequently to the grave as being the
+matrix or womb of Ked; as archæologists are well aware, primitive
+burials frequently consisted of contracting the body into the form of
+the foetus, depositing it thus in a stone cist, chest, or "coty": and
+there is little doubt that the St. Anne who figures so prolifically in
+the catacombs of Janicula, was like St. Anne of Brittany the
+pre-Christian Anne, Jana, or Diane.
+
+At Caddington by Dunstable there is a Dame Ellen's Wood; Caddington
+itself is understood to have meant--"the hill meadow of Cedd or Ceadda,"
+and among the prehistoric tombs found in this neighbourhood was the
+interment illustrated on page 64. It has been cheerily suggested that
+"the child may have been buried alive with its mother": it may, but it
+equally may not; the pathetic surround of sea-urchins or
+popularly-called fairy loaves points to sentiment of some sort,
+particularly in view of the tradition that whoso keeps a specimen of the
+fairy loaf in his house shall never lack bread.[964] _Echinus_, the
+Latin for sea-urchin, is radically the same word as Janus; in the
+Margate grotto an echinus forms the centre of most of the conchological
+suns or stars with which the walls are decorated, and a large echinus
+appears in each of the four top corners of the oblong chamber.
+
+I have suggested that the Kentish Rye, a town which once stood on a
+conical islet and near to which is an earthwork known nowadays as Rhee
+wall, was once dedicated to Rhea or Maria, and that Margate owes its
+designation to the same Ma Rhea or Mother Queen. According to "Morien"
+_Rhi_ was a Celtic title of the Almighty, and is the root of the word
+_rhinwedd_ (Virtue): according to Rhys _rhi_ meant _queen_, and was a
+poetic term for a lady: according to Thomas _Rhea_ is the feminine noun
+of _rhi_, prince or king; it would thence follow that _regina_, like the
+French name Rejane, meant originally Queen Gyne, either Queen Woman or
+Royal Jeanne. There are numerous Ryhalls, Ryhills, and in Durham is a
+Ryton which figured anciently as Ruyton, Rutune, and _Ruginton_: near
+Kingston is Raynes Park, and at Hackney, in the neighbourhood of the
+Seven Sisters and Kingsland Roads, is Wren's Park.
+
+That the Candians colonised the North of Africa is generally supposed,
+whence it becomes likely that the marvellous excavations at _Rua_ were
+related to the worship of the serpentine _Rhea_: these are mentioned by
+Livingstone who wrote: "Tribes live in underground houses in Rua. Some
+excavations are said to be 30 miles long, and have running rills in
+them; a whole district can stand a siege in them. The 'writings'
+therein, I have been told by some of the people, are drawings of animals
+and not letters, otherwise I should have gone to see them."[965]
+
+The word grotesque admittedly originated from the fantastic designs
+found so frequently within grottos or grots, and if the natives of Rua
+could construct a _souterrain_ 30 miles in extent, I see no reason to
+doubt the accuracy of the tradition that the natives of Reigate had run
+a tunnel towards Rye which is within a few miles of St. Clement's Caves
+at Hastings. The _gate_ of Margate and Reigate means _opening_; _wry_
+means awry or twisting, and we may probably find the original name of
+Reigate in the neighbouring place-name Wray Common.
+
+The Snake grotto at Margate, which is situated almost below a small
+house named "Rosanna Lodge," is decorated throughout with a most
+marvellous and beautiful mosaic of shellwork, the like of which
+certainly exists nowhere else in Britain: the dominant notes of this
+decoration are roses or rosettes, and raisins or grapes; over the small
+altar in the oblong chamber, at the extremity, are rising the rays of
+the Sun. The shells used as a groundwork for this decorative scheme were
+the yellow periwinkle now naturally grey with antiquity but which, when
+fresh, must, when illuminated, have produced an effect of golden and
+surpassing beauty. In the shrines of Candia large numbers of sea-shells,
+artificially tinted in various colours, have come to light:[966] that
+the altar at the Cantian Margate grotto was constructed to hold a lamp
+or a candle cannot be doubted, in which connection one may connote a
+statement by "Morien" that "All shell grottos with a candle in it
+(_sic_) were a symbol of the cave of the sun near the margin of the
+ocean with the soul of the sun in it".[967] There is indeed little doubt
+that the snake trou under Rosanna Lodge was, like the grotto at St.
+Sulpice le Donseil, dedicated to le Donseil or _donna sol_. At the mouth
+of the shrine is a figurine seated, of which, unfortunately, the head is
+missing, but the right hand is still holding a cup: in Fig. 44 _ante_,
+page 167, Reason is holding a similar cup into which is distilling _la
+rosee_, or the dew of Heaven--doubtless the same goblet as was said to
+be offered to mortals by the fairy Idunns; their earthly
+representatives, the Aeddons, may be assumed once to have dwelt in the
+Dane Park or at Addington Street, now leading to Dane Hill where the
+grotto remains.
+
+We have connected the Cup of Reason with the mystic Cauldron of
+Keridwen, or "cauldron of four spaces," and have noted among the recipe
+"the liquor that bees have collected _and resin_," to be prepared "when
+there is a calm dew falling": another Bard alludes to "the
+gold-encircled liquor contained in the golden cup," and I have little
+doubt that resin, rosin, or rosine was valued and venerated as being,
+like amber, the petrified tears of Apollo. I do not suggest that the
+Rosanna Lodge in the dene at Margate has any direct relation to the
+grotto of Reason beneath, but there is evidently a close connection with
+the small figurine holding a cup and the Lady Rosamond of Rosamond's
+Well at Woodstock. "There was," says Herbert, "a popular notion of an
+infernal maze extending from the bottom of Rosamond's Well": this
+labyrinth almost certainly once existed, for as late as 1718 there were
+to be seen by the pool at Woodstock the foundations of a very large
+building which were believed to be the remains of Rosamond's
+Labyrinth.[968]
+
+The story of Fair Rosamond being compelled to swallow poison is
+precisely on a par with the monkish legend that St. George was "tortured
+by being forced to drink a poisoned cup," and how the Rosamond story
+originated is fairly obvious from the fact that on her alleged
+tombstone, "among other fine sculptures was engraven the figure of a
+cup. This, which perhaps at first was an accidental ornament (perhaps
+only the chalice), might in aftertimes suggest the notion that she was
+poisoned; at least this construction was put upon it when the stone came
+to be demolished after the nunnery was dissolved." The above is the
+opinion of an archæologist who died in 1632, and it is in all
+probability sound: the actual site of Rosamond's Bower at Woodstock
+seems to have been known as Godstone, and it was presumably the ancient
+Ked Stone that gave birth to the distorted legend. According to the
+Ballad of Fair Rosamond, that maiden was a ladye brighte, and most
+peerlesse was her beautye founde:--
+
+        Her crisped locks like threads of gold
+          Appeared to each man's sighte,
+        Her sparkling eyes like Orient pearls
+          Did cast a heavenlye light.
+
+        The blood within her crystal cheekes
+          Did such a colour drive
+        As though the lillye and the rose
+          For mastership did strive.
+
+The ballad continues that the enamoured King--
+
+        At Woodstock builded such a bower
+          The like was never seene,
+        Most curiously that bower was built
+          Of stone and timber strong
+        An hundered and fifty doors[969]
+          Did to this bower belong,
+        And they so cunninglye contrived
+          With turnings round about,
+        That none but with a clue of thread
+          Could enter in or out.
+
+According to Drayton, Rosamond's Bower consisted of vaults underground
+arched and walled with brick and stone: Stow in his _Annals_ quotes an
+obituary stone reading, _Hic jacet in tumba Rosa Mundi; non Rosa Munda,
+non redolet sed olet_, which may be Anglicised into, Here lies entombed
+a mundane Rosa not the Rose of the World; she is not redolent, but
+"foully doth she stinke". I am inclined, however, to believe that the
+traditional Rosamond was really and indeed the "cleane flower" and that
+the ignorant monks added calumny to their other perversions. History
+frigidly but very fortunately relates that "the tombstone of Rosamond
+Clifford was taken up at Godstone and broken in pieces, and that upon it
+were interchangeable weavings drawn out and decked with roses red and
+green and the picture of the cup, out of which she drank the poison
+given her by the Queen, carved in stone".[970] At the Cornish village of
+Sancreed, _i.e._, San Kerid or St. Ked, engraved upon the famous nine
+foot cross is a similar cup or chalice, out of which rises a tapering
+fleur de lys: with the word _creed_ may be connoted the fact that the
+artist of Kirid or Crete, "with a true instinct for beauty, chose as his
+favourite flowers the lovely lily and iris, the wild gladiolus and
+crocus, all natives of the Mediterranean basin, and the last three, if
+not the lily, of his own soil".[971] Opinions differ as to whether the
+Sancreed lily is a spear head or a fleur de lys: they also differ as to
+the precise meaning of the cup: in the opinion of Mr. J. Harris Stone,
+"the vessel or chalice is roughly heart-shaped--that is the main body of
+it--and the head of the so-called spear is distinctly divided and has
+cross-pieces which, being recurved, doubtless gave rise to the lily
+theory of the origin. Now there was an ancient Egyptian cross of the
+Latin variety rising out of a heart like the mediæval emblem of _Cor in
+Cruce, Crux in Corde_, and this is irresistibly brought to my mind when
+looking at this Sancreed cross. The emblem I am alluding to is that of
+Goodness."[972]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 476.--The famous Sancreed Cross. From _The
+                 Cornish Riviera_ (Stone, J. Harris).
+                                                 [_To face page 816._]
+
+With this theory I am in sympathy, and it may be reasonably suggested
+that the alleged "tombstone" of Rosamond at Godstone was actually a
+carved megalith analogous to that at Sancreed: the carving on the latter
+may be comparatively modern, but in all probability the rock itself is
+the original _crude_ Creed stone, Ked stone, or Good stone, touched up
+and partly recut.
+
+The Rose is the familiar emblem of St. George or Oros who, according to
+some accounts, was the son of Princess Sophia the Wise: his legs were of
+massive silver up to the knees, and his arms were of pure gold from the
+elbows to the wrists. According to other traditions George was born at
+Coventry, and "is reported to have been marked at his birth (forsooth!)
+with a red bloody cross on his right hand".[973] The first adventure of
+St. George was the salvation of a fair and precious princess named Sabra
+from a foul dragon who venomed the people with his breath and this
+adventure is located at Silene: with this Silene may be connoted the
+innocent Una, who in some accounts occupies the position of the Lady
+Sabra: Sabra is suggestive of Sabrina, the little Goddess of the river
+Severn, whose name we have connected with the soft, gentle, pleasing and
+propitious Brina: that St. Burinea, the pretty daughter of Angus whose
+memory is sanctified as the patron of St Burian's or Eglos_berrie_, was
+originally _pure_ Una is more likely than that this alleged Maiden was
+an historic personage of the sixth century.
+
+The series of excavations at Reigate, of which the principal is the
+Baron's Cave, extends to a Red Cross Inn which marks the vicinity where
+stood the chapel of the Holy Cross, belonging to the Priory of the
+Virgin and Holy Cross: about a mile from Reigate in a little brook (the
+Bourne Water) used to stand a great stone stained red by the victims of
+a water Kelpie, who had his lair beneath. The Kelpie was exorcised by a
+vicar of Buckland: nevertheless the stone remained an object of awe to
+the people, which, says Mr. Ogilvie, "was regarded as a vile
+superstition by a late vicar who had the stone removed to demonstrate to
+his parishioners that there was nothing under it, but some of the old
+folks remember the story yet".[974] Part of Reigate is known as Red
+Hill, obviously from the red sandstone which abounds there: at Bristol
+or Bristowe, _i.e_., the Stockade of Bri, the most famous church is that
+of St. Mary Redcliffe: the Mew stone off Devonshire is red cliff, the
+inscriptions at Sinai are always on red stone, and there is little doubt
+that red rock was particularly esteemed to be the symbol of gracious
+Aine, the Love Mother. In Domesday the Redcliff of St. Mary appears as
+Redeclive,[975] and may thus also have meant Rood Cleeve: in London we
+have a Ratcliffe Highway, and in Kensington a Redcliffe Square.
+
+In what is now the Green Park, Mayfair, used to be a Rosamond's Pool:
+with Rosamond, the Rose of the World, and Rosanna--whose name may be
+connoted with the inscription RU NHO or QUEEN NEW,[976] which occurs on
+one of the Sancreed crosses may also be connoted St. Rosalie of Sicily
+or Hypereia, whose grotto and fete still excite "an almost incredible
+enthusiasm". The legend of St. Rosalie represents her as--
+
+          Something much too fair and good
+          For human nature's daily food,
+
+and her mysterious evanishment is accounted for by the tradition that,
+disgusted by the frivolous life and empty gaiety of courts, she
+voluntarily retired herself into an obscure cavern, where her remains
+are now supposed to be buried under wreaths of imperishable roses which
+are deposited by angels.[977]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 477.--Iberian. From Akerman]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 478.--Kerris Roundago. From _Antiquities of
+                 Cornwall_.]
+
+According to ecclesiastical legend the beloved St. Rosalie--whose fete
+is celebrated in Sicily on the day of St. Januarius--was the daughter of
+a certain Tancred, the first King of Sicily: it is not unlikely that
+this Tancred was Don Cred or Lord Cred, a relation of the Cornish
+Sancreed.[978] Sancreed is supposed to derive its name as being "an
+abstract dedication to the Holy Creed": but it is alternatively known as
+San_cris_: the Cretans, or Kiridians, or Eteocretes claimed Cres the Son
+of Jupiter by the nymph Idea as their first King, and they traced their
+descent from Cres. In a subsequent volume we shall consider this Cres at
+greater length, and shall track him to India in the form of Kristna, to
+whose grace the subterranean cross at Madura seems to have been
+dedicated. In Celtic _cris_ meant pure, holy; _crios_ meant the
+Sun:[979] the principal site of Apollo-worship was the island of Crissa;
+in England Christy[980] is a familiar surname, and I am convinced that
+the Christ tradition in Britain owed little to the Roman mission of
+Augustine, but was of far older origin. We may perhaps trace the
+original transit of Cris to Sancris at Carissa, now Carixa, in Spain:
+among the numerous coins of this district some as figured herewith bear
+the legend Caris, some bear the head of the young Hercules, others a
+female head.[981] As in classic Latin _C_ was invariably pronounced
+hard, it is probable that the maiden Caris was Ceres, and that the
+Cretan pair are responsible for Kerris Roundago, an egg-like monument
+near Sancreed; also for Cresswell in Durham where is the famous Robin
+Hood Cave:[982] one may further trace Caris at Carisbrook near Ryde, at
+the diminutive Criss Brook near Maidstone, and at the streamlet Crise in
+Santerre.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 479.--Christ, with a Nimbus Resembling a Flat
+                 Cap, or Casquette. From a Carving on Wood in the
+                 Stalls of Notre Dame d'Amiens. XVI. Cent. From
+                 Didron.]
+
+The town of Carissa, now Carixa, may be connoted with the synonymous
+_cross_ or _crux_: the Cornish for _cross_ was _crows_, and at
+Crows-an-Rha, near St. Buryans, there is a celebrated wayside cross or
+crouch.[983] That Caris was _carus_ or _dear_, and that he was the
+inception of _charis_ or charity will also eventually be seen: I have
+elsewhere suggested that _charis_, or _love_, was originally 'k Eros or
+Great Eros; in the Christian emblem here illustrated Christ is
+associated with a rose cross, which is fabricated from the four hearts,
+and thus constitutes the _Rosa mystica_. At Kerris Roundago are four
+megaliths.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 480.]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 481.]
+
+The Sancris cup or chalice[984] might legitimately be termed a _cruse_:
+Christ's first miracle was the conversion of a cruse or can of water
+into wine, and the site of this miracle was Cana. The _souterrain_ of
+St. Sulpice le Donseil is situated in a district known as La Creuse, and
+the solitary pillar in the heart of this grotto, as also that in the
+Margate grotto, and that in the _souterrain_ at Tinwell, were probably
+symbols of what the British Bard describes as "Christ the concealed
+pillar of peace". The Celtic Christs here reproduced from an article in
+_The Open Court_ by Dr. Paul Carus are probably developments of ancient
+Prestons or Jupiter Stones: the connection between these crude Christs
+and Cres, the Son of Jupiter, by the nymph Idea, is probably continuous
+and unbroken.
+
+A cruse corresponds symbolically to a cauldron or a cup: according to
+Herbert, "The Cauldron of the Bards was connected by them with Mary in
+that particular capacity which forms the portentous feature in St.
+Brighid (_viz._, her _being Christ's Mother_) to the verge of
+identification. The reason was that divine objects considered by them
+essentially, and, as it were, sacramentally as being Christ, were
+prepared within and produced out of that sacred and womb-like
+receptacle." He then quotes two bardic extracts to the following
+effect:--
+
+     (1) The One Man and our Cauldron,
+         And our deed, and our word,
+         With the bright pure Mary daughter of Anne.
+
+     (2) Christ, Creator, Emperor and our Mead,
+         Christ the Concealed, pillar of peace,
+         Christ, Son of Mary and of my Cauldron, a pure pedigree![985]
+
+The likelihood is that the solitary great Jasper stone in the roof of
+the four-columned hall at Edrei, the Capital of King Og, was similarly a
+symbol of the ideal Corner Stone or the Concealed Pillar of Peace.
+
+At Mykenae the celebrated titanic gateway is ornamented by two lions
+guarding or supporting a solitary pillar or numeral 1: at other times a
+figure of the Magna Mater takes the place of this ONE, and it is
+probable that the Io of Mykenae was originally My Kene, _i.e._, Mother
+Queen or, more radically, Mother Great One. That Io was represented by
+the horns or crescent moon is obvious from the innumerable idols in the
+form of cows horns found at Mykenae: we have already connected Cain,
+Cann, and Kenna with the moon or _choon_, Latin _luna_, French _lune_,
+otherwise Cynthia or Diana.
+
+Not only was Crete or Candia essentially an island of caves, but the
+district of the British Cantii seems if anything to have been even more
+riddled: _canteen_ is a generic term for cellar or cool cave, and the
+origin of this word is not known. In Mexico _cun_ meant _pudenda
+muliebris_, in London _cunny_ and _cunt_ carry the same meaning, and
+with _cenote_, the Mexican for _cistern_, may be connoted our English
+rivers Kennet and Kent. Dr. Guest refers to the cauldron of _Cend_wen
+(Keridwen): according to Davidson the magic cup of the Cabiri
+corresponded to the _Condy_ Cup[986] of the Gnostics which is the same
+as that in which _Guion_ (Mercury) made his beverage--the beverage of
+knowledge or divine Kenning, the philosophical Mercury of the mediæval
+alchemists. Sometimes the Egg or Cup was encircled by two serpents said
+to represent the Igneous and Humid principles of Nature in conjunction:
+it is not improbable that the spirals found alike at Mykenae and New
+Grange represented this dual coil, spire, or maze of Life, and the Coil
+Dance or the Snail's Creep, which was until recently executed in
+Cornwall, may have borne some relation to this notion.[987]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 482.--Entry to New Grange.]
+
+In the neighbourhood of Totnes and the river Teign is the world-famous
+Kent's Cavern,[988] whence has emanated evidence that man was living in
+what is now Devonshire, contemporaneously with the mammoth, the
+cave-lion, the woolly rhinoceros, the bison, and other animals which are
+now extinct. Kent's Cavern is in a hill, _dun_, _tun_, or what the
+Bretons term a _torgen_, and the _torgen_ containing Kent's Cavern is
+situated in the Manor of Torwood in the parish of Tor, whence Torbay,
+Torquay, etc.: in Cornwall _tor_, or _tur_, meant belly, and _tor_ may
+be equated with _door_, Latin _janua_.
+
+The entrance to Kent's Hole is in the face of a cliff, and the people
+mentioned in the Old Testament as the _Kenites_ were evidently
+cliff-cave dwellers, for it is related that Balaam looked on the Kenites
+and said: "Strong is thy dwelling-place, and thou puttest thy nest in a
+rock":[989] Kent is the same word as _kind_, meaning _genus_; also as
+_kind_, meaning affectionate and well-disposed, and it is worthy of note
+that the cave-dwelling Kenites of the Old Testament were evidently a
+kindly people for the record reads: "Saul said unto the Kenites 'Go,
+depart, get you down from among the Amalekites, lest I destroy you with
+them: for _ye shewed kindness to all the children of Israel when they
+came up_ out of Egypt'.[990] So the Kenites departed from among the
+Amalekites."[991]
+
+There is evidence that Thor's Cavern in Derbyshire was inhabited by
+prehistoric troglodites; the most high summit in the Peak District is
+named Kinder Scout, and in the southern side of Kinder Scout is the
+celebrated Kinderton Cavern: at Kinver in Staffordshire there are
+prehistoric caves still being lived in by modern troglodites, and at
+Cantal in France there are similar cave dwellings.
+
+In Derbyshire are the celebrated Canholes and at Cannes, by Maestricht,
+is an entrance to the amazing grottos of St. Peter: this subterranean
+quarry is described as a succession of long horizontal galleries
+supported by an immense number of square pillars whose height is
+generally from 10 to 20 feet: the number of these vast subterranean
+alleys which cross each other and are prolonged in every direction
+cannot be estimated at less than 2000, the direct line from the built up
+entrance near Fort St. Peter to the exit on the side of the Meuse
+measures one league and a half. That these works were at one time in the
+occupation of the Romans, is proved by Latin inscriptions, but evidently
+the Romans did not do the building for, "underneath these inscriptions
+you can trace some ill-formed characters traditionally attributed to the
+Huns; which is ridiculous since the Huns did not build, and therefore
+had no need of quarries, and moreover were ignorant of the art of
+writing".[992] In view of the fact that the gigantic cavern farther up
+the Meuse, is entitled the Han Grotto, this tradition of Hun "writing"
+is not necessarily ridiculous: the Huns in question, whoever they were,
+probably were the people who built the Hun's beds and were worshippers
+of "the One Man and our Cauldron".
+
+The Peter Mount now under consideration does not appear to have been
+such a Peter's Purgatory as found on "the island of the tribe of Oin":
+on the contrary its galleries, based on pillars about 16 feet high, are
+traced on a regular plan. These cross one another at right angles, and
+their most noticeable feature is the extreme regularity and perfect
+level of the roof which is enriched with a kind of cornice--a cornice of
+the severest possible outline, but with a noble simplicity which gives
+to the galleries a certain monumental aspect.
+
+Within the criss-cross bowels of the Peter Mount is another very
+remarkable curiosity--a small basin filled with water called
+Springbronnen ("source of living water") which is incessantly renewed,
+thanks to the drops falling from the upper portion of a fossil tree
+fixed in the roof.[993] The modern showman does not vaunt among his
+attractions a "source of living water," and we may reasonably assume
+that this appellation belongs to an older and more poetic age: the
+Hebrew for "fountain of living waters" is _ain_, a word to be connoted
+with Hun, Han, and St. Anne of the Catacombs: St. Anne is the patron of
+all springs and wells; at Sancreed is a St. Eunys Well, and the word
+_aune_ or _avon_ was a generic term for any _gentle flowing_ stream.
+
+It is reasonable to equate St. Anne of the Catacombs with "Pope Joan" of
+Engelheim, and it is probable that the original Vatican was the
+terrestrial seat of the celestial Peter, the Fate Queen or Fate King:
+with St. Peter's Mount may be connoted the Arabian City of Petra which
+is entirely hewn out of the solid rock. The connection between the Irish
+Owen, or Oin, and the Patrick of Patrick's Purgatory has already been
+considered, and that Janus or Janicula was the St. Peter of the Vatican
+is very generally admitted: we shall subsequently consider Janus in
+connection with St. Januarius or January; at Naples there are upwards of
+two miles of catacombs, and the Capo di _Chino_, under which these
+occur, may probably be identified with the St. Januarius whose name they
+bear.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 483.--Seventeenth Century Printer's Mark.]
+
+That Janus, the janitor of the Gates of Heaven and of all other gates,
+was a personification of immortal Time is sufficiently obvious from the
+attributes which were assigned to him; that the Patrick of Ireland was
+also the Lord of the 365 days is to be implied from the statement of
+Nennius that St. Patrick "at the beginning" founded 365 churches and
+ordained 365 bishops.[994] I was recently accosted in the street by a
+North-Briton who inquired "what _dame_ is it?": on my failure to catch
+his meaning his companion pointed to my watch chain and repeated the
+inquiry "what _time_, is it"; but even without such vivid evidence it is
+clear that _dame_ and _time_ are mere variants of the same word. It is
+proverbial that Truth, _alias_ Una, _alias_ Vera, is the daughter of
+Time: that Time is also the custodian of Truth is a similar commonplace:
+Time is the same word as Tom, and Tom is a contracted form of Thomas
+which the dictionaries define as meaning _twin, i.e., twain:_ Thomas is
+the same name as Tammuz, a Phrygian title of Adonis, and in Fig. 404
+(_ante_, p. 639), Time was emblemised as the Twain or Pair; in Fig. 483,
+Father Time is identified with Veritas or Truth, for the legend runs,
+"Truth in time brings hidden things to light".[995] The Lady Cynethryth,
+who dwells proverbially at the bottom of a well, is, of course, daily
+being brought to light; it is, however, unusual to find her thus
+depicted clambering from a dene hole or a den. In all probability the
+"Sir Thomas" who figures in the ballad as Fair Rosamond's custodian was
+originally Sir Tammuz, Tom, or Time--
+
+          And you Sir Thomas whom I truste
+            To bee my loves defence,
+          Be careful of my gallant Rose
+             When I am parted hence.
+
+The relentless Queen who appears so prominently in the story may be
+connoted with the cruel Stepmother who figures in the Cinderella cycle
+of tales--a ruthless lady whom I have considered elsewhere. The silken
+thread by which the Queen reached Rosamond--to whose foot, like
+Jupiter's chain, it was attached--is paralleled by the thread with which
+Ariadne guided the fickle Theseus. In an unhappy hour the Queen
+overcomes the trusty Thomas, and guided by the silken thread--
+
+          Went where the Ladye Rosamonde
+          Was like an Angel sette.
+
+          But when the Queen with steadfast eye
+          Beheld her beauteous face
+          She was amazed in her minde
+          At her exceeding grace.
+
+The word _grace_ is the same as _cross_, and grace is the interpretation
+given by all dictionaries of the name John or Ian: the red cross was
+originally termed the Jack, and to the Jack, without doubt, was once
+assigned the meaning "Infinite in the East, Infinite in the West,
+Infinite in the South. Thus it is said, He who is in the fire, He who is
+in the heart, He who is in the Sun, they are _One_ and the same:" in
+_China_ the Svastika is known as the _Wan_.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [905] Walford, E., _Greater London_, ii., 95.
+
+   [906] Mottingham, anciently Modingham, is supposed to be from Saxon
+         _modig_, proud or lofty, and _ham_, a dwelling. Johnstone
+         derives it as, "Enclosure of Moding," or "of the Sons of Mod
+         or Mot". We may assume these people were followers of the
+         Maid, and that Mottingham was equivalent to Maiden's Home.
+
+   [907] Mackenzie, D. A., _Myths of Crete_, p. xlvi.
+
+   [908] Borlase, Wm., _Antiquities of Cornwall_, p. 296.
+
+   [909] _Cliff Castles_, p. 33.
+
+   [910] _Cf._ Baring-Gould, _Cliff Castles_.
+
+   [911] Chislehurst is supposed to mean the pebble hurst or wood, but
+         Chislehurst is on chalk and is less pebbly than many places
+         adjacent: at Chislehurst is White Horse Hill: Nantjizzel or
+         _jizzle valley_, in Cornwall, is close to Carn Voel, _alias_
+         the Diamond House, and thus, I am inclined to think that
+         Chislehurst was a selhurst or selli's wood sacred to Chi the
+         great Jehu.
+
+   [912] Adams, W. H. A., _Famous Caves and Catacombs_, p. 90.
+
+   [913] Spence L., _Myths of Mexico and Peru_, p. 293.
+
+   [914] In 1867 Mr. Roach Smith published the following description:
+         "The ground plan of the caves was like a six-leaved flower
+         diverging from the central cup which is represented by the
+         shaft. The central cave of each three is about 14 yards long
+         and about 6 yards high. The side caves are smaller, about 7
+         yards long and 2 yards wide. The section is rather singular:
+         taken from end to end the roof line is horizontal: but the
+         floor rises at the end of the cave so that a sketch of the
+         section from end to end of the two principal caves is like
+         the outline of a boat, the shaft being in the position of the
+         mainmast. The section across the cave is like the outline of
+         an egg made to stand on its broader end. They are all hewn
+         out of the chalk, the tool marks, like those which would be
+         made by a pick, being still visible."--_Archæologia_, i., 32.
+
+         Dr. Munro states: "They are usually found on the higher ground
+         of the lower reaches of the Thames ... in fact, North Kent and
+         South Essex appear to be studded with them."--_Prehistoric
+         Britain_, p. 222.
+
+   [915] _Nat. Hist._, lib. xvii., cap. viii.
+
+   [916] Part I.
+
+   [917] One of the most characteristic symbols of the Ægean is St.
+         Andrew's Cross: I have suggested that the Scotch Hendrie
+         meant _ancient drie_ or _drew_, and it is not without
+         significance that tradition closely connects St. Andrews in
+         Scotland with the Ægean. The legend runs that St. Rule
+         arrived at St. Andrews bringing with him a precious relic--no
+         less than Sanct Androwis Arme. "This Reule," continues the
+         annalist, "was ane monk of Grece born in Achaia and abbot in
+         the town of Patras"--Simpkins, J. E., _Fife_, Country
+         Folklore, vol. vli., p. 243.
+
+   [918] _The Gnostics and their Remains_, p. 72.
+
+   [919] "It is certain that ancient caves do exist in Palestine which
+         in form and circumstance, and to some extent also in
+         decoration, approximate so nearly to the Royston Cave that if
+         any historical connection could be established between them,
+         it would scarcely seem doubtful that the one is a copy of the
+         other."--Beldam, J., _The Royston Cave_, p. 24. According to
+         the same authority there are indications at the Royston Cave
+         "of an extreme and primeval antiquity," and he adds, "it
+         bears, indeed, a strong resemblance in form and dimension to
+         the ancient British habitation; and certain marks and
+         decorations in its oldest parts such as indentations and
+         punctures, giving a diapered appearance to the surface, are
+         very similar to what is seen in confessedly Druidical and
+         Phoenician structures," p. 22.
+
+   [920] Beldam, J., _The Royston Cave_, p. 24.
+
+   [921] In Caledonia dovecots or _doocats_ are still superstitiously
+         maintained: there may be a connection between _doocat_ and
+         the "Dowgate" Hill which neighbours the present Cathedral of
+         St. Paul.
+
+   [922] Nichols, W. J., _The Chislehurst Caves and Dene Holes_, p. 5.
+
+   [923] Walford, E., _Greater London_, ii., 127.
+
+   [924] _Ibid._, p. 131.
+
+   [925] Goddard, A. R., _Essex Archæological Society's Transactions_,
+         vol. vii., 1899.
+
+   [926] Courtois, _Dictionaire Geographique de l'Arrondissement de
+         Saint Omer_, p. 156.
+
+   [927] Wilson, J. G., _Gazetteer_, i., 1044.
+
+   [928] Eckenstein, L., _Comparative Studies in Nursery Rhymes_, p.
+         154.
+
+   [929] Dan or Don is one of the main European root river names; it
+         occurs notably in the story of the _Dan_aides who carried
+         water in broken urns to fill a bottomless vessel, and again
+         in _Dan_aus who is said to have relieved Argos from drought.
+
+   [930] P. 242.
+
+   [931] Herbert, A., _Cyclops_, p. 154.
+
+   [932] Wright, T., _Patrick's Purgatory_, p. 162.
+
+   [933] _Ibid._, p. 231.
+
+   [934] _Travels in the East_, p. 2.
+
+   [935] "This was the _round_ church of St. Mary, divided into two
+         stories by slabs of stone; in the upper part are four altars;
+         on the eastern side below there is another, and to the right
+         of it an empty tomb of stone, in which the Virgin Mary is
+         said to have been buried; but who moved her body, or when
+         this took place, no one can say. On entering this chamber,
+         you see on the right-hand side a stone inserted in the wall,
+         on which Christ knelt when He prayed on the night in which He
+         was betrayed; and the marks of His knees are still seen on
+         the stone, as if it had been as soft as wax."
+
+   [936] Wright comments upon this: "Dr. Clarke is the only modern
+         traveller who has given any notice of these subterranean
+         chambers or pits, which he supposes to have been ancient
+         places of idolatrous worship".
+
+   [937] _Cf._ Baring-Gould, _Curious Legends_, p. 238.
+
+   [938] _Mysteries of the Cabiri_, ii., 393.
+
+   [939] _Cf._ Herbert, A., _Cyclops_, p. 155.
+
+   [940] _Ibid._, p. 154.
+
+   [941] It is not improbable that the Pied Piper incident was
+         actually enacted annually at the Koppenburg, and that the
+         children of Hamelyn were given the treat of being taken
+         through some brilliantly lit cavern "joining the town and
+         close at hand". Whether the Koppenburg contains any grottos I
+         am unable to say.
+
+   [942] _Cyclops_, p. 156.
+
+   [943] The authorities connect the surnames Kettle and Chettle with
+         the Kettle or Cauldron of Norse mythology, whence Prof.
+         Weekley writes: "The renowned Captain Kettle, described by
+         his creator as a Welshman, must have descended from some
+         hardy Norse pirate". Why Norse? The word _kettle_, Gaelic
+         _cadhal_, is supposedly borrowed from the Latin _catillus_, a
+         small bowl: the Greek for cup is _kotulos_, and it is
+         probable that _kettle_ and _cotyledon_ are alike radically
+         Ket, Cot, or Cad. In Scotland _adhan_ meant cauldron, whence
+         Rust thinks that Edinbro or Dunedin was once a cauldron hill.
+
+   [944] Sandringham, near King's Lynn, appeared in Domesday as
+         Sandersincham: upon this Johnston comments, "Curious
+         corruption. This is 'Holy Dersingham,' as compared with the
+         next parish Dersingham. French _saint_, Latin _sanctus_,
+         Holy."
+
+   [945] Ogilvie, J. S., _A Pilgrimage in Surrey_, ii., 183.
+
+   [946] _Ibid._, p. 166.
+
+   [947] _Ibid._, p. 167. The italics are mine.
+
+   [948] "The old Bourne stream, generally known as the 'Surrey Woe
+         Water,' has already commenced to flow through Caterham
+         Valley, and at the moment there is quite a strong current of
+         water rushing through an outlet at Purley.
+
+         "There are also pools along its course through Kenley,
+         Whyteleafe, and Warlingham, which suggest that the stream is
+         rising at its principal source, in the hills around Woldingham
+         and Oxted, where it is thought there exists a huge natural
+         underground reservoir, which, when full, syphons itself out at
+         certain periods about every seven years.
+
+         "Tradition says that when the Bourne flows 'out of season' or
+         at irregular times it foretells some great calamity. It
+         certainly made its appearance in a fairly heavy flow in three
+         of the years of the war, but last year, which will always be
+         historical for the declaration of the armistice and the prelude
+         of peace, there was no flow at all."--_The Star_, 15th March,
+         1919.
+
+   [949] "Archæologia" (from _The Gentleman's Magazine_), i., 283.
+
+   [950] _Cf._ Johnson, W., _Byeways_, pp. 411, 417.
+
+   [951] Ogilvy, J. S., _A Pilgrimage in Surrey_, ii., 164.
+
+   [952] That the solar horse was sacred among the Ganganoi of
+         Hibernia is probable, for: "On that great festival of the
+         peasantry, St. John's Eve, it is the custom, at sunset on
+         that evening, to kindle immense fires throughout the country,
+         built like our bonfires, to a great height, the pile being
+         composed of turf, bogwood, and such other combustibles as
+         they can gather. The turf yields a steady, substantial body
+         of fire, the bogwood a most brilliant flame: and the effect
+         of these great beacons blazing on every hill, sending up
+         volumes of smoke from every part of the horizon, is very
+         remarkable. Early in the evening the peasants began to
+         assemble, all habited in their best array, glowing with
+         health, every countenance full of that sparkling animation
+         and excess of enjoyment that characterise the enthusiastic
+         people of the land. I had never seen anything resembling it:
+         and was exceedingly delighted with their handsome,
+         intelligent, merry faces; the bold bearing of the men, and
+         the playful, but really modest deportment of the maidens; the
+         vivacity of the aged people, and the wild glee of the
+         children. The fire being kindled, a splendid blaze shot up;
+         and for a while they stood contemplating it, with faces
+         strangely disfigured by the peculiar light first emitted when
+         the bogwood is thrown on. After a short pause, the ground was
+         cleared in front of an old blind piper, the very beau-ideal
+         of energy, drollery, and shrewdness, who, seated on a low
+         chair, with a well-plenished jug within his reach, screwed
+         his pipes to the liveliest tunes and the endless jig began.
+
+         "But something was to follow that puzzled me not a little. When
+         the fire burned for some hours, and got low, an indispensable
+         part of the ceremony commenced. Every one present of the
+         peasantry passed through it, and several children were thrown
+         across the sparkling embers; while a wooden frame of some 8
+         feet long, with a horse's head fixed to one end, and a large
+         white sheet thrown over it, concealing the wood and the man on
+         whose head it was carried, made its appearance. This was
+         greeted with loud shouts as the '_white horse_'; and having
+         been safely carried by the skill of its bearer several times
+         through the fire with a bold leap, it pursued the people, who
+         ran screaming and laughing in every direction. I asked what the
+         horse was meant for, and was told it represented all cattle.
+
+         "Here was the old pagan worship of Baal, if not of Moloch too,
+         carried on openly and universally in the heart of a nominally
+         Christian country, and by millions professing the Christian
+         name! I was confounded; for I did not then know that Popery is
+         only a crafty adaptation of pagan idolatries to its own scheme;
+         and while I looked upon the now wildly excited people, with
+         their children and, in a figure, all their cattle passing again
+         and again through the fire, I almost questioned in my own mind
+         the lawfulness of the spectacle, considered in the light that
+         the Bible must, even to the natural heart, exhibit it in to
+         those who confess the true God."--Elizabeth, Charlotte,
+         _Personal Recollections_, quoted from "S. M." _Sketches of
+         Irish History_, 1845.
+
+   [953] _The Religion of Ancient Britain_, p. 28.
+
+   [954] _Prehistoric London_, p. 137.
+
+   [955] _Man the Primeval Savage_, p. 328.
+
+   [956] _Ibid._, p. 66.
+
+   [957] _Archæologia_, i., 29.
+
+   [958] _Le donseil_ probably here means _donsol_, or _lord sun_.
+         Adonis and all the other Sun lords were supposed to have beep
+         born in a cave on 25th December. We have seen that Michael's
+         Mount (family name St. Levan), was known alternatively as
+         _dinsol_.
+
+   [959] Adams, W. H. D., _Famous Caves and Catacombs_, p. 183.
+
+   [960] _Ægean Archæologia_, p. 156.
+
+   [961] Mr. and Mrs. Hawes, _Crete the Forerunner of Greece_, p. 65.
+
+   [962] _Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe_, p. 183.
+
+   [963] "Herodotus in _Book VIII_. says that the ancients worshipped
+         the Gods and Genii of any place under the form of serpents.
+         'Set up,' says some one in Persius' _Satires_ (No. 1), 'some
+         marks of reverence such as the painting of two serpents to
+         let boys know that the place is sacred.'"--Seymour, F., _Up
+         Hill and Down Dale in Ancient Etruria_, p. 237.
+
+   [964] Johnson, W., _Byways_, p. 304.
+
+   [965] _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1869.
+
+   [966] MacKenzie, D. A., _Myths of Crete_, p. 138.
+
+   [967] _Light of Britannia_, p. 200.
+
+   [968]_Cf._ _Percy Reliques_ (Everyman's Library), p. 21.
+
+   [969] The Baron's Cave at Reigate is "about 150 feet long" (_ante_,
+         p. 799).
+
+   [970] _Percy Reliques_, p. 20.
+
+   [971] Hawes, _Crete the Forerunner of Greece_, p. 125.
+
+   [972] _The Cornish Riviera_, p. 265.
+
+   [973] H. O. F., _St. George for England_, p. 15.
+
+   [974] _A Pilgrimage in Surrey_, ii., 177.
+
+   [975] At Bristol is White Lady's Road.
+
+   [976] The curious name Newlove occurs as one of the erstwhile
+         owners of the Margate grotto: the Lovelace family, for whose
+         name the authorities offer no suggestions except that it is a
+         corruption of the depressing Loveless, probably either once
+         worshipped or acted the Lovelass. This conjecture has in its
+         favour the fact that "many of our surnames are undoubtedly
+         derived from characters assumed in dramatic performances and
+         popular festivities".--Weekley, A. B., _The Romance of
+         Names_, p. 197. "To this class belong many surnames which
+         have the form of abstract nouns, _e.g._, _charity_, _verity_,
+         _virtue_, _vice_. Of similar origin are perhaps, _bliss,
+         chance, luck_, and _goodluck_."--_Ibid._, p. 197.
+
+   [977] With the old English custom of burying the dead in roses, and
+         with the tradition that at times a white lady with a red rose
+         in her mouth used to appear at Pen_deen_ cave (Courtney, Miss
+         M. L., _Cornish Feasts and Folklore_, p. 9), in Cornwall may
+         be connoted the statement of Bunsen: "The Phoenicians had a
+         grand flower show in which they hung chaplets and bunches of
+         roses in their temples, and _on the statue of the goddess
+         Athena_ which is only a feminine form of Then or Thorn"
+         (_cf._ Theta, _The Thorn Tree_, p. 40). The probability is
+         that not only was the rose sacred to Athene but that Danes
+         Elder (_Sambucus ebulus_), and Danes flower (_Anemone
+         pulsutilla_) had no original reference to the Danes, but to
+         the far older Dane, or donna, the white Lady. Both _don_ and
+         _dan_ are used in English, as the equivalent of _dominus_,
+         whence Shakespeare's reference to Dan Cupid.
+
+   [978] Adams, W. H. D., _Famous Caves and Catacombs_, p. 177.
+
+   [979] Davidson, P., _The Mistletoe and its Philosophy_, p. 51.
+
+   [980] The term Christ is interpreted as "the anointed".
+
+   [981] Akerman, J. Y., _Ancient Coins_, p. 25.
+
+   [982] We shall consider Robin Hood whom the authorities already
+         equate with Odin in a subsequent chapter. In Robin Hood's
+         Cave have been discovered remains of paleolithic Art
+         representing a horse's head. In Kent the ceremony of the
+         Hooden Horse used until recently to survive, and the same
+         Hood or Odin may possibly be responsible for "_Wood_stock".
+
+   [983] Crutched Friars in London marks the site of a priory of the
+         freres of the Crutch or Crouch.
+
+   [984] The San_creed_ chalice may be connoted ideally and
+         philologically with the San_graal_, Provençal _gradal_: the
+         apparition of a child in connection with the graal or gradal
+         also permits the equation _gradal_ = _cradle_. At Llandudno
+         is the stone entitled _cryd Tudno, i.e._, the cradle of
+         Tudno.
+
+   [985] _Cyclops_, p. 137
+
+   [986] _The Mistletoe and its Philosophy_, p. 31.
+
+   [987] "The young people being all assembled in a large meadow, the
+         village band strikes up a simple but lively air, and marches
+         forward, followed by the whole assemblage, leading
+         hand-in-hand (or more closely linked in case of engaged
+         couples) the whole keeping time to the tune with a lively
+         step. The band or head of the serpent keeps marching in an
+         ever-narrowing circle, whilst its train of dancing followers
+         becomes coiled around it in circle after circle. It is now
+         that the most interesting part of the dance commences, for
+         the band, taking a sharp turn about, begins to retrace the
+         circle, still followed as before, and a number of young men
+         with long, leafy branches in their hands as standards, direct
+         this counter-movement with almost military precision."--_Cf._
+         Courtney, Miss M. L., _Cornish Feasts and Folklore_, p. 39.
+
+   [988] The name Kent here appears to be of immemorial antiquity, and
+         was apparently first printed in a 1769 map which shows
+         "Kent's Hole Field".
+
+   [989] Num. xxiv. 21.
+
+   [990] In modern Egyptian _kunjey_ means _kinship_.
+
+   [991] 1 Sam. xv. 6.
+
+   [992] Adam, W. H. D., _Famous Caves and Catacombs_, p. 167.
+
+   [993] Adams, W. H. D., _Famous Caves and Catacombs_, p. 163.
+
+   [994] Usher, Dr. J., _A Discourse on the Religion Anciently
+         Professed by the Irish and British_, p. 77.
+
+   [995] At the foot of this emblem the designer has introduced an
+         intreccia or Solomon's knot between his initials R. S.
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSIONS
+
+     "I can affirm that I have brought it from an utter darknesse to a
+     thin mist, and have gonne further than any man before me."--JOHN
+     AUBREY.
+
+     "But for my part I freely declare myself at a loss what to say to
+     things so much obscured by their distant antiquity; and you, when
+     you read these conjectures, will plainly perceive that I have only
+     groped in the dark."--CAMDEN.
+
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 484.--From _Mythology of the Celtic Races_
+                 (Rolleston, T. W.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 485.--_Ibid._]
+
+One may perhaps get a further sidelight on the marvellous labyrinthic
+cave temples of the ancients by a reference to the so-called worm-knots
+or cup-and-ring markings on cromlechs and menhirs. With regard to these
+sculptures Mr. T. W. Rolleston writes: "Another singular emblem, upon
+the meaning of which no light has yet been thrown, occurs frequently in
+connection with megalithic monuments. The accompanying illustrations
+show examples of it. Cup-shaped hollows are made in the surface of the
+stone, these are often surrounded with concentric rings, and from the
+cup one or more radial lines are drawn to a point outside the
+circumference of the rings. Occasionally a system of cups are joined by
+these lines, but more frequently they end a little way outside the
+widest of the rings. These strange markings are found in Great Britain
+and Ireland, in Brittany, and at various places in India, where they are
+called _mahadeos_. I have also found a curious example--for such it
+appears to be--in Dupaix' _Monuments of New Spain_. It is reproduced in
+Lord Kingsborough's _Antiquities of Mexico_, vol. lv. On the circular
+top of a cylindrical stone, known as the Triumphal Stone, is carved a
+central cup, with nine concentric circles round it, and a duct or
+channel cut straight from the cup through all the circles to the rim.
+Except that the design here is richly decorated and accurately drawn, it
+closely resembles a typical European cup-and-ring marking. That these
+markings mean something, and that wherever they are found they mean the
+same thing, can hardly be doubted, but what that meaning is remains yet
+a puzzle to antiquarians. The guess may perhaps be hazarded that they
+are diagrams or plans of a megalithic sepulchre. The central hollow
+represents the actual burial-place. The circles are the standing stones,
+fosses, and ramparts which often surrounded it: and the line or duct
+drawn from the centre outwards represents the subterranean approach to
+the sepulchre. The apparent avenue intention of the duct is clearly
+brought out in the varieties given herewith, which I take from Simpson.
+As the sepulchre was also a holy place or shrine, the occurrence of a
+representation of it among other carvings of a sacred character is
+natural enough; it would seem symbolically to indicate that the place
+was holy ground. How far this suggestion might apply to the Mexican
+example I am unable to say."[996]
+
+Mr. Rolleston is partially right in his idea that the designs are as it
+were ground plans of monuments, but that theory merely carries the point
+a step backward and the question remains--Why were monuments constructed
+in so involved and seemingly absurd a form? I hazard the conjecture that
+the Triumphal Stone with its central cup and _nine_ concentric circles
+was a symbol of Life, and of the _nine_ months requisite for the
+production of Human Life; that the duct or channel straight from the cup
+through all the circles to the rim implied the mystery of creation; and
+that the seemingly senseless meander of long passages was intended as a
+representation of the maw or stomach. That the Druids were practised
+physiologists is deducible from the complaint made against one of them,
+that he had dissected 600 bodies: the ancient anatomists might quite
+reasonably have traced Life to a germ or cell lying within a mazy and
+seemingly unending coil of viscera: we know that auguries were drawn
+from the condition of the entrails of sacrificial victims, whence
+originally the entrails were in all probability regarded as the seat of
+Life. _Mahadeo_, the Indian term for a worm-knot or cup-marking,
+resolves as it stands into _maha_, great; and _deo_, Goddess: our
+English word _maw_, meaning stomach, is evidently allied to the Hebrew
+_moi_, meaning bowels; with _moeder_, the Dutch for womb, may be
+connoted Mitra or Mithra, and perhaps Madura. It is well known that the
+chief Festival celebrated in the Indian cave temples at Madura and
+elsewhere is associated with the _lingam_, or emblem of sex, and it may
+be assumed that the invariable sixfold form of the Kentish dene holes
+was connected in some way with sex worship. The word _six_ is for some
+reason, which I am unable to surmise, identical with the word _sex_: the
+Chaldees--who were probably not unconnected with the "pure Culdees" of
+Caledonia--taught that Man, male and female, was formed upon the _sixth_
+day: Orpheus calls the number _six_, "Father of the celestial and mortal
+powers," and, says Davidson, "these considerations are derived from the
+doctrine of Numbers which was highly venerated by the Druids".[997] Six
+columbas centring in the womb of the Virgin Mary were illustrated on
+page 790, and it will probably prove that _columba_ meant holy womb,
+just as _culver_ seemingly meant holy ovary.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 486 to 491.--Paper-marked Mediæval Emblems,
+                 Showing the Combination of Serpent, Circle, and Six
+                 Lobes. From _Les Filigranes_ (Briquet, C. M.).]
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 492 to 502.--Paper-marked Mediæval Emblems,
+                 Showing Circle and Serpent "like the intestines". From
+                 _Les Filigranes_ (Briquet, C.M.).]
+
+The sixfold marigold or wheel was used not infrequently as an emblem
+during the Middle Ages: in Fig. 504--a mediæval paper-mark--this design
+is sanctified by a cross, and the centre of Fig. 486 consists of the
+circle and Serpent. Figs. 492 to 502 exhibit further varieties of
+this circle and Serpent design--the symbol of fructifying Life--and some
+of these examples bear a curious resemblance to the twists and
+convolutions of the entrails. In Egypt, Apep, the Giant Serpent, was
+said to have--"resembled the intestines":[998] the word Apep is
+apparently related to _pepsis_, the Greek for _digestion_, as likewise
+to our _pipe_, meaning a long tube.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 503]
+
+Prof. Elliot Smith, who has recently published some lectures entitled
+_The Evolution of the Dragon_, sums up his conclusions as follows: "The
+dragon was originally a concrete expression of the divine powers of
+life-giving; but with the development of a higher conception of
+religious ideals it became relegated to a baser rôle, and eventually
+became the symbol of the powers of evil".[999] I have elsewhere
+illustrated a mediæval dragon-mark which was sanctified by a cross, and
+it is a highly remarkable fact that the papermakers of the Middle Ages
+were evidently _au fait_ with the ancient meaning of this sign. Several
+of their multifarious serpent designs are associated with the small
+circle or pearl, in which connection it is noteworthy that not only had
+pearls the reputation of being givers of Life, but that _margan_, the
+ancient Persian word for pearl, is officially interpreted as meaning
+_mar_, "giver," and _gan_, "life". This word, says Prof. Elliot Smith,
+has been borrowed in all the Turanian languages ranging from Hungary to
+Kamchatka, also in the non-Turanian speech of Western Asia, thence
+through Greek and Latin (_margarita_) to European languages.[1000] The
+Persian _gan_, in Zend _yan_, seeming corresponds to the European John,
+or Ian; and it is evident that Figs. 486 to 491 might justly be termed
+marguerites.
+
+One of the most favourite decorations amongst Cretan artists is the
+eight-limbed octopus, and it is believed that the Mykenian volute or
+spiral is a variant of this emblem. According to Prof. Elliot Smith the
+evidence provided by Minoan paintings, and Mykenian decorative art,
+demonstrates that the spiral as a symbol of life-giving was definitely
+derived from the octopus.[1001] Other authorities believe that the
+octopus symbolised "the fertilising watery principle," and that the
+svastika is a conventionalised form of this creature. In the light of
+these considerations it would thus seem highly probable that the knot,
+maze, Troy Town, or trou town, primarily was emblematic of the Maze or
+Womb of Life, conceived either physically or etherially in accord with
+the spirit of the time and people.
+
+There is a certain amount of testimony to the fact that the Druids
+taught and worshipped within caves, and there is some reason to suppose
+that the Druids had a knowledge, not only of the lense, telescope, or
+Speculum of the Pervading Glance, but also of gunpowder, for Lucan,
+writing of a grove near Marseilles, remarks: "There is a report that the
+grove is often shaken and strangely moved, and that dreadful sounds are
+heard from its caverns; and that it is sometimes in a blaze without
+being consumed". That abominations were committed in these eerie places
+I do not doubt: that animals were maintained in them there is good
+reason to suppose; and in all probability the story of the Cretan
+Minotaur, to whom Athenian youths were annually sacrificed, was based on
+a certain amount of fact. The Bull being the symbol of life and
+fecundity, there would have been peculiar propriety in maintaining a
+bull or _toro_, Celtic _tarw_, within the _trou_, labyrinth, or maze of
+life: upon two of the British coins here illustrated the Mithraic Bull
+appears in combination with an intreccia. The colossal labyrinths built
+in Egypt to the honour of the sacred toro are well known: in Europe
+remains of the horse are constantly discovered within caves,[1002] and
+it is a cognate fact that in Mexico a tapir--the nearest approach Mexico
+could seemingly show to a horse--was maintained in the subterranean
+temple of the god Votan.
+
+  [Illustration: FIGS. 504 to 506.--British. From Akerman.]
+
+This Votan of South America is an interesting personality: according to
+the native traditions of the Chiapenese Indians--there was once a man
+named Votan, who was the grandson of the man who built the ark to save
+himself and family from the Deluge. Votan was ordered by the Lord to
+people America and "He came _from the East_" bringing with him seven
+families: Votan, we are further told, was of the race of Chan, and built
+a city in America named Nachan, after Chan his family name. The name
+Votan is seemingly a variant of Wotan, the Scandinavian All Father, and
+also of Wootton, which is a common Kentish family name: Wotan of
+_Wednesday_ was, it is believed, once widely worshipped in Kent, notably
+at _Woodnes_borough, which is particularly associated with the
+tradition: on Christmas Eve Thanet used to celebrate a festival called
+_Hooden_ing which consisted of decorating either the skull of a horse,
+or the wooden figure of a horse's head, which then was perambulated on a
+pole by a man hidden beneath a sheet.[1003]
+
+In Central America _chan_ meant serpent, in which connection it is
+noteworthy that in Scandinavian mythology Wotan presides over the great
+world snake coiled at the roots of the mighty Ash Tree, named Iggdrasil.
+This word may, I think, be resolved into _igg dra sil_, or High Tree
+Holy, and the Ash of our innumerable Ashdowns, Ashtons, Ashleys,
+Ashursts, etc., may in all probability be equated not only with _aes_,
+the Welsh for _tree_, but also with _oes_, the Welsh for _life_. That
+Janus, whose coin was entitled the _as_, was King As has already been
+suggested, and that As or Ash[1004] was Odin is hardly open to doubt.
+According to Borlase (W. C.): "There is reason to believe that the Sun
+was a principal divinity worshipped under the name of Fal, Phol, Bel,
+Beli, Balor, and Balder, all synonymous terms in the comparative
+mythology of the Germanic peoples whether Celtic or Teutonic in speech.
+A curious passage in Johannes Cornubiensis permits us to equate this
+deity with Asch or As, one name of Odin. The more deeply we study this
+portion of the subject the more certain becomes the identity of the
+members of the pantheon of the two western branches of the
+Aryan-speaking peoples."[1005]
+
+The word _Kent_ or Cantium is, I think, connected with Candia, but
+whether Votan of the race of Chan came from Candia, Cantium, or
+Scandinavia is a discussion which must be reserved for a subsequent
+volume: it is sufficient here to note in passing that one-third of the
+language of the Mayas is said to be pure Greek, whence the question has
+very pertinently been raised, "Who brought the dialect of Homer to
+America? or who took to Greece that of the Mayas?"
+
+It is now well known that there was communication between the East and
+West long before America was rediscovered by Columbus, and there is
+nothing therefore improbable in the Chiapenese tradition that their
+Votan, after settling affairs in the West, visited Spain and Rome. The
+legend relates that Votan "went by the road which his brethren, the
+Culebres, had bored," these Culebres being presumably either the
+inhabitants of Calabar in Africa now embraced in the Niger Protectorate,
+or of Calabria, the southernmost province of Italy. The allusion to a
+road which the Culebres had bored might be dismissed as a fiction were
+it not for the curious fact mentioned by Livingstone that tribes lived
+underground in Rua: "Some excavations are said to be thirty miles long
+and have running rills in them; a whole district can stand a siege in
+them. The 'writings' therein I have been told by some of the people are
+drawings of animals and not letters, otherwise I should have gone to see
+them." The primitive but, in many respects, advanced culture of Mykenae
+and of Troy does not seem to have possessed the art of writing, and
+contemporary ideas must thus necessarily have been expressed by symbols
+akin to the multifarious animal-hieroglyphics of ancient Candia: it
+would even seem possible that the writings of underground Rua were
+parallel to the records of Egypt alleged in the following passage: "It
+is affirmed that the Egyptian priests, versed in all the branches of
+religious knowledge, and apprised of the approach of the Deluge, were
+fearful lest the divine worship should be effaced from the memory of
+man. To preserve the memory of it, therefore, they dug in various parts
+of the kingdom subterranean winding passages, on the walls of which they
+engraved their knowledge, under different forms of animals and birds,
+which they call hieroglyphics, and which are unintelligible to the
+Romans."[1006]
+
+The existence of underground ways seems to be not infrequent in Africa,
+for Captain Grant, who accompanied Captain Speke in his exploration for
+the source of the Nile, tells of a colossal tunnel or subway bored under
+the river Kaoma. Grant asked his native guide whether he had ever seen
+anything like it elsewhere and the guide replied, "This country reminds
+me of what I saw in the country to the south of Lake Tanganyika": he
+then described a tunnel or subway under another river named also Kaoma,
+a tunnel so lengthy that it took the caravan from sunrise to noon to
+pass through. This was said to be so lofty that if mounted upon camels
+the top could not be touched: "Tall reeds the thickness of a
+walking-stick grew inside; the road was strewed with white pebbles, and
+so wide--400 yards--that they could see their way tolerably well while
+passing through it. The rocks looked as if they had been planed by
+artificial means." The guide added that the people of Wambeh Lake
+shelter in this tunnel,[1007] and live there with their families and
+cattle.[1008]
+
+In view of these Rider-Haggard-like facts it is unnecessary to discredit
+the tradition that the South American Votan of the tribe of Chan visited
+his kinsmen the Culebres, by the road which the Culebres had bored. The
+journey is said to have taken place in the year 3000 of the world or
+1000 B.C., and among the spots alleged to have been visited was the city
+of Rome where Votan "saw the house of God building". It is well known
+that great cities almost invariably exhibit traces of previous cities on
+the same site: Schliemann's excavations at Troy proved the pre-existence
+of a succession of cities on the site of Troy, and the same fact has
+recently been established at Seville and elsewhere. The city of Rome is
+famous for a labyrinth of catacombs, the building of which has always
+been a mystery: the catacombs abound in pagan emblems, and it is, I
+believe, now generally supposed that they are of pre-Christian origin.
+
+A correspondent of _Notes and Queries_ suggested in 1876 that the Roman
+Catacombs were the work of the prehistoric Cimmerii who notoriously
+dwelt _in subterraneis domiciliis_. The rocks of the Crimea, notably at
+Inkerman, are honeycombed with caverns; in fact the burrowing
+proclivities of the Kymbri are proverbialised in the expression
+"Cimmerian darkness". The same correspondent of _Notes and
+Queries_[1009] further drew attention to the remarkable fact that in the
+year 1770 coal mining operations in Ireland, at Fair Head, near The
+Giant's Causeway, disclosed prehistoric quarryings together with stone
+hammers "of the rudest and most ancient form". It is difficult to
+believe that prehistoric man, surrounded by inexhaustible supplies of
+fuel in the form of forest and peat, found it necessary to mine, with
+his poor implements, for coal fuel, and the description of the
+supposedly prehistoric mine--"wrought in the most expert manner, the
+chambers regularly dressed and pillars left at proper intervals to
+support the roof"--arouses not only a strong suspicion that the
+_souterrain_ in question was actually a shrine, but also that the
+place-name Antrim--where these quarryings occur--may be connected with
+_antre_, a cave. When the Fair Head labyrinth was accidentally disclosed
+we are told that two lads were sent forward who soon found themselves in
+"numerous apartments in the mazes and windings of which they were
+completely bewildered and were finally extricated, not without some
+difficulty".
+
+With Joun of Etruria, and Janus of Janicula may be connoted the Ogane of
+Africa, whose toe, like that of Peter, was reverently kissed: that
+Northern Africa, Etruria, and Dodona were once peopled by a kindred race
+is one of the commonplaces of anthropology, and these Iberian people
+are, I think, traceable not only in Britain and Hibernia, but in the
+actual names _Berat_, _Bri_tain, _Aparica_ (now Africa),
+_Barbary_, _Berber_ or _Barabbra_, _Epirus_, _Hebrew_, _Culebre_,
+_Calabria_, and _Celtiberia_. Tacitus, who describes the ancient
+Britons as being dark complexioned and curly haired, adds: "that portion
+of Spain in front of Britain encourages the belief that the ancient
+Iberians had come over and colonised this district--the Gauls took
+possession of the adjacent coast". According to Huxley and Laing the
+aboriginal inhabitants of Caledonia were from--"the great Iberian
+family, the same stock as the Berbers of North Africa":[1010] the
+prehistoric inhabitants of Wales similarly belonged to the Iberian stock
+and--"no other race of men existed in Wales until the neolithic
+period".[1011]
+
+In Cornwall the persisting Iberian type is popularly supposed to be the
+offspring of Spanish sailors wrecked at the time of the Armada, but this
+theory is not countenanced by anthropologists. Speaking of the short
+natives of the Hebridean island of Barra--a significant name--Campbell,
+in his _West Highland Tales_, observes: "Behind the fire sat a girl with
+one of these strange foreign faces which are occasionally to be seen in
+the Western Isles, a face which reminded me of the Nineveh sculptures,
+and of faces seen in St. Sebastian. Her hair was as black as night, her
+clear eyes glittered through the peat smoke. Her complexion was dark and
+her features so unlike those who sat about her, that I asked if she were
+a native of the island, and learned that she was a Highland girl."
+
+Whether this Barra maiden was a persistent type of Hebrew may be
+questioned: she was certainly not Mongolian, the other great family
+whose traces still persist here. The Hebrews traditionally came from
+Candia, and the Candians or Cretans are universally described as
+diminutive and dark-haired: according to Prof. Keith the typical Bronze
+Age man was narrow-faced, round-headed, handsome, and about 5 feet 8
+inches in height. "It is curious," he says, "that men of this type are
+playing leading parts in large proportion to the number living."
+
+The antithesis to the round-headed Gael, and the oval-headed Cynbro is
+the square-headed Teuton, Finn, or Mongol. While the Cretan was
+essentially creative and artistic, we are told on the other hand that
+"it must always be remembered that the Phoenicians were only
+intermediaries and created no art of their own".[1012] The same verity
+is still curiously true of the modern Jew who almost invariably is an
+intermediary, rarely if ever a producer: neither in Caledonia, Cambria,
+or Hibernia does one often find a Jewish nose, and the craftsmen-artists
+of the primeval world were, I think, not the Jews of Tyre, but the older
+Jous of Candia or Crete. In the name Drew, translated to have meant
+_skilful_, we have apparently a true tradition of the Jous of Cornwall
+and the Jous of Droia, or Troy.
+
+It is presumably the Mongolian influence in Prussia, the home of the
+square-headed, that justified Matthew Arnold in writing: "The universal
+dead-level of plainness and homeliness, the lack of all beauty and
+distinction in form and feature, the slowness and clumsiness of the
+language, the eternal beer, sausages, and bad tobacco, the blank
+commonness everywhere pressing at last like a weight on the spirits of
+the traveller in Northern Germany, and making him impatient to be
+gone--this is the weak side, the industry, the well-doing, the patient,
+steady elaboration of things, the idea of science governing all
+departments of human activity--this is the strong side; and through
+this side of her genius, Germany has already obtained excellent
+results."
+
+The unimaginative and plodding German is the antithesis to the
+impressionable, poetic, and romantic Celt, as probably were the loathed
+Magogei to the chic Cretans whose national characteristics are
+commemorated in their frescoes and vases. I have already suggested that
+the same antipathies existed between the ugsome Mongolians and the
+swarthy slim Iberians of Epirus or Albania. Descendants of both
+Mongolians and Jous undoubtedly exist to-day in Britain, particularly in
+Cornwall, where Dr. Beddoe notes and comments upon the slanting Ugrian
+or Mongolian eye. The same authority observes that anthropologists had
+long been calling out for the remains of an Iberian, or pre-Celtic,
+language in the British Isles before their philological brethren awoke
+to the consciousness of their existence. "Mongolian or Ugrian types have
+been recognised though less distinctly; and now Ugrian grammatical forms
+are being dimly discerned in the Welsh and Irish languages."[1013] In
+Ireland only two Iberian words are known to have survived, one of which,
+as we have seen, was _fern_, meaning _anything good_. In view of the
+fact that the Celtiberians were also known as Virones,[1014] and as the
+Berones (these last named neighbouring the Pyrenees), it would seem
+possible that the Iberians were the Hibernians, and had originally a
+first-class reputation. As already noted our records state of Prydain,
+the son of Aedd, that before his advent there was little gentleness in
+Britain, and only a superiority in oppression.
+
+It is probable that the Iberians were the original builders of
+_barrows_, and the excavators of the stupendous _burrows_, found from
+Burmah to Peru, and from Aparica to Barra: in which direction the
+Iberian culture flowed it would be premature at present to discuss, but
+the question will ultimately be settled by an exercise of the perfectly
+sound canon of etymology, that in comparing two words _a_ and _b_
+belonging to the same language, of which _a_ contains a lesser number of
+syllables, _a_ must be taken to be a more original word unless there be
+evidence of contractions or other corruption. The theory of a generation
+ago that our innumerable British monosyllables are testimonies of
+phonetic decay is probably as false as many similar notions that have
+recently been relegated to limbo. In a paroxysm of enthusiasm for the
+German-made Science of Language, and for the theory that sound etymology
+has nothing to do with sound, one of the disciples of Max Müller has
+observed that unless _every letter_ in a modern word can be
+scientifically accounted for according to rule the derivation and
+definition cannot be accepted. The Dictionaries now prove that spelling
+was a whimsical, temporary, shallow thing, and it will, I am confident,
+be an accepted axiom in the future that "Language begins with voice,
+language ends with voice". If the present book fails to add any weight
+to this dictum of Latham the evidence is none the less everywhere, and
+is merely awaiting the shaping hand of a stronger, more competent, and
+more influential workman than the present writer.
+
+Whether or not the radicals I have used will prove to be chips of
+Iberian speech remains to be further tested, but in any case, the
+official contention that the language we speak to-day is, "of course, in
+no sense native to England but was brought thither by the German tribes
+who conquered the island in the fifth and sixth centuries"[1015] may be
+confidently impugned: Prof. Smith is, however, doubtless correct in his
+statement that when our Anglo-Saxon ancestors came first to ravage
+Britain, and finally to settle there, they found the island inhabited by
+a people "weaker, indeed, but infinitely more civilised than
+themselves".
+
+The present essay will not have been published in vain if to any extent
+it discredits the dull contempt in which our traditions and ancient
+coinage are now held; still less if it negatives the offensive
+supposition that England was "the one purely German nation which arose
+out of the wreck of Rome," and that practically all our English
+place-names are of German origin.
+
+On re-reading my MSS. in as far as possible a detached and impartial
+spirit, there would appear to be much _prima facie_ evidence in favour
+of the traditional belief that these islands once possessed a very
+ancient culture, and that the Kimbri, or followers of Brute, were
+originally pirates or adventurers who reached these shores "over the
+hazy sea from the summer country which is called Deffrobani, that is
+where Constantinoblys now stands".[1016] Constantinople--originally the
+Greek colony of Byzantium--is the city nearest the site of Troy; Ægean
+influences have long been recognised in Britain, and the accepted theory
+is that these influences penetrated overland via Gaul. This supposition
+seems, however, to be strikingly negatived in a fact noted recently by
+Prof. Macalister, who, speaking of the spiral decoration found alike at
+Mykenae and New Grange, observes: "But spirals cannot travel through the
+air; they must be depicted on some portable object in order to find
+their way from Orchomenos to the neighbourhood of Drogheda. The lines
+of the trade routes connecting these distant places ought to be peppered
+with objects of late Minoan Art-bearing spirals. Even a few painted
+potsherds would be sufficient. But there is no such thing. The media
+through which the spiral patterns were _ex hypothesi_ carried to the
+north have totally disappeared."[1017] We have seen a similar lack of
+connective evidence in the case of the British spearhead, which
+seemingly either evolved independently in this country, or was brought
+hither by sea from the Ægean.
+
+With regard to Celtic and Ægean spiral decoration, Prof. Macalister
+writes: "People in the cultural stage of the builders of New Grange do
+not cultivate Art for Art's sake. Some simple religious or magical
+significance must lie hidden in these patterns.... Therefore, if we are
+to suppose that the barbarians acquired the spiral patterns from the
+Ægean merchants we must once more postulate the enthusiastic trading
+missionary who taught them how to draw spirals in the intervals of
+business. I, for one, cannot believe in that engaging altruist. I prefer
+to believe that the spirals at New Grange are not derived from the Ægean
+at all, but that they are an independent growth."[1018]
+
+The Trojans were proverbially a pious race, and personally I should
+prefer the theory of enthusiastic (sea) trading missionaries to the
+painfully overworked hypothesis of independent growth.
+
+According to Mr. Donald A. Mackenzie the process of developing symbols
+from natural objects can be traced even in the Paleolithic Age:[1019]
+the earliest town at Troy which was built in the Neolithic Age existed
+on a hillock and has been likened to the ubiquitous hill fort of
+Caledonia; seemingly Troy was originally a Dunhill and it was not until
+about 2500 B.C. that the original hillock, dunhill, or Athene
+Hill,[1020] was levelled. It is a most remarkable fact that, according
+to Prof. Virchow, "the few skulls which were saved out of the lower
+cities have this in common, that without exception they present the
+character of a more civilised people: all savage peculiarities in the
+stricter sense are entirely wanting in them".[1021] So far, then, as the
+testimony of anthropology carries weight, the Trojan fell from a high
+state of grace, and neolithic Man was quite as capable of the fair
+humanities as any modern Doctor of Divinity.
+
+If, as I now suggest, the Iberians, the Hebrews, and the British or
+Kimbry were originally one and the same race, and if, as I further
+suggest, fragments of the "British" language are recoverable, it follows
+that the same words will unlock doors in every direction where Iberian
+or Kimbrian influence permeated: this in a subsequent volume I shall
+endeavour to show is actually the case, from Burmah to Peru.[1022]
+
+Schliemann mentions in connection with Mykenae a small stream known
+nowadays as the Perseia, and as Mykenae was said to have been founded by
+Perseus, the stream Perseia was presumably connected with the ancient
+pherepolis. The survival of this fairy name is the more remarkable as
+Mykenae itself was utterly destroyed, buried, and lost sight of, yet the
+title of this rivulet survived: is there any valid reason to deny a
+similar vitality and antiquity to the brook- and river-names of
+Britain? Most of these have been complacently ascribed to German
+settlers, others to Keltic words, but some are admittedly pre-Keltic.
+Amongst the group of "rare insolubles" occurs the river Kennet which
+flows past Abury, and may be connoted with the river Kent in the Kendal
+district. Apart from the Kentish Cantii Herodotus speaks of a race
+called Kynetes or Kynesii, both of which terms, as Sir John Rhys says,
+"have a look of Greek words meaning dogmen": according to Herodotus,
+"the Celts are outside the Pillars of Hercules and they border on the
+Kynetii, who dwell the farthest away towards the west of the inhabitants
+of Europe". Ancient writers locate the Kynetes in the west of Spain
+which, according to Rhys, "suggests a still more important
+inference--namely, that there existed in Herodotus' time a continental
+people of the same origin and habits as the non-Celtic aborigines of
+these islands".[1023] _Kennet_, as we have seen, was a British word
+meaning Greyhound; I think the Kynetes were probably worshippers of
+every variety of _chien_, and that dog-headed St. Christopher, the
+kindly giant of Canaan, was the jackal-headed "Mercury" of the
+track-making merchants of Candia.[1024] In Ireland there figures in the
+Pantheon a Caindea, whose name is understood to mean the _gentle
+goddess_: the fact of the dove being held in such high estimation in
+Candia,[1025] as elsewhere, is presumptive evidence of the Candian
+goddess being fundamentally regarded as gentle, and that Candian
+adventurers were gentlemen. That Crete or Candia was an Idaeal, Idyllic,
+and an Aerial island is implied not only by its titles Idaea, Doliche,
+and Aeria, but also by the characteristics of its Art.
+
+Etymology--by which I mean a Science that does not quibble at everything
+beyond the view of Mrs. Markham as being out of bounds--permits us to
+assume that the faith of the Iberii was belief in the Iberian _peyrou_,
+the Parthian _peri_, the British _perry_, _phairy_, or _fairy_.
+Anthropologists patronisingly describe the creed of primitive man as
+being animism by which they mean that an anima or soul was attributed to
+everything on earth: this may be a credulous and degraded faith, or it
+may be sublimated into the conception of the Egyptian philosophers of
+whom it has been said: "In their view the earth was a mirror of the
+heavens, and celestial intelligences were represented by beasts, birds,
+fishes, gems, and even by rocks, metals, and plants. The harmony of the
+spheres was answered by the music of the temples, and the world beheld
+nothing that was not a type of something divine."
+
+Speaking of the fairy tales of Ireland W. B. Yeats characterises them as
+full of simplicity and musical occurrences: "They are," he adds, "the
+literature of a class for whom every incident in the old rut of birth,
+love, pain, and death, has cropped up unchanged for centuries; who have
+steeped everything in the heart _to whom everything is a symbol_". It is
+generally supposed that fairy tales are of a higher antiquity than
+cromlechs and stone avenues, and anthropologists have not hesitated to
+extract from them incidents of crude character as evidence of the
+barbarous and objectionable period in which they originated. With a
+curious perversity Anthropology has, however, ignored the fair
+humanities of phairie, while eagerly seizing upon its crudities: in view
+of the prophet Micah's environment there seems to me to be no
+justification for such prejudice, and if fairy-tale is really archaic
+its beauties may quite well be coeval with its horrors.
+
+In his booklet on _Folklore_ Mr. Sydney Hartland observes: "Turning from
+savage nations to the peasantry of civilised Europe, you will be still
+more astonished to learn that up to the present time the very same
+conditions of thought are discernible wherever they are untouched by
+modern education and the industrial and commercial revolution of the
+last hundred years. There can only be one interpretation of this. The
+human mind, alike in Europe and in America, in Africa and in the South
+Seas, works in the same way, according to the same laws." This one and
+only permissible theory of independent evolution is daily losing ground,
+and in any case it can hardly be pushed to such extremes as identity of
+words and place-names.
+
+But while I am convinced that Crete was a culture-centre of immense
+importance, this bright and particular star, was, one must think, too
+small a place to account for the vast influence apparently traceable to
+it. Schliemann, whom nobody now ridicules, claimed to have discovered at
+Troy a bronze vase inscribed in Phoenicean characters with the words:
+"From King Chronos of Atlantis," and in a paper opened after his death
+he expressed his belief: "I have come to the conclusion that Atlantis
+was not only a great territory between America and the West Coast of
+Africa, but the cradle of all our civilisation as well". The anonymous
+suggestion which appeared a few years ago in the columns of _The Times_,
+that Crete was the reality of the wonderful island "fabled" by Plato,
+seems to me to have nothing to support it, and I would commend to the
+attention of those interested the facts collected by Ignatius Donnelly
+in _Atlantis_, and by others elsewhere. Personally I incline to the
+opinion that Plato's story was well founded, and that the identities
+found in Peru and Mexico, Britain, the Iberian Peninsula, and Northern
+Africa are due to these countries, like the Isles of the Mediterranean,
+being situated in the full sweep of Atlantean influence.
+
+According to Plato, the inhabitants of Atlantis ("an island situated in
+front of the straits which you call the columns of Hercules: the island
+was larger than Libya and Asia put together and was the way to other
+islands") were not only highly civilised, but they "despised everything
+but virtue not caring for their present state of life and thinking
+lightly on the possession of gold and other property". It is thus quite
+possible that the Atlanteans and not the pious Trojans were the
+enthusiastic and altruistic missionaries who carried the spiral ornament
+to Mykenae as to New Grange. Prof. Macalister finds it difficult to
+believe in the existence of such a frame of mind, but it seems to accord
+very closely to that of the hypothetical peace-loving Aryans or "noble
+nations" which etymologists have already been compelled to postulate,
+and which my own findings both herein and elsewhere endorse: the
+semi-supernaturalness of the Idaens has already been noted, as likewise
+has that of the ancient Britons and of the modern Bretons.
+
+In the year 1508 a French vessel met with a boat full of American
+Indians not far from the English coast,[1026] and there is thus one
+historic warrant for the possibility of very ancient maritime contact
+between Europe and America. The Maoris of New Zealand emigrated from
+Polynesia in frail canoes during the historic period, and I have little
+doubt that the Maoris of to-day, who tattoo themselves with spirals
+similar to those found upon the prehistoric monuments of Britain, were
+cognate with the woad-tattoed Britons, who opposed their naked bodies to
+the invincible legends of Cæsar. One can best account for the many and
+close connections between the South Sea islands and elsewhere by the
+supposition that some of these islands were colonised by Atlantis,
+Lyonesse, or whatever the traditional lost island was entitled: and as
+many of the maritime Atlanteans must have been at sea when the alleged
+catastrophe occurred, these survivors would have carried the dire news
+to many distant lands: whence perhaps the almost universal tradition of
+a Flood, and the salvation of only one boat load of people.
+
+It has been said that the chief thing which makes Japan so fascinating a
+land to dwell in is the consciousness that you are there living in an
+atmosphere of universal kindliness and courtesy. There are still to-day
+races in Polynesia who display the same kindly and almost angelic
+dispositions,[1027] whence there is nothing ridiculous in the
+supposition that Peru, whose natives claimed to be children of the Sun,
+was associated with peyrou, the Iberian for phairy, or that the original
+Angles were deemed to be angels, and England or Inghilterra their
+country.
+
+One of the most noted beliefs of all races, whether civilised or savage,
+is the erstwhile existence of a Golden Age when all men were well
+happified, and if existence to primitive man was merely the hideous and
+protracted nightmare which anthropologists assume, it is difficult to
+see at what period of his upward climb this curiously idyllic story came
+into existence: it would be simpler to assume that the tradition had
+some foundation in fact, and was not merely the frenzied invention of a
+dreamer. No race possesses more beautiful traditions of the Adamic Age
+than the British, and I have little doubt that the four quarters of the
+Holy Rood or Wheel are connected with the four fabulous Cities of
+Enchantment which figure in Keltic imagination. According to Irish MSS.
+the Tuatha de Danaan, or Tribe of the Children of Don, after suffering a
+terrible defeat at the hands of the Fomorians, quitted Ireland, returned
+to Thebes, and gave themselves up to the study of Magic: leaving Greece
+they next went to Denmark (named after them) where they founded four
+great schools of diabolical learning--the Four Cities of Keltic
+imagination. It would thus seem possible that the Children of Don were
+the fabricators of the Eden, or Adam, tradition, and that they may be
+connoted with the Danoi under which name Homer habitually refers to the
+Greeks: with these Danoi or Danaia, Dr. Latham connotes the Hebrew
+tribe of Dan, supposing that both these peoples traced their origin to
+the same culture-hero.[1028] That Gardens of Eden were frequent in these
+islands has been evidenced in a preceding chapter, and in Asia the
+custom of constructing Edens or Terrestrial Paradises was equally
+prevalent: Maundeville and other travellers have left detailed accounts
+of these _abris_, all of which seem to have been constructed more or
+less to the standard design of the Garden of Eden, watered by four
+rivers, with a Tree or Fountain in the midst.
+
+It is supposed that the celebrated Epistle of Prester John was a
+malicious antepapal concoction of the Gnostic Troubadours, or Servants
+of Love: these were certainly the shuttles that disseminated it over
+Europe. I have elsewhere endeavoured to show the role played in mediæval
+Europe by the Troubadours and Minnesingers (_Love Singers_), and the
+subject might be infinitely extended. The derivation of _trouvere_, or
+_troubadour_, from _trouver_ to find, is probably too superficial, and
+if the matter were more fully investigated it is probable that, like the
+Merry Andrew, these mystic singers and philanderers originated from some
+Troy or Ancient Troy. Whether the _drui_ or _druids_ are similarly
+traceable to the same root is debatable, but that the bards of Britain
+were depositaries and disseminators of the Gnosis I do not doubt: the
+evidence on that point is not only the testimony of outsiders, but it is
+inherent in the literature itself, and whether this literature was
+committed to writing in the sixth, twelfth, or eighteenth century is
+immaterial. There are in existence many unquestionably prehistoric tales
+and ideas which have been handed down verbally, and committed to writing
+for the first time only within the past few years: many more are living
+_viva voce_, and are not yet registered. The Welsh bards, like the bards
+of other races, were a recognised class, graduates in a particular Art,
+and were strictly and definitely trained in the traditional lore of
+their profession. This hereditary order which was known to the Romans
+certainly as early as 200 B.C., like the bards of other countries,
+almost unquestionably transmitted an enormous literature solely by word
+of mouth.[1029] If the feats of even the modern human memory were not
+well vouched for they would not be credited: in the past, the Zend
+Avesta, the Kalevala, the Popul Vuh, Homer, much of the Old Testament,
+and in fact all very ancient literature has come down to us simply by
+memory alone.
+
+To an inquirer such as myself, incompetent to criticise Welsh
+literature, yet hesitating to accept the once current theories of
+fabrication, forgery, and deception, it is peculiarly gratifying to find
+so distinguished a scholar as Sir John Morris-Jones vindicating at any
+rate some portion of the suspect literature. In his study _Taliesin_,
+Sir John grinds detractors past and present into as fine and small a
+powder as that to which Spedding imperturbably reduced the flashy
+superficialities of Macaulay,[1030] and I confess it has caused me most
+agreeable emotions to find Sir John alluding to a certain truculent
+D.Litt. as "that naïve type of mind which naturally assumes that what it
+does not understand is mere silliness":[1031] it is even more
+stimulating to witness the iconoclastic and dogmatic Nash rolled in the
+dust for his "unparalleled impudence" in laying down the law of
+antiquity in language.
+
+Among the fragments of Welsh poetry occurs the claim "Bardism or
+Druidism originated in Britain--pure Bardism was never well understood
+in other countries--of whatever country they might be, they are entitled
+Bards according to the rights and institutes of the Bards of the Island
+of Britain."[1032] Before superciliously dismissing the high claims of
+British Bardism it would be well to consider not only the recent
+findings of Prof. Sir John Morris-Jones, but to bear steadily in mind
+the following points: (1) The cultured shape of the extraordinarily
+ancient British skull: (2) Avebury, the strangest megalithic monument in
+the world: (3) Stonehenge, a unique and most developed form of stone
+circle: (4) that England was the principal home of stone circles: (5)
+that England not only possessed the greatest earth-pyramid in the world,
+but that Britain was peculiarly the home of the barrow, and that there
+is no word _barrow_ in either Greek or Latin, thus seeming to have been
+essentially British: (6) that in Cæsar's time the youth of the Continent
+were sent to Britain to study the Druidic philosophy which was believed
+to have originated there: (7) the remarkable character of the English
+coinage which dates back admittedly to 200 B.C., and for aught one knows
+much earlier: (8) that the art of enamelling on bronze probably
+originated in Britain, and the craft of spear-making evolved there.
+
+In _Earthwork of England_ Mr. Allcroft observes: "Of all the many
+thousands of earth-works of various kinds to be found in England, those
+about which anything is known are very few, those of which there remains
+nothing more to be known scarcely exist. Each individual example is in
+itself a new problem in history, chronology, ethnology, and
+anthropology; within every one lie the hidden possibilities of a
+revolution in knowledge. We are proud of a history of nearly twenty
+centuries: we have the materials for a history which goes back beyond
+that time to centuries as yet undated. The testimony of records carries
+the tale back to a certain point: beyond that point is only the
+testimony of archæology, and of all the manifold branches of archæology
+none is so practicable, so promising, yet so little explored, as that
+which is concerned with earthworks. Within them lie hidden all the
+secrets of time before history begins, and by their means only can that
+history be put into writing: they are the back numbers of the island's
+story, as yet unread, much less indexed."
+
+The prehistoric building here illustrated might be any age: it is
+standing to-day in a remote corner of Britain, and, so far as I am able
+to trace, has been hitherto uncharted and unrecognised. Whether it were
+a temple or the compound of a chieftain, the authorities to whom it has
+been referred are unable to say: my brother, to whom its discovery was
+due, is of the opinion that it was a temple, and on a subsequent
+occasion we hope--after digging--to publish a more detailed account of
+it, merely now noting it as an example of the innumerable objects of
+interest which exist in this country at present unrecognised,
+unconsidered, and unvalued.
+
+  [Illustration: FIG. 507.--Ground plan of a hitherto Uncharted English
+                 Edifice.]
+
+Evidence has been forthcoming that a cave in Oban was occupied by human
+beings, at an epoch when the sea was 30 feet higher than its present
+level, and it is now generally admitted that humanity existed in these
+islands prior to the Glacial Period. Archæology of the future will
+provide strong wine of astonishment to her followers: she will prove
+beyond question that mythology is not merely fossil philosophy, but is
+likewise to a large extent fossil history, and that the records may be
+pieced together from the traditionary blissful Tertiary Period to that
+time and onwards when a perilous torrent-fire struck the earth,
+resulting in sequent horrors, and the slow replenishment of the
+world.[1033] She will prove, I think, further that the land now called
+England possesses a documentary record, and an intellectual ancestry
+which is practically beyond computation, and if History shies at her
+findings she will instance Brandon as a typical example of continuous
+occupation and unbroken sequence from the Stone Age to to-day. Further,
+she will in all probability prove that in either Crete or England the
+main doctrines of Christianity were practically indigenous. The version
+of Christianity which returned to us about 1500 years ago is now
+generally attributed to the mystic Therapeuts of Egypt: from the time it
+was officially adopted by the temporal powers the materialising process
+seems almost steadily to have progressed, notwithstanding the
+allegorising teaching of the Troubadours and kindred Gnostics who
+claimed really to know.[1034] Happily petrifaction is a preservative,
+and it may be doubted whether when Comparative Archæology has finished
+her researches any of the prehistoric Christianity preached by the
+Celtic Christies will prove actually lost, and whether the supposedly
+impassable gulf of ages which separates the earliest literature from the
+testimony of the Stones may not practically be bridged. That our popular
+customs were the detrita of dramatised mythology, and that many of these
+customs evidence an astonishing beauty of imagination and depth of
+thought, will not be questioned except by those unfamiliar with English
+folklore. In many cases the quaint customs which still linger in the
+countryside, and the cults which underlie them are, as Dr. Rendel Harris
+has recently observed, those of misunderstood rituals and lost
+divinities, and thus embalmed like flies in the amber of unchanging
+habit turn out to be the very earliest beliefs and the most primitive
+religious acts of the human race: "Every surviving fragment of such a
+ritual is as valuable to us as a page of an early Gospel which time has
+blurred or whose first hand has been overwritten".[1035]
+
+Few nowadays have any sympathy with the theories which a generation ago
+autocratically ascribed Myth to a Disease of Language; still less is it
+possible to accept the more modern supposition that Mythology is merely
+the gross growth of disgusting savagery! There is more truth in Bacon's
+dictum that in the first ages when such inventions and conclusions of
+the human reason as are now trite and common were new, and little known,
+all things abounded with fables, parables, similes, comparisons, and
+illusions which were not intended to conceal, but to inform and teach.
+Research tends more and more to justify Bacon in his penetrating
+judgment: "And this principally raises my esteem of these fables, which
+I receive not as the product of the age or invention of the poets, but
+as sacred relics, gentle whispers, and the breath of better times, that
+from the traditions of more ancient nations came at length into the
+flutes and trumpets of the Greeks". Whence these sacred relics came,
+whether from Atlantis, Crete, or Britain,[1036] we are not yet in a
+position to assert, but eventually the Comparative Method will decide
+this point. Dr. Rendel Harris who has, to quote his own words,
+"audaciously affirmed that Apollo was only our _apple_ in
+disguise,"[1037] further concludes: "It is tolerably certain that Apollo
+in the Greek religion is a migration from the more northerly regions and
+his mythical home is somewhere at the back of the north wind".[1038]
+While I am in sympathy with many of Dr. Harris' findings, it is,
+however, difficult to accept his conclusions that the Olympian
+divinities were merely "personifications of, or projections from the
+vegetable word": the greater probability seems to me that the Apple was
+named after Apollo rather than Apollo from the Apple: similarly the
+mandrake was in greater likelihood an emblem of Venus rather than
+Aphrodite a projection from the Mandrake. The Venus of the Gael was
+Bride or Brigit, "The Presiding Care," who was represented with a brat
+in her arms: there is an old Spanish proverb to the effect that "An
+ounce of Mother is worth a ton of Priest"; nowhere was Woman more
+devoutly idealised than among the Celts, and it is more probable that
+the conception of an immaculate Great Mother originated somewhere in
+Europe rather than in the sensuous and woman-degrading East. Of the
+legends of Ireland Mr. Westropp has recently observed: "When we have
+removed the strata of euhemerist fiction and rubbish from the ruin, the
+foundations and beautiful fragments of the once noble fane of Irish
+mythology will stand clear to the sun":[1039] "Whether," said Squire,
+"the great edifice of Celtic mythology will ever be wholly restored one
+can at present only speculate. Its colossal fragments are perhaps too
+deeply buried and too widely scattered. But even as it stands ruined it
+is a mighty quarry from which poets yet unborn will hew spiritual marble
+for houses not made with hands."
+
+
+FINIS
+
+  [Illustration: British. From Akerman.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [996] _Mythology of the Celtic Races,_ p. 68.
+
+   [997] _The Mistletoe_, p. 30.
+
+   [998] Budge, W., _Legends of the Gods_, lxxii.
+
+   [999] P. 234.
+
+  [1000] Smith, Prof. Elliot, _The Evolution of the Dragon_, p. 157.
+
+  [1001] _Ibid._, p. 176.
+
+  [1002] Notably at Solutre--_the Sol uter_?
+
+  [1003] Wright, Miss E. M., _Rustic Speech and Folklore_, p. 303.
+
+  [1004] Odin was essentially a _Wind_ God: in Rutlandshire gales are
+         termed _Ash_ winds. _N. and Q._, 1876, p. 363.
+
+  [1005] _The Age of the Saints_, p. xxvii.
+
+  [1006] _Cf._ Christmas, H. C., _Universal Mythology_, p. 43.
+
+  [1007] In _Wambeh_ we again seem to detect _womb_.
+
+  [1008] Quoted from Donnelly, I., _Atlantis_.
+
+  [1009] Henry Kilgour, Notes and Queries, 8th January and 19th
+         February, 1876.
+
+  [1010] _The Prehistoric Remains of Caithness_, pp. 70, 71.
+
+  [1011] Macnamara, N. C., _Origin and Character of the British
+         People_, p. 179.
+
+  [1012] Read, Sir H., _A Guide to Antiquities of Bronze Age_, p. 17.
+
+  [1013] _Races of Britain_, p. 46.
+
+  [1014] _Strabo_, III., lv., 5.
+
+  [1015] Smith, L. P., _The English Language_, p. 1.
+
+  [1016] Triad, 4.
+
+  [1017] _Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy_, xxxiv., C. 10, 11, p.
+         387.
+
+  [1018] _Ibid._
+
+  [1019] _Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe_, p. 235.
+
+  [1020] _Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe_, p. 232.
+
+  [1021] _Ilios_, p. xii.
+
+  [1022] There were peoples in the Caucasus known as the Britani or
+         Burtani.
+
+  [1023] _Celtic Britain_, p. 268.
+
+  [1024] In a subsequent volume I shall trace the Iberian _perro_ or
+         dog to _Peru_, where the perro or dog was the supreme object
+         of devotion.
+
+  [1025] The capital of old Ceylon was Candy: I am unable to trace the
+         origin of the port of Colombo.
+
+  [1026] Baring-Gould, S., _Curious Myths_, p. 527.
+
+  [1027] The inhabitants of Tukopia are described as: "Tall,
+         light-coloured men with thick manes of long, golden hair ...
+         wonderful giants, with soft dark eyes, kind smiles, and
+         child-like countenances". The surroundings of the villages of
+         this Polynesian island were like well-tended parks, all
+         brushwood having been carefully removed. "They presented
+         sights so different in blissful simplicity from what were to
+         be seen in Melanesia, they all looked so happy, gay, and
+         alluring, that it hardly needed the invitations of the kind
+         people, without weapons or suspicion, and with wreaths of
+         sweet-scented flowers round their heads and bodies, to incline
+         us to stay." This exquisite morsel of Arcadia was, like other
+         parts of pure Polynesia, governed by a dynasty of hereditary
+         chieftains, who were looked up to with the greatest respect,
+         and to whom honours were paid almost as to demi-gods.--_Cf._
+         Sir Harry Johnston in _The Westminster Gazette_.
+
+  [1028] "I think that the Eponymus of the Argive Danaia was no other
+         than that of the Israelite Tribe of Dan; only we are so used
+         to confine ourselves to the soil of Palestine in our
+         consideration of the Israelites that we treat them as if they
+         were adscriptigleboe, and ignore the share they may have taken
+         in the history of the world."--_Ethnology of Europe_, p. 137.
+
+  [1029] Cæsar says it took twenty years' study to acquire: other
+         writers say the Druids taught 20,000 verses.
+
+  [1030] _Cf._ _Evenings with a Reviewer_.
+
+  [1031] _Y Cymmroder_, xxiii.
+
+  [1032] _Cf._ Davies, E., _Celtic Researches_, p. 183.
+
+  [1033] In _Ragnarok_ Donnelly argues that the glacial epoch and the
+         "drift" were due to the earth's collision with one of the many
+         million comets which are careering through the solar universe.
+         It would certainly appear probable that such abnormous masses
+         of ice as are evidenced by the Glacial Period, must have been
+         the result of abnormous heat first sucking up the lakes and
+         rivers, and then returning them in the form of clouds, rain,
+         and snow. Practically all mythologies contain an account of
+         some unparalleled catastrophe, and in the opinion of Donnelly
+         the widespread story of man's progenitors emerging from a cave
+         is based upon the literal probability of man--if he survived
+         at all--surviving in caverns. Among the numerous myths which
+         Donnelly cites in support of his ingenious theory is the
+         following British one: "The profligacy of mankind had provoked
+         the great Supreme to send a pestilential wind upon the earth.
+         A pure poison descended, every blast was death. At this time
+         the patriarch, distinguished for his integrity, was shut up,
+         together with his select company, in the inclosure with the
+         strong door (the cave?). Here the just ones were safe from
+         injury. Presently a tempest of fire arose. It split the earth
+         asunder to the great deep. The lake Llion burst its bounds,
+         and the waves of the sea lifted themselves on high around the
+         borders of Britain, the rain poured down from heaven, and the
+         waters covered the earth." Donnelly believes that comets were
+         the origin of the world-wide fiery-dragon myth. In support of
+         this theory he might have instanced the following Scotch
+         legend: "There lived once upon a time in Sutherland a great
+         dragon, very fierce and strong. It was this dragon that burnt
+         all the fir woods in Ross, Sutherland, and the Reay country,
+         of which the remains charred, blackened, and half-decayed may
+         be found in every moss. Magnificent forests they must have
+         been, but the dragon set fire to them with his fiery breath
+         and rolled over the whole land. Men fled from before his face
+         and women fainted when his shadow crossed the sky-line. He
+         made the whole land desert."--(Henderson, Dr. G. H., Intro. to
+         _The Celtic Dragon Myth_, p. xxii.) The burnt forests found in
+         Ireland were noted on p. 21.
+
+  [1034] All these "heretics" claimed to be the real possessors of the
+         true Christian doctrine, and they charged Rome with being
+         _Mère sotte_, an ignorant and blatant usurper: the incessant
+         and insidious conflict which was carried on between Gnosticism
+         and Rome has been considered in _A New Light on the
+         Renaissance_, also in _The Lost Language of Symbolism_, and
+         with the exception of a few surface errors there is little in
+         those volumes which I should now rewrite. The murderous
+         campaign which was launched against the Albigenses not only
+         failed seemingly to stamp them out, but if Baring-Gould's
+         opinion is valid the descendants of the Albigenses are even
+         to-day not extinct. In _Cliff Castles_ he writes as follows:
+         "There was a curious statement made in a work by E. Bose and
+         L. Bonnemere in 1882, which if true would show that a
+         lingering paganism is to be found among these people. It is to
+         this effect: 'What is unknown to most is that at the present
+         day there exist adepts of the worship (of the Celts) as
+         practised before the Roman invasion, with the sole exception
+         of human sacrifices, which they have been forcibly obliged to
+         renounce. They are to be found on the two banks of the Loire,
+         on the confines of the departments of Allier and
+         Saone-et-Loire, where they are still tolerably numerous,
+         especially in the latter department. They are designated in
+         the country as Les Blancs, because that in their ceremonies
+         they cover their heads with a white hood, and their priests
+         are vested like the Druids in a long robe of the same colour.
+         They surround their proceedings with profound mystery; their
+         gatherings take place at night in the heart of large forests,
+         about an old oak, and as they are dispersed through the
+         country over a great extent of land, they have to start for
+         the assembly from different points at close of day so as to be
+         able to reach home again before daybreak. They have four
+         meetings in the year, but one, the most solemn, is held near
+         the town of La Clayette under the presidence of the high
+         priest. Those who come from the greatest distance do not reach
+         their homes till the second night, and their absence during
+         the intervening day alone reveals to the neighbours that they
+         have attended an assembly of the Whites. Their priests are
+         known, and are vulgarly designated as the bishops or
+         archbishops of the Whites; they are actually druids or
+         archdruids.... We have been able to verify these interesting
+         facts brought to our notice by M. Parent, and our personal
+         investigations into the matter enable us to affirm the
+         exactitude of what has been advanced.' If there be any truth
+         in this strange story we are much more disposed to consider
+         the Whites as relics of a Manichæan or Albigensian sect than
+         as a survival of Druidism." P. 46.
+
+  [1035] _Origin and Meaning of Apple Cults._
+
+  [1036] "Lords and Commons of England--Consider what nation whereof
+         ye are, and whereof ye are the Governors: a nation not slow
+         and dull, but of a quick, ingenious and piercing spirit; acute
+         to invent, subtle and sinewy to discourse, not beneath the
+         reach of any point the highest that human capacity can soar
+         to. Therefore, the studies of learning in her deepest sciences
+         have been so ancient and so eminent among us, that writers of
+         good antiquity and able judgment have been persuaded that the
+         School of Pythagoras, and the Persian Wisdom, took beginning
+         from the old philosophy of this Island, Britain."--Milton.
+
+  [1037] In _The Lost Language of Symbolism_ I anticipated this
+         opinion.
+
+  [1038] Writing of the Pied Piper story Mr. Ernest Rhys observes:
+         "There is every reason to believe that Hamelin was as near
+         home as Newton, Isle of Wight, and that the Weser, deep and
+         wide, was the Solent".--Preamble to _Fairy Gold_ (Ev.
+         Library).
+
+  [1039] _Proc. of Royal Irish Academy_, xxxiv., C., No. 8, p. 140.
+
+
+
+
+                            APPENDIX A.
+
+                     IRELAND AND PHOENICIA.
+
+
+The following extract is taken from _Britain and the Gael: or Notices of
+Old and Successive Races; but with special reference to the Ancient Men
+of Britain and its Isles_.--Wm. Beal, London, 1860.
+
+     Plautus, a dramatic writer, and one of the great poets of
+     antiquity, who lived from one to two centuries before the Christian
+     era; was mentioned in the last section. In his Pænulus, is the tale
+     of some young persons said to have been stolen from Carthage, by
+     pirates, taken to Calydonia, and there sold; one of these was
+     Agorastocles, a young man; the others were two daughters of Hanno,
+     and Giddeneme, their nurse. Hanno, after long search, discovered
+     the place where his daughters were concealed, and by the help of
+     servants who understood the Punic language, rescued his children
+     from captivity. Plautus gives the supposed appeal of Hanno, to the
+     gods of the country for help, and his conversations with servants
+     in the Punic language, are accompanied with a Latin translation.
+     The Punic, as a language, is lost, and those long noticed, but
+     strange lines had long defied the skill of learned men. But at
+     length, by attending to their vocal formation (and all language,
+     Wills states, is addressed to the ear). It was discovered by
+     O'Neachtan, or some Irish scholar, that they were resolvable into
+     words, which exhibited but slight differences from the language of
+     Keltic Ireland. The words were put into syllables, then translated
+     by several persons, and these translations not only accorded with
+     the drama, but also, with the Plautine Latin version. The lines
+     were put to the test of more rigid examination, placed in the hands
+     of different persons one of whom was Dr. Percy, bishop of Dromore.
+     They were also given to different Irish scholars for translation,
+     to persons who had no correspondence with each other on this
+     subject, nor knew the principal object in view; and by the whole
+     the same meaning was given.
+
+Bohn's edition, by H. T. Riley, B.A., is before the writer; but from the
+edition used by the late Sir W. Betham, some few lines from Plautus,
+with the Gaelic or Irish underneath, are given, and the eye will at once
+perceive how closely the one resembles the other. Milphio, the servant
+of Agorastocles, addressed Hanno and his servants in Punic, and asked
+them "of what country are you, or from what city?"
+
+The following is the reply, and the supposed appeal of Hanno to the god,
+or gods of the country:--
+
+  _Plautus._ { Hanno Muthumballe bi Chaedreanech.
+  _Irish._   { Hanno Muthumbal bi Chathar dreannad.
+  _English._ { I am Hanno Muthumbal dwelling at Carthage.
+
+  _Plautus._ { Nyth al O Nim ua-lonuth sicorathissi me com syth.
+  _Irish._   { N'iaith all O Nimh uath-lonnaithe socruidhse me comsith.
+  _English._ { Omnipotent much dreaded Deity of this country, assuage my
+                   troubled mind.
+
+  _Plautus._ { Chim lach chumyth mum ys tyal mycthi barii im schi.
+  _Irish._   { Chimi lach chuinigh muini is toil miocht beiridh iar mo
+                   scith.
+  _English._ { Thou the support of feeble captives, being now exhausted
+                   with fatigue, of thy free will guide me to my children.
+
+  _Plautus._ { Lipho can ethyth by mithii ad ædan binuthi.
+  _Irish._   { Liomtha can ati bi mitche ad eadan beannaithe.
+  _English._ { O let my prayers be perfectly acceptable in thy sight.
+
+  _Plautus._ { Byr nar ob syllo homal O Nim! Ubymis isyrthoho.
+  _Irish._   { Bior nar ob siladh umhal O Nimh! ibhim A frotha.
+  _English._ { An inexhaustible fountain to the humble; O Deity! Let me
+                   drink of its streams.
+
+  _Plautus._ { Byth lym mo thym noctothii nel ech an ti daise machon.
+  _Irish._   { Beith liom mo thime noctaithe, neil ach tanti daisic mac
+                   coinne.
+  _English._ { Forsake me not! my earnest desire is now disclosed, which
+                   is only that of recovering my daughters.
+
+  _Plautus._ { Uesptis Aod eanec Lic Tor bo desiughim lim Nim co lus.
+  _Irish._   { Is bidis Aodh eineac Lic Tor bo desiussum le mo Nimh co
+                   lus.
+  _English._ { And grateful Fires on Stone Towers will I ordain to blaze
+                   to Heaven.
+
+  _Plautus._ { Gau ebel Balsameni ar a san.
+  _Irish._   { Guna bil Bal-samen ar a san.
+  _English._ { O that the good Bal-samhen (_i.e._ Beal the sun) may
+                   favour them.
+                                                    Act v. scene 1 and 2.
+
+This alleged work of Plautus, and these strange lines, have long been
+before the world, and under the notice of men of letters. Is there any
+reason to doubt whether it is genuine? If not, can it be supposed that
+the writer purposely placed some strange jargon before his readers to
+bewilder them? and if so, by what singular hazzard should it so closely
+resemble the language of the Gael. Plautus avers, that Milphio addressed
+the strangers (Hanno and servants), in Punic, and declared to
+Agorastocles, his master, that "no Punic or Carthaginian man speaks
+Punic better than I". Unless these statements can be proved to be
+worthless, will they not as connecting links appear to say, probably the
+Gaels of Britain, and the Punic people of Carthage, were branches of the
+old and once celebrated race, known as Phenicians?
+
+
+
+
+                           APPENDIX B.
+
+                PERRY-DANCERS AND PERRY STONES.
+
+
+On page 312 I stated that in Kent the light cloudlets of a summer day
+were known as "Perry-dancers": as I am unable to trace any printed
+authority for this statement it is possible that it was a
+mis-remembrance of the following passage from Ritson's "Dissertation on
+Fairies," prefacing _English Folklore and Legends_, London, 1890: "Le
+Grand is of opinion that what is called Fairy comes to us from the
+Orientals, and that it is their genies which have produced our fairies
+... whether this be so or not, it is certain that we call the auroræ
+boreales, or active clouds in the night, perry-dancers."
+
+In connection with my suggestion that Stonehengles, now Stonehenge, of
+which the outer circle consists of thirty stones, meant _Stone Angels_,
+may be considered the repeated statements of Pausanias that the oldest
+gods of all were rude stones in the temple, or the temple precincts. In
+Achaean _Pharae_ he found some thirty squared stones _named each after a
+god_: obviously these were phairy or peri stones, and the chief stone
+presumably stood for the _pherepolis_.
+
+That _ange_ or _inge_ varied into _ink_ is implied not only by _Ink_pen
+Beacon figuring in old records as _Inge_penne and _Hinge_pene, but also
+by Ritson's statement: "In days of yore, when the church at _Ink_berrow
+was taken down and rebuilt upon a new site, the fairies, _whose haunt
+was near the latter place_, took offence at the change". The following
+passage quoted by Keightley from Aubrey's _Natural History of Surrey_ is
+of interest apart from the significant names: "In the vestry of Frensham
+Church, in Surrey, on the north side of the chancel is an extraordinary
+great kettle or cauldron, which the inhabitants say, by tradition, was
+brought hither by the fairies, time out of mind, from Borough-hill about
+a mile hence. To this place, if anyone went to borrow a yoke of oxen,
+money, etc., he might have it for a year or longer, so he kept his word
+to return it. There is a cave where some have fancied to hear music. In
+this Borough-hill is a great stone lying along of the length of about 6
+feet. They went to this stone and knocked at it, and declared what they
+would borrow, and when they would repay, and a voice would answer when
+they should come, and that they should find what they desired to borrow
+at that stone. This cauldron, with the trivet, was borrowed here, after
+the manner aforesaid, and not returned according to promise; and though
+the cauldron was afterwards carried to the stone, it could not be
+received, and ever since that time no borrowing there."
+
+
+
+
+                            APPENDIX C.
+
+                         BRITISH SYMBOLS.
+
+
+In _Wookey Hole_ Mr. H. E. Balch quotes the following important passage
+from Gildas: "A blind people [the Britons], they paid divine honour to
+the mountains, wells, and streams. Their altars were pillars of stone
+inscribed with emblems of the sun and moon, or of a beast or bird _which
+symbolised some force of nature_". This passage justifies the
+supposition that the inscribed "barnacles," elephants, etc., were
+symbolic, and supports the contention that a people using such
+subtleties were far from "blind". The Museum at Glastonbury contains a
+bronze ring about 3 inches in diameter, in the form of a serpent with
+its tail in its mouth. Obviously this object, which was found at Stanton
+Drew, _i.e._, _the stone town of the Druids_, was symbolic, probably, of
+the Eternal Wisdom.
+
+
+
+
+                            APPENDIX D.
+
+                            GLASTONBURY.
+
+
+In view of the fact that Halifax claimed to possess the Holy Face of St.
+John, and that four roads centred there in the form of a cross at the
+chapel of St. John, it is interesting to note that the four cross-roads
+of Glastonbury are similarly associated with St. John. In the words of a
+local guidebook, "From the Tor, a walk will bring you to Weary-All Hill
+to view the town, and it is curious to note that from this hill it seems
+to be laid out as a perfect cross, St. John's Church being the central
+point".
+
+The probability is that there was some connection between the St. John
+of modern Glastonbury and the Fairy King Gwyn who was exorcised from the
+neighbouring Tor by a certain St. Collen.
+
+
+
+
+                             APPENDIX E.
+
+                        THE DRUIDS AND CRETE.
+
+
+Since the preceding pages were in the press I have come into the
+possession of _La Religion des Gaulois_ by Jacques Martin (Paris, 1727).
+This standard writer favours the idea that _druid_ is derived from the
+Celtic _deru_, meaning an oak, but he also makes a remarkable statement
+to the following effect: "If the opinion of P. Pezron was well founded
+one should also say that certain people of Crete whom one called
+_Druites_, because their country was full of oaks, made a trade of magic
+and enchantment, which is far removed from the truth and perhaps also
+from good sense" (vol. i., p. 176). In the same volume (pp. 406-7)
+Martin illustrates a Gaulish god whose name Dolichenius is curiously
+suggestive of Dalgeon, Telchin, Talgean, and Telchinea.
+
+
+
+
+L'ENVOI.
+
+
+Now if any brother or well-wisher shall conscientiously doubt or be
+dissatisfied, touching any particular point contained in this treatise,
+because of my speaking to many things in a little room: and if he or
+they shall be serious in so doing, and will befriend me so far, and do
+me that courtesy, to send to me before they condemn me, and let me know
+their scruples in a few words of writing, I shall look upon myself
+obliged both in affection and reason, to endeavour to give them full
+satisfaction.
+
+                                                                H. B.
+
+  OVERBYE,
+  CHURCH COBHAM,
+  SURREY.
+
+
+
+
+                            INDEX
+
+
+  _Abar_, 325
+
+  Abaris, 325, 330, 377
+
+  Abb, St., 617
+
+  _Abbey_, 515
+
+  Abchurch, 513, 518
+
+  Abdera, 296
+
+  _Abdy_, 526
+
+  _Aber_, 310
+
+  _Aber!_ 310, 325
+
+  Aber, Loch, 670, 749
+
+  Aberdeen, 749
+
+  Aberfield, 664
+
+  Aberystwyth, 194
+
+  Abhras, 325
+
+  Abonde, 165, 216
+
+  -- La Dame, 557
+
+  Abra, 328
+
+  Abracadabra, 325
+
+  Abraham, 227
+
+  _Abraham_, 716
+
+  _Abri_, 289
+
+  _Abroad_, 369
+
+  _Abundance_, 216
+
+  Abundia, 165
+
+  Abyss, 224
+
+  _Ac_, 48
+
+  _Ache_, 200
+
+  Achil, 280
+
+  Achill, 82
+
+  Achilles, 82
+
+  Acorn, 227
+
+  Ada, 455, 742
+
+  _Ada_, 753
+
+  Adad, 508
+
+  Adam, 745, 754
+
+  Adam and Eve, 495, 501, 589
+
+  Adam Cædmon, 110
+
+  Adam's Dances, 589
+
+  -- Graves, 746
+
+  -- Peak, 546
+
+  Addington, 750, 755, 785, 813
+
+  _Addy_, 509
+
+  _Adelphi_, 365
+
+  Adisham, 560
+
+  _Adkin_, 509
+
+  Adon, 712
+
+  Adonai, 712
+
+  Adonis, 46, 112, 153, 605, 712
+
+  Aedd, K., 309, 749
+
+  Aeddon, 749
+
+  Aeddons, The, 750
+
+  Ægean influences, 850
+
+  -- The, 81, 93
+
+  Ægeon, 402
+
+  Ægina, 399
+
+  Aeithon, R., 743
+
+  Aeon, 203, 652
+
+  Aeons, 204
+
+  Aeria, 76
+
+  _Africa_, 375
+
+  Agatha, 719
+
+  -- St., 253
+
+  Agland Moor, 799
+
+  Agglestone, 280
+
+  _Agnes, St._, 591
+
+  Agnes, St., Well, 732
+
+  -- the Clear, 721
+
+  Agni, 591, 719
+
+  _Ague_, 200
+
+  Aidan, St., 742, 751
+
+  Aidon Moor, 732
+
+  Aine, 288, 368, 544, 724
+
+  Aion, 321
+
+  _Aitkin_, 509
+
+  Akeman, St., 38, 200
+
+  _Alas!_ 412
+
+  Alava, 322
+
+  _Alban_, 251
+
+  Alban, St., 129
+
+  Albani! 125
+
+  Albania, 84, 86, 112, 261
+
+  Albano, 89, 112
+
+  Albans, St., 107, 208, 268, 523, 791
+
+  Albanus, R., 89
+
+  Albany, The, 162
+
+  Alberic, 342
+
+  Alberich, 510
+
+  Albi, 377
+
+  Albigenses, 865
+
+  Albine, St., 148
+
+  Albinia, R., 97
+
+  Albinus, 321
+
+  _Albion_, 124
+
+  Albion, Prince, 162, 317
+
+  Albiorix, 301
+
+  Albon, 247
+
+  Al Borak, 347, 468
+
+  Albs, 342
+
+  Albury, 342
+
+  Alcmena, 140, 200
+
+  Alcantara, 290
+
+  _Alef_, 240
+
+  Alexander, 727
+
+  Alf, 559
+
+  _Alfred_, 153
+
+  _Alibone_, 131
+
+  Alipius, St., 321
+
+  Allah, 581
+
+  Allan apples, 696
+
+  -- St., 696
+
+  Allantide, 698
+
+  Allan Water, 103
+
+  _Allen_, 104
+
+  Allen, St., 132
+
+  All Hallows, 244, 288
+
+  All-Heal, 181, 681
+
+  Allington, 290
+
+  "All is one," 133
+
+  _Allistone_, 318
+
+  _Alma_, 136
+
+  Alma Mater, 258
+
+  _Alma Mater Cantabrigia_, 167
+
+  Almaquah, 136
+
+  Almo, R., 136
+
+  Almond, R., 137
+
+  Aln, R., 417
+
+  Alne, R., 103, 697
+
+  Alnwick, 417
+
+  _Aloft_, 165
+
+  Alone, R., 103, 417
+
+  _Alp_, 127
+
+  Alpha, 152, 363, 653
+
+  Alphabet, 12, 13
+
+  -- Bardic, 14
+
+  -- Celtiberian, 14
+
+  Alphage, St., 154
+
+  Alpha Place, 288
+
+  Alph, R., 791
+
+  Alpheus, 288
+
+  Alphey, 154
+
+  Alphian Rock, 153, 548
+
+  Alphin, 284
+
+  Alphington, 548
+
+  Aluph, 165
+
+  Alva, Lady, 153
+
+  _Alvastone_, 318
+
+  Alvechurch, 524
+
+  Alvescott, 153
+
+  Amber, 565
+
+  -- R., 569
+
+  -- Stone, 566
+
+  Amberstone, 568
+
+  Amberwood, etc., 569
+
+  Ambresbury, 554, 569
+
+  Ambrose, St., 565
+
+  Ambrosden, 569
+
+  Ambrosia, 567, 688
+
+  Ambrosius aurelius, 565
+
+  Amergin, 326, 327, 665
+
+  _Amicable_, 249
+
+  Amor, 225, 287
+
+  Amoretti, 381-3
+
+  _Amour_, 604
+
+  Ana, 282, 288
+
+  Ancaster, 444
+
+  Anchetil, 557
+
+  Anchor, 496
+
+  Ancient One, 577
+
+  Anderida, 797
+
+  _Andrew_, 117, 122
+
+  Andrew, St., 117, 163, 319, 443, 471, 780
+
+  Andrews, St., 160
+
+  _Androgynous_, 122
+
+  _Ange_, 217, 556
+
+  Angel, 305
+
+  Angel Christopher, 262
+
+  Angel Inn, 588
+
+  -- The, 667, 685
+
+  _Angel_, 552
+
+  Angels, 175
+
+  Angle, 552, 558, 792
+
+  _Angle_, 556
+
+  Anglesea, 492, 560
+
+  Anglo-Saxon, 60
+
+  Anglo-Saxons, 22, 85, 107
+
+  Angus Og, 661
+
+  _Angus_, 266
+
+  Angus Mac Oge, 397
+
+  Anlaf, St., 154
+
+  Anne, St., 722, 811, 828
+
+  Annesbury, 565
+
+  Annis, Dame, 717
+
+  -- the clear, 721
+
+  Anses, 473
+
+  Antiquity of European habitation,
+
+  Antlers, 257
+
+  Antony, St., 242
+
+  _Antre_, 797
+
+  _Antrim_, 845
+
+  Anu, 197, 722
+
+  -- Paps of, 717
+
+  Anubis, 111
+
+  Any, 724
+
+  Apep, 836
+
+  Apex, 292
+
+  Apheia, 426, 532
+
+  Apsley, 529
+
+  Apt, 526
+
+  Apollo, 71, 104, 134, 242, 320, 324, 508, 562, 867
+
+  _Apollo_, 673
+
+  Apor, Loch, 749
+
+  _Appear_, 867
+
+  Apple, 674, 742
+
+  _Apple_, 674, 867
+
+  Apple of Adam, 754
+
+  -- village, 678
+
+  Appleby, 674
+
+  Appledore, 675
+
+  Appledurwell, 675
+
+  Apples, Three, 181
+
+  Appleton, 675
+
+  _Archdruid of Tara_, 563
+
+  Archery, 508
+
+  Arethusa, 398
+
+  Argonauts, 84
+
+  Arianrod, 438
+
+  Ark, 56, 158, 450, 653
+
+  Arrow, 325
+
+  Arrow-Elf, 306
+
+  Artemis, 258, 724
+
+  Arthur, K., 63, 798
+
+  Aryans, 10, 168
+
+  Asch, 841
+
+  Ash, 841
+
+  Ass, 114, 212
+
+  Astarte, 646
+
+  Astronomy, 167
+
+  -- Druidic, 804
+
+  Aten, 743
+
+  _Athenæum_, 742
+
+  Athene, 323, 461, 584, 742, 819
+
+  Athens, 322
+
+  Atlantis, 19, 855
+
+  _Attire_, 100
+
+  Aubers Ridge, 289
+
+  Auborn, R., 664
+
+  Aubrey Walk, 289, 439
+
+  _Auburn_, 507, 572
+
+  Aubury, 335
+
+  _Aught_, 655
+
+  Aulph, 165
+
+  Aumbrey, 569
+
+  Aunt, 597
+
+  Aunt Judy, 225
+
+  -- Mary, 220
+
+  -- Mary's Tree, 597
+
+  Austerfield, 645
+
+  Aust on Severn, 645
+
+  Austreclive, 645
+
+  Alvington, 349
+
+  Avagddu, 158
+
+  Avalon, 289, 682
+
+  _Avebury_, 27, 335, 351, 368, 475, 498, 518, 808
+
+  Avebury, 403
+
+  Averroes, 378
+
+  Avery, 601
+
+  Avereberie, 342
+
+  _Avon_, 425
+
+  -- R., 828
+
+  "Awd Goggie," 189
+
+  Axe, 643
+
+  Aylesbury, 481
+
+  Aylesford, 480, 481
+
+  _Ayliffe_, 162
+
+
+  Babchild, 356
+
+  Babe, 653
+
+  Babes of wax, 788
+
+  Babette, 356
+
+  Bab's, 356
+
+  -- Cairn, 589
+
+  Baccho, St., 240
+
+  Bacchus, 240
+
+  Bach Camp, 246
+
+  Backbone, 254
+
+  Bacon, 240
+
+  _Bacon_, 246
+
+  Bacton, 755
+
+  bad, 372
+
+  Badcock, 195
+
+  Bagden, 232
+
+  Baggy Point, 238
+
+  Bagnigge, R., 722
+
+  -- Wells, 618
+
+  Bagshaw, 448, 728
+
+  Bain, R., 137
+
+  _bairn_, 325
+
+  _bake_, 245
+
+  Balder, 71, 76, 473 841
+
+  Bald one, 640
+
+  Baldwin, 154
+
+  Ball, 158
+
+  Balor, 192, 841
+
+  Balls, Three, 181
+
+  Bana, R., 137
+
+  Banac, R., 137
+
+  Bancroft, 138
+
+  Bandog, 112
+
+  Bandon, R., 137
+
+  Banney, R., 137
+
+  Bannockburn, 137
+
+  Banon, R., 137
+
+  Banstead, 445
+
+  Banwell, 445
+
+  Bara, Feast of, 320
+
+  Baranton, 676
+
+  Barbara, 329, 473
+
+  _Barbara_, 353
+
+  Barbara, St., 354
+
+  Barbarie, The Town of, 353
+
+  _barbaroi_, 889
+
+  _barbes_, 377
+
+  Barbe, St., 377
+
+  Barbury, 353
+
+  Bardic Triads, 177, 181, 184, 185
+
+  Bardism, 860
+
+  Bardon, 350
+
+  Barea, 329
+
+  Bargeist, 346
+
+  Barle, R., 348
+
+  Barlow, 678, 714
+
+  Bark, R., 348
+
+  Barnabas, St., 553
+
+  _Barnabas_, 507
+
+  Barnacles, 346
+
+  _Barnebas_, 509
+
+  Barneby Bright, 507
+
+  Barnwell, 572
+
+  Baroc, 468
+
+  _baron_, 319
+
+  Baron's Cave, 799
+
+  Barra, I., 661, 846
+
+  Barri, I., 467
+
+  Barrow, R., 510
+
+  _barrow_, 319
+
+  Barrows, 333
+
+  Barry, 839
+
+  _Barry_, 508
+
+  Barry, I., 348
+
+  -- The, 749
+
+  Bashan, 194
+
+  Basilica Ulpia, 296
+
+  Basinghall, 511
+
+  Basques, 648
+
+  Battersea, 464, 669
+
+  Baucis, 227, 291
+
+  Beads, 82, 579
+
+  Beaker, 302
+
+  Beane, R., 110, 137
+
+  Bean-setting dance, 539
+
+  Bear, 72
+
+  Beard, 373
+
+  Beare, Old Woman of, 757
+
+  Beccles, 299
+
+  Beckjay, 282
+
+  Becky, R., 246
+
+  Bee, 46
+
+  Beech, 387, 569
+
+  Beeg, R., 246
+
+  Beelzebub, 222
+
+  Beer Head, 349
+
+  Bees, 567
+
+  Bega, St., 238
+
+  Bekesbourne, 670
+
+  Bel, 46, 841
+
+  _bel_, 248
+
+  Belerium, 193
+
+  Belgrave, 347
+
+  Beli, 841
+
+  Belin, 241
+
+  Belindi, 241
+
+  Bell, 445, 781
+
+  -- Giant, 347
+
+  Belleros, 193
+
+  Bellingham, 749
+
+  Bellister, 721
+
+  Bellona, 647
+
+  Bel's Fires, 612
+
+  Ben, R., 137
+
+  Beneficia R., 110
+
+  Beltan, 730
+
+  Beltane, 169
+
+  Beltan fires, 611
+
+  Berat, 460, 467
+
+  Berbers, 205, 375, 846
+
+  Berberis, 385
+
+  Berea, 341
+
+  Bergyon, Giant, 331
+
+  Berith, 460
+
+  Berkeley, 666
+
+  Berkhampstead, 666
+
+  _Berkshire_, 664
+
+  Berkswell, 666
+
+  Berne, 329
+
+  Bernesbeg, 507
+
+  Beroë, 460, 484
+
+  Berrens, 761
+
+  Berries, Three, 181
+
+  Berry, 345
+
+  _Bertha_, 362
+
+  Bertinny, 334
+
+  Bertram, 507
+
+  Bewl Bri, 350
+
+  Beyrout, 460
+
+  Beyrut, 134
+
+  Bickley, 448
+
+  Biddenden, 589
+
+  -- Maids, 371
+
+  Biddy, 372
+
+  Bifrons, 670
+
+  _big_, 238
+
+  Bigbury, 238
+
+  Bigha, 238
+
+  Bigness, 238
+
+  Billing-, 558, 668
+
+  Birbeck, 667
+
+  Bird of Fire, 691
+
+  Birds, 326, 691
+
+  Bird-wheel, 691
+
+  Birmingham, 431, 437
+
+  Birr, 335
+
+  Birra, Lady, 749
+
+  Birrenswork, 387
+
+  Bishop, The, 590
+
+  _bishop_, 577
+
+  Black, 475
+
+  -- Annis, 722
+
+  -- and White Dove, 486
+
+  Blackfriars, 467
+
+  Black Mary, 598, 722
+
+  -- Mary's Hole, 619
+
+  Blackthorn, 419, 677
+
+  Blaze, St., 244, 602
+
+  Blban, 248
+
+  _bleary_, 193
+
+  Blind Fiddler, The, 226
+
+  -- Man's Buff, 425
+
+  Blue, 270, 273, 579
+
+  -- John, 795
+
+  -- -- Cavern, 787
+
+  -- Stones, 587
+
+  Boar, 58, 241, 242, 329
+
+  _Bocock_, 195
+
+  Boduo, 276
+
+  Boduoc, 277
+
+  _boer_, 242
+
+  Bog, 233
+
+  _bogel_, 233
+
+  Boggart, 232
+
+  Bogle, 518
+
+  Bohemia, 307
+
+  Bolerium, 193
+
+  _Bolingbroke_, 658
+
+  Bolleit caves, 771
+
+  Bolster, Giant, 720
+
+  _Bonchurch_, 163
+
+  _Bond_, 162
+
+  Bonfire, 169, 245
+
+  Bookham, 231, 667, 686
+
+  Bor, 752
+
+  Boreas, 422
+
+  Boreland Mote, 533
+
+  _borough_, 312
+
+  Borr, 471
+
+  Borrowdale, 682
+
+  Boskenna, 510
+
+  _bosom_, 509
+
+  Bosomzeal, 349
+
+  Bosow, Giant, 613
+
+  _boss_, 529
+
+  Bosse Alley, 509
+
+  Bossenden Woods, 510
+
+  Boston, 248, 510
+
+  _both_, 372
+
+  _bouche_, 293
+
+  Boudicca, 519
+
+  Boulogne, 210, 647
+
+  Bourdon, 601
+
+  Bourjo, 644
+
+  Bournemouth, 551
+
+  Bourne Water, 799, 818
+
+  Bowl, 615
+
+  Box-, 246
+
+  Boxhill, 231
+
+  Box Hill, 386
+
+  -- tree, 665
+
+  Boy Bishop, 590, 616
+
+  Boyne R., 110
+
+  Braavalla, 749
+
+  Bracken, 385
+
+  Brackenbyr, 758
+
+  Bradford, 82
+
+  Bradmore, 432
+
+  Bradstone, 312
+
+  Brage, 758
+
+  Brahan Stone, 530
+
+  Brahma, 145, 161, 223
+
+  _Brahma_, 716
+
+  Brahmins, 163
+
+  Brahan Wood, 317
+
+  Brain, 378, 574
+
+  _brain_, 320, 324
+
+  Braintree, 430
+
+  Bramble, 159
+
+  Branch, Silver, 679
+
+  -- The Divine, 660
+
+  Bran Ditch, 387
+
+  Brandon, 36, 349
+
+  -- St., 679
+
+  Brangwyn, 572
+
+  Branksea, 551
+
+  Bran, the Blessed, 379
+
+  -- Voyage of, 679
+
+  Brantome Cave, 783
+
+  _brass_, 467
+
+  _brat_, 458
+
+  Bratton, 402
+
+  Brawn, St., 317
+
+  Bray, 406, 664
+
+  -- Down, 704
+
+  -- R., 348
+
+  Braybroke, 798
+
+  Braynes Row, 718
+
+  _bread_, 460
+
+  Bread and Cheese Lands, 371, 589
+
+  _breath_, 460
+
+  Brecan's Cauldron, 689
+
+  Breceliande, 676
+
+  Brecon, 380
+
+  Brede Place, 460
+
+  Bredon, 350
+
+  Breeches, 377
+
+  _breed_, 458
+
+  Brehon Laws, 318, 333
+
+  Brennos, 379
+
+  Brent, R., 609
+
+  Brentford, 609, 617, 668
+
+  Breock, St., 666
+
+  Bress, 46, 389, 467
+
+  Bretons, 575
+
+  Breton souterrains, 778
+
+  Brewer, 295
+
+  Brew King, 689
+
+  Brian, 379, 389
+
+  -- Boru, 380
+
+  Briancon, 379
+
+  Briareus, 82, 402
+
+  Brickel's Lane, 510
+
+  Bride Eye, 682
+
+  -- St., 119, 327, 458, 552, 603, 663, 686, 736, 761, 823
+
+  Bridewell, 458
+
+  Bride's Fire, St., 472
+
+  Bridget, St., 169
+
+  Bridlington, 492
+
+  Brig, 761
+
+  Brigan, 379
+
+  Brigantes, 715
+
+  Brightlingsea, 119, 312, 343
+
+  Brigid, 459, 467
+
+  Brigit, 388
+
+  Brigit's Bird, 433
+
+  Bri Leith, 397
+
+  Brimham Rocks, 602
+
+  _brimstone_, 477
+
+  Brinsmead, 317
+
+  _Brinsmead_, 602
+
+  Brisen, Dame, 343
+
+  Brisons, The, 336, 343
+  +
+  Bristol, 818
+
+  Britani, 852
+
+  Britannia, 118, 461
+
+  British character, 122
+
+  Britomart, 118, 460, 715, 757
+
+  _Briton_, 100, 377
+
+  Brittany, 44
+
+  Brixham, 343
+
+  Brixton, 343
+
+  Broad arrow, 363, 534, 629
+
+  -- Sanctuary, 660
+
+  Broadstairs, 95, 119
+
+  Broad, The, 121, 337
+
+  Brochs, 343
+
+  Brockhurst, 343
+
+  Brockley, 343, 666
+
+  Brodhulls, 119
+
+  _broglodite_, 769
+
+  _brok_, 347
+
+  Brok, 471
+
+  Broken Wf., 510
+
+  Bromfield, 419
+
+  Bromley, 602
+
+  Bromley's, etc., 419
+
+  Brompton, 419
+
+  Brondesbury, 419, 602
+
+  Bronwen, 334
+
+  Bronze, 463
+
+  _bronze_, 467
+
+  Brooch, 348
+
+  _brood_, 458
+
+  _brook_, 510
+
+  Brookland, 343
+
+  Broom, 419, 602, 795
+
+  Broome Park, 716, 798, 799
+
+  _brow_, 324
+
+  _Browne_, 317
+
+  Brownies, 620
+
+  Brownie Stone, 316
+
+  Brownlows, 318
+
+  Brown Willy, 387
+
+  Brown's Well, 609
+
+  -- Wood, 718, 741
+
+  Browny, 315
+
+  Bru, 311, 348, 349
+
+  Brue, R., 289, 348
+
+  Bruin, 329
+
+  Brun, R., 387
+
+  Bruno, St., 317
+
+  Brunswick, 402
+
+  Brute, 124
+
+  Brutes, Mistress of, 715
+
+  Bruton, St., 601
+
+  Brutus, 83, 119, 186, 681
+
+  -- Stone, 312, 350
+
+  Bryan, 577
+
+  Bryanstone, 314, 507, 530, 601, 678
+
+  -- Sq., 317
+
+  Brychan St., 379, 716
+
+  _bryony_, 328
+
+  _Brython_, 100
+
+  _bubs_, 374
+
+  Bubwood, 374
+
+  Bucato, 305
+
+  Bucca Dhu, 231
+
+  -- Gwidden, 231
+
+  Buck, 239
+
+  Buckaboo, 578
+
+  Buckden, 732
+
+  Bucket, 294, 474, 479, 481
+
+  Buckingham, 387
+
+  Buckland, 231, 246
+
+  Bucklersbury, 518
+
+  Buckwheat, 254
+
+  Bug, 255
+
+  Bugbear, 232
+
+  Buggaboo, 232
+
+  Buggy, 405
+
+  Bukephalus, 280
+
+  Bulinga Fen, 658
+
+  Bull, 46, 119, 259, 265, 328, 336, 414, 604, 840
+
+  Bun, 261, 515
+
+  -- Hot cross, 731
+
+  Bungen, 303
+
+  Bunhill, 155
+
+  Buratys, 331
+
+  Burchun, 331
+
+  Burdock, 385
+
+  Burfield, 664
+
+  Burford, 386
+
+  Burgate, 510
+
+  _burgeon_, 484
+
+  Burgoyne, 380
+
+  Burinea, St., 817
+
+  Burkenning, 666
+
+  _burn_ 510, 572
+
+  Burn, R., 387
+
+  Burnebishop, 590
+
+  Burnham, 387
+
+  Burnie Bee, 507
+
+  Burnsall, 402
+
+  Burrian, 327
+
+  Burry, R., 348, 387
+
+  Burtani, 852
+
+  Burtree, 576
+
+  Burwood, 601
+
+  _bury_, 319
+
+  Buryan, St., 345, 510
+
+  Buryan's St., 817
+
+  Buryanack, 720
+
+  _bush_, 293
+
+  Bush, 612
+
+  Bushey Park, 612
+
+  Butterfly, 46, 176
+
+  -- idols, 360
+
+  Buxton, 291, 796
+
+  Buzza's Hill, 613
+
+  _Byron_, 317
+
+  Byzantium, 362, 510
+
+  Byzing Wood, 510
+
+
+  Cab, 504
+
+  Cabala, 577
+
+  Cabalists, 135
+
+  Cabiri, 493
+
+  Cabura, 493
+
+  Cac Horse, 453
+
+  _cackle_, 243
+
+  Cacus, 478
+
+  _caddie_, 642
+
+  Caddington, 787, 811
+
+  Cadi, 136, 234, 641
+
+  Cadlands, 785
+
+  _Cadman_, 110
+
+  Caenwood, 151
+
+  Cain, 149
+
+  -- and Abel, 503
+
+  Caindea, 151, 319, 537
+
+  Cairn Voel, 424
+
+  Caistor, 443
+
+  _cake_, 245
+
+  _calandar_, 341
+
+  Caleb, 150
+
+  Calne, 342
+
+  Calpe, 283
+
+  Camber, K., 681
+
+  Camberwell, 705
+
+  Cambrai, 406, 617
+
+  Cambre Castle, 396
+
+  Cambria, 310
+
+  Cambourne, 222, 397
+
+  Camperdizil, 586
+
+  _Can_, 310, 630
+
+  Can-, 826
+
+  Can, R., 221, 667
+
+  Canaan, 150
+
+  Canbury, 349, 607
+
+  Cancan, 412
+
+  _candescent_, 212
+
+  Candia, 151, 319
+
+  _candid_, 212
+
+  Candle, 171
+
+  -- in cave, 813
+
+  _candour_, 212
+
+  Candour, British, 101
+
+  Cane Goose, 223
+
+  Cangians, 519
+
+  Canhole, 448
+
+  Canna, R., 261
+
+  -- St., 649
+
+  Cannibalism, Jewish, 185
+
+  Cannon, 274
+
+  -- St., 666
+
+  _canny_, 212
+
+  Canonbie Lea, 666
+
+  Canonbury, 667
+
+  Cantabria, 322
+
+  Cantabres, 323
+
+  _canteen_, 824
+
+  _canter_, 409
+
+  Canterbury, 87, 90, 168, 239, 409
+
+  Cantii, 411, 519
+
+  Cantorix, 410
+
+  Cape Wrath, 574
+
+  Caphira, 494
+
+  Cardia, 556
+
+  Cardinal, 555
+
+  Carfax, 514
+
+  Caris, 820
+
+  Carisbroke, 821
+
+  Carnac, 217, 642
+
+  Carn Bre, 396
+
+  Cars, 503
+
+  Cart-wheeling, 164
+
+  _Cass_, 243
+
+  Cassock, 234
+
+  Castor and Pollux, 354, 475
+
+  _castra_, 477
+
+  Cat, 58, 751
+
+  -- Lady of, 752
+
+  -- Stane, 752
+
+  Catacombs, 810, 844
+
+  Catchpole, 446
+
+  Cathay, 191
+
+  _Catherine_, 243
+
+  Catherine, St., 784
+
+  Caucasus, 852
+
+  _Cauchemar_, 477
+
+  Cauldron, 615, 687, 797, 823, 875
+
+  -- of Pwyll, 801
+
+  _cause_, 224
+
+  Causeway, 439
+
+  Cave, 765, 773, 780
+
+  Cave, at Bethlehem, 780
+
+  Cave = matrix, 790
+
+  Caverns, 193, 194
+
+  Celi, 224
+
+  _celibate_, 340
+
+  Celtiberia, 12
+
+  Celtiberians, 323
+
+  Celtic words, 61
+
+  Celts, 116, 228
+
+  Cendwen, 651, 824
+
+  Cenimagni, 283
+
+  Cenomagni, 411
+
+  Cenomani, 329
+
+  Centaur, 305, 424
+
+  Centaurs, 409
+
+  Centre, 794
+
+  Ceres, 402, 821
+
+  Chac, 161
+
+  Chad, St., 288
+
+  Chadfish, 212
+
+  Chadwell, 288, 783
+
+  Chain, 482
+
+  Chairs, Stone, 545
+
+  Chalice, 167
+
+  Chalk pits, 776
+
+  _Chandos_, 741
+
+  _change_, 146
+
+  Chaos, 224, 225, 292, 490, 507
+
+  Chariot, 435, 470, 517
+
+  -- of Jehovah, 503
+
+  Charis, 469
+
+  Charon, 282
+
+  Chartres, 791
+
+  Chastity, 457
+
+  Chee Dale, 447
+
+  -- Tor, 728
+
+  Chei, St., 447
+
+  Cheiran, St., 409
+
+  Chemin des Dames, 439
+
+  Chester, 444, 445
+
+  _Chester_, 447
+
+  Chevauchée, 511
+
+  -- de St. Michael, 420
+
+  Chew Magna, 447
+
+  Cheyne, 93, 741
+
+  Cheyneys, 670
+
+  Chi, 772, 780
+
+  Chi ([Greek: X]), 385, 446
+
+  Chiana, R., 97
+
+  _chic_, 97
+
+  Chichester, 445
+
+  Children in Hell, 558
+
+  Chilperic, 342
+
+  Chin, 161
+
+  China, 191, 216, 272, 292
+
+  _chink_, 400
+
+  Chios, 225
+
+  Chiron, 409
+
+  Chisbury Camp, 446
+
+  Chislehurst, 766, 772
+
+  Chiun, 140
+
+  Choir, Gawr, 561
+
+  Chosen Hill, 729
+
+  Christ, 178, 206, 211, 214, 250, 264, 265, 487, 537, 574
+
+  _Christ_, 820
+
+  Christianity, 31, 864
+
+  Christian "tortures," 107
+
+  Christine, St., 496
+
+  Christmas, 257
+
+  Christofer, The, 270
+
+  Christopher, St., 54, 107, 112, 151, 164, 204, 264, 267, 299, 640, 853
+
+  Chuckhurst, 372
+
+  _chuckle_, 471
+
+  _chun_, 92
+
+  Chun, 649, 740
+
+  -- Castle, 90
+
+  Chwyvan Cross, 708
+
+  Chyandour, 97
+
+  Ciconians, 192
+
+  Cimmerians, 844
+
+  Cingen, 412
+
+  Circle, 604
+
+  -- and Triangle, 571, 573
+
+  Circles, 499, 503
+
+  -- Stone, 543
+
+  Cirencester, 453
+
+  Cissbury Ring, 446
+
+  Cities of Refuge, 736
+
+  Clare, St., 718
+
+  Claus, 140
+
+  Clement, St., 716, 797
+
+  Clerkenwell, 718
+
+  Clover, 737
+
+  Clowes, 299
+
+  Club, 663, 666
+
+  Cluricanne, 718
+
+  _coach_, 468
+
+  Coal-mining, prehistoric, 845
+
+  _cock_, 195
+
+  Cock, 196, 197, 361, 620
+
+  -- R., 197
+
+  Cockayne, 190, 195, 196
+
+  Cockburn Law, 752
+
+  Cockchafer, 255
+
+  Cocker, R., 198
+
+  Cockey, 197
+
+  Cock horse, 444
+
+  -- Law, 197
+
+  Cockle, 245, 385, 473
+
+  -- bread, 248
+
+  Cockles, Hot, 248
+
+  Cocknage, 197
+
+  Cockney, 190
+
+  -- dialect, 529
+
+  Cockshott, 197
+
+  Cocks Tor, 197
+
+  Codfish, 213
+
+  _cog_, 195
+
+  Cogenhoe, 197
+
+  Coggeshall, 197, 639
+
+  Coggo, 197
+
+  Cogidumnus, 446
+
+  Cogs, 195
+
+  Cogynos, 197
+
+  _Cohen_, 112
+
+  Coil Dance, 824
+
+  _coin_, 897
+
+  Coinage, 394
+
+  -- British, 240
+
+  Coins, 763
+
+  Coke hill, 197
+
+  Coldharbour, 299
+
+  Cole Abbey, 615
+
+  -- Old King, 103
+
+  Coleman, 155
+
+  Coles pits, 801
+
+  Colman, St., 43
+
+  Colne, R., 342
+
+  Cologne, 216
+
+  Columb, R., 661
+
+  Columba, St., 43, 552, 660
+
+  Columbine, 93, 669
+
+  -- St., 93, 669
+
+  _com_, 310
+
+  Com, 330
+
+  Comb, 715
+
+  Combarelles, 402
+
+  _Comber_, 310
+
+  Comberton, 586
+
+  Comet, 864
+
+  _commére_, 330
+
+  _common_, 440
+
+  Comparative method, 75
+
+  _compére_, 330
+
+  _Conan_, 649
+
+  Conann, 192
+
+  Concangi, 411
+
+  Concanni, 411, 667
+
+  Concord, St., 141
+
+  Condy Cup, 824
+
+  _cone_, 236
+
+  Cone, 398, 800
+
+  Coney Hall Hill, 785
+
+  Conical cap, 669
+
+  Coniston, 151
+
+  Conn, 753
+
+  -- K., 151, 512
+
+  Connaught, 151, 182, 512
+
+  Conneda, 182, 753
+
+  Constantine, 226, 365, 566
+
+  Constantinople, 64
+
+  Conyers, 272
+
+  _Cook_, 195, 196, 245
+
+  Cooknoe, 197
+
+  Cook's Kitchen Mine, 222
+
+  Coquet, R., 197
+
+  _Coquille_, 248
+
+  _Cormac_, 517
+
+  Cornish types, 848
+
+  _Cos_, 510
+
+  Coundon, 435
+
+  Counter Earth, 580
+
+  Coveney, 430
+
+  Covent Garden, 428
+
+  Coventina, 427
+
+  Coventry, 427, 435
+
+  _Cox_, 195
+
+  _cradle_, 810
+
+  Cranbrook, 427
+
+  Cray, 796
+
+  Cres, 105, 819
+
+  Crescent, 254, 286, 390, 392, 528
+
+  Crescents, 492, 704
+
+  Cresswell Crags, 402
+
+  Cretan Caves, 808
+
+  -- Horse, 407
+
+  -- Maze Coins, 87
+
+  -- Ship, 491
+
+  Cretans, 846
+
+  Crete, 11, 76, 104, 182, 192, 493, 687, 855
+
+  Crew, Lough, 200
+
+  Crimea, 844
+
+  Crissa, 820
+
+  Cromlechs, 17
+
+  Cronus, 82
+
+  Cross, 104, 106, 286, 296, 441, 445, 560, 561, 683
+
+  _cross_, 107, 821
+
+  Cross of St. John, 104
+
+  -- -- -- George, 104
+
+  -- Red, 270
+
+  _crude_, 810
+
+  Cruse, 822
+
+  Cuchulainn, 278
+
+  Cuckmere, R., 452
+
+  Cuckoo, 197
+
+  Cuin, 290
+
+  -- coin, 397
+
+  Culdees, 835
+
+  Culebres, 842
+
+  Cullompton, 661
+
+  _cumber_, 569
+
+  Cumberland, 682
+
+  _cun_, 92
+
+  _Cun-_, 235
+
+  Cunbaria, 330
+
+  Cunegonde, 412
+
+  Cuneval, 318
+
+  _cunning_, 212, 280
+
+  CUNO
+
+  Cuno, 279, 305
+
+  Cunob, 528
+
+  Cunobeline, 241
+
+  Cup, 813
+
+  -- and Ring markings, 833
+
+  Cupid, 225, 231, 233, 304, 326, 494, 594
+
+  Cupra, 493
+
+  _curate_, 810
+
+  Cuthbert, St., 362
+
+  Cuthbert's beads, St., 248
+
+  Cyclops, 192
+
+  Cymbeline, 241
+
+  Cymner, 310
+
+  Cymry, 310
+
+  Cynethryth, 761
+
+  Cynopolis, 54
+
+  Cynthia, 151, 213
+
+  Cynthus, Mt., 726
+
+
+  _da_, 320
+
+  Dactyli, 574
+
+  Dad-, 256
+
+  _dad_, 509
+
+  _daddy_, 209, 256
+
+  Daddy, 263
+
+  Daddy's Hole, 349
+
+  Dagda Mor, 169, 389, 397, 512
+
+  Daisy, 169, 210, 216, 233, 384
+
+  Dalston, 285
+
+  _dame_, 745
+
+  Danaan, Tuatha te, 766
+
+  Danbury, 721
+
+  Dancing, 540
+
+  Dandelion, 189
+
+  Dane Hill, 765
+
+  -- John, 90, 683, 800
+
+  -- R., 789
+
+  Dane's Inn, 716
+
+  Danoi, 858
+
+  Dansey, 735
+
+  Daphnephoria, 541
+
+  Darbies, 227
+
+  Darby, 227
+
+  Darkness, 626
+
+  Date palm, 258
+
+  Dava, Flood of, 641
+
+  David, St., 625
+
+  Davy Jones, 641
+
+  _dawn_, 752
+
+  _day_, 320
+
+  Day, St., 320
+
+  Dayne, 724
+
+  _dazzle_, 591
+
+  _deacon_, 687
+
+  _dean_, 779, 810
+
+  Dean, Forest of, 752
+
+  -- R., 789
+
+  Deane's Gardens, 721
+
+  Dear, 734
+
+  _dear_, 760
+
+  Death, 263, 264, 307
+
+  -- disregarded, 173
+
+  Deberry, 345
+
+  Deemster, 746
+
+  Dee, R., 320
+
+  Deer, 257, 405, 599, 715
+
+  Deffrobani, 84
+
+  Delginross, 605, 796
+
+  Delphi, 653
+
+  Demijohn, 302, 687
+
+  Denbies, 613
+
+  Deneholes, 765-74
+
+  Denmark, 690
+
+  Dennehill, 716
+
+  Derbyshire, 401
+
+  Derg, L., 792, 796
+
+  _derry_, 36
+
+  Deucalion, 337
+
+  Devil's Dyke, 519
+
+  Dew, 167
+
+  _dextra_, 477
+
+  Dhia, 319
+
+  Diamond Horse, The, 424
+
+  Diana, 134, 135, 239, 258, 444, 475, 717, 788
+
+  Dianthus, 189
+
+  Digits, 575
+
+  Diminutives, 619
+
+  _di_, 319
+
+  _dieu_, 319
+
+  Dinant, 788
+
+  Dingwall, 317
+
+  Dinsul, 208
+
+  Dioscoros, 366
+
+  Dioscorus, 354
+
+  Dioscuri, 354, 512
+
+  Dionysus, 71
+
+  Divinity of Kings, 172
+
+  Dod-, 256
+
+  Dodbrook, 349
+
+  Doddington, 262
+
+  Dodecans, 207, 700
+
+  Dodman, The, 263, 349
+
+  Dodona, 89, 92, 133, 260, 273, 339
+
+  Dog, 54, 57, 111, 112, 121, 150, 152, 155, 264, 293, 329, 346, 853
+
+  Doliche, 76
+
+  Dolmen chapel, 30
+
+  Dolphin, 653
+
+  Domhills, 745
+
+  Don, 664
+
+  Doncaster, 444
+
+  Donidon, 745
+
+  _donjon_, 800
+
+  Donn, 712
+
+  -- Children of, 734
+
+  Don, R., 749, 789
+
+  Don's Chair, 752
+
+  Donseil cave, 806
+
+  Donn's House, 726
+
+  Doo Cave, 494
+
+  Doom Rings, 746
+
+  Doomster, 745
+
+  _Dorchester_, 713, 715
+
+  Dordogne, 406, 774
+
+  Dorking, 386
+
+  Dot and Circle, 276, 547
+
+  Dots, 105, 250
+
+  Double Disc, 494
+
+  _dour_, 119
+
+  Dove, 92, 144, 486, 624, 627, 652, 853
+
+  _dove_, 625
+
+  Dove Cots, 733
+
+  Dover, 95
+
+  Doves, 790
+
+  Dowgate Hill, 783
+
+  Dowdeswell, 252
+
+  Dowdy, 640
+
+  Down, County, 786
+
+  Dragon, 208, 242, 260, 270, 272, 274, 655, 836
+
+  -- guards, 274
+
+  -- slayer, 651
+
+  Drainage, 103
+
+  Dray, River, 87
+
+  Drayton, 714
+
+  Dress, 100, 122
+
+  _Drew_, 471
+
+  Drewsteignton, 757
+
+  _droit_, 101
+
+  Drosten, 734
+
+  Drucca coin, 483
+
+  _Druid_, 761
+
+  Druidesses, 570
+
+  Druidic Creeds, 536
+
+  -- Fairy tale, 166
+
+  -- Music, 562
+
+  -- Remains in Spain, 324
+
+  Druidism, 6-9, 66, 87, 167, 171, 393, 488, 544
+
+  Druid Physiologists, 834
+
+  Druids, 554
+
+  -- caves, 791
+
+  -- circles, 544
+
+  -- Town, 572
+
+  Druids = _brans_, 679
+
+  ducat, 397
+
+  Dudsbury, 263
+
+  _due_, 223
+
+  Dumbarton, 472, 523
+
+  Dummy's Hill, 756
+
+  Dun, R., 789
+
+  Duncannon, 274
+
+  Dundalgan, 796
+
+  Dunechein, 90
+
+  Dunence, 552
+
+  _dungeon_, 800
+
+  Dunodon, 745
+
+  Duno, 758
+
+  Dunstable, 714, 745, 777
+
+  -- grave, 64, 65
+
+  Dunstan, St., 716
+
+  Dunton, 716
+
+  _Durham_, 715
+
+  Durovern, 258
+
+  Duval, 741
+
+
+  EAGLE, 280
+
+  Earthwork, 862
+
+  Easter, 608
+
+  -- dancing, 540
+
+  Eaton, 733
+
+  _ebb_ 524
+
+  Ebbe, R., 524
+
+  Ebchester, 431
+
+  Ebgate, 513
+
+  Ebony, 165
+
+  Ebor, R., 370
+
+  Ebora, 328, 329
+
+  Ebrington, 349
+
+  Ebro, R., 323, 370
+
+  Ebur, 329
+
+  Ebury, 601, 621
+
+  Eceni, 411
+
+  Echo, 226
+
+  Eclipse, 167
+
+  Ecne, 390
+
+  Eda, 455, 753
+
+  -- good Queen, 151
+
+  -- Queen, 512
+
+  Edans, St., 713
+
+  Edda, The, 752
+
+  Eden, 683, 730, 858
+
+  Edenhall, 743
+
+  Edenkille, 716
+
+  Eden, R., 713
+
+  -- Vale, 716
+
+  Edimbourg, 745
+
+  Edina Hall, 753
+
+  Edinburgh, 730
+
+  _Edinburgh_, 797
+
+  Edmonton, 679
+
+  Edna, 753
+
+  Edrei, 194, 769
+
+  Effingham, 430
+
+  Effra, R., 749
+
+  Egg, 223, 226, 276, 532, 756
+
+  Egypt, 9, 46, 69, 135, 166, 189, 252, 254, 414, 475, 577, 843
+
+  _Egypt_, 534
+
+  Eight, 188, 189, 204, 636, 642
+
+  _eight_, 655
+
+  Eight Bishops, 659
+
+  Eighteen, 206, 207, 588
+
+  El, 132, 135
+
+  Elaine, 103
+
+  Elbarrow, 133
+
+  Elbe, R., 558
+
+  El Borak, 635, 664
+
+  Elboton, 154
+
+  _elder_, 153
+
+  Elen, 103, 221, 235
+
+  -- R., 103
+
+  Elens Ways, 519
+
+  Elephant, 160
+
+  Eleven, 214, 421, 548, 557, 574, 581, 593, 633, 788
+
+  _eleven_, 217
+
+  Eleven Blindfolded Men, 577
+
+  -- curtains, 576
+
+  -- feet longstones, 548, 552
+
+  -- foot grave, 560
+
+  -- hundred, 214
+
+  -- Loch, 219
+
+  -- thousand, 214
+
+  _elf_, 153
+
+  Elfe, 153
+
+  Elfland, 559
+
+  Elgin, 450
+
+  _Elijah_, 147
+
+  Elini Cunob, 528
+
+  Elisha, 147
+
+  Elk, 289
+
+  Ellan, 133
+
+  Ellen, Dame, 778
+
+  Ellendown, 565
+
+  Ellendune, 133
+
+  Elles, The, 154
+
+  Ellesmere, 439
+
+  Ellingfort, 285
+
+  _Ellistone_, 318
+
+  Elmo's Fires, St., 475
+
+  Elphin, 158, 664
+
+  -- Horses, 281, 287
+
+  _Elphinstone_, 318
+
+  Elphinstone, 548
+
+  Elphinstones, 217
+
+  Elven, 217
+
+  Elwyn St., 132
+
+  Ely, 716
+
+  Ember Days, 572
+
+  _emerge_, 219
+
+  Empire, 570
+
+  Empyrean, 570
+
+  _enceinte_, 220
+
+  Engelheim, 359, 591
+
+  Engelland, 558, 788
+
+  Englefield, 588
+
+  Englewood, 553
+
+  Englysshe Wood, 588
+
+  Ennis, 557
+
+  Enns, St., 720
+
+  _Ep_, 430
+
+  Ep, 523
+
+  Epeur, 326
+
+  Ephesus, 598
+
+  Ephialtes, 478
+
+  Epirus, 322
+
+  _epo_, 430
+
+  Epona, 284, 445
+
+  Epora, 328
+
+  Eppi, 523
+
+  Eppilos, 430
+
+  Eppilus, 280
+
+  Epping, 445
+
+  Epsom, 430
+
+  _equity_, 332
+
+  Eros, 158, 604
+
+  Esclairmond, 683
+
+  Eseye, 531
+
+  Esus, 278
+
+  Ethereal Plant, 181
+
+  Ethereus, 215
+
+  Ethne, 461
+
+  _ethnic_, 462
+
+  Eton, 730
+
+  Etruria, 17, 89, 139, 145, 148, 217, 236, 475
+
+  Eubonia, 163, 165, 216, 346
+
+  Eubury, 335
+
+  Euchar, 389
+
+  Euny, St., 261, 828
+
+  Eure, R., 870
+
+  Europa, 265
+
+  Europe, 525
+
+  Eve, 152, 403, 500, 742
+
+  _Eve_, 496
+
+  Evesham, 430
+
+  Evora, 329, 751
+
+  Exton, 685, 697
+
+  _exuberance_, 328
+
+  Eye, 251, 252, 282, 532, 538, 604, 727
+
+  -- ball, 579
+
+  -- of Christ, 384
+
+  -- of Heaven, 195, 216
+
+  -- of Horus, 122
+
+  -- Land of the, 252
+
+  -- of S'iva, 526
+
+  -- Towns, 730
+
+  Eyes, 499, 539, 624
+
+
+  F, 497
+
+  Fabell, Peter, 679
+
+  Fainites! 616
+
+  Fainits! 117
+
+  Fairbank, 667, 686
+
+  Fairmead, 569
+
+  Fairs, 572
+
+  Fairy Family, 522
+
+  -- Hill, 764
+
+  -- Hills, 552
+
+  -- leaves, 65
+
+  -- Queen, 308
+
+  _fake_, 206
+
+  Fal, 424, 450, 841
+
+  -- R., 424
+
+  Falcon, 426
+
+  Faraday, 508
+
+  Farandole, 412
+
+  _farisees_, 619
+
+  Farn, 751
+
+  Faroe Islands, 507
+
+  Farringdon, 466
+
+  Fata, 202
+
+  Fate, 593
+
+  -- Tree, 322
+
+  _fay_, 153
+
+  Fearbal, 679
+
+  Feather, 160, 258, 366, 746
+
+  Feathers, 496
+
+  Fechan, St., 672
+
+  _feckless_, 206
+
+  _fecund_, 206
+
+  Fées, 165
+
+  Felikovesí, 423
+
+  Felixstowe, 423, 426
+
+  Fen, 426
+
+  _Ferdinand_, 507
+
+  Feridoon, 748
+
+  _fern_, 266
+
+  Fern, 260, 267, 385
+
+  -- Islands, 206, 209
+
+  Fernacre, 550
+
+  Ferns, 256
+
+  Feron, 286
+
+  Feronia, 572
+
+  Ferriby, 495
+
+  Fiddler, The, 225
+
+  Field-names, 41
+
+  Fiery cross, 107
+
+  Fife, 153, 201
+
+  Fifteen, 206, 598, 601, 633, 755, 806
+
+  Fifty Sons, 716
+
+  Fig, 206
+
+  -- Sunday, 500
+
+  Fingers, 574
+
+  Finwell cave, 806
+
+  _fir_ = _quercus_
+
+  Fir Tree, 730
+
+  _fire_, 467
+
+  Fire, 72, 166, 167, 618
+
+  -- Halo, 571
+
+  -- Insurance, 705
+
+  -- of Heaven, 164
+
+  Fish, 247, 254, 286, 296
+
+  _five_, 363
+
+  Five, 238, 437, 513, 503, 689
+
+  -- acres, 372
+
+  -- grains, 517
+
+  -- islands, 517
+
+  -- king's, 262
+
+  -- peaks, 518
+
+  -- roads, 516
+
+  -- streams, 517
+
+  -- wells, 261
+
+  Flamborough, 492
+
+  Fleur de lys, 816
+
+  _Fleur de lys_, 242
+
+  Flint Knapping, 349
+
+  Flokton, 435
+
+  Flood, 857
+
+  -- The, 20
+
+  Flora dance, 486
+
+  Flounders Field, 419
+
+  Flower names, 68
+
+  Fly, 221
+
+  Foal, 422
+
+  _fog_, 211
+
+  Foleshill, 435
+
+  Folkestone, 423, 426, 432
+
+  Font de Gaune, 402
+
+  Footprints, 546
+
+  Forbury, The, 438
+
+  Fore, 672
+
+  Forfar, 368, 495
+
+  Fortunate Isles, 683, 690
+
+  Fortune, 489
+
+  -- Wheel of, 537
+
+  Fosses des Inglais, 786
+
+  -- Sarrasins, 786
+
+  Fossils in tomb, 65
+
+  Fountain of Knowledge, 689
+
+  Four Cities, 859
+
+  -- Kings, 687
+
+  -- Quarters, 188
+
+  -- Rivers, 722
+
+  -- Roads, 515
+
+  -- -streamed Mount, 130
+
+  -- -teated Horse, 284
+
+  Fox, 263
+
+  Fraid, St., 459
+
+  Frederick the Great, 462
+
+  _free_, 760
+
+  Freemasonry, 295
+
+  Frei, 748
+
+  Freisingen, 700
+
+  Freya, 572
+
+  Friday, 572
+
+  Fulham, 422, 426
+
+  _fun_, 57
+
+  Furry dance, 271, 274, 412, 486
+
+  Furze, 602, 795
+
+
+  _gad_, 143
+
+  Gaddeaden, 673
+
+  Gadfly, 282
+
+  Gadshill, 755
+
+  Gaelic, 79
+
+  -- regrets, 69
+
+  Gaelic tenderness, 43
+
+  _gagga_, 478
+
+  Galva, Carn, 318
+
+  Gancanagh, 412
+
+  Gander, 223
+
+  Ganesa, 160, 280
+
+  Gangani, 411
+
+  Ganganoi, 54, 702
+
+  Ganging Day, 246
+
+  Gangrad, 143
+
+  Garden of the Rose, 683
+
+  Gardens of Adonis, 712
+
+  _gas_, 225
+
+  _gauche_, 477
+
+  Gauls and Britons, same speech, 91
+
+  Gaurs, 561
+
+  Gayhurst, 288
+
+  _Gedge_, 471
+
+  _Gee_, 91
+
+  Gee, 282
+
+  Geecross, 446
+
+  Geho, 282
+
+  Gemini, 475
+
+  _general_, 146
+
+  _generate_, 145
+
+  _Genesis_, 145
+
+  Geneva, 329
+
+  _geniality_, 140
+
+  _genie_, 146
+
+  _genital_, 145
+
+  genius, 146
+
+  _gennet_, 285
+
+  "Gentle People," 733
+
+  "Gentle Places," 734
+
+  Gentry, The, 146
+
+  _genus_, 145
+
+  _George_, 272
+
+  George, St., 242, 268, 271, 304, 614, 642, 695, 817
+
+  Gerberta, 362
+
+  Germans, 525
+
+  Germany, 74
+
+  Gest, 272
+
+  _gewgaw_, 448
+
+  Geyser, 243
+
+  _ghost_, 231
+
+  Gian Ben Gian, 140, 304
+
+  Giant's Beds, 758
+
+  -- civic, 188
+
+  -- grave, 746
+
+  -- graves, 191
+
+  -- hedges, 17
+
+  Giants = Dwarfs, 233
+
+  Gig, 433, 471
+
+  _gigantic_, 195
+
+  _giggle_, 190
+
+  Gigglewick, 189
+
+  Giggy's, St., 190
+
+  Giglet Fair, 194
+
+  Gig na Gog, 190
+
+  Gigonian Rock, 194
+
+  _gigue_, 195
+
+  Gilbey, 284
+
+  Givendale, 429
+
+  Givon's grove, 430
+
+  Glastonbury, 289, 682
+
+  Gnosis, 76, 279, 859
+
+  Gnossus, 76, 794
+
+  Gnostic gems, 108, 112
+
+  Gnostics, 135, 361
+
+  Goat, 57, 361, 504
+
+  Goblet, 813
+
+  _god_, 178
+
+  _Godber_, 572
+
+  Gode, 220
+
+  Godiva, 41, 403, 475, 598
+
+  Godmanham, 550
+
+  Godolcan, 285
+
+  Godolphin, 284
+
+  -- Hill, 668
+
+  Godrevy, 531
+
+  God's Acre, 673
+
+  Godstone, 815
+
+  Godstones, etc., 673
+
+  Goemagog, 186-8
+
+  Gofannon, 432
+
+  Gog, 188, 478
+
+  _Gog_, 194
+
+  _goggle_, 189
+
+  Goginan, 194
+
+  Gogmagog, 83, 639
+
+  Golden Age, 858
+
+  -- Ball Bar, 590
+
+  _Golden Bough, The_, 71, 74
+
+  Goldhawk, 433
+
+  _Gooch_, 195
+
+  _good_, 178
+
+  _Goodge_, 195, 477
+
+  Goodman, 741
+
+  Goodmanstone, 713
+
+  "Good Neighbours," 733
+
+  Good People, 556
+
+  -- -- The, 174
+
+  Goodwood, 446
+
+  Goose, 223, 228, 243, 276, 346, 512, 661
+
+  _goose_, 224, 225, 231
+
+  Goosegog, 345
+
+  Goosey, 447
+
+  Goostrey, 447
+
+  Gorhambury, 111, 562
+
+  Gorsedd, 564
+
+  -- prayer, 181
+
+  _Gosh_, 195
+
+  Gospel oak, 228
+
+  Goss, 243
+
+  Goswell, 243
+
+  Govan, 426
+
+  Govannon, 426
+
+  Gowk, 198
+
+  _Grace_, 830
+
+  Graces, Three, 181
+
+  _Great_, 810
+
+  Great Bear, 216
+
+  Greek, 81
+
+  -- in Mexico, 842
+
+  Greeks, indebted to barbarians, 163
+
+  Green, 263
+
+  Greengoose Fair, 243
+
+  Green Man, 268
+
+  -- -- and Still, 270
+
+  _Gretchen_, 302, 362
+
+  Greyhound bitch, 36
+
+  Grimm's Law, 51, 60
+
+  _grot_, 810
+
+  _grotesque_, 812
+
+  Gudeman, The, 109
+
+  Guedienus, 325
+
+  guess, 273
+
+  Guinea, 400
+
+  Guion, 824
+
+  Gun, 274
+
+  Gunpowder, 839
+
+  Gur, Lough, 736
+
+  _gush_, 273
+
+  _gust_, 243, 272
+
+  Gwenevere, 389
+
+  Gwennap, 531
+
+  _gyne_, 511
+
+  Gyre, 562
+
+
+  HABONDE, 165
+
+  Hack, 283
+
+  Hackington, 411
+
+  _Hackney_, 283
+
+  _hackney_, 392
+
+  Hackney, 285, 287, 699
+
+  Haddenham, 716
+
+  Haddington, 750
+
+  Haden Cross, 716
+
+  Hag, 737
+
+  Hagbourne, 38
+
+  Hagman, 199
+
+  Hag tracks, 200, 283
+
+  Hags, 685
+
+  -- chair, 200
+
+  _Haha_, 58
+
+  Haha, 737
+
+  _Haig_, 199
+
+  Hailsham, 568
+
+  Hakon, 235
+
+  Halcyon, 290
+
+  Half moon, 490
+
+  Halifax, 514
+
+  Hallicondane, 290, 412, 734
+
+  Hamelyn, 867
+
+  Hammer, 270, 355
+
+  -- of Thor, 706
+
+  Hammersmith, 431
+
+  Hand, 744
+
+  Hangman's Wood, 787
+
+  Han Grotto, 787, 827
+
+  Hannafore, 275
+
+  Hanover, 275, 695
+
+  Happy Valley, 523
+
+  Harp, 562
+
+  Harper, 305
+
+  Harpocrates, 118
+
+  Hastings, 95, 798
+
+  Hathor, 46
+
+  Hatton Garden, 716
+
+  Hawk, 205
+
+  _hawker_, 205
+
+  Hawthorn, 152, 159
+
+  -- St., 737
+
+  Haxa, 644
+
+  _haycock_, 198
+
+  Haydon, 713
+
+  Hay Hill, 421
+
+  Haymarket, 421
+
+  Heart, 158, 287, 595, 816
+
+  -- Cross, 105
+
+  Heart's Delight, 350, 687
+
+  Heathen chant, 373
+
+  Heaven's Walls, 672, 683
+
+  Hebe, 743
+
+  Heber, 310
+
+  Hebrew, 79
+
+  _Hebrew_, 191, 369
+
+  Hebrews, 184
+
+  _Hebrews_, 502
+
+  Hebrides, 165
+
+  _Hebrides_, 315
+
+  Hebron, 34, 370
+
+  Heck! 283
+
+  Heddon, 746
+
+  Helen, 103, 221, 286, 477
+
+  Helena, 104
+
+  Helen, St., 456, 587
+
+  Helen's day, St., 478
+
+  Helens, St., 95, 103
+
+  Helicon, 289
+
+  Heligan Hill, 289
+
+  Helios, 103, 104, 135
+
+  Hellana, 103
+
+  Hellas, 133, 412
+
+  Hellen, 337
+
+  Hellenes, 103, 412
+
+  Hellingy, 588
+
+  Helston, 271, 412
+
+  Hen, 197, 653
+
+  Hengist, 275
+
+  -- and Horsa, 85
+
+  Hengston Hill, 554
+
+  Hensor, 386
+
+  _Hepburn_, 526
+
+  Hephaestus, 426
+
+  _Hepworth_, 527
+
+  Herculaneum and Pompeii, 19
+
+  Hercules, 97, 114, 139, 200, 666, 668
+
+  Hermes, 116
+
+  Herne's Oak, 239
+
+  Herring-bone-walls, 91
+
+  Hesy, Tel el, 531
+
+  Hewson, 450
+
+  Hexe, 644
+
+  Hibera, 323
+
+  _Hibernia_, 310
+
+  Hidden One, 577
+
+  Hide and Seek, 578
+
+  Hieroglyphics, 114
+
+  _high_, 125
+
+  Highbury, 667
+
+  Himbra, Pt., 586
+
+  Hindus, 168
+
+  _hinge_, 556
+
+  Hiniver, 695
+
+  Hinover, 275, 452
+
+  _hip_, 524
+
+  Hip! Hip! Hip! 526
+
+  Hipperholme, 514
+
+  _hips_, 526
+
+  Hipswell, 513
+
+  Hive, 710
+
+  Hivites, 497
+
+  Hob, 165, 513
+
+  Hobany, 216, 284
+
+  Hobby, 423
+
+  -- Horse, 268, 275, 527
+
+  _Hobday_, 526
+
+  Hobredy, 165
+
+  _hoch_, 125
+
+  _Hogg_, 199
+
+  Hogmanay, 199
+
+  Hoketide, 244
+
+  Holborn, 722
+
+  Holda, 220
+
+  Holed stone, 538
+
+  Holiburn, Giant, 318
+
+  Holland House, 422
+
+  Hollantide, 245
+
+  Holle, 220
+
+  Holloway, 517, 521
+
+  Holly, 40, 140, 417, 597
+
+  Hollybush, 155
+
+  Hollyhock, 204
+
+  Holly tree, 220
+
+  Holofernes, 266
+
+  _holy_, 140
+
+  Holy Ghost, 487
+
+  -- Holy Vale, 586
+
+  -- Sepulchre, 793
+
+  Holvear Hill, 590
+
+  Holwood Park, 785
+
+  Homer, 63, 99, 225, 326, 327
+
+  Homerton, 287
+
+  Honeybourne, 261, 714
+
+  Honeybrooke, 38
+
+  Honey Child, 261, 714
+
+  Honeychurch, 714, 261
+
+  Honeycrock, 568
+
+  Honeydew, 623
+
+  _Honeyman_, 758
+
+  Honeysuckle, 258
+
+  Honor Oak, 228, 231, 666
+
+  Honover, 695
+
+  Hoodening, 841
+
+  Hoodown, 350
+
+  Hoof, 573
+
+  Hoop, 542
+
+  _hoop_, 525
+
+  Hooper, 425
+
+  Hooper's Blind, 311
+
+  -- Hide, 578
+
+  Hop, 523
+
+  Hop o' my Thumb, 524
+
+  -- Queen, 540
+
+  Hope, 523
+
+  _hope_, 524
+
+  Hopkin, 540
+
+  Hoppyland, 523
+
+  _hops_, 524
+
+  Horn, 286
+
+  Horns of Altar, 736
+
+  Horsa, 275
+
+  Horse, 241, 274, 389, 615, 623, 840
+
+  -- Eye, 282
+
+  -- Eye Level, 568
+
+  -- flesh, 478
+
+  -- hair wig, 332
+
+  -- = Liberty, 328
+
+  Horselydown, 38
+
+  Horse-ornaments, 286
+
+  -- ship, 654
+
+  Horseshoe, 572
+
+  Horus, 46
+
+  Hospitality, 227
+
+  Hounds, 461
+
+  Hounslow, 714
+
+  Howel, 104
+
+  Hoxton, 285, 685
+
+  Hoy, 758
+
+  Hoy obelisk, 9
+
+  Hoyden, 742
+
+  Hu, 84, 214, 320, 311, 327, 349, 386, 450, 586, 749
+
+  _hubbub_, 525
+
+  Hube, Mt., 542
+
+  Hudkin, 509
+
+  _huge_, 198
+
+  Huggen Lane, 511
+
+  Huggins Hall, 350
+
+  _Hugh_, 320
+
+  Hugh Town, 586
+
+  _humane_, 695
+
+  Humber, R., 569
+
+  _Hun_, 234
+
+  Hun, 827
+
+  Huns, 216
+
+  Hunsonby, 220
+
+  Hyde, 473, 455, 621
+
+  Hydon's Ball, 714
+
+  Hyperboreans, 324, 370, 562
+
+  Hypereia, 320, 346
+
+  Hyperion, 328
+
+  Hymn of Hate, 525
+
+
+  Ibar, St., 311, 826
+
+  Iberian coin, 292, 322, 397
+
+  -- coins, 247, 254, 265, 297, 231, 386
+
+  -- language, 266
+
+  Iberians, 451
+
+  Iceni, 248
+
+  Icenians, 451
+
+  _Ichnield_, 519
+
+  Ichnield way, 248, 411, 518, 520
+
+  Ickanhoe, 248
+
+  Ida, 742
+
+  _Ida_, 754
+
+  -- Mt., 574, 715, 455
+
+  -- plain, 752
+
+  -- plains, 473
+
+  Idaeiana, 456
+
+  Ideia, 76
+
+  Idle, R., 462
+
+  Idle's Bush, 462
+
+  Idunn, 742
+
+  Ieithon, 461
+
+  Iffley, 40
+
+  Iggdrasil, 841
+
+  Ikeni, 283, 519
+
+  Iliberi, 322
+
+  Ilibiris, 330
+
+  _Iliffe_, 162
+
+  Ilkley, 290
+
+  Illtyd St., 257
+
+  Illtyds House, 257
+
+  _Ilma_, 136
+
+  Ilmatar, 137
+
+  Imp Stone, 623
+
+  Inachus, 266, 282
+
+  _inane_, 201
+
+  _inch_, 556
+
+  _Inch_, 557
+
+  Inchbrayock, 495
+
+  _inept_, 526
+
+  Ing, 556
+
+  Inga, 556
+
+  _Inge_, 556
+
+  Ingene Lane, 511
+
+  _ingle_, 552
+
+  Ingleborough, 587, 786
+
+  Inghilterra, 557
+
+  Inglesham, etc., 659
+
+  Ingletons, etc., 588
+
+  Inkberrow, 874
+
+  Inkpen, 659
+
+  Inn, 294, 298
+
+  Inquisition, 549
+
+  Intoxication, 688
+
+  Intreccia, 706, 840
+
+  Intreccia coins, 491
+
+  Invicta, 275
+
+  Invictus, 210
+
+  Io, 282, 362, 399
+
+  Iona, 627, 651, 670, 714
+
+  Ionia, 92
+
+  Ipareo, 320
+
+  Ippi, 523
+
+  Ireland, 182, 193
+
+  Iris, 265
+
+  Irish circles, 545
+
+  _Iron_, 574
+
+  _Isaac_, 471
+
+  Isle of Dogs, 38, 113
+
+  Islington, 685
+
+  Issey, St., 531
+
+  Istar, 608, 644
+
+  Ith, Plain of, 473
+
+  Ivalde, 742
+
+  Ives, St., 41, 425, 427, 430, 531
+
+  Ivy, 493
+
+  -- Bridge, 427
+
+  -- Girl, The, 40, 540
+
+  Ixion, 163
+
+  Iysse, St., 531
+
+
+  Jack, 97, 195, 417
+
+  Jack a lantern, 152
+
+  -- in green, 268
+
+  -- The, 270, 273
+
+  -- the Giant Killer's well, 212
+
+  -- up the orchard, 447
+
+  Jackal, 111, 263
+
+  _jackass_, 212
+
+  Jah, 161
+
+  Jaina cross, 105
+
+  Jana, 97
+
+  _Jane_, 447
+
+  Janicula, 828
+
+  Janina, 261, 460
+
+  _janitor_, 146
+
+  Januarius, St., 828
+
+  January, 140, 146
+
+  -- 1st, 650
+
+  Janus, 92, 141, 203, 140, 213, 241, 399, 490, 555, 626, 670, 795, 828,
+         841
+
+  -- of Sicily, 143
+
+  Japan, 216, 857
+
+  Jason, 82
+
+  _jaunty_, 143
+
+  _Jay_, 91
+
+  Jay, 283
+
+  Jehovah, 184, 502, 508
+
+  Jehu, 282
+
+  jennet, 285
+
+  _jenny_, 212
+
+  Jenny, Aunt, 228
+
+  Jerusalem, 296, 794
+
+  Jesus, 214
+
+  _jeu_, 106, 448
+
+  _Jew_, 91
+
+  Jew, Eternal, 203
+
+  _Jews_, 502
+
+  Jews, 456
+
+  -- Garden, 468
+
+  -- in Cornwall, 80
+
+  -- Harp, 448
+
+  -- Lane, 697
+
+  -- The Everlasting, 196
+
+  Jews Walk, 439
+
+  -- Wandering, 448, 663, 696, 728
+
+  _jig_, 195
+
+  _jingle_, 400
+
+  _jinn_, 146
+
+  Jinn, 166
+
+  Jo, 644
+
+  Joan, 227
+
+  -- Pope, 357
+
+  Joan's Pitcher, 190, 301
+
+  Jock, 106
+
+  Jockey, 444
+
+  _jocund_, 106
+
+  Johanna, 213
+
+  Johanna's garden, 703
+
+  _John_, 830
+
+  John, 53
+
+  -- of Gaunt, 648
+
+  -- of Perugia, 326
+
+  -- St., 165, 268, 449, 514, 537, 539, 636
+
+  -- the Baptist, 448
+
+  Johnstone, 53
+
+  Johnstone's Inn, 331
+
+  John's Wood, St., 151
+
+  Jonah, 652
+
+  _Jones_, 92
+
+  Jonn, 91
+
+  _jonnock_, 97, 236
+
+  _Joseph_, 147
+
+  Joseph's Rod, 629
+
+  Jou, 91, 147, 151, 456, 508, 710
+
+  Jove, 140, 257
+
+  -- androgynous, 233
+
+  -- coin, 282
+
+  _joviality_, 140
+
+  _Joy_, 91
+
+  _joy_, 106, 147
+
+  Juda, 362
+
+  Jude, St., 287
+
+  _Judge_, 447
+
+  Judge's bough, 691
+
+  -- walk, 439
+
+  _Judson_, 447
+
+  Judy, 362, 754
+
+  Jug, 295, 301
+
+  _Jug_, 447
+
+  Jugantes, 453
+
+  Juggling, 563
+
+  Juktas, Mt., 471
+
+  _June_, 146
+
+  _junior_, 146
+
+  Juno, 144, 146, 223, 243, 407, 493, 715
+
+  _Jupiter_, 311
+
+  Jupiter, 142, 227, 283, 362, 386, 458, 508
+
+  -- Ammon, 578
+
+  Jupiter's Chain, 581, 830
+
+  Just, St., 563
+
+  Jutt, 359
+
+  _Juxon_, 446
+
+
+  Kaadman, 109, 204, 249, 288
+
+  Kalbion, 125
+
+  Kate Kennedy, 319
+
+  -- St., 784
+
+  Katherine Wheel, 107
+
+  Kayne, St., 212, 221, 649
+
+  _Keach_, 471
+
+  _Kean_, 212
+
+  Ked, 242
+
+  Kelpie, 283, 818
+
+  _Kember_, 310
+
+  _Ken_, 212
+
+  Ken, R., 221
+
+  -- wood, 151, 649
+
+  Kendal, 221, 411, 667
+
+  Kenia, Mt., 236
+
+  Kenna, 213, 261, 317
+
+  -- Princess, 162
+
+  -- St., 649
+
+  Kennet, R., 853
+
+  Kenites., 826
+
+  Kennington, 292
+
+  _Kenny_, 212, 649
+
+  Kensington, 317
+
+  -- Gore, 420
+
+  -- Hippodrome, 449
+
+  Kent, 95, 411
+
+  -- R., 667
+
+  Kent's Cavern, 4, 401, 825
+
+  -- Copse, 349
+
+  Keridwen, 158, 651
+
+  _Keridwen_, 157
+
+  Kerris Roundago, 820
+
+  Keston, 785
+
+  Kettle, 797
+
+  Keyne, St., 757
+
+  Keynsham, 212
+
+  _Khan_, 234, 310
+
+  Khem, 745
+
+  Kid, 504
+
+  Kigbear, 194
+
+  Kilburn, 155
+
+  Kildare, 603
+
+  Kilkenny, 290
+
+  _Kil_kenny, etc., 340
+
+  Killbye, 284
+
+  Kilts, 98
+
+  Kimball, 39
+
+  Kimbdton, 39
+
+  _Kind_, 826
+
+  _King_, 234, 342
+
+  King Charles' Wain, 406
+
+  -- of Cockney's, 617
+
+  -- of the May, 527
+
+  King's cross, 288
+
+  -- Lynn, 697
+
+  Kingston, 548, 606
+
+  _Kingston_, 349
+
+  Kingstons, etc., 606
+
+  Kinross, 605
+
+  Kinyras, 605
+
+  Kintyre, 409
+
+  Kio, 282
+
+  -- eye coin, 253
+
+  Kirkcudbright, 362
+
+  Kirkmabreck, 579
+
+  Kit, St., 784
+
+  -- with a canstick, 152
+
+  Kit's Coty, 153, 750, 751, 780
+
+  Knap Hill, 528
+
+  -- well, 528
+
+  _Knave_, 529
+
+  Knightsbridge, 621
+
+  Knockainy, 288, 735
+
+  Knocking Stone, 317
+
+  _Knop_, 528
+
+  Knot, 707
+
+  _Know_, 280
+
+  _Konah_, 236
+
+  Konkan, 412
+
+  Konken, 412
+
+  Koppenburg, 303
+
+  Kostey, 226, 231
+
+  Kristna, 105, 820
+
+  Kun, Mt., 236
+
+  Kunnan, Island of, 157
+
+  Kwan yon, 216
+
+  Kyd brook, 784, 785
+
+  Kymbri, 16, 330
+
+  _Kymbri_, 310
+
+  Kymbric, 79
+
+  Kynetii, 853
+
+
+  L, 792
+
+  _labour_, 322
+
+  Labyrinth, 706
+
+  Labyrinths, 107
+
+  _Lac d'Amour_, 707
+
+  Ladies Walk, 439
+
+  _lady_, 512
+
+  Ladybird, 507
+
+  Lady Bird, 591
+
+  Lamb, 719, 722
+
+  Land's End, 193
+
+  Language, poetic element
+
+  _lanky_, 285
+
+  Lanky man, 337
+
+  Lansdown, 342
+
+  Lansdowne, 417
+
+  Latin cross, 105
+
+  Laurel-Bearer, 541
+
+  Leaf, 427
+
+  -- Man, Little, 305
+
+  _Leaper_, 568
+
+  Lear, K., 791
+
+  Leda, 354, 512
+
+  Leen, R., 697
+
+  Legs, 346
+
+  Leinster, 661
+
+  Len, R., 697
+
+  Lense, 839
+
+  Lenthall, 285
+
+  Leprechaun, 330
+
+  Levan, St., 212, 703
+
+  Leven, Loch, 219
+
+  Levens, 221
+
+  Leviathan, 162
+
+  Lewes, 416
+
+  Lewis, 432
+
+  _liberal_, 322
+
+  Liberini, 322
+
+  _liberty_, 322
+
+  Libora, 328
+
+  Liege, 330
+
+  Lieven, 217, 224
+
+  Lif and Lifthraser, 558
+
+  life, 153
+
+  Life Tree, 322
+
+  _Lily_, 242
+
+  Lily, 633
+
+  Linden, 154, 228
+
+  Linscott, 285
+
+  Lion, 57, 578
+
+  Lissom Grove, 623
+
+  Little Bird, Lay of, 692
+
+  -- Britain, 522
+
+  -- Leaf Man, 577
+
+  -- London, 292
+
+  "Little Mothers," 174
+
+  _Livingstone_, 318
+
+  Lizard, 284
+
+  _Llan_, 103
+
+  Llandrindod, 367
+
+  Llandudno, 256, 272, 552
+
+  Llanfairfechan, 672
+
+  Llangan-, 261
+
+  _loaf_, 253
+
+  Londesborough, 285
+
+  _London_, 104
+
+  London, 103, 521, 522, 717
+
+  -- Bridge, 575
+
+  -- Fields, 285
+
+  -- Stone, 513, 518
+
+  Lone, R., 221, 697
+
+  _long_, 285
+
+  Long Man, 337
+
+  -- Meg, 205, 209, 266, 588, 646, 713
+
+  Lonsdale, 221
+
+  Lord of Misrule, 617
+
+  Lothbury, 470
+
+  Lough Gur, 562
+
+  _love_, 153
+
+  Love, 168, 225, 275
+
+  Lovekyn, 607
+
+  _Lovelace_, 818
+
+  Lucifer, 222
+
+  Luna, 234
+
+  Lune, R., 221, 697
+
+  Lunus, 234
+
+  Lyne grove, 285
+
+  Lyn R., 697
+
+
+  M, 678
+
+  m and n, 745
+
+  _ma_, 186
+
+  Ma, 136, 258
+
+  Maat, 746
+
+  Mab, Queen, 556, 757
+
+  Mabon, 163
+
+  Mabonogi, 557
+
+  _Mac_, 375
+
+  Mc, 205
+
+  McAlpine laws, 172
+
+  _McAuliffe_, 205
+
+  Macclesfield, 511
+
+  Macedonian stater, 394
+
+  Macha, 512
+
+  Madeira, 89
+
+  Madon, R., 789
+
+  _Madonna_, 745
+
+  Madonna, 790
+
+  Madura, 104
+
+  Maga, 202
+
+  _magazine_, 205
+
+  Maggie Figgie, 205, 211
+
+  -- Figgy, 500
+
+  -- Witch, 219
+
+  Maggots, 222
+
+  Magi, 181, 413, 544, 702
+
+  _magic_, 202
+
+  _magna mater_, medals, 128
+
+  Magog, 188
+
+  _magog_, 194
+
+  Magogoei, 191
+
+  Magon, 674
+
+  Magonius, 674
+
+  Magpie, 656
+
+  Magu, 436
+
+  _magus_, 202
+
+  Magus, 203, 436, 702
+
+  Magusae, 436
+
+  Mahadeo, 835
+
+  Mahadeos, 832
+
+  Maht, 746
+
+  Maia, 606
+
+  _maid_, 458
+
+  Maida, 151, 456
+
+  _maiden_, 712
+
+  Maiden Bower, 714, 745
+
+  -- Castle, 713
+
+  -- Lane, 428
+
+  -- Paps, 209, 717
+
+  -- Stane, 745
+
+  -- Stone, 715
+
+  -- Way, 206
+
+  Maidenhead, 660
+
+  Maidoc, St., 742, 751
+
+  Mairae, 594
+
+  _maisie_, 211
+
+  Mama Allpa, 135
+
+  -- Cochs, 196
+
+  _mamma_, 136
+
+  Mammoth dagger, 599
+
+  Man in the Moon, 149, 161, 293
+
+  -- Isle of, 163, 205, 320, 346, 556
+
+  -- in the Oak, 230, 240
+
+  Manorbeer, 468
+
+  Manston, 96
+
+  Maoris, 579, 857
+
+  Mara, 600
+
+  Marazion, 91
+
+  Mare, 616, 653
+
+  Mare Street, 285
+
+  Maree, Loch, 604
+
+  Margaret, St., 208, 219, 220, 275, 647, 660, 755
+
+  Margate, 91
+
+  -- Grotto, 765, 807
+
+  Margery Daw, 219
+
+  -- Hall, 208
+
+  _margot_, 220
+
+  Marguerite, 210, 216
+
+  _Marguerite_, 839
+
+  _Maria_, 91, 301
+
+  Marian, Maid, 268
+
+  Marigold, 210, 607, 636
+
+  Marine, St., 607
+
+  _Marion_, 270
+
+  Market Jew, 91
+
+  Marlow, 660
+
+  Marne, 406
+
+  _marrain_, 330
+
+  _marry_, 601
+
+  Marseilles, 81
+
+  Martha's, St., 585
+
+  Martin, St., 274
+
+  _Mary_, 201, 604
+
+  Mary, 201
+
+  -- Ambree, 648, 657
+
+  -- Morgan, 201, 626
+
+  -- St., 287, 590, 595, 793
+
+  Mary's Island, St., 586
+
+  Materialism, 74
+
+  Math, 432
+
+  Matterhorn, 147
+
+  Maur, St., 217, 576
+
+  Maurus, 217
+
+  Maurice, St., 217, 224
+
+  Mawgan, St., 674
+
+  _May_, 606, 713
+
+  May doll, 542
+
+  -- Queen, 308, 686
+
+  Maya, 606
+
+  Mayas, 842
+
+  Mayborough, 713
+
+  _Maycock_, 195
+
+  Mayday, 268, 287
+
+  Maydeacon, 687
+
+  -- House, 350
+
+  Mayfair, 601
+
+  Maypole, 260, 438, 684
+
+  mazes, 87, 585
+
+  _Meacock_, 195
+
+  Mead, 688
+
+  _mead_, 473
+
+  Meadows, 568
+
+  Meantol, 226
+
+  _meat_, 747
+
+  Meath, 757
+
+  Meave, 757
+
+  Meek, The, 660
+
+  _meek_, 211
+
+  Meg, 208
+
+  Megale, 223
+
+  Megalopolis, 362
+
+  Megstone, 206, 266
+
+  Meigle, 505
+
+  "Men of Peace," 733
+
+  _mer_, 91
+
+  _merchant_, 97
+
+  Mercury, 85, 97, 111, 134, 140, 195, 227, 262, 269, 347
+
+  _mère_, 91
+
+  Merlin's Cave, 797, 800
+
+  Merritot, 447
+
+  _merry_, 590, 600
+
+  Merry Andrews, 701
+
+  -- Maidens, 206, 549
+
+  Meru, Mt., 708
+
+  Mesembria, 691
+
+  Metal inlay, 464
+
+  Mexico, 105, 161
+
+  Mirror, 251, 700, 715
+
+  Micah, 111, 184
+
+  Michal, 208
+
+  Michael, St., 111, 207, 245, 271, 287, 304, 416, 420, 504, 511, 557, 661
+
+  Michael's Mount, 208
+
+  Michaelmas, 245
+
+  -- Day, 213
+
+  _Michelet_, 212
+
+  Mickleham, 208
+
+  Mihangel, 557
+
+  Mildmay, 287
+
+  Milkmaids, 603
+
+  Minerva, 139
+
+  Minnis Bay, 94
+
+  -- Rock, 94
+
+  Minos, 333, 440
+
+  -- King, 95
+
+  Minotaur, 840
+
+  Minster, 95
+
+  _minster_, 96
+
+  Mist, 211
+
+  Mistletoe, 181, 681
+
+  Mithra, 121, 768, 781, 835
+
+  Mithras, 413
+
+  _mo_, 234
+
+  Moccus, 240
+
+  Mogadur, 208
+
+  Mogounus, 202
+
+  Mogue, St., 266
+
+  _moke_, 211
+
+  Moirae, 594
+
+  Mona, 391
+
+  _monastery_, 96
+
+  Mongols, 191, 847
+
+  Mont Giu, 728
+
+  _montjoy_, 728
+
+  Moon, 149, 234
+
+  Moot hills, 209, 747
+
+  _morbid_, 600
+
+  Morgan, 201
+
+  Morgana, 317
+
+  Moria, 597, 322
+
+  Moriah, Mt., 633, 708
+
+  Morni, 175
+
+  Morning Star, R., 68
+
+  _morose_, 600
+
+  Morrigan, 757
+
+  Morris dance, 606
+
+  Mother Goose, 223, 225
+
+  "Mother Margarets," 222
+
+  Mother Ross, 604
+
+  "Mothers' Blessings," 174, 230
+
+  Mottingham, 764, 789
+
+  _mouche_, 221
+
+  Mound, 448
+
+  -- of Peace, 733
+
+  Mounds, 171
+
+  Mount Pleasant, 288, 716, 745
+
+  Mountain tops, 171
+
+  _mouth_, 293
+
+  Mowrie, 604
+
+  Moytura, 757
+
+  _mud_, 747
+
+  Mudes, 747
+
+  _muggy_, 211
+
+  Mug's well, 208
+
+  Muire, 604
+
+  Mulberry, 596
+
+  _murder_, 600
+
+  Mushroom, 261
+
+  Music of Spheres, 67
+
+  Mut, 746
+
+  Mutton, 741
+
+  Mykale, 261
+
+  Mykenae, 258, 383, 430, 843, 850
+
+  _mykenae_, 824
+
+  Myrrh, 601
+
+  Myrrha, 605
+
+  Mysteries, The, 56
+
+
+  Nag, 622
+
+  Nag's Head, 589
+
+  Name, Sacred, 535
+
+  Nat, 621
+
+  _naught_, 655
+
+  _naughty_, 656
+
+  Necessity, 489
+
+  _neck_, 614
+
+  Neck Day, 614
+
+  _nectar_, 656
+
+  Nectar, 688
+
+  Nehelennia, 456, 777
+
+  Nehellenia, 697
+
+  _neigh_, 279
+
+  Neith, 621
+
+  _Nelly_, 697, 777
+
+  Nelly, 456
+
+  Neot, St., 621
+
+  _new_, 257
+
+  New Grange, 9, 166, 258, 266, 561, 750, 850
+
+  New Jerusalem, 702
+
+  New Year's Gifts, 141
+
+  Newark, 450
+
+  _Newbon_, 162
+
+  Newcastle, 700
+
+  Newmarket, 450
+
+  Newington, 450
+
+  Newlands Corner, 387
+
+  _Newlove_, 818
+
+  Newlyn, 697
+
+  Neyte, 621
+
+  _nice_, 620
+
+  _niche_, 622
+
+  _Nicholas_, 613
+
+  Nicholas, 478
+
+  -- St., 140, 239, 504, 563, 614, 663
+
+  Nicolette, 633
+
+  Night, 621
+
+  _night_, 620
+
+  Nina, 46
+
+  Nine, 72, 94, 194, 214, 537, 549, 588, 609, 642, 664, 792, 834
+
+  Nine maids, 549
+
+  Nine men's morris, 585, 609
+
+  Nine Worthies, 609
+
+  Nineteen, 169, 472, 587, 806
+
+  Nineveh, 93
+
+  Nisses, 620
+
+  Nixy, 619
+
+  Noah, 152, 450
+
+  Noe, R., 450
+
+  Nonnon, 625
+
+  Norway, 96
+
+  November, 244
+
+  Noviomagus, 785
+
+  Nox, 225
+
+  _nucleus_, 614
+
+  Nut, 621
+
+  Nutria, 622
+
+  Nymph Stone, 623
+
+
+  Oaf, 524
+
+  Oak, 78, 67, 133, 226, 228, 370, 393, 665
+
+  Oannes, 201
+
+  Oats, 663, 680
+
+  Oberland, 329
+
+  Oberon, 317, 320, 570, 588, 683
+
+  _ocean_, 142
+
+  Oceanus, 142
+
+  -- R., 730
+
+  Ock, R., 198
+
+  Ockbrook, 198
+
+  Ockham, 231
+
+  Ockley, 672
+
+  Octopus, 839
+
+  Oddendale, 461
+
+  Odestone, 461
+
+  Odin, 157, 461, 743, 842
+
+  Odstone, 509
+
+  Oendis, 537
+
+  Oengus, 266, 512
+
+  _Offa_, 524
+
+  Offham Hill, 416
+
+  Offida, 474
+
+  _Og_, 194, 195, 243
+
+  Og, 194, 769
+
+  -- R., 198
+
+  Ogane, 400, 845
+
+  Ogbury, 198
+
+  Ogdoad, 189
+
+  _Ogle_, 190
+
+  Ogmios, 114, 148, 195, 201, 304, 663
+
+  Ogmore, R., 198
+
+  _ogre_, 198
+
+  Ogwell, 198
+
+  Ogygia, 193
+
+  OHIO, 535
+
+  Oin, 795
+
+  Oisin, 175
+
+  _Ok_, 126
+
+  Okehampton, 194
+
+  Okement, R., 194
+
+  Okenbury, 349
+
+  Olaf's Beard, St., 267
+
+  Olantigh Park, 292
+
+  Olave St., 155, 285
+
+  Olcan, R., 239
+
+  Old Cider, 677
+
+  -- Davy, 641
+
+  -- Harry, 199
+
+  -- Hob, 527
+
+  -- Joan, 90, 227
+
+  -- King, The, 152
+
+  -- man, The, 152, 225, 666, 668, 675
+
+  -- Moore, 225, 327
+
+  -- Nick, 140, 476, 620
+
+  -- Parr, 327, 668
+
+  -- Poole's Saddle, 796
+
+  -- Shock, 447
+
+  -- Surrender, 374
+
+  -- Wife, 742
+
+  Olen, 566
+
+  _Oliff_, 162
+
+  Olinda Rd., 285
+
+  Oliphaunt, 159
+
+  Olive, 155, 427
+
+  -- tree, 322
+
+  Oliver, 601
+
+  Olivet, Mt., 793
+
+  Oluf, St., 157
+
+  Omar, St., 225
+
+  On, 450
+
+  Ona, 282
+
+  One, 489, 537, 547
+
+  "One and All," 132
+
+  -- Essence, 229
+
+  -- Man, 758
+
+  -- Man, The, 823
+
+  Onslow, 550
+
+  _ope_, 525
+
+  Ophites, 496
+
+  _opine_, 285
+
+  _oppidum_, 523
+
+  _Orand_, 572
+
+  Oratory of Gallerus, 450
+
+  Orchard, 671
+
+  Orme's Head, 272
+
+  _Osmund_, 267
+
+  _osmunda_, 267
+
+  Ossian, 177, 225
+
+  Ostara, 608, 646
+
+  Osterley, 608
+
+  _ounce_, 556
+
+  Ouphes, 524
+
+  Ovary, St., Mary, 748
+
+  _over_, 329
+
+  Oving, 419
+
+  Ovington Sq., 419
+
+  Overkirkhope, 495
+
+  Overton, 500
+
+  Owen, 795
+
+  Owl, 754
+
+  Oxford, 514
+
+  Oxted, 799
+
+  Oyster Hills, 608, 646
+
+
+  _pa_, 135
+
+  Pachevesham, 430
+
+  Padstow, 273, 669
+
+  Paddington, 151, 456
+
+  Pair, 354
+
+  _pair_, 458
+
+  Paleolithic symbol, 254
+
+  Palm, 278, 390
+
+  Palm leaf, 247, 255, 258
+
+  -- of Paradise, 612
+
+  Palmette, 258
+
+  Palmtree, 256
+
+  Pan, 134, 137, 206, 250, 448
+
+  _Pankhurst_, 137
+
+  Panku, 137
+
+  Pann, 162
+
+  Pans, 169
+
+  Pansy, 169, 182
+
+  _pantaloon_, 377
+
+  _papa_, 126, 136
+
+  Papa Stour, etc., 339
+
+  Papas, 728
+
+  Papermarks, 365, 381, 503
+
+  Pappas, 136
+
+  Paps, 209, 757
+
+  -- of Anu, 334
+
+  _Paradise_, 759
+
+  Paradise, 517, 667, 678, 683, 697, 699, 701, 714
+
+  -- Celtic, 174
+
+  Paragon, 759
+
+  Parcae, 595
+
+  Pardenic, 424
+
+  Pardon churchyard, 472
+
+  _parent_, 323
+
+  Paris, 412
+
+  _parish_, 312
+
+  Parisii, 493
+
+  _parrain_, 330
+
+  _parricides_, 323
+
+  _parrot_, 327
+
+  Parsees, 412, 748
+
+  Parslow, 714
+
+  _Parsons_, 343
+
+  Parthenon, 207
+
+  Partholon, 337
+
+  Parton, 533, 572
+
+  Patera, 674
+
+  Patrick, 794
+
+  -- St., 42, 113, 175, 182, 202, 552, 671, 758, 829
+
+  Patrick's Purgatory, 791, 794
+
+  Patrise, Sir, 674, 734
+
+  Patrixbourne, 670, 687, 716
+
+  Paul. St., 342, 346
+
+  Paul's, St., 239, 472
+
+  Paul's Stump, 509, 542
+
+  _paunch_, 139
+
+  _pawky_, 231
+
+  Paxhill, 754
+
+  Peaceful immigrations, 85
+
+  Peace Mounds, 736
+
+  Peak, 291
+
+  -- Hill, 440
+
+  Pear, 691
+
+  -- Tree, 730
+
+  _Pearce_, 707
+
+  Pearl, 660, 836
+
+  Pechs, 244
+
+  Peck, 294
+
+  Peckham, 231, 373, 670
+
+  Pedlar of Swaffham, 575
+
+  Pedrolino, 668
+
+  _peer_, 319
+
+  Peerless Pool, 721
+
+  Peg, 232
+
+  Pegasus, 276, 277, 278, 287, 295, 305, 722
+
+  Peggy, 233
+
+  Peirun, 338
+
+  Pelagienne, St., 626
+
+  Pelasgi, 92
+
+  Pelasgian Heresy, 178
+
+  Pell's Well, 796
+
+  Pendeen, 766
+
+  _Pennefather_, 137
+
+  Penny, 169
+
+  _penny_, 397
+
+  Pennyfields, 169
+
+  Pennyroyal, 169, 267
+
+  Pen pits, 800
+
+  Penrith, 724
+
+  Penselwood, 800
+
+  Pentagon, 77
+
+  Pentargon, 90
+
+  Pentecost, 243
+
+  Penton, 800
+
+  Pentonville, 800
+
+  Pepi, King, 744
+
+  Pera, 702
+
+  _pere_, 323
+
+  Perigord, 402
+
+  Perilous Pool, 721
+
+  -- Pond, 718
+
+  _periphery_, 368
+
+  Periwinkle, 384, 385
+
+  Perkunas, 431
+
+  Peronne, 406
+
+  Peroon, 358, 431
+
+  Perran Round, 387
+
+  Perranzabuloe, 316
+
+  Perriwiggen, 320
+
+  Perriwinkle, 320, 384, 385
+
+  Perro, 329
+
+  Perron du Roy, 315, 420
+
+  Perry Court, 313
+
+  -- dancers, 312, 874
+
+  -- Stones, 874
+
+  -- Woods, 313
+
+  Perseia, R., 852
+
+  Persia, 168, 412
+
+  Persians, 171, 181, 182, 183, 322, 544, 570
+
+  _person_, 367
+
+  Perth, 461
+
+  Peru, 135, 196, 858
+
+  Perugia, 326
+
+  Perun, 316
+
+  _Peter_, 669
+
+  Peter Mount, 826
+
+  -- St., 127, 249, 478, 613, 668
+
+  -- the Poor, 502
+
+  Peter's Hill, 472
+
+  -- Orchard, 671, 683
+
+  -- Purgatory, 827
+
+  Peterill, R., 675
+
+  Peterkin, 668
+
+  Petersham, 674
+
+  Petra, 724
+
+  Petrockstow, 671
+
+  Petrocorii, 402
+
+  Petronius quoted, 73
+
+  _Phæton_, 504
+
+  Pharoah, 242
+
+  _Pharoah_, 507
+
+  Pherepolis, 313
+
+  Phial, 427
+
+  Philemon, 227
+
+  _philosophy_, 394
+
+  Phocean Greeks, 507
+
+  Phoebus, 111
+
+  Phoenicians, 13, 78, 99, 871
+
+  Phol, 424, 841
+
+  _phooka_, 206
+
+  Phoroneus, 266
+
+  Phra, 507, 748
+
+  Phrygia, 227, 326, 574
+
+  Phrygians, 164
+
+  Picardy, 381
+
+  Piccadilly, 731
+
+  Pichtil, 305
+
+  Pickhill, 231
+
+  Pickmere, 231
+
+  Pickthorne, 231
+
+  Picktree, 231
+
+  Pickwell, 231
+
+  Pictish sculptures, 381
+
+  Pictones, 244
+
+  Picts, 244
+
+  Pied Piper, 303, 700, 795
+
+  Piepowder, 698
+
+  Pierre, 668
+
+  Pierrot, 138, 668
+
+  _Piers_, 707
+
+  Pig, 240, 406
+
+  Pigdon, 231
+
+  _pigeon_, 144
+
+  Pigeon caves, 783
+
+  Pilgrim's Way, 520
+
+  Pillar, 241, 255, 269, 384, 481, 823
+
+  -- palm, 258
+
+  Pillars, 297, 309
+
+  Pink, 169, 182
+
+  Pipbrook, 386
+
+  Piper, 305
+
+  Pipes of Pan, 158
+
+  Piran, St., 316
+
+  _pirate_, 526
+
+  Pisgies, 176
+
+  Pitcher, 300, 302, 570
+
+  Pixham, 231
+
+  Pixie's Garden, 703
+
+  Pixtil, 264, 305, 557
+
+  _pixy_, 230
+
+  Place-name persistences, 34
+
+  Plan au guare, 561
+
+  _planta genista_, 419
+
+  Pleasant, Mt., 759
+
+  Plough Monday, 227, 271, 272
+
+  Plutarch quoted, 75
+
+  _pock_, 290
+
+  _Pocock_, 195
+
+  Pol Hill, 801
+
+  _pollute_, 426
+
+  Polyphemus, 193
+
+  _Pontiff_, 701
+
+  _pony_, 284, 445
+
+  Pooctika, 305
+
+  Poole's cavern, 796
+
+  Poor John Alone, 696
+
+  _pope_, 126
+
+  Pope, 357-9
+
+  -- Joan, 626, 703
+
+  Pope's Hole, 589
+
+  Popinjay, 754
+
+  Poppy, 245, 385
+
+  Population, density,
+
+  Porsenna's Tomb, 236
+
+  Portreath, 574
+
+  Portunes, 489, 755
+
+  Poseidon, 440
+
+  Pot of Treasure, 576
+
+  Poukelays, 231, 316
+
+  _Power_, 458
+
+  _prad_, 402
+
+  _prate_, 327
+
+  Prechaun, 330
+
+  Precious Gem, The, 660
+
+  Prehistoric edifice, 863
+
+  _presbyter_, 330
+
+  Presteign, 319
+
+  Prester, John, 699, 858
+
+  Preston, 312, 313, 349, 372, 402, 416
+
+  Prestonbury Rings, 332
+
+  _pretty_, 458
+
+  Pria, 328
+
+  Priam, 716
+
+  Prickle, 292
+
+  Priest, 330
+
+  _pride_, 119
+
+  Prime, 602
+
+  Primrose, 182
+
+  -- Hill, 602
+
+  _prince_, 318
+
+  Prince of Purpool, 617
+
+  Prize Ring, 563
+
+  Proboscis deities, 161
+
+  Prometheus, 153
+
+  Proserpine, 484
+
+  Proteus, 507
+
+  _proud_, 458
+
+  Provence, 170
+
+  Prow, 399
+
+  _prude_, 119, 458
+
+  Prujean, Sq., 331
+
+  Prussia, 847
+
+  Prydain, 118, 309, 311, 749
+
+  Prydwen, 548
+
+  _Psyche_, 177
+
+  Puck, 230, 280, 320
+
+  Puckstone, 552
+
+  Puckstones, 231, 316
+
+  _pun_, 592
+
+  Punch, 138, 754
+
+  Punchinello, 138
+
+  Punning, 54
+
+  Purbeck, 551
+
+  Pure, 458
+
+  Purfleet, 349
+
+  Purgatory, 175
+
+  Purity, Hymn to, 183
+
+  Purley, 664
+
+  Purple, 617
+
+  Pwll,477
+
+  Pwyll, 796
+
+  Pydar, 698
+
+  -- Hundred of, 669
+
+  Pyrenees, 323
+
+  Pyrrha, 337
+
+  Pythagoras, 180
+
+
+  Quean, 511
+
+  _queen_, 235
+
+  Quendred, 719, 761
+
+  Quick, 153
+
+  _quick_, 245
+
+  _Quimper_, 310
+
+  Quinipily, 531
+
+
+  Ra, 152
+
+  Racing, Etrurian, 409
+
+  Radipole, 684
+
+  -- rood, 438
+
+  Radwell, 470
+
+  Rainbow, 265
+
+  Rath, 711
+
+  _rath_, 574
+
+  Rawdikes, 434
+
+  Rayed Fingers, 356
+
+  Rayham, 93
+
+  Raynes Park, 812
+
+  Reading, 437
+
+  -- St., 443
+
+  Rea, R., 436
+
+  _reason_, 437
+
+  Reason, 690, 695, 813
+
+  Reculver, 95, 661, 759
+
+  Red cliff, 818
+
+  -- Cross, 104, 438, 471
+
+  -- Horse, 278
+
+  -- Rood, 555
+
+  Reddanick, 438
+
+  Redon, 434
+
+  Redones, 435
+
+  Redruth, 396, 438
+
+  _regina_, 812
+
+  Regni, 445
+
+  Reigate, 798
+
+  _Reigate_, 812
+
+  Reindeer, 622
+
+  Resin, 689, 814
+
+  _rex_, 300
+
+  Rey cross, 437
+
+  Rhadamanthus, 440
+
+  _Rhea_, 301
+
+  Rhea, 92, 493
+
+  _rhetoric_, 574
+
+  _rhi_, 300
+
+  _rhoda_, 338
+
+  Rhoda coin, 339
+
+  Rhode, 440
+
+  Rhodesminnis, 440
+
+  Rhodians, 683
+
+  Rialobran, 314, 318
+
+  Richborough, 441, 567, 738
+
+  _ride_, 435
+
+  _rigan_, 301
+
+  Ripon, 437
+
+  _river_, 437
+
+  River God, 142
+
+  Roads, 517
+
+  Roas Bank, 93
+
+  Robin Goodfellow, 230, 284
+
+  -- Hood, 509
+
+  Rochester, 87, 443
+
+  Rock, 73, 127, 129, 207
+
+  -- Monday, 127
+
+  -- of Moses, 671
+
+  Rodau's Town, 339, 350, 435, 683
+
+  Roden, R., 435
+
+  Roding, R., 435
+
+  _roi_, 300
+
+  Romans, 26, 520
+
+  Rome, 17
+
+  _roue, 436_
+
+  Rood, 437
+
+  Rosalie, St., 819
+
+  _Rosa mystica_, 709
+
+  Rosamond, 683, 814, 830
+
+  Rosanna, 813
+
+  _Rose_, 604
+
+  Rose, 442, 610, 626, 669, 672, 817, 819
+
+  -- coins, 683
+
+  Ross, 605
+
+  Rota coins, 683
+
+  Rothwell, 438
+
+  Rotomagi, 436
+
+  Rotten Row, 418, 732
+
+  Rottenrow, 433
+
+  Rottingdean, 443
+
+  Rotuna, 443
+
+  Round Table, 683
+
+  Row Tor, 550
+
+  Royal Bright Star, The, 660
+
+  Royston, 640, 641, 672, 678, 683, 781
+
+  Ruadan, St., 434
+
+  Rua excavations, 812
+
+  Rudra, 526
+
+  Rudstone, 435
+
+  _rue_, 435
+
+  Rule, cave of St., 160
+
+  Rule, St., 780
+
+  Ruthen, 443
+
+  Rutland, 434
+
+  Rutupiae, 442
+
+  Rye, 811
+
+
+  Sabra, Lady, 817
+
+  Sabrina, 622, 817
+
+  Saffron Walden, 260
+
+  Saint's, bisexual, 234
+
+  St., John and Father, 165
+
+  -- Nicholas Acon, 850
+
+  Salakee, 589
+
+  Salisbury, 340
+
+  -- Crags, 730
+
+  -- Seal, 659
+
+  Salla Key, 538
+
+  Sampson, St., 313
+
+  Sancreed, 538, 549, 816
+
+  -- cross, 816
+
+  _Sanctuary_, 810
+
+  Sanderstead, 786
+
+  Sandringham, 798
+
+  Sangraal, 822
+
+  Sanscrit, 49
+
+  Santa Claus, 140
+
+  Santones, 244
+
+  Saturn, 140
+
+  Saul, 208
+
+  Saxons, 452, 481, 553
+
+  Scales, 218
+
+  Scandinavians, 471, 558
+
+  Scarab, 122
+
+  Scarabeus, 256
+
+  Scarf, 264
+
+  Sceattae, 364, 506
+
+  Scilly, Islands, 340, 585
+
+  Scroll coins, 252
+
+  Seal, 224, 506
+
+  Sea Urchins, 811
+
+  Secrecy, 118
+
+  _Seeley_, 213
+
+  Selby, 340
+
+  Selena, 213
+
+  Selenus, 688
+
+  Selgrove, etc., 340
+
+  Sellinger's Round, 685
+
+  Selli, The, 339
+
+  Selly Oak, 340
+
+  Selsea, 340
+
+  Semele, 257
+
+  Sence, R., 437
+
+  Sengann, 411, 512
+
+  _Senile_, 146
+
+  Sennen, 425
+
+  Sentry Field, 660
+
+  Serapis, 497
+
+  Serpent, 204, 351, 352, 483, 486, 495, 500, 838
+
+  -- Shrines, 809
+
+  Seven, 495, 657
+
+  -- Barrows, 416
+
+  -- Kings, 228, 547
+
+  Sevenoaks, 228
+
+  Seventy-two, 206, 597, 700
+
+  Severn, R., 622
+
+  Shadwell, 288
+
+  Shah, 696
+
+  Shaman, 699
+
+  Shamrock, 101, 182, 737
+
+  Shandy's Hill, 349
+
+  Shanid, 53, 411, 512
+
+  Shannon, 53, 411, 512
+
+  Shawfield, 448
+
+  _Shec_, 195
+
+  Sheen, 674
+
+  Sheep, 213
+
+  _shekel_, 400
+
+  Shells, 247, 248, 813
+
+  Shên jên, 517
+
+  Shened, Castle, 703
+
+  Shenstone, 53
+
+  Shepherdess, 657, 662
+
+  -- walk, 721
+
+  Shick Shack Day, 447
+
+  Shield, 543
+
+  Ship, 166
+
+  -- of Isis, 450
+
+  Shobrook, R., 447
+
+  Shock, Old, 272
+
+  Shoe Lane, 754
+
+  Shoes, 269
+
+  Shony, 142, 201, 671, 699, 795
+
+  Shuck, 447
+
+  Shuckborough, 447
+
+  Shuggy Shaw, 447
+
+  Sicily, 320
+
+  Sickles, 492, 705
+
+  Sid, 440
+
+  Silbury, 340, 352
+
+  -- Hill, 341
+
+  Silenus, 213
+
+  Silgrave, 432
+
+  _Silly_, 213
+
+  Silus Stone, 339
+
+  Silver, 439, 512
+
+  -- plate, 603
+
+  -- St., 590
+
+  -- wheel, 438
+
+  Silverhills, etc., 439
+
+  Sinann, 512
+
+  _Sinclair_, 718
+
+  Sindre, 471
+
+  Sindry Island, 96
+
+  _sinister_, 477
+
+  Sinjohn, 201, 722
+
+  Sinodun, 751
+
+  S'iva, 526
+
+  Six, 487, 490, 624, 788, 790, 835
+
+  Six-winged Dove, 486
+
+  _sleep_, 537
+
+  Sleep Bringer, 537
+
+  Slee, R., 298
+
+  Smile Bringer, 537
+
+  _smite_, 467
+
+  _smith_, 432
+
+  Smith, Big, 591
+
+  -- -brethren, 471
+
+  Smithfield, 466
+
+  Snail's creep, 824
+
+  Snake, 841
+
+  _Snape_, 568
+
+  Snapson's Drove, 568
+
+  Snave, 568
+
+  _snob_, 529
+
+  Snodland, 751
+
+  Soar, R., 791
+
+  Sockburn, 272
+
+  Soho, 722
+
+  Solar chariot, 405
+
+  -- cross, 55
+
+  -- faces, 381
+
+  _solemn_, 297
+
+  Soles Court, 292
+
+  Solmariaca, 296
+
+  Solomon, 296, 298
+
+  Solomon's Knot, 706
+
+  -- Seal, 77
+
+  Solutre, 840
+
+  Solway, 340, 730, 743
+
+  Sophia, 817
+
+  -- St., 487
+
+  Soul, 148, 173
+
+  -- fivefold, 437
+
+  _Soul_, 172
+
+  Spain, 549
+
+  Sparrow, 623
+
+  -- hawk, 433
+
+  _speak_, 251
+
+  Spearheads, 465
+
+  Specks, 250
+
+  Spectacle ornament, 381
+
+  Spectral Horse, 294, 300
+
+  Speculum, 251
+
+  Sphinx, 306, 320, 321
+
+  Spike, 253
+
+  _spike_, 293
+
+  Spiked chariots, 404
+
+  Spindle Whorls, 534, 582
+
+  Spine, 254
+
+  Spirals, 825, 850
+
+  Spirit, St., 624
+
+  Splendid Mane, 348
+
+  _spook_, 230, 293
+
+  Spots, 250
+
+  Spotted Beast, 655
+
+  -- coins, 249
+
+  Sprig, 260, 689
+
+  Spring Festival, 307
+
+  Sprout, 260
+
+  SS, 479, 483
+
+  Stag, 257
+
+  Stanhope, 529
+
+  Stanton Drew, 757, 874
+
+  Star, 384, 612, 633, 744, 788
+
+  Statuettes, 645
+
+  Stella Maris, 607
+
+  Stone, 129
+
+  -- circles, 8
+
+  -- mortars, 17
+
+  -- of Fruitful Fairy, 462
+
+  Stonehenge, 6, 18, 133, 403, 518, 553, 561, 688, 874
+
+  Stork, 46
+
+  Stour, R., 608
+
+  Sulli, Isle, 348
+
+  _sulphur_, 477
+
+  Sun, 166, 167, 195
+
+  -- and Fire symbols, 690
+
+  -- god, 134
+
+  Sunning, 659
+
+  _svastika_, 230
+
+  Svastika, 18, 106, 117, 345, 361, 690, 704, 706, 831, 839
+
+  Swan, 224, 225, 243, 512
+
+  _swan_, 240
+
+  Sweet Sis, 453
+
+  _swine_, 240
+
+  Swine, 240
+
+  _sy_, 230
+
+  Sydenham, 440
+
+  Symbols, antiquity of, 851
+
+  Symbolism, 54, 56, 66, 834, 874
+
+  _Synagogue_, 222
+
+
+  T, 705
+
+  _ta_, 320
+
+  Table, 714
+
+  Taddington, 261
+
+  _Taddy_, 509
+
+  Tailgean, 796
+
+  Talavera, 329
+
+  Talchin, 493
+
+  Talchon, 113
+
+  Taliesin, 83, 180, 324, 325, 378, 664
+
+  _tall_, 113
+
+  Tallstones, 547
+
+  Tammuz, 271
+
+  Tanfield, 722
+
+  Tapir, 840
+
+  Tara, 101, 182, 290, 424, 757
+
+  Tarchon, 89, 270, 795
+
+  _tariff_, 98
+
+  Tarquin, 90
+
+  Tarragona, 89, 278
+
+  Tarshish, 96
+
+  Tartan, 98
+
+  Tartars, 96, 253, 411
+
+  Tartary, 700
+
+  Tat, 256
+
+  Tattooing, 249
+
+  Tau, 392
+
+  Tear Bringer, 537
+
+  Tears of Apollo, 566
+
+  _teat_, 260
+
+  Tegid, 157
+
+  -- Voel, 424
+
+  Telchines, 493
+
+  Telescope, 839
+
+  Telmo's Fires, St., 478
+
+  Temple, 296, 328
+
+  Ten Lights, 577
+
+  Terebinth, 227
+
+  Termagol, 192
+
+  _terre_, 99
+
+  _terrible_, 742
+
+  _terror_, 100
+
+  Teut or Teutates, 226
+
+  Teutons, 558
+
+  Thadee, 288
+
+  Thane Stone, 461
+
+  _Thanet_, 759
+
+  _thank_, 760
+
+  _Theana_, 754
+
+  Therapeuts, 779
+
+  _theta_, 250
+
+  _Thing_, 760
+
+  Thirty, 198, 199, 204, 242, 434
+
+  -- and Eleven, 567
+
+  -- by Eleven, 738
+
+  -- three, 192, 198, 204, 214, 226, 641, 768, 806
+
+  Thistle, 328
+
+  Thopas, Sir, 159
+
+  Thor, 102, 355, 384, 674
+
+  Thorgut, 221
+
+  Thorn, 292, 558, 676
+
+  -- bush, 152, 293
+
+  Thors Cavern, 826
+
+  Thoth, 251, 256
+
+  Thought, 264
+
+  Thread, 830
+
+  _three_, 182
+
+  Three Apples, 632, 675
+
+  -- balls, 632
+
+  -- basins, 634
+
+  -- -berried branch, 327
+
+  -- breasts, 632
+
+  -- chained whip, 273
+
+  -- circles, 367, 381
+
+  -- crescents, 286
+
+  -- eyes, 102, 632
+
+  -- fates, 594
+
+  -- feathers, 366
+
+  -- fiddlers, 610, 615
+
+  -- fountains, 346
+
+  -- fronds, 258
+
+  -- Graces, 594
+
+  -- grooves, 579
+
+  -- hearts, 286
+
+  -- holy hills, 708
+
+  -- hundred and thirty, 203, 214
+
+  -- kings, 228, 632
+
+  -- legs, 163, 345
+
+  -- -One, 662
+
+  -- paps, 367
+
+  -- peaks, 257
+
+  Three rays, 535
+
+  -- springs, 257
+
+  -- stone balls, 670
+
+  -- twigged apple, 680
+
+  -- windows, 366
+
+  Threeleo cross, 350
+
+  Thurgut, 675
+
+  Thuringia, 305
+
+  Thurrock, 769
+
+  Thursday, 102
+
+  Ticehurst, 350
+
+  Tideswell, 448
+
+  _Time_, 829
+
+  Time, 639
+
+  -- Three faced, 143
+
+  TIN, 611
+
+  Tino, 611
+
+  Tintagel, 90, 800
+
+  _tired_, 123
+
+  Tirre, Sir, 104
+
+  Titan, 263
+
+  Titans, 206
+
+  Titania, 261, 159
+
+  Tithonus, 263
+
+  Tiw, 319
+
+  Toadstool, 261
+
+  _toddy_, 367
+
+  _token_, 400
+
+  Tom-Tit-Tot, 263
+
+  Toothill, 788
+
+  Toothills, 209
+
+  Torfield, 797
+
+  Torquay, 95
+
+  _Torquay_, etc., 826
+
+  Torquin, 760
+
+  Torrent-fire, 20, 864
+
+  Tory Hill, 290
+
+  -- Island, 96, 192, 355
+
+  Tot, 256
+
+  -- Hill, 309
+
+  -- Hill, St., 209
+
+  Totnes, 312, 349
+
+  Tottenham, 261
+
+  Touriacks, 376
+
+  Tours, 355
+
+  _tout_, 226
+
+  Toutiorix, 301
+
+  Tower, 355
+
+  _Tra mor, tra Brython_, 122
+
+  Tradition, 19, 27
+
+  Tranquil Dale, 798
+
+  Tray Cliff, 798
+
+  _tre_, 86
+
+  Trebiggan, Giant, 247
+
+  _tree_, 86
+
+  Tree, 96, 363
+
+  -- Crystal, 181
+
+  -- of Fate, 322
+
+  -- of Life, 495, 500-2
+
+  Trefoil, 182
+
+  Trefoil, 286
+
+  Treleven, 214
+
+  Trematon, 738
+
+  Trendia, 537
+
+  Trendle Hills, 578
+
+  Treport, 96
+
+  Trevarren, 660
+
+  Trew, 770
+
+  Trewa Witcher, 584
+
+  Triangle, 571
+
+  -- of Downs, 352
+
+  Trinacria, 320, 345
+
+  Trinidad, 256
+
+  Trinity, 101, 256, 499, 535
+
+  -- in moon, 150
+
+  -- of Evil, 356
+
+  Trinovantes, 86
+
+  Triple-tongued Serpent, 810
+
+  Triton, 247
+
+  Troglodites, 191
+
+  Trojan, 123
+
+  -- Horse, 408
+
+  Trojans, 186, 309, 312, 319
+
+  "Trojan's or Jew's Hall," 91
+
+  Troo, 768
+
+  Trophonius, Den of, 771
+
+  Trosdan, 734
+
+  _trou_, 86
+
+  Troubadours, 701, 858
+
+  _trough_, 771
+
+  _trow_, 98
+
+  Trowdale, 741
+
+  -- mote, 584
+
+  _Troy_, 584
+
+  Troy, 16, 19, 44, 49, 79, 83, 86, 102, 118, 227, 238, 399, 406, 411,
+        466, 534, 707, 852
+
+  -- Game, 87, 215
+
+  -- goddess, 754
+
+  -- Town, 292, 443, 585, 714
+
+  -- Towns, 87, 581
+
+  -- weight, 104
+
+  Troynovant, 83, 86, 123
+
+  _truce_, 117
+
+  Truce, 734
+
+  _true_, 86
+
+  True, St., 349
+
+  Truth, 752, 761, 830
+
+  -- and Righteousness, 166
+
+  _try_, 101, 122
+
+  Tryamour, 247, 594
+
+  Tuatha de Danaan, 858
+
+  Tudas, 205
+
+  Tudno, St., 256
+
+  Tuesday, 102
+
+  Tunnel, 843
+
+  _tur_, 90
+
+  _turn, tourney_, 88
+
+  Turones, 300
+
+  Turquoise mines, 776
+
+  _Tuttle_, 734
+
+  Twelve Old men, 698
+
+  Twickenham, 610
+
+  Twin Brethren, 473
+
+  -- children, 474
+
+  -- Mounds, 417
+
+  -- Sisters, 589
+
+  Twinlaw cairns, 417
+
+  Two breasts, 253
+
+  -- cakes, 610
+
+  -- circles, 367, 475, 495
+
+  -- cups, 268
+
+  -- eyes, etc., 546
+
+  -- horses, 479, 546
+
+  -- Kings, 610
+
+  -- miles, 416
+
+  -- mounts, 209
+
+  -- necks, 243
+
+  -- pigeons, 628
+
+  -- pits, 793
+
+  -- racehorses, 478
+
+  -- rocks, 207, 212
+
+  -- serpents, 824
+
+  -- stags, 258
+
+  -- stars, 476
+
+  -- tumuli, 208
+
+  -- virgins, 603
+
+  Tyburn, 678
+
+  Tynwald, 746
+
+  Tyr, 102
+
+  _tyrant_, 100
+
+  Tyre, 79, 96
+
+  Tyrians, 89, 508, 772
+
+
+  UAR, 389
+
+  Uber, Mount, 191
+
+  Uffington, 275, 403
+
+  Uffingham, 416
+
+  _Uglow_, 685
+
+  _ugly_, 201
+
+  Ugrians, 848
+
+  Uig, 198
+
+  Uist, Island, 661
+
+  Ule! 181
+
+  Ulysses, 198
+
+  Umbria, 569
+
+  Umpire, 570
+
+  Una, 261, 734
+
+  Uncumber, St., 373
+
+  _unique_, 614
+
+  _up_, 525
+
+  _upper_, 328
+
+  Upsall, 576
+
+  Upwell, 513
+
+  Urn, 300, 301, 797
+
+  Ursula, St., 266, 214, 643
+
+  Uther, and Ambrosie, 656
+
+
+  V = W, 422
+
+  _vague_, 206
+
+  Valencia, 188
+
+  Vandalisms, 551
+
+  Varnians, 658
+
+  Varuna, 316
+
+  Varvara, 329, 368
+
+  Vatican, 828
+
+  Vedas, 168
+
+  Veil, upon veil, 576
+
+  Velchanos, 426
+
+  Ver, 267
+
+  _ver_, 266
+
+  Vera, 329, 362, 484
+
+  -- Lady, 749
+
+  Verbal tradition, 180, 860
+
+  Verdun, 282
+
+  Ver Galant, 268, 270
+
+  Vergingetorix, 300
+
+  Vernon, 440
+
+  Verray, 484
+
+  Verulam, 608
+
+  Veryan, St., 345
+
+  Via Egnatio, 519
+
+  Vidforull, 203, 227
+
+  Vigeans, 827
+
+  Village Stone, 312
+
+  Vine, 499, 500
+
+  _virgin_, 484
+
+  Virgin as Cone, 398
+
+  -- Mary, 206, 320
+
+  -- Sisters, 549
+
+  -- six-breasted, 296
+
+  _virtue_, 609
+
+  Virtues, 640
+
+  Virtues, Cardinal, 547
+
+  Vol coins, 423
+
+  Vorenn, 266
+
+  Votan, 840
+
+  Vulcan, 426, 469, 478
+
+
+  W = V, 422
+
+  Wakes, 323
+
+  Walbrook, 510
+
+  Walham, 422, 426
+
+  Wallands Park, 416
+
+  _wallow_, 422
+
+  Wambeh, Lake, 844
+
+  Wand, 545
+
+  Wanderer, the, 143
+
+  War Boys, 612
+
+  War treasures, 564
+
+  Water, 425, 650
+
+  -- horse, 284
+
+  Wayland, 426, 439
+
+  Wayzgoose, 243
+
+  Well, 130, 804
+
+  Welland, R., 434
+
+  _welkin_, 438
+
+  Welsh language, 374
+
+  Werra, 485
+
+  Westminster Abbey, 673
+
+  Whale, 162, 651
+
+  Wheatear, 255, 287
+
+  Wheel, 164, 269, 276, 282, 438, 482, 574, 578
+
+  -- cross, 490, 515
+
+  -- -- coins, 491
+
+  -- of Fortune, 506
+
+  _whirligig_, 195
+
+  Whitby, 95
+
+  White, 148, 475
+
+  -- Horse, 273-5, 695, 803
+
+  -- -- Hill, 403
+
+  -- -- Stone, 481
+
+  -- -- Vale of, 272
+
+  -- Lady, 676
+
+  -- thorn, 677
+
+  Whit Monday, 420
+
+  Whorls, 407
+
+  Whylepot Queen, 687, 712
+
+  Wicker monsters, 407
+
+  Wiggonholt, 402
+
+  Wilton, 424
+
+  Will o' the Wisp, 152
+
+  _willow_, 426
+
+  Winander Mere, 221
+
+  Wincanton, 800
+
+  Winchelsea, 91
+
+  Windsor, 273
+
+  Winged genii, 326
+
+  -- wheels, 499
+
+  Wisdom, 625
+
+  Wise, The, 660
+
+  Woden's Hall, 753
+
+  Woe Water, 799
+
+  Wolf, 148, 378, 758
+
+  Womb, 781
+
+  Woodnesborough, 841
+
+  Woodpecker, 283
+
+  _word_, 390
+
+  _worthy_, 609
+
+  Wotan, 841
+
+  _wraith_, 574
+
+  Wreath, 573
+
+  Wreath, giant, 574
+
+  Wren's Park, 812
+
+  Wrestling, 186
+
+  Writing, 13
+
+  Wye, 292, 450
+
+  -- R., 729
+
+
+  Xidd, 653
+
+
+  Yankee, 97
+
+  Yankeeisms, 405
+
+  _yell_, 131
+
+  _yellow_, 131
+
+  Yeoman, 508
+
+  Yeo, R., 151
+
+  Yew, 385
+
+  -- barrow, 151
+
+  _Yokhanan_, 196
+
+  Yole! 194
+
+  York, 370, 667, 681, 715
+
+  Young Man, the, 668
+
+  Ypres Hall, 472
+
+  Ytene, 752
+
+  -- R., 743
+
+  Ythan, R., 461
+
+  Yule, 124, 131
+
+
+  Zeal, 172
+
+  -- Monachorum, 340
+
+  Zed, 495
+
+  Zendavesta, 695
+
+  Zennon, 424, 584
+
+  Zeus, 444, 472, 771
+
+  Zodiac, 207
+
+                     ABERDEEN: THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
+                     PAPER BY SPALDING & HODGE, LTD.
+                    BINDING BY A. W. BAIN & CO., LTD.
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Given the material, spelling errors were rarely corrected. Those in the
+table below seemed suspicious given other instances of the same word.
+Some punctuation errors have been silently corrected to avoid confusion
+or for consistency.
+
+A number of words appear both hyphenated and unhyphenated. If a word was
+found hyphenated on an end-of-line, the most frequent version was
+followed.
+
+Figures 235, 236, 237 were misnumbered as 335, 336, 337 respectively.
+These have been corrected.
+
+William Carew Hazlitt's work "Faiths and Folklore" is also cited as
+"Faith and Folklore". The variant is retained.
+
+A number of footnoted quotations were missing either opening or closing
+quote marks. Where possible, these have been confirmed in the referenced
+sources and placed properly; otherwise, they are simply noted.
+
+The name 'Akerman' appears twice with an extraneous 'n' which has been
+removed.
+
+Corrections and Comments
+
+   16 | wolves, beavers, and bisons.["]     | Provided closing quote.
+   62 | as English itself.["]               | Provided closing quote.
+  68n | mountain nor a flower[.]"           | Missing period.
+      | the old, famil[i]ar, fanciful       | Added 'i'.
+   70 | music and dancing[,] stories,       | Missing comma.
+  105 | spindl[l]e whorls                   | Likely redundant 'l'.
+ 109n | [']the goodman's croft'             | Leading ' restored.
+  122 | Centuries ago, Diodorus of Sicily...| The punctuation of this
+      |                                     |   passage is confused.
+      |                                     |   by citations within
+      |                                     |   citations, with some
+      |                                     |   paraphrasing. It is
+      |                                     |   left as printed.
+  127 | A[yr/ry]an                          | Corrected.
+  134 | signifies _all_[./,] Pan            | Stop/comma error.
+  148 | festivit[i]es                       | Missing 'i' provided.
+  159 | gene[e]sis                          | Redundant 'e' across page
+      |                                     |   break removed.
+  163 | run[n]ing                           | Added 'n' missing on line
+      |                                     |   break hyphenation.
+  176 | metemphsychosis                     | _sic_.
+  192 | black, or reddish.["]               | Added missing closing "
+  193 | ["/']slayer of Belleros[']".        | Nested quotation marks
+      |                                     |   corrected.
+  216 | [h/l]and of the Rising Sun          | Likely typo.
+  258 | fruit[]fulness                      | _sic_.
+  267 | FIGS. 95 to 102.--British. Nos.[ ]  | The range of images from
+          to [] from Akerman.  Nos.[ ]to    |   Akerman & Evans are
+          [ ] from Evans.]                  |   missing.
+  299 | and pilgrims.["]                    | Added missing quote.
+  314 | "inscribed rock,['/"]               | Corrected.
+  335 | [b/B]asque for _head_               | Corrected for consistency.
+
+  385 | the root of the bracken.["]         | Closing quote missing.
+  386 | plura[l]                            | Added missing 'l'.
+ 386n | Byways in British Archæology,       |
+      |   3[7]5-7.                          | Missing '7' provided and
+      |                                     |   confirmed in source.
+  421 | floundering from F[l]ounders Field  | Corrected to match prior
+      |                                     |   instances.
+  428 | a corruption of Co[n]vent Garden    | The intent seems to have
+      |                                     |   been 'Convent' here.
+  431 | the scythes of Boudicca[']s         | Probably possessive, but
+      |                                     | left as in the text.
+  432 | lewe[']s                            | Removed incorrect
+      |                                     |   apostrophe.
+  438 | Arianrod/Arianrhod                  | Alternate spellings /
+      |                                     |   pronunciation.
+  449 | the hippodrome[,/.]                 | Comma/stop error
+      |                                     |   corrected.
+  472 | and ever[]where our hope            | _sic_.
+  479 | classica[l]                         | Provided missing 'l'.
+  522 | but ["]the fact remains             | Opening of quotation from
+      |                                     |   Gomme missing.
+ 555n | Cyclops Christiani[a/u]s            | Changed to conform to
+      |                                     |   other instances.
+  612 | Will[-]o-the-wisps                  | Added '-' to conform.
+  635 | British [(]Channel [(]Islands)      | Parenthesis misplaced,
+      |                                     |   appears elsewhere as
+      |                                     |   (Channel Islands).
+  649 | chieft[ia/ai]nship                  | Corrected.
+  665 | about their public affairs["].      | _sic_. The opening quote
+      |                                     |   mark for this citation
+      |                                     |   could not be located.
+  674 | neigh[b]ours                        | Added missing 'b'.
+  679 | one curly-headed virgin.["]         | Likely close of quoted
+      |                                     |   passage.
+  703 | ["]the four epochs                  | Missing quotation mark
+      |                                     |   provided.
+  706 | the words ["/']God leadeth[']".     | Corrected nested quotes.
+  736 | watermen [t]outing                  | Likely typo: added 't'.
+  754 | mea[n]t                             | Typo: added 'n'.
+  779 | Budd[h]ist Monasteries              | Added 'h' to conform.
+  819 | of the Cornish Sancreed.[978]       | The second footnote
+      |                                     |   on the page has no
+      |                                     |   anchor in the text.
+      |                                     | One has been added,
+      |                                     |   arbitrarily.
+ 819n | _The Thorn Tree_, p. 40[)].         | Closed open '('.
+  823 | _Cyclops_, p. 1[3]7.                | May be p. 187.
+  859 | adscriptigleboe/_adscripti          |
+      |    glebæ_                           | The author misquotes R.G.
+      |                                     | Latham. The spelling
+      |                                     | is retained.
+
+Index
+
+There were several anomalies in the Index, which have been corrected or
+completed to make the text useful. Punctuation has been made regular.
+Some entries had no page references, and no attempt was made to provide
+them.
+
+
+  878 | Antiquity of European           | _sic_: Page reference missing.
+      |    habitation[]                 |
+  881 | -- British, 24[0]               | 3rd digit is missing, but this
+      |                                 |   begins a description of the
+      |                                 |   topic on that page.
+      | _coin_, [8/3]97                 | Corrected page reference to
+      |                                 |  '397'.
+      | Co[n/o]knoe, 197                | Corrected typo.
+      | Co[n/o]k's Kitchen Mine, 222    | Corrected typo.
+      | Cunbaria, 330                   | The entry is correct; p. 330,
+      |                                 |   however, is misnumbered as
+      |                                 |   300.
+  883 | fainites! / fainits!            | The word is spelled both ways
+      |                                 |   in the text, but the index
+      |                                 |   entries reverse the references.
+      |                                 |   They have been switched here.
+      | fecu[u/n]d                      | Corrected flipped 'n'.
+  884 | Five, 238, 437, [513], 503, 689 | No reference to 'five'.
+      |                                 |   on p. 513 (out of order)
+      | Grimm's Law, [51], 60           | '51' missing, but the Law
+      |                                 |   is defined there.
+  885 | Herculaneum and Pompei[i, 19]   | Final 'i' and page number
+      |                                 | missing. Supplied by a
+      |                                 | search.
+  886 | -- coins, 247, 254, 265, 297,   | Typo: there are Iberian coins
+      |   2[3/8]1, 386                  |   on p. 281. Mis-ordering is
+      |                                 |   retained.
+  888 | [Morin, 275 / Morni, 175]       | This entry is corrupted in
+      |                                 |   the text.
+      | The Mysteries, [56]             | The text had no page reference
+      |                                 |   '56' was added as the only
+      |                                 |   plausible reference.
+      |                                 |
+  890 | Population density, [ ]         | _sic_: Page reference missing.
+      |                                 |
+  893 | Trefoil, 286                    | The duplicate entry referring
+      |                                 |   to p. 286 seems an error.
+      |                                 |   There is an image there which
+      |                                 |   which includes a shamrock
+      |                                 |   but there is no mention in
+      |                                 |   in the text. The entry is
+      |                                 |   is retained.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Archaic England, by Harold Bayley
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41785 ***