diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-08 10:24:21 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-08 10:24:21 -0800 |
| commit | cd60bf945c999fe3f056ef631855caf5bff2a993 (patch) | |
| tree | 095890694b1500e45a73d9efaab40d05a4fe8556 | |
| parent | b54504fec1187fd7d8231ed2f46d05c063a07653 (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | 41775-0.txt | 396 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 41775-0.zip | bin | 562567 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 41775-8.txt | 31723 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 41775-8.zip | bin | 562239 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 41775-h.zip | bin | 14280412 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 41775-h/41775-h.htm | 419 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 41775.txt | 31723 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 41775.zip | bin | 561943 -> 0 bytes |
8 files changed, 4 insertions, 64257 deletions
diff --git a/41775-0.txt b/41775-0.txt index 7250662..8f33b6e 100644 --- a/41775-0.txt +++ b/41775-0.txt @@ -1,39 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cornish Characters, by S. Baring-Gould - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Cornish Characters - and Strange Events - -Author: S. Baring-Gould - -Release Date: January 4, 2013 [EBook #41775] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORNISH CHARACTERS *** - - - - -Produced by Douglas L. Alley, III, Chris Curnow and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41775 *** CORNISH CHARACTERS AND STRANGE EVENTS @@ -31368,361 +31333,4 @@ Inconsistent spelling of names has been left as in the original. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cornish Characters, by S. Baring-Gould -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORNISH CHARACTERS *** - -***** This file should be named 41775-0.txt or 41775-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/7/7/41775/ - -Produced by Douglas L. Alley, III, Chris Curnow and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at - www.gutenberg.org/license. - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41775 *** diff --git a/41775-0.zip b/41775-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 22f7d93..0000000 --- a/41775-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/41775-8.txt b/41775-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 99b2869..0000000 --- a/41775-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31723 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cornish Characters, by S. Baring-Gould - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Cornish Characters - and Strange Events - -Author: S. Baring-Gould - -Release Date: January 4, 2013 [EBook #41775] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORNISH CHARACTERS *** - - - - -Produced by Douglas L. Alley, III, Chris Curnow and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - CORNISH CHARACTERS - AND STRANGE EVENTS - - - - - BY THE SAME AUTHOR - - UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME - - DEVONSHIRE CHARACTERS - AND STRANGE EVENTS - - With 55 Full-page Illustrations - Reproduced from Old Prints, etc. - -[Illustration: THOMAS PITT, LORD CAMELFORD] - - - - - CORNISH - CHARACTERS - - AND STRANGE EVENTS - - BY S. BARING-GOULD, M.A. - - WITH 62 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS - REPRODUCED FROM OLD PRINTS, ETC. - - - [Illustration: ONE · AND · ALL] - - - "We all are men, - In our own natures frail, and capable - Of our flesh; few are angels." - HENRY VIII (Act V, Sc. 2). - - LONDON: JOHN LANE THE BODLEY HEAD - NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY MCMIX - - - - PLYMOUTH: WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD., PRINTERS - - - - - PREFACE - - -Cornwall, peopled mainly by Celts, but with an infusion of English -blood, stands and always has stood apart from the rest of England, -much, but in a less degree, as has Wales. That which brought it into -more intimate association with English thought, interests, and -progress was the loss of the old Cornish tongue. - -The isolation in which Cornwall had stood has tended to develop in it -much originality of character; and the wildness of the coast has bred -a hardy race of seamen and smugglers; the mineral wealth, moreover, -drew thousands of men underground, and the underground life of the -mines has a peculiar effect on mind and character: it is cramping in -many ways, but it tends to develop a good deal of religious -enthusiasm, that occasionally breaks forth in wild forms of -fanaticism. Cornwall has produced admirable sailors, men who have won -deathless renown in warfare at sea, as "Old Dreadnought" Boscawen, -Pellew, Lord Exmouth, etc., and daring and adventurous smugglers, like -"The King of Prussia," who combined great religious fervour with -entire absence of scruple in the matter of defrauding the king's -revenue. It has produced men of science who have made for themselves a -world-fame, as Adams the astronomer, and Sir Humphry Davy the -chemist; men who have been benefactors to their race, as Henry -Trengrouse, Sir Goldsworthy Gurney, and Trevithick. It has sent forth -at least one notable painter, the miner's boy Opie, and a dramatist, -Samuel Foote, and a great singer in his day, Incledon. But it has not -given to literature a great poet. Minor rhymes have been produced in -great quantities, but none of great worth. Philosophers have issued -from the mines, as Samuel Drew, eccentrics many, as Sir James Tillie, -John Knill, and Daniel Gumb. And Cornwall has contributed a certain -number of rascals--but fewer in number than almost any other county, -if we exclude wreckers and smugglers from the catalogue of rascality. - -Strange superstitions have lingered on, and one very curious story of -a girl fed for years by fairies has been put on record. - -It is somewhat remarkable that Cornwall has produced no musical genius -of any note; and yet the Cornishman is akin to the Welshman and the -Irishman. - -Cornwall has certainly sent up to London and Westminster very able -politicians, as Godolphin, Sir William Molesworth, and Sir John Eliot. -It furnished Tyburn with a victim--Hugh Peters, the chaplain of Oliver -Cromwell, a strange mixture of money-grasping, enthusiasm, and humour. - -It has been the object of the author, not to retell the lives of the -greatest of the sons of Cornwall, for these lives may be read in the -_Dictionary of National Biography_, but to chronicle the stories of -lesser luminaries concerning whom less is known and little is easily -accessible. In this way it serves as a companion volume to -_Devonshire Characters_; and Cornwall in no particular falls short of -Devonshire in the variety of characters it has sent forth, nor are -their stories of less interest. - -The author and publisher have to thank many for kind help: Mr. Percy -Bate, Mr. T. R. Bolitho, Rev. A. T. Boscawen, Mr. J. A. Bridger, Mr. -T. Walter Brimacombe, Mr. A. M. Broadley, Mr. R. P. Chope, Mr. Digby -Collins, Mr. J. B. Cornish, Mrs. Coryton of Pentillie Castle, Miss -Loveday E. Drake, Mr. E. H. W. Dunkin, F.S.A., Mr. J. D. Enys of Enys, -the Rev. Wm. Iago, Mrs. H. Forbes Julian, Mrs. de Lacy Lacy, the Rev. -A. H. Malan, Mr. Lewis Melville, Mr. A. H. Norway, Captain Rogers of -Penrose, Mr. Thomas Seccombe, Mr. Henry Trengrouse, Mr. W. H. K. -Wright, and Mr. Henry Young of Liverpool--and last, but not least, -Miss Windeatt Roberts for her admirable Index to the volume. - -The publisher wishes me to say that he would much like to discover the -whereabouts of a full-length portrait of Sir John Call, with a view of -Bodmin Gaol in the background. - - S. BARING-GOULD. - - - - - CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - WILLIAM PENGELLY, GEOLOGIST 1 - - SIR CHARLES WILLS, K.B. 12 - - LIEUTENANT GOLDSMITH AND THE LOGAN ROCK 18 - - HUGH PETERS, THE REGICIDE 26 - - JAMES POLKINGHORNE, THE WRESTLER 54 - - HENRY TRENGROUSE, INVENTOR 59 - - THE BOTATHAN GHOST 72 - - JOHN COUCH ADAMS, ASTRONOMER 83 - - DANIEL GUMB 91 - - LAURENCE BRADDON 96 - - THOMASINE BONAVENTURA 108 - - THE MURDER OF NEVILL NORWAY 117 - - SIR WILLIAM LOWER, KNT. 126 - - THE PIRATES AT PENZANCE 130 - - DAME KILLIGREW 133 - - TWO NATURALISTS IN CORNWALL 141 - John Ralfs - George Carter Bignell - - SIR JOHN CALL, BART. 154 - - JOHN KNILL 169 - - THOMAS TREGOSS 176 - - ANTHONY PAYNE 181 - - NEVIL NORTHEY BURNARD 186 - - SIR GOLDSWORTHY GURNEY, KNT., INVENTOR 192 - - THE JANES 206 - - THE PENNINGTONS 222 - - DOCTOR GLYNN-CLOBERY 228 - - THREE MEN OF MOUSEHOLE 232 - - DOLLY PENTREATH 238 - - ROBERT JEFFERY OF POLPERRO 247 - - ADMIRAL RICHARD DARTON THOMAS 258 - - COMMANDER JOHN POLLARD 269 - - THE CASE OF BOSAVERN PENLEZ 270 - - SAMUEL FOOTE 280 - - THE LAST LORD MOHUN 298 - - THE LAST LORD CAMELFORD 318 - - WILLIAM NOYE 329 - - WILLIAM LEMON 342 - - SAMUEL DREW 346 - - THE SIEGE OF SKEWIS 364 - - THE VOYAGE OF JOHN SANDS 370 - - CHARLES INCLEDON 375 - - THE MURDER OF RICHARD CORYTON 388 - - SIR JAMES TILLIE, KNT. 399 - - LIEUTENANT JOHN HAWKEY 408 - - DR. DANIEL LOMBARD 424 - - THE DREAM OF MR. WILLIAMS 427 - - SIR ROBERT TRESILIAN 432 - - PIRATE TRELAWNY 441 - - JAMES SILK BUCKINGHAM 455 - - MARY ANN DAVENPORT, ACTRESS 466 - - THE ROYAL FAMILY OF PRUSSIA 470 - - CAPTAIN RICHARD KEIGWIN 479 - - THE LOSS OF THE "KENT" 489 - - VICE-ADMIRAL SIR CHARLES V. PENROSE 500 - - SIR CHRISTOPHER HAWKINS, BART. 515 - - ANNE JEFFERIES 531 - - THOMAS KILLIGREW, THE KING'S JESTER 544 - - NICOLAS ROSCARROCK 554 - - LIEUTENANT PHILIP G. KING 559 - - HICKS OF BODMIN 569 - - CAPTAIN TOBIAS MARTIN 579 - - THE MAYOR OF BODMIN 586 - - JOHN NICHOLS TOM, _ALIAS_ SIR WILLIAM COURTENAY, K.M. 593 - - THE BOHELLAND TRAGEDY 614 - - MARY KELYNACK 620 - - CAPTAIN WILLIAM ROGERS 623 - - JOHN BURTON OF FALMOUTH 627 - - THE FATE OF SIR CLOUDESLEY SHOVEL 637 - - FRANCIS TREGIAN 652 - - ANN GLANVILLE 663 - - JONATHAN SIMPSON, HIGHWAYMAN 670 - - DAVIES GILBERT 675 - - JAMES HOSKIN, FARMER 682 - - JOHN HARRIS, THE MINER POET 692 - - EDWARD CHAPMAN 701 - - JOHN COKE OF TRERICE 704 - - THOMAS PELLOW OF PENRYN 707 - - THE ORIGIN OF THE ROBARTES FAMILY 718 - - THEODORE PALEOLOGUS 727 - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS - - - THOMAS PITT, LORD CAMELFORD _Frontispiece_ - - - TO FACE PAGE - - WILLIAM PENGELLY 2 - - From a painting by A. S. Cope, reproduced by permission of Mrs. H. - Forbes Julian - - LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR CHARLES WILLS 12 - - From an engraving by Simon, after a picture by M. Dahl - - A VIEW OF THE CELEBRATED LOGAN ROCK, NEAR LAND'S END - IN CORNWALL 18 - - Taken after the Rock was displaced on the 8th of April, 1824. From - a lithograph by Vibert, after a drawing by Tonkin - - A VIEW OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF CASTLE TRERYN, SHOWING - THE MACHINERY ERECTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF REPLACING THE - LOGAN ROCK 22 - - From a lithograph by Vibert, after a drawing by Tonkin - - HUGH PETERS 26 - - From an old engraving - - JAMES POLKINGHORNE, THE FAMOUS CORNISH WRESTLER 54 - - From a drawing as he appeared in the Ring at Devonport on Monday, - 23 October, 1826, when he threw Abm. Cann, the Champion of - Devonshire, for a stake of 200 sovereigns - - HENRY TRENGROUSE, THE INVENTOR OF THE ROCKET APPARATUS - FOR SAVING LIFE AT SEA 60 - - From an oil painting by Opie the younger, reproduced by permission - of Mr. H. Trengrouse - - THE WRECK OF THE "ANSON" 66 - - From a sketch by Mr. H. Trengrouse - - "PARSON RUDALL" 72 - - From a painting in the possession of the Rev. S. Baring-Gould - - JOHN COUCH ADAMS 84 - - From a mezzotint by Samuel Cousins, A.R.A., after a picture by - Thomas Mogford. From the collection of Mrs. Lewis Lane - - JOHN COUCH ADAMS 88 - - THE CHEESE-WRING 92 - - From an etching by Letitia Byrne, after a drawing by J. Farington, - R.A. - - NEVILL NORWAY 118 - - From a painting in the possession of Miss A. T. Norway - - SIR WILLIAM LOWER 126 - - THE KILLYGREW CUP 134 - "1633. FROM MAIOR TO MAIOR TO THE TOWNE OF PERMARIN, - WHERE THEY RECEIVED MEE THAT WAS IN GREAT MISERY" - JANE KILLYGREW - - This cup has been recently valued at the sum of £4000. It measures - just two feet in height - - GEORGE CARTER BIGNELL 142 - - From a photograph - - JOHN RALFS 146 - - Reproduced by permission of Miss Loveday E. Drake - - SIR JOHN CALL, BART. 154 - - From a portrait (by A. Hickle) in the possession of his - great-granddaughter, Mrs. de Lacy Lacy - - WHITEFORD--THE RESIDENCE OF SIR JOHN CALL 164 - - From a drawing in the possession of Mrs. de Lacy Lacy - - JOHN KNILL 170 - - After a picture by Opie in the possession of Captain Rogers, of - Penrose - - GLASS INSCRIBED "SUCCESS TO THE EAGLE FRIGATE, JOHN KNILL, - COMMANDER" 172 - - From the collection of Percy Bate, Esq., of Glasgow - - ANTHONY PAYNE 182 - - From a painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller, purchased by Sir Robert - Harvey, High Sheriff of Cornwall, 1901, and presented to the - Institute of Cornwall - - NEVIL NORTHEY BURNARD 186 - - From a bas-relief by the sculptor himself, in the possession of S. - Pearn, Esq., Altarnon - - WESLEY'S HEAD OVER THE OLD MEETING-HOUSE, PENPONT, - ALTARNON. Cut by Burnard when 16 years of age 188 - - TOMBSTONES CUT BY BURNARD 188 - - That on the right is upon the grave of his grandfather in Altarnon - Churchyard, and was cut when the sculptor was only 14 years old; - the one on the left is in Bodmin Churchyard - - TOMBSTONES IN ALTARNON CHURCHYARD. Cut by Burnard 190 - - SIR GOLDSWORTHY GURNEY 192 - - From a lithograph by W. Sharp, after a drawing by S. C. Smith - - DOROTHY PENTREATH OF MOUSEHOLE IN CORNWALL. THE LAST - PERSON WHO COULD CONVERSE IN THE CORNISH LANGUAGE 232 - - From a drawing by R. Scadden - - MONSCHOLE, IN MOUNT'S BAY, FROM THE ISLAND 238 - - From a drawing by Captain Tremenhere - - SAMUEL FOOTE 280 - - THE LAST LORD MOHUN 298 - - From a mezzotint by I. Faber, after a picture by Sir Godfrey - Kneller - - THE DUEL BETWEEN LORD MOHUN AND THE DUKE OF HAMILTON 312 - - From a contemporary mezzotint in the British Museum - - SIR WILLIAM NOYE, ATTORNEY-GENERAL TO KING CHARLES THE - FIRST 330 - - SIR WILLIAM LEMON, BART., M.P. FOR CORNWALL 342 - - From an engraving by J. H. Meyer - - SAMUEL DREW 346 - - From an engraving by R. Hicks, after a painting by F. Moore - - HENRY ROGERS, PEWTERER 364 - - CHARLES INCLEDON, AS MACHEATH 376 - - From an engraving by J. Thomson, after a painting by Singleton - - SIR JAMES TILLIE, KNT. 400 - - SIR JAMES TILLIE'S MONUMENT AT PENTILLIE 406 - - EDWARD JOHN TRELAWNY 442 - - From a drawing by D. Lucas - - JAMES SILK BUCKINGHAM 456 - - MRS. DAVENPORT, IN THE CHARACTER OF MRS. GRUNDY 466 - - From an engraving by Ridley, after a picture by De Wilde - - AT PRUSSIA COVE. "BESSY'S" COVE FROM BATTERY POINT 470 - - From a drawing in the possession of J. B. Cornish, Esq. - - JOHN CARTER'S HOUSE AT PRUSSIA COVE. (DEMOLISHED IN 1906) 476 - - From a photograph by Gibson & Sons, Penzance - - VICE-ADMIRAL SIR CHARLES V. PENROSE, K.C.B. 500 - - From a picture by Allingham - - THOMAS KILLIGREW, GROOM OF THE BEDCHAMBER TO KING - CHARLES THE SECOND 544 - - From an engraving by I. Vander vaart, after a picture by W. - Wissens - - LIEUTENANT PHILIP GIDLEY KING 560 - - From an engraving by W. Skelton, after a drawing by J. Wright - - WILLIAM R. HICKS 570 - - WILLIAM R. HICKS OF BODMIN 576 - - From a Caricature - - JOHN THOMAS, OTHERWISE SIR WILLIAM COURTENAY, WHO SHOT - LIEUTENANT BENNET IN BASENDEN WOOD, BOUGHTON, NEAR - CANTERBURY, AND THE CONSTABLE MEARS, ON THURSDAY, - MAY 31ST, 1838. 594 - - PERCY HONEYWOOD COURTENAY, KNIGHT OF MALTA, ETC. ETC., - AS HE APPEARED AT THE ELECTION IN 1832 608 - - MARY KELYNACK 620 - - CAPTAIN W. ROGERS 624 - - From an engraving by Ridley and Blood, after a picture by Drummond - - JOHN BURTON OF FALMOUTH 628 - - SIR CLOUDESLEY SHOVEL 638 - - ANN GLANVILLE 664 - - DAVIES GILBERT 676 - - From a mezzotint by Samuel Cousins, A.R.A., after a picture by - Henry Howard, R.A. From the collection of Mrs. Lewis Lane - - JOHN HARRIS, THE MINER POET 692 - - THE RIGHT HON. JOHN EARL OF RADNOR: BARON ROBERTS OF - TRURO 718 - - After Sir Godfrey Kneller - - MEMORIAL BRASS IN THE CHURCH OF LANDULPH. 728 - - Reproduced by permission of E. H. W. Dunkin, Esq., F.S.A., from - his book on Cornish Brasses - - - - - CORNISH CHARACTERS - AND STRANGE EVENTS - - - - - CORNISH - CHARACTERS - AND STRANGE EVENTS - - - WILLIAM PENGELLY, GEOLOGIST - -William Pengelly was born at East Looe on January 12th, 1812, and was -the son of the captain of a small coasting vessel and nephew of a -notorious smuggler. The Pengellys had, in fact, been connected with -the sea for several generations. His mother was a Prout of the same -family as the famous water-colour artist. - -As a child his career was almost cut short by fire. An aunt came to -stay with the Pengellys, arriving a day before she was expected. Early -on the following morning, when sitting in her bedroom window, wrapped -in a thick woollen shawl, she saw her little nephew William rush out -of the house enveloped in flames. She hurried after him, and managed -to smother the fire with her woollen garment, and thus saved the -child's life, though she was herself so badly burnt that she carried -the scars to her dying day. The little boy had risen early, and had -kindled a fire so that he might go on with his lessons before any one -else was astir in the house, with the result that he set light to his -clothes, and except for the premature arrival of his aunt, must -certainly have been burnt to death. - -At the age of twelve he went to sea. He says:-- - -"Our voyages were short. I do not remember an instance of being at sea -more than three consecutive days; so that, except when windbound, we -were almost always taking in or taking out cargo. The work was hard, -but the food was abundant, and on the whole the life, though rough, -was not unpleasant. - -"To me--thinking nothing of the pecuniary aspects of the question--the -most enjoyable occasions were those which fierce contrary winds brought -us, when we had to seek some harbour of refuge. These were by no means -necessarily holidays, for, if the weather were dry, advantage was taken -of the enforced leisure to give our craft a thorough cleaning, or to -repair her rigging, or to make up the books. Moreover, the crew employed -me to write letters to their wives from their dictation. These epistles -were generally of a remarkable character, and some of them remain firmly -fixed in my memory. The foregoing labours disposed of, and foul winds -still prevailing, we had a washing day, or, better than all, a bout of -tailoring, which did not generally get beyond repairing, though -occasionally the ambitious flight of making a pair of trousers was -attempted. On tailoring days it was understood that my clothes should be -repaired for me, in order that I might read aloud for the general -benefit. We assembled in our little cabin, where the stitching and -smoking went on simultaneously, and with great vigour. My poor library -consisted of a Bible, the eighth volume of the _Spectator_, Johnson's -_English Dictionary_, a volume of the _Weekly Miscellany_, the _History -of John Gilpin_, _Baron Munchausen's Travels_, Walkinghame's -_Arithmetic_, and a book of songs. My hearers were not very fastidious, -but allowed me to read pretty much what I pleased, though, truth to -tell, the _Spectator_ was not a favourite; some portions of it were held -to be nonsensical, and others were considered to be so lacking in -truthfulness that it was generally termed the 'lying book.' This ill -repute was largely due to the story of Fadlallah (No. 578). Walkinghame -was by no means unpopular. I occasionally read some of the questions, -and my shipmates endeavoured to solve them mentally; and as the answers -were all given by the author, I had to declare who had made the nearest -guess, for it was very often but little more. Of all the questions, none -excited so much interest as that which asks, What will be the cost of -shoeing a horse at a farthing for the first nail, two for the second, -and so on in geometrical progression for thirty-two nails, and which -gives for the answer a sum but little short of four and a half million -pounds sterling. This was so utterly unexpected that it went far to -confer on Walkinghame the same name that Fadlallah had given to the -_Spectator_." - -[Illustration: A. S. Cope, pinxt. - -_Reproduced by permission of Mrs. H. Forbes Julian_] - -William Pengelly tells a curious story of his father, Richard -Pengelly:-- - -"After completing his fifteenth year he was thinking of going to sea. -When he was sixteen, his father, who was a sailor, was drowned almost -within sight of his home. The effect on the boy was to make him pause, -and on his friends, to urge him to give up the idea. For some months -these influences kept him quiet, but at length his restlessness -returned so strongly, that he would have gone to sea at once, had he -felt satisfied that his father would have approved the step. To -ascertain this point he prayed frequently and earnestly that his -father's spirit might be allowed to appear to him, with a pleasing or -frowning aspect, according as he might approve or disapprove. At -length he believed his prayer to have been answered, and that when in -the field ploughing he saw his father, who passed by looking intently -and smilingly at him. This decided him. He became a sailor at -seventeen, and as such died at a good old age." - -One bitterly cold night at sea, young Pengelly and some other of his -shipmates having closed the cabin door, lit a charcoal fire, and -speedily fell asleep, succumbing to the fumes of carbonic acid. -Happily one of the crew who had been on deck entered the cabin. He -found the greatest difficulty in awakening his comrades to sufficient -consciousness to enable them to stumble up the ladder to get a breath -of fresh air, for their sleep had well-nigh become that of death. The -strong and hardy seamen soon recovered, but the boy was so seriously -affected that, long after he had been carried upon deck, he could not -be roused, and was only restored to consciousness by means of -prolonged exertions on the part of his shipmates. His earliest -geological experience was made when a sailor-boy weather-bound on the -Dorsetshire coast, and he was wont to relate it thus:-- - -"I received my first lesson in geology at Lyme Regis, very soon after -I had entered my teens. A labourer, whom I was observing, accidentally -broke a large stone of blue lias and thus disclosed a fine ammonite ---the first fossil of any kind that I had ever seen or heard of. - -"In reply to my exclamation, 'What's that?' the workman said, with a -sneer, 'If you had read your Bible you'd know what 'tis.' 'I _have_ -read my Bible. But what has that to do with it?' - -"'In the Bible we're told there was once a flood that covered all the -world. At that time all the rocks were mud, and the different things -that were drowned were buried in it, and there's a snake that was -buried that way. There are lots of 'em, and other things besides, in -the rocks and stones hereabouts.' - -"'A snake! But where's his head?' - -"'You must read the Bible, I tell 'ee, and then you'll find out why -'tis that some of the snakes in the rocks ain't got no heads. We're -told there, that the seed of the woman shall bruise the serpent's -head, that's how 'tis.'" - -When in his sixteenth year William Pengelly lost his younger brother, -and after that his mother would not suffer him to go to sea. Some -years were spent at Looe in self-education. - -While still quite young he was induced by a relative of his mother to -settle at Torquay, at that time a small place, but rapidly growing and -attracting residents to it. Here he opened a small day-school on the -Pestalozzian system, and was one of the first to introduce the use of -the blackboard and chalk. The school opened with six scholars, but -rapidly increased to about seventy. - -It was now that scientific studies began to occupy Pengelly's -attention, and above all, geology. - -In 1837 he married Mary Anne Mudge, whose health was always delicate. - -Little by little his renown as a geologist spread, and he did not -confine himself to the deposits in Devonshire, but travelled to -Scotland and elsewhere to examine the rocks, and to meet and consult -with eminent scientists. - -In 1846 his private pupils had grown so numerous that he was able to -give up his school altogether and become a tutor of mathematics and -the natural sciences. He tells a very amusing story of a visit made -during holiday time to an old friend. - -"I one day learned that my road lay within a couple of miles of the -rectory of my old mathematical friend D----. We had been great friends -when he was a curate in a distant part of the country, but had not met -for several years, during which he had been advanced from a curacy of -about £80 to a rectory of £200 per year, and a residence, in a very -secluded district. My time was very short, but for 'auld lang syne' I -decided to sacrifice a few hours. On reaching the house Mr. and Mrs. -D---- were fortunately at home, and received me with their wonted -kindness. - -"The salutations were barely over, when I said-- - -"'It is now six o'clock; I must reach Wellington tonight, and as it is -said to be fully eight miles off, and I am utterly unacquainted with -the road, and with the town when I reach it, I cannot remain with you -one minute after eight o'clock.' - -"'Oh, very well,' said D----, 'then we must improve the shining hour. -Jane, my dear, be so good as to order tea.' - -"Having said this he left the room. In a few minutes he returned with -a book under his arm and his hands filled with writing materials, -which he placed on the table. Opening the book, he said-- - -"'This is Hind's _Trigonometry_, and here's a lot of examples for -practice. Let us see which can do the greatest number of them by eight -o'clock. I did most of them many years ago, but I have not looked at -them since. Suppose we begin at this one'--which he pointed out--'and -take them as they come. We can drink our tea as we work, so as to lose -no time.' - -"'All right,' said I; though it was certainly not the object for which -I had come out of my road. - -"Accordingly we set to work. No words passed between us; the servant -brought in the tray, Mrs. D---- handed us our tea, which we drank now -and then, and the time flew on rapidly. At length, finding it to be a -quarter to eight-- - -"'We must stop,' said I, 'for in a quarter of an hour I must be on my -road.' - -"'Very well. Let us see how our answers agree with those of the author.' - -"It proved that he had correctly solved one more than I had. This -point settled, I said 'Good-bye.' - -"'Good-bye. Do come again as soon as you can. The farmers know nothing -whatever about Trigonometry.' - -"We parted at the rectory door, and have never met since; nor shall we -ever do so more, as his decease occurred several years ago. During my -long walk to Wellington my mind was chiefly occupied with the mental -isolation of a rural clergyman." - -In 1851 he lost his wife, and some years after both his children by her. - -In 1853 he married a Lydia Spriggs, a Quakeress. - -William Pengelly's scientific explorations may be divided under three -heads. The first was his minute and accurate examination of the -deposits that form Bovey Heathfield, where there are layers of clay, -sand, and lignite. He was able to extract numerous fossil plants, and -thereby to determine the approximate age of the beds. - -Next he took up the exploration of ossiferous caves; and he began this -work with that of Brixham, in Windmill Hill. - -The floor of this cavern was excavated in successive stages or layers, -starting from the entrance. Bones were found in the stalagmite and in -the first, third, and fourth beds, and worked flints in the third and -fourth beds only; but where the third bed filled the cavern up to the -rock, its upper portion contained neither bones nor flints. The bones -were those of the mammoth, the rhinoceros, the urus, hyæna, cave lion -and cave bear, etc. - -But by far the most laborious scientific undertaking of Pengelly's -life was the exploration of Kent's Cavern, near Torquay. This cave was -known as far back as 1824, when a Mr. Northmore, of Cleve, near -Exeter, made a superficial examination of it to ascertain whether it -had been a temple of Mithras, and quite satisfied himself on this -point. He was followed by Sir W. C. Trevelyan and by the Rev. J. -MacEnery. But it was not till 1865 that a complete, scientific, and -exhaustive exploration was undertaken by the British Association, -which made a grant of £100 for the purpose. Mr. Pengelly was appointed -secretary and reporter to the committee for the examination of the -cave and its deposits. - -It was found that the floor of the cave exhibited the following -succession: (1) Blocks of limestone sometimes large, clearly fallen -from the roof. (2) A layer of black mould ranging from a few inches to -upwards of a foot in depth. (3) Beneath this came a floor of granular -stalagmite, about a foot in thickness, formed by the drip of water -from the roof. (4) A red loam containing a number of limestone -fragments. (5) A breccia of angular fragments of limestone and pebbles -and sandstone embedded in a reddish sandy calcareous paste. - -On June 19th, 1880, the exploration of Kent's Hole was brought to an -end. It was the most complete and systematic investigation of a cavern -that had ever been undertaken, and on a much greater scale than that -at Brixham. A task of this kind is peculiarly exacting. It cannot be -entrusted to workmen; it cannot be left to a committee whose members -pay but intermittent visits: it demands the constant oversight of one -man; and this superintendence was given to Pengelly. The total amount -spent on this exploration was £2000. Pengelly states in one of his -papers that in the fifteen and a quarter years during which the -excavation was in progress he visited Kent's Hole almost daily, and -spent over the work, on an average, five hours a day. - -"Above the stalagmite, and principally in the black mould, have been -found a number of relics belonging to different periods, such as -socketed celts, and a socketed knife of bronze, and some small fragments -of roughly smelted copper, about four hundred flint flakes, cores, and -chips, a polishing stone, a ring (made of Kimmeridge clay), numerous -spindle whorls, bone instruments terminating in comb-like ends, pottery, -marine shells, numerous mammalian bones of existing species, and some -human bones, on which it has been thought there are traces indicative of -cannibalism. Some of the pottery is distinctly Roman in character; but -many of the objects belong, no doubt, to pre-Roman times." - -What was found beneath the stalagmite belonged to a long anterior -period, where it had lain sealed up for, at the very least, two thousand -years. In this deposit of the cave earth were found a large number of -chips, flakes, and implements of flint and chert, stones that had served -as pounders, and some pins, needles, and harpoons of bone. - -Some mammoth bones were found in Kent's Cavern, and those of the cave -lion, the sabre-toothed tiger, the glutton, cave bear, woolly -rhinoceros, horse, reindeer, and beaver. - -Mr. W. Pengelly died on March 17th, 1894. - -A writer in the _Transactions of the Devonshire Association_ for 1894 -says: "For science he lived, and for science he laboured, even long -after the age when the average man seeks rest and quiet. Starting out in -original lines of thought, and untrammelled by traditions of years long -ago, he met with many rebuffs, and the conclusions which he derived from -his investigations and minute and patient inquiry were almost laughed to -scorn. But he adhered to his work and clung to his beliefs, with -enthusiastic devotion, and in the end he lived to see even those who had -originally stoutly opposed his views convinced of their verity, and -their inestimable value to archæological and geological science." - -Pengelly himself left this piece of advice to the student:-- - -"Be careful in scientific inquiries that you get a sufficient number -of perfectly trustworthy facts; that you interpret them with the aid -of a rigorous logic; that on suitable occasions you have courage -enough to avow your convictions; and don't be impatient, or annoyed, -if your friends don't receive all your conclusions, or even if they -call you bad names." - -It must be remembered that Pengelly and Sir Charles Lyell were those -who startled English minds with the revelation of the enormous period -of time in which man had lived on the earth, and of the slow -progression of man through vast ages in the development of -civilization. How that he began with the rudest flint implements, and -progressed but very slowly to the perfection of these stone tools; how -that only in comparatively recent times did he discover the use of -metals and pottery; how of metals he first employed bronze, and not -till long after acquired the art of smelting iron and fashioning tools -and weapons of iron. All this startled the world, and men were very -unwilling to accept the doctrine propounded and to acknowledge the -facts on which this doctrine was based. - -The _Life of William Pengelly_ was written by his daughter Hester -Pengelly, and published by Murray, 1897. Reference has been made as -well to the obituary notice in the _Transactions of the Devonshire -Association_ for 1894. - - - - - SIR CHARLES WILLS, K.B. - - -Sir Charles Wills belonged to a very ancient and widely ramified family -in Cornwall. The first, however, of whom anything authentic is known was -Anthony Wills, of Saltash, who died in 1576. They were settled at -Landrake, at Morval, Botusfleming, Wyvelscombe, Exeter, and Gorran. - -Anthony Wills, of Gorran, youngest son of Digory Wills, of Botusfleming, -had a son, Anthony Wills, who was the father of the Right Hon. Sir -Charles Wills, K.B., general of His Majesty's forces, baptized at Gorran -23rd October, 1666. Sir Charles had two brothers, Richard, of Acombe, in -the county of York, and Anthony, of the Inner Temple, who died in -Ireland 1689. The arms of the family are, _arg_. three griffins passant, -in pale, _sa._, within a bordure engrailed of the last _besantée_. - -Sir Charles was a subaltern in 1693, when serving in the Low Countries -under William III. The King went to Holland at the end of March in that -year, and returned on the last day of October, when the armies went into -winter quarters. Wills was in the battle of Landen and at the siege of -Namur. On the 13th October, 1705, he was appointed colonel of the 30th -Regiment, and sailed with it to Spain. He acted as quartermaster-general -to the troops in that country, was present at Llenda, Almanza, and -Saragossa, and was made prisoner in 1711 with the army under General -Stanhope, but was released at the end of the war. - -[Illustration: _Lieutenant General Wills Commander of his Maj.^{ties} -Forces in the Action against the Rebells at Preston in Lancashire._] - -He had been appointed brigadier-general in 1707, major-general on 1st -January, 1709, and lieutenant-general 16th November, 1710. After the -peace of 1715, being in command of the troops in the Midland district, -he marched northwards to meet the rebels from Scotland, and he and -General Carpenter met them at Preston. Preston was a town both Jacobite -and Roman Catholic; and in it was the army of the Pretender, composed of -Scottish Highlanders and Lancashire gentry and their retainers. - -General Carpenter, who had been marching into Scotland, turned back -into Northumberland, and by forced marches had reached Durham, where -he combined with General Wills, who had been sent some time before -into the north to quell the many riots that preluded the insurrection. - -Wills concentrated six regiments of cavalry, for the most part newly -raised, but commanded by experienced officers, at Manchester, whence -he moved to Wigan. There it was arranged that Wills should march -straight upon Preston, while Carpenter, advancing in another -direction, should take the insurgents in flank. As the Hanoverians -approached, General Forster, who commanded the Jacobites, gave -satisfactory evidence that he was no soldier; he fell into a fright -and confusion, and betook himself to bed. But Lord Kenmure roused him, -and in a hurried council, where all the gentlemen had a voice, and -where those spoke loudest who knew least of war, a plan of defending -Preston was adopted. But the plan, at least as executed, consisted -merely in throwing up some barricades in the streets and in posting -some men in defence of them. Brigadier Mackintosh either knew not the -ground or his better judgment was overruled; for Preston offered many -advantages as a defensive position which were altogether neglected. In -front of the town was a bridge over the Ribble, that might have been -held by a handful of men, and from the bridge to the town, for a -distance of a mile, the road ran through a hollow between steep banks -for a mile. But river, bridge, and road were all left undefended. When -Wills rode up to the bridge and saw that it was unprotected he could -hardly believe his eyes; and then he concluded that the insurgents -must have abandoned Preston and begun their retreat into Scotland, so -that there would be no fighting that day. - -But as he came to the outskirts of the town, he heard a tumultuous -noise within, and saw the barricades that Forster had thrown up, and -was saluted by a shower of bullets. He ordered his dragoons to -dismount and attack two of the barricades. This service was gallantly -performed; but the regulars were sorely galled by a fire from the -houses as well as from the barricades. - -As night was falling Wills withdrew his men, after they had suffered -considerable loss. Early on the following morning General Carpenter -came up with a part of his cavalry; and then Forster, who had scarcely -lost a man, and whose force more than doubled that of the regular -troops, lost heart entirely, and without consulting his friends, sent -Colonel Oxburgh to propose a capitulation. - -General Wills, irritated at the loss he had sustained on the preceding -evening, seemed at first disposed to reject the proposition altogether; -but at last he agreed "that, if the rebels would lay down their arms and -surrender at discretion, he would protect them from being cut to pieces -by the soldiers, until further orders from the Government." - -When Oxburgh's mission was known in the town, and the result of it, -the more warlike portion of the insurgents were indignant and railed -against the coward Forster; and so incensed were they against him -that, according to an eye-witness, if he had ventured into the street, -he would infallibly have been torn to pieces. - -The brave Highlanders, seeing that nothing was to be expected from the -Lancastrian boors who had joined them, proposed rushing with sword in -hand and cutting their way through the King's troops. But their -leaders thought this too hazardous a proceeding and counselled -surrender. They gave up Lord Derwentwater and Colonel Mackintosh as -hostages, and induced the clans to lay down their arms and submit. -Including English and Scotch, only seventeen men had been killed in -the defence of Preston. - -The Lancastrian peasants got away out of the town, but fourteen -hundred men were made prisoners by a thousand, or at the outside -twelve hundred English horse. Among those captured were Lords -Derwentwater, Widdrington, Nithsdale, Winton, Carnwark, Kenmure, -Nairn, and Charles Murray. There were others, members of ancient and -honourable families of the north, of Scotland, and of Lancashire. - -The invasion of England by the Jacobites had thus ended ingloriously. -The noblemen and gentlemen of rank and influence who were taken were -sent to London in charge of Brigadier Panter and a hundred men of -Lumley's Horse. - -On January 5th, 1716, Wills was appointed to the colonelcy of the 3rd -Regiment of the line, and on the death of Lord Cadogan was transferred -in August, 1726, to that of the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards. - -It was customary at all times for the King's company of the 1st -Guards to fly the Royal Standard, which was carried by that company on -all state occasions. It was of crimson silk throughout, with the -King's cypher and crown in the middle and the arms of the three -kingdoms quartered in the four corners. The staff of this standard was -also more ornamented than that of the other twenty-seven companies. -The lieutenant-colonel's colours were also of crimson silk throughout. -These colours were renewed every seven years. - -In 1723 the King went to Hanover, when a camp was formed in Hyde Park -under the command of Lieut.-Colonel Wills. He had been elected M.P. -for Totnes in 1714, and he represented that borough till 1741. In 1725 -he was made Knight of the Bath and Privy Councillor. - -In 1733, in consequence of the increase of smuggling carried on even -in London, Strickland, Secretary for War, addressed a letter in the -form of a warrant to the Governor of the Tower and to the officers in -command of the Guards, authorizing them to furnish detachments of men -to assist in securing contraband goods; and in consequence of the -increase of the duties to be performed by the men of the Foot Guards, -their establishment was raised in 1739 by ten men per company. - -In 1740, as the political horizon on the Continent was threatening, -Walpole had to choose between declaring war with Spain and resigning. He -disapproved of war, but rather than resign declared it. The people of -London were delighted and rang the bells in the steeples. "Ah!" said -Walpole; "they are ringing the bells now; they soon will be wringing -their hands." Camps, in anticipation of hostilities, were ordered to be -formed in various parts of England. In March orders were conveyed to Sir -Charles Wills and others to direct their officers to provide themselves -with tents and everything needful for encamping, and those troops under -Sir Charles were to occupy Hounslow. He superintended the formation of -the camp where the whole of the Horse and Foot Guards were to assemble, -and previous to departing they paraded in Hyde Park, on June 15th, under -Sir Charles, who had a lieutenant-general and a major-general on the -staff with him. Thence he proceeded to the encampment on the Heath -marked out for the purpose. - -The twenty-four companies of the 1st Guards under the command of -Colonel Richard Ingoldsby, second major of the regiment, remained -encamped on Hounslow from June 16th for several months--in fact, till -the middle of October. - -Sir Charles Wills was now filling the post of General Commander of the -King's forces, but had been failing in health and strength, and soon -became quite unable to take any active work; and he died on December -25th, Christmas Day, 1741, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. - -He had never been married. He had purchased land at Claxton, and this -and all he had he bequeathed to Field-Marshal Sir Robert Rich, Bart., -of Roxhill, in Suffolk, Governor of Chelsea Hospital. - - - - - LIEUTENANT GOLDSMITH AND THE - LOGAN ROCK - - -In the parish of S. Levan is a promontory running out into the sea, -once cut off by embankments on the land side, and converted into a -cliff castle, that bears the name of Trereen-Dinas. The headland -presents a succession of natural piles of granite tors, the first of -which, rising perpendicularly, is crowned by the far-famed Logan Rock, -a mass weighing about ninety tons, and so exactly poised upon one -point that any one, by applying his shoulder to it, could make the -whole mass rock sensibly. Not only so, but in a high wind it could be -seen rolling on its pivot. - -Doctor Borlase, in his _Antiquities of Cornwall_, 1754, says: "In the -parish of S. Levan, Cornwall, there is a promontory called Castle -Treryn. This cape consists of three distinct groupes of rocks. On the -western side of the middle groupe, near the top, lies a very large -stone, so evenly poised, that any hand may move it to and fro; but the -extremities of its base are at such a distance from each other, and so -well secured by their nearness to the stone which it stretches itself -upon, that it is morally impossible that any lever, or indeed force -(however applied in a mechanical way), can remove it from its present -situation." - -This overbold statement, added to the persistence of the people of the -neighbourhood, that no man could throw the Logan Rock from its -balance, stirred up a silly young lieutenant, Hugh Colvill Goldsmith, -of H.M.S. cutter _Nimble_, on the preventive service, lying off the -Land's End on the look-out for smugglers, to attempt to do what the -popular voice declared to be impossible. Lieut. Goldsmith was a nephew -of the famous Oliver Goldsmith, and had consequently some flighty -Irish blood in his veins. - -[Illustration: A VIEW OF THE CELEBRATED LOGAN ROCK, NEAR LAND'S END IN -CORNWALL - -_Taken after the Rock was displaced on the 8th of April_, 1824] - -"On April 8, 1824," says the _Gentleman's Magazine_, "a party of -sailors belonging to H.M. cutter _Nimble_, commanded by Lieut. -Goldsmith, came on shore for the purpose of removing from its -situation that great curiosity the Logging (rocking) Stone; and which -object they were unfortunately enabled to accomplish. This mass of -granite, which is nearly 100 tons weight, was one of the three objects -that excited the curiosity of every visitor to the west part of -Cornwall. It stood on the summit of a mass of rocks at the Land's End, -and was so poised on a natural pivot, that the force which a man could -exert was sufficient to cause it to vibrate. In this situation it -remained from a period anterior to our authentic records, as it is -noticed by our earliest writers, until the _barbarian_ above -mentioned, in sheer wantonness, removed it from its place. This act of -vandalism has excited the greatest indignation at Penzance, as it will -in every part of Cornwall, and throughout the kingdom. It appears that -Lieut. Goldsmith landed at the head of fourteen of his men, and with -the assistance of handspikes and a handscrew, called by the sailors -jack-in-the-box, with much labour and perseverance threw over the -stone. What renders the act most atrocious is, that two poor families, -who derived a subsistence from attending visitors to the stone, are -now deprived of the means of support." - -It was found that the handspikes and jack were of no avail. Accordingly -Goldsmith made his fourteen men put their shoulders to the stone and -bring it into such violent oscillation that at last it toppled over. - -The Logan Stone, thus displaced, would have rolled down from the tor -on which it had rested and have shot into the sea, had it not happily -been arrested by a cleft in the rock. - -The indignation of the people was great, so that the life of Lieut. -Goldsmith was threatened by the sturdy fishermen, should he land. But -the desire to land was taken from him, for the whole county was -roused, and a gathering of the magistrates was summoned to consider -what could be done, and to memorialize the Admiralty against the -perpetrator of this wanton act of mischief. - -Happily Mr. Davies Gilbert was at the time in London, and he at once -proceeded to the Admiralty and complained of the vandalism perpetrated, -and requested that the lieutenant should be ordered to replace the block -as found, and that the proper apparatus, capstan, blocks, chains, etc., -should be furnished by the dockyard at Devonport. - -This was undertaken, and orders were despatched to Lieut. Goldsmith -that he must either restore the Logan Rock to its old position, at his -own cost, or forfeit his commission. As the expense would be wholly -beyond his means, Mr. Davies Gilbert very liberally subscribed £150 -for the purpose. - -A writer, Lieut. L. Edye, in the _Western Antiquary_ for 1887, says: -"In his trouble he appealed to my grandfather (Mr. William Edye) for -advice and assistance, stating that the Admiralty had called upon him -either to replace the stone or forfeit his commission. My grandfather, -ever ready to render assistance to any one in trouble, readily -assisted, and having travelled into Cornwall (as a friend) and seen -the damage done, applied to the Admiralty for the loan of plant and -men. Their Lordships complied with the request, but stipulated that -the cost must be entirely defrayed by Lieut. Goldsmith." - -We will now see what Goldsmith had to say for himself. The following -is an extract from a letter written by him to his mother, dated April -24th, 1824:-- - -"The facts in question, my dear mother, are these: On the 8th of this -month we were off the Land's End, near the spot where the Rock stood. -Our boats were creeping along shore beneath it for some goods which, we -suspected, might be sunk in the sands near it. I took the opportunity of -landing to look at the Logan Rock with my mate; and hearing that it was -not in the power of men to remove it, I took it into my head to try my -skill, and, at this time (half-past four o'clock p.m.), the boats having -finished what they had to do, and it blowing too fresh for them to creep -any longer, I took them and their crew with me, and, having landed at -the foot of the rocks, we all scrambled up the precipice. We had with -us, at first, three handspikes, with which we tried to move the Rock, -but could not do it." By move the rock he really means--displace it. A -child could move it on its pivot. "The handspikes were then laid aside, -and the nine men who were with me took hold of the Rock by the edge, and -with great difficulty set it in a rocking motion, which became so great, -that I was fearful of bidding them try to stop it lest it should fall -back upon us, and away it went unfortunately, clean over upon its side, -where it now rests. There was not an instrument of any kind or -description near the Rock when thrown over, except one handspike, and -that I held in my hand, but which was of no use in upsetting the Rock; -and this is the truth, and nothing but the truth, as I hope for -salvation. - -"For my part, I had no intention, or the most distant thought, of -doing mischief, even had I thrown the Rock into the sea. I was -innocently, as my God knows, employed, as far as any bad design about -me. I knew not that the Rock was so idolized in this neighbourhood, -and you may imagine my astonishment when I found all Penzance in an -uproar. I was to be transported at least; the newspapers have traduced -me, and made me worse than a murderer, and the base falsehoods in them -are more than wicked. But here I am, my dear mother, still holding up -my head, boldly conscious of having only committed an act of -inadvertency. Be not uneasy--my character is yet safe; and you have -nothing on that score to make you uneasy. I have many friends in -Penzance: among them the persons most interested in the Rock, and many -who were most violent now see the thing in its true light. I intend -putting the bauble in its place again, and hope to get as much credit -as I have anger for throwing it down."[1] - -[Illustration: A VIEW OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF CASTLE TRERYN, SHEWING -THE MACHINERY ERECTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF REPLACING THE LOGAN ROCK] - -The letter is disingenuous, and is the composition of a man impudent -and conceited. He knew the estimation in which the Logan Rock was -held, and it was because Borlase had pronounced it impossible of -displacement that he resolved to displace it. He pretends that he -tried to "move" it, whereas from the context it is clear that he -intended to throw it down, and for this purpose had brought the -handspikes. He boasts vaingloriously of his intention of replacing it -and gaining glory thereby, and never says a word about his having -been given by the Admiralty the alternative of doing that or losing -his commission. Nor does he mention the generous help he received from -Mr. Gilbert and his kinsman Mr. Edye. - -On November 2nd, in the presence of vast crowds, ladies waving their -handkerchiefs, and men firing _feux de joie_, the block was raised, Mr. -Goldsmith, his natural conceit overcoming his sense of vexation, -superintending the operation. But, although replaced, it was no longer -so perfectly balanced as before. As one wrote who was present at the -time, "it rocked differently, though well enough to satisfy the people." - -An account of the feat, written in the true style of the penny-a-liner, -appeared in the _Royal Cornwall Gazette_ of the 6th November:-- - -"The Logan Rock is in its place, and _logs_ again. Lieut. Goldsmith -has nobly repaired the error of a moment by a long trial of skill and -energy and courage. I say courage, for it was a work of great peril; -and wherever danger was, there he was always foremost--under the -weight of the mass of machinery, and on the edge of the precipice.... -I shall content myself with barely observing, as a proof of the skill -of applying the complicated machinery employed, that many engineers -had their doubts whether it could be so applied, and even when -erected, they doubted whether it would be efficient. - -"The moment, therefore (on Friday last), when the men took their -stations at the capstans was an anxious one, and when, after twenty -minutes' toil, Lieut. Goldsmith announced from the stage, 'It moves, -thank God!' a shout of applause burst from all who beheld it. -Endeavour to conceive a group of rocks of the most grand and romantic -appearance, forming an amphitheatre, with multitudes seated on the -irregular masses, or clinging to its precipices: conceive a huge -platform carried across an abyss from rock to rock, and upon it three -capstans manned by British seamen. Imagine the lofty masts which are -seen rearing their heads, from which ropes are connected with chains -in many a fold and of massive strength. A flag waves over all: the -huge stone is in the midst. Every eye is directed to the monstrous -bulk. Will it break its chains? Will it fall and spread ruin? Or will -it defy the power that attempts to stir it? Will all the skill and -energy, and strength and hardihood, have been exerted in vain? We -shall soon know: expectation sits breathless; and at last it moves. - -"All's well. Such was the first half-hour. In two hours it was -suspended in the air, and vibrated; but art was triumphant, and held -the huge leviathan fast. - -"I will not detail the labour of two successive days; but come to the -last moment. At twenty minutes past four on Tuesday afternoon a signal -was given that the rock was in its place and that it logged again. -This was announced by a spectator. But where was Lieut. Goldsmith? Why -does not he announce it? He has called his men around him: his own and -their hats are off: he is addressing them first, and calling upon them -to return thanks to God, through whose aid alone the work had been -done--a work of great peril and hazard--and by His blessing without -loss of life or limb. - -"After this appropriate and solemn act, he called upon them to join in -the British sailors' testimony of joy, three cheers; and then turned -with all his gallant men to receive the re-echoing cheers of the -assembled multitude. That Lieut. Goldsmith, whose character--like the -rock--is replaced on a firm basis, may have an opportunity of -exerting his great talents and brave spirit in the service of his -profession, is the sincere wish of all this neighbourhood." - -Lieut. L. Edye, in his communication to the _Western Antiquary_ above -quoted, says: "The result of this foolhardy act was that Lieut. -Goldsmith was pecuniarily ruined, whilst the natives of the locality -reaped a rich harvest by pointing out the fallen stone to visitors." - -The Cornish are a forgiving people, and it was actually proposed after -the re-erection of the stone to give to Lieut. Goldsmith a dinner and -a silver cup. - -Lieut. Hugh Colvill Goldsmith had been born at St. Andrew's, New -Brunswick, 2nd April, 1789, so that he was aged thirty-five when he -performed this prank. He died at sea off S. Thomas, in the West -Indies, 8th October, 1841, without having obtained advancement. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[1] The letter is given in _Household Words_, 1852, p. 234. - - - - - HUGH PETERS, THE REGICIDE - - -The life and character of this man present unusual difficulties. On -one side he was unduly lauded, he was represented, especially by -himself, as a paragon of all virtues; on the other he was decried with -virulence, his past life raked over, and every scandal brought to the -surface and exposed to public view, and we cannot be at all sure that -all these scandals laid to his charge were true. - -We do not know much about his origin, and why he was named Peters; he -was the son of a Thomas Dickwood, _alias_ Peters, and Martha, daughter -of John Treffry of Treffry. This Dickwood, _alias_ Peters, is said to -have been a merchant of Fowey, descended from Dutch ancestors who had -escaped from Antwerp for their adherence to the Reformed religion; and -Hugh Peters was born in 1599. But Dickwood is not a Flemish or Dutch -name. Henry Peters, M.P. for Fowey, who died in 1619, married Deborah, -daughter of John Treffry of Place, in 1610, and had one son, Thomas, -who was thrown into prison by Cromwell for his loyalty to King -Charles. Neither Hugh Peters nor his father with the _alias_ appears -in the well-authenticated pedigree of the family of Peters of Harlyn. -It may be suspected that the father of Hugh Peters was a bastard of -one of the Peters family. - -Be that as it may, Hugh Peters was sent to Trinity College, -Cambridge, at the age of fourteen--his elder brother at the time was a -student at Oxford--and he took his degree of B.A. in 1616. For a time -he led a rather wild life and joined a party of comedians. Dr. William -Yonge says that "he joined a common society of players: when, after -venting his frothy inventions, he had a greater call to a higher -promotion, namely, to be a jester, or rather a fool, in Shakespeare's -Company of Players." Shakespeare died in 1616, so this must have been -his company continuing to bear his name. He, however, became converted -by a sermon he heard at S. Faith's, and "deserted his companions and -employments, and returning to his chamber near Fleet Conduit, -continued between hope and despair a year or more." - -[Illustration: HUGH PETERS - -_From an old engraving_] - -He was ordained deacon 23rd December, 1621, and priest 8th June, 1623, -by Mountain, Bishop of London, and took his M.A. degree in 1622. He -was licensed to preach at S. Sepulchre's. He says of himself:-- - -"To Sepulchre's I was brought by a very strange providence; for -preaching before at another place, and a young man receiving some good, -would not be satisfied, but I must preach at Sepulchre's, once monthly, -for the good of his friends, in which he got his end (if I might not -show vanity), and he allowed thirty pounds per _ann._ to that lecture, -but his person unknown to me. He was a chandler, and died a good man, -and Member of Parliament. At this lecture the resort grew so great, that -it contracted envy and anger; though I believe above a hundred every -week were persuaded from sin to Christ; there were six or seven thousand -hearers, and the circumstances fit for such good work." - -How six or seven thousand persons could be got into St. Sepulchre's -Church passes one's comprehension. According to his own account, he -got into trouble through Nonconformity. Ludlow, in his _Memoirs_, says -that Peters "had been a minister in England for many years, till he -was forced to leave his native country by the persecution set on foot, -in the time of Archbishop Laud, against all those who refused to -comply with the innovations and superstitions which were then -introduced into the public worship." - -There is, however, another and less creditable explanation. He is said -to have become entangled in an intrigue with a butcher's wife. But how -far this is true, and whether it be malicious scandal, we have no -means of judging. - -He had, however, married the widow of Edmund Read, of Wickford, Essex, -and mother of Colonel Thomas Read, afterwards Governor of Stirling, -and a partisan of Monk at the Restoration. Mrs. Edmund Read also had a -daughter, Elizabeth, who in 1635 married the younger Winthrop, -Governor of Connecticut. - -From London Peters went to Rotterdam, where, if Yonge may be trusted, -he paid such court to and attempted such familiarities with a Mrs. -Franklyn, that she complained to her husband, whereupon Mr. Franklyn -"entertains Peters with crab-tree sauce." - -At Rotterdam he became preacher in the English chapel. What had become -of his wife, whether she remained in England or accompanied him to -Holland, we are not informed. - -It will be well here to say a few words on the condition of religion -in England at the time. - -The plan of Henry VIII had been to make the Church of England -independent of the Pope, but to remain Catholic. At his death the -Protector and the Duke of Northumberland, after the fall of Somerset, -had encouraged the ultra-Protestants. The churches had been plundered, -chantries and colleges robbed, the Mass interdicted, and the wildest -fanaticism encouraged. As Froude says: "Three-quarters of the English -people were Catholics; that is, they were attached to the hereditary -and traditionary doctrines of the Church. They detested, as cordially -as the Protestants, the interference of a foreign power, whether -secular or spiritual, with English liberty." - -A more disgraceful page of history has never been written than that -regarding the two protectorates during the minority of Edward VI. The -currency was debased, peculation was rife. "Amidst the wreck of -ancient institutions," says Froude, "the misery of the people, and the -moral and social anarchy by which the nation was disintegrated, -thoughtful persons in England could not fail to be asking themselves -what they had gained by the Reformation. - -"The movement commenced by Henry VIII, judged by its present results, -had brought the country at last into the hands of mere adventurers. -The people had exchanged a superstition which, in its grossest abuses, -prescribed some shadow of respect for obedience, for a superstition -which merged obedience in speculative belief; and under that baneful -influence, not only the higher virtues of self-sacrifice, but the -commonest duties of probity and morality, were disappearing. Private -life was infected with impurity to which the licentiousness of the -Catholic clergy appeared like innocence. The Government was corrupt, -the courts of law were venal. The trading classes cared only to grow -rich. The multitude were mutineers from oppression.... The better -order of commonplace men, who had a conscience, but no special depth -of insight--who had small sense of spiritual things, but a strong -perception of human rascality--looked on in a stern and growing -indignation, and, judging the tree by its fruits, waited their -opportunity for action." - -When Mary came to the throne there was an immense outburst of -enthusiasm, the time of the Protestant protectorates was looked back -on as a bad dream. In spite of the fact that England was under an -interdict, the Mass was restored, and no rector or vicar cared a straw -for the Papal bull, nor indeed did Mary, who heard Mass in the chapel -of the Tower, and afterwards in S. Paul's. - -If Mary had only accepted the advice tendered to her by Charles V, she -would have reigned as a popular monarch, and have settled the -condition of the Church of England on lines that commended themselves -to nobles, commons, and clergy alike, Catholic but not Papal. But she -had looked too long to the see of Peter as her support, and she -managed completely to alienate the affections of her people. The fires -of Smithfield brought the fanatics who had been discredited in the -former reign into favour once more; and when Elizabeth came to the -throne, and had been deposed by Pope Pius V, and her subjects released -from allegiance to her, and plots formed for her assassination, under -favour of the Pope, the religious sentiment in England was cleft as -with a hatchet--some who loved the religion of their fathers were -constrained against their will and consciences to become Papists, and -others became wild and reckless fanatics in a Puritan direction. -Between these two parties sat the vast bulk of the English people, -looking this way, that way, and deeming all religion foolishness, and -self-interest the only thing to be sought after. All the foundations -of the religious world were out of course. The _via media_ is all very -well in theory and when well trodden, but when it is experimental, -and one road to the right leads to Rome and that to the left to -Geneva, the _via media_ may be taken to lead nowhere, and those who -tread it have to do so uncertainly. A session between two stools is -precarious, and the Church of England had been forced by the folly of -Mary to adopt this position. The consequence was that in the reigns of -Elizabeth and James and Charles I there was no enthusiasm in the -clergy of the Church. The bishops were grasping, self-seeking -worldlings. Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, was the best -among an ignoble crew. When he died, says Froude, "he left behind him -enormous wealth, which had been accumulated, as is proved from a -statement in the handwriting of his successor, by the same -unscrupulous practices which had brought about the first revolt -against the Church. No Catholic prelate in the old easy times had so -flagrantly abused the dispensation system. Every year he made profits -by admitting children to the cure of souls, for money. He used a -graduated scale in which the price for inducting an infant into a -benefice varied with the age, children under fourteen not being -inadmissible, if the adequate fees were forthcoming."[2] - -The great majority of the nobility and gentry of England clung to the -doctrine and ceremonies of the ancient Church, and yet were united in -determination to oppose the Papal claims. Benefices in their -presentation were held by priests who said the Communion Service, -which was but the Mass in English, with the ancient vestments and -ritual; and others, next door, were held by men who could hardly be -compelled to wear even the surplice, and who celebrated the Eucharist -but once in the year. - -The Church was a hodgepodge of conflicting doctrines and ceremonial. -As Froude says:-- - -"So long as a single turn of the wheel, a violent revolution, or the -Queen's death, might place a Catholic (Papist) on the throne, the -Established Church held a merely conditional existence. It had no root -in the nation, for every earnest man who was not a Puritan was a -Catholic; and its officers, for the most part, regarded their tenures -as an opportunity for enriching themselves, which would probably be -short, and should in prudence be made use of while it remained. -Benefices were appropriated to laymen, sold, or accumulated upon -favourites. Churches in many places were left unserved, and cobblers -and tailors were voted by the congregations into the pulpits. 'The -bishops,' said Cecil, 'had no credit either for learning, good living, -or hospitality.' The Archbishop of York had scandalized his province -by being found in bed with the wife of an innkeeper at Doncaster. -Other prelates had bestowed ordination 'on men of lewd life and -corrupt behaviour.' The Bishop of Lichfield had made seventy 'lewd and -unlearned ministers, for money,' in one day."[3] - -Bishop Barlow, of S. David's, had torn the lead roof off his palace -and the castle at Lawhadden to provide dowers for his daughters, and -would have unroofed his cathedral had he not been prevented by -Elizabeth, because in it was the monument of Edmund, Earl of Richmond, -the father of Henry VII. When translated to Bath and Wells he -destroyed the lady chapel, the finest Perpendicular building in the -West of England, surpassing even Sherborne and Bath, and sold -it--lead, roof, stones, and all. Some of the clergy were mere -temporizers, without convictions, taking their colour from their -patrons, and ready to believe or pretend to believe this or that, as -suited their pockets. The majority were indifferent--ignorant--not -knowing where they stood. Many had thrust their way into Holy Orders -for the sake of the loaves and fishes that might be obtained in the -Established Church, with no work to do, without education, without -zeal, without convictions, and consequently totally without the least -enthusiasm, without any fixed principles. - -Laud and the Star Chamber sought to produce conformity by cutting off -ears and slitting noses. But what Laud failed to see was that the only -men in religious England who knew their minds, who had any fixed -principles in religion, were the Papists and the Puritans. What they -should have done, but what probably they could not do, was to inspire -the clergy of the Church with zeal and enthusiasm. But the clergy -could not catch the fire from off the altar; they had entered Orders -for the sake of a rectory, a glebe and tithe, and cared for nothing -else. If one half--nay, one quarter--of the charges brought against -them by the Tryers be true, they were a most unworthy set. In -Elizabeth's reign there had been a difficulty in filling the -benefices, and any Jack and Tom who could gratify the bishop and could -read was ordained and appointed to a benefice. And these were the men -to maintain the doctrine of the Universal Church and Apostolic -tradition against fiery enthusiasts on one side who took their own -reading of Scripture for divine inspiration, and on the other against -the Papists who set their back against the Rock of Peter. - -With churches picked bare, with sermons without fire, services -performed without dignity, often with indecorum, without religious -instruction from teachers who did not know what to teach, it is no -wonder that the people turned away to hot-gospellers and tub-thumpers -who, if they could not kindle in them love and charity, could set them -on fire with self-righteousness and religious animosities. - -At Rotterdam Peters threw over creed and liturgy of the Church of -England, and leaving the English chapel, became co-pastor with Dr. -William Ames of an Independent meeting-house at Rotterdam, and Ames -died there in his arms. In Holland Peters made the acquaintance of -John Forbes, Professor of Divinity in the University of Aberdeen, a -great Hebraist. In a pamphlet published by Peters in 1646 he says: "I -lived about six years near that famous Scotsman, Mr. John Forbes, with -whom I travelled into Germany, and enjoyed his society in much love -and sweetness constantly; from whom I received nothing but -encouragement, though we differed in the way of our 'churches.'" - -After Peters had spent six years in the United Provinces, he suddenly -threw up his pastoral charge and departed for New England, with five -hundred pounds in his pocket, which his friends furnished, and a young -waiting-maid, Mary Morell, whom he shortly after married to one Peter -Folger. - -"In this year (1635)," says one account, "came over that famous -servant of Christ, Mr. Hugh Peters. He was called to office by the -Church of Christ at Salem, their former pastor, the Rev. Mr. -Higginson, having ended his labours resting in the Lord." - -Salem had been planted but a few years before, the first colonists in -Massachusetts having settled there in 1628. Here he remained for over -seven years, combining his duties as a minister of religion and -trading, so that he was spoken of as "the father of our commerce and -the founder of our trade." - -He was also a militant Christian, and was present in the fighting -against the Pequot Indians. Concerning the prisoners taken, Hugh -Peters wrote:-- - - "SIR,--Mr. Endicott and myself salute you in the Lord Jesus, etc. - [_sic_]. We have heard of a divisioning of women and children in the - Bay, and would be glad of a share, viz. a young woman or girl, and a - boy if you think good. I wrote to you for some boys to Bermuda. - - "HUGH PETERS." - -These prisoners were used as slaves, and sold just as were the negroes -later. Peters, we are informed, was not friendly to the notion of -converting the Indians to Christianity. He would entertain compunction -about enslaving them should they embrace the gospel. However, money -was sent over from England for this purpose, and--at the suggestion of -Peters. In the _Colonial State Papers_ (Saintsbury, America and West -Indies, 1661-8, p. 86), is this passage: "Through the motion of Hugh -Peters, England contributed nine hundred pounds per annum to -Christianize the Indians of New England; which money found its way -into private men's purses, and was a cheat of Hugh Peters." - -In New England Peters married a second wife, in 1639, another widow, -by name Deliverance Sheffield. - -In 1641 he left for England, deputed by the colony to act as ambassador -at the Court of Charles I, to endeavour to procure some mitigation of -the excise and customs duties, which weighed heavily on the colonists. - -But on reaching England he found that the Crown and the Parliament -were at variance, and he did not care to return to America and to his -wife whom he had left there, but elected to be the stormy petrel of -the rebellion, flying over the land, and, as Ludlow says, advising the -people everywhere to take arms in the cause of the Parliament. - -He was appointed chaplain to a brigade of troops sent into Ireland -against the rebels, and he had no hesitation in wielding the sword as -well as the tongue, the latter to animate the soldiers, the former to -extirpate the Baal-worshippers. - -Then he hastened to Holland, where he collected thirty thousand pounds -for the relief of the Protestants of Ireland,[4] who had been -plundered and burnt out of their homes by the rebels. - -When Peters had effected his various purposes in Ireland, he returned -to England, and made his report of the condition of affairs there to -Sir Thomas Fairfax and Cromwell. - -In 1643 he was appointed, or thrust himself forward, to minister to -Chaloner on the scaffold, as that man had been condemned to death for -participation in Waller's plot. So again in 1644 he was on the -scaffold haranguing and praying for and at Sir John Hotham, who -probably would have preferred to die in quiet. - -Peters was now engaged as chaplain to the Parliamentary forces, and -especially as a conveyer of despatches, for all which he received -liberal payment. He was with the Earl of Warwick at the taking of -Lyme, and was despatched by that nobleman to London to give an account -of the affair in Parliament. On another occasion he was entrusted with -letters from Sir Thomas Fairfax relating to the capture of Bridgwater, -on which occasion he was voted a sum of £100. In the same year, 1645, -he was commissioned by Sir Thomas to report the taking of Bristol. In -March of that year Hugh Peters was with the army in Cornwall, and -harangued at Bodmin against the Crown and the Church, and exhorted all -good men and true to adhere to the cause of the Parliament. - -Peters had uniformly, since he had been in the Low Countries, postured -as an Independent hot and strong. Hitherto the Presbyterians had the -prevailing party in Parliament, and among the discontents in the -country, but now the Independents began to assert themselves and assume -predominance. Their numbers were greatly increased by the return of the -more fiery spirits who had, like Peters, abandoned England during the -supremacy of Laud. Many of these, coming back from New England, had -carried the doctrines of Puritanism to the very verge of extravagance, -and not the least fiery and extravagant of these was Hugh Peters. These -men rejected all ecclesiastical establishments, would admit of no -spiritual authority in one man above another, and allowed of no -interposition of the magistrate in religious matters. Each congregation, -voluntarily united, was an integral and independent church, to exercise -its own jurisdiction. The political system of the Independents was one -of pure republicanism. They aspired to a total abolition of monarchy, -even of the aristocracy, and projected a commonwealth in which all men -should be equal. Sir Harry Vane, Oliver Cromwell, Nathaniel Fiennes, and -Oliver St. John, the Solicitor-General, were regarded as their leaders, -and Hugh Peters as their prophet. - -Peters brought the news to Parliament of the capture of Winchester -Castle, for which service he was paid £50. When Dartmouth was taken, -he hastened thence to London, laden with crucifixes, vestments, -papers, and sundry church ornaments, of which he had despoiled the -beautiful church of S. Saviour's; and received in recompense from the -Parliament an estate of which the House had deprived Lord Craven. - -When the city of Worcester was besieged in the year 1646 by the -Parliamentary forces, the governor consented to surrender on condition -that passes were given to the soldiers and to the principal -inhabitants. Peters negotiated the surrender. - -A Mr. Habingdon, who wrote an account of the siege at the time, and -who died in the ensuing year, relates that on the 23rd July, 1646, -many gentlemen went to six o'clock prayers at the cathedral to take -the last sad farewell of the church services, the organs having been -removed three days before, and that at ten o'clock in the morning the -several regiments marched forth, and all the gentlemen with the -baggage; and that at one o'clock Peters brought them their passes, and -importuned every one individually to pass his word not again to bear -arms against the Parliament. - -Hugh Peters was now such a favourite with the Parliament that they -made an order for £100 a year to himself and his heirs for ever; later -an additional £200 per annum was voted to him, and all this in -addition to his pay as preacher, and to sundry grants as bearer of -news from the army. He was also accorded Archbishop Laud's library. -Nevertheless, as he lamented in his _Legacy of a Dying Father_, he -found it impossible to keep out of debt. - -There is this in Peters' favour to be urged, that he opposed the -execution of Archbishop Laud, and urged that instead he should be sent -to New England. So he begged the life of Lord George Goring, Earl of -Norwich, and of the Marquis of Hamilton, and again of the Marquis of -Worcester. - -The Presbyterians were in force in the House of Commons, but the army -was composed mainly of Independents, worked up to enthusiasm by their -preachers. It had been six months in the field in the summer of 1648, -engaged against the Cavaliers and Scots. The soldiers were thoroughly -incensed against the King, and they had no respect for the -Presbyterians. Their officers resolved on assuming the sovereign power -in their own hands, and bringing the King to justice, and converting -the Government into a commonwealth. - -To accomplish this they presented a remonstrance to the Parliament by -six of their council on November 20th, demanding: (1) that the King be -brought to trial for high treason; (2) that a day be set for the -Prince of Wales and the Duke of York to surrender themselves, or to be -declared incapable of government, and that in future no king should be -admitted but by the free election of the people. - -The Commons were struck with dismay, and deferred debate on the -remonstrance for ten days. But the officers despatched Colonel Ewes to -the Isle of Wight with a party of horse to secure the King's person, -and to bring him to Windsor, in order to his trial. The officers then, -on November 30th, sent a declaration to the House to enforce their -late remonstrance, and requiring the majority in the House to exclude -from their councils such as would obstruct the King's trial. - -On December 2nd Fairfax arrived in London at the head of the army, and -the House of Commons found itself cornered by the armed force. -Nevertheless, they had the courage to vote that the seizure of the -King, and the conveying him a prisoner to Hurst Castle, had been done -without their advice and consent. - -The officers were resolved to carry their point. A regiment of horse and -another of foot were placed at the door of the Parliament House, and -Colonel Pride entered and took into custody about forty of the members -who were disposed to obstruct the cause the army sought to pursue, and -denied entrance to about a hundred more; others were ordered to leave; -and the number of those present was thus thinned down to a hundred and -fifty or two hundred, most of them officers of the army. - -The secluded members published a protestation against all these -proceedings as null and void till they were restored to their places; -but the Lords and Commons who remained in the House voted their -protestation false, scandalous, and seditious. - -The army, having vanquished all opposition, went on to change the -whole form of government; and to make way for it determined to impeach -the King of high treason, as having been the cause of all the blood -that had been spilt in the late war. - -There was commotion in the House and in town and the country. In the -House some declared that there was no need to bring the King to trial; -others said that there existed no law by which he could be tried; but -all this was overruled. - -Meanwhile Hugh Peters was not idle. In a sermon addressed to the -members of the two Houses a few days before the King's trial he said: -"My Lords, and you noble Gentlemen,--It is you we chiefly look for -justice from. Do you prefer the great Barabbas, Murderer, Tyrant, and -Traitor, before these poor hearts (pointing to the red coats) and the -army who are our saviour?" - -In another sermon before Cromwell and Bradshaw he said: "There is a -great discourse and talk in the world, What, will ye cut off the head -of a Protestant Prince? Turn to your Bibles, and ye shall find it -there, Whosoever sheds man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed. I -see neither King Charles, Prince Charles, Prince Rupert, nor Prince -Maurice, nor any of that rabble excepted out of it." - -Evelyn in his _Diary_, under date 17th January, 1648-9, says: "I heard -the rebel Peters invite the rebel powers met in the Painted Chamber to -destroy his Majesty." Bishop Burnet says: "That he (Peters) had been -outrageous in pressing the King's death with the cruelty and rudeness -of an inquisitor." - -Prynne, one of the secluded members, published "A brief memento to the -present unparliamentary junto, touching their present intentions and -proceedings to depose and execute Charles Stuart, their lawful King of -England." - -The officers now decided to gain the approval of the -ministers--Presbyterian--in London, or at least persuade them to -remain neutral. - -Hugh Peters was selected for the purpose, and he went among them, but -all his efforts were fruitless. They declared unanimously for the -release of the King. He then invited several of them, Calamy, -Whitaker, Sedgwick, etc., to a conference with some of the officers; -but instead of attending, the ministers assembled in Sion College and -drew up "A serious and faithful representation of the judgment of the -ministers of the Gospel within the province of London," dated 18th -January, 1648-9. In this they protested against the coercive measures -adopted toward the Parliament, and bade them beware of proceeding to -extremities. "Examine your consciences, if any number of persons of -different principles from yourselves had invaded the rights of -Parliament, imprisoned the King, and carried him about from place to -place, and attempted the dissolution of the whole government, whether -you would not have charged them with the highest crimes." - -This was subscribed by forty-seven ministers. - -A second paper, "A vindication of the London ministers from the unjust -aspersions ... as if they had promoted the bringing of the King to -capital punishment," appeared shortly after, signed by fifty-seven -ministers. - -Even the Independent preachers shrank from approving the proceedings of -the council of officers in the trial of the King, with the exception of -Hugh Peters and John Goodwin. Some of the Independent ministers in the -country joined the Presbyterians in protesting against them. - -But it was all in vain. The King was tried and sentenced to death, and -executed on 30th January, 1649. Rumour had it that the masked -executioner was none other than Peters himself. This he denied, -asserting that on the day of the King's death he was ill in bed. He -had certainly been about and preaching not many days before. - -Who the executioner was, was never discovered, and Peters was not -charged as such when tried for his life in 1660. - -In _Epulæ Thyestæ_, printed in 1649, Peters is accused of having been -the executioner of King Charles:-- - - There's Peters, the Denyer, (nay 'tis sad) - He that, disguised, cut off his Master's head; - That godly pigeon of Apostacy - Does buz about his Ante-Monarchy, - His scaffold Doctrines. - -But there was an element of kindness in Hugh Peters that induced him -to do gracious acts even to those whom he hated. Whitelocke assures us -that "at a conference between him (Peters) and the King, the King -desired one of his own chaplains might be permitted to come to him" on -the occasion of his execution; he had refused the ministrations of the -Presbyterian divines, "and thereupon the Bishop of London was ordered -to go to his Majesty." - -On a former occasion a message from the Queen was allowed to be -transmitted to the King through the instrumentality of Peters. - -In his letter to his daughter Peters says: "I had access to the -King--he used me civilly, I, in requital, offered my poor thoughts -three times for his safety." It was an impertinence in the man to -approach the King, when he had stirred up the army to demand his -death, and had raced about London endeavouring to get the approval of -the sentence from the ministers. Although we cannot believe that Hugh -Peters was the executioner of Charles, yet he cannot be acquitted of -being a regicide, on the same principle as the trumpeter in the fable -was condemned to be hanged. His plea that he had not drawn a sword in -the battle was not held to justify him--he had sounded the charge and -summoned to the battle. - -Peters was one of the Triers appointed by Cromwell to test the -parochial clergy, and to eject from their livings such as did not -approve themselves to their judgment as fitting pastors to the flock -either by their morals or theological opinions. - -Every parishioner who bore a grudge against his pastor was invited to -lay his grievances before the Grand Committee. Lord Clarendon says: -"Petitions presented by many parishioners against their pastors, with -articles of their misdemeanours and behaviours ... were read with -great delight and promptly referred to the Committee about Religion." -The matter of these accusations was for the most part, as Clarendon -informs us, "bowing at the name of Jesus, and obliging the -communicants to the altar, i.e. to the rails which enclosed the -Communion table, to receive the sacrament." What the Puritans desired -was that the minister should walk about the church distributing to the -people in the pews. The observance of all holy days except Sundays had -already been forbidden. A priest who said service on Christmas Day or -Good Friday was certain of deprivation. But the great question put to -each rector or vicar was, "whether he had any experience of a work of -grace" in his heart, and the answer to this determined whether he -should be allowed to hold his cure or be thrust out, apart from all -question of moral fitness. That there were a host of lukewarm, -indifferent men in the ministry, caring little for religion and -knowing little, without fixed convictions, cannot be wondered at, -after the swaying of the pendulum of belief during the last reigns, -and these would be precisely the men who would be able volubly to -assert their experience of divine grace, and abandon doctrines they -never sincerely held and ceremonies about which they cared nothing. -There were vicars of Bray everywhere. - -Butler hits off the work of the Triers in _Hudibras_:-- - - Whose business is, by cunning sight, - To cast a figure for men's light; - To find in lines of Beard and Face - The Physiognomy of Grace; - And by the Sound and Twang of Nose, - If all the sound within disclose; - Free from a crack or flaw of sinning, - As men try pipkins by the ringing. - -Peters was next appointed a commissioner for the amending of the laws, -though he had no knowledge of law. He said himself, in his _Legacy_: -"When I was a trier of others, I went to hear and gain experience, -rather than to judge; when I was called to mend laws, I rather was there -to pray than to mend laws." Whitelocke says: "I was often advised with -by some of this committee, and none of them was more active in this -business than Mr. Hugh Peters, the minister, who understood little of -the law, but was very opinionative, and would frequently mention some -proceedings of law in Holland, wherein he was altogether mistaken." - -Peters was chaplain to the Protector, and certainly in one way or -another made a good deal of money. Dr. Barwick in his Life says:[5] -"The wild prophecies uttered by his (Hugh Peters') impure mouth were -still received by the people with the same veneration as if they had -been oracles; though he was known to be infamous for more than one -kind of wickedness. A fact which Milton himself did not dare to deny -when he purposely wrote his Apology, for this very end, to defend even -by name, as far as possible, the very blackest of the conspirators, -and Hugh Peters among the chief of them, who were by name accused of -manifest impieties by their adversaries." Bishop Burnet says as well: -"He was a very vicious man." - -Peters by his wife--his second wife, Deliverance, the widow of a Mr. -Sheffield--became the father of the Elizabeth Peters to whom he -addressed his _Dying Father's Last Legacy_. - -The Dutch having been disconcerted by the defeats of their fleets by -Admiral Blake, and the messengers they had sent to England having -failed to satisfy Cromwell, in the beginning of the year 1653 they -commissioned Colonel Doleman and others to learn the sentiments of the -leading men in Parliament, and to gain over to the cause of peace Hugh -Peters, as Cromwell's influential chaplain. Peters had always -entertained a tenderness for the Dutch, and he interceded on their -behalf, and the Dutch gave him £300,000 wherewith to bribe and -purchase the amity of Parliament and the Protector. That a good share -of this gold adhered to Peters' fingers we may be pretty confident; -and indeed it was intended that it should do so. The attempt, however, -did not succeed, and when the negotiations were broken off, the Dutch -fitted out another fleet under Van Tromp, De Witt, and De Ruyter, and -appointed four other deputies to go upon another embassy to England. -These men arrived on July 2nd, 1658, and "all joined in one petition -for a common audience, praying thrice humbly that they should have a -favourable answer, and beseeching the God of Peace to co-operate."[6] - -These ambassadors, like the foregoing, sought out Peters and engaged his -services. After several interviews, peace was at last concluded 2nd May, -1654. In the _Justification of the War_, by Stubbe, is an engraving that -represents the four deputies presenting their humble petition to Peters. - -In 1655 feeling in England was greatly stirred by the account that -reached the country of the persecution of the Waldenses in the valleys -of Piedmont. Cromwell at once ordered a collection for the sufferers -to be made throughout the kingdom, and it amounted to upwards of -£38,000. In this Peters took an active part. Ludlow says: "He was a -diligent and earnest solicitor for the distressed Protestants of the -valleys of Piedmont." - -Soon after the affair of the persecuted Waldenses was concluded the -Protector formed an alliance, offensive and defensive, with the -French, in which it was agreed that Dunkirk should be delivered up to -him. In consequence of this agreement six thousand men were sent over -to join the French army, and Peters received a commission to attend -them thither. The town of Dunkirk, in consequence of this league, was -taken from the Spaniards, and on the 26th of June, 1658, was delivered -to Colonel Lockart, Cromwell's ambassador at the French Court. - -Lockart wrote the following letter to Secretary Thurloe:-- - - - "DUNKIRK, _July_ 8-18_th_, 1658. - - "May it please your Lordship, - - "I could not suffer my worthy friend, Mr. Peters, to come away - from Dunkirk without a testimony of the great benefits we have all - received from him in this place, where he hath laid himself forth - in great charity and goodness in sermons, prayers, and - exhortations, in visiting and relieving the sick and wounded; and, - in all these, profitably applying the singular talent God hath - bestowed upon him to the chief ends, proper for an auditory. For - he hath not only showed the soldiers their duty to God, and - pressed it home upon them, I hope with good advantage, but hath - likewise acquainted them with their obligations of obedience to - his Highness's government and affection to his person. He hath - laboured amongst us here with such goodwill, and seems to enlarge - his heart towards us, and care of us for many other things, the - effects whereof I design to leave upon that Providence which has - brought us hither.... Mr. Peters hath taken leave at least three - or four times, but still something falls out which hinders his - return to England. He hath been twice at Bergh, and hath spoke - with the Cardinal (Mazarin) three or four times; I kept myself by, - and had a care that he did not importune him with too long - speeches. He returns, loaden with an account of all things here, - and hath undertaken every man's business. I must give him that - testimony, that he gave us three or four very honest sermons; and - if it were possible to get him to mind preaching, and to forbear - the troubling himself with other things, he would certainly prove - a very fit minister for soldiers. I hope he cometh well satisfied - from this place. He hath often insinuated to me his desire to stay - here, if he had a call. Some of the officers also have been with - me to that purpose; but I have shifted him so handsomely as, I - hope, he will not be displeased. For I have told him that the - greatest service he can do us is to go to England and carry on his - propositions, and to own us in all other interests, which he hath - undertaken with much zeal." - -This letter lets us see what were some of Peters' weaknesses. He was -vastly loquacious, so that Colonel Lockart had to see to it that he -did not "importune the Cardinal with too long speeches," and he was -conceited, self-opinionated, and meddlesome, interfering in matters -beyond his province, so that the Colonel was heartily glad to be rid -of him from Dunkirk. - -That there was humour in Hugh Peters, not unfrequently running into -profanity, would appear from a work, "The Tales and Jests of Mr. Hugh -Peters, collected into one volume; published by one that hath formerly -been conversant with the Author in his lifetime; dedicated to Mr. John -Goodwin and Mr. Philip Nye." London, 1660. - -These appeared in the same year under a different title--"Hugh Peters, -his figaries, or his merry tales and witty jests both in city, town, -and country." It was reprinted by James Caulfield in 1807. - -A few of these will suffice. - -Peters had preached for two hours; the sands in the hour-glass had -run out. He observed it, and turning it over, said to his hearers: -"Come, let us have another glass!" - -Once he preached: "Beware, young men, of the three W's--Wine, Women, -and Tobacco. Now Tobacco, you will say, does not begin with a W. But -what is Tobacco but a weed?" - -Another of his jests in the pulpit was, "England will never prosper -till one hundred and fifty are taken away." The explanation is L L -L--Lords, Lawyers, and Levites. - -Preaching on the devils entering into the swine (S. Mark v. 23), he -said that the miracle illustrated three English proverbs:-- - -1. That the devil will rather play at small game than sit out. - -2. That those must needs go forward whom the devil drives. - -3. That at last he brought his hogs to a fair market. - -It was a favourite saying of Peters that in Christendom there were -neither scholars enough, gentlemen enough, nor Jews enough; for, said -he, if there were more scholars there would not be so many pluralists -in the Church; if there were more gentry, so many born would not be -reckoned among them; if there were more Jews, so many Christians would -not practise usury. - -One rainy day Oliver Cromwell offered Peters his greatcoat. "No, thank -you," replied his chaplain; "I would not be in your coat for a -thousand pounds." - -Discoursing one day on the advantage Christians had in having the -Gospel preached to them--"Verily," said he, "the Word hath a free -passage amongst you, for it goes in at one ear and out at the other." - -Preaching on the subject of duties, he said:-- - -"Observe the three fools in the Gospel, who, being bid to the wedding -supper, every one had his excuse-- - -"1. He that had hired a farm and must go see it. Had he not been a -fool, he would have seen it before hiring it. - -"2. He that had bought a yoke of oxen and must go try them. He also -was a fool, because he did not try them before he bought them. - -"3. He that married a wife, and without complement said he could not -come. He too was a fool, for he showed that one woman drew him away, -more than a whole yoke of oxen did the former." - -Peters, invited to dinner at a friend's house, knowing him to be very -wealthy and his wife very fat, said at table to his host, "Truly, sir, -you have the world and the flesh, but pray God you get not the devil -in the end." - -The copy of the _Tales and Jests of Hugh Peters_ in the British Museum -has notes to some of them, showing that the writer regarded a certain -number as genuine anecdotes of Peters. Most of the others are either -older stories, or else have little or no wit in them. - -The above anecdotes are some of those thus noted. - -That Hugh Peters was a wag Pepys lets us know, for he speaks of a -Scottish chaplain at Whitehall, after the Restoration, a Dr. -Creighton, whose humour reminded the diarist of Peters: "the most -comical man that ever I heard; just such a man as Hugh Peters." - -At the Restoration he was executed as a regicide. He was not directly -implicated in the King's death, and all that he could be accused of -was using words incentive to regicide. That he had been the -executioner was not charged against him. There was no evidence. The -accusations Hugh Peters had to meet were that he had encouraged the -soldiers to cry out for the blood of the King, whom he had likened to -Barabbas; that he had preached against him; that he had accused the -Levites, Lords, and Lawyers--the three L's, or the Hundred and Fifty, -in allusion to the numerical value of the numbers--as men who should -be swept out of the Commonwealth; that he had declared the King to be -a tyrant, and that the office of King was useless and dangerous. - -Peters pleaded that he had been living fourteen years out of England, -and that when he came home he found that the Civil War had already -begun; that he had not been at Edgehill or Naseby; that he had looked -after three things only--the introduction into the country of what he -considered to be sound religion, the maintenance of learning, and the -relief of the poor. He further stated that on coming to England he had -considered it his duty to side with the Parliament, and that he had -acted without malice, avarice, or ambition. - -The jury, with very little consultation, returned a verdict of guilty, -and he was sentenced to death. - -On the 16th October Coke, the solicitor for the people of England who -had acted against the King at his trial, and Hugh Peters, who had -stood and preached that no mercy should be shown him, were to die. - -On the hurdle which carried Coke was placed the head of Harrison, who -had been executed the day before--a piece of needless brutality, which -the people who lined the streets indignantly resented. On the scaffold -Coke declared that for the part he had borne in the trial of Charles I -he in no way repented of what he had done. Hugh Peters was made to -witness all the horrible details of Coke's execution, the hanging, the -disembowelling. He sat within the rails which surrounded the scaffold. -According to Ludlow: "When this victim (Coke) was cut down and brought -to be quartered, one Colonel Turner called to the sheriff's men to bring -Mr. Peters to see what was doing; which being done, the executioner came -to him, and rubbing his bloody hands together, asked him how he liked -that work. He told him he was not at all terrified, and that he might do -his worst, and when he was on the ladder he said to the sheriff, 'Sir, -you have butchered one of the servants of God before my eyes, and have -forced me to see it, in order to terrify and discourage me; but God has -permitted it for my support and encouragement.'" - -A man upbraided Peters with the King's death. "Friend," said Peters, -"you do not well to trample upon a dying man: you are greatly -mistaken; I had nothing to do in the death of the King." - -As he was going to the gallows, he looked about him and espied a man -with whom he was acquainted, and to him he gave a piece of money, -having first bent it; and he desired the man to carry that piece of -gold to his daughter as a token, and to assure her that his heart was -full of comfort, and that before that piece would reach her hand he -would be with God in glory. Then the old preacher, who had lived in -storms and whirlwinds, died with a quiet smile on his countenance. - -That a considerable portion of the community regarded the execution of -the regicides as a crime, and those who suffered as martyrs, would -appear from the pains taken to vilify their memory when dead, and -attempts made to justify their execution. - -The authorities for the life of Hugh Peters are mainly: _Memoirs of -Edmund Ludlow_, 1771; B. Whitelocke's _Memorials of English Affairs_, -1732; Rushworth's _Collections_, 1692; Bishop Burnet's _History of His -Own Time_, 1724; John Thurloe's _Collection of State Papers_, 1742; J. -B. Felt's _Ecclesiastical History of New England_, 1855; Benjamin -Brooke's _Puritans_, 1813, Vol. III; _The Trial of Charles I and of Some -of the Regicides_, in Murray's Family Library, 1832; the Rev. Samuel -Peters' _A History of the Rev. Hugh Peters_, New York, 1807; _An -Historical and Critical Account of Hugh Peters_ (with portrait), London, -1751, reprinted 1818; Felt (Joseph B.), _Memoir, a Defence of Hugh -Peters_, Boston, 1857; Colomb (Colonel), _The Prince of Army Chaplains_, -London, 1899; also Gardiner's (S. R.) _History of the Commonwealth_, and -the _Dictionary of National Biography, passim_. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[2] Froude, _Hist. of England_, X, p. 410. - -[3] _Ibid._, XI, 471-2. - -[4] We have only Peters' own word for this sum. It was probably much -less. - -[5] _Vita_, J. Barwick, London, 1721. - -[6] Stubbe, _Justification of the War_, 1673, pt. ii. p. 83. - - - - - JAMES POLKINGHORNE, - THE WRESTLER - - -James Polkinghorne, the noted champion wrestler of Cornwall, was the -son of James Polkinghorne, who died at Creed, 18th March, 1836. The -wrestler James was born at S. Keverne in 1788, but there is no entry -of his baptism in the parish register. - -Cornish wrestling was very different from that in Devon--it was less -brutal, as no kicking was allowed. The Devon wrestlers wore boots soaked -in bullock's blood and indurated at the fire, and with these hacked the -shins of their opponents, who wore as a protection _skillibegs_, or -bands of hay twisted and wrapped round their legs below the knee. - -I have so fully described the wrestling in my _Devonshire Characters -and Strange Events_, that it is unnecessary here to go over the same -ground more than cannot be helped. - -There was a Cornish jingle that ran as follows:-- - - Chacewater boobies up in a tree, - Looking as whish'd as ever could be, - Truro men, strong as oak, - Knock 'em down at every stroke-- - -that had reference to the wrestling matches. - -In 1816 Polkinghorne, who had become the innkeeper of the "Red Lion," -S. Columb Major, wrestled with Flower, a Devonshire man of gigantic -stature, and threw him. Then Jackman, another Devonian, challenged -Polkinghorne, and he was cast over the head of the Cornishman, -describing the "flying mare." But the most notable contest in which -Polkinghorne was engaged was with Abraham Cann, the Devonshire -champion. The match was for £200 a side, for the best of three -back-falls; and it took place on October 23rd, 1826, on Tamar Green, -Morice Town, Plymouth, in the presence of seventeen thousand -spectators. I have quoted the account already in my _Devonshire -Characters_, but cannot omit it here. - -[Illustration: JAMES POLKINHORN, THE FAMOUS CORNISH WRESTLER - -_From a drawing as he appeared in the Ring at Devonport on Monday,_ 23 -_October_, 1826, _when he threw Abm. Cann, the Champion of Devonshire, -for a stake of_ 200 _sovereigns_] - -"Tamar Green, Devonport, was chosen for the purpose, and the West was -alive with speculation when it was known that the backers meant -business. On the evening before the contest the town was inundated, -and the resources of its hotels and inns were taxed to the utmost. -Truculent and redoubtable gladiators flocked to the scene--kickers -from Dartmoor, the recruiting-ground of the Devonshire system, and -bearlike huggers from the land of Tre, Pol, and Pen--a wonderful -company of tried and stalwart experts. Ten thousand persons bought -tickets at a premium for seats, and the hills around swarmed with -spectators. The excitement was at the highest possible pitch, and -overwhelming volumes of cheering relieved the tension as the rivals -entered the ring--Polkinghorne in his stockings, and Cann with a -monstrous pair of shoes whose toes had been baked into flints. As the -men peeled for action such a shout ascended as awed the nerves of all -present. Polkinghorne had been discounted as fat and unwieldy, but the -Devonians were dismayed to find that, great as was his girth, his arms -were longer, and his shoulders immensely powerful. Three stone lighter -in weight, Cann displayed a more sinewy form, and his figure was knit -for strength, and as statuesquely proportioned. His grip, like -Polkinghorne's, was well known. No man had ever shaken it off when -once he had clinched; and each enjoyed a reputation for presence of -mind and resource in extremity beyond those of other masters of the -art. The match was for the best of three back-falls, the men to catch -what hold they could; and two experts from each county were selected -as sticklers. The feeling was in favour of Cann at the outset, but it -receded as the Cornishman impressed the multitude with his muscular -superiority. Repeatedly shifting their positions, the combatants -sought their favourite 'holds.' As soon as Cann caught his adversary -by the collar, after a contending display of shifty and evasive form, -Polkinghorne released himself by a feint; and, amid 'terrible shouts -from the Cornishmen,' he drove his foe to his knees. - -"Nothing daunted, the Devonian accepted the Cornish hug, and the efforts -of the rivals were superb. Cann depended on his science to save him, but -Polkinghorne gathered his head under his arm, and lifting him from the -ground, threw him clean over his shoulder, and planted him on his back. -The very earth groaned with the uproar that followed; the Cornishmen -jumped by hundreds into the ring; there they embraced their champion -till he begged to be released; and, amid cheers and execrations, the -fall was announced to have complied with the conditions. Bets to the -amount of hundreds of pounds were decided by this event. - -"Polkinghorne now went to work with caution, and Cann was conscious that -he had an awkward customer to tackle. After heavy kicking and attempted -hugging, the Cornishman tried once more to lift his opponent; but Cann -caught his opponent's leg in his descent, and threw him to the ground -first. In the ensuing rounds both men played for wind. Polkinghorne was -the more distressed, his knees quite raw with punishment, and the -betting veered in Cann's favour. Then the play changed, and Cann was -apparently at the mercy of his foe, when he upset Polkinghorne's balance -by a consummate effort, and threw him on his back by sheer strength--the -first that the sticklers allowed him. Cann next kicked tremendously; but -although the Cornishman suffered severely, he remained 'dead game,' and -twice saved himself by falling on his chest. - -"Disputes now disturbed the umpires, and their number was reduced to -two. In the eighth round Polkinghorne's strength began to fail, and a -dispute was improvised which occasioned another hour's delay. With -wind regained and strength revived, the tenth round was contested with -absolute fury; and, taking kicking with fine contempt, Polkinghorne -gripped Cann with leonine majesty, lifted him from the earth in his -arms, turned him over his head, and dashed him to the ground with -stunning force. As the Cornishman dropped on his knee the fall was -disputed, and the turn was disallowed. Polkinghorne then left the ring -amid a mighty clamour, and by reason of his default the stakes were -awarded to Cann. The victor emerged from the terrific hug of his -opponent with a mass of bruises, which proved that kicking was only -one degree more effective than hugging. - -"A more unsatisfactory issue could hardly have been conceived, and the -rival backers forthwith endeavoured to arrange another encounter. -Polkinghorne refused to meet Cann, however, unless he discarded his -shoes."[7] - -Various devices were attempted to bring them together again, but they -failed. Each had a wholesome dread of the other. - -An account of the contest was written as a ballad and was entitled "A -New Song on the Wrestling Match between Cann and Polkinghorne," that -was to be sung to the tune "The Night I Married Susy," or else to "The -Coronation." - -Full accounts are to be found in _The Sporting Magazine_, London, -LXVII, 165-6; LXIX, 55-6, 215, 314-16, 344. In the _Annual Register_, -chronicle 1826, 157-8. - -Polkinghorne died at S. Columb, on September 15th, 1854, at the age of -seventy-six, twenty-eight years after his match with Cann. He was -buried on September 17th. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[7] Whitfeld, _Plymouth and Devonport in War and Peace_, Plymouth, 1900. - - - - - HENRY TRENGROUSE, INVENTOR - - -Helston is a quaint old town, once of far more importance than at -present. It possessed an old castle, that has now disappeared. It was -one of the six stannary towns, and prior to 1832 returned two members -to Parliament. It still glories in its "Furry Day," when the whole -town goes mad, dancing, in spite of Methodism. It has on some of its -old house-gables pixy seats, and it had a grammar school that has had -notable masters, as Derwent Coleridge, and notable scholars, as Henry -Trengrouse. It is the key and capital to that wonderful district, rich -in geological and botanic and antiquarian interest, the Lizard. - -The great natural curiosity of Helston is Loe Pool, formed by the -Comber, a small river, penned back by Loe Bar, a pebble-and-sand ridge -thrown up by the sea. The sheet of water lying between wooded hills -abounds in trout, and white swans float dreamily over the still water. -The banks are rich with fern, and yellow, white, and pink -mesembryanthemum. Formerly the pool rose till it overflowed the lower -parts of the town; now a culvert has been driven through the rocks to -let off the water as soon as it has attained a certain height. - -Henry Trengrouse was born at Helston, 18th March, 1772, the son of -Nicholas Trengrouse (1739-1814), and of Mary, his wife, who was a -Williams. - -The family had been long among the freeholders of Helston, and -possessed as well a small estate, Priske, in the parish of Mullion; -but the family name is taken from Tref-an-grouse, the House by the -Cross, in the same parish. - -Henry was educated in Helston Grammar School, and became, by trade, a -cabinet-maker. - -On 29th December, 1807, when he was aged thirty-five, a rumour spread -through the little town that a large frigate, H.M.S. _Anson_, had been -driven ashore on Loe Bar, about three miles distant. Mr. Trengrouse -and many others hastened to the coast and reached the bar. - -The _Anson_, forty-four guns, under the command of Captain Lydiard, -had left Falmouth on Christmas Eve for her station off Brest as a -look-out ship for the Channel Fleet. - -A gale from the W.S.W. sprang up, and after being buffeted about till -the 28th, with the wind increasing, the captain determined to run to -port. The first land they made was the Land's End, which they mistook -for the Lizard, and only discovered their mistake when the cry of -"Breakers ahead!" was heard from the man on the look-out. They were -now embayed, and in face of the terrible storm it was impossible to -work off, so both cables were let go. The _Anson_ rode to these till -the early morning of the 29th, when they parted, and the captain, in -order to save as many lives as possible, decided to beach her on the -sand off Loe Pool. A tremendous sea was running, and as she took the -beach only sixty yards from the bar, she was dashed broadside on, and -happily for the poor fellows on board, heeled landwards. Seas -mountains high rolled over her, sweeping everything before them. Then -her masts went by the board, her main mast forming a floating raft -from the ship almost to the shore, and over this scrambled through -the maddened waves most of those who were saved. - -[Illustration: HENRY TRENGROUSE, THE INVENTOR OF THE ROCKET APPARATUS -FOR SAVING LIFE AT SEA - -_From an oil painting by Opie the younger, reproduced by permission of -Mr. H. Trengrouse_] - -It was a terrible sight to witness for the hundreds of spectators who -had by this time collected on the beach, but it was almost impossible -for them to render any assistance. - -At last, when all hands seemed to have left the ship, two -stout-hearted Methodist local preachers--Mr. Tobias Roberts, of -Helston, and Mr. Foxwell, of Mullion--made an attempt to reach her, so -as to see if any one remained on board. They succeeded, and were soon -followed by others, who found several people, including two women and -as many children. The women and some of the men were safely conveyed -ashore, but the children were drowned. There were altogether upwards -of a hundred drowned, including the captain, who stood by the frigate -to the last. The exact number was never known, as many of the soldiers -deserted on reaching the shore. - -The survivors salved a good deal from the wreck, amongst which were -watches, jewellery, and many articles of considerable value. They were -placed all together in a bedroom of the old inn at Porthleven, with a -soldier with drawn sword on guard. One of the beams that bent under -such an unusual weight may be seen bowed to this day. A local militia -sergeant was soon afterwards sent to Helston in charge of a wagon-load -of these valuable goods, and when half-way to his destination was -accosted by a Jew, who offered him £50 in exchange for his load. "Here -is my answer," said the sergeant, presenting a loaded pistol at his -head, and the fellow hurriedly took his departure. - -Much indignation was raised at the time by the way in which the victims -of the disaster were buried. They were bundled in heaps into large pits -dug in the cliff above, without any burial service being performed over -them. It was customary everywhere at that time for all bodies washed -ashore to be interred by the finder at the nearest convenient spot. But -as a result of the indecent methods of burial of the _Anson_ victims, an -Act of Parliament was framed by Mr. Davies Gilbert, and passed on 18th -June, 1808, providing "suitable interment in churchyards and parochial -burying-grounds" for all bodies cast up by the sea. - -The _Anson_ was a sixty-four gun frigate cut down to a forty-four, and -had seen much service. Among many fights, she figured in Lord Rodney's -action on 12th April, 1782, formed part of the fleet which repulsed -the French squadron in an attempt to land in Ireland in 1796, helped -in the seizure of the French West Indies in 1803, and in 1807 took -part in the capture of Curaçao from the Dutch. It was not long after -her return from this latter place that she left Falmouth for the -cruise on which she met her fate.[8] - -In 1902 the hull of the _Anson_, after having been submerged for -ninety-five years, came to light again. She was found by Captain -Anderson of the West of England Salvage Company, whose attention had -been directed to the wreck by a Porthleven fisherman. Unfortunately at -the time the weather was so stormy that Captain Anderson could not -proceed with any efforts of salvage, and with the exception of one -visit of inspection the interesting relic was left untouched. But in -April, 1903, with a bright sky and a light breeze from the north-east, -he proceeded to the spot and inspected the remains. The hull of the -vessel was not intact, and several guns were lying alongside. One of -these, about 10 ft. 6 in. long, Captain Anderson secured and hoisted -on to the deck of the _Green Castle_ by means of a winch, and -afterwards conveyed it to Penzance. It was much encrusted. Amongst the -mass of _débris_ also raised were several cannon-balls. - -But to return to Henry Trengrouse, who had stood on the beach watching -the wreck, the rescue of some and the perishing of others. - -Drenched with rain and spray, and sick at heart, Henry Trengrouse -returned to his home, and was confined to his bed for nearly a week, -having contracted a severe cold. The terrible scene had made an -indelible impression on his mind, and he could not, even if he had -wished it, drive the thought away. Night and day he mused on the means -whereby some assistance could be given to the shipwrecked, some -communication be established between the vessel and the shore. - -He was a great friend of Samuel Drew, whose life was devoted to -metaphysics, and it was perhaps the contrast in the two minds that -made them friends--one an idealist, the other practical. - -Trengrouse had a small competence, besides his trade, and he devoted -every penny that he could spare to experiments, first in the -construction of a lifeboat, but without satisfactory results. - -The King's birthday was celebrated at Helston with fireworks on the -green; and as Henry Trengrouse looked up at the streak of fire rushing -into the darkness above and scattering a shower of stars, it occurred to -him, Why should not a rocket, instead of wasting itself in an exhibition -of fireworks, do service and become a means of carrying a rope to a -vessel among the breakers? When a communication has been established -between the wreck and the shore, above the waves, it may become an -aerial passage along which those in distress may pass to safety. - -Something of the same idea had already occurred to Lieutenant John Bell -in 1791, but his proposal was that a shot with a chain attached to it -should be discharged from a mortar. Captain George William Manby had his -attention drawn to this in February, 1807, and in August of the same -year exhibited some experiments with his improved life-preserving mortar -to the members of the Suffolk House Humane Society. By the discharge of -the mortar a barbed shot was to be flung on to the wreck, with a line -attached to the shot. By means of this line a hawser could be drawn from -the shore to the ship, and along it would be run a cradle in which the -shipwrecked persons could be drawn to land. - -Manby's mortar was soon abandoned as cumbrous and dangerous; men were -killed during tests; notwithstanding which he was awarded, £2000. The -great merit of Trengrouse's invention was that the rocket was much -lighter than a shot from a mortar, and was, moreover, more portable, -and there was a special line manufactured for it that would not kink, -nor would it snap, because the velocity of the rocket increased -gradually, whereas that from a discharge of a mortar was sudden and so -great that the cord was frequently ruptured. - -The distinctive feature of Trengrouse's apparatus consisted of "a -section of a cylinder, which is fitted to the barrel of a musket by a -bayonet socket; a rocket with a line attached to its stick is so -placed on it that its priming receives fire immediately from the -barrel";[9] whereas a metal mortar could not be conveyed to the cliff -or shore opposite the scene of disaster without being drawn in a -conveyance by horses, and where there was no road with the utmost -difficulty dragged over hedges and ploughed fields by men. Not only -so, but a shot discharged by Captain Manby's mortar was liable to -endanger life. Wrecks generally happened in the dark, and then the -shot would not be visible to those on the wreck. But Trengrouse's -rocket would indicate its track by the trail of fire by which it was -impelled, and could be fired from either the ship or the shore. - -Trengrouse expended £3000 on his experiments, and sacrificed to this -one object--that of saving life--his capital, his business, and his -health. He cut off the entail on Priske, which had belonged to the -family for several generations, and sold it to enable him to pursue -his experiments. There was much that was pathetic in his life: there -were the long and frequent journeys to London from Helston, four days -by coach, sometimes in mid-winter and in snowstorms, with the object -of inducing successive Governments to adopt the rocket apparatus, -meeting only with discouragement. Nor was this all. After all his own -means had been exhausted, he received a legacy of £500 under a -brother's will, and this sum he at once devoted to further endeavours -with H.M. Government for the general adoption of his rocket apparatus. - -The Russian ambassador now stepped forward and invited Trengrouse to -S. Petersburg, where he assured him that, instead of rebuffs, he would -experience only the consideration due to him for his inventions. But -Trengrouse's reply was, "My country first"; and that country allowed -him, after the signal services he had rendered to humanity--to die -penniless. - -His original design was to supply every ship with a rocket apparatus; -as vessels were almost invariably wrecked _before_ the wind, the line -might the more easily be fired from a ship than from the shore. - -Trengrouse once met Sir William Congreve, who also claimed to be the -inventor of the war-rocket; and Trengrouse said to him in the course -of their discussion, "As far as I can see, Sir William, your rocket is -designed to _destroy_ life; mine is to save life; and I do claim to be -the first that ever thought of utilizing a rocket for the saving of -human lives."[10] - -Trengrouse moreover invented the cork jacket or "life preserver." This -was a success, and has never been improved on. It has been the means -of saving many hundreds of lives. He also built a model of a lifeboat, -that could not be sunk, and was equal to the present lifeboats of the -Royal Lifeboat Association in all respects except the "self-righting" -principle. It was not until February 28th, 1818, after many journeys -to London, and much ignorant and prejudiced objection that he had to -contend against, such as is found so usual among Government officials, -that Trengrouse was able to exhibit his apparatus before Admiral Sir -Charles Rowley. A committee was appointed, and on March 5th it -reported favourably on the scheme. - -In the same year the Committee of the Elder Brethren of Trinity House -reported in high terms on the invention, and recommended that "no -vessel should be without it." - -Thereupon Government began to move slowly; in the House the matter was -discussed and haggled over. One speaker exclaimed: "You are guilty of -sinful negligence in this matter, for while you are parleying over -this invention and this important subject, thousands of our fellow-men -are losing their lives." - -[Illustration: THE WRECK OF THE "ANSON" - -_From a sketch by H. Trengrouse_] - -At last Government ordered twenty sets of the life-preserving rockets, -but afterwards resolved on making the apparatus itself, and paid -Trengrouse the sum of £50, the supposed amount of profit he would have -made on the order. Fifty pounds was all his ungrateful country could -afford to give him. In 1821, however, the Society of Arts pronounced -favourably on his apparatus, and presented Trengrouse with their -silver medal and a grant of thirty guineas. - -Through the Russian ambassador, the then Czar sent him a diamond ring, -in consideration of the great advantage his apparatus had proved in -shipwrecks on the Baltic and the Black Sea. Even this he was constrained -to pledge, that he might devote the money to his darling project. - -With these acknowledgments of his services he had to rest contented; -but ever the news of lives having been saved through his invention was -a solace to an even and contented mind. - -Henry Trengrouse died at Helston on February 19th, 1854. - -As he lay on his death-bed with his face to the wall, he turned about, -and with one of his bright, hopeful smiles said to his son, "If you live -to be as old as I am, you will find my rocket apparatus all along our -shores." They were his last words; in a few minutes he had passed away. - -The rocket apparatus is along the shores at 300 stations, but not, as -he had hoped, on board the vessels. He had despaired of obtaining -that, yet that is what he aimed at principally. - -In April, 1905, owing to the loss of the _Kyber_ on the Land's End -coast, questions were asked in the House of Commons relative to -wireless telegraphy between the lighthouses and the coast. On that -occasion one of the most valuable suggestions was made by a shipping -expert, who considered that the Board of Trade should make it -compulsory that a light rocket apparatus should be carried by all -vessels, so that, when in distress, if near the coast, the crew could -send a rocket ashore. This marine engineer said: "On shore the rockets -must be fired by practised men, such as coastguards, because they have -to strike a small object; but on a vessel they have only to hit the -land, and if people are about, the line will quickly be seized and -made fast. At present, too, horses and wagons have to be used, and -sometimes it is difficult to find a road leading down to the spot from -which help must be rendered. Probably for twenty pounds an appliance -could be kept on board a vessel which would send a line ashore in less -time and with more certainty than at present. When a vessel is being -blown ashore, I have seen rockets fired from the land return like a -boomerang to the cliff on account of the strength of the gale. In my -judgment, mariners should assist in their own salvation." - -On this Mr. H. Trengrouse, grandson of the inventor, wrote to the -_Cornishman_, 24th April, 1905:-- - -"Your suggestion in the _Cornishman_ of the 15th instant ... that all -vessels should be compelled by the Board of Trade to carry this -apparatus, is very practical, and should, and I trust may, be soon -adopted. - -"It may interest your readers to learn that the inventor, my -grandfather, the late Mr. Henry Trengrouse, of Helston, urged this -upon successive Governments without any encouragement whatever, and I -on two occasions have also suggested it to the principals of the -Marine Department of the Board of Trade, who have informed me of a -strong opinion always entertained, that on the occasion of wreck, -there would probably not be any one on board possessing sufficient -knowledge of the use of the apparatus to render it of any value; which -seems very strange indeed, and might be readily obviated by, at least, -the captain and officers of vessels being instructed in its -use--surely simple enough. My grandfather devoted much time to make it -so; and the advantage of an appliance for use on board is so palpable, -and the loss of life during many years by its absence so considerable, -that it is extremely gratifying to observe a renewed and increasing -interest in the subject, which I hope, Sir, as you state, being so -important, may now be kept to the fore. - - "I am, Sir, - "Your obedient servant, - "H. TRENGROUSE." - -That this admirable letter to the _Cornishman_ should at the time -produce no effect on the Board of Trade is what every one who has had -any dealings with that Board would predicate. - -At length, however, some goading has roused that obstructive, inert body -into inquiring into this matter. I read in the _Daily Express_ of 27th -January, 1908: "The question whether the carrying of rockets for -projecting lifelines should be made compulsory on all British ships is -being investigated by a special committee appointed by the Board of -Trade. One witness before the committee said that he had seen fifty men -drowned within sixty yards of the shore in a gale, and that all might -have been saved had the vessel been equipped with line-throwing guns." - -So--after the lapse of eighty-six or seven years, and the loss of -thousands of lives that might have been saved had not the Board of -Trade been too inert to move in the matter--an inquiry has once more -been instituted. Let us hope that after this inquiry the matter may -not be allowed to fall again into neglect. - -That the rocket _fired from the shore_ has been already the means of -saving lives, the following report on it made to the Board of Trade, -for the year ending 30th June, 1907, will testify:-- - -"During the year ended as above, 268 lives were saved by means of the -life-saving apparatus, that is to say, 127 more than the number saved -by the same means during the previous year, and 67 more than the -average for the previous ten years. The total number of lives saved by -the life-saving apparatus since 1870 is 8924. This number does not -include the large number of lives saved by means of ropes and other -assistance from the shore." - -After the loss of the _Berlin_, belonging to the Great Eastern -Company, in 1907, the attention of the Dutch Government was called to -the advantage of having the rocket apparatus _on board ship_, and -legal instructions were drafted, making it obligatory upon all vessels -of over two hundred tons gross to carry rocket apparatus. - -Henry Trengrouse's noble life was a failure in so far as that it -brought him no pecuniary results--covered him with disappointment, -reduced him to poverty. He received, in all, for his life's work, and -the sacrifice of fortune and the landed estate of his ancestors, £50 -from Government, £31 10_s._ from the Society of Arts, and a diamond -ring that in his time of need he was constrained to pawn, and which he -was never able to redeem. - -Russell Lowell puts these lines into the mouth of Cromwell, in his -_Glance behind the Curtain_:-- - - My God, when I read o'er the bitter lives - Of men whose eager hearts are quite too great - To beat beneath the cramp'd mode of the day, - And see them mocked at by the world they love, - Haggling with prejudice for pennyworths - Of that reform which this hard toil will make - The common birthright of the age to come-- - When I see _this_, spite of my faith in God, - I marvel how their hearts bear up so long; - Nor could they, but for this same prophecy, - This inward feeling of the glorious end. - -Henry Trengrouse married Mary, daughter of Samuel and Mary Jenken, -19th November, 1795. She was born at S. Erth, 9th September, 1772, and -died at Helston, 27th March, 1863. By her he had one son only who -reached manhood, Nicholas Trevenen Trengrouse, who died at the age of -seventy-four; and one daughter, Jane, who married Thomas Rogers, -solicitor, of Helston; Emma, who married a Mr. Matthews; and two, Mary -and Anne, who died unmarried, the first at the age of eighty, the -latter at that of ninety-four. - -To Mr. Henry Trengrouse, the son of Mr. Nicholas T. Trengrouse, I am -indebted for much information relative to his grandfather, as also to -a lecture, never published, delivered in 1894 by the Rev. James -Ninnis, who says in a letter to Mr. H. Trengrouse, junior: "Most of -the detail I have taken from notes of my father, dated 1878; he got -them from conversation with your respected father." - -Mr. J. Ninnis' grandfather had stood on the beach by the side of Henry -Trengrouse, watching the wreck of the _Anson_. - -A portrait of the inventor, by Opie the younger, is in the possession -of the family at Helston, as is also the picture of the wreck of the -_Anson_ sketched at the time by Mr. Trengrouse. For permission to -reproduce both I am indebted to the courtesy of the grandson of the -inventor. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[8] _Morning Leader_, 29th October, 1902. - -[9] There is an engraving of it in the _Annual Report of the Society -of Arts_ for 1821. The life-preserving rocket was exhibited on the -Serpentine before the Duke of Clarence, afterwards King William IV, on -May 28th, 1819. People looked on as at some firework display, and -nothing came of it. - -[10] Trengrouse's apparatus fitted into a case 4 ft. 3 in. long by 1 -ft. 6 in. wide. - - - - - THE BOTATHAN GHOST - - -IN April, 1720, Daniel Defoe published his _History of the Life and -Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell_. In August a second edition was -called for, of which some copies included a pamphlet that had been -printed in June: "Mr. Campbell's Pacquet, for the Entertainment of -Gentlemen and Ladies," and this "Pacquet" contains "A Remarkable -Passage of an Apparition, related by the Rev. Dr. Ruddle, of -Launceston, in Cornwall, in the year 1665." - -It has been assumed that this ghost story was a bit of invention of -the lively imagination of Defoe. Mrs. Bray in her _Trelawny of -Trelawne_ stated that the story could not be true, as no such a name -as Dingley, which was that of the ghost, was known in Launceston. As -it happened, James Dingley had been instituted to the vicarage of the -very parish of South Petherwin, in which the ghost appeared, in the -same reign in which the apparition occurred, and he assisted Ruddle in -his ministrations in Launceston, and the name occurs to this day in -the town and neighbourhood. In fact, Dingley, Pethebridge, and Dingley -are bankers there. - -In the same heedless fashion Cyrus Redding wrote in 1842 that the -story was "told with so much simplicity of truth that it is difficult -to believe that the tale is not, as novel writers say, 'founded on -fact.'" And he goes on to state: "No clergyman of the name of Ruddle -had been incumbent in Launceston for two hundred years past, at least -in S. Mary's Church." Yet the monument of Parson Ruddle is in the -church, and he occupied the living from 1663 to his death in 1699. - -[Illustration: "PARSON RUDALL" - -_From a painting in the possession of the Rev. S. Baring Gould_] - -Again, Samuel Drew, in his _History of Cornwall_, blunders as to the -locality, making the apparition appear in the parish of Little -Petherick, near Padstow. - -Next Mr. Hawker, of Morwenstow, fabricated a "Diurnall" of Ruddle, -which adopted Drew's error, and by altering the date made the story as -given by him disagree with the facts as they stand upon record. - -The "Remarkable Passage of an Apparition" was no invention of Defoe; -it was a genuine narrative written by the hand of John Ruddle himself. -This has been conclusively demonstrated by the late Mr. Alfred Robbins -in the _Cornish Magazine_, 1898. - -John Ruddle, M.A. of Caius College, Cambridge, was instituted to the -vicarage of Altarnon on May 24th, 1662; and the incumbency of S. Mary -Magdalen, Launceston, becoming vacant by the ejection of the -Independent intrusive pastor, Ruddle was appointed to it, and "began -his ministry at Launceston on y^e Feast of Our Saviour's Nativity, -1663." At the same time he received the appointment to the Launceston -Free School as master. - -Now it so fell out that he was invited on the 20th June, 1665, to -preach a funeral sermon on the occasion of the burial of John Eliot at -South Petherwin. John was the son of Edward Eliot, of Trebursey, who -was the third son of Sir John Eliot, who died in the Tower of London. - -After the conclusion of the service, Parson Ruddle was leaving the -church, when an "ancient gentleman" addressed him, and, Ruddle says, -"With an unusual importunity almost forced against my humour to see -his house that night; nor could I have rescued myself from his -kindness, had not Mr. Eliot interposed and pleaded title to me for -the whole of the day." However, Ruddle promised to call on the old -gentleman, whose name was Bligh, and whose house was Botathan. - -The Blighs were an ancient family, well connected and owning a good -estate, but Botathan was not a house of any pretence, and it is now -the dwelling of a farmer, and has not the appearance of having been -the residence of a county family. - -On the following Monday John Ruddle went to Botathan, where he partook -of an early dinner, and a neighbouring parson had been invited to meet -him. - -"After dinner this brother of the coat undertook to show me the -gardens, when, as I was walking, he gave me the first discovery of -what was mainly intended in all this treat and compliment. First he -began to tell the infortunity of the family in general, and then gave -an instance in the youngest son. He related what a hopeful, sprightly -lad he lately was, and how melancholic and sottish he was now grown. -Then did he with much passion lament that his ill-humour should so -incredibly subdue his reason; for, says he, the poor boy believes -himself to be haunted with ghosts, and is confident that he meets with -an evil spirit in a certain field about half a mile from this place as -often as he goes that way to school. - -"In the midst of our twaddle the old gentleman and his lady came up to -us. Upon their approach, and pointing me to the arbour, the parson -renews the relation to me; and they (the parents of the youth) -confirmed what he said, and added many minute circumstances. In fine, -they all three desired my thoughts and advice in the affair." - -Neither the parents nor the parson who made this communication -believed that the boy saw anything; they shrewdly suspected that he -was lazy, and made the apparition an excuse for not going to school. - -Ruddle, however, saw the boy, and was convinced of his sincerity. "He -told me with all naked freedom, and a flood of tears, that his friends -were unkind and unjust to him, neither to believe nor pity him; and -that if any man (making a bow to me) would but go with him to the -place, he might be convinced that the thing was real. - -"'This woman which appears to me,' saith he, 'lived a neighbour here -to my father, and died about eight years since; her name, Dorothy -Dingley. She never speaks to me, but passeth by hastily, and always -leaves the footpath to me, and she commonly meets me twice or three -times in the breadth of the field. - -"'It was about two months before I took notice of it, and though the -shape of the face was in my memory, yet I did not recall the name of -the person, but I did suppose it was some woman who lived there about, -and had frequent occasion that way. Nor did I imagine anything to the -contrary before she began to meet me constantly, morning and evening, -and always in the same field (the Higher Brown Quartils), and -sometimes twice or thrice in the breadth of it. - -"'The first time I took notice of her was about a year since, and when -I first began to suspect it to be a ghost, I had courage enough not to -be afraid, but kept it to myself a good while, and only wondered very -much about it. I did often speak to it, but never had a word in -answer. Then I changed my way, and went to school the under Horse -Road, and then she always met me in the narrow lane, between the -Quarry Park and the Nursery, which was worse. At length I began to be -terrified at it, and prayed continually that God would either free me -from it or let me know the meaning of it. Night and day, sleeping and -waking, the shape was ever running in my mind, when, by degrees, I -grew pensive, inasmuch that it was taken notice of by all our family; -whereupon, being urged to it, I told my brother William of it, and he -privately acquainted my father and mother, and they kept it to -themselves for some time. - -"'The success of this discovery was only this: they did sometimes -laugh at me, sometimes chide me, but still commanded me to keep to my -school, and put such fopperies out of my head. I did accordingly go to -school often, but always met the woman by the way.'" - -When Parson Ruddle had heard this story he promised the boy to go with -him next morning to the field, and went with the lad to the hall, -whither the parents and the parson, the Rev. Samuel Williams, came to -meet them from the parlour. They began at once to importune Ruddle -about the interview and to pass remarks on the boy, who fled from them -to his own room. The vicar of Launceston begged them to restrain their -curiosity till he had made further investigation into the matter. - -"The next morning, before five o'clock, the lad was in my chambers, -and very brisk. I arose and went with him. The field he led me to I -guessed to be twenty acres, in an open country, and about three -furlongs from any house. We went into the field, and had not gone -above a third part before the spectrum, in the shape of a woman, with -all the circumstances he had described her to me the day before, met -us and passed by. I was a little surprised at it, and though I had -taken up a firm resolution to speak to it, yet I had not the power, -nor indeed durst I look back; yet I took care not to show any fear to -my pupil and guide, and therefore telling him that I was satisfied in -the truth of his complaint, we walked to the end of the field and -returned, nor did the ghost meet us that time above once. - -"At our return the gentlewoman watched to speak with me. I gave her a -convenience, and told her that my opinion was that her son's complaint -was not to be slighted, yet that my judgment in his case was not -settled. I gave her caution that the thing might not take wind, lest -the whole country should ring with what we had yet no assurance of. - -"In this juncture of time I had business which would admit no delay, -wherefore I went to Launceston that evening, but promised to see them -again next week. Yet I was prevented by an occasion which pleaded a -sufficient excuse. However, my mind was upon the adventure. I studied -the case, and about three weeks after went again, resolving, by the -help of God, to see the utmost. - -"The next morning, the 27th day of July, 1665, I went to the haunted -field by myself, and walked the breadth of the field without any -encounter. I returned and took the other walk, and then the spectrum -appeared to me, much about the same place where I saw it before, when -the young gentleman was with me. In my thoughts it moved swifter than -the time before, and about ten feet distant from me on my right hand, -insomuch that I had not time to speak, as I had determined with myself -beforehand. - -"The evening of this day, the parents, the son, and myself being in -the chamber where I lay, I propounded to them our going all together -to the place next morning, and after some asseveration that there was -no danger in it, we all resolved upon it. The morning being come, lest -we should alarm the servants, they went under the pretence of seeing a -field of wheat, and I took my horse and fetched a compass another -way, and so met at the stile we had appointed. - -"Thence we all four walked leisurely into the Quartils, and had passed -above half the field before the ghost made appearance. It then came -over the stile just before us, and moved with that swiftness that by -the time we had gone six or seven steps it passed by. I immediately -turned head and ran after it, with the young man by my side; we saw it -pass over the stile by which we entered, but no farther. I stepped -upon the hedge at one place, he at another, but could discern nothing; -whereas I dare aver that the swiftest horse in England could not have -conveyed himself out of sight in that short space of time. Two things -I observed in this day's appearance. (1) That a spaniel dog, who -followed the company unregarded, did bark and run away as the spectrum -passed by; whence it is easy to conclude that it was not our fear or -fancy which made the apparition. (2) That the motion of the spectrum -was not by steps and moving of the feet, but a kind of gliding, as -children upon ice or a boat down a swift river. - -"But to proceed. This ocular evidence clearly convinced, but strangely -frightened, the old gentleman and his wife, who knew this Dorothy -Dingley in her lifetime, were at her burial, and now plainly saw her -features in this present apparition. - -"The next morning, being Thursday, I went out very early by myself, and -walked for about an hour's space in meditation and prayer in the field -next adjoining the Quartils. Soon after five I stepped over the stile -into the disturbed field, and had not gone above thirty or forty paces -before the ghost appeared at the farther stile. I spake to it with a -loud voice, whereupon it approached, but slowly, and when I came near -it moved not. I spake again, and it answered, in a voice neither very -audible nor intelligible. I was not in the least terrified, and -therefore persisted until it spake again and gave me satisfaction. But -the work could not be finished at this time; wherefore the same evening, -an hour after sunset, it met me again near the same place, and after a -few words on each side it quickly vanished, and neither doth appear -since, nor ever will more to any man's disturbance. The discourse in the -morning lasted about a quarter of an hour. - -"These things are true, and I know them to be so, with as much -certainty as eyes and ears can give me; and until I can be persuaded -that my senses do deceive me about their proper object, and by that -persuasion deprive myself of the strongest inducement to believe the -Christian religion, I must and will assert that these things in this -paper are true." - -It must be noted that Defoe in his printed account omits the names of -the family of Bligh, and that he changes Dorothy Dingley into Mrs. -Veale. Parson Ruddle's original MS. is not in existence; it was -probably given to Defoe; but a copy is preserved made by the son of -the Rev. John Ruddle. Defoe was in Launceston acting as a spy for the -minister Harley in August, 1705, and at that time he must have got -hold of the MS. After the signature "John Ruddle" at the end of the -narrative and the date is the sentence: "This is a copy of w^t I found -written by my father and signed John Ruddle. Taken by me, William -Ruddle," who had become vicar of South Petherwin in 1695, and who -became subsequently incumbent also of S. Thomas-by-Launceston. This -copy bears the following attestation: "The readers may observe y^t I -borrowed the remarkable passage of y^e grandson of John Ruddle who had -it from his Uncle William Ruddle. I think I'm exact in its -transcription. I well know the s^d John Ruddle to have had (and I -daresay deserved) the character of a learned and eminent Divine, and I -also knew his son y^e sayd William Ruddle, a Divine whose character -was so bright y^t I have no room to add to its lustre, and I hereby -certify y^t I copyed this from y^e very hand-writing of the sayd -William Ruddle. _Quinto die Februarii Anno Dni_, 1730. James Wakeman." - -As Mr. Robbins says: "The completeness of the body of proof of the -Ruddle authorship leaves nothing therefore to be desired." - -Parson John Ruddle eventually became prebend of Exeter, and held the -vicarage of Altarnon along with that of Launceston to his death. - -Ruddle does not state that the boy Bligh was his pupil at Launceston -Free School, but one does not see to what other school he can have -gone, and the readiness with which the lad opened his heart to him -leads to the notion that they had some previous acquaintance. His way -to Launceston would be over the common, on which stand three barrows, -to the road at Penfoot, where he would strike the road. When he -endeavoured to avoid the ghost he took the Under Horse Road between -Quarry Park and the Nursery. The Quarry is still visible with a pool -in it, and a stream flowing into it that rises on the moor where he -saw the ghost, and Under Horse Road still bears its name. The lad -endeavoured to take a short cut, though not as short as across the -Higher Brown Quartils, to reach the Launceston road without having to -go through South Petherwin village. - -Parson Ruddle does not give the Christian name of the boy who saw the -ghost, and we are thrown into perplexity at once. - -The "ancient gentleman" may have been Thomas Bligh of Botathan, Esq., -but he was aged no more than fifty-three. Colonel Vivian's pedigree of -the Blighs in his _Visitation of Cornwall_ is most unsatisfactory. - -Thomas Bligh was buried at South Petherwin, April 10th, 1692. There is -no entry in Vivian's pedigree of Walter Bligh, gentleman, who was -buried January 29th, 1667-8. Besides, there are many entries of an -Edmund Bligh and Katherine, his wife, and their children. Thomas Bligh -seems to have lived at one time at S. Martin's-by-Looe. Dr. Lee in his -_Glimpses of the Supernatural_ calls Dorothy Dingley, Dorothy Durant; -but on what authority I do not know. There is an entry in the South -Petherwin register of the burial of Dorothy Durant, widow, 1st May, -1677, but according to the story of the boy, Dorothy Dingley died in -or about 1657. Unfortunately the South Petherwin registers do not go -back beyond August, 1656, but there is no entry in them in 1656 or -1657 of the burial of Dorothy Dingley. - -The Dingleys had been settled in Lezant and Linkinhorne from 1577, and -owned the place Hall in the latter parish; but they had connections in -Worcestershire; and Dorothy was the youngest daughter of Francis -Dingley, baptized at Cropthorne, in the latter county, in 1596. She -married Richard, son of George Durant, of Blockly, Worcestershire. As -no further trace of her can be found in the register there, it is not -unfair to suppose that having kinsfolk in Cornwall she may have -journeyed there, and both were buried at South Petherwin, Dorothy -Durant, as already stated, in 1677. She was then aged eighty-seven. -She cannot have been the ghost. But was the ghost that of her mother, -a Dorothy, who came to South Petherwin with her, and died there about -the year 1655? We cannot tell, as we do not know her mother's -Christian name. Dr. Lee clearly confused the Dorothy Durant with the -Dorothy Dingley, the ghost. - -The Rev. P. T. Pulman, vicar of South Petherwin, writes to me: "In -December, 1896, a labourer died here, aged seventy-two. For upwards of -forty years he had worked at Botathan. He told me that one of the -fields was called the Higher Brown Park (he did not know the name of -Quartells) until the field was ploughed up. He told me there was a -little path in it which they called old Dorothy Dinglet's [_sic_] -path, and that they used to frighten the farm apprentices with stories -about her, but he had never met her himself. The farm has been sold of -recent years. There is a part of the old house left used for a cider -cellar. They call it Dorothy Dingley's chamber." - -The Rev. James Dingley was vicar of South Petherwin from 1682 until -1695. He was born 1655, just ten years before the apparition was seen -by young Bligh. - -Authorities: A. Robbins, "A Cornish Ghost Story," in the _Cornish -Magazine_, 1898; A. Robbins, _Launceston Past and Present_, 1889. The -portrait of the Rev. John Ruddle is in my possession. The descendants -of Parson Ruddle or Rudall are still on the land, but are in a humble -condition. - - - - - JOHN COUCH ADAMS, - ASTRONOMER - -Thomas Adams was a small tenant farmer in the parish of Laneast, at -Lidcott, renting under John King Lethbridge, Esq., of Tregeare, in -Laneast. He married Tabitha Knill Grylls, of Stoke Climsland, who -inherited a very little land in this latter parish. - -Laneast lies on the Inny River--that is to say, the village with its -church occupies the southern slope of Laneast Down that falls to this -beautiful stream. But Lidcott lies on the north side of the down, that -rises to eight hundred feet above the sea, one long swelling mass of -moor brown with heather, save when in August it blushes like a modest -girl, the heather all a-rose with flower. - -For three miles the highway from Camelford to Launceston crosses this -moor, one white strip drawn through a mass of umber. At night the -sheep that grazed on the down would lie on the warm road, and many a -time have the coach-horses stumbled over them in the night. - -On this road, about the year 546, S. Samson was pursuing his way from -Padstow, where he had landed, to Southill. He had with him a wagon -drawn by horses he had brought with him from Ireland, and as he -proceeded over the down he was aware of music and dancing on the -left-hand side of the road in the direction of Tregeare, and he found -that the heathen people were having a festival about a rude upright -stone. He stopped, harangued them, condemned their idolatrous -practice, and with his own hand cut a cross upon the stone. - -It is possible that this is the very rude stone cross that still -stands on the slope of the moor above Lidcott. - -John Couch, son of Thomas Adams and Tabitha, was born at Lidcott on -5th January, 1819, but no notice of his baptism occurs in the parish -register at Laneast. Possibly he may have been taken to Egloskerry. - -He received his early education at a dame's school in his native -parish; but was early employed by his father to tend the sheep on -Laneast Down. It was then and there, on that great upland stretch of -moor, with a vast horizon about him, that, lying in the heather and -looking up into the sky, the mystery of the heavenly firmament laid -hold of him. He soon learned to distinguish the planets from the fixed -stars; he watched the rising and the setting of the constellations, -Charles's Wain revolving nightly about the extremest star in what he -called the tail of the Plough; Orion with his twinkling belt and -curved sword, "louting on one knee." - -To the west and south stood up against the evening glow the ridge of -the Bodmin Moors, Brown Willy, Rough Tor, Kilmar, and Caradon. To the -north nothing interrupted the view, for there lay the vast Atlantic; -and on stormy nights the boom of its waves might be heard from that -highway over the down. To the east and south-east the far-off range of -Dartmoor, blue as a vein in a girl's temple, on a summer day. - -Many a chiding did John Couch get from his father for being out late -at night upon the moor; the old farmer was unable to understand what -the attraction was which drew the lad from home and from his -supper, to be out, either lying on the road or leaning against the -old granite cross, star-gazing. Happily Mrs. Adams had a simple book -on astronomy that had belonged to her father, and this her son Jack -devoured, and now he began to understand something of the motions of -the heavenly bodies. He established a sundial on the window-sill of -the parlour, and constructed out of cardboard an apparatus for taking -the altitude of the sun. - -[Illustration: I C ADAMS A M - -_From the collection of Mrs. Lewis Lane_] - -His father, finding that his inclinations were not for farm work, sent -him to study with a relative of his mother, the Rev. P. Couch Grylls, -who had a school at Devonport, but later moved to Saltash. All his -spare time John Couch spent in reading astronomical works, which he -obtained from the library of the Mechanics' Institute; he drew maps of -constellations and computed celestial phenomena. A day long to be -remembered by him as one of the happiest in his life was that in which -he obtained a look through a telescope at the moon. "Why," he -exclaimed, "they have Brown Willy and Rough Tor up there!" - -His account of a solar eclipse viewed at Devonport through a small -spyglass got into print in a London paper. After three weeks' watching -he caught sight of Halley's Comet on 16th October, 1839. - -His father now with considerable effort arranged to send him to the -University of Cambridge, and he entered S. John's College as a poor -sizar in October, 1839; he graduated as Senior Wrangler in 1843, and -was first Smith's prizeman, and soon elected Fellow and appointed -tutor of his college. - -At the age of twenty-two he was struck with the disturbance in the -course of the planet Uranus, and he perceived that this must be due to -the attraction possessed by some other planet, as yet unseen and -unsuspected, that produced these perturbations. How this led to the -discovery of the planet Neptune shall be told from the _Reminiscences_ -of Caroline Fox:-- - -"1847, October 7th.--Dined at Carclew, and spent a very interesting -evening. We met Professor Adams, the Bullers, the Lord of the Isles, -and others. Adams is a quiet-looking man, with a broad forehead, a -mild face, and an amiable and expressive mouth. I sat by him at -dinner, and by general and dainty approaches got at the subject on -which one most wished to hear him speak. He began very blushingly, but -went on to talk in most delightful fashion, with large and luminous -simplicity, of some of the vast mathematical facts with which he is so -conversant. The idea of the reversed method of reasoning, from an -unknown to a known, with reference to astronomical problems dawned on -him when an undergraduate, with neither time nor mathematics to work -it out. The opposite system had always before been adopted. He, in -common with many others, conceived that there must be a planet to -account for the disturbances of Uranus; and when he had time he set to -work at the process, in deep, quiet faith that the fact was there, and -that his hitherto untried mathematical path was the one which must -reach it; that there were no anomalies in the universe, but that, even -here, and now, they could be explained and included in a higher law. -The delight of working it out was far more than any notoriety could -give, for his love of pure truth is evidently intense, an inward -necessity, unaffected by all the penny trumpets of the world. Well, at -length he fixed his point in space, and sent his mathematical evidence -to Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who locked the papers up in his desk, -partly from carelessness, partly from incredulity, for it seemed to -him impossible that a man whose name was unknown to him should strike -out a new path in mathematical science with any success. Moreover, -his theory was, that if there were a planet, it would not be -discovered for one hundred and sixty years; that is, until two -revolutions of Uranus had been accomplished. Then came Leverrier's -equally original, though many months younger, demonstration; Gull's -immediate verification of it by observation; and then the other -astronomers were all astir. Professor Adams speaks of those about whom -the English scientific world is so indignant in a spirit of Christian -philosophy, exactly in keeping with the mind of a man who has -discovered a planet. He speaks with warmest admiration of Leverrier, -specially of his exhaustive method of making out the orbits of the -comets, imagining and disproving all tracks but the right one--a work -of infinite labour. If the observer could make out distinctly but a -very small part of a comet's orbit, the mathematician would be able to -prove what its course had been through all time. They enjoyed being a -good deal together at the British Association Meeting at Oxford, -though it was unfortunate for the intercourse of the fellow-workers -that one could not speak French nor the other English. He had met with -very little mathematical sympathy, except from Challis, of the -Cambridge Observatory; but when his result was announced there was -noise enough and to spare. He was always fond of star-gazing and -speculation, and is already on the watch for another planet. Burnard -told us that when Professor Adams came from Cambridge to visit his -relatives in Cornwall he was employed to sell sheep for his father at -a fair. He is a most good son and neighbour, and watchful in the -performance of small acts of thoughtful kindness." - -"1863, July 2nd.--Have just returned from a visit to Professor Adams at -Cambridge. He is so delightful in the intervals of business, enjoying -all things, large and small, with a boyish zest. He showed and -explained the calculating machine (French, not Babbage's), which saves -him much in time and brain, as it can multiply or divide ten figures -accurately. We came upon an admirable portrait of him at S. John's -College, before he accepted a Pembroke Fellowship and migrated thither." - -The first mention of the name of Adams as the discoverer of Neptune was -by Sir John Herschel, in the _Athenæum_, on October 3rd, 1845. And a -letter from Professor Challis to that journal on 17th October described -in detail the transactions between Adams, Airy, and himself. Naturally -enough the French were highly incensed at the notion that an obscure -Englishman had forestalled Leverrier in the discovery, and Airy himself -was annoyed at his own negligence in not looking into the memoir by -Adams, and took up the matter with some personal feeling. It was -certainly startling to realize that the Astronomer Royal had had in his -possession data that would have enabled the planet to be discovered -nearly a year before Leverrier had, by a different course of argument -and calculation, arrived at the conclusion that there existed a planet -which was the disturbing element in the orbit of Uranus. As to Adams -himself, he had not a particle of conceit and pride in him; he did not -care to have his name proclaimed as the discoverer. Forty years later, -he said simply and characteristically that all he had wished for was -that English astronomers to whom he had communicated the result of his -calculations, pointing out the precise spot in the sky where a planet -was to be found, would have taken the trouble to turn their telescopes -upon that point and discover the planet, so that England might have had -the full credit of the discovery. - -[Illustration: EX·LIBRIS - -JOHANNIS COUCH ADAMS] - -His long-suppressed investigation was not laid before the Royal -Astronomical Society till November 13th, 1846. - -The publication, of course, stirred up much controversy, and the -scientific world was divided into Adamite and anti-Adamite factions. - -Adams refused knighthood in 1847, and declined the office of -Astronomer Royal on Airy's retirement in 1881. - -John Couch had a brother, William Grylls, also a man of some eminence -in the scientific world. He was born at Lidcott 12th February, 1836, -and became Professor of Natural Philosophy and of Astronomy in King's -College, London. - -I was wont, when at Cambridge, to meet John Couch Adams at Professor -Challis', and also at the house of the Rev. Harvey Goodwin, afterwards -Bishop of Carlisle. Professor Adams took some notice of me, as coming -from his neighbourhood, though not on the Cornish side of the Tamar. He -was a small man, as simple as a child in many things. Indeed, he struck -me forcibly by his great modesty and sweetness of manner. He loved a -joke, and would laugh heartily over the very smallest. He loved -children, and would play with them in their little games with infinite -zest. Professor Glaisher, whom I also knew, wrote of him: "Adams was a -man of learning as well as a man of science. He was an omnivorous -reader, and his memory was exact and retentive. There were few subjects -upon which he was not possessed of accurate information. Botany, -geology, history, and divinity, all had their share of his care and -attention." - -He was always happy to return to his humble father's farm; and after -he was a noted man, on one of these occasions the old man sent him -into Launceston with a drove of sheep to sell them in the market. He -complied cheerfully, but how he succeeded in selling them I have not -heard. This is the incident alluded to by Caroline Fox given above. - -"The honours showered upon him," wrote Dr. Donald MacAlister, "left -him as they found him--modest, gentle, and sincere." He was not a man -who ever asserted himself. - -He married in 1863 Eliza, daughter of Haliday Bruce, of Dublin. He -died of a sudden illness on January 21st, 1892, and was buried in S. -Giles' Churchyard, Cambridge. - -Portraits were taken of him by Mogford in 1851, and by Herkomer in 1888; -both are in the Combination-room of St. John's College, Cambridge. - -A biographical notice of him was prefixed by Professor Glaisher to his -scientific works, edited by W. G. Adams, in 1896-8. - -See also A. De Morgan's _Budget of Paradoxes_, 1872, and the -_Mechanics' Magazine_, 1846. - - - - - DANIEL GUMB - - -All that is really known of this eccentric character is found in a -letter of J. B. to Richard Polwhele, dated September, 1814. His -correspondent says:-- - -"Daniel Gumb was born in the parish of Linkinhorne, in Cornwall, about -the commencement of the last century, and was bred a stone-cutter. In -the early part of his life he was remarkable for his love of reading -and a degree of reserve even exceeding what is observable in persons -of studious habits. By close application Daniel acquired, even in his -youth, a considerable stock of mathematical knowledge, and, in -consequence, became celebrated throughout the adjoining parishes. -Called by his occupation to hew blocks of granite on the neighbouring -commons, and especially in the vicinity of that great natural -curiosity called the Cheesewring, he discovered near this spot an -immense block, whose upper surface was an inclined plane. This, it -struck him, might be made the roof of a habitation such as he desired; -sufficiently secluded from the busy haunts of men to enable him to -pursue his studies without interruption, whilst it was contiguous to -the scene of his daily labour. Immediately Daniel went to work, and -cautiously excavating the earth underneath, to nearly the extent of -the stone above, he obtained a habitation which he thought -sufficiently commodious. The sides he lined with stone, cemented with -lime, whilst a chimney was made by perforating the earth at one side -of the roof. From the elevated spot on which stood this extraordinary -dwelling could be seen Dartmoor and Exmoor on the east, Hartland on -the north, the sea and the port of Plymouth on the south, and S. -Austell and Bodmin Hills on the west, with all the intermediate -beautiful scenery. The top of the rock which roofed his house served -Daniel for an observatory, where at every favourable opportunity he -watched the motions of the heavenly bodies, and on the surface of -which, with his chisel, he carved a variety of diagrams, illustrative -of the most difficult problems of Euclid, etc. These he left behind -him as evidences of the patience and ingenuity with which he -surmounted the obstacles that his station in life had placed in the -way of his mental improvement. - -"But the choice of his house and the mode in which he pursued his -studies were not his only eccentricities. His house became his chapel -also; and he was never known to descend from the craggy mountain on -which it stood, to attend his parish church or any other place of -worship. - -"Death, which alike seizes on the philosopher and the fool, at length -found out the retreat of Daniel Gumb, and lodged him in a house more -narrow than that which he had dug for himself." - -Bond in his _Topographical and Historical Sketches of the Boroughs of -East and West Looe_, 1873, describes the habitation of Daniel Gumb as -seen by him in 1802:-- - -"When we reached Cheesewring--our guide first led us to the house of -Daniel Gumb (a stone-cutter), cut by him out of a solid rock of granite. -This artificial cavern may be about twelve feet deep and not quite so -broad; the roof consists of one flat stone of many tons weight; -supported by the natural rock on one side, and by pillars of small -stones on the other. How Gumb formed this last support is not easily -conceived. We entered with hesitation lest the covering should be our -gravestone. On the right-hand side of the door is 'D. Gumb,' with a date -engraved 1735 (or 3). On the upper part of the covering stone, channels -are cut to carry off the rain, probably to cause it to fall into a -bucket for his use; there is also engraved on it some geometrical device -formed by Gumb, as the guide told us, who also said that Gumb was -accounted a pretty sensible man. I have no hesitation in saying he must -have been a pretty eccentric character to have fixed on this place for -his habitation; but here he dwelt for several years with his wife and -children, several of whom were born and died here. His calling was that -of a stone-cutter, and he fixed himself on a spot where materials could -be met with to employ a thousand men for a thousand years." - -[Illustration: _J. Farington, R.A., del. Letitia Byrne, sculp._ - -THE CHEESE-WRING] - -The Rev. Robert S. Hawker wrote an account of Daniel Gumb for _All the -Year Round_ in 1866, and this has been reprinted in _Footsteps of -Former Men in Cornwall_. - -He pretends that when he visited the Cheesewring in 183-, there still -existed fragments of Daniel Gumb's "thoughts and studies still -treasured up in the existing families of himself and his wife." And he -gives transcripts from these, and also from what must have been a -diary. But Mr. Hawker embroidered facts with so much detail drawn from -his own fancy, that his statements have to be taken with a very large -pinch of salt. - -It must be remembered, in his justification, that his stories of -Cornish Characters were intended as magazine articles to amuse, but -without any purpose of having them regarded as strictly biographical -and historical. They were brief historical romances, and were not -intended to be taken seriously. - -I will give but one quotation, and the reader can judge for himself -therefrom whether it does not look like an extract "made in -Morwenstow." Mr. Hawker says:-- - -"On the fly-leaves of an old account book the following strange -statement appears: 'June 23rd, 1764. To-day, at bright noon, I looked -up and saw all at once a stranger standing on the turf, just above my -block. He was dressed like an old picture I remember in the windows of -S. Neot's Church, in a long brown garment, with a girdle; and his head -was uncovered and grizzled with long hair. He spoke to me, and he said -in a low, clear voice, "Daniel, that work is hard!" I wondered that he -should know my name, and I answered, "Yes, sir; but I am used to it -and don't mind it, for the sake of the faces at home." Then he said, -sounding his words like a psalm, "Man goeth forth to his work and to -his labour until the evening. When will it be night with Daniel Gumb?" -I began to feel queer; it seemed to me that there was something awful -about the unknown man. I even shook. Then he said again, "Fear -nothing. The happiest man in all the earth is he that wins his daily -bread by his daily sweat, if he will but fear God and do man no -wrong." I bent down my head like any one dumbfounded, and I greatly -wondered who this strange appearance could be. He was not like a -preacher, for he looked me full in the face; nor a bit like a parson, -for he seemed very meek and kind. I began to think it was a spirit, -only such ones always come by night, and here was I at noonday and at -work. So I made up my mind to drop my hammer and step up and ask his -name right out. But when I looked up he was gone, and that clear out -of my sight, on the bare, wide moor, suddenly.'" - -Now, in the first place, no trace or tidings of these notes so -treasured up by the family are to be found in the parish of -Linkinhorne, to which Gumb and his wife belonged. - -In the second place, Mr. Hawker makes Daniel remark that his -mysterious visitant was not like a Dissenting preacher because he -looked him straight in the face, and this is significantly like a -remark Hawker often made with regard to these gentry. - -Another of these pretended notes refers to the finding of a fossil -fish embedded in granite. This alone suffices to wake suspicion that -the extracts are not genuine. Fossils never have been found in -granite, and never will be. But Hawker himself did not know this, as -he was totally ignorant of the first principles of geology. - - - - - LAURENCE BRADDON - - -Laurence Braddon, second son of Captain William Braddon, of Treworgy, -in S. Gennys, was called to the bar of the Middle Temple, and worked -at his profession diligently. He entered Parliament in 1651, but did -not attract special notice till the occasion of the suicide of the -Earl of Essex in the Tower, in 1683. - -The people of England had been, and still were, greatly troubled about -the succession to the throne, in the event of the death of Charles II. -They had no mind to have the throne occupied by a Popish prince, and -several plots were hatched to prevent such a contingency. Monmouth, -with Lord Essex, Shaftesbury, Lord Howard of Escrick, Russell, -Algernon Sidney, and John Hampden, held meetings to found an -association to agitate and compel the King to assemble Parliament, to -take measures to secure a Protestant succession and the exclusion of -the Duke of York. On other points they disagreed. Monmouth hoped to -have his legitimacy established and to secure the crown for his own -brows. Sidney and Essex were for the establishment of a commonwealth. -Russell and Hampden intended only the exclusion of the Duke. As to -Lord Howard, he was a man of no principle, and his sole desire was to -fish in troubled waters and get out of them what he could. - -More desperate spirits schemed plans of assassination, and a plot was -formed for murdering Charles and the Duke of York as they passed the -Rye House on the road from London to Newmarket, but there is no evidence -that the noble schemers had any knowledge of the Rye House Plot. - -Both projects were betrayed, and though they were wholly distinct from -one another, the cruel ingenuity of the Crown lawyers blended them -into one. - -The Earl of Shaftesbury fled to the Continent; Monmouth absconded; -Russell was committed to the Tower; Howard, who had concealed himself in -a chimney, was drawn forth by the heels, and to secure his neck betrayed -Essex, Sidney, and Hampden, who were all committed to the Tower. - -Several of the conspirators in the Rye House Plot were sentenced to -death and at once executed. From their confessions it appeared that -the conspiracy had wide ramifications, and that a scheme of -insurrection throughout the country had been formed, and that steps -had been taken to organize it. - -On the day upon which Lord Russell was brought to trial the Earl of -Essex was found in the closet of his chamber with his throat cut, and -this but just after a visit to the Tower by the King with the Duke of -York. - -An inquest was at once held, at which it was shown that Lord Essex was -a man of a despondent temper, that he had been lately in a lugubrious -mood, and in the depths of melancholy; and evidence was conclusive -that he had cut his own throat with a razor. The jury accordingly -found a verdict of _felo de se_. - -Now it so fell out that on the following Sunday Laurence Braddon went -to visit a Mr. Evans, of the Custom House, at his country house at -Wanstead, in Essex, where was also a Mr. Halstead, and Evans was -telling Halstead that he had heard from a kinsman of his named -Edwards, also in the Customs, that his boy had been in the Tower yard -on the morning of the death of Lord Essex, and that he had seen a hand -thrust out of that nobleman's window, and a razor stained with blood -thrown down on the pavement of the yard. Next moment a maid-servant -wearing a white hood had run out, secured the razor and carried it -within, and that he had heard cries from within of "Murder! Murder!" - -Braddon listened, walking up and down the room, as Evans told this -story. He was greatly excited by it, and thought that it pointed to a -murder having been committed, and that probably at the instigation of -the Duke of York. - -Accordingly Braddon went next day to the quay and got Evans and -Edwards to meet him at the "Star" public-house and repeat the story. -It seemed that Edwards had two boys who were in Merchant Taylors' -School, and that one of their sisters was married and living in the -Tower. On the morning of the death of Lord Essex the lads were on -their way to school, when, passing the Tower, they heard that the King -and the Duke of York were in it, whereupon the younger, an urchin of -twelve or thirteen, gave his brother the slip, and ran in to see the -King and the Duke. After they had departed he remained in the yard -playing chuck-farthing with other boys, when he saw a hand thrust -forth from a window and throw a bloody razor into the court, and after -that a maid or woman in a white hood and stuff coat took it up and -went in, and then he heard a noise as of "Murder!" cried out. Braddon -then went to the house of Edwards to question the boy, who -prevaricated. Braddon believed that the child's mother and sister had -been at him, telling him that he was likely to get them all into -trouble if he persisted in his tale, and urged by them, professed that -he had told a lie. - -The matter became common talk on the quay and the purlieus of the -Tower. - -Braddon had no great difficulty in finding a little girl named Jane -Lodeman, aged thirteen, who was in the same tale. This is what he took -down:-- - -"Jane Lodeman was in the Tower on Friday morning, 13th July last, and -standing almost over against the late Earl of Essex's lodging window, -she saw a hand cast a razor out of my lord's window, and immediately -upon this she heard shrieks, and that there was a soldier by my lord's -door, who cried out to those within the house that somebody should -come and take up a razor which was thrown out of the window, whereupon -there came a maid with a white hood out of the house, but who took up -the razor she can't tell." - -Dated 8th August, 1683. - -On July 20th Braddon had gone to Whitehall before he had obtained this -corroborative evidence, and had laid information before the King and -Council, and produced a written deposition as to what the boy Edwards -had said he had seen; but the boy's sister deposed that Mr. Laurence -Braddon had forced her brother to sign it. Soon after Braddon had -taken this step, he heard a rumour that the fact of the violent death -of the Earl of Essex had been known and discussed in Frome Selwood the -same day, and he hurried off to make inquiries into this. But on -reaching Salisbury he was arrested, thrown into prison, and brought -back to London. Another gentleman, a Mr. Speeke, had also been -spreading the report that Lord Essex had been foully murdered, and it -was hinted that the Duke of York, if not the King, had ordered the -assassination. Speeke also was arrested. - -Narcissus Luttrell's account of the death of Essex is as follows:-- - -1683, 13th July.--"About nine in the morning, the Earl of Essex, -prisoner in the Tower of London, upon account of this new plott, did -most barbarously cut his own throat from one ear to the other with a -razor. What occasioned it is doubtfull: some say, the sense of his -guilt; others, the shame for being accused of such a crime, when his -father, the Lord Capell, died for his loyalty to the late King; however, -the coroner's jury have satt on his body, and found him _felo de se_, -tho' some stick not to say 'tis impossible he should murther himself in -so barbarous a manner; and his Majesty hath been pleased to give his -goods, which were forfeited by his killing himself, to his son." - -On November 6th he says: "Mr. Speak was brought to the Court of King's -Bench, and charged with two informations: the 1st, for saying the King -was as great a Papist as the Duke of York; that the Duke durst not doe -what he did but that the King did animate him; that what Pilkington -had formerly said of the Duke of York was true; with much other such -scandalous stuff; and 2nd was for sayeing that the Earl of Essex was -killed and murdered by those that attended on him in the Tower; to -both these he pleaded Not Guilty." - -1683-4, February 7th.--"Mr. Lawrence Braddon and Mr. Hugh Speke were -tried at the Court of King's Bench, by a jury of Middlesex, upon an -information reciting the commitment of the late Earl of Essex to the -Tower for treason in conspiring the death of the King, etc., and that -the 13th July last he cut his own throat, and was found _felo de se_ -by the coroner's inquisition; the said Braddon and Speke did conspire -by writing and otherwise, to spread a false and scandalous report, -that the said Earl was murdered by some persons about him, and -endeavoured to suborn witnesses to testifye the same. The evidence for -the King, was first, the warder of the Tower, who testified as to his -Lordship's commitment; then the coroner, and the inquisition taken -before him, whereby his Lordship was found _felo de se_, was read; -then the particular evidence against Mr. Braddon was, by severall -persons, how busy and sollicitous he was to take persons' -informations, and to examine a little child about ten years old, about -a discourse that ran through the town that a bloody razor was thrown -out of his Lordship's window; and that the cry of Murder was heard; -and that a servant maid came presently out of the house of the Lord of -Essex, and took up the razor, and carried it in; and that then it was -said the Lord of Essex had killed himself. Then the severall -informations Braddon had taken in writing relating to this matter were -read, and some of the informants themselves examined, whose testimony -much differ'd from their informations, then severall testified the -confident and strange discourse this Braddon frequently us'd -concerning the matter. The evidence against Mr. Speke was only a -letter writt by him to Sir Robert Atkins th' elder, and carried by Mr. -Braddon, but was seized about him when he was going thither, which -contained severall expressions in commendation of Mr. Braddon and his -zeale, with reflexions on this matter; then the evidence was given of -his Lordship's cutting his own throat with a razor, which was proved -by his own servant, a Frenchman; by the warder, by the centinell, and -by Capt. Hawley. The defendants' proof was, first, Braddon pretended -he did nothing but out of zeale to have the truth come out: then he -call'd some witnesses to prove that there was a discourse of the Lord -of Essex's being killed, and a razor thrown out, before he concern'd -himself in it. Speke had little to say against the letter, but own'd -it to be his hand; so that the jury, after a little while, agreed of -their verdict, and found the defendant Braddon guilty of all that was -laid in the information, and the defendant Speke guilty of all except -the conspiring to suborn witnesses. - -"'Twas strange any man should concern himself in an affair of this -moment on the information of a boy ten years old, who had denied all -after he had confess'd it, and did at his tryall, and make all this -rent that was about it." - -April 21st, 1684.--"Mr. Laurence Braddon and Mr. Hugh Speke, convicted -last term upon an endeavour to lay the murder of the late Earl of -Essex upon the Government, were brought to the Court of King's Bench -to receive their judgments; which was, that Braddon should pay a fine -of £2000, and Speke £1000 to the King; that they find sureties for -their good behaviour during their lives, and be committed to the -King's Bench prison till they doe so." - -Hugh Speke, who was tried along with Laurence Braddon, was an -inveterate plotter. Macaulay thus describes him: "Hugh Speke (was) a -young man of good family, but of a singularly base and depraved -nature. His love of mischief and of dark and crooked ways amounted -almost to madness. To cause confusion without being found out was his -business and his pastime; and he had a rare skill in using honest -enthusiasts as the instruments of his cold-blooded malice." - -Referring to the case of Braddon, Macaulay adds: "He had attempted, by -means of one of his puppets, to fasten on Charles and James the crime -of murdering Essex in the Tower. On this occasion the agency of Speke -had been traced; and though he succeeded in throwing the greater part -of the blame on his dupe, he had not escaped with impunity." - -He was certainly a clever scoundrel, for he managed to cover up most -of his traces in the affair of the charge of the murder of Essex. - -Braddon was sincere, while Speke was not. Braddon was convinced that a -murder had been committed, and he had not a well-balanced mind to -weigh evidence. Speke cared nothing whether crime had been committed -or not so long as he could disturb men's minds with a suspicion that -one had been committed, and that by the King's brother and heir -presumptive to the Crown. - -The evidence produced by Laurence Braddon was practically worthless. He -had but the word of two little children, and the boy had retracted and -acknowledged that he had told lies. As to the fact of the death of Lord -Essex being known at Frome on the 13th, showing that the murder had been -premeditated and was part of a widely ramified scheme of the Papists, it -was shown that nothing was known there of it till many days later. - -The evidence for the King was Bomeny, the valet de chambre of Lord -Essex. He stated that the Earl had long nails, and that morning had -asked for a penknife so as to pare them. Bomeny had commissioned a -footman, William Turner, to get one, and bring it along with some -provisions ordered for the Earl's breakfast. Turner brought the -provisions, but had forgotten about the penknife, whereupon Lord Essex -began to cut his nails with his razor, and the footman was again -despatched for a penknife. Just then the King and the Duke of York -arrived at the Tower, and there was great bustle in the yard, and Bomeny -left the Earl's room. When he met the footman with the knife he -returned, but not finding Lord Essex in his chamber, he tried to open -the closet door, when he found that there was an obstruction. Somewhat -alarmed, he ran to Russell, the warder, whose door was almost opposite -on the same staircase, and both went to the closet, and found Lord Essex -lying in it with his throat cut and his feet against the door. - -Russell corroborated this evidence, and added that no one could -possibly ascend the stair and enter Lord Essex's chamber without his -knowledge. The soldier, Lloyd, who acted as sentinel at the entrance -to the Earl's quarters, testified that there was no truth in the -children's tale about the razor, and that no maid had issued from the -door to pick one up. - -It was further established that the closet window did not look into -the main yard, and was so arranged that a hand could not be passed out -of it. - -Judge Jeffreys conducted the investigation, and that in a most -unseemly manner. Apparently he was drunk at the time, and was so -confused that he was not able to follow the evidence. He browbeat the -witnesses in the most offensive way. - -On November 6th, 1684, a French Protestant refugee, named Borleau, was -indicted for selling a scandalous book called _L'Esprit de Monsieur -Arnaud_, in which he declared that the Earl of Essex had not cut his -own throat, but had been foully murdered. He pleaded guilty, and the -King graciously allowed him to be fined only 6s. 8d., and to be -discharged without paying his fees. There was most certainly fish made -of one and fowl of another. - -Again, in December of the same year a book appeared entitled _An -Enquiry about the Barbarous Murder of the Earl of Essex_, that was -vended surreptitiously, and a broadside written by Colonel Danvers, -giving the evidence that he was murdered, was thrown in at open doors -and distributed in the streets of London. A hundred pounds was offered -for the apprehension of Danvers. As to the book, it was from the pen -of Laurence Braddon, and was later, when it could be done safely, -acknowledged by him. On January 23rd, 1684-5, a Mr. Henry Baker -pleaded guilty to an information for using scandalous words about the -Duke of York, and at the same time a printer, Norden, did the same to -an indictment for publishing the "scandalous libell in vindication of -the lord of Essex." And on February 3rd one of the jury at the -inquest, Launcelot Colston by name, was had up before King's Bench on -a charge of having said that he did not believe that the Earl had cut -his throat, for he could not have done so himself in the way in which -he was found. Norden was sentenced to pay 200 marks, and to stand in -the pillory at Ratcliffe, and to be bound to his good behaviour for -seven years, and be committed to prison till this was done. - -In 1685, on the landing of the Duke of Monmouth, in the Proclamation -he published, he charged King James with the murder of Essex, with his -own hand. - -In January, 1689, a Captain Hawley, Major Whitley, and some two or -three more were imprisoned for maintaining that Essex had not -committed suicide. But this was at the moment when all power was -slipping out of the hands of King James II; the Prince of Orange came -to the throne, and on February 23rd a Captain Holland was arrested and -thrown into prison on the charge of having been concerned in the -murder of the Earl, and this was followed by numerous other arrests. -But the prison-doors were thrown open for Laurence Braddon to issue -forth and recommence his accusations of murder. He republished the -"Enquiry into and Detection of the Barbarous Murther of the late Earl -of Essex; or a Vindication of that Noble Person from the Guilt and -Infamy of having Destroyed himself." - -Even before the throne, vacated by King James, had been filled by the -Prince of Orange, the Lords had appointed a committee to examine into -the truth of the frightful stories circulated relative to the death of -Essex. The committee, which consisted wholly of zealous Whigs, -continued its inquiries till all reasonable men were convinced that he -had fallen by his own hand, and till Lady Essex, his brother, and his -most intimate friends requested that the investigation might be -pursued no further. That under Judge Jeffreys had been open to -suspicion, this could not. But nothing would alter the persuasion of -Braddon that this was a case of murder. - -Next year, 1690, he came out with a fresh pamphlet, "Essex's Innocency -and Honour Vindicated, or Murther, Subornation, Perjury, and -Oppression, justly charged on the Murtherers of that Noble and True -Patriot Arthur (late) Earl of Essex," etc. - -It had become a matter of party feeling, and it was held by all true -Protestants to be their duty to believe in the murder, so as to -blacken the character of James II. The evidence, however, was too poor -to convince a cool-minded man like Bishop Burnet, and in his _History -of His Own Times_ he spoke of Essex having cut his own throat. -Thereupon Laurence Braddon resumed his pen and published an attack on -the Bishop: "Bishop Burnet's History charged with great partiality and -misrepresentations, to make the present and future ages believe that -Arthur, Earl of Essex, in 1683, murdered himselfe, with observations -upon the suppos'd poysoning of King Charles the Second," 1724. - -In 1695 Braddon was appointed solicitor to the wine-licensing office, -with a salary of £100 per annum. - -In one point Braddon showed great perspicuity and good feeling. In 1717 -he published a pamphlet entitled "The Miseries of the Poor, a National -Sin and Shame"; and when his scheme for the relief of the poor had been -animadverted upon unfavourably, in 1722, he answered these objections in -another tractate: "Particular answers to the most material objections -made to the proposal humbly presented to His Majesty for relieving, -reforming, and employing all the poor of Great Britain," 1722. - -Laurence Braddon died on Sunday, 29th November, 1724. - -The Braddons must have been a family of some consequence in S. Gennys, -although their arms and pedigree are not recorded in the Heralds' -Visitations. At the trial of Laurence, it was stated that his father's -income from his property was fully £800 per annum. Laurence derived -his fiery Protestantism from his father, who had been a -Parliamentarian officer of some distinction in the Civil War. His -father is buried in the chancel of S. Gennys, and some verses are -inscribed on the ledgerstone, beginning:-- - - In war and peace I bore command, - Both gun and sword I wore. - -The arms borne by the family are: _Sable_, a bend lozengy, _arg._--arms -that in their beautiful simplicity proclaim their antiquity. - -The old mansion of the Braddons in S. Gennys has been pulled down and -a modern farm-house erected on the site. - - - - - THOMASINE BONAVENTURA - - -Week S. Mary stands in a treeless wind-swept situation, 530 feet above -the sea, near the source of two small streams rising in the desolate -downs to the south, which unite their waters at Langford, and have -sawn for themselves deep clefts that are well wooded. At a remote -period this district must have been the scene of contests, for it is -studded with earthworks. There was a castle at Week, but camps also -crowning a height in Westwood and in Swannacott Wood; and Week S. Mary -with its castle stood aloft, defended by one of these on each side. -Formerly there was not so much enclosed land as there is at present; -but it was precisely the moorland that extended over so large a -portion of the parish that constituted its wealth, for on this waste -pastured vast flocks of sheep, whose fleeces were in request at a time -when wool was the staple industry in the West of England. - -The ridge of bare, uplifted, carboniferous rock and clay, cold and -bleak, was formerly scantily provided with roads, and with homesteads -few and far between; and to guide the traveller through the waste, -certain churches with lofty towers were erected on high -ground--Pancrasweek, Holsworthy, Bridgerule, Week S. Mary--to enable him -to make his way across country from one to the other. A farm or a -manor-house nestled in a combe, sheltered from the wind, from the sea, -and the driving rain; but farmer and squire drew their wealth from the -sheep on the uplands, which were moreover strewn, as they still are, -with barrows, under which lie the dead of the Bronze and Stone ages. - -Davies Gilbert absurdly derives the name of the place from the -Cornish, and makes it signify "sweet." No more unsuitable epithet -could have been applied. It signifies _vicus_, a village or hamlet, -and is found also at Pancrasweek, Germansweek, and elsewhere. - -In the village are still to be seen the remains of the old school and -chantry founded by Thomasine Bonaventura, a shepherd girl, native of -the place, whose story is told by Carew and by Hall; and from them we -take it. - -Thomasine was born about the year 1450, in the reign of Henry VI, and -her father was a small farmer who had his flock of sheep pasturing on -the wild waste common-lands. Thomasine watched it, and spun from her -distaff. Above the desolate moors to the south-west stood up blue -against the sky the rugged height of Brown Willy, crowned by its -mighty cairns; to the west and south-west stretched the Atlantic, into -which the evening sun went down in a blaze of glory. - -One day a London merchant, a dealer in wool, came riding over the -moor; probably from Tintagel or Forrabury, and making direct for Week -S. Mary tower, when he passed a barrow on which sat the shepherd girl -spinning, the breeze from the sea blowing her dark hair about, singing -some old ballad, but ever keeping her eye on her father's sheep. -Behind him trailed a line of horses laden with the packs of wool that -he had purchased, led by his men. He halted to speak to the girl, -probably to learn from her where he might best ford the stream in the -valley below. She answered, and he was pleased with her intelligence, -and not less with her beauty. He inquired who she was, what was her -name, and what the circumstances of her parents. To all these -questions she gave prompt and direct answers. Then, still more taken -with her, he asked Thomasine whether she would accompany him to -London, to be servant to his wife, and he offered her good wages and -kind treatment. She replied, with caution, that she was under the -guardianship of her father and mother, and that she could not accept -his proposal without their consent. - -Thereupon the merchant rode on, and upon reaching Week S. Mary -inquired for the house of the parents of Thomasine and laid his offer -before them. When they hesitated, he referred them to his customers. - -The parents, no doubt, were highly elated at being able to get their -daughter into a situation in London, where all the streets were paved -with gold. But it may well be doubted whether they dreamt of what was -in store for her. - -So she parted from her parents, certainly with many tears on her part, -and earnest injunctions from father and mother to conduct herself in a -modest and obedient manner. - -Now these wool merchants and clothiers were men of mighty repute and -good substance in the land. In Thomas Deloney's delightful _Pleasant -Historie of Thomas of Reading_, 1600, we read: "Among all crafts this -was the onely chiefe, for that it was the chiefest merchandize, by the -which our Country became famous throwout all Nations. And it was -verily thought that the one halfe of the people in the land lived in -those dayes thereby, and in such good sort, that in the Commonwealth -there were few or no beggars at all: poore people, whom God lightly -blessed with most children, did by meanes of this occupation so order -them, that by the time that they were come to be sixe or seven yeares -of age, they were able to get their owne bread. Idlenesse was then -banished our coast, so that it was a rare thing to heare of a thiefe -in those dayes. Therefore it was not without cause that Clothiers were -then both honoured and loved." - -Doubtless so soon as the merchant reached Launceston he placed all the -wool he purchased on carts, to convey it to town through Exeter. Deloney -tells an amusing story of how King Henry was riding forth west with one -of his sons and some of his nobility, when "he met with a great number -of waines loaden with cloth coming to London, and seeing them still -drive one after another so many together, demanded whose they were. The -wainemen answered in this sort: Coles of Reading, quoth they. Then, by -and by, the King asked another, saying: Whose cloth is all this? Old -Coles, quoth he. And againe anon after he asked the same questions to -others, and still they answered, Old Coles. And it is to be remembered -that the King met them in such a place so narrow and streight, that hee -with the rest of his traine were faine to stand as close to the hedge, -whilest the carts passed by, the which at that time being in number -above two hundred, was neere hand an hour ere the King could get room to -be gone; so that by his long stay, he began to be displeased, although -the admiration of that sight did much qualify his furie; but breaking -out in discontent, by reason of his stay, he said, I thought Old Cole -had got a commission for all the carts in the country to carry his -cloth. And how if he have (quoth one of the wainemen) doth that grieve -you, good Sir? Yes, good Sir, said our King. What say you to that? The -fellow, seeing the King (in asking the question) to bend his browes, -though he knew not what he was, yet being abasht, he answered thus: Why, -Sir, if you be angry, nobody can hinder you; for possibly, Sir, you have -anger at commandment. The King, seeing him in uttering of his words to -quiver and quake, laughed heartily at him ... and by the time he came -within a mile of Staines, he met another company of waines, in like sort -laden with cloth, whereby the King was driven into a further admiration; -and demanding whose they were, answere was made in this sort: They bee -goodman Sutton's of Salisbury, good Sir. And by that time a score of -them were past; he asked againe, saying, Whose are these? Sutton's of -Salisbury, quoth they, and so still, so often as the King asked that -question, they answered, Sutton's of Salisbury. God send me such more -Suttons, said the King. And thus the further he travelled westward, more -waines and more he met continually: upon which occasion he said to his -nobles, that it would never grieve a King to die for the defence of a -fertile country and faithful subjects. I alwayes thought (quoth he) that -England's valor was more than her wealth, yet now I see her wealth -sufficient to maintaine her valour, which I will seek to cherish in all -I may, and with my sword keepe myselfe in possession of that I have." - -Judging by what Deloney says, these clothiers were a merry set, and the -journey to town was one long picnic. They were--or some were--of good -family. Grey, the clothier of Gloucester, was of the noble race of Grey -de Ruthyn, and FitzAllen, of Worcester, came of the Fitzallens, "that -famous family whose patrimony lay about the town of Oswestrie, which -towne his predecessors had inclosed with stately walls of stone." - -The most famous wool merchant in the West was Tom Dove, of Exeter, -concerning whom this song was sung:-- - - Welcome to town, Tom Dove, Tom Dove, - The merriest man alive. - Thy company still we love, we love, - God grant thee well to thrive. - And never will we depart from thee, - For better, for worse, my joy! - For thou shalt still have our good will, - God's blessing on my sweet boy! - -In London Thomasine comported herself well, was cheerful and obliging. -How the mercer's wife relished her introduction into the house we are -not informed. But this good lady shortly after sickened and died, and -the widower offered Thomasine his hand and his heart, which she -accepted. - -After three years Richard Bunsby, the mercer, died and left all he had -to Thomasine, so that she, who had gone up to town as a serving girl, -was now a rich widow, and withal young and pretty and attractive. She -soon drew suitors about her, and her choice fell on "that worshipful -merchant adventurer, Master John Gall, of S. Lawrence, Milk Street." -He as well was wealthy and uxorious, and he allowed his wife to make -donations for the relief of the poor of her native village, for which -she ever retained a lingering attachment. - -After the lapse of five years Thomasine was again a widow, and her -second husband had followed the example of the first in leaving to her -all his possessions. - -She had not to wait long before fresh suitors buzzed about her like -flies around a treacle barrel, and now, in the year 1497, she gave her -hand to Sir John Percival, who in the following year became Lord Mayor -of London. In memory of this event, she is traditionally held to have -constructed a good road--as good roads went in those days--from Week -S. Mary down to the coast, probably that over Week ford and through -Poundstock, to either Wansum or Melhuc Mouth. - -She long survived her third husband, and is supposed to have returned -to end her days as the Lady Bountiful in her native village. By her -will, made in 1510, she left goodly sums of money to Week S. Mary. - -But both she and Sir John Percival had been already benefactors in -London. Sir John had founded a chantry in S. Mary Woolnoth, and in -1539 is found an entry in the churchwardens' accounts of that parish -recording that Dame Thomasine Percival had left money for the -maintenance of the "beme light" in the church, i.e. the lamp before -the rood. She had also left money to supply candles to burn about the -sepulchre in the church on Easter Day, and he had bequeathed moneys -for the repair of the ornaments of the church, for bell-ringing, for -singers "for keeping the anthem," at his and her obits, and last but -not least, "for a potation to the neighbours at the said obit." - -Carew says: "And to show that virtue as well bare a part in the desert, -as fortune in the means of her preferment, she employed the whole -residue of her life and last widowhood to works no less bountiful than -charitable, namely, repairing of highways, building of bridges, endowing -of maidens, relieving of prisoners, feeding and apparelling the poor, -etc. Among the rest, at this S. Mary Wike she founded a chantry and -free-school, together with fair lodgings for the schoolmasters, -scholars, and officers, and added £20 of yearly revenue for supporting -the incident charges: wherein, as the bent of her desire was holy, so -God blessed the same with all wished success; for divers of the best -gentlemen's sons of Devon and Cornwall were there virtuously trained up, -in both kinds of divine and human learning, under one Cholwel, an honest -and religious teacher, which caused the neighbours so much the rather -and the more to rue, that a petty smack only of Popery opened the gap to -the oppression of the whole, by the statute made in Edward VI's reign, -touching the suppression of chantries." - -This disaster befell it in 1550, when all colleges, chantries, free -chapels, fraternities, and guilds throughout the kingdom, with their -lands and endowments, were alienated to the King--not because there -was a "petty smack of Popery" in them, but because of the rapacity of -the courtiers who desired to gather the lands and benefactions into -their own soiled hands. - -Mr. W. H. Tregellas says: "There are still to be seen in the remote -and quiet little village of Week S. Mary, some five or six miles south -of Bude, in the northern corner of Cornwall, the substantial remains -of the good Thomasine's college and chantry, which she founded for the -instruction of the youth of her native place. - -"The buildings lie about a hundred yards east of the church (from the -summit of whose grotesquely ornamented tower six-and-twenty parish -churches may be discerned), and built into the modern wall of a -cottage which stands inside the battlemented enclosure is a large -carved granite stone (evidently one of two which once formed the -tympanum of a doorway), on which the letter T stands out in bold -relief. Probably it is the initial of the Christian name of our -Thomasine; at any rate, it is pleasant to think it may be such." - -The church and its stately tower were probably built by Thomasine, or, -at all events, she would have largely contributed towards the -building. That church is now, internally, a ghastly sight. At its -"restoration" it was gutted, and is as bare as a railway station--a -shell, and nothing more. But that it was not so in Dame Thomasine's -time we may be well assured. A gorgeous screen extended across its -nave and aisles, richly sculptured and coloured and gilt, the windows -were filled with stained glass, and the bench ends were of carved oak. -All this has been swept away. - -In the Stratton churchwardens' accounts for 1513 we find that on the -day upon which "My Lady Parcyvale's Meneday" came round--i.e. the day -on which her death was called to mind--prayer was to be made for the -repose of her soul, and two shillings and two pence paid to two -priests, and for bread and ale. - - - - - THE MURDER OF NEVILL NORWAY - - -Mr. Nevill Norway was a timber and general merchant, residing at -Wadebridge. He was the second son of William Norway, of Court Place, -Egloshayle, who died in 1819, and Nevill was baptized at Egloshayle -Church on November 5th, 1801. - -In the course of his business he travelled about the country and -especially attended markets, and he went to one at Bodmin on the 8th -of February, 1840, on horseback. - -About four o'clock in the afternoon he was transacting some little -affair in the market-place, and had his purse in his hand, opened it and -turned out some gold and silver, and from the sum picked out what he -wanted and paid the man with whom he was doing business. Standing close -by and watching him was a young man named William Lightfoot, who lived -at Burlorn, in Egloshayle, and whom he knew well enough by sight. - -Mr. Norway did not leave Bodmin till shortly before ten o'clock, and he -had got about nine miles to ride before he would reach his house. The -road was lonely and led past the Dunmeer Woods and that of Pencarrow. - -He was riding a grey horse, and he had a companion, who proceeded with -him along the road for three miles and then took his leave and -branched off in another direction. - -A farmer returning from market somewhat later to Wadebridge saw a grey -horse in the road, saddled and bridled, but without a rider. He tried at -first to overtake it, but the horse struck into a gallop and he gave up -the chase; his curiosity was, however, excited, and upon meeting some -men on the road, and making inquiry, they told him that they thought -that the grey horse that had just gone by them belonged to Mr. Norway. -This induced him to call at the house of that gentleman, and he found -the grey steed standing at the stable gate. The servants were called -out, and spots of blood were found upon the saddle. A surgeon was -immediately summoned, and two of the domestics sallied forth on the -Bodmin road, in quest of their master. The search was not successful -that night, but later, one of the searchers perceiving something white -in the little stream of water that runs beside the highway and enters -the river Allen at Pendavey Bridge, they examined it, and found the body -of their unfortunate master, lying on his back in the stream, with his -feet towards the road, and what they had seen glimmering in the -uncertain light was his shirt frill. He was quite dead. - -The body was at once placed on the horse and conveyed home, where the -surgeon, named Tickell, proceeded to examine it. He found that the -deceased had received injuries about the face and head, produced by -heavy and repeated blows from some blunt instrument, which had -undoubtedly been the cause of death. A wound was discovered under the -chin, into which it appeared as if some powder had been carried; and -the bones of the nose, the forehead, the left side of the head and the -back of the skull were frightfully fractured. - -An immediate examination of the spot ensued when the body had been -found, and on the left-hand side of the road was seen a pool of -blood, from which to the rivulet opposite was a track produced by the -drawing of a heavy body across the way, and footsteps were observed as -of more than one person in the mud, and it was further noticed that -the boots of those there impressed must have been heavy. There had -apparently been a desperate scuffle before Mr. Norway had been killed. - -[Illustration: NEVILL NORWAY - -_From a painting in the possession of Miss A. T. Norway_] - -There was further evidence. Two sets of footmarks could be traced of -men pacing up and down behind a hedge in an orchard attached to an -uninhabited house hard by; apparently men on the watch for their -intended victim. - -At a short distance from the pool of blood was found the hammer of a -pistol that had been but recently broken off. - -Upon the pockets of the deceased being examined, it became obvious -that robbery had been the object of the attack made upon him, for his -purse and a tablet and bunch of keys had been carried off. - -Every exertion was made to discover the perpetrators of the crime, and -large rewards were offered for evidence that should tend to point them -out. Jackson, a constable from London, was sent for, and mainly by his -exertions the murderers were tracked down. A man named Harris, a -shoemaker, deposed that he had seen the two brothers, James and -William Lightfoot, of Burlorn, in Egloshayle, loitering about the -deserted cottage late at night after the Bodmin fair; and a man named -Ayres, who lived next door to James Lightfoot, stated that he had -heard his neighbour enter his cottage at a very late hour on the night -in question, and say something to his wife and child, upon which they -began to weep. What he had said he could not hear, though the -partition between the cottages was thin. - -This led to an examination of the house of James Lightfoot on February -14th, when a pistol was found, without a lock, concealed in a hole in -a beam that ran across the ceiling. As the manner of Lightfoot was -suspicious, he was taken into custody. - -On the 17th his brother William was arrested in consequence of a -remark to a man named Vercoe that he was in it as well as James. He -was examined before a magistrate, and made the following confession:-- - -"I went to Bodmin last Saturday week, the 8th instant, and on -returning I met my brother James just at the head of Dunmeer Hill. It -was just come dim-like. My brother had been to Burlorn, Egloshayle, to -buy potatoes. Something had been said about meeting; but I was not -certain about that. My brother was not in Bodmin on that day. Mr. -Vercoe overtook us between Mount Charles Turnpike Gate at the top of -Dunmeer Hill and a place called Lane End. We came on the turnpike road -all the way till we came to the house near the spot where the murder -was committed. We did not go into the house, but hid ourselves in a -field. My brother knocked Mr. Norway down; he snapped a pistol at him -twice, and it did not go off. Then he knocked him down with the -pistol. He was struck whilst on horseback. It was on the turnpike road -between Pencarrow Mill and the directing-post towards Wadebridge. I -cannot say at what time of the night it was. We left the body in the -water on the left side of the road coming to Wadebridge. We took money -in a purse, but I do not know how much it was. It was a brownish -purse. There were some papers, which my brother took and pitched away -in a field on the left-hand side of the road, into some browse or -furze. The purse was hid by me in my garden, and afterwards I threw it -over Pendavey Bridge. My brother drew the body across the road to the -water. We did not know whom we stopped till when my brother snapped -the pistol at him. Mr. Norway said, 'I know what you are about. I see -you.' We went home across the fields. We were not disturbed by any -one. The pistol belonged to my brother. I don't know whether it was -broken; I never saw it afterwards; and I do not know what became of -it. I don't know whether it was soiled with blood. I did not see any -blood on my brother's clothes. We returned together, crossing the -river at Pendavey Bridge and the Treraren fields to Burlorn village. -My brother then went to his house and I to mine. I think it was handy -about eleven o'clock. I saw my brother again on the Sunday morning. He -came to my house. There was nobody there but my own family. He said, -'Dear me, Mr. Norway is killed.' I did not make any reply." - -The prisoner upon this was remanded to Bodmin gaol, where his brother -was already confined, and on the way he pointed out the furze bush in -which the tablet and the keys of the deceased were to be found. James -Lightfoot, in the meantime, had also made a confession, in which he -threw the guilt of the murder upon his brother William. - -This latter, when in prison, admitted that his confession had not been -altogether true. He and his brother had met by appointment, with full -purpose to rob the Rev. W. Molesworth, of S. Breock, returning from -Bodmin market, and when James had snapped his pistol twice at Mr. -Norway, he, William, had struck him with a stick on the back of his -head and felled him from his horse, whereupon James had battered his -head and face with the pistol. - -The two wretched men were tried at Bodmin on March 30th, 1840, before -Mr. Justice Coltman, and the jury returned a verdict of "Guilty"; -they were accordingly both sentenced to death, and received the -sentence with great stolidity. - -Up to this time the brothers had been allowed no opportunity for -communication, and the discrepancy in their stories distinctly enough -showed that the object of each was to screen himself and to secure the -conviction of the other. - -After the passing of the sentence on them, they were conveyed to the -same cell, and were now, for the first time, allowed to approach each -other. They had scarcely met before, in the most hardened manner, they -broke out into mutual recrimination, using the most horrible and -abusive language of each other, and, not content with this, they flew -at each other's throat, so that the gaolers were obliged to interfere -and separate them and confine them in separate apartments. - -On April 7th their families were admitted to bid them farewell, and -the scene was most distressing. On Monday morning, April 13th, they -were both executed, and it was said that upwards of ten thousand -persons had assembled to witness their end. - -As Mr. Norway's family was left in most straitened circumstances, a -collection was made for them in Cornwall, and the sum of £3500 was -raised on their behalf. - -William Lightfoot was aged thirty-six and James thirty-three when -hanged at Bodmin. - -There is a monument to the memory of Mr. Norway in Egloshayle Church. - -In the _Cornwall Gazette_, 17th April, 1840, the portraits of the -murderers were given. Mention is made of the tragedy in C. Carlyon's -_Early Years_, 1843. He gives the following story. At the time of the -murder, Edmund Norway, the brother of Nevill, was in command of a -merchant vessel, the _Orient_, on his voyage from Manilla to Cadiz. -He wrote on the same day as the murder:-- - - - "Ship _Orient_, from Manilla to Cadiz, - - "_Feb._ 8th, 1840. - - "About 7.30 p.m. the island of S. Helena, N.N.W., distant about - seven miles, shortened sail and rounded to, with the ship's head to - the eastward; at eight, set the watch and went below--wrote a letter - to my brother, Nevell Norway. About twenty minutes or a quarter - before ten o'clock went to bed--fell asleep, and dreamt I saw two - men attack my brother and murder him. One caught the horse by the - bridle and snapped a pistol twice, but I heard no report; he then - struck him a blow, and he fell off the horse. They struck him - several blows, and dragged him by the shoulders across the road and - left him. In my dream there was a house on the left-hand side of the - road. At five o'clock I was called, and went on deck to take charge - of the ship. I told the second officer, Mr. Henry Wren, that I had - had a dreadful dream, and dreamt that my brother Nevell was murdered - by two men on the road from S. Columb to Wadebridge; but I was sure - it could not be there, as the house there would have been on the - right-hand side of the road, but it must have been somewhere else. - He replied, 'Don't think anything about it; you West-country people - are superstitious; you will make yourself miserable the remainder of - the passage. He then left the general orders and went below. It was - one continued dream from the time I fell asleep until I was called, - at five o'clock in the morning. - - "EDMUND NORWAY, - "Chief Officer, Ship _Orient_." - -There are some difficulties about this account. It is dated, as may -be seen, February 8th, but it must have been written on February 9th, -after Mr. Norway had had the dream, and the date must refer to the -letter written to his brother and to the dream, and not to the time -when the account was penned. - -From the Cape of Good Hope to S. Helena the course would be about -N.N.W., and with a fair wind the ship would cover about eighty or -ninety miles in eight hours. So that at noon of the day February 8th -she would be about one hundred miles S.S.E. of S. Helena, i.e. in -about 5° W. longitude, as nearly as possible. The ship's clock would -then be set, and they would keep that time for letter-writing -purposes, meals, ship routine, etc. - - Ship, long. 5° 0' 0" W. - Bodmin " 4° 40' 0" W. - --------- - Difference 20' 0" - -The difference would be twenty minutes of longitude, and the -difference in time between the two places one degree apart is four -minutes. Reduce this to seconds:-- - - 4 × 60 × 20 - ----------- = 80 sec., i.e. 1 min. 20 sec. - 60 - -Therefore, if the murder was committed, say, at 10h. 30m. p.m. Bodmin -time, the time on the ship's clock would be 10h. 28m. 40s. p.m. An -inconsiderable difference. - -The log-book of Edmund Norway is said to be still in existence. - -One very remarkable point deserves notice. In his dream Mr. Edmund -Norway saw the house on the right hand of the road, and as he -remembered, on waking, that the cottage was on the left hand, he -consoled himself with the thought that if the dream was incorrect in -one point it might be in the whole. But he was unaware that during -his absence from England the road from Bodmin to Wadebridge had been -altered, and that it had been carried so that the position of the -house was precisely as he saw it in his dream, and the reverse of what -he had remembered it to be. - -Another point to be mentioned is that one of the murderers wore on -that occasion a coat which Mr. Norway had given him a few weeks -before, out of charity. - -Both brothers protested that they had not purposed the murder of Mr. -Norway but of the Rev. Mr. Molesworth, parson of S. Breock, who they -supposed was returning with tithe in his pocket. This, however, did -not agree with the evidence that William Lightfoot had watched him -counting his money at Bodmin, and then had made off. - -On the occasion of the discovery of the murder, Sir William Molesworth -sent his bloodhounds to track the murderers, but because they ran in a -direction opposed to that which the constables supposed was the right -one they were recalled. The hounds were right, the constables wrong. - - - - - SIR WILLIAM LOWER, KNT. - - -Sir William Lower was the only son of John Lower, and was born at -Tremere, in S. Tudy, about the year 1600. - -The Lowers were a very ancient family in Cornwall, seated in S. Winnow -parish, and at Clifton, in Landulph, at which latter place lived Sir -Nicholas Lower, the brother of John, whilst the eldest brother, Sir -William, settled at Treventy, in Carmarthen, having married the -daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas Pescott, of that place. John had -two other brothers knights, Sir Francis and Sir Thomas. - -William was not educated at Oxford, but, as Wood says, "spent some -time in Oxon, in the condition of _hospes_, for the sake of the public -library and scholastical company." He exhibited a "gay fancy," and a -mighty aversion from the dry and crabbed studies of logic and -philosophy. - -Leaving Oxford, he spent some time in France, where he became a master -of the French tongue, and acquired a great admiration for the dramatic -compositions of Corneille, Quirault, and Ceriziers, and in after years -amused himself with translating some of their plays. - -When the troubles broke out in England he took the King's side, and in -1640 was a lieutenant in Sir Jacob Ashley's regiment in Northumberland's -army against the Scotch Covenanters, and was then appointed captain, but -lost his company, that proved mutinous and deserted. "It was a -marvellous thing," says a writer of the time, "to observe the -averseness of the common soldiers to this war. Though commanders and -gentlemen of great quality, in pure obedience to the King, seemed not at -all to dispute the cause or consequence of this war, the common soldiers -would not be satisfied, questioning, in a mutinous manner, whether their -captains were papists or not, and in many places were not appeased till -they saw them receive the sacrament; laying violent hands on divers of -their commanders, and killing some, uttering in bold speeches their -distaste of the cause, to the astonishment of many, that common people -should be sensible of public interest and religion, when lords and -gentlemen seemed not to be." - -[Illustration: S^r W^m Lower-- - -Pub May 21 1800 by W Richardson N^o 31 Strond] - -In June, 1644, being a lieutenant-colonel in Thomas Blague's regiment -and lieutenant-governor of Wallingford, Lower received orders from the -King to raise £50 a week from the town of Reading. Lower at once laid -hands on the mayor and carried him to Wallingford as a hostage; he -then plied the corporation with demands for the money, without which -their head would not be restored to them. The corporation, however, -did not value their mayor so highly that they were disposed to pay £50 -per week for the privilege of having him restored to them. Lower was -taken prisoner by the garrison of Abingdon on 19th January, 1645-6, -and Charles rewarded him for his zeal by conferring on him knighthood. - -He remained in England for nearly ten more years and saw the ruin of -the Royal cause, which he did care for, and of the Church, for which -he cared not a rush. In 1655 he quitted England and went to Cologne, -which was full of refugees, and there he was cheered with the tidings -that Oliver Cromwell was failing in health and had not long to live. -Leaving Cologne, after a brief residence there, he "took sanctuary in -Holland, where in peace and privacy he enjoyed the society of the -Muses," says Langhorn. - -His _The Phoenix in Her Flames_, a tragedy in four acts, had been -published in 1639. _The Innocent Lady, or the Illustrious Innocence_, -translated from the French of R. de Ceriziers, was published in 1654. -Now in Holland he worked hard at other translations, and he was the -more able to do this at ease, as the Princess Royal Mary of Orange -seems to have taken him into her retinue at the Hague. If the Court -was anything like what it was when James Howell was there, it must -have been vastly dull for the lively and dissolute Sir William Lower. -But his stay was enlivened by the arrival of Charles and the intrigues -there carried on with the well-affected in England. - -At the Hague he issued a thin royal folio, with many plates, entitled -"A relation in form of Journal of the voiage and residence which the -most excellent and most mighty Prince, Charles the II, King of Great -Britain, etc., hath made in Holland, from the 25th of May to the 2nd -of June, 1660, rendered into English from the original French. By Sir -W. Lower, Knt. Printed by Adrian Ulack." This was published in Dutch, -French, and English, and at the end of the volume Sir W. Lower -inserted his poems, and an apology for the "tardive appearance (of the -book) due to those men who grave the plates." - -Such "poems" as he has given as his own show conclusively enough that -he was not a poet, but a mere hammerer together of rhymes. - -In June, 1660, calculating on his services rendered to Charles I and to -the sumptuous book on the residence in Holland of Charles II that he had -brought out, Lower appealed to Secretary Nicholas from The Hague to -obtain for him some place in the King's service. But the death of his -cousin Thomas, only son of Sir William Lower, of Treventy, who died on -5th February, 1661, by which he became sole heir, executor, and chief -representative of the family, recalled him to England. He did not, -however, enjoy ease long, for he died in the ensuing year, 1662, leaving -an only child, Elizabeth, who probably died early, for nothing further -is known of her than that she was in existence when her father died. Who -the wife of Sir William Lower was is not known. - -His cousin, Dr. Richard Lower, of S. Paul's, Covent Garden, who gave -Wood information relative to his kinsman, described him as "an ill -poet and a worse man." - -His long residence abroad, his dissociation from Cornwall for all his -life save his early boyhood, his separation from his kinsmen, had -broken all the ties that linked him to his family and county; and when -he inherited the estates and was in a position to assist his kinsmen -who had been greatly reduced by the civil wars, "he did not, but -followed the vices of poets." - - - - - THE PIRATES AT PENZANCE - - -An event occurred at Penzance in the year 1760 that deserves to be -remembered. Great Britain had been engaged in the Seven Years War; and -notwithstanding the successes of 1759, when Rodney bombarded Havre, -Boscawen had routed and dispersed the Toulon fleet off Lagos, and Hawke -had defeated the fleet of De Conflans near Quiberon, there was still a -certain amount of alarm in the country, a dread of predatory incursions, -and if this fear existed inland, it was most acute upon the coast. - -On the night of the 29-30th September Penzance was alarmed by the firing -of guns, and soon after by the intelligence that a large ship of a -strange appearance had run ashore near Newlyn. Half Penzance poured out -in that direction in the grey of early morning. But on reaching the -strand they were panic-stricken to see on the ship, and drawn up on the -beach, a number of ferocious-looking individuals with baggy trousers, -and red fezes on their heads, and each armed with a scimitar, and with -brass-mounted pistols stuck in their girdles. Thereupon the half of -Penzance that had turned out now turned tail and made the best of their -way back to the town, crying out that the Turks had landed and were -intent on massacring the inhabitants of Penzance, plundering their -houses, and carrying away their wives and children into captivity to -become galley-slaves or to fill the harems of these Moslem monsters. - -A volunteer company was called out, the drum beat to arms, and marched -to the beach, where they found 172 men, who were surrounded, deprived -of their weapons, and marched to a spacious building called "The -Folly," that stood on the Western Green. As there were some of the -captives who could speak the _lingua franca_, and there was here and -there to be found a magistrate or an officer who had a limited -knowledge of French, it was at last elicited from these men that they -were the crew of an Algerine corsair, carrying twenty-four guns, from -nine to six pounders. The captain, believing himself to be in the -Atlantic, somewhere about the latitude of Cadiz, had cheerily in the -dark run his vessel into Mount's Bay, and was vastly surprised when -she struck, and still more so when he found himself surrounded by -Cornishmen and not by Spaniards. He had lost eight men, drowned. - -No sooner was this bruited about than a second panic set in, and the -good citizens of Penzance went into hysterics of fear lest these -Algerine pirates should have brought with them an invasion of the -plague. - -A cordon of volunteers was accordingly drawn up round "The Folly" to -prevent all intercourse, intelligence was conveyed to the Government, -and orders were issued for troops to march from Plymouth so as to -surround the whole district. However, the local authorities recovered -from their terror or apprehension in time to send off information that -there was no cause for such a measure, and the orders were -countermanded. - -After some days, when no case of plague had revealed itself among the -captives, the people of the town and neighbourhood were suffered to -approach and contemplate the strangers. Their Oriental dress, their -long beards and moustaches, the dark complexion and glittering eyes -of the piratical band, made them objects of curiosity. But they still -inspired so much fear that few ventured to approach near to them. - -Upon the whole, they were kindly treated, and finally, as their vessel -was a complete wreck, a man-of-war was despatched to take all the men -on board and convey them back to Algiers. - - - - - DAME KILLIGREW - - -The Killigrew family is one of the most ancient in Cornwall. It takes -its name from Killigrew in the parish of S. Erme. Here stands the old -nest of the family beside the high road from Truro that falls into -that from Redruth to Bodmin at Casland. It is now represented by a -couple of insignificant cottages, without old trees surrounding it, -and the only hint that it was once the seat of a distinguished family -is found in the remains of the deerpark. - -The genuine pedigree of the family goes back to Ralph Killigrew of -Killigrew, in the reign of Henry III. In that of Richard II, Simon -Killigrew married Jane, daughter and heiress of Robert of Arwenack, -near Penryn, and he quitted the ancestral mansion to move to his -wife's house that was planted in a less bleak situation and was on the -estuary of the Fal. - -In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Sir John Killigrew of Arwenack, was -Captain in Command of Pendennis Castle. He married Mary, daughter of -Philip Wolverston and widow of Henry Knyvett of an Eastern counties -family, but her son by Henry Knyvett settled in Cornwall, at -Rosemorryn in S. Budoc. Sir John pulled down the greater portion of -the ancient house and built himself another, very stately in the style -of the times--but, alas! this also has disappeared, for when Sir -William Waller approached Pendennis, to besiege it on behalf of the -Parliament, the Governor of the Castle set fire to Arwenack lest it -should give harbour to the enemy. - -Sir John had a son, also called John, who married Dorothy, daughter of -the impecunious Sir Thomas Monck, Knt., of Potheridge, which Sir -Thomas died in the debtors' gaol at S. Thomas', by Exeter. John and -Dorothy had a son, Sir John Killigrew, aged twenty-two on his father's -death in 1605. - -Now it fell out that Sir Walter Raleigh on his homeward voyage from -Guiana put into Falmouth harbour, and found there, where the town now -stands, only a fisherman's cottage. Killigrew, however, hospitably -entertained Sir Walter, who expressed his surprise that so fine a -harbour should have no accommodation for sailors sheltering there, and -when he went to town memorialized King James on the subject. He had -fired the imagination of his host, Sir John, and he also petitioned -the King to grant him a royal licence to build four houses, where now -stands Falmouth, for the convenience of sailors. This roused the wrath -of the people of Penryn further up the river, who saw that four houses -would bring in their wake many more, and would draw away the trade, -and cut off the prosperity of Penryn. Accordingly they used every -possible endeavour to obstruct the project. Sir John made several -journeys to London, but it was only by spending a great deal of money -in fees and bribery of officials that he was able to obtain the -licence; and by so doing he incurred the implacable resentment of the -inhabitants of Penryn. - -We will now let Martin Killigrew continue the story. He wrote a -history of the family in 1737 or 1738. We will somewhat simplify the -reading by giving "the" for "y^e." - -"The last Sir John Killigrew was hardly got over this difficulty, -when he fell under a much greater affliction, the prostitution of his -wife, who caused herself to be called, or unaccountably was known by the -name of Lady Jane." He has already stated, "Sir John Killigrew, a sober, -good man, to his utter undoing, married the daughter of an ancient and -honourable family, new in the peerage, in respect to whom I forbear the -name; making herself infamous, and first debauched by the Governor of -Pendennis Castle." This lady was Jane, daughter of Sir George Fermon, of -Northampton. Sir William, his brother, was created Baron Leominster in -1622, whose son was given the earldom of Pomfret in 1721. - -[Illustration: THE KILLYGREW CUP - -"1633. FROM MAIOR TO MAIOR TO THE TOWNE OF PERMARIN, WHERE THEY -RECEIVED MEE THAT WAS IN GREAT MISERY" - - JANE KILLYGREW - -_This Cup has been recently valued at the sum of £4,000. It measures -just two feet in height_] - -"Arrived to that shameful degree, Sir John, in point of honour and for -quietness of mind, found himself under a necessity to prosecute a -divorce from her in the Archbishop's Court, which lasted so many years -and [was] so very expensive, as quite ruined his estate, to the degree -of his being often put to very hard shifts to get home from London -upon the frequent recesses in the process, but at length obtained the -divorce in all its formal extent. This woman in such long contest was -in no degree protected by her family, but supported and cherished by -the town of Penryn, from their jealousy and hatred of Arwenack, as -specially appears to this day, by plate by her given to the Mayor and -Corporation of Penryn, when she came into her jointure, as an -acknowledgment for such protection.[11] Sir John did not long outlive -such his divorce, dying in 1632." - -Hals says: "Jane Killigrew, widow of Sir John Killigrew, Knt., in the -Spanish wars in the latter end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, went on -board two Dutch ships of the Hans Towns (always free traders in times of -war) driven into Falmouth harbour by cross winds, laden with -merchandise, on account (as was said) of Spaniards, and with a numerous -party of ruffians, murdered the two Spanish merchants or factors on -board these ships, and took from them two barrels or hogsheads of -Spanish pieces of eight, and converted them to her own use." - -"Now, though Fleta (lib. i. c. iii., temp. Edward II) tells us that it -is no murder except it be proved that the party slain was English, and -no stranger, yet afterwards by the statute 4 Edward III, the killing -any foreigner under the King's protection, out of evil design or -malice, is murder; upon which statute these offenders were tried and -found guilty at Launceston of wilful murder, both by the grand and -petty juries, and had sentence of death passed accordingly upon them, -and were all executed, except the said Lady Killigrew, the principal -agent and contriver of the barbarous fact, who, by the interest and -favour of Sir John Arundell, of Tolverne, Knt., and his son-in-law, -Sir Nicholas Hals, of Pengersick, Knt., obtained of Queen Elizabeth a -pardon or reprieve for the said lady, which was seasonably put into -the Sheriff of Cornwall's hands. - -"At the news whereof the other condemned wretches aforesaid at the -gallows lamented nothing more than that they had not the company of -that old Jezebel Killigrew at that place as in justice they ought to -be (to use their own words), and begged Almighty God that some -remarkable judgment might befall her and her posterity, nay, and all -those that were instrumental in procuring her freedom, and observed -hereupon it was, that her grandson Sir William Killigrew spent the -whole paternal estate of his ancestors, as did Sir Thomas Arundell, -Knt., son of Sir John Arundell, aforesaid, and John Hals, Esq., son of -Sir Nicolas Hals, Knt., in their own times, but alas, several and -public revolutions of this kind; and all other in worldly affairs are -carried on by the judgment and providence of God, not the -determination of men, especially such barbarous ruffians as these -criminals, though these things happened according to the malefactors' -direful imprecations in some sense." - -Hals in the above account makes several blunders. The affair to which -he alludes took place in January, 1583, and the Dame Killigrew who was -involved in it was Mary, wife of Sir John, the grandfather of the Sir -John who divorced his wife Jane. Another mistake is that the ship was -not one of the Hanseatic town merchant vessels, but was Spanish. -Moreover, Hals is wrong in saying that the two Spanish merchants were -murdered. On the contrary, Lady Killigrew's ruffians threw overboard -and drowned the whole ship's crew, with the exception of the two -merchants, who were on shore and so escaped. - -The facts are as follows:-- - -The _Mary_ of S. Sebastian, a Spanish ship of 144 tons burden, owned -by two merchants, John de Chavis and Philip de Oryo, the latter being -as well the captain, arrived in Falmouth harbour on January 1st, -1582-3, and cast anchor within the bar, just under Sir John -Killigrew's house of Arwenack. Here for lack of wind it remained, and -the owners went on shore and took up their quarters in an inn at -Penryn, awaiting a favourable breeze. At this time there was no open -breach of peace between England and Spain. It was not till 1585 that -Elizabeth sent over an army into the Netherlands to oppose the forces -of Philip II, and despatched a fleet under Sir Francis Drake into the -West Indies to molest the Spanish galleons and colonies there. - -Lady Killigrew seems to have formed a scheme for robbing the merchant -vessel and massacring the crew and the owners, and several efforts -were made to induce the two merchants to quit their inn at Penryn and -return on board, so that the whole of those on the vessel and the -merchants might be got rid of, and not a witness left. However, this -failed; Chavis and Oryo did not return to their ship. - -About midnight on 7th January a boatload of men boarded the Spanish -vessel and overpowered the sailors, raised the anchors, and set sail. -The Spaniards were all either butchered or thrown into the sea. The -ship was then taken to Ireland, where she was plundered and the spoil -divided. But before this was done, two of Lady Killigrew's servants, -named Kendal and Hawkins, were sent back to Arwenack with sundry bolts -of Hollands and leather, as the share of Lady Killigrew, her -kinswoman, Mrs. Killigrew, and the maids and servants in the house. - -Lady Killigrew was highly incensed at being put off with so little, -but fume as she might she could do nothing, for the ship was on its -way to Ireland. What she did accordingly was to keep all that was sent -on shore for herself, and distribute none of it among her household. - -The two merchants now stirred, and laid formal complaint before the -Commissioners for Piracy in Cornwall. Among these was Sir John -Killigrew, the husband of the lady who had contrived or abetted the -act. A meeting was held at Penryn, and sufficient evidence was -produced to implicate Hawkins and Kendal; but this they were able to -rebut by the testimony of Elizabeth Bowden, who kept a small tavern -at Penryn, and who swore that up to the time that the act of piracy -was committed the two men Hawkins and Kendal were drinking in her inn. -The jury returned an open verdict that the ship had certainly been -stolen, but by whom there was no evidence to show. - -Chavis and De Oryo were not men disposed to let the matter rest thus, -and having procured a safe conduct to London from the Commissioners, -they proceeded thither, and laid their complaint before the higher -authorities, with the result that the Earl of Bedford instructed Sir -Richard Grenville and Mr. Edmund Tremayne to make a searching -investigation into the affair. - -As might be anticipated, this inquiry was more thorough-going and real -than the other, and the truth was at last elicited from witnesses very -reluctant to speak what they knew. The result arrived at was this:-- - -The whole plot had been contrived by Dame Killigrew, who on the Sunday -in question ordered Hawkins and Kendal to board the Spaniard, along -with a party of sailors and fishermen got together for the purpose. -Moreover, she sent a messenger by boat to the Governor of St. Mawes -Castle, to inform him that the Spanish merchants proposed to sail that -night, and to request him not to hinder them from so doing. The other -castle, that of Pendennis, commanding the entrance to the haven, had -Sir John Killigrew as Governor, and in it all day were harboured the -boarding-party destined to carry off the merchantman. - -Hawkins, who was the ringleader, had been sworn to strict secrecy by -Lady Killigrew, who desired to keep the whole transaction from the -knowledge of her husband. The leather that fell to her share was placed -in a cask and buried in the garden at Arwenack. Hawkins and Kendal were -hanged at Launceston, but Lady Killigrew escaped as Hals relates. Sir -John died next year; when Lady Killigrew died is not known. - -On the death of the later Sir John in 1633, Arwenack passed to his -nephew, as he left no issue, and that nephew, Sir Peter Killigrew, -married Frances, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Roger Twysden. He had -two daughters, and a son George who came to an untimely end. - -He was killed in a drunken brawl in a tavern at Penryn by Walter -Vincent, barrister-at-law, "who," says Hals, "was tried for his life -at Launceston for the fact, and acquitted by the petty jury, through -bribery and indiscreet acts and practices, as was generally said; yet -this Mr. Vincent, through anguish and horror at this accident (as it -was said), within two years after wasted of an extreme atrophy of his -flesh and spirits, that at length at the table whereby he was sitting, -in the Bishop of Exeter's palace, in the presence of divers gentlemen, -he instantly fell back against the wall and died." - -Frances, the eldest daughter of Sir Peter Killigrew, married Richard -Erisey, and had a daughter who became the wife of John West, of Bury S. -Edmunds, and by him had a daughter Frances, who married the Hon. Charles -Berkeley, and through their descent the estates, or such as remained of -the old family of Killigrew, passed to the Earl of Kimberley. - -The history of the Killigrew family, by Martin Killigrew, was -published in part by Mr. R. N. Worth in the _Journal of the Royal -Institution of Cornwall_, Vol. III (1868-70), and the story of the -seizure of the Spanish vessel by Dame Killigrew was investigated by -Mr. H. M. Whitley, in the _Journal_, Vol. VII (1881-3). - -FOOTNOTE: - -[11] The cup is still in the possession of the Corporation of Penryn. -It is of silver, will hold about three quarts, and is inscribed: "From -Mayor to Mayor of the town of Penryn, where they received me in great -misery. Jane Killygrew, 1613." - - - - - TWO NATURALISTS IN CORNWALL - - -The two men of science of whom a sketch is about to be given here were -neither of them Cornishmen by birth and parentage, but, inasmuch as a -long stretch of the life of each was spent in the delectable duchy, and -as both were well known in it and made it the principal field of their -labours, they deserve a place in this collection. These two men are John -Ralfs, the botanist, and George Carter Bignell, the entomologist. - -John Ralfs was born September 13, 1807, at Millbrook, near -Southampton. His father, Samuel Ralfs, died when he was a year old, -and to his mother was entrusted his early training. From an early age -he manifested a passionate love of flowers, and as he grew older an -interest in chemistry. Probably on this latter account he decided on -the medical profession, and whilst studying medicine he prosecuted -botanical research, so that on passing his final examination the -President of the Royal College of Surgeons complimented him on his -botanical knowledge, and predicted that the world would one day hear a -good deal of this then "beardless boy." - -He married a Miss Newman, and by her had a son, but they were in every -way an ill-suited pair, and after a while they agreed to part, and she -went to reside in France, taking her son with her. - -Fortunately for science, Ralfs' health would not stand the arduous and -anxious life of a village doctor, and he threw up his profession and -wandered about in the south of England, a friendless, reserved, and -taciturn man, devoting all his time and attention to botany. He -settled finally in Penzance, in the year 1837, and became a familiar -personality in the west of Cornwall, rambling over the moors, creeping -into bogs, often on hands and knees, searching for rare plants; "a -terror to timid ladies, who would scuttle away like frightened rabbits -at the sight of this dark, strange man hanging over some deep pool, -peering with his short-sighted eyes into what was to him a paradise, -and perhaps calling out aloud, forgetful that he and nature were not -alone, 'I see him! I've got him!' And often he would be seen resting -on a stile, weary with his wanderings, his hat and coat almost as -green as the grass on one of his favourite bogs, the marks of his last -fray fresh upon them, his collar disappearing, apparently, in vain -search of his cravat; gazing absently into the distance, where he saw, -doubtless, beautiful and rare specimens of his Algæ and Diatomaceæ." - -Mr. Ralfs was never so happy as when alone; he did not care for -society, least of all that of women, and grievous deafness made it -difficult for him to engage in conversation. Even with men of science -like himself he did not care to associate, except through written -correspondence. At Penzance he was generally regarded as "a bit -total," a little, perhaps not a little, off his head; but no one could -have other than a kind word to say of him, for he never injured any -one. Occasionally his son came from France to pay his father a visit; -but such visits were brief; their tastes were not the same, and their -outlook into life was different. - -Mr. Ralfs wrote a good deal. He contributed to the proceedings of -many learned societies, but especially the Edinburgh Botanical -Society. He was the author of the botanical chapter in the _Guide to -Ilfracombe_, and of the "Sketch of the Botany of West Penwith" in Mr. -J. S. Courtney's _Guide to Penzance_. Mr. J. T. Blight also was -assisted by him in his _Week at the Land's End_. He helped as well in -_English Botany_, by Sir James E. Smith, the figures by James Sowerby. -He composed, moreover, a _Flora of West Cornwall_ that remains in MS. -in the Penzance Public Library. - -[Illustration: GEORGE CARTER BIGNELL. - -_From a photograph_] - -Late in life he formed a tender attachment for a little child, who had -somehow hitched herself on to him as a companion in his rambles. "The -first overtures were entirely on her own side, and it was some time -before this acquaintance ripened into friendship. She was a delicate -child, and her playfellow--for such he became--prescribed Fresh Air -and no Lessons; and so off they would go for long country walks, much -to the benefit of her health, but to the detriment of her clothes. Of -the mustard poultice that sometimes these excursions rendered -necessary, and which could not be endured unless he submitted to a -similar infliction; of the delightful dolls' tea parties; of the fairy -tales, translated solely for her amusement from the French and German; -of his selections from Thackeray and Dickens, whose characters were -thus made living people to her; of the wonders that awaited her on S. -Valentine's Day, when, through his skilful management, twenty or -thirty valentines were to arrive for her from different parts of the -country; of the choice variety of sweets he purchased for her stocking -at Christmas; of all this, I wish I could discourse at greater length. -It is sufficient to say that this friendship, thus begun, lasted to -the end of his life, and was the means of relieving to a large extent -that solitude which had before surrounded him. - -"On Midsummer Day, when the custom is to wear wreaths of flowers, he -would give free permission to the children to pick all the flowers in -his garden, on condition that they would come to him flower-crowned in -the evening, when he would entertain them royally with fruit and -sweetmeats. On Corpus Christi Pleasure Fair (a red-letter day for -little Cornish children) he would be seen with a small crowd of boys -and girls around him, whom he would treat to all the various shows, -waiting patiently, until their curiosity was satisfied, outside." - -One great delight of Mr. Ralfs was the naturalizing of strange plants -in the neighbourhood of Penzance, amongst others the large-flowered -butterwort, and very much amused was he when some local paper with a -flourish of trumpets announced the discovery of the Pinguicula by a -botanical tourist, and a claim put forward that it was indigenous to -Cornwall. - -John Ralfs died 14 July, 1890, and was buried at Penzance. - - * * * * * - -The second naturalist, Mr. George Carter Bignell, is happily still -alive and in full intellectual vigour, and resides in Saltash. He is a -native of Exeter, having been born in that city in 1826. He was -educated at S. John's Hospital in his native town, but had to leave it -at the age of twelve, when he was placed in a booking-office for -receiving parcels and booking passengers for the carriers who made the -"Black Lion" their head-quarters when in Exeter. These carriers came -from many small towns from twenty to fifty miles away. The yard and -stabling were connected with the "Black Lion" and the Commercial Inn, -South Street, and opposite was the office. Mr. Bignell says: "Often -have I seen these lumbering wagons with twenty magnificent horses -attached to them start from the office, the driver riding a cob by the -side. Very often such a wagon would be conveying gold from the ships -in Falmouth to the Bank of England, and in that case the wagon was -attended by a guard carrying a blunderbuss." - -In this office Mr. Bignell remained till he was sixteen, and in 1842 -he joined the Royal Marines at Stonehouse. He saw some foreign -service, and was on board the _Superb_ during the civil war in Spain -in 1847, and was employed on the coasts of Spain and Portugal. He was -in the squadron which succeeded in capturing a division of the rebel -army of Count Das Anton, consisting of about three thousand men. -Boats' crews put off from the ships of the squadron, and under a heavy -fire from the forts boarded and captured every vessel. The prisoners -were conveyed up the river Tagus to Fort S. Julian, where, after being -deprived of arms and ammunition, they were safely lodged. - -A guard, consisting of half the complement of marines from each ship, -was placed over them, the whole body under the command of Major -Stransham. - -A few days after the capture it was discovered that ammunition was -being surreptitiously conveyed into the fort by friends of the rebels, -and investigation disclosed that a plot had been hatched to blow up -the fort. - -Count Das Anton pretended to be wholly ignorant of the conspiracy. The -rebels were paraded, each man searched, and every nook and cranny in -the fort thoroughly overhauled. A large quantity of gunpowder was -found, and this was promptly wheeled to the parapets in barrows and -thrown into the Tagus. - -The guard placed over this large body of prisoners was small, and to -overawe the prisoners all the marines from the ships were landed every -evening at sunset and marched with fixed bayonets to the fort, with -orders to make as much noise and clatter as they could; and then at -night, when all was still, they stole silently away from the fort and -returned on board. So well was the ruse practised every day that the -prisoners were under the impression that they were guarded by a large -body, and never suspected the truth. The time at the fort was not very -pleasant to the marines on guard, as the place was filthy and -literally swarmed with fleas, and their white drill suits were so -covered with these detestable insects that the marines appeared to be -dressed in brown instead of white clothing. - -This was Mr. Bignell's only taste of active service. When the _Superb_ -was paid off he was employed in several offices in the barracks, first -as commanding officer's clerk, and afterwards he was appointed to the -barracks at Millbay as barrack sergeant, and he held this appointment -for seven years. By the end of this time he had served twenty-two -years. Throughout all this time he had been a keen and close observer -of nature. From his boyhood up natural history had exercised a great -attraction for him, and as he grew up, and studied, the subject became -more and more interesting. During his last seven years of service he -made considerable progress, for as a barrack sergeant he had little -work to do, and so had plenty of time to devote to his hobby. - -After being discharged he became a member of the Plymouth Institution, -with the object of finding out the names of some of the insects he had -captured, and was surprised to find that it had nothing like them in -its collection, nor could anybody tell him what they were. - -[Illustration: JOHN RALFS - -_Reproduced by permission of Miss Loveday E. Drake_] - -Mr. Bignell had barely retired from the service ere he was appointed -Registrar of Births and Deaths for the Stonehouse district and also -Poor Law Officer to the Stonehouse Board of Guardians; but his -residence is in Saltash. All his spare time has for many years been -given up to scientific pursuits, the branch of science to which he is -most partial being entomology; but since his residence in Saltash he -has been a profound student in marine flora. It is not only in the -study of the known and hitherto unregistered insects that Mr. Bignell -has acquired a world-wide fame; he has specially taken up the subject, -hitherto almost untouched, of the parasites that live on insects. - -To grasp what has been done by him an examination must be made of the -entomological journals for the last forty years, for there he is -generally in evidence. In the proceedings of the Entomological Society -of London Mr. Bignell's name is quoted as being the discoverer of -fifty-one parasites, nineteen being new to science and thirty-two new to -Britain. In recognition of this work, one of the new species has been -named after him _Mesoleius Bignellii_. The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic -Society have awarded him three of their medals, a bronze one for "land -and fresh water shells," a silver one for a "collection of British -moths," and a second silver medal for "butterflies and moths." - -In the publications of the Ray Society on the _Larvæ of British -Butterflies and Moths_, at the end of each volume we find a list of -parasites preying on these beautiful insects, "kindly prepared by Mr. -G. C. Bignell, F.E.S." - -One of the most extraordinary features of Mr. Bignell's work is the -infinite delicacy wherewith even now at an advanced age he is able to -draw and colour his specimens. The miniature painter of a beautiful -girl's face a century ago did not take more pains to delineate the -object of his admiring study than does Mr. Bignell to obtain a -"counterfeit presentment" of some disgusting caterpillar or parasitic -insect. - -The hunting for specimens would be an exhausting toil were it not a -labour of love. On one occasion Mr. Bignell obtained one hundred and -forty-one caterpillars of a certain moth in Whitsand Bay, under Fort -Tregantle. They were feeding on henbane, and as he did not know where -else to get the right sort of food for them, he had to go out two or -three times a week for the food, walking in all a hundred miles. But, -alas for the ingratitude of the caterpillars, not a single moth -rewarded all this devotion! Yet even this was outdone by a hundred and -thirty-five mile walk in the dark to attempt to capture one sort of -moth, which perhaps deserves to be mentioned for its elusive ways. It -is called the _Dasycampa rubiginea_, and has to live up to its name. -Plym Bridge was supposed to be its haunt, and its time of taking its -walks or flutter abroad, night, and that also in midwinter. So night -after night in November and December it was stalked, till one night, -between the 6th and 7th December, the moth was spotted leisurely -sipping honey from the flowers of the ivy growing on one of the -pillars of the old gateway leading into Cann Wood between Plym Bridge -and Plympton, just as the clock at Morley House was striking twelve. - -A pathetic interest attaches to the large copper butterfly. This -splendid species was first discovered in Wales by the celebrated -botanist Hudson. It was subsequently captured in considerable numbers -about Whittlesea Mere, in Huntingdonshire. Now, alas! it is extinct, -and a specimen such as one possessed by Mr. Bignell is worth some -pounds. The last secured was in 1847. Greedy collectors and dealers -from London, after its discovery, were waiting for it, and offered the -country yokels five shillings for every caterpillar secured. Now it is -as extinct as the dodo and the great auk. - -There would seem to be no living creature that is not a home and -feeding ground for parasites; even the butterflies are infested with -them, and probably these parasites also have others infinitely small -that attack them. - - Great fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bite 'em, - And little fleas have lesser fleas--and so _ad infinitum_. - -One of the most interesting discoveries made by Mr. Bignell is that a -creature like a scorpion--but all claw--that is found upon the common -house-fly is not a true parasite. It likes a ride, and to do it cheap. -And when a fly comes within reach, it lays hold of it with its -disproportionately huge claws, clings, and has a ride, free, gratis -and for nothing. When it has seen enough of the world and is tired, it -lets go and drops off. - -Says Mr. Bignell: "The Blossom Underwing is a moth that was very -abundant on the male flowers of the great sallow on April 13th, 1866. -Previously this moth was very scarce; but on this night I saw at least a -thousand; they were all in pairs, and each pair occupied a flower, a -sight never to be forgotten. The fine flowering scrubby oaks were -swarming with the larvæ. A friend of mine who kept birds in a very large -cage, seeing the abundance of the caterpillars, decided to give his -birds a treat; he accordingly gathered about a pint of them, carried -them home, and instead of giving the birds two or three at a time, he -incautiously put the tin into the cage and removed the lid. At once the -caterpillars began to escape, and the seething mass of black and yellow -wriggling over the floor, crawling about the wires, so frightened the -birds that it caused the death of two of three, which beat themselves -against the cage in vain hope to escape from these uncanny horrors." - -As may be well imagined, Mr. Bignell with his lantern stealing up the -side of a hedge in the night often enough routed the poachers and sent -them flying, thinking they were being watched by a policeman. On one -occasion he scared an owl. "I was enjoying myself, on my knees, -hunting over the contents of my net that I had used for sweeping the -low foliage, to see what captures I had made. My nose and bull's-eye -lantern were thrust close to the ground, to prevent anything escaping -observation. In the midst of this occupation an owl swooped down to -see what was up, when I turned my lantern on him, and away he flew in -a mighty hurry, bringing the back of his wings together with great -force, like a man clapping his hands. He was evidently in great alarm, -and uttered an unearthly scream. It certainly gave me also a turn, it -was so sudden." - -All moths with highly pectinated antennæ, that is to say with their -feelers comb-like at the extremities, have the most extraordinary -power of scenting a female moth at a great distance, even two or three -miles, with a favourable wind. - -Mr. Bignell says: "I once had a virgin female of the Oak-egger moth, -and was desirous of getting some males. I started off with the lady in -a tin box, with a perforated zinc top, to give her air and allow her -perfume to escape. I walked through the fields towards Milehouse to -where was a turnstile; and at this spot lighted on a weary policeman -resting. As it was a dull day, without any token of the sun breaking -out, to attract butterflies for their usual gambols, the policeman -jeeringly remarked that I had missed the right day. I replied that I -thought not, and that I could collect as many as I desired, in fact, I -could make them come to me. He laughed incredulously. I then took out -my tin box and placed it on the wall, and, magician-like, whistled and -waved my hand. The policeman stared, and thought I was befooling him. -But lo, in two or three minutes one male alighted close to the box, -soon followed by others, and in a quarter of an hour I had at least -fifty, and so tame that I picked them up with my fingers and -distributed them among about a dozen people who had gathered to see -what I was about. The policeman stared with open eyes and mouth, quite -satisfied that my whistle and mysterious signs in the air with my hand -had called the insects to me. Satisfied with what I had got I waved -again and bade the moths depart, and clapped the box in my pocket. -Next day I took the empty box out with me into the country. I had -several males following me, and some actually penetrated into my -pocket where was the empty box, proving that the perfume still -remained in it, though wholly imperceptible to myself." - -On one occasion Mr. Bignell and a friend set out at night to find the -beautiful moth _Heliophobus hispidus_, knowing its haunts, between the -south side of the Plymouth citadel and the sea, where it is to be -found in September or October resting on the grass. - -Accordingly, each furnished with a bull's-eye lantern, they visited -the locality, but it was some time before one was discerned, and that -was on a blade of grass overhanging the cliff and out of reach, a -sheer drop of twenty feet at least into the sea fretting and moaning -below. Loath to miss it, as its eyes shone like two rubies--in fact, -both saw those glistening eyes before they observed that they were in -the head of the moth--they arranged that one should lie flat on his -stomach, and that Mr. Bignell should sit down, dig the heels of his -boots into the turf, then take his friend by the legs and thrust him -over the edge of the cliff, so far as to enable him to box the moth, -whilst holding the handle of his lantern between his teeth. This was -done, and the _Heliophobus_ was secured. - -But, after all, it is in the direction of parasites living upon -insects that Mr. Bignell has made the greatest research. He is the -possessor of a unique collection of the parasites that live on the -aphis, and also of the hyper-parasite which preys upon that parasite. -The life-history of this insect was unknown till Mr. Bignell detected -a hyper-parasite pierce the aphis which was itself a parasite. The -specimen was secured, and from it was bred the hyper-parasite itself. - -The life-story of the aphis, that tiny green pest that infests the -roses, has been unrolled by this enthusiastic student, and is full of -surprises. The ichneumon fly as well has been watched, and all its -wicked acts recorded. - -Caterpillars, so fat and fleshy, form a delightful feeding ground for -the deposit of eggs, and serve as luscious food for the young to -pasture upon. We human beings, in common with all mammals, have the -obligation imposed on us of nourishing our own young, and with some of -us we go on sustaining them till we are exhausted in the process, but -the ichneumonidæ are more clever than we. They make others, notably -the caterpillars, maintain their young, and the frivolous mothers, -after having once deposited their eggs, gad about and enjoy themselves -as having no concern for their future well-being. It is a comfort to -reflect that the insects thus preyed upon do not seem to suffer much, -if at all, and it may almost be said that they exhibit a maternal -regard for the young bred out of their bodies. - -With his wonderful microscopes Mr. Bignell can explore far down the -ladder of life, but whether to its lowest rung may well be doubted. -There is always some living being to be found preying on the last of -the minutest creature last seen. - -After a visit to Mr. Bignell's house in Saltash with a friend, I -turned to him and said: "I came here believing myself to be an -Individual. I leave knowing myself to be a Community." - - - - - SIR JOHN CALL, BART. - - -The _Dictionary of National Biography_ says of Sir John Call that he -was "descended from an old family which, it is said, once owned -considerable property in Devon and Cornwall." That proviso "it is -said" is conveniently inserted. Anything may be said, as that the cow -jumped over the moon, but that a saying may be believed we must know -who uttered it. Now the originator of this saying was probably William -Playfair, in his _British Family Antiquity_, 1809. In that the -following interesting statement occurs: "From papers in the possession -of the family, partly fabulous, though partly true, it appears that -the family of the Calls, consisting of three brothers, came into -England from Saxony towards the end of the eighth century. One of -these brothers settled in Scotland, from whom is descended the clan of -the McColls; the second in Norfolk, where the family continued until -the beginning of the last (eighteenth) century; and the third settled -in Cornwall, from whence the present family derives its origin. This -very ancient, but latterly not very opulent family, was formerly -possessed of considerable landed property both in Devonshire and -Cornwall, which was first reduced by the civil wars in the time of -Henry VII, and afterwards nearly annihilated, in consequence of the -loyal attachment of some of its individuals to the royal cause during -the civil wars in the reign of Charles I." - -[Illustration: SIR JOHN CALL, BART. - -_From a portrait (by A. Hickle) in the possession of his -great-granddaughter, Mrs. de Lacy Lacy_] - -Why was the eighth century fixed on for the advent of the Calls upon -the scene? Presumably because the first Norsemen arrived in 787. -Conceive the Calls coming over in a dragon ship, filled with berserker -rage, to ravage England and glut themselves with our blood. - -But we shall look for Calls in vain among the records of the past. As -it happens, Saxons and Northmen had no family, only personal names. -The story is as absurd as that also put forth that Callington derived -its name from the Calls, who only settled near it in 1770. - -But these "family papers" are not so ancient as Sir John Call, who -would have been above such a pretence. As a matter of fact, the -account supplied to Playfair shows a surprising ignorance in the -writer as to the existence of Heralds' Visitations, Inquisitiones post -mortem, Wills, Royalist Composition Papers, Parish Registers, and all -the material at hand to confirm or disprove reckless genealogical -assertions. Playfair does admit that the story contained in the -"family papers" is "partly fabulous." He might have said that it was -fabulous from beginning to end. - -The Calls had no right whatever to bear arms, till a grant was made to -them--after reading the above flourish not inappropriate--of three -trumpets. - -The MS. "Names of Gentlemen in Devonshire and Cornwall with their -Arms," drawn up by John Hooker, _alias_ Vowell, in 1599, is the only -armoury of the West that gives the name of Call with arms: Party per -pale or and gules; upon a chief az. 3 geese sable. But he gives no -indication of place where such a gentleman possessed land--and that, -before this "opulent family" had been ruined by the civil wars. Hooker -probably included the name, because, at the time, there was some -gentleman Call from another part of England living in Exeter. That -the Calls of Whiteford had no claim to his arms, nor could exhibit -descent from him, is shown by their not adopting his coat. In a MS. -armoury of all England dating from 1632, that belonged to C. Pole, the -name and arms of Call do not occur. - -According to Foster's _Baronetage_, the Calls hailed from Prestacott, -in Launcells. - -Actually the great-grandfather of Sir John was of Grove, in Stratton, -a tenant farmer. A good many Calls appear in the register of the -parish, never with _gent._ appended to the name, or even with Mr. -preceding it, a title generally accorded to a yeoman or a well-to-do -tradesman; and one in 1735 is buried as a pauper. Their marriages also -show to what class they belonged, with the Uglows, Tanners, and the -Jewells, in a humble walk of life. - -John Call, described as of Prestacott, in Launcells, was born in 1680, -and in 1702 married Sarah Jewell, and died in 1730. - -Prestacott consisted of three very small farms on the right-hand side -of the old road from Stratton to Holsworthy. Of late years the -ramshackle buildings have been pulled down and the lands thrown -together and constituted one farm, and a new house has been built. It -belonged at the time that John Call rented one of these little -holdings to the Orchards of Hartland Abbey. John Call had two sons, -John and Richard. John was born 1st March, 1704-5, and married Jane, -daughter of John Mill, of Launcells, "the descendant of a respectable -family, which had considerable possessions there, as well as in -Middlesex," says Playfair. He might have added with equal truth that -they possessed castles in the air. As it happens, the Visitations of -Cornwall and Lysons knew nothing of the family of Mill. The Mills were -of Shernick, a farm in Launcells, which they rented of the Arundels -of Trerice. Their ledger-stones are in the parish church, but they are -never described as _gents._ Mrs. Judith Mill was buried on October -14th, 1723, and Mr. John Mill on December 1st in the same year, and -Mr. Richard Mill on July 11th, 1766. - -Sarah Call, widow of John Call (without even Mr. and Mrs. prefixed), -was buried on February 1st, 1747-8. Shernick is now the property of -Sir C. T. Acland, Bart., inherited through an heiress in the -nineteenth century of the Arundels. - -John Call, who married Jane Mill, had a son, the subject of this -memoir. Afterwards, when this son was rich, he set up a tablet to the -memory of his father in Launcells Church, on which he gives him the -title of "gent." - - In Memory of John Call gent of Shernick - in this parish, and of Whiteford in Stoke Climsland. - He was interred in this church 3 Jan. 1767, - aged 63. Also of Jane Call his widow, who - was interred 9 Nov. 1781, aged 70. - Also of Jane Jones their daughter, wife of - the Rev^d Cadwalader Jones, minister of this parish, - who was here interred 2 April, 1790, aged - 50, and of their two children, etc. - -Concerning Mrs. Cadwalader Jones, more hereafter. The old gentleman, -John Call, had died on December 31st, 1766, going out with the old year. - -John, the younger, was born June 30th, 1732, at Fenny Park, near -Tiverton, and was educated at a private school. For some reason or -other, not known, his mother disliked him, and when aged seventeen, -and he had been recommended to the notice of Benjamin Robbins, who was -going out to India, she refused to furnish him with the money required -for his outfit and passage to India, so that his more distant -relatives, probably the Mill family of Shernick, supplied the money. - -Benjamin Robbins had composed a treatise on the principles of gunnery -and the price of gunpowder, that was not as yet published, and also an -account of Lord Anson's voyages. He was a mathematician, and had been -appointed chief engineer and captain-general in the East India -Company's service, and he was looking about for commercial clerks who -would serve on a small pay, when Call was recommended to him as a -shrewd lad. John Call was glad of the chance of seeing something of -the world and of escaping from a mother who flouted him, and he -embraced the offer with gladness. Robbins quitted England in 1749, and -arrived with his clerks at Fort William in July, 1750. - -Call had been given by Robbins his treatise on explosives to -transcribe for the press, and this interested the young man in the -subject, and he pursued the theme, and made considerable improvements -in rifling barrels. He also introduced one that enabled shells to be -discharged from long guns. When Robbins landed he had with him eight -young clerks, of whom Call was one. Robbins died in July, 1751, and -Call then became the leading engineer. - -War broke out among the native princes, backed up upon one side by the -French, on the other by the English, and Call was employed to carry -out the erection of defensive works at Fort S. David. This was an -English settlement near the mouth of the Southern Pennair River, and -was only twelve miles from Pondicherry, the French head-quarters. - -Madras, at the mouth of the Triplicane, consisted of the native or -black city and of Fort S. George, which lay on the sea, and was almost -engirdled by the North River that with the Triplicane formed an -island crossed by the main road from Chinglapett and Vandalone. - -The French, whilst in possession of Fort S. George, after it had been -taken by Labourdonnais in 1746, had made several improvements and -additions to the slight works they found, which, nevertheless, rendered -the fort little capable of long resistance against the regular -approaches of a European enemy; nor had they given any attention to the -internal area, which did not exceed fifteen acres of ground. -Nevertheless, the English let the place remain in the same state after -its recovery from the French in 1751 till the beginning of the year -1756, when the expectation of another war with that nation, and the -reports of the great preparations making in France against India, -dictated the necessity of rendering it completely defensible; and Call -was employed in the extension and perfecting of the work, that had -received the consideration of Robbins before his decease. Accordingly -all the coolies, labourers, and tank diggers whom the adjacent country -could supply were from this time constantly employed on the -fortifications: their daily number generally amounted to four thousand -men, women, and children. The river channel was diverted, and the old -channel was filled up; very extensive bastions and outworks were -erected; and it was due to this undertaking that Fort S. George was able -to stand successfully against the siege by the Count de Lally in 1759. - -In the beginning of the year 1752 Call accompanied Captain (afterwards -Lord) Clive in an expedition against the French, who had possessed -themselves of the province of Arcot, and were plundering up to the -very gates of Madras; and he was with him in his occupation and -subsequent defence of Arcot, during a fifty days' siege. Clive had -marched from Madras with two hundred English soldiers and three -hundred sepoys. He had with him eight English officers, but of these -only two had smelt powder, whilst four, Call among them, were only -commercial clerks forced by Clive's example to draw the sword. The -battle of Coverplank, near Arcot, gained by Captain Clive in the -February of 1752, in which the French lost all their artillery and -were totally dispersed, cleared the province of their influence and -established the English in the garrison of that capital. From Arcot -the victorious army, consisting of about five hundred Europeans and -one thousand natives, marched through the country back to Fort S. -David, when Mr. Call was appointed chief engineer at Madras, and -eventually of all the Coromandel coast. - -In 1753 the French under Bussy and Dupleix were full of schemes to -retrieve the honour of their arms, and to obtain the absolute empire -of the Deccan and the south. In that year, the cession of five -important provinces had made them masters of the sea-coast of -Coromandel and Orissa for an uninterrupted line of six hundred miles, -and also furnished the convenient means of receiving reinforcements of -men and military stores from Pondicherry and Mauritius. But neither -the Court of Versailles nor the French India Company at home had -approved the grand projects of Bussy and Dupleix. The Court questioned -the propriety of these wars with the English in a time of peace, and -the Company was impatient at the cost of these wars, and doubted -whether the territorial acquisitions could be maintained profitably to -themselves. The English Company also was impatient at the heavy -outlay, and was willing to leave the French in possession of the -Northern Circars; but Dupleix was not to be restrained. He saw further -into the future than did the merchants of Paris; he perceived that an -unrivalled opportunity was open to him to make all India tributary to -France, and he was determined to seize it. But to do so he must expel -the English. He claimed to be Nabob of the Carnatic, and unless his -authority as such were recognized by the English, he would make no -terms whatever with them. But Dupleix had had his day. His protectors -and admirers were now out of office, and he was recalled to France. - -As soon as war had been declared in Europe, the Government of Louis XV -commenced preparations on a large scale for an expedition to the East, -and the arrival of a great armament was daily expected at Pondicherry. - -It was not, however, until 28th April, 1758, that a squadron of twelve -vessels reached the coast. These ships had on board a regiment of -infantry eleven hundred strong, a corps of artillery, and a number of -officers, all under the command of the Count de Lally, a veteran -officer of Irish extraction, who had been all his life in the service -of France. He had been appointed Governor-General of the French -possessions in India. He was a man of great ability and ambition, and -was animated by intense and passionate hatred of England. Had he been -supported from home, he would almost certainly have made France -predominant in the peninsula. No sooner was he landed than he -organized an expedition against Fort S. David, and in June, 1758, he -captured it. He then prepared to take Madras as a preliminary to an -advance on Bengal, and he hoped to drive the English out of Calcutta. -But he was without resources; there was no money to be had at -Pondicherry. At last he raised a small sum, chiefly out of his own -funds, and began the march to Madras; his officers preferring to risk -death before the walls of Madras to certain starvation within the -walls of Pondicherry. Lally reached Madras on the 12th December, 1758, -and at once took possession of the black or native town, commanded by -Fort S. George, and began the siege of that fort with vigour. Call was -within. It was due to him that the defences were in such a condition -that the garrison could look with confidence to withstand a siege. We -hear, indeed, nothing of any active part taken by him during the -progress of the siege, but undoubtedly his knowledge and talent had -much to do with rendering the defence effective. The real command was -with Major Laurence and Mr. Pigot. The total force collected was 1758 -Europeans and 2220 sepoys. On the other side Lally had an army of 2700 -Europeans and 4000 native troops. - -On 14th December the French took possession of the black town, which -was open and defenceless; and there the soldiers, breaking open some -arrack stores, got drunk and mad, and committed great disorders. - -Taking advantage of this, a sortie was resolved upon, and six hundred -chosen men, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Draper and Major -Brereton, with two field-pieces, rushed into the streets of the black -town. Unluckily the drummers, who were all little black boys, struck -up the "Grenadiers' March" too soon and gave warning to the French, -who left off their drinking and plundering, and, running to their -arms, drew up at a point where the narrow streets crossed at right -angles. Those who were drunk were joined by those who were sober, till -the whole number far exceeded that of the English detachment. If -Bussy, who was at hand, had made one of the bold and rapid movements -which he had been accustomed to make when acting on his own -responsibility, he might have taken the English in rear. But he was -sulky, and jealous of Lally, and remained inert. When Draper saw that -he must retreat, he found that all his drummer-boys who should sound -the recall had run away. He, however, managed to bring off his troops, -leaving two field-pieces behind, and having lost or killed, wounded -and prisoners, about two hundred men. - -The siege dragged on. Most of Lally's heavy artillery was still at -sea, and a corps of sepoys captured and spiked his only 13-inch -mortar, which was coming by land. All his warlike means were as -deficient as those of the garrison were perfect, and dissensions and -ill-will against him increased among his officers. - -For six weeks the French were without any pay, and during the last -fifteen days they had no provisions except rice and butter. Then the -ammunition of the besiegers failed. On the 15th February, 1759, he -resolved on raising the siege. He had thrown away his last bomb three -weeks before, and he had blazed away nearly all his gunpowder. Pouring -forth invectives and blaming every one but himself, Lally decamped on -the night of the 17th as secretly and expeditiously as he could. - -In March, 1760, Call was employed in reducing Karikal, and at the -latter end of the year and in the beginning of 1761 he was employed as -chief engineer under Sir Eyre Coote in the reduction of Pondicherry, -which, after it had been battered furiously during two days, -surrendered at discretion. Then the town and fortifications were -levelled with the ground. A few weeks after the strong hill-fortress -of Gingi surrendered, and the military power of the French in the -Carnatic was brought to an end. - -In 1762 Call had the good fortune, when serving under General -Cailland, to effect the reduction of the strong fortress of Vellore, -one hundred miles west of Madras, which has since been the _point -d'appui_ of the English power in the Carnatic. - -In July, 1763, Mahomed Usuff Cawn, a native of great military talent, -employed in the service of the English, for usurping the government of -Madura and Tinnevelly, the two southernmost provinces of the -peninsula, had to be dealt with summarily. A considerable force -marched against him, under the command of Colonel Monson, of His -Majesty's 69th Regiment. Call acted as chief engineer under him, till -the heavy rains in October obliged the English army to retire from -before Madura. Eventually that place and Palamata were reduced, and -Mahomed Usuff Cawn was taken and hanged. - -At the latter end of 1764 Call went into the Travancore country to -settle with the Rajah for the arrears of tribute due to the Nabob of -Arcot. Having satisfactorily accomplished that business and other -concerns with southern princes, he returned to Madras in January, -1765, and took his seat at the Civil Council, to which he was entitled -by rotation, and he obtained the rank of colonel. - -During a great part of the war with Hyder Ali in 1767 and 1768 Call -accompanied the army into the Mysore country, and whilst he was there -the Company advanced him to the third seat in the Council, and he was -strongly recommended by Lord Clive to succeed to the government of -Madras on the first vacancy. But news reached him of the death of his -father, and he made up his mind to return to England. He had -managed to scrape together a very considerable fortune, and he desired -to spend the rest of his days in the enjoyment of it. He embarked on -February 8th, 1770, after a service of nearly twenty years, and he -landed at Plymouth on July 26th. - -[Illustration: WHITEFORD. THE RESIDENCE OF SIR JOHN CALL - -_From a drawing in the possession of Mrs. de Lacy Lacy_] - -He bought Whiteford, in the parish of Stoke Climsland, and greatly -enlarged the house. In 1771 he was appointed Sheriff of Cornwall, and -in March, 1772, he married Philadelphia, third daughter of Wm. Battye, -M.D., a somewhat distinguished physician living in Bloomsbury. - -From this period till the autumn of 1782 he lived in retirement at -Whiteford. - -Whilst in India, Call had not forgotten his parents and sister at -home, and had sent to his mother priceless Indian shawls, which she, -not knowing their value, cut up and turned into under-petticoats for -herself and daughter and maids. A pipe of Madeira sent to the father -was also as little appreciated. It was distributed among the -farm-labourers during harvest time to economize the cider. - -Now that he was in England and wealthy, he resolved on doing something -for his sister. She had married Cadwalader Jones, the vicar of the -parish, and the vicarage was a small, mean building, so Cadwalader -Jones had taken the manor house that was near the church on a long -lease from the Orchards, who were lords of the manor. This house had -been a cell of Hartland Abbey, but at the Restoration had been given -to the Chammonds. That family had died out, and now it had come to the -Orchards, owners of Hartland Abbey. Call rebuilt the house, or, to be -more exact, built on a modern house to the old, and installed -Cadwalader and his sister in the new mansion; he also made for them a -large walled garden. When he did this, he was under the impression -that the property belonged to Cadwalader, and not till he had -completed his building did he learn that Mr. Jones had only a lease of -it. Moreover, Mrs. Jones did not live to enjoy the new house very -long, as she died in 1780, and then Cadwalader married again. In -course of time Cadwalader went to join his ancestors, and thereupon -Mr. Hawkey saw and loved the widow and the mansion, and married her. -Thus it came about that the manor house built for Mrs. Jane Jones -passed into other hands. But thus it happens also that through Miss -Charlotte Hawkey we have some account of Sir John Call. - -Lord Shelburne, when Prime Minister, being desirous of investigating -some of the existing abuses and reforming some of the public -departments, fixed on Call and engaged him along with Mr. Arthur -Holdsworth, of Dartmouth, to inquire into the state and management of -Crown lands, woods, and forests, which had long been neglected; Call -had seen this with regard to the Duchy property at his doors, and had -drawn attention to it. In November, 1782, they made their first -report; but a change of Ministry taking place soon after, their -proceedings were interrupted till the Duke of Portland, then First -Lord of the Treasury, authorized them to continue their investigation. -Before they had gone far another change took place in the Ministry, -and Pitt became Prime Minister. These frequent interruptions -interfered with the progress of the investigation, and to obviate -that, in 1785-6 Sir Charles Middleton, Call, and Holdsworth were -appointed permanent Parliamentary Commissioners. - -Call became a banker, a manufacturer of plate-glass, and a -copper-smelter. He designed and saw to the execution of the Bodmin -gaol in 1779. He was elected M. P. for Callington in 1784, and -retained his seat till 1801. On July 28th, 1791, he was created a -baronet, and granted as his arms, _gules_, _three trumpets fessewise -in pale, or_; as crest, a _demi-lion ramp. holding between the paws a -trumpet erect, or_. - -By his wife he had six children. In 1785 he purchased the famous house -of Field-Marshal Wade, in Old Burlington Street. He became totally blind -in 1795, and died of apoplexy at his residence in town on March 1st, -1801, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, William Pratt Call, -who died in 1851, leaving a son, William Berkeley Call, the third -baronet, who died in 1864, and with the son of this latter, Sir William -George Montague Call, the fourth baronet, the title became extinct. It -will be noticed that the two last affected aristocratic Christian names, -Berkeley and Montague. Whiteford was sold to the Duchy of Cornwall, and -all the noble trees in the park were cut down and turned into money, and -the mansion converted into an office for the Duchy. Davies Gilbert, in -his _Parochial History of Cornwall_, tells a couple of anecdotes of Sir -John, but they are too pointless to merit repetition. - -Call was one of those admirable, self-made men who have been -empire-makers in the East, and, better than that, have been makers of -the English name as synonymous with all that is powerful and true and -just. He well deserved the title accorded to him. He was a man of whom -Cornwall may be proud, and it needed no trumpets in his arms and -fictions about the origin of his family to make the name honourable. - -As Dr. Johnson said, "There are some families like potatoes, whose -only good parts are underground." - -The authorities for the life of Sir John Call are Playfair's _British -Family Antiquity_, 1809; Clement R. Markham's _Memoir on the Indian -Surveys_, 1878; H. G. Nicholl's _Forest of Dean_; and _Neota_, by -Charlotte Hawkey, 1871. - -The grant of the baronetcy to Sir John Call, dated 1795, is now in the -Museum of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, at Truro. - - - - - JOHN KNILL - - -In August, 1853, appeared the following account in the _Gentleman's -Magazine_:-- - -"An eccentric old gentleman of the name Knill, a private secretary some -fifty or sixty years ago to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, becoming -afterwards collector of the port of S. Ives, built a three-sided pyramid -of granite on the top of a high hill, near the town of S. Ives. The -pyramid is represented as a pocket edition of an Egyptian one, and in it -this gentleman caused a chamber to be built, with a stone coffin, giving -out his intention to be buried there, and leaving a charge on an estate -to the corporation of S. Ives for the maintenance and repair, etc., of -the pyramid. He, however, died in London; and by his latest will, so far -from perpetuating the ostentatious idea, desired that his body should be -given up to the surgeons for dissection, a penance, it is supposed, for -past follies, after which the remains were buried in London. The -pyramid, however, still stands as a landmark. On one side, in raised -letters in granite, appear the words 'Hic jacet nil.' It was understood -that the 'K' and another 'l' would be added when the projector should be -placed within; and on the other side, 'Ex nihilo nil fit,' to be filled -up in like manner, Knill. The mausoleum obtained then, and still bears -the name of Knill's Folly." - -This account, full of inaccuracies, called forth a letter to the -editor from a relative of John Knill, at Penrose, by Helston, dated -October, 1853, which appeared in the November issue of the same -magazine. He stated that John Knill was educated for the law, but did -not adopt it as a profession. He preferred to accept the office of -collector of customs at S. Ives. After a while he was sent as -Inspector-General of Customs to the West Indies, whence he returned to -his duties at S. Ives, after having discharged his office of -inspectorship. In 1777 the Earl of Buckinghamshire, who was recorder -of S. Ives, invited Mr. Knill to accompany him to Ireland as his -private secretary, when he, the earl, had been made lord-lieutenant. -The offer was accepted. - -In 1782, thirty years before his death, he erected the mausoleum, -partly actuated by a philanthropic motive as affording a landmark to -ships approaching the port, and partly by a wish to find employment -for men at a time of considerable distress, having also a desire to be -buried there, if the ground could be consecrated. This intention was -afterwards abandoned. - -Mr. Knill resided for some years previous to his death in Gray's Inn, -and was a bencher of that society. He died there in 1811, and was -buried in the vaults of S. Andrew's, Holborn. On one side of the -monument is the word "Resurgam." On the second side, "I know that my -Redeemer liveth," and on the third is no inscription at all, and the -silly puns given by the informant of the _Gentleman's Magazine_ had no -existence save in the imagination of the correspondent. - -The same writer adds: "Though he had a wide circle of acquaintances -and he was highly esteemed by all who knew him, he resisted every -invitation to dine in private society, and for many years past -dined at Dolly's Coffee House, Paternoster Row, walking through the -chief avenues of the town in the course of the day, in order to meet -his friends and to preserve his health by moderate exercise." - -[Illustration: JOHN KNILL - -_After a picture by Opie in the possession of Captain Rogers of -Penrose_] - -We are able to supplement this scanty record from a memoir of him by Mr. -John Jope Rogers, of Penrose, published in 1871 by Cunnack, of Helston. - -John Knill was born at Callington on January 1st, 1733. His mother was -a Pike of Plympton, and her mother was an Edgcumbe of Edgcumbe, it is -stated in the memoir, but no entry of any such marriage is in the -pedigree of the Edgcumbes in Vivian's _Heralds' Visitations of Devon_. - -Mr. Knill was very desirous to trace a descent from the family of -Knill of Knill, in Hereford, but entirely failed to do so. - -John Knill's mother, one of the seven daughters of Mr. Pike, married -secondly Mr. Jope, and it is thus that the portrait of the subject of -this memoir came into the possession of Mr. John Jope Rogers, of -Penrose, author of the memoir. - -John Knill, according to Davies Gilbert, "served his clerkship as an -attorney in Penzance, and from thence removed to the office of a London -attorney, where, having distinguished himself by application and -intelligence, he was recommended to the Earl of Buckinghamshire, who, at -that time, held the political interests of S. Ives, to be his local -agent." In the year 1762 he was appointed collector of customs at S. -Ives, in Cornwall, and held it during twenty years, at the end of which -time he wrote to Mr. William Praed, March 30th, 1782: "I purpose to be -in London in May, in order to resign my office of collector, which I -shall finally quit at the end of next midsummer quarter." - -In November, 1767, he was chosen mayor of S. Ives, and lived in a -red-brick house facing the beach, in Fore Street. Although mayor and -collector of customs, it was strongly believed that he was in league -with smugglers and wreckers. - -One day, during the latter half of the eighteenth century, a strange -vessel ran on the rocks on the Hayle side of Carrick Gladden, and the -crew escaped to land and disappeared. The ship, now a derelict, had -apparently no owner, and next day a number of people boarded her, and -found her full of chinaware and other smuggled goods. The ship's -papers could not be found; they had been carried off when the crew -deserted her, and it was strongly supposed that they were destroyed, -as implicating Knill and Praed, of Trevetho. The customs officer, -Roger Wearne, went on board and stuffed his clothes full of china; -having a pair of trousers on with a very ample and baggy seat, he -thought he could not do better than stow away some of the choicest -pieces of porcelain there. But as he was getting down the side of the -ship into the boat, very leisurely, so as not to injure his spoils, a -comrade, getting impatient, struck him on the posteriors with the -blade of his oar, shouting to him, "Look out sharp, Wearne!" and was -startled at the cracking noise that ensued, and the howl of Wearne -when the broken splinters of china entered his flesh. - -In 1773 the Government sent him to Jamaica to inspect the ports there; -he remained in the West Indies one year, and used his eyes and ears, -for in 1779 he wrote an account of the religion of the Coromandel -negroes for Bryant Edwards' _History of the West Indies_, from -information he then and there gathered. For his services he received -from the Board of Customs the substantial sum of £1500. He returned to -his duties at S. Ives in 1774. In 1777 he became private secretary -to the Earl of Buckinghamshire, in Dublin, but he returned to S. Ives -after six months in Ireland. In 1779 he speculated in a bootless -search for treasure, which the notorious pirate, Captain John Avery, -was supposed, on his return from Madagascar, to have secreted near the -Lizard. But, as none of the Lives of that freebooter gave any hint of -his having done so, the attempt was not the least likely to lead to -satisfactory results. Davies Gilbert says that Knill equipped some -small vessels to act as privateers against smugglers, but if local -tradition may be relied on, these vessels were only nominally for this -purpose, and were actually engaged in running contraband goods; but -this is highly improbable. - -[Illustration: GLASS INSCRIBED "SUCCESS TO THE EAGLE FRIGATE, JOHN -KNILL COMMANDER" - -_From the Collection of Percy Bate, Esq. of Glasgow_] - -In 1782 he was employed in the service of the customs as inspector of -some of the western ports, making occasional visits to London, where -he settled for the rest of his days. In 1784 he purchased chambers in -Gray's Inn Square, where he died on March 29th, 1811, at the age of -seventy-seven. He was painted by Opie in 1779, dressed in a plain suit -of blue, with frilled shirt and ruffles. He made his half-brother, the -Rev. John Jope, of S. Cleer, his sole executor. - -It was in the year 1782 that John Knill erected his mausoleum on Worral -Hill, on land purchased from Henry, Lord Arundell, for five guineas. The -total cost of the monument was £226 1s. 6d. Sixpence a year is paid to -the owner of Tregenna for a right of way to the obelisk. By a deed dated -May 29th, 1797, Knill settled upon the mayor and capital burgesses of S. -Ives, and their successors for ever, an annuity of £10 as a rent-charge, -to be paid out of the manor of Glivian, in Mawgan, which sum is annually -to be put into a chest which is not to be opened except at the end of -every five years. Then, out of the accumulated sum, a dinner was to be -given to the mayor, collector of customs, and vicar of S. Ives, and two -friends to be invited by each of them, and £15 to be equally divided -among ten girls, natives of S. Ives, under ten years old, who should, -between 10 a.m. and noon on S. James the Apostle's Day, dance and sing -round the mausoleum, to the fiddling of a man who was to receive a pound -for so doing and for fiddling as the procession of girls went to the -obelisk and returned. One pound was to be laid out in white ribbons for -the damsels and a cockade for the fiddler. Some of the money was to go -to keep the mausoleum in repair, and there were certain benefactions -also recorded. - -The first Knillian celebration took place in July, 1801, when, -according to the will of the founder, a band of little girls, all -dressed in white, with two widows and a company of musicians, marched -in procession to the top of the hill, where they danced about the -monument, then, as Knill desired, sang the Hundredth Psalm to its old -melody, and after that returned in the same order to S. Ives. The -ceremony still takes place every fifth year. - -In dancing the children sing the following in chorus:-- - - Shun the bustle of the bay, - Hasten, virgins, come away; - Hasten to the mountain's brow, - Leave, O leave, S. Ives below. - Haste to breathe a purer air, - Virgins fair, and pure as fair; - Fly S. Ives and all her treasures, - Fly her soft voluptuous pleasures; - Fly her sons and all their wiles, - Lushing in their wanton smiles; - Fly the splendid midnight halls; - Fly the revels of her balls; - Fly, O fly the chosen seat, - Where vanity and fashion meet. - Hither hasten from the ring, - Round the tomb in chorus sing, - And on the lofty mountain's brow, aptly dight, - Just as we should be, all in white, - Leave all our troubles and our cares below. - - - - - THOMAS TREGOSS - - -A certain Roscadden going on a pilgrimage in the days before the -Reformation, and being absent some years, was surprised on his return to -find that his wife had borne one if not more children. Very much and -very naturally put out, he consulted with one John Tregoss, who advised -him to settle his estate upon some friend whom he could trust, for the -use and benefit of his children whom he would own, and for the wife not -to be left absolutely destitute in the event of his death. Mr. Roscadden -approved of this counsel, and constituted John Tregoss his heir -absolutely, but always with the understanding that the said Tregoss -should administer his estate according to the wishes and instructions of -Roscadden. But this gentleman dying soon after, John Tregoss entered on -possession of the estate, "turned the wife and children out of doors, -who for some time were fain to lye in an hog-stye, and every morning -went forth to the Dung-hill, and there upon their faces imprecated and -prayed that the vengeance of God might fall upon Tregoss and his -posterity for this so perfidious and merciless deed. - -"And after this, God's severe but righteous judgments fell upon -Tregoss's family. For his son Walter, one day riding upon a Horse in a -fair way, the horse threw him, and broke his neck: and some of his -issue came to untimely ends, and it is observed that a curse hath -remained ever since: and this Mr. Tregoss of whom we write was so -sensible of it, that it cost him many fervent prayers to God for the -removal of that dreadful curse, as himself assured a bosom -friend"--but it does not seem to have occurred to him to give up the -heritage to the Roscaddens--that is, if he were the possessor. - -The family of Tregose, or Tregosse, was one of the oldest in the -neighbourhood of S. Ives. The names of Clement and John Tregose of S. -Ives appear in the Subsidy Roll of 1327. In the list of _circa_ 1520, -Thomas Tregoos' lands in Towednack were assessed at the yearly value of -13s. 4d., and those of John Tregoz, in the parish of S. Ives, at 11s.; -but Thomas also had lands at S. Ives, valued the same as those of John. - -In 1641, William Tregose, gent., had at S. Ives goods to the annual -value of £3. - -Thomas Tregoss, the subject of this notice, was the son of William -Tregoss of S. Ives. His parents were strong Puritans and very austere, -and they hedged about their son with restrictions, not suffering him -to partake in games or any childish relaxations from the strain of -study or the contemplation of religious themes. At first he seemed to -be of poor capacity, but at the age of seven years he began to show -that he had a quick apprehension and a retentive memory. Cut off from -all worldly distractions, he was allowed but one direction in which -his faculties and his ambitions could stretch and expand. He had not -the force of character and strength of will to revolt against the -numbing restraints that bound him in. His only play as a boy was -standing on a chair and preaching to his fellow pupils. - -He was sent to Oxford and admitted into Exeter College, and after a -few years spent there, returned to S. Ives; and as the Parliamentary -Commissioners had ejected the vicar, he was thrust in as Puritan -preacher in 1657, and he then married a Margaret Sparrow of the same -way of thinking. - -The life of Thomas Tregoss, as given by Samuel Clark in his _Lives of -Some Eminent Persons_, 1683, is interspersed with Remarkable -Providences and Extraordinary Judgments, but for the most part they -are neither remarkable nor interesting. - -The following is, perhaps, an exception:-- - -Shortly after his arrival at S. Ives, in the summer, the greater -portion of the fishing season had passed without the pilchards -appearing, and this to the great distress of the people. By the advice -of Tregoss a day was set apart for humiliation and prayer, and next -day a shoal of pilchards arrived. - -In the ensuing summer the fishermen, having taken a great number of -fishes on the Saturday, wanted to spread and dry their nets on the -Sunday. Tregoss learning this, came forth and rebuked and denounced -God's judgment on them if they should profane the "Sabbath" in this -manner. They did not hearken to him, observing that their nets must be -dried or would rot. From that day no more pilchards visited the bay -during that season. - -From S. Ives Tregoss was transferred to Mylor in October, 1659, but -was ejected from the living on August 24th, 1660, as not ordained, and -unwilling to receive ordination, and to subscribe to the articles and -confirm to the liturgy. However, he continued to preach to a privately -assembled number of puritanically minded people, and he was proceeded -against and committed to the custody of the marshal in Launceston -gaol, where he remained for three months, and was then released by -order of the Deputy Lieutenant. - -In September, 1663, he removed to Kigilliath, near Penryn. On October -1st, 1664, whilst he and his wife were lying awake in bed, they -experienced an earthquake shock, and this he held to be "a symbolick -image of that trembling Heartquake which he shortly felt in his -conversion." - -On January 1st ensuing, he fell into deep despondency and the spirit of -bondage--his liver being probably out of order--till he fancied himself -relieved by receiving the spirit of adoption. He had been converted half -a dozen times before, but never before preceded by an earthquake, so -that there could be no mistake about its reality this time. - -Fired with new zeal, he broke into Mabe church at the head of a number -of his adherents, mounted the pulpit, and harangued his congregation. -For this he was arrested and imprisoned again in Launceston gaol, but -was shortly released, July 29th, 1665; and he had the pleasing -satisfaction of knowing that a bull had gored Justice Thomas Robinson, -who had sent him to prison. - -Undeterred by what he had gone through, he again invaded Mabe church, -and was again committed to gaol on September 18th, but was once more -released, on December 14th. - -On February 4th, 1666, he once more broke into the parish church of -Mabe at the head of a body of Puritans, and was again arrested and -sent to the marshal at Bodmin, but by the order of the King was at -once set free. - -In 1669 he was at Great Torrington, where he preached, and was sent to -Exeter gaol, but was at once bailed out. He died at Penryn in January, -1672. - -On September 4th, 1775, John Wesley preached at S. Ives "in the little -meadow above the town." He wrote in his diary that "the people in -general here (excepting the rich) seem almost persuaded to be -Christians. Perhaps the prayer of their old pastor, Mr. Tregoss, is -answered even to the fourth generation." - - - - - ANTHONY PAYNE - - -Anthony Payne, the "Falstaff of the West," was born in the manor -house, Stratton, the son of a tenant farmer, under the Grenvilles of -Stowe. The registers do not go back sufficiently far to record the -date of his birth. The Tree Inn is the ancient manor house in which -the giant first saw the light. He rapidly shot up to preternatural -size and strength. So vast were his proportions as a boy, that his -schoolmates were accustomed to work out their arithmetic lessons in -chalk on his back, and sometimes even thereon to delineate a map of -the world, so that he might return home, like Atlas, carrying the -world on his shoulders for his father with a stick to dust out. - -It was his delight to tuck two urchins under his arms, one on each side, -and climb, so encumbered with "his kittens," as he called them, to a -height overhanging the sea, to their infinite terror, and this he would -call "showing them the world." A proverb still extant in Cornwall, -expressive of some unusual length, is "As long as Tony Payne's foot." - -At the age of twenty-one he was taken into the establishment at Stowe. -He then measured seven feet two inches in height without his shoes, -and he afterwards grew two inches higher. He was not tall and lanky, -but stout and well proportioned in every way. The original mansion of -the Grenvilles at Stowe still in part remains as a farmhouse. The -splendid house of Stowe, built by the first Earl of Bath, was pulled -down shortly after 1711, and it was said that men lived who had seen -the stately palace raised and also levelled with the dust. This was at -a little distance further inland than the old Stowe that remains. The -Grenvilles had also a picturesque house at Broom Hill, near Bude, with -fine Elizabethan plaster-work ceilings, now converted into labourers' -cottages. - -At Stowe Anthony Payne delighted in exhibiting his strength. In the -hurling-ground a rough block of stone is still pointed out as "Payne's -cast," lying full ten paces beyond the reach whereat the ordinary -player could "put the stone." - -It is said that one Christmas Eve the fire languished in the hall. A -boy with an ass had been sent into the wood for faggots. Payne went to -hurry him back, and caught up the ass and his burden, flung them over -his shoulder, and brought both into the hall and cast them down by the -side of the fire. - -On another occasion, being defied to perform the feat, he carried a -bacon-hog from Kilkhampton to Stowe. Then came the Civil War, when -Charles I and his Parliament sought to settle their differences on the -battlefield. Cornwall went for the King, and Anthony Payne had the -drilling and manoeuvring of the recruits from Kilkhampton and -Stratton. At one time Sir Beville Grenville had his head-quarters at -Truro, but the great battle of Stamford Hill, May 16th, 1643, was -fought but eight miles from Stowe, and on the night preceding it Sir -Beville Grenville slept in his house at Broom Hill. The battle was -desperate, the Royalist soldiers being outnumbered, and attacked; -amidst them was Anthony Payne, mounted on his sturdy cob Samson, -rallying his troopers and terrorizing the enemy, who fled. At the -next pitched battle at Lansdown, near Bath, the forces of the King -were defeated and Sir Beville was killed. Anthony Payne, having -mounted John Grenville, then a youth of sixteen, on his father's -horse, had led on the Grenville troops to the fight. The Rev. R. S. -Hawker gives a letter from the giant to Lady Grace Grenville, -conveying to her the news of the death of her husband; but it is more -than doubtful whether this be genuine. He says of it: "It still -survives. It breathes, in the quaint language of the day, a noble -strain of sympathy and homage." It does not exist except in Mr. -Hawker's book, and is almost certainly a fabrication by him. - -[Illustration: ANTONY PAYNE - -_From the picture by Sir Godfrey Kneller_] - -At the Restoration, Sir John Grenville was created Earl of Bath, and -was made governor of the garrison of Plymouth, and he then appointed -Payne halberdier of the guns. The King, who held Payne in great -favour, made him a yeoman of his guards, and Sir Godfrey Kneller, the -Court artist, was employed to paint his portrait. - -Whilst in Plymouth garrison an incident occurred that has been -recorded by Hawker. At the mess-table of the regiment, during the -reign of William and Mary, on the anniversary of the day when Charles -I had been beheaded, a sub-officer of Payne's own rank had ordered a -calf's head to be served up. This was a coarse and common annual -mockery of the beheaded king indulged in by the remnants of the old -fanatical Puritan party. When Payne entered the room his comrades -pointed out the dish to him. Anthony flared up, and flung the plate -and its contents out of the window. A quarrel and a challenge ensued, -and at break of day Payne and his antagonist fought with swords on the -ramparts, and Anthony ran the offender through the swordarm and -disabled him, as he shouted, "There's sauce for thy calf's head." - -Hawker, who tells the story, supposed that the incident occurred -during the reign of George I. But Anthony died at an age little short -of eighty, and was buried at Stratton July 13th, 1691, and William of -Orange did not die till 1702. - -After his death at Stratton, which took place in the house where he -was born, neither door nor stairs would afford egress for the large -coffined corpse. The joists had to be sawn through, and the floor -lowered with rope and pulley, to enable the giant to pass out to his -last resting-place, under the south wall of Stratton Church.[12] - -The history of the vicissitudes through which went the painting by -Kneller is peculiarly interesting. - -When Stowe was dismantled, on the death of the Earl of Bath, the -picture was removed to Penheale, another Cornish residence of the -Grenville family. - -But here the portrait of him who had done so much for the house was -not valued, and was soon forgotten. Gilbert, the Cornish historian, in -one of his rambles, whilst staying at an old inn in Launceston, was -informed that this painting was still extant, and he went to Penheale, -where the farmer's wife occupying the house said that she did indeed -possess "a carpet with the effigy of a large man on it," that had been -given to her husband by the steward on the estate. It was rolled up, -and in a bad and dirty condition. She gladly sold it to C. S. Gilbert -for £8. On Gilbert's death his effects were sold at Devonport, and a -stranger bought it for £42. In London it was recognized as the work of -Kneller, and was resold for the sum of £800. It next appeared amongst -the effects of the late Admiral Tucker, at Trematon Castle; and when -the sale took place this picture was bought by a gentleman in Devon. -Finally Mr. (now Sir) Robert Harvey purchased it, and most generously -presented it to the Royal Institution of Cornwall. - -The authorities for Anthony Payne are Hawker's _Footprints of Former -Men in Cornwall_; the _Journal of the R. Inst. of Cornwall_, Vol. X, -1890-1; Wood (E. J.), _Giants and Dwarfs_, 1868. - -Next in size to Anthony Payne among big Cornishmen was Charles Chilcott, -of Tintagel, who measured 6 feet 4 inches high, and round the breast 6 -feet 9 inches, and who weighed 460 pounds. He was almost constantly -occupied in smoking, three pounds of tobacco being his weekly allowance. -His pipe was two inches long. One of his stockings would contain six -gallons of wheat. He was much gratified when strangers came to visit -him, and to them his usual address was, "Come under my arm, little -fellow." He died in his sixtieth year, 5th April, 1815. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[12] The hole is still shown in the Tree Inn, Stratton. - - - - - NEVIL NORTHEY BURNARD - - -Was the son of George Burnard, a stonemason, who lived at Penpont, -Altarnon, in a house with mullioned windows and a newel staircase, -said to have been the old manor house of Penpont. He was born in 1818, -and was baptized on November 1st in that year. - -The only education Nevil received was from his mother, who kept a -dame's school and made straw bonnets in her spare time. - -He was mortar-boy to his father, and would often slip away and cut -figures of men and animals on an old oak door, getting many a "lacing" -for not minding his proper work. His earliest tools were nails, which -he sharpened on a grinding-stone, before he had any chisels. - -There was at that time no machinery for facing slate slabs; so he used -an old French "burr"--i.e. part of a French millstone. Such millstones -were constructed in four parts, cemented together. This "burr" he put -into a rough frame of wood, and used it like a plane over the face of -the slate, which was laid on a bench, or "horse." The existing examples -of slabs worked in this way are most excellent, in flatness and in -smoothness. - -The Delabole slate had been employed for many centuries for tombstones -and monuments, and lent itself surprisingly to being sculptured. In -the North Cornish churches are numerous examples of monuments -richly sculptured with heraldic figures of the sixteenth and -seventeenth centuries, all on slate, and sharp to this day as when -they left the workshop. - -[Illustration: NEVIL NORTHEY BURNARD - -_From a bas-relief by the sculptor himself, in the possession of S. -Pearn, Esq., Altarnon_] - -At the age of fourteen Nevil cut a tombstone to his grandfather; that -is now in Altarnon churchyard, and affords evidence of skill, artistic -sense, and fineness of detail. There are other stones of his in the -same churchyard; also one or two by his brother George. An old man is -still alive in Altarnon who used to sharpen the nails on a grindstone -for Burnard, with which he did his carving on slate. - -At fifteen he left Altarnon. Wesley's head, over the porch of the old -Meeting-house, Penpont, was cut by him when he was sixteen. - -From Altarnon he went to Fowey, and the late Sir Charles Lemon, of -Carclew, took him by the hand. At the age of sixteen he carved in -slate the group of Laocoon, sent in 1834 to the Exhibition of the -Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society at Falmouth. This carving in -bass-relief, executed by a boy from a wild moorland village, without -instruction, copied from a wood-cut in the _Penny Magazine_, and with -tools of his own making, was considered so very remarkable a -production that the Society awarded him a silver medal. Nevil was sent -to London, and through Sir Charles Lemon's influence was presented to -the Queen and Prince Consort, and he was allowed to cut a profile of -the Prince of Wales, then a boy, and this portrait was sent to -Osborne, and was approved by the Royal parents. Sir Charles Lemon -further introduced the lad to Chantrey, who secured for him employment -as a carver in one of the most celebrated ateliers in London. - -Burnard reproduced his profile of the Prince of Wales in marble for -the Public Hall at Falmouth, and the general opinion expressed upon it -was that it amply sustained the early expectation which had been -formed of his talents. - -Thus fairly launched in his profession as a carver in London, he found -employment in the studios of the best sculptors of the day, as Bailey, -Marshall, and Foley; and there was no lack of work, and no falling -short of pay. - -Caroline Fox, in her _Memories of Old Friends_, says:-- - -"1847, October 4th.--Burnard, our Cornish sculptor, dined with us. He -is a great, powerful, pugilistic-looking fellow at twenty-nine; a -great deal of face, with all the features massed in the centre; mouth -open, and all sorts of simplicities flowing out of it. He liked -talking of himself and his early experiences. His father, a -stonemason, once allowed him to carve the letters on a little cousin's -tombstone which would be hidden in the grass; this was his first -attempt, and instead of digging in the letters he dug around them, and -made each stand out in relief. His stories of Chantrey very odd: on -his death Lady Chantrey came into the studio with a hammer and knocked -off the noses of many completed busts, so that they might not be too -common--a singular attention to her departed lord. Described his own -distress when waiting for Sir Charles Lemon to take him to Court: he -felt very warm, and went into a shop for some ginger-beer; the woman -pointed the bottle at him, and he was drenched. After wiping himself -as well as he could he went out to dry in the sun. He went first to -London without his parents knowing anything about it, because he -wished to spare them anxiety, and let them know nothing until he could -announce that he was regularly employed by Mr. Weekes. He showed us -his bust of the Prince of Wales--a beautiful thing, very intellectual, -with a strong likeness to the Queen--which he was exhibiting at the -Polytechnic, where it will remain." - -[Illustration: WESLEY'S HEAD OVER THE OLD MEETING-HOUSE, PENPONT, -ALTARNON - -_Cut by Burnard when_ 16 _years of age_] - -[Illustration: TOMBSTONES CUT BY BURNARD - -_That on the right is upon the grave of his grandfather in Altarnon -Churchyard, and was cut when the sculptor was only_ 14 _years old; the -one on the left is in Bodmin Churchyard_] - -"1849, March 1st.--Found a kindly note from Thomas Carlyle. He has -seen 'my gigantic countryman,' Burnard, and conceives that there is -real faculty in him; he gave him advice, and says he is the sort of -person whom he will gladly help if he can. Burnard forwarded to me, in -great triumph, the following note he had received from Carlyle with -reference to a projected bust of Charles Buller: '_February_ 25th, -1849.... Nay, if the conditions _never_ mend, and you cannot get that -Bust to do at all, you may find yet (as often turns out in life) that -it was _better_ for you you did not. Courage! Persist in your career -with wise strength, with silent resolution, with manful, patient, -unconquerable endeavour; and if there lie a talent in you (as I think -there does), the gods will permit you to develop it yet.--Believe me, -yours very sincerely, T. Carlyle.'" - -On the return of Richard Lander from Africa, after having traced the -Niger through a great part of its course, Burnard was commissioned to -execute a statue of the explorer for the column erected in Lander's -honour at Truro. His only other public work of any consequence was the -statue of Ebenezer Elliott, the Corn-law Rhymer, for the market-place -of Sheffield; but he was employed in executing portrait busts of many -men of importance, as General Gough, Professor John Couch Adams, his -fellow-Cornishman, Professor Ed. Forbes, and one of Makepeace -Thackeray, which Burnard gave as a present to the Cottonian Library at -Plymouth, where it now stands above the door. - -He exhibited in the Royal Academy in 1855, 1858, 1866, and 1867. He -married in London, but lost his wife, and then took to drink. The -boys, as he said, jeered at him, and called him "Old Burnard." - -As a man, he was tall and big, with an enormous head which no -ordinary hat would fit; so that his hats had to be made for him. - -Eventually he went "on tramp," paying periodical visits to old friends -at Altarnon. He would make sketches, draw portraits, at farms and in -public-houses; was ready to write an article for a newspaper, or to -make an election squib, for either side; and was, in fact, as clever -with his pen and pencil as he was with chisel. - -He was a most entertaining companion, and able to converse on any -subject. - -Thus he lived by his wits, mixing with the highest, but by preference -with the lowest. The last time he visited Altarnon was in 1877, three -years before his death; he remained there on that occasion for a week, -with hardly any clothes to his back, and was boarded by his old -playmate, Mr. S. Pearn, and slept in the common lodging-house, -Five-lanes. After having been fitted out with fresh clothes by some -friends he proceeded to the west of the county. - -During this last visit at Altarnon he drew some large pencil heads, -which show a firm and delicate hand, but he delighted in minute -execution. There is also evidence that his mind at this time was as -steady as his hand, for he composed a poem on the death of Mr. F. -Herring, one or two verses of which may be given. - - I stood beside the spot where late you laid him, - The spot to each of us most hallowed ground; - After the angels had in white array'd him, - And his smooth brows with flowers immortal crown'd. - - * * * * * - - Who in the wilderness would wish to wander, - Whose feet have trodden once the promised land? - Believe that all is well, nor pause to ponder - On things that mortals cannot understand. - He is most bless'd that is the firmest trusting, - Believing One that's wiser far than he,-- - Is, for his good, the balance still adjusting; - So--tell my parents not to mourn for me. - I now can see what might have been my story, - Had I remained through man's allotted day: - (Sorrow for joy, dark age for youth and glory:) - And bless the love that hastened me away. - And wafted me across the mystic river, - Where all discords and elements agree, - Calmed by His word, that can from death deliver, - So tell my loved ones not to mourn for me. - -[Illustration: TOMBSTONES IN ALTARNON CHURCHYARD CUT BY BURNARD] - -He was equally ready to lampoon any one, whether friend or foe; -probably accommodating his muse to the humour of those with whom he -happened to be. - -One day he had been making a sketch of a farmer called Nicoll, and -resorted to the public-house in Liskeard with his patron. Whilst there -he scribbled on a piece of paper and handed to his friend Nicoll:-- - - Cash is scarce, and fortune's fickle; - I should like to draw some silver now, - As I've all day been drawing nickel. - -There is at Penpont House, Altarnon, a small profile head of Burnard -executed by himself. It is a cameo in plaster of Paris. He is said to -have sketched his face by looking in a mirror, and then cut an -intaglio in slate from his drawing. - -Nevil N. Burnard died in the Union, Redruth, of heart and kidney -complaint, 27th November, 1878. - - - - - SIR GOLDSWORTHY GURNEY, KNT., - INVENTOR - - -This man of remarkable versatility and genius was the fourth son of John -Gurney, of Trevargus; he was born at Treator, near Padstow, on February -14th, 1793, and was baptized at Padstow on the ensuing 26th June. - -He was named after his godmother, a daughter of General Goldsworthy -and a maid of honour to Queen Charlotte. He was educated at the Truro -Grammar School, and during part of his holidays was wont to stay with -a relative, the rector of S. Erth, in which parish lived Mr. Davies -Giddy (who afterwards changed his name, and was better known as Mr. -Davies Gilbert, President of the Royal Society), in whose house he -very frequently met Richard Trevithick, a plain, unpretending man, of -great genius, connected with the neighbouring copper mines, who lived -near, and who often consulted Mr. Giddy on mathematical calculations -connected with the steam-engine and his mechanical inventions. -Although so young, Mr. Gurney, whose natural bent was for these -subjects, soon formed an acquaintance with this singularly original -and talented man, and he continued during the period of his medical -studies in correspondence with him. - -Mr. Gurney saw Trevithick's first steam-carriage in 1804, and followed -closely his improvements and experiments on locomotion, and he -remembered, moreover, the contemptuous treatment this gifted man -received at the hands of the engineers of the day. - -[Illustration: _S. C. Smith, del._ _W. Sharp, lithog._ - -SIR GOLDSWORTHY GURNEY] - -His views were described as "wild theories," and his plans were -scoffed at. But Mr. Giddy or Gilbert encouraged Trevithick to go on -and not be discouraged, and Richard Trevithick became the inventor of -the locomotive as well as of the high-pressure engine. His first -locomotive was constructed to travel on common roads; he afterwards -modified it and set it to run on rails at Merthyr Tydvil. The trial -was made there on February 4th, 1804. In the year 1813 he exhibited -his locomotive on a temporary railway, laid for the purpose near -Euston Square, and showed the great speed it was capable of attaining. -This speed, however, was only maintained while the accumulated steam -in the boiler was worked off, but his experiment showed that, if a -sufficient quantity of steam could be "kept up," as he termed it, the -speed might be maintained for any distance and any length of time. But -how was this to be effected? That was the difficulty, and that -difficulty arose out of another--how was a sufficient draught to be -created to keep the fire in the furnace at full activity? As the -locomotive moved it created a draught the reverse of that required for -the fire, and unless a strong and steady draught into the furnace -could be created, sufficient heat could not be generated to produce a -sufficient and continuous amount of steam. - -Trevithick in his first locomotive had discharged the steam up the -funnel to get rid of it, but without any idea of creating a vacuum by -means of which a draught could be caused. Stephenson did the same. Mr. -Smiles has claimed that the "steam-jet" was invented by Stephenson, -but this was not the case. The steam used in Trevithick's and -Stephenson's engines was waste or exhaust steam, discharging itself -through the funnel indeed, but not filling it, so that it created no -perceptible draught. - -Mr. Smiles says: "The steam after performing its duty in the cylinders -was at first allowed to escape into the open atmosphere with a hissing -blast, to the terror of horses and cattle. It was complained of as a -nuisance, and a neighbouring squire threatened to commence an action -against the colliery lessees unless it was put a stop to." - -Accordingly the steam was introduced into the funnel about half-way up -at the side so as to get rid of it and obviate the objection of the -noise. But the evidence that Stephenson had discovered that it could -be employed to create a draught is inconclusive. - -Goldsworthy Gurney had been placed at Wadebridge with Dr. Avery as a -medical pupil, and there he married Elizabeth Symons in 1814. He -settled down at Wadebridge as a surgeon, but his active mind would not -let him rest as a small country practitioner; he felt that he had -powers and visions that would bring him before the public as an -inventor and a benefactor. Accordingly he moved to London in 1820, -where he made the acquaintance of several able physicians, and was -called to deliver a course of lectures on the elements of chemical -science at the Surrey Institute. It was in 1823 that he began his -experiments with steam and on locomotion, and he abandoned the medical -profession in order to devote himself to these researches. His desire -was to construct an engine that would travel on common roads, and -travel at a more rapid pace than horses. - -Now Stephenson, in his evidence before a Parliamentary Committee, -stated that the rate at which his locomotive travelled was "from 3 to -5 or 6 miles an hour." - -"_Q._ So that these hypothetical cases of 12 miles an hour do not fall -within your general experience? - -"_A._ They do not. - -"_Q._ Laying aside the 12 miles an hour, I think the rate at which -these experiments were made was about 6-3/4 miles to 7? - -"_A._ I think the average was 6-1/2 miles." - -In the first edition of Nicholas Wood's _Treatise on Railways_, 1829, -occurs this passage: "It is far from my wish to promulgate to the -world that the ridiculous expectations, or rather professions, of the -enthusiastic specialist, will be realized, and that we shall see them -travelling at the rate of 12, 16, 18, or 20 miles an hour. Nothing -could do more harm towards their adoption or general improvement than -the promulgation of such nonsense." - -Before a second edition appeared, Mr. Gurney's steam-jet had -revolutionized the engine, and it blew this absurd passage out of the -book and the disbelief out of Wood's head. - -Nicholas Wood was a viewer at Killingworth Colliery, and assisted -George Stephenson in his experiments, and he first saw the steam-blast -in Mr. Hackworth's _Sans Pareil_ in 1829, so that gentleman had -adopted it on Mr. Gurney's recommendation and according to his plan. - -Wood thus describes what he then saw: "Mr. Hackworth had, it appears, -in his engine, resorted to the use of the waste steam in a more -forcible manner than before used, throwing it up in a jet, and which, -when the engine moved at a rapid rate, and the steam thereby almost -constantly issued from the pipe, had a most powerful effect. The -consequence was, that when the engine began to travel at the rate of -twelve or fifteen miles an hour, the draught was so great that it -actually threw the coke out of the chimney." - -Here then is the first sight of the steam-blast to Nicholas Wood, -fellow-worker with George Stephenson. He knew nothing of it before. - -But Goldsworthy Gurney's steam-blast had been adopted before this on -steamboats. It was first applied to the _Alligator_ in 1824; then to -the _Duchess of Clarence_, and other steamboats. It had made its way -into France. - -In the Lords' Committee Report of 1849 on "Accidents in Mines," a Mr. -Keene, engineer of Bayonne, was examined. - -"_Q._ Have you ever seen Mr. Gurney's plan used on the Continent? - -"_A._ It has been used on the Continent for producing draughts in -furnace-chimneys. - -"_Q._ Furnace-chimneys--for what purpose? - -"_A._ Where the draught has been sluggish; I used it to get a stronger -draught on board a steamboat in 1830, to enable me to stem the strong -currents of the Garonne. - -"_Q._ Have you any knowledge of some experiments made by Mr. Gurney in -the year 1826 with respect to the power of the steam-jet? - -"_A._ I saw frequent experiments made by Mr. Gurney in 1826 to produce -draught by the action of high-pressure steam, exactly in the same way -as it is now employed for producing ventilation in the collieries; -that is, there were a number of jets of about a quarter to -three-eighths of an inch diameter, communicating directly with a -high-pressure boiler; the cock being open, the full steam from the -boiler was brought upon those jets, and a draught was produced by -their action in the chimney-shaft. - -"_Q._ In the chimney-shaft of a locomotive engine? - -"_A._ In the chimney-shaft of a locomotive and in the shaft of a -factory; the experiments were tried in various ways. I saw these -experiments frequently; many other persons saw them at the same time; -and I employed the same myself shortly afterwards for a like purpose -abroad." - -Mr. Keene in his evidence further stated, in answer to the question -whether Mr. Gurney's experiments were open to the public:-- - -"Many persons visited the place daily, and the carriage went out into -the road, and into the barracks, and was often surrounded by a group -of persons. It was understood and known how this draught was procured, -because the passage of the steam was heard up the chimney when the -carriage was still, and the great draught of the furnace was the -occasion of remark by everybody who was around it; they were quite -surprised how such a great current could be produced with so small a -height of chimney: it was a very remarkable thing, and drew attention -from everybody around at that time." - -The principle of the action of the steam-blast was simple enough. It was -to fill the funnel with high-pressure steam, which would act much as the -sucker in a pump, exhaust the air and draw up air through the furnace, -as the cone of steam escaped out of the funnel. To act thus, the steam -must completely fill the chimney, allowing of no down draught. - -This was what had entirely escaped Trevithick and Stephenson. Up to -the discovery of the steam-jet by Gurney, the waste steam, as has been -stated, was uselessly dispersed through the chimney. - -In 1827, Gurney took a steam-carriage he had constructed to Cyfarthfa, -at the request of Mr. Crawshay, and while there applied his steam-jet -to the blast-furnaces. This gave a great impetus to the manufacture of -iron. - -Stephenson now adopted it, and employed it for his locomotive the -_Rocket_, that ran on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in October, -1829. Previously on one occasion Stephenson had run his engine -continuously for fifty-three minutes doing twelve miles. But now, with -the adoption of the steam-blast, it attained a velocity of twenty-nine -miles an hour. - -"It is not too much to say that the success of the locomotive depended -upon the adoption of the steam-blast. Without that, by which the -intensity of combustion, and the consequent evolution of steam, were -maintained at the highest point, high rates of speed could not have -been kept up, the advantages of the multitubular boiler afterwards -invented could never have been fairly tested, and locomotives might -still have been dragging themselves unwieldily along at little more -than five or six miles an hour."[13] - -It had been in July of the same year that Gurney had made a journey in -his steam-coach from London to Bath and back again, on the main road, -at the rate of fifteen miles an hour. This journey, undertaken at the -request of the quartermaster-general of the army, was the first long -journey at a maintained speed ever made by any locomotive on road or -rail. - -Mr. Gurney's steam-coach was, of course, provided with the steam-jet. - -The _Mirror_ of December 15th, 1827, says: "Mr. Goldsworthy Gurney, -whose name is familiar to most of our readers, after a variety of -experiments during the last two years, has completed a steam-carriage on -a new principle. We have accordingly introduced the annexed engraving, -which will enable our readers to enter into the details of the -machinery. First as to its safety, upon which point the public are most -sceptical. In the present invention it is stated that even from the -bursting of the boiler there is not the most distant chance of mischief -to the passengers. The boiler is tubular, and upon a plan totally -distinct from anything previously in use.... The weight of the carriage -and its apparatus is estimated at 1-1/2 tons, and its wear and tear of -the road, as compared with a carriage drawn by four horses, is as one to -six. When the carriage is in progress the machinery is not heard. The -engine has a 12-horse power, but may be increased to 16; while the -actual horse-power in use, except in ascending a hill, is but eight -horses.... Mr. Gurney has already secured a patent for his invention; -but he has our best wishes for permanent success." - -Sir Charles Dance in 1831 ran a steam-coach of Gurney's make between -Gloucester and Cheltenham five times a day for four months, and during -this time carried three thousand passengers some four thousand miles, -without a single accident occurring. - -There seemed to be every prospect of the steam-carriage superseding -the mail-coach, and indeed of private gentlemen setting up their -Gurney steam-carriages, as now they run their motors. But trustees of -roads, coach-proprietors, coachmen, and other interested persons -formed a strong body of opposition. How violent this was may be judged -from the fact that on one occasion a pile of stones eighteen inches -high was thrown across the road, and in struggling through it the axle -of the coach was broken. - -But prejudice and dullness are mighty powers. - - How little, mark! that portion of the ball, - Where, faint at best, the beams of Science fall; - Soon as they dawn, from Hyperborean skies - Embody'd dark, what clouds of Vandals rise! - -Parliament interfered. Tolls on highways were raised to a prohibitive -rate, so that the running of steam-conveyances was brought to a -standstill. A committee of the House of Commons, appointed in 1831 to -inquire into the matter, reported "that the steam-carriage was one of -the most important improvements in the means of internal communication -ever introduced; that its practicability had been fully established; -and that the prohibitory clauses against its use ought to be -immediately repealed." The committee recommended that the Turnpike Act -should be repealed. It ascertained that upon the Liverpool and Prescot -road Mr. Gurney would be charged £2 8s., while a loaded stage-coach -would have to pay 4s. On the Bath road the same carriage would be -charged £1 7s. 1d., while a coach drawn by four horses would pay 5s. -On the Ashburton and Totnes road Mr. Gurney would have to pay £2, -while a coach drawn by four horses would be charged only 3s. On the -Teignmouth and Dawlish road the proportion was 12s. to 2s. - -The Report of the Committee on Steam-Carriages, ordered to be printed -by the House of Commons, 12th October, 1831, was reasonable and just. -It reported:-- - -"Besides the carriages already mentioned, 'twenty or forty others are -being built by different persons, all of which have been occasioned by -his (Mr. Gurney's) decided journey in 1829.' - -"The committee have great pleasure in drawing the attention of the House -to the evidence of Mr. Farey. He states that he has no doubt whatever -but that a steady perseverance in such trials will lead to the general -adoption of steam-carriages; and again, that what has been done proves -the practicability of impelling stage-coaches by steam on good common -roads, without horses, at a speed of eight or ten miles an hour. - -"Much, of course, must remain to be done in improving their efficacy; -yet Mr. Gurney states that he has kept up steadily the rate of twelve -miles per hour; that the extreme rate at which he has run is between -twenty and thirty miles per hour. - -"The several witnesses have estimated the probable saving of expense -to the public, from the substitution of steam power for that of -horses, at from one-half to two-thirds. Mr. Farey gives, as his -opinion, that steam-coaches will very soon after their establishment -be run for one-third of the cost of the present stage-coaches. - -"Sufficient evidence has been adduced to convince your committee-- - -"That carriages can be propelled by steam on common roads at an -average rate of ten miles per hour. - -"That they can ascend and descend hills of considerable inclination -with facility and safety. - -"That they are perfectly safe for passengers. - -"That they are not nuisances to the public. - -"That they will become a speedier and cheaper mode of conveyance than -carriages drawn by horses. - -"That such carriages will cause less wear of roads than coaches drawn -by horses. - -"That rates of toll have been imposed on steam-carriages, which would -prohibit their being used on several lines of road, were such charges -permitted to remain unaltered." - -But the House of Commons would not listen to the recommendations of -its committee, and the employment of motors as means of locomotion on -roads was postponed till the present age, when again dullness did its -best to impede the adoption and to drive the manufacture out of -England to France. - -Mr. Goldsworthy Gurney was in advance of his time, and had to suffer -accordingly. The committee had suggested that as the prohibition of -steam-coaches on roads was a ruinous blow to Gurney, he should be -indemnified with a grant of £16,000. But the Chancellor of the -Exchequer refused the grant, and the Bill, after passing the Commons, -was thrown out by the Lords. - -So the unfortunate Goldsworthy Gurney, after having abandoned his -profession, in which he was rapidly gaining a large practice, and after -spending £30,000 and five years of toil to perfect his invention, was -ruined. - -Another of his inventions was the Bude light, at first intended for -lighthouses. For this he obtained a patent in 1838. In its first form it -consisted of a common Argand oil lamp of rather narrow circular bore and -the introduction into the centre of the flame of a jet of oxygen. This -was not, however, an original discovery, for it had been employed by Dr. -Ure in Glasgow in 1806 or 1807. But it was found to be too expensive for -use in lighthouses, nor was the brilliancy of the flame sufficiently -heightened to lead the Masters of Trinity House to adopt it. - -Mr. Gurney was not discouraged. It had long been known that by -dissecting a flame of the compound jet of hydrogen and oxygen upon a -bit of clay a most vivid illumination was set forth. But Mr. Gurney -substituted lime for clay as less liable to disintegration by heat; -and he adopted the Argand lamp with an improvement such as had been -suggested and adopted from Fresnel. This consisted in a lamp composed -of a series of four, five, or six concentric wicks on the same plane, -supplied with oil from a fountain below by means of a pump; and he -obtained a second patent in 1839. He next applied his principle to -gas, purified in a peculiar manner, and burned in compound Argand -lamps, consisting of two or more concentric rings perforated with rows -of holes in their upper surfaces, having intervals between the rings -for the admission of an upward rush of air to maintain a high -incandescence. The intensity and whiteness of the light thus produced -by the combustion of coal-gas surpassed anything hitherto discovered -till the production of the mantle-burner. - -It was he, moreover, who proposed the flash-light for lighthouses, as -a means by which seamen might identify lighthouses. He proposed that a -powerful light should be made by periodic flashes to correspond with -the number of the lighthouse, and that every lighthouse along the -coast should have a registered number, so that the number of flashes -per minute should represent the lighthouse. - -Gurney was present at Sir W. Snow Harris's experiment on Somerset -House terrace with wire for ships' lightning-conductors. Turning to -Sir Anthony Carlisle, in reference to the magnetic needle which, as he -observed, made starts on meeting the poles of a galvanic battery, he -said with the inspiration of genius, "Here is an element which may, -and I foresee will, be made the means of intelligible communication." - -Whilst engaged at the Surrey Institution he invented the oxyhydrogen -blow-pipe. Before this was introduced the risk of accident was so -great that recourse was seldom had to oxyhydrogen. - -Gurney applied his steam-jet to other purposes than propelling -locomotives and exciting the ardour of furnaces in ironworks. By its -means he extinguished the fire of a burning coal-mine at Astley, in -Lancashire, and in 1849 another at Clackmannan, where the bed of coal -had been burning for over thirty years. He also employed it for -expelling noxious gases from sewers, and planned and superintended in -1849 the ventilation by this means of the pestilential sewer in Friar -Street, London, which resisted all other efforts to cleanse it; and he -suggested to the metropolitan commissioner of sewers that a steam-jet -apparatus should be placed at the mouth of every sewer emptying into -the great main sewer by the Thames river-side. - -He was employed on the lighting, heating, and ventilation of the old -House of Commons, and he held the appointment of superintendent of -these functions from 1854 to 1863. - -He had remarked that the flame of hydrogen gas caused vibrations that -produced musical tones, and in 1823 wrote on "the analogy between -chemical and musical combinations." He suggested "an improved -finger-keyed musical instrument, in the use of which a performer is -enabled to hold or prolong the notes, and to increase or modify the tone -at pleasure." In 1825 and 1833 he proposed "certain improvements in -musical instruments." He invented a stove, and saw and advocated the -advantage of the employment of circulation of hot water for the heating -of a building. He advocated the employment of concrete for foundations -where there was no rock, and to show that it was possible to build a -house upon the sand, he reared the castle at Bude upon concrete floated -into the shifting sand above high-water mark. He again was the first to -point out and insist on the necessity for there being two shafts to -every colliery, so as to maintain a circulation of air. - -For several years Mr. Gurney resided at Hanacott Manor, near Launceston, -but he had also a house at Reeds, in Poughill by Bude, and the castle -at the latter place, which is usually let. He was knighted in 1863--a -tardy acknowledgment of his great services and extraordinary ability. -The honour came too late to really advantage him. That same year he was -stricken with paralysis, and therefore could do nothing in the way of -scientific research and invention. He was attended till his death by his -only child, a daughter, Miss Anna D. Gurney. He expired at Reeds on the -28th February, 1875, and was buried at Launcells in the graveyard just -under the south wall of the nave. - -Like Henry Trengrouse, so with Sir Goldsworthy Gurney--a man of genius -and perseverance, and one who benefited mankind, received no adequate -recognition in his lifetime. May posterity do for him, as for -Trengrouse, what his contemporaries denied him. Mr. Smiles vainly -endeavoured to refuse to credit him with the invention of the -steam-blast; but the writer of his life in the _Dictionary of National -Biography_ afforded him tardy justice. "One soweth and another reapeth" -is true of all inventors with few exceptions. How much do we owe to Sir -Goldsworthy! He was the pioneer of locomotion by motors on our roads, -the salvation of many lives by the ventilation of coal-mines; he -invented the system of heating mansions by hot water, the flash-light -for lighthouses, the steam-blast revolutionizing locomotion by steam; he -showed that houses could be built on concrete foundations; he discovered -the limelight, the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe: and he was repaid with a -barren knighthood when about to be struck down by paralysis. - - For his bounty, - There was no winter in't; an autumn 'twas, - That grew the more by reaping. - _Antony and Cleopatra_, v. 2. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[13] Smiles (S.), _Lives of the Engineers_, Vol. III, p. 100. London, -1862. - - - - - THE JANES - - -The family of Jane, descended from the ancient family of Janes of -Worcestershire, was settled in Cornwall at an early date. It bore as its -arms, arg. a lion rampant az. between 3 escallops gules. It was settled -in S. Winnow early in the sixteenth century, and at the beginning of the -following century was at Lanhydrock and at Liskeard, at which latter -place Thomas Jane was mayor in 1621. His son Joseph Jane was M.P. for -Liskeard in 1625 and 1640, and was mayor in 1631, 1635, and 1636. He -married Loveday, daughter of William Kekewich, in 1633. He was a -whole-hearted Royalist, and when the King was at Oxford, in 1643, he -attended him there. In the following year he was one of the Royal -Commissioners in Cornwall, and when Charles I came to Cornwall, in 1644, -he entertained him in August in his house at Liskeard. - -During 1645 and 1646 he carried on a correspondence with Edward Hyde, -afterwards Earl of Clarendon, on the condition of the Royalist cause in -Cornwall. Liskeard had fallen into the hands of the Parliamentarians, -but Sir Ralph Hopton defeated Ruthven on Braddock Down on January 19th, -1643, and recovered Liskeard for the King. Ruthven fled to Saltash, -which he fortified with much expedition. - -When the Royal cause was lost the vengeance of the Parliament fell on -Joseph Jane, and he was nearly ruined by the heavy composition he was -forced to pay. In 1650, and again in 1654, he was named Clerk of the -Royal Council, but it was an empty honour; Charles II could pay -nothing, and the Council could only grumble and plot. - -Jane attempted to answer Milton's [Greek: Eikonoklastês] in a work, -[Greek: Eikôn aklastos] the Unbroken Image, but it was a poor -performance. It was published in 1651; Hyde says, however, in a letter -to Secretary Nicholas, "the King hath a singular good esteem both of -Joseph Jane and of his book." - -He had a son, William Jane, baptized at Liskeard, 22nd October, 1645, -who was educated at Westminster School, elected student of Christ -Church, Oxford, 1660, and graduated B.A. in 1664, and M.A. in 1667, -and D.D. in 1674. After his ordination he was appointed lecturer at -Carfax. He attracted the attention of Henry Compton, who became Canon -of Christ Church in 1669, by his sturdy loyalty and orthodoxy; and -when Compton became Bishop of Oxford, he chose Jane to preach the -sermon at his consecration, and he appointed him one of his chaplains. - -In 1670 he became Canon of Christ Church, and was given the living of -Winnington in Essex. In 1679 he received a prebendal stall in S. Paul's -Cathedral and the archdeaconry of Middlesex. In May, 1680, he was -appointed Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford. This rapid promotion -was due in part to the staunch loyalty of his father and the losses of -his family on that account, but also to his cool, businesslike -abilities, and to his learning, which though not profound was good. - -In July, 1683, he framed the Oxford declaration in favour of Passive -Obedience, and committed the University to an opinion which subsequent -events were calculated to stultify. - -As Green says: "The Cavaliers who had shouted for the King's return, -had shouted also for the return of a free Parliament. The very Chief -Justice who asserted at the trial of the Regicides, the general -freedom of the King from any responsibility to the Nation, asserted -just as strongly that doctrine of ministerial responsibility, against -which Charles the First had struggled. It was the desire of every -royalist to blot out the very memory of the troubles in which monarchy -and freedom had alike disappeared, to take up again, as if it had -never been broken, the thread of our political history. But the point -at which even royalists took it up was not at the moment of the -Tyranny, but at the moment of the Long Parliament's first triumph, -when that Tyranny had been utterly undone. In his wish to revive this -older claim of the Crown, which the Long Parliament had for ever set -aside, the young King found himself alone. His closest adherents, his -warmest friends, were constitutional royalists of the temper of -Falkland and Culpepper. Partisans of an absolute monarchy, of such a -monarchy as his grandfather had dreamed of and his father had for a -few years carried into practice, there now were none." - -The clergy in advocating passive obedience were actuated by the sense -of the miseries through which England had passed during the Great -Rebellion--better to submit under protest than to fly to arms again, -better certainly to submit even to what was deemed an injustice or -inexpedient, when the Crown was hedged about with restrictions, and -when the ministers of the Crown were responsible to the nation. There -was, however, a noisy and vehement party that went much beyond this, -and one Filmer had worked the theory of Divine Right of the Sovereign -into a system, that was accepted by the more crazy and immoderate of -the old Tory party, mainly among the clergy; and the Oxford -declaration went a long way in this direction. Men were beating about -for a theory on which to base Government by a King, they had not -grasped the truth that the King represents the people, just as does a -President in a Republic, but with the superaddition of Divine -ratification and imparted grace for the task of ruling, by unction and -coronation. That the Kings of England had ever been elected, and that -coronation was the confirmation by God, through the Church, of the -choice of the people, had been forgotten through the prevalence of -feudal ideas in the Middle Ages. Filmer propounded his doctrine that -the Divine Right rested in primogeniture, and the rabid Tories, -looking out for a theory, snatched at this for want of a better. - -On the very day on which Russell was put to death, the University of -Oxford adopted by a solemn public act, drawn up by Jane, this strange -doctrine, and ordered the political works of Buchanan, Milton, and -Baxter to be publicly burned in the court of the schools. - -James II, in hopes of winning the Earl of Rochester to join the Papal -Church, desired a disputation between some Roman divines and some of -the Church of England, making no doubt that the former would be able -to confound the latter. The King bade Rochester to choose English -divines, excluding two only, Tillotson and Stillingfleet, dreading the -latter as a consummate master of all controversial weapons. Rochester -selected Simon Patrick and Jane. The conference took place at -Whitehall on November 13th, 1686, but no auditor was suffered to be -present save the King. - -"The subject discussed," says Macaulay, "was the Real Presence. The -Roman Catholic divines took on themselves the burden of the proof. -Patrick and Jane said little, nor was it necessary that they should -say much; for the Earl himself undertook to defend the doctrine of his -Church, and, as was his habit, soon warmed with the conflict, lost his -temper, and asked with great vehemence whether it was expected that he -should change his religion on such frivolous grounds." - -In 1685 Jane had been appointed to the deanery of Gloucester. He -resigned the archdeaconry of Middlesex in 1686, but retained the -canonries of Christ Church and S. Paul's till his death. - -In 1688 James II had fled the kingdom, and the English nation and -Parliament had accepted William and Mary as King and Queen of England. - -The whole fabric of Divine Right had crumbled to the ground. James had -reduced the theory to a _reductio ad impossibile_. This even the lay -cavaliers had recognized. "A man convinced against his will is of the -same opinion still," and it was so with the more fanatical Tories -among the clergy. They refused to take the oath of allegiance to -William and Mary, and were thrust out of their cathedral thrones and -stalls and livings, and joined the sect of the Nonjurors. - -But Jane was not one of them. He had the good sense to acknowledge -that the theory he had taken up with some ardour was as impracticable -as it was absurd. It was cast in his teeth that he changed his opinion -because he desired to retain his benefices. One need not take this -view of his conduct. He sought William of Orange at Hungerford, and -assured him of the adhesion of the University of Oxford. His enemies -said that he hinted at the same time his readiness to accept the -vacant bishopric in return for his services in securing this sign of -devotion. But nothing is more easy than to make such an accusation, -and there is no proof that he did this. However, the fact that the -framer of the Oxford declaration should have thrown over the -principles advocated therein, laid him open to attack, and a shower of -epigrams fell on him. His name Jane gave good opportunity to the wits -to liken him to Janus, who looked two ways at once. But he showed no -further desire to court the favour of William, and he opposed the -projects for Comprehension favoured by the latitudinarians, Tillotson -and Burnet. In 1689 two Bills had been introduced into Parliament, a -Toleration and a Comprehension Bill. The former was to grant -facilities of worship to the Puritans and other Dissenters; the other -was a Bill for altering the creed and the formulas and ceremonies of -the Church, removing from them whatever might be distasteful to the -Dissenters, so that all excuse might be taken from them for separating -themselves from the Church. Both the King and Tillotson, who all knew -was destined by the King to be Archbishop of Canterbury, and Burnet, -Bishop of Salisbury, were eager to get both passed. Tillotson was so -latitudinarian that his churchmanship was nebulous. Burnet was the son -of a Covenanter who had been hanged, had been brought up in -Presbyterianism, had found satisfaction in the ministry of Calvanist -pastors in Holland, and had not the faintest conception of the -principles of the Church or of its true organization. - -The Earl of Nottingham advocated the Comprehension Bill and drafted -both. The Toleration Bill passed both Houses with little debate. But it -was otherwise with the Comprehension Bill. The first clause in this -dispensed all the ministers in the Church from the necessity of -subscribing the Thirty-nine Articles. Then it was provided that any -minister who had been ordained after the Presbyterian fashion might be -eligible to any benefice in the Church without ordination by the bishop. - -Then followed clauses providing that a clergyman might wear the -surplice or not as he thought fit; it left the sign of the cross -optional in baptism; and provided that the Eucharist need not be -received kneeling. The concluding clause was drawn in the form of a -petition; it was proposed that the two Houses should request the King -and the Queen to issue a commission empowering thirty divines of the -Church of England to revise the liturgy, the canons, and the -constitution of the ecclesiastical courts, and to recommend such -alterations as might seem to them desirable. - -But this Bill roused serious opposition. It was felt by all who had any -respect and feeling for the Church, as one in all times from the -Apostolic period, who regarded her claim to maintain the same faith, the -same Apostolic constitution and the same sacraments, as from the -earliest age of the Church, that this Comprehension Bill if it became -law must of necessity alienate them from such a body--drenched with -Protestantism, till scarcely a tinge of the old wine of Catholicism -remained in her; and would leave them no other course open than to shake -off the dust of their feet against her and join the Church of Rome, or -the Church of the Nonjurors. Most of the bishops who had taken the oaths -to William and Mary were placed on the Commission; and with them were -joined twenty priests of note. Of these twenty, Tillotson was the most -important as expressing the mind and wishes of the King. He was a -latitudinarian, without a spark of feeling for historic Christianity. -With him went Stillingfleet, Dean of S. Paul's, Sharp, Dean of Norwich, -Patrick, Dean of Peterborough, Tenison, Rector of S. Martin's, and -Fowler. But conspicuous on the other side were Aldrich, Dean of Christ -Church, and Jane, Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford. - -Early in October, 1689, the commissioners assembled in the Jerusalem -Chamber. But hardly had they met before Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, -started up and denied that the Commission was legal. There was a sharp -altercation, violent words were flung about, and Sprat, Jane, and -Aldrich withdrew. The strength of the Catholic party was broken, and -the rest agreed to sanction nearly all the changes advocated by those -who desired to entirely alter the character of the Church. - -"They had before them," Burnet tells us, "all the exceptions that -either the Puritans before the war, or the Nonconformists since the -Restoration, had made to any part of the Church service; they had also -many propositions and advices that had been offered, at several times, -by many of our bishops and divines upon those heads; matters were well -considered and freely and calmly debated; and all digested into an -entire correction of everything that seemed liable to any just -objection." To guide them, as Burnet admits in his Triennial -Visitation Charge of 1704, they were furnished with a great collection -of the books and papers in which the Dissenters had at different times -set forth their demands. The Commission was prepared to surrender -everything. The chanting of psalms, even in cathedrals, was to be done -away with. The lessons from the Apocrypha were to be abolished. The -Saints' days omitted from the Calendar, the form of absolution -altered, remission of sins to be removed from it "as not very -intelligible." The cross in baptism, the use of god-parents, the -wearing of the surplice were to be optional. Episcopal ordination was -not to be required of the Ministry. Kneeling to receive the Holy -Communion was left to the choice of the Communicant; the collects, as -too concise, were to be blown out with pious bombast. - -It is possible that, as Calamy asserts, such alterations as these -would have brought over two-thirds of the English Dissenters to the -Established Church; but it is certain that it would have driven -two-thirds of the members of the Church, lay and clerical, out of her, -as having forfeited her claim to be a branch of the Catholic Church, -and they would probably have swelled the ranks of the Nonjurors, and -made of that communion a body that would have really represented the -Church in England. - -Owing to the secession of the Nonjurors, sees and benefices had been -filled with men who were in sympathy with the views of Tillotson and -Burnet, or who were only solicitous to live in the smiles of William. -Little resistance, if any, was to be expected from the episcopal bench. - -When the Commission had concluded its labours, writs were issued -summoning the Convocation of the Province of Canterbury. The clergy -were in a ferment throughout England. They thought that the heritage -of faith was going to be taken from them. The Toleration Act had -removed the disabilities of the Dissenters; they might build their -conventicles and preach what and when they liked; why, then, open the -doors of the Church to admit them as a flood to swamp the faithful? - -When the Declaration of Toleration had been issued by James II, in -1687, removing all disabilities from the Dissenters, on the sole -understanding that they should abstain from attacking the Churches of -Rome and England, their preachers found that they had nothing to say. -They preferred to be under disabilities rather than give up assaults -on the Scarlet Woman, Babylon, the Beast, and Prelacy, its shadow. - -When Convocation was elected, it became evident to all that the bulk of -the priests were against all watering down of the formulas of the -Church, her faith, her ritual. The most important office in Convocation -was that of Prolocutor of the Lower House. The Prolocutor was to be -chosen by the members; Tillotson was proposed by the Protestant party as -one whom the King delighted to honour, and who it was well known would -be appointed to the Archbishopric of Canterbury when vacant. - -On November 20th, Convocation met in Henry VII's Chapel at -Westminster. "Compton was in the chair. On the right and left those -suffragans of Canterbury who had taken the oath were ranged in -gorgeous vestments of scarlet and miniver. Below the table was -assembled the crowd of presbyters. Beveridge preached a Latin sermon, -in which he warmly eulogized the existing system, and yet declared -himself favourable to a moderate reform." In a word, he blew hot and -cold with the same breath. - -The Lower House listened, unstirred, cold and resolute. Dean Shays, -put forward by the members favourable to Comprehension, proposed -Tillotson; Jane was proposed on the other side. After an animated -discussion, Jane was elected by fifty-five votes to twenty-eight. - -The Prolocutor was then formally presented to the Bishop of London, -and made, according to ancient usage, a Latin oration, in which he -eulogized the Church in England as maintaining the faith as delivered -to the saints, and as preserving all the marks of the Catholic Church -throughout all ages and all the world; and he very plainly declared -that no alteration in a downward direction would be tolerated; and he -concluded with the significant and well-known words, "Nolumus leges -Angliæ mutari." - -It soon became evident that the Lower House was absolutely determined -not to have the proposed alterations made; but the plan they adopted -was to shun the discussion of the recommendations made by the -Commissioners, so as not directly to reject what they knew lay very -near to the King's heart. With this object they adopted a system of -tactics that in the end answered their purpose. - -"The law," says Macaulay, "as it had been interpreted during a long -course of years, prohibited Convocation from even deliberating on any -ecclesiastical ordinance without a previous warrant from the Crown. -Such a warrant, sealed with the Great Seal, was brought in form to -Henry the Seventh's Chapel by Nottingham. He at the same time -delivered a message from the King. His Majesty exhorted the assembly -to consider calmly and without prejudice the recommendations of the -Commission, and declared that he had nothing in view but the honour -and advantage of the Protestant religion in general and of the Church -of England in particular. - -"The bishops speedily agreed on an address of thanks for the royal -message, and requested the concurrence of the Lower House. Jane and -his adherents raised objection after objection. First they claimed the -privilege of presenting a separate address. When they were forced to -waive this claim, they refused to agree to any expressions which -implied that the Church of England had any fellowship with any other -Protestant community. Amendments and reasons were sent backward and -forward. Conferences were held at which Burnet on one side and Jane -on the other were the chief speakers. At last, with great difficulty, -a compromise was made; and an address, cold and ungracious compared -with that which the bishops had framed, was presented to the King in -the Banqueting House. He dissembled his vexation, returned a kind -answer, and intimated a hope that the assembly would now at length -proceed to consider the great question of Comprehension." But this was -precisely what they were resolute not to consider. They had made up -their minds on the subject already, but they were unwilling to fly too -openly in the face of the King. As for trusting the bishops to stand -firm on any principle, the Lower House knew that this was not to be -expected. When had the bishops of the Established Church, since the -Reformation, ever shown firmness and united action on any principle, -except once, and that was to oppose general Toleration? - -So soon as the clergy were again assembled, a fresh difficulty was -started. It was mooted that the Nonjuring bishops had not been -summoned, and they were to be regarded as bishops of the Catholic -Church quite as certainly as were those nominees of the King who had -been intruded into their vacated thrones. - -Then it was complained that scurrilous pamphlets were hawked about the -streets, and the people were being worked into a temper of opposition -to Convocation. It was asked why Convocation should be called together -to emasculate the Church, if it was to be suffered to be jeered at by -pamphleteers. - -Thus passed week after week. Christmas drew nigh. The bishops -proposed, during the recess, to have a committee to sit and prepare -business. The Lower House rejected the proposal; and it became plain -to every one that it was determined not to consider one of the -suggested concessions to Protestant prejudice. - -Moreover, it soon became evident that the Dissenters themselves did -not desire Comprehension. Their ministers were petted and made much of -by the well-to-do yeomen and the rich merchants in country and town. -They lived on the fat of the land, snapped up wealthy widows and -bought broad acres. Whereas the needy country parson was hard pressed -to wring the tithes from his parishioners. While the walls of -exclusion of Jericho stood, the rams' horns brayed against them daily, -and seven times on the Sabbath; but so soon as the walls were -prostrate, and every man could go up into the city and take up his -quarters there where he liked, the rams' horns would have to be laid -aside as superfluous lumber. - -The King was disappointed and offended. What he did was to prorogue -Convocation for six weeks, and when those six weeks had expired, to -prorogue it again, and many years elapsed before it was again suffered -to assemble. - -That Convocation of 1689 saved the Church of England from dissolution -into a formless, gelatinous, and invertebrate mass. - -Burnet himself, though disappointed at the time, felt afterwards that -the determination of the Lower House had saved the Church at a time of -crisis. "There was," he says, "a very happy direction of the -providence of God observed in this matter. The Jacobite clergy who -were then under suspension were designing to make a schism in the -Church, whensoever they should be turned out and their places should -be filled up by others. They saw it would not be easy to make a -separation upon a private and personal account; they therefore wished -to be furnished with more specious pretences, and if we had made -alterations in the Rubrics and other parts of the Common Prayer, they -would have pretended that they still stuck to the ancient Church of -England, in opposition to those who were altering it and setting up -new models. And, as I do firmly believe that there is a wise -providence that watches upon human affairs, and directs them--so I -have observed this in many instances relating to the Revolution ... by -all the judgments we could afterwards make, if we had carried a -majority in the Convocation for alterations, they would have done us -more hurt than good." - -Burnet was morally and intellectually incapable of seeing that it was -a case of conscience, of _stantis vel cadentis ecclesiæ_, and he -attributed the motives of the recalcitrant clergy to political -prejudice. - -On Jane's return to Oxford, he found another opportunity of defending -the Church, by framing the decree of 1690, which condemned the "Naked -Gospel" of Arthur Burge. - -Jane had no hopes whatever of preferment from William, if he cared for -it. In 1696 it was even rumoured that the King meditated turning him -out of his professorship, because he had not signed the "Association -for King William." But on Anne's accession, all his fears were at an -end. It would appear from a letter of Atterbury that at Oxford the -University desired to get rid of him, because he neglected giving -lectures on Divinity, and left the work to be discharged by a -subordinate named Smallridge. - -In 1703 Bishop Trelawny appointed him to the Chancellorship of Exeter -Cathedral, which he exchanged for the precentorship in 1704, but he -retained his Regius professorship to the end. Undoubtedly it was a -great pleasure to him in the decline of his life to be back in the -West Country. - -He resigned the precentorship of Exeter in 1706, and died on the 23rd -February, 1707, at Oxford, and was buried in Christ Church. - -The writer of his life in the _Dictionary of National Biography_ sums -up his career with these words: "Jane was a clerical politician of a -low type; Calamy says of him, 'Though fond of the rites and ceremonies -of the Church, he was a Calvinist in the respect of doctrine,' and the -pleasantest thing recorded of him is his kindness shown at Oxford to -the ejected Presbyterian, Thomas Gilbert." - -Calamy, as a Dissenter, was prejudiced against Jane; and I do not see -that he was of a low type of polemical cleric--because when he saw -that the theory of government he had embraced would not bear the test -of experience, he had the courage to reject it. Every man is liable to -make mistakes; it is only the brave man who can acknowledge that he -has been mistaken. - -Nor was Jane alone. Compton, Bishop of London, and several other -bishops, had appealed to William of Orange to come over and help the -people and the Church of England to be free from a tyrannous and -subversive despotism. The Earl of Danby, under whose administration, and -with his sanction, a law had been proposed, which, if it had passed, -would have excluded from Parliament and office all who refused to -declare on oath that they thought resistance to the King in every case -unlawful--he had seen the mistake as well, and had invited William over. - -As Macaulay says: "This theory (of passive obedience) at first -presented itself to the Cavalier as the very opposite of slavish. Its -tendency was to make him not a slave, but a free man and a master. It -exalted him by exalting one whom he regarded as his protector, as his -friend, as the head of his beloved party, and of his more beloved -Church. When Republicans were dominant the Royalist had endured wrongs -and insults which the restoration of the legitimate government had -enabled him to retaliate. Rebellion was therefore associated in his -imagination with subjection and degradation, and monarchical authority -with liberty and ascendancy. It had never crossed his imagination that -a time might come when a King, a Stuart, could prosecute the most -loyal of the clergy and gentry with more than the animosity of the -Rump or the Protector. That time had however arrived. Oppression -speedily did what philosophy and eloquence would have failed to do. -The system of Filmer might have survived the attacks of Locke; but it -never recovered from the death-blow given by James." - -Jane changed his opinion indeed, but so did nearly the whole of the -Tory party and of the clergy of the Church. - - - - - THE PENNINGTONS - - -About seven years ago I attended the baptism of some bells for a new -church at Châteaulin, in Brittany. The ceremony was quaint, archaic, -and grotesque. The bells were suspended in the chancel "all of a row," -dressed in white frocks with pink sashes round their waists. To each -was given god-parents who had to answer for them, and each was -actually baptized, after which each was made to speak for itself. The -ceremony evidently dates from a period when the bell was regarded as -anything but an inanimate object--it had its responsibilities, it did -its duties, it spoke in sonorous tones. The very inscriptions on them -to the present day prescribe something of this character--invest each -bell with a personality, as these:-- - - I sweetly tolling men do call - To taste of meats to feed the soul. - -Also:-- - - I sound to bid the sick repent, - In hope of life when breath is spent. - -As late as last century we find these:-- - - Both day and night I measure time for all, - To mirth and grief, to church I call. - -And this in 1864:-- - - I toll the funeral knell, - I ring the festal day, - I mark the fleeting hours, - And chime the church to pray. - -In the Western Counties bell-ringing was a favourite and delightful -pastime. Parties of ringers went about from parish to parish and rang -on the church bells, very generally for a prize--"a hat laced with -gold." At Launcells, where the bells are of superior sweetness, the -ringers who rang for the accession of George III rang for that of -George IV, there not having been a gap caused by death among them in -sixty years. No songs are so popular and well remembered at -bell-ringers' feasts as those that record the achievements of some who -went before them in the same office. I give one that has never before -been printed, that can be traced back to 1810, but is certainly older. -It relates to the ringers of Egloshayle. - - 1. Come all you ringers good and grave, - Come listen to my peal, - I'll tell you of five ringers brave - That lived in Egloshayle. - They bear the sway in ring array, - Where'er they chance to go; - Good music of melodious bells, - 'Tis their delight to show. - - 2. The foreman gives the sigan-al, - He steps long with the toe, - He casts his eyes about them all, - And gives the sign to go. - Away they pull, with courage full, - The heart it do revive, - To hear them swing, and music ring, - One, two, three, four, and five. - - 3. There's Craddock the cordwainer first, - That rings the treble bell; - The second is John Ellery, - And none may him excel; - The third is Pollard, carpenter; - The fourth is Thomas Cleave; - Goodfellow is the tenor man, - That rings them round so brave. - - 4. They went up to Lanlivery, - They brought away the prize; - And then they went to San-Tudy, - And there they did likewise. - There's Stratton men, S. Mabyn men, - S. Issey and S. Kew, - But we five lads of Egloshayle - Can all the rest outdo. - - 5. Now, to conclude my merry task, - I' th' Sovereign's health we join; - Stand every man and pass the flask, - And drink his health in wine. - And here's to Craddock, Ellery, - And here's to Thomas Cleave, - To Pollard and the tenor man - That rings them round so brave. - -Humphry Craddock died in 1839; John Ellery in 1845, aged 85 years; -John Pollard in 1825, aged 71; Thomas Cleave in 1821, aged 78; John -Goodfellow in 1846, aged 80. - -But for bell-ringers there must be bells; and who cast those that have -been in past years and are still pealed so merrily? A great many were -cast by the Penningtons of Lezant, and latterly at Stoke Climsland. -The Penningtons were an ancient family in Bodmin, resident there in -the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Perhaps because not being landed gentry, -perhaps because they could not establish the right, they did not -record their arms or give their pedigree in the Heralds' Visitations. -But the coat they bore or assumed was a goodly one and simple, and -therefore ancient--_or_, in fesse five lozenges _azure_. Robert -Pennington, of Bodmin, had two sons--John, baptized in 1595, and -Bernard two years later. John married at Bodmin, and had seven sons -baptized there, one of whom was probably the progenitor of the -Penningtons of Lezant and Stoke Climsland. The pedigree of the Exeter -bell-founders of the family has not been made out; but that they -belonged to the stock that sprang up at Bodmin cannot be doubted. - -Bernard Pennington, baptized in 1605, was Mayor of Bodmin in 1666, and -was a bell-founder. He died in 1674. His son Christopher Pennington, -baptized 1631, was also a bell-founder. He died in 1696. Christopher's -son of the same name was Mayor of Bodmin in 1726, 1727, and 1733. He -died in 1749. The Penningtons seem to have abandoned the bell-casting -business at the beginning of the nineteenth century; but, as Sir -William Maclean says, "between 1702 and 1818 these popular founders -cast nearly five hundred bells in the county of Devon, and, it is -believed, as many in Cornwall."[14] - -There are sixty-six in Devon cast by John Pennington, of Exeter. The -earliest that is dated is at Payhembury, 1635, and the latest 1690 at -Kentisbeare. In 1669 T. P. and I. P. appear together on a bell at -Merton, as if they were partners; and ninety-five bear the trade-mark of -Thomas and John Pennington--large Roman initials with a bell in outline -between. The earliest is found at Eggesford, 1618. Sometimes they -impressed the coin then current. At Ottery S. Mary, 1671, and at S. -Martin's, Exeter, 1675, they used a satirical medal representing a pope -and a king under one face, another representing a cardinal and a bishop. - -Besides two generations of Penningtons in Exeter, there was, as -already stated, Christopher Pennington, who cast a bell at Stowford -dated 1710, and one at Philleigh, in Roseland, with C. P. and the -skeleton of a bell between, as did the other Pennington. But his -earliest known is at Fremington, 1702. He was succeeded by FitzAnthony -Pennington, of Lezant, who in 1768, whilst crossing the Tamar in the -Antony ferry with a bell he had cast to be set up at Landulph, was -drowned. He is buried in the tower of Landulph, and on a mural tablet, -beside his age, which was thirty-eight, and the date of his death, -April 30th, 1768, are these lines:-- - - Tho' boisterous winds and billows sore - Hath toss'd me to and fro, - By God's decree, in spite of both, - I rest now here below. - -After his death we have the initials of the three brothers, John, -Christopher, and William. From their head-quarters, first at Lezant -and then at Stoke Climsland, they itinerated through Cornwall and -Devon, casting bells wherever they could find deep clay, and -sufficient bell-metal was provided by the parish that desired to have -a bell in its tower, and generally the bell was cast near the church -for which it was intended.[15] - -There are as many as 480 bells by this Cornish family from 1710-1818; -their latest are at Bridgerule and Bovey Tracey, at this last date. - -William Pennington, son of the second Christopher, entered Holy Orders -and became vicar of Davidstowe. His progenitors had furnished the -voices calling to church from the village towers, and now this member -sounded within the church also calling to prayer and praise. His son, -William Pennington, purchased the site of the Priory, Bodmin, in 1788, -having rebuilt the house some twenty years previously under a lease. -He was mayor of Bodmin 1764, 1774, 1787, and died without issue in -1789, bequeathing his possessions to his niece Nancy Hosken, daughter -of his sister Susanna, who had married Anthony Hosken, vicar of -Bodmin and rector of Lesneuth. Nancy married Walter Raleigh Gilbert, -one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber, and descended from the ancient -Devonshire family of Compton Castle. As Mr. Gilbert died without -issue, the Priory passed to his brother, and, consequently, wholly -away from the Penningtons. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[14] _Deanery of Trigg Minor_, I, p. 301. - -[15] At S. Breward the bells were cast in a small garden outside the -churchyard fence, since called "Bell garden." - - - - - DOCTOR GLYNN-CLOBERY - - -This amiable and good man was born at Helland, 5th August, 1719, and was -the son of Robert Glynn, by Lucy, fourth daughter of John Clobery, of -Bradstone, in Devon. A singular fatality attended this ancient family, -that possessed a very interesting Elizabethan mansion. John Clobery had -eight daughters and only one son and heir, and that son died without -issue, and only three of the daughters married. Lucy had but the one -son, Robert Glynn, and the fifth daughter, Mary, also only a son; and as -these sons died unmarried, the estate passed to remote connections. - -Robert Glynn assumed his mother's name and succeeded to the estates on -the death of his uncle, William Clobery. Robert Glynn was an M.D. and -a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, where he resided. He was a -simple-minded man, and was completely taken in by the Chatterton -forgeries, and for some time strenuously defended them. On which -account Horace Walpole speaks of him with great contempt as "an old -doting physician and Chattertonian at Cambridge." "I neither answer -Dr. Glynn, nor a _poissarde_. Twenty years ago I might have laughed at -both, but they are too small fry, and I am too old to take notice of -them. Besides, when leviathans and crocodiles and alligators tempest -and infest the ocean, I shall not go a-privateering in a cockboat -against a smuggling pinnace." That was in August, 1792. - -Dr. Glynn was very fond of seeing young gownsmen at his rooms, and had -tea for them and conversed with them; but he never drank tea himself. -C. Carlyon says: "His custom was to walk about the room and talk most -agreeably upon such topics as he thought likely to interest his -company, which did not often consist of more than two or three -persons. As soon as the tea-table was set in order, and the boiling -water ready for making the infusion, the fragrant herb was taken, not -from an ordinary tea-caddy, but from a packet, consisting of several -envelopes curiously put together, in the centre of which was the tea. -Of this he used, at first, as much as would make a good cup for each -of the party; and, to meet fresh demands, I observed that he -invariably put an additional teaspoonful in the teapot; the excellence -of the beverage, thus prepared, ensuring him custom. He had likewise a -superior knack of supplying each cup with sugar from a considerable -distance, by a jerk of the hand which discharged it from the -sugar-tongs into the cup with unerring certainty, as he continued his -walk around the table, scarcely seeming to stop whilst he performed -these and other requisite evolutions of the entertainment." - -Dr. Glynn or Clobery would only eat when his appetite summoned him -imperiously for a meal. A faithful old servant was in constant -attendance upon him, and, whenever his master called out for food, he -was prepared to set before him some plain dish and a pewter of porter. - -Nothing would induce the doctor to believe that gout was hereditary. -He once took occasion to mark this with peculiar emphasis, when a -writer signing himself W. A. A. consulted him in his first attack, -then in his nineteenth year. He observed, "My young friend, you call -this gout! Pooh, pooh! You have not yet earned the costly privilege; -you must drink your double hogshead first." - -"But my father, sir; it is in my blood by right of inheritance." - -His reply was, "You talk nonsense. You may as well tell me you have a -broken leg in your veins by inheritance." - -One Sunday morning he met an undergraduate of his acquaintance on his -way to S. Mary's Church, and said to him-- - -"Well, my master, and whither are you going?" - -"I am going to S. Mary's," replied the young gownsman. - -"And who is the preacher to-day?" - -"I don't know." - -"Not know who is the preacher? Then, upon my word, you have no small -merit in taking pot-luck at S. Mary's." - -During a long illness the good old doctor attended a poor man, of -whose family party a pert, talkative magpie made one; and as the -patient observed that Dr. Glynn always, when paying a visit, had some -joke with the bird, he thought that perhaps the doctor might like to -possess it. Accordingly, when the poor man was well again, with -overflowing gratitude, but with no money to pay a bill, he thought he -could do no better than make his kind friend a present of the magpie; -and sure enough the prisoner in its cage was conveyed to his rooms in -King's College. There the bearer met with a very kind reception, but -was desired to carry back the bird with him. "I cannot," said the -doctor, "take so good care of it as can you; but I shall consider it -mine, and I entrust it to you to keep for me; and, as long as it -lives, I will pay you half-a-crown weekly for its maintenance." - -The anecdote was turned into verse by Mr. Plumtre, and is given in -Gunning's _Reminiscences of Cambridge_. When Dr. Glynn assumed the -name of Clobery he assumed also the Clobery arms--three bats; and no -animal could better symbolize the man, with his curious blindness to -what was obvious to most--that the Chatterton papers were forgeries. -He went down to Bristol on purpose to examine the chest with its MS. -contents. The fact that in one of them the invention of heraldry was -ascribed to Hengest, and that of painted glass to an unknown monk in -the reign of King Edmund, did not disturb his faith. He entered into -vehement controversy with George Steevens, in his endeavour to -establish their genuineness. He waxed hot over it, and it took a good -deal to put Glynn-Clobery out of his usual placidity and coolness. - -He set up to be a poet. His Seatonian prize poem on the "Day of -Judgment" was thought much of at the time. Previously Christopher -Smart had won the prize over and over again. Glynn wrested the laurels -from him. This is not saying much; his poem was not much better, and -not at all worse, than the general run of these prize poems. But it -had the advantage of pleasing, and has been repeatedly republished, -and has even obtained for the old doctor a niche in the temple of -Poesy--a notice in a _Biographical Dictionary of Poets_. - -He died at Cambridge on February 8th, 1800, and at his own desire was -buried at midnight in King's College Chapel. - - - - - THREE MEN OF MOUSEHOLE - - -In the year 1849, Captain Allen Gardiner, an intrepid sailor and a -religious enthusiast, formed the plan of converting the natives of -Terra del Fuego and of Patagonia. He knew nothing of their language or -habits, nothing indeed of their land. He was, however, possessed with -the idea that he was called to be an apostle of those bleak and -fog-wrapped regions. Of all inhabited spots on the earth, the Terra -del Fuego is the most miserable. Cold, whirlwinds and tempests of snow -and hail, frozen fogs with but rare glimpses of sunshine, form its -climate; and the natives are utterly barbarous, apparently the -refugees from the Continent, driven out of the somewhat less desolate -peninsula of Patagonia by the giants that now possess it, and in their -misery sinking to the lowest depths to which man can descend. - -During a year or more Captain Gardiner's efforts to rouse interest in -his scheme, sufficient interest to make the money flow, had met with no -success. He applied to the Moravian Brethren to take up the mission; -they declined. Then he placed the matter before the Scottish -Establishment, but the canny Scotchmen would nae think ov it. At last a -lady at Cheltenham furnished him with £700, and this, with £300 from his -own private purse, formed all the resources on which he acted. As he -could not afford to charter a schooner, he had four open boats built for -him at Liverpool. Two of these were launches of considerable size, to -which he gave the names of the _Speedwell_ and the _Pioneer_; the other -two were small dinghies, to be used as tenders or luggage boats. - -[Illustration: DOROTHY PENTREATH of MOUSEHOLE in CORNWALL - -_the last Person who could converse in the Cornish language?_] - -Captain Gardiner now looked about him for enthusiasts like himself to -share the perils and the possible glories of spreading the gospel over -Terra del Fuego, in which not a cross had been planted nor the Word of -God proclaimed. - -He secured the services of a surgeon, a missionary, and from -Mousehole, near Penzance, drew three sturdy Cornish sailors, or -fishermen--John Pearce, John Badcock, and John Davy Bryant--who little -knew what risks they ran. - -The party left England on September 27th, 1850, in the ship _Ocean -Queen_, bound from Liverpool to California, taking with them their -boats and six months' provisions. They were landed on the inhospitable -foreign shore on the 5th December. - -Pinkerton, in his _Modern Geography_, thus graphically describes the -scene of their projected labours:-- - -"A broken series of wintry islands, called Terra del Fuego, from two -or more volcanoes which vomit flames amidst the dreary wastes of ice. -Terra del Fuego is divided by narrow straits into eleven islands of -considerable size. In their zeal for Natural History, Sir Joseph Banks -and Doctor Solander had nearly perished amid the snows of this -horrible land; but they found a considerable variety of plants. The -natives are of a middle stature, with broad flat faces, high cheeks, -and flat noses, and they are clothed in the skins of seals. The -villages consist of miserable huts in the form of a sugar loaf, and -the only food seems to be shell-fish." - -The lack of common prudence, of common sense, exhibited by Captain -Gardiner is astounding. Here was he, with a party whom he had -beguiled to attend him, dropped in this barren country wrapped in snow -and fog, without an interpreter, and consequently without the means of -communication with the inhabitants should they come across them. From -the moment that the sails of the _Ocean Queen_ disappeared behind the -rocks on her way to double Cape Horn, the eye of no civilized man ever -saw these brave sailors and missionaries alive. All that is known of -them has been gathered from the papers subsequently found. - -Seven men in all, with four open boats, were left on the most -inhospitable coast that could be found, where there is little food to -be got, where vegetation is scarce. Their resolution was heroic, but -the whole enterprise was madness. - -They soon found that the _Pioneer_ leaked. In several short voyages from -island to island and from shore to shore they encountered numberless -mishaps. The natives were by no means friendly, and as they approached -their villages, brandished their weapons and drove them away. At other -times the Fuegians simulated friendship, so as to get at the stores and -plunder them. During a storm both of the dinghies were lost with all -their contents, on which they relied for support for six months. Next -they found that they had no gunpowder; it had been left inadvertently in -the _Ocean Queen_, so that they had no means of shooting birds or other -animals. Then their anchors and spare timber were carried away. As far -as we can judge, they seem to have been curiously helpless persons. With -clubs they might have killed the sea-elephants, whose flesh would have -sustained them and their skins clothed them. - -Thus wore away the month of January, 1851, and not the first step had -been taken towards acquiring the confidence of the natives. All the -time had been spent in a struggle for the maintenance of their own -lives. On February 1st the _Pioneer_ was shattered in a storm, and now -they had only the _Speedwell_ to voyage in, a vessel whose name mocked -their misery. - -They all saw now, even the enthusiast Gardiner, that they had embarked -on an impossible task, and without further thought of spreading a -knowledge of Christianity among the dirty, treacherous, flat-nosed and -stupid natives, their only consideration was how they might get away. - -Arrangements had been made before starting for sending out to them -fresh supplies, but by various unfortunate mischances this had not -been done. They turned their eyes vainly eastward; not a sail was seen -to raise their hopes. - -Some of the men became ill with scurvy, and the boats were used as -hospitals, the men that were sound retiring to caverns. A few fish and -fowl were caught, and eggs were procured. So March and April dragged -along; and then the Antarctic winter began, adding snow and ice to their -other troubles. What herbs to gather, how the natives protected -themselves against scurvy, does not seem to have occurred to these -unfortunates. They sat and shivered and lamented their fate and lost all -hope. From the middle of May they were all put on short allowance, owing -to the rapid disappearance of the supply of food they had brought -ashore. At the end of June, Badcock, one of the Mousehole men, died, -worn out with scurvy. There is an entry in Gardiner's diary, about the -end of June, enumerating the provisions still left, and among them were -"six mice," concerning which he wrote: "The mention of this last item in -our list of provisions may startle some of our friends should it ever -reach their ears; but circumstanced as we are, we partake of them with -a relish; they are very tender, and taste like rabbit." A solitary -penguin, a dead fox, a half-devoured fish thrown up on the shore--all -were welcomed by the half-starved men. When August came, the strength of -the entire party was well-nigh at an end. A few garden-seeds were made -into a soup, and mussel-broth was served out to the invalids. Captain -Gardiner himself lived on mussels for a fortnight, and then, as this -disagreed with him, was compelled to give up the diet. He would have -lain down and died of starvation had he not found a vegetable that he -could eat, and on this he rallied for a while. - -On the 23rd, Erwin, a boatman, died, exhausted by hunger and disease. -On the 26th, Bryant, the second Mousehole man, expired. Pearce, the -remaining boatman, went nearly mad at the loss of his companions and -the hopelessness of the outlook. Mr. Maidment, the missionary, had -just strength sufficient to dig a grave in which to bury the two poor -fellows. He then made a pair of crutches with two sticks, on which -Captain Gardiner might lean when walking. He lived in the cavern, and -tried to hobble down to those who were in the _Speedwell_, but his -strength was not equal to the task, and he had to retire to his cave. - -Maidment was the next to succumb, on September 2nd. Pearce, and -Williams the surgeon, were in the _Speedwell_, and it was as much as -they could do to obtain a few shell-fish for themselves; but they soon -lay down and died. When Gardiner also yielded up the ghost is not -known, but he had strength to make an entry in his diary on the 6th; -there is none on the 7th. - -On the 21st January, 1852, H.M.S. _Dido_ arrived at Terra del Fuego -and found the remains of this unhappy party of religious enthusiasts. -The first thing seen was a direction scrawled on a rock; then a boat -lying on the beach of a small river; then the unburied bodies of -Captain Gardiner and the missionary Maidment; then a packet of papers -and books; then the scattered remains of another boat, with part of -her gear and various articles of clothing; then two more corpses; and -lastly the graves of the rest of the party. - -"Their remains," wrote Captain Morshead, of the _Dido_, "were collected -together and buried close to the spot, and the funeral service read by -Lieutenant Underwood. A short inscription was placed on the rock near -his own text; the colours of the boats and ships were struck half-mast, -and three volleys of musketry were the only tribute of respect I could -pay to the lofty-minded man and his devoted companions." - - - - - DOLLY PENTREATH - - -Much has been written about Dolly Pentreath, but little is known of -her uneventful life. That little may be summed up in few words. - -Her maiden name was Jeffery, and when she was a child her parents and -all about her spoke the Cornish language. Drew, in his _History of -Cornwall_, quoting Daines Barrington, says: "She does indeed talk -Cornish as readily as others do English, being bred up from a child to -know no other language; nor could she (if we may believe her) talk a -word of English before she was past twenty years of age." - -In the year 1768 the Hon. Daines Barrington, brother of Captain, -afterwards Admiral, Barrington, went into Cornwall to ascertain whether -the Cornish language had entirely ceased to be spoken, or not, and in a -letter written to John Lloyd, F.S.A., a few years after, viz. on March -31, 1773, he gives the following as the result of his journey:-- - -"I set out from Penzance, with the landlord of the principal inn for -my guide, towards Sennen, or the most western point; and when I -approached the village I said that there must probably be some remains -of the language in those parts if anywhere, as the village was in the -road to no place whatever, and the only ale-house announced itself to -be the last in England. - -"My guide, however, told me that I should be disappointed, but that if I -would ride about ten miles about on my return to Penzance he would -conduct me to a village called Mousehole, on the western side of Mount's -Bay, where there was an old woman, called Dolly Pentreath, who could -speak Cornish fluently. While we were travelling together towards -Mousehole I inquired how he knew that this woman spoke Cornish; when he -informed me that he frequently went from Penzance to Mousehole to buy -fish, which were sold by her; and that when he did not offer her a price -that was satisfactory, she grumbled to some other old women in an -unknown tongue, which he concluded, therefore, to be Cornish. - -[Illustration: MONSCHOLE, IN MOUNT'S BAY, FROM THE ISLAND - -_From a drawing by Captain Tremenhere_] - -"When we reached Mousehole I desired to be introduced as a person who -had laid a wager that there was not one who could converse in Cornish; -upon which Dolly Pentreath spoke in an angry tone for two or three -minutes, and in a language which sounded very like Welsh. The hut in -which she lived was in a very narrow lane, opposite to two rather better -houses, at the doors of which two other women stood, who were advanced -in years, and who I observed were laughing at what Dolly said to me. - -"Upon this I asked them whether she had not been abusing me; to which -they answered, 'Very heartily,' and because I had supposed she could -not speak Cornish. - -"I then said that they must be able to talk the language; to which they -answered that they could not speak it readily, but that they understood -it, being only ten or twelve years younger than Dolly Pentreath. - -"I continued nine or ten days in Cornwall after this, but found that -my friends whom I had left to the eastward continued as incredulous -almost as they were before about these last remains of the Cornish -language, because, among other reasons, Dr. Borlase had supposed, in -his _Natural History of the County_, that it had entirely ceased to be -spoken. It was also urged that, as he lived within four or five miles -of the old woman at Mousehole, he consequently must have heard of so -singular a thing as her continuing to use the vernacular tongue. - -"I had scarcely said or thought anything more about this matter till -last summer (1772), having mentioned it to some Cornish people, I -found that they could not credit that any person had existed within -these few years who could speak their native language; and therefore, -though I imagined there was but a small chance of Dolly Pentreath -continuing to live, yet I wrote to the President, then in Devonshire, -to desire that he would make some inquiry with regard to her; and he -was so obliging as to procure me information from a gentleman whose -house was within three miles of Mousehole, a considerable part of -whose letter I subjoin. - -"'Dolly Pentreath is short of stature, and bends very much with old -age, being in her eighty-seventh year, so lusty, however, as to walk -hither to Castle Horneck, about three miles, in bad weather, in the -morning and back again. She is somewhat deaf, but her intellect -seemingly not impaired; has a memory so good, that she remembers -perfectly well, that about four or five years ago at Mousehole, where -she lives, she was sent for by a gentleman, who, being a stranger, had -a curiosity to hear the Cornish language, which she was famed for -retaining and speaking fluently, and that the innkeeper where the -gentleman came from attended him. - -("This gentleman," says Daines Barrington, "was myself; however, I did -not presume to send for her, but waited upon her.") - -"'She does, indeed, talk Cornish as readily as others do English, -being bred up from a child to know no other language; nor could she -(if we may believe her) talk a word of English before she was past -twenty years of age, as, her father being a fisherman, she was sent -with fish to Penzance at twelve years old, and sold them in the -Cornish language, which the inhabitants in general, even the gentry, -did then well understand. She is positive, however, that there is -neither in Mousehole, nor in any other part of the county, any other -person who knows anything of it, or, at least, can converse in it. She -is poor, and maintained partly by the parish, and partly by -fortune-telling and gabbling Cornish.' - -"I have thus," continued Mr. Barrington, "thought it right to lay before -the Society (the Society of Antiquaries) this account of the last sparks -of the Cornish tongue, and cannot but think that a linguist who -understands Welsh might still pick up a more complete vocabulary of the -Cornish than we are yet possessed of, especially as the two neighbours -of this old woman (Dolly Pentreath), whom I had occasion to mention, are -not now above seventy-seven or seventy-eight years of age, and were -healthy when I saw them; so that the whole does not depend on the life -of this Cornish sybil, as she is willing to insinuate." - -It is matter of profound regret that no Welshman did visit Dolly, who -lived for four years after Mr. Barrington's letter, which was written -in 1773, for she died December 26th, 1777. - -Drew says: "She was buried in the churchyard of the parish of Paul, in -which parish, Mousehole, the place of her residence, is situated. Her -epitaph is both in Cornish and English." - - Coth Doll Pentreath cans ha Deau; - Marow ha kledyz ed Paul plêa:-- - Na ed an Egloz, gan pobel brâs, - Bes ed Egloz-hay coth Dolly es. - - Old Doll Pentreath, one hundred aged and two, - Deceased, and buried in Paul parish too:-- - Not in the Church, with people great and high, - But in the Churchyard doth old Dolly lie! - -This epitaph, written by Mr. Tomson, of Truro, was never inscribed on -her tombstone, for no tombstone was set up to her memory at the time -of her death. The stone now erected, and standing in the churchyard -wall and not near her grave, was set up by Prince Louis Lucien -Bonaparte in 1860, and contains two errors. It runs: "Here lieth -interred Dorothy Pentreath, who died in 1778." In the first place she -does not lie where is the stone, and in the second place she died -1777, on December 26th, and was buried on the following day. - -In 1776 Mr. Barrington presented a letter to the Royal Society of -Antiquaries written in Cornish and in English, by William Bodener, a -fisherman of Mousehole. This man asserted that at that date there were -still four or five persons in Mousehole who could talk Cornish. - -In 1777, the year of Dolly's death, Mr. Barrington found another -Cornishman named John Nancarrow, of Marazion, aged forty-five years, -able to speak Cornish. John Nancarrow said that "in his youth he had -learned the language from the country people, and could thus hold a -conversation in it; and that another, a native of Truro, was at that -time also acquainted with the Cornish language, and like himself was -able to converse in it." - -This last is supposed to be the Mr. Tomson who wrote the epitaph for -Dolly Pentreath which was never set up. - -In Hitchens' and Drew's _History of Cornwall_, it is said: "The -Cornish language was current in a part of the South Hams in the time -of Edward I (1272-1307). Long after this it was common on the banks of -the Tamar, and in Cornwall it was universally spoken. - -"But it was not till towards the conclusion of the reign of Henry VIII -(1509-47) that the English language had found its way into any of the -Cornish churches. Before this time the Cornish language was the -established vehicle of communication. - -"Dr. Moreman, a native of Southill, but vicar of Menheniot, was the -first who taught the inhabitants of this parish the Lord's Prayer, the -Creed, and the Ten Commandments in the English tongue; and this was -not done till just about the time that Henry VIII closed his reign. -From this fact one inference is obvious, which is, that if the -inhabitants of Menheniot knew nothing more of the English than what -was thus learnt from the vicar of the parish, the Cornish must have -prevailed among them at that time ... and as the English language in -its progress travelled from east to west, we may reasonably conclude -that about this time it had not penetrated far into the county, as -Menheniot lies towards its eastern quarter. - -"From the time the liturgy was established in the Cornish churches in -the English language, the Cornish tongue rapidly declined. - -"Hence Mr. Carew, who published his _Survey of Cornwall_ in 1602, -notices the almost total extirpation of the language in his days. He -says, 'The principal love and knowledge of this language liveth in Dr. -Kennall the civilian, and with him lyeth buried; for the English speech -doth still encroach upon it and hath driven the same into the uttermost -skirts of the shire. Most of the inhabitants can speak no word of -Cornish; but few are ignorant of the English; and yet some so affect -their airs, as to a stranger they will not speak it; for if meeting them -by chance you inquire the way, or any such matter, your answer shall be, -"_Meea naurdua cowzasourzneck?_" (I can speak no Saxonage).' - -"Carew's _Survey_ was soon followed by that of Norden, by whom we are -informed that the Cornish language was chiefly confined to the western -hundreds of the county, particularly to Penwith and Kirrier, and yet -(which is to be marveyled) though the husband and wife, parents and -children, masters and servants, etc., naturally communicate in their -native language, yet there is none of them in a manner but is able to -converse with a stranger in the English tongue, unless it be some -obscure people who seldom confer with the better sort. But it seemeth, -however, that in a few years the Cornish will be by little and little -abandoned." - -The Cornish was, however, so well spoken in the parish of Feock by the -old inhabitants till about the year 1640, "that Mr. William Jackman, -the then vicar, and chaplain also of Pendennis Castle, at the siege -thereof by the Parliament army, was forced for divers years to -administer the sacrament to the communicants in the Cornish tongue, -because the aged people did not well understand the English, as he -himself often told me," says Hals. - -So late as 1650 the Cornish language was currently spoken in the -parishes of Paul and S. Just; the fisherwomen and market-women in the -former, and the tinner in the latter, for the most part conversing in -their old vernacular tongue; and Mr. Scawen says that in 1678 the Rev. -F. Robinson, rector of Landewednack, "preached a sermon to his -parishioners in the Cornish language only." - -Had the Bible been translated, had even the English Prayer-book been -rendered into Cornish, the language would have lived on. It is due to -a large extent to this--the translation into Welsh--that in Wales -their ancient language has maintained itself. - -The editors of the _Bibliotheca Cornubiensis_ state that Dorothy -Jeffery, daughter of Nicolas Pentreath, was baptized at Paul 17th May, -1714; and they conclude that she was the Dolly Pentreath who died in -1777, and that her age accordingly was sixty-three and not one hundred -and two. - -But this is a mistake. Dolly was a Jeffery by birth and married a -Pentreath. - -A story is told of Dolly in Mr. J. Henry Harris's _Cornish Saints and -Sinners_, "as current in Mousehole, but whether true or well conceived -it is not possible for me to say." - -It is to this effect: that on one occasion a deserter from a man-of-war -fled to her house for refuge, and as there was a cavity in her chimney -large enough to contain a man, she thrust him into it, and threw a -bundle of dry furze on the fire, and filled the crock with water. Into -the middle of the kitchen she drew a "keeve," which she used for -washing, and when the naval officer and his men in pursuit burst into -her house, Dolly was sitting on a stool, her legs bare and her feet -ready to be immersed in the keeve. She screamed out on their entry that -she was about to wash her feet, and only waiting for the water to get -hot enough. The officer persisted in searching, and she gave tongue in -strong and forcible Cornish. She rushed to the door and screamed to the -good people of Mousehole, that the lieutenant and his men had invaded -her house without leave, and were impudent and audacious enough to -ransack every other cottage in the place. The officer and his men -withdrew without having seen and secured their man; and that night a -fishing lugger stole out of Mousehole with the deserter on board and -made for Guernsey, which in those days was a sort of dumping-ground for -all kinds of rascals who were "wanted" at home. - - - - - ROBERT JEFFERY OF POLPERRO - - -Mrs. Bray, in her novel _Trelawny of Trelawne_, written in 1834, thus -describes Polperro as it was at that time. It has lost much but not -all of its picturesqueness. Many of the old fishermen's cottages have -been pulled down, and their places taken by ugly modern houses. - -"Looe," says she, "beautiful as it is, is not to be compared to -Polperro, two miles distant from Trelawne. The descent to it is so -steep, that I, who was not accustomed to the path, could only get down -by clinging to Mr. Bray's arm for support; it was slippery, and so -rocky that in some places there were steps cut in the road for the -convenience of the passenger. The view of the little port, the old -town in the bottom (if town it can be called), the cliffs, and the -spiked rocks that start up in the wildest and most abrupt manner, -breaking the direct sweep of the waves towards the harbour, altogether -produced such a combination of magnificent coast scenery as may truly -be called sublime." - -Long before this, in the reign of Henry VIII, Leland, who visited it, -wrote: "By est, the haven of Fowey upon a iiii miles of--ys a smawle -creke cawled Paul _Pier_, and a symple and poore village upon the est -side of the same, of fisharmen, and the boetes ther fishing by [be] -saved by a _Peere_ or key." - -Robert Jeffery was the son of John Jeffery, bargeman at Fowey, -afterwards a publican at Polperro. John Jeffery died in 1802, and his -widow remarried Benjamin Coad, blacksmith. - -Robert was baptized at Fowey, 22nd January, 1790. He was impressed for -the Royal Navy, and was placed on board H.M. brig _Recruit_, under -Captain the Hon. Warwick Lake, in 1807. - -Warwick Lake was the third son of Gerard, first Viscount Lake, so -created in 1807, and he eventually succeeded as third Viscount in -1836. His career in the Navy had not been particularly creditable. In -November, 1803, he had been lieutenant on board the frigate _Blanche_, -Captain Zachariah Mudge, lying at anchor off the entrance of -Mancenille Bay, Isle of S. Domingo. In the harbour lay the French -cutter _Albion_, armed with two 4-pounders, six swivels, and twenty -muskets, and manned by forty-three officers and men, lying under the -guns of the fort of Monte Christo. A night attack was determined upon, -and Lieutenant Edward Nicolls, of the Marines, volunteered, with one -boat, to attempt cutting out the vessel. His offer was accepted; and -on the evening of the 4th November, the red cutter, with thirteen men, -including himself, pushed off from the frigate. Shortly after Captain -Mudge despatched the barge, with twenty-two men, under the Hon. -Warwick Lake, to follow the red cutter and supersede Nicolls in the -command. As the barge approached the cutter, Nicolls hailed her and -demanded a united attack. But Lake feared that the hazards were too -great, and instead of following he moved away to the north-west side -of the bay, leaving Lieutenant Nicolls to attack unassisted. The red -cutter, thus deserted, proceeded dauntlessly on her way, and as soon -as she arrived within pistol-shot was hailed. Replying with three -hearty cheers the boat proceeded, and received in quick succession two -volleys of musketry. The first passed over the heads of the British; -but the second severely wounded the coxswain, the man at the bow-oar, -and a marine. Before the French cutter could fire a third time, -Nicolls, at the head of his little party, sprang on board of her. The -French captain fired at the lieutenant, and the ball passed round his -body in the flesh, and lodged in his right arm. At the same moment the -French captain was shot. After this, little resistance was offered. -The French officers and crew were driven below, with the loss, beside -the captain, of five men wounded. - -So far the battery had not fired, and Nicolls ordered that the -_Albion_ should be got under sail, and the cable was cut. - -At this moment up came the barge, commanded by Lieutenant the Hon. -Warwick Lake. He took command of the prize captured by Nicolls, and with -two boats towing her soon ran her out of gunshot of the battery, which -had now at last opened fire, and joined the frigate in the offing. - -Captain Mudge, in his report to the Admiralty, wrote: "Having gained -intelligence that there was a large coppered cutter full of bullocks -for the Cape laying close under the guns of Monte Christi (four -24-pounders and three field-pieces), notwithstanding her situation, I -was convinced we could bring her off; and at two this morning _she was -masterly and gallantly attacked by Lieutenant Lake in the cutter_, and -Lieutenant Nicolls, of the Marines, in the barge, who cut her out. She -is ninety-two tons burden, etc. This affair lost me two men killed, -and two wounded." - -As will be seen, this was a gross misstatement of facts. The Hon. -Warwick Lake was in the barge, and did nothing till the _Albion_ had -been captured by Lieutenant Nicolls in the cutter. Nor was this all. -Among the two wounded, Lieutenant Nicolls, the hero of the action, was -not named. His wound was not a scratch, but a hole on each side of his -body and a ball in his arm, that sent him bleeding to the cock-pit of -the _Blanche_. - -The Patriotic Fund presented to Lieutenant Lake "for his gallantry" a -sword valued at £50, and he did not blush to receive it, whereas -Lieutenant Nicolls received one valued at £30. Not till much later was -it discovered who had been the hero of the action, and who the sneak -who flourished the plumes due to another. - -In 1807 Lake was captain of the _Recruit_, an 18-gun brig-sloop. - -Jeffery, at the age of eighteen, had entered in 1807 on board the _Lord -Nelson_ privateer of Plymouth; but eight days after, when the privateer -had put into Falmouth, was pressed by an officer of the _Recruit_, which -soon after sailed for the West Indies. Jeffery was a skulking, -ill-conditioned fellow, who was caught stealing a bottle of rum and was -punished for it, and by his own acknowledgment, on December 10th, went -to the spruce-beer cask and drew off about two quarts. A shipmate saw -and informed against Jeffery, and Captain Lake ordered the sergeant of -marines to "put him in the black list," and he had the word _Thief_ -painted on a bit of canvas and affixed to his back. - -Edward Spencer, master, told his captain that the fellow was no good -on board, and that the best thing that could be done with him was to -put him on shore. - -On the 13th December the _Recruit_ was passing the island of Sombrero, -that lies between the islet of Anyada in the Puerta Virgin Islands and -that of Anguella in the Lesser Antilles group. It was towards evening -between five and six of the afternoon. Captain Lake then ordered Jeffery -to be brought on deck, and saying that he would not keep such a -worthless scoundrel on the ship, gave orders to Lieutenant Mould to have -out the boat and convey Jeffery on shore. Neither the captain nor any of -the crew knew that the island was desert and waterless. They believed -that it was inhabited by a few fishermen, and in the evening light -mistook some rocks on shore for houses. Accordingly, a little before 6 -p.m., Jeffery was placed in a boat along with the second lieutenant of -the brig, Richard Cotten Mould, a midshipman, and four sailors, and -landed on Sombrero, without shoes to his feet, or any other clothes than -those on his back, and without even a biscuit for food. - -Lieutenant Mould, seeing that the lad's feet were cut and bleeding by -stepping on the sharp-pointed rocks, begged a pair of shoes for him from -one of the seamen, and gave him his knife and a couple of handkerchiefs, -to be made use of as signals, and advised him to keep a sharp look-out -for passing vessels. Then he pulled back to the _Recruit_. - -Captain Lake was possibly suffering from what would now be termed a -"swollen head." His father, a gallant officer, but of no great -descent, for his services in the Maharatta war had been created Baron -Lake of Delhi and of Aston Clinton, Bucks, in 1804, and had received -thanks for his services by both Houses of Parliament. His elder -brother had married the sister of Charles, Earl of Whitworth, and his -father had been granted an augmentation of arms, a fish naiant in -fesse, to represent the fish of the Great Mogul, pierced with shafts. - -Lake was a hot-headed man, and he had just dined. That he intended to -commit an act of barbarity is far from the truth. Jeffery was a -nuisance of which he desired to free the ship, and the opportunity -offered, and he took advantage of it without stopping to inquire what -was the nature of the island on which he left the young man. - -On reaching the Leeward Islands, where Sir Alexander Cochrane was in -command of the squadron, that officer heard of what Lake had done, -promptly reprimanded him, and ordered him to return to Sombrero and -fetch off Jeffery. - -On February 11th, 1809, the _Recruit_ anchored off the island, and her -officers landed and searched it over, but neither Jeffery nor his body -could be found. A pair of trousers and a tomahawk handle were the only -vestiges of humanity discoverable. The island, however, abounded in -turtle and wild birds and their eggs, but the water was brackish. - -For eight days, in fact, Jeffery had wandered over the hump of rock -and sand that constituted the islet of Sombrero, and lived on limpets -and eggs, and drunk the water collected in fissures of the rock. He -does not seem to have been given flint and steel, and the means of -making a fire, so that he could not feast on turtle and puffins; but, -indeed, there were no trees, consequently hardly any fuel available -for cooking a dinner. - -He saw several vessels pass, and indeed Sombrero was in the track of -merchant vessels, but he failed to make them observe his signals. At -length, on the morning of the ninth day, the schooner _Adams_, of -Marblehead, Massachusetts, John Dennis master, came to the island and -took the fellow off, and landed him at Marblehead, where he worked at -a forge. Little conscious that he was like to be made political -capital of and to become of consequence, he did not even trouble to -write home to Polperro to announce his safety and his whereabouts. - -Sir A. Cochrane was satisfied that the man could not have died on -Sombrero, as his body was not discovered, nor was he likely to die on -an island abounding in turtles and eggs; he concluded that he had been -carried away by one of the many ships that passed. He convinced -himself that Captain Lake had been guilty of an illegal act, but had -not desired to do one that was cruel, and he hoped that the matter -would be forgotten after he had administered a reprimand. - -But the story got about. It reached England. A busybody, Charles M. -Thomas, who had been purser on board H.M. sloop _Demarara_, but had -been imprisoned on suspicion that he had defrauded the Government, -wrote home to Mr. C. Bathurst, brother of the M.P. for Bristol, to -this effect: "I deem it a duty I owe to humanity, to inform you that -Captain Lake, when commander of the _Recruit_, set a man belonging to -that vessel on shore at Sombrero, an uninhabited island in the -Atlantic Archipelago, where he died through hunger, or otherwise, for -more was never heard of him. This was known to Sir A. Cochrane, who -suffered this _titled murderer_ to escape, and he is now in command of -the _Ulysses_." The letter was dated March 24th, 1809, more than a -year after Jeffery had been left on Sombrero. Its purport was obvious -enough. Thomas wanted to be revenged on Cochrane for looking into the -matter of his alleged frauds. - -The fat was now in the fire. Sir Francis Burdett took the matter up, -the Radicals throughout the country made immense capital out of the -starving to death of a poor seaman by a member of a noble family. The -case was kept perseveringly before the public, so that the Government -was constrained to issue orders for a strict inquiry to be made as to -whether Jeffery was still alive or dead. - -Presently an account was received, purporting to be by Jeffery, giving -information relative to his rescue and his condition in America; but -as to this was appended a cross for his signature, whereas Jeffery was -known to have been able to write, the public were led to suspect that -this was a fabrication contrived by Lake's relatives and friends. - -To settle the matter finally, a ship was despatched to bring Jeffery -home, and he arrived at Portsmouth in October, 1810, three years after -his adventure in Sombrero, and to find himself the hero of a party. On -October 22nd he attended at the Admiralty, where he received his -discharge, and had the "R" taken off his name, by which he became -entitled to all arrears of pay. The family of Captain Lake made him -liberal compensation for the very slight hardships he had undergone, -but which in Jeffery's own account and in that of his partisans were -magnified enormously. - -On the 5th and 6th of February, 1810, a court-martial assembled on -board the _Gladiator_ at Portsmouth to try Captain Lake for having -abandoned a seaman on a desert and uninhabited island. Captain Lake -complained that the witnesses whom he might have summoned to speak for -him were away in various ships in different parts of the world. He -produced a letter signed by all the officers of the _Ulysses_, the -vessel he then commanded, protesting that he was humane and incapable -of doing an act of wanton cruelty. - -At this time it was not known whether Jeffery was alive or dead. -Captain Lake made a manly defence. "You will be pleased to recollect -the evidence of Mr. Spencer, the chief witness on the part of the -prosecution, on this point. He himself advised me to get the man out -of the ship, and I declare that, by landing him, I thought he would be -made more sensible of his want of conduct, and reform in future. I was -persuaded at the time that the island was inhabited; in addition to -which, I cannot but suppose it within your knowledge that the island -is not out of reach of human assistance. I need not state that it is -within the track of vessels on particular destinations, and which -frequently pass within hail of the island. Jeffery found this to be -the case, and there is no reason to doubt but that he was taken off -the island; for on a search being made for him there afterwards, one -of the witnesses states expressly that not a trace of him was to be -found, which I cannot conceive could have been the case if he had -perished there, as is most unwarrantably asserted by Thomas. -Gentlemen, I have no doubt he was conveyed to America in perfect -safety. I myself verily believe he is in England at this moment, -consigned (as it were) to the merchants who, perhaps, are keeping him -concealed till the edict of the court-martial is known, and then he -may be let loose upon me, to seek a compensation in damages by an -action at law. The place of his concealment, however, has hitherto -eluded the diligence of my agents." - -He appealed to the official report made to the Admiralty at the time -by Sir A. Cochrane: "Be pleased to consider attentively the statement -made by this official communication; contrast it with the letter of -Thomas, and then decide whether he was warranted in asserting that -Robert Jeffery had perished through the inhumanity of one whom he has -thought proper to describe as a 'titled murderer.'" - -The court-martial pronounced sentence: "Pursuant to an order from the -Right Honourable Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, dated 3rd -February instant, and directed to the President, setting forth that a -letter had been addressed to their Lordships by the Right Hon. Charles -Bathurst, enclosing a letter to him from Mr. Charles Morgan Thomas, -dated 24th March, 1809 ... and having heard evidence produced in -support of the charge, and by the said Hon. Warwick Lake in his -Defence ... the Court is of opinion, That the charge has been proved -against the said Hon. Warwick Lake, and doth adjudge him to be -dismissed from His Majesty's service; and the said Hon. Warwick Lake -is hereby dismissed from His Majesty's service." - -In 1836 the Hon. Warwick Lake succeeded to the viscounty, and died in -1848, leaving behind him only two daughters, one unmarried, the other -married to a Gloag. He was certainly very hardly treated, and as -certainly an utterly worthless scoundrel was exalted into a hero. -Jeffery returned to Polperro, where he was received with curiosity. -There his antecedents were well known, and the value of his statements -of terrible privation taken for what they were worth. Elsewhere he -received an enthusiastic ovation. He hired himself out to be "run" by -speculators at some of the minor theatres in London as "Jeffery the -Sailor." After a few months he returned to Polperro with money enough -in his pocket to enable him to purchase a small schooner for the -coasting trade. - -The speculation did not answer his expectations. He fell into -consumption, and died in 1820, leaving a wife and daughter in great -penury. He was a mean, not to say a despicable creature, who was used -for political purposes, and when he had served these was allowed to -drop into his proper insignificance. - -Authorities are a _Life of Robert Jeffery_, published by B. Crosby, -1811. An _Account of R. Jeffery_, published by J. Pitt, 1811. - -_A Narrative of the Life of Robert Jeffery_, with portrait, 1810. - -Couch, J.: _History of Polperro_, edited by J. Q. Couch, 1870. - -James's _Naval History_, 1876, Vol. IV. - -Cobbett's _Political Register_, 1810, pp. 396-415, 459-464. - -Cobbett gives a report of the courts-martial. - -The story was also given in Chambers's _Edinburgh Journal_, 1848, pp. -147-51. - - - - - ADMIRAL RICHARD DARTON - THOMAS - - -Richard Darton Thomas was born at Saltash on 2nd June, 1777, son of -Charles and Mary Thomas of that place. Drinking in the sea air, living -in the midst of sailors and fisher-folk, he early took a fancy for the -sea, and entered as an able-bodied seaman in the Royal Navy, in 1790, -at the age of thirteen. His intelligence, his pleasant manners, won -the regard of his officers and he was raised to be midshipman in 1792, -and became master's mate in the ensuing year. He was in the _Boyne_ -under Sir John Jervis when Martinique was captured, and on the return -of the _Boyne_ to England, he was on board when that vessel was burnt -at Spithead, 1st May, 1795. The marines had been exercising and firing -on the windward side, and it is supposed that some ignited paper of -the cartridges flew through the quarter-galley into the admiral's -cabin and communicated with the papers lying about on the table. It -was at 11 a.m. that the fire broke out, the flames bursting through -the poop before the fire was discovered, and it spread so rapidly that -in less than half an hour this fine ship, in spite of every exertion -of the officers and crew, was in a blaze fore and aft. As soon as the -fire was discovered by the fleet, all the boats of the ships proceeded -to the assistance of the _Boyne_, and the whole of the numerous crew, -except eleven, were saved. - -The _Boyne's_ guns being loaded went off as they became heated, -discharging their shot among the shipping, whereby two men were killed -and one wounded on board the _Queen Charlotte_. At about half-past one -the _Boyne_ burnt from her cables and drifted to the east with a -streamer of fire and smoke pouring from her; she then grounded and -continued to burn till six o'clock, when the fire reached her magazine -and she blew up. This, as Captain Brenton wrote, "offered one of the -most magnificent sights that can be conceived. The afternoon was -perfectly calm and the sky clear; the flames which darted from her in -a perpendicular column of great height were terminated by an opaque -white cloud like a round cap, while the air was filled with fragments -of wreck in every direction, and the stump of the foremast was seen -above the smoke descending to the water." - -We next find Thomas serving as lieutenant on board the _Excellent_, -commanded by Captain Collingwood, in the battle off Cape S. Vincent. It -was intended that the Spanish fleet should join that of Brest, if this -latter could get out, then if joined by the Dutch fleet, cover the -transports that would convey an invading army to England. But, as -Touchstone wisely said, there is "much virtue in _If_." Sir John Jervis -fell in with the Spanish fleet of twenty-seven sail of the line, on -February 14th, 1797, as it had just issued from Cadiz. The English had -only fifteen men-of-war; but the greater part of the Spanish crew were -about equally destitute of seamanship and spirit, and Nelson had said -just before the breaking out of the war with Spain, that if her fleet -were no better now than when it acted in alliance with us it would "soon -be done for." By breaking the line, by battering and boarding, four -Spanish ships of the line, including one of 112 guns, were taken; and -all the rest were driven into Cadiz and there blockaded. - -During the action the _Excellent_, on which Richard Thomas was -lieutenant, was acknowledged by Nelson to have taken a very -distinguished share, and to have rendered him the most effectual support -in the hottest part of the battle, as will be seen by the following note -which he addressed to her commander, and an extract from his own account -of the transactions in which he himself was personally engaged. - -His note ran: "Dear Collingwood,--A friend in need is a friend indeed." - -Nelson's account of the assistance he received from the _Excellent_ -runs thus:-- - -"At this time (about 2.15 p.m.) the _Salvador del Mundo_ and _San -Esidero_ dropped astern, and were fired into, in a masterly style, by -the _Excellent_, Captain Collingwood, who compelled the _San Esidero_ -to hoist English colours; and I thought the large ship, the _Salvador -del Mundo_, had also struck, but Captain Collingwood, disdaining the -parade of taking possession of a vanquished enemy, most gallantly -pushed up, with every sail set, to save his old friend and messmate, -who was to appearance in a critical state, the _Blenheim_ being ahead, -the _Culloden_ crippled and astern. The _Excellent_ ranged up within -two feet of the _San Nicholas_, giving a most tremendous fire. The -_San Nicholas_ luffing up, the _San Josef_ fell on board her; and the -_Excellent_ passing on for the _Santa Trinidada_, the Captain resumed -her station abreast of these, and close alongside." - -The _Excellent_, in fact, succeeded in getting close under the lee of -the _Santissima Trinidada_, mounting 130 guns, and engaged her for -nearly an hour, assisted by the _Orion_, the _Irresistible_, and the -_Blenheim_. The huge vessel was compelled to haul down her colours, but -the approach of thirteen other Spanish ships prevented her opponents -from profiting by the advantage they had gained. The total loss on the -_Excellent_ amounted to eleven men killed and a dozen wounded. - -We need not follow Richard D. Thomas through his various changes of -ships. He was mainly with Collingwood, whose flag, as Rear-Admiral of -the White, was flying on board the _Barfleur_, of ninety-eight guns. -With him he remained on Channel service till the suspension of -hostilities in 1802. He was given the rank of commander in 1803, when -in the _Chichester_ off Halifax. - -Returning from Nova Scotia, as a passenger on board the packet _Lady -Hobart_, commanded by Captain Fellowes, he experienced shipwreck and -terrible hardships, by the vessel running on an iceberg. - -After giving an account of his sailing from Halifax, June 22nd, 1803, -and the capture of a French schooner laden with salt fish on the 26th, -Captain Fellowes says:-- - -"_Tuesday, 28th June._--Blowing hard from the westward, with a heavy -sea and hazy weather, with intervals of thick fog. About 1 a.m. the -ship, then going by the log at the rate of seven miles an hour, struck -against an island of ice with such violence that several of the crew -were pitched out of their hammocks. Being roused out of my sleep by -the suddenness of the shock, I instantly ran upon the deck. The helm -being put hard aport, the ship struck again about the chest-tree, then -swung round on her keel, her stern-post being stove in, and her rudder -carried away before we could succeed in an attempt to haul her off. At -this time the island of ice appeared to hang quite over the ship, -possessing a high peak, which must have been at least twice the -height of our masthead; and we suppose the length of the island to -have been from a quarter to half a mile. - -"The sea was now breaking over the ice in a dreadful manner, the water -rushing in so fast as to fill the hold in a few minutes. Hove the guns -overboard, cut away the anchors from the bows, got two sails under the -ship's bottom, kept both pumps going, and baling with buckets at the -main hatchway, in the hope of preventing her from sinking; but in less -than a quarter of an hour she settled down in her forechains in the -water. - -"Our situation was now become most perilous. Aware of the danger of a -moment's delay in hoisting out the boats, I consulted Captain Thomas -of the Navy, and Mr. Bargus, my master, as to the propriety of making -any further attempts to save the ship." - -Both declared that nothing effectual could be done to the vessel -herself, and that, as every moment was precious, the boats should be -got out and manned. Of these there were two, the cutter and the -jolly-boat, and the ladies were placed in the former. - -Captain Fellowes expressed himself afterwards warmly of the ability -and readiness with which Captain Thomas aided him. In bringing the -ladies into the cutter, one of them, Miss Cottenham, was so terrified -that she sprang from the wreck and pitched in the bottom of the boat -with considerable violence. This accident might have been serious, but -happily she was not injured. - -"The few provisions which had been saved from the men's berths were -then put into the boats. By this time the main deck forward was under -water, and nothing but the quarter-deck appeared; I then ordered my -men into the boats. - -"The ship was sinking fast, and I called to the men to haul up and -receive me, intending to drop into the cutter from the end of the -trysail boom. - -"The sea was running so high at the time we hoisted out the boats that -I scarcely flattered myself we should get them out safely; and, -indeed, nothing but the steady and orderly conduct of the crew could -have enabled us to effect so difficult and hazardous an undertaking; -it is a justice to them to observe that not a man in the ship -attempted to make use of the liquor, which every one had in his power. - -"We had scarce quitted the ship when she suddenly gave a heavy lurch -to port, and then went down foremost. I cannot attempt to describe my -own feelings, or the sensations of my people, exposed as we were, in -two small open boats, upon the great Atlantic Ocean, bereft of all -assistance but that which our own exertions, under Providence, could -afford us, we narrowly escaped being swallowed up in the vortex. - -"We rigged the foremast, and prepared to shape our course in the best -manner that circumstances would admit of, the wind blowing from the -precise point on which it was necessary to sail to reach the nearest -land. An hour had scarcely elapsed from the time the ship struck till -she foundered. The distribution of the crew had already been made in -the following order, which we afterwards preserved:-- - -"In the cutter were embarked three ladies and myself, Captain Richard -Thomas; the French commander of the schooner; the master's mate, -gunner, steward, carpenter, and eight seamen; in all eighteen people, -whose weight, together with the provisions, brought the boat's gunwale -down to within six or seven inches of the water. From this confined -space some idea may be formed of our crowded state; but it is -scarcely possible for the imagination to conceive the extent of our -sufferings in consequence. - -"In the jolly-boat were embarked Mr. Samuel Bargus, master; -Lieut.-Colonel George Cocks, of the 1st Regiment of Guards;[16] the -boatswain, sailmaker, and seven seamen--in all eleven persons. - -"The only provisions, etc., we were enabled to save consisted of -between forty and fifty pounds of biscuits, one vessel containing five -gallons of water, a small jug of the same, and part of a small barrel -of spruce beer; one demi-john of rum, a few bottles of port wine, with -two compasses, a quadrant, a spy-glass, a small tin mug, and a -wine-glass. The deck lantern, which had a few spare candles in it, had -been likewise thrown into the boat; and the cook having had the -precaution to secure the tinder-box and some matches that were kept in -a bladder, we were afterwards enabled to steer by night. - -"The wind was now blowing strong from the westward, with a heavy sea, -and the day just dawned. Estimating ourselves to be at the distance of -350 miles from S. John's, Newfoundland, with a prospect of a -continuance of westerly winds, it became necessary to use the -strictest economy. I represented to my companions in distress that our -resolution, once made, ought on no account to be changed, and that we -must begin by suffering privations, which I foresaw would be greater -than I ventured to explain. To each person, therefore, were served out -half a biscuit and a glass of wine, which was the only allowance for -the ensuing twenty-four hours, all agreeing to leave the water -untouched as long as possible." - -On the following day even this small allowance had to be contracted, -in consequence of the biscuit being much damaged by salt water during -the night. "Soon after daylight we made sail, with the jolly-boat in -tow, and stood close-hauled to the northward and westward, in the hope -of reaching the coast of Newfoundland or of being picked up by some -vessel. Passed two islands of ice. We now said prayers, and returned -thanks to God for our deliverance." - -It was now the 4th July. The sufferings of those in the boats became -excessive. The commander of the French schooner that had been captured -went mad, and threw himself overboard. One of the French prisoners -became so outrageous that it was found necessary to lash him to the -bottom of the boat. - -At last, on this same day, the 4th July, after seven days of dreadful -privation and incessant storm, they reached Conception Bay, in the -Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. They had been reduced to a quarter of -a biscuit per diem and a wine-glass of port wine and spirit, and then -of water. - -Captain Fellowes says: "Overpowered by my own feelings, and impressed -with the recollections of our sufferings and the sight of so many -deplorable objects, I promised to offer up our solemn thanks to heaven -for our miraculous deliverance. Every one cheerfully assented, and as -soon as I opened the Prayer-book there was an universal silence. A -spirit of devotion was singularly manifested on this occasion, and to -the benefits of a religious sense in uncultivated minds must be -ascribed that discipline, good order, and exertion, which even the -sight of land could scarcely produce. - -"The wind having blown with great violence from off the coast, we did -not reach the landing-place at Island Cove till four o'clock in the -evening. All the women and children in the village, with two or three -fishermen (the rest of the men being absent), came down to the beach, -and appearing deeply affected at our wretched situation, assisted in -carrying us up the craggy rocks, over which we were obliged to pass to -get to their habitations. - -"The small village afforded neither medical aid nor fresh provisions, -of which we stood so much in need, potatoes and salt fish being the -only food of the inhabitants. I determined, therefore, to lose no time -in proceeding to S. John's, having hired a small schooner for that -purpose. On the 7th July we embarked in three divisions, placing the -most infirm in the schooner, the master's mate being in charge of the -cutter, and the boatswain of the jolly-boat; but such was the -exhausted state of nearly the whole party, that the day was -considerably advanced before we could get under way. - -"Towards dusk it came on to blow hard in squalls off the land, when we -lost sight of the cutter, and were obliged to come to anchor outside S. -John's Harbour. We were under great apprehensions for the cutter's -safety, as she had no grapnel, and lest she should be driven out to sea, -but at daylight we perceived her and the schooner entering the harbour. - -"The ladies, Colonel Cooke, Captain Thomas, and myself, having left -the schooner when she anchored, notwithstanding the badness as well as -extreme darkness of the night, reached the shore about midnight. We -wandered for some time about the streets, there being no house open at -that late hour, but were at length admitted into a small tenement, -where we passed the remainder of the night on chairs, there being but -one miserable bed for the ladies. Early on the following day, our -circumstances being made known, hundreds of people crowded down to the -landing-place. Nothing could exceed their surprise on seeing the -boats that had carried twenty-nine persons such a distance over a -boisterous sea, and when they beheld so many miserable objects, they -could not conceal their emotions of pity and concern." - -It was found that the greatest circumspection had to be used in -administering nourishment to those who came on shore. They were so much -frost-bitten, moreover, as to require constant surgical assistance. Many -had lost their toes, and they were constrained to remain at S. John's -till they were in a fit state to be removed to Halifax. - -On the 11th July Captain Fellowes, with Captain Thomas, and -Lieutenant-Colonel Cooke, engaged the cabin of a small vessel, bound -for Oporto, so as to return to England. - -When Captain Fellowes sent in his report on the loss of the _Lady -Hobart_, he added a postscript: "I regret that, in the hurry of -drawing up this narrative, I should have omitted to make particular -mention of Captain Richard Thomas, R.N., from whose great professional -skill and advice throughout our perilous voyage I derived the greatest -assistance." - -In December, 1803, Captain Thomas commissioned the _Ætna_ bomb, and -soon after joined the fleet under Lord Nelson in the Mediterranean -station, where he was very actively employed up to the battle of -Trafalgar. After that he served as flag-captain under his old friend -and patron, Lord Collingwood. - -In February, 1811, he was appointed to the _Undaunted_, employed in -co-operation with the Spanish patriots off the coast of Catalonia. He -was subsequently employed in command of a squadron stationed in the Gulf -of Lyons, blockading Toulon. He was made Vice-Admiral of the Blue in -1848; Admiral of the Blue, 1854; Admiral of the White, 1857, in which -year he died, and was buried at Stonehouse, 27th August. He married, in -1827, Gratiana, daughter of Lieutenant-General Richard Williams, R.N. - -His brother, Charles Thomas, M.D., was for some time physician to the -Devonport Dispensary. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[16] Afterwards Sir George Cocks, K.C.B., who lost an arm at Waterloo. - - - - - COMMANDER JOHN POLLARD - - -Little did John Pollard as signal midshipman of the _Victory_ in the -battle of Trafalgar suppose that he was running up a message to the -fleet from Nelson that would never be forgotten so long as the English -name lasts, and the Englishman maintains the character which has ever -belonged to him. - -He was the son of John Pollard, and entered the Navy on November 1st, -1797. Before the battle commenced Nelson dictated the signal, "England -_confides_ that every man will do his duty." Pollard, to whom the -order was given, remarked that the word _confides_ was not in the -code, and suggested in its stead the term _expects_, which Nelson at -once accepted. Napoleon so much admired this last order of Nelson's -that he caused it to be printed, with a difference, of France for -England, and commanded that a copy should be given to each of the -officers of the navy. "It is the best of lessons," he said. - -Pollard was born at Kingsand, Cornwall, on 27th July, 1787, so that he -was aged but eighteen when he suggested the alteration in Nelson's -famous message, and saw it signalled to the fleet. He died in the -Royal Hospital, Greenwich, 22nd April, 1868, at the advanced age of -eighty-one. He did nothing further that was remarkable, and is -remembered only in connection with Nelson's signal, an instance of:-- - - Unregarded age in corners thrown - - - - - THE CASE OF BOSAVERN PENLEZ - - -At the end of June, 1749, a sailor was robbed in a low, disreputable -house in the Strand. He stormed and demanded the restoration of his -purse, but could obtain no redress; he was laughed at and ejected from -the place. He at once returned to his vessel and narrated his wrongs, -and so roused the resentment of his comrades that they promised to -accompany him to the Strand and work retribution on the thieves. - -Accordingly on July 1st a body of them marched down the Strand, and -reaching the house broke in the door and "levell'd their rage against -the house and goods of the caitif, whom they looked on as the author -of the villainy exercised on their brother Tar. Accordingly they went -to work as if they were breaking up a ship, and in a trice unrigg'd -the house from top to bottom. The movables were thrown out of the -windows or doors to their comrades in the street, where, a bonfire -being made, they were burnt, but with so much decency and order, so -little confusion, that notwithstanding the crowd gather'd together on -this occasion, a child of five years old might have crossed the street -in the thickest of them without the least danger. - -"The neighbours, too, though their houses were not absolutely free from -danger of fire by the sparks flying from the bonfire, were so little -alarm'd at this riot that they stood at their doors, and look'd out of -their windows, with as little concern, and perhaps more glee and mirth, -than if they had been at a droll in Bartholomew Fair, seeing the painted -scene of the renoun'd Troy Town in flames." After the house had been -completely gutted, and not before, the guards came from the Savoy, -which, by the way, was not above a good stone's throw from the scene of -action, whereupon the sailors withdrew, unarrested and unpursued. If -matters had remained here it would have been well, but unhappily this -first performance whetted the appetites of the sailors for another, and -they resolved on sacking another house a few doors from that they had -gutted, which also did not bear a good character. - -Accordingly next evening, being Sunday, they returned, and proceeded -to treat this second house in the same manner as the first "without so -much as the least interruption, till they had full timely notice to -get off before the guards arrived, who came, as before, too late, that -one would have been tempted to imagine they came too late on purpose. - -"A regular bonfire then having been made as before, all the goods of -the house were triumphantly convey'd into it; and if the finding of -bundles and effects of any of the actors would have aggravated their -guilt, numbers might have been seized with the goods upon them, -between the house and the bonfire, where they were all carefully -destroy'd, to avoid any slur or suspicion of pillage for private use. -This was carry'd to such an exactness that a little boy, who perhaps -thought no great harm to save a gilt cage out of the fire for his bird -at home, was discover'd carrying it off, when the leaders of the mob -took it from him and threw it into the fire, and his age alone -protected him from severe punishment. Nothing, in short, was imbezzled -or diverted, except an old gown or petticoat, thrown at a hackney -coachman's head as a reward for a dutiful Huzza, as he drove by. - -"As to the neighbours, who were at their doors and windows seeing the -whole without the least concern or alarm, there was not probably one -of those who, though as good and as loyal subjects as any his Majesty -has, and as well affected to the peace and quiet of his government, -imagin'd or dream'd there was any spirit of sedition or riotous -designs in these proceedings beyond the open and expressed intention -of destroying these obnoxious houses; and tho' the coolest and -sensiblest doubtless thought the joke was going too far, and wished -even that the Government had interposed sooner, and less faintly, yet -they had not the least notion of any such extraordinary measure of -guilt in their proceedings as would affect life or limb." - -The sailors had now gathered about them, some as lookers on, some as -assistants, a large number of men and boys, and these now moved up the -street in a body, with a bell ringing before them, to the house of one -Peter Wood, a hairdresser, but in bad odour, as keeping a disorderly -house, under the sign of the Star. - -Into this house the mob broke, although Peter Wood offered money if -only they would spare him and its contents. But they were deaf to his -entreaties, and his house was only saved by the arrival of the guards, -who at once proceeded to arrest several persons. Among those they -secured was Bosavern Penlez, or Penlees, son of a clergyman in -Cornwall, who had been put apprentice to a wig-maker in town. - -With him were secured John Wilson, Benjamin Lander, and another, who -shortly after died of gaol-fever in Newgate. All these four, not one -of whom was a sailor, were locked up in prison, and kept there till -the September Sessions, when they were indicted "for that they, -together with divers other persons, to the number of forty and -upwards, being feloniously and riotously assembled, to the -disturbance of the public peace, did begin to demolish the house of -Peter Wood against the form of the statute in that case made and -provided, July the 3rd." - -Against Lander, Peter Wood swore that "he was in the passage of his -house, assisting to break the partition; that that was the first time -of his seeing him; that he broke the window of the bar with his stick; -that he (Lander) was taken upstairs." - -On a cross-examination he averred that he did not see Lander at the -first coming up of the mob to his house; but he asserted that he stuck -fast to him when he saw him in the passage, which was half an hour -before the arrival of the guards. - -Peter Wood's wife swore that Lander had knocked her down, and had -beaten her almost to a jelly. - -Lander, in his defence, proved that between twelve and one o'clock -that night he was going home to his lodgings, when he heard that there -was a riot in the Strand; and that meeting with a soldier who had been -ordered with his detachment to disperse the mob in the Strand, he -persuaded him to enter with him into a public-house and have a drink. -The soldier consented, and then left, and Lander followed to see the -fun, and found the mob retreating to Temple Bar, driven forward by the -guards. Thereupon, according to his own account, he went into Peter -Wood's house to see what mischief had been done, when Wood laid hold -of him, under the notion that he was a straggler left behind of those -who had begun to wreck the house. Happily at that moment in came the -soldier whom Lander had treated to a pint of beer. The evidence of -this soldier was conclusive, and Lander was discharged, after having -suffered imprisonment for over two months. - -It appears evident that Peter Wood's testimony was false; not perhaps -purposely so, but erroneous through his mistaking one man for another -in the excitement of the partial destruction of his house. - -The evidence he gave against John Wilson was that the man knocked him -down, and that Wilson, stooping over him, asked, "You dog, are you not -dead yet?" and that he caught hold of Wilson's hand and kissed it and -prayed for mercy. Moreover, Mrs. Wood testified that she also had -entreated him to stay his hand, and had "held him by the face, and -stroked him." The waiting-man clinched the testimony by swearing that -he also had seen Wilson in the parlour as the settee-bed was being -thrown out of the window, and that he (Wilson) helped to throw the bed -out. John Wilson earnestly protested that a mistake had been made, and -that he was not the man who had done that of which he was accused. He -brought numerous testimonies to his good character; but these availed -not, and he was condemned to death. - -Bosavern Penlez admitted that he had been in Peter Wood's house; he -had been rather tipsy at the time, and had been drawn in to follow the -mob, but he had done no mischief, neither had he joined the rabble -with any evil intent. This availed not; he also was condemned to -death. At the last moment Wilson was reprieved and finally pardoned; -but poor Bosavern was hanged at Tyburn on the 18th October, 1749, at -the age of twenty-three. - -Much feeling had been roused in favour of Penlez, and a petition had -been got up, numerously signed, requesting that he might be pardoned; -but it availed nothing. Then a pamphlet appeared, entitled, _The Case -of the Unfortunate Bosavern Penlez_, published by T. Clement, S. -Paul's Churchyard, 1749. - -As this was widely disseminated, and comments were passed that a -grievous injustice had been committed, Henry Fielding, the magistrate, -published an answer, entitled _A True State of the Case of Bosavern -Penlez_. A. Miller, Strand, 1749. - -According to this, on July 1st the house of one Owen, in the Strand, -had been attacked. Nathaniel Munns, beadle, had tried to stop it, and -two rioters were taken by the constables and conveyed to the prison of -the Duchy of Lancaster Liberty. On Sunday, July 2nd, there was a -recurrence of the riot, outside the beadle's house; the windows were -broken, the bars wrenched away, and the prisoners were released, and -doors and windows of the watch-house were smashed. - -John Carter, constable, gave evidence as to July 1st, that two -wagon-loads of goods had been consumed by fire outside Owen's house. -He appealed to General Campbell, at Somerset House, for assistance, -and the General sent twelve of the Guards, when the rioters retreated, -and began an attack on the house of one Stanhope, throwing stones, -breaking windows, and pelting the soldiers, so that soon forty men of -the Guards had to be despatched to disperse the rioters. - -On Sunday, July 2nd, according to the constable, the mob again -assembled in front of Stanhope's house and demolished its contents. -Mr. Wilson, a woollen draper, and Mr. Actor, of the same trade, -applied for protection, as their shops adjoined the house of Stanhope, -and again soldiers were sent for, who dispersed the mob. - -James Cecil, Constable of St. George's parish, deposed that on Monday, -July 3rd, he was attending prisoners in a coach to Newgate, and he had -difficulty in making his way through the mob; and he saw the rioters -engaged in smashing the windows of a house near the Old Bailey. - -Saunders Welsh, gent., High Constable of Holborn, deposed that on -Sunday, July 2nd, he had received information from Stanhope, as to the -wrecking of Owen's house on the previous night, and of his fears for -his own. On returning that same evening through Fleet Street, he -perceived a great fire in the Strand, upon which he proceeded to the -house of Peter Wood, who informed him that the rioters had demolished -the house of Stanhope, burning his furniture and goods, and that they -threatened to deal in the same manner with his house. Whereupon, he, -Mr. Saunders Welsh, applied at the Tilt-yard for a military force, -which he could only obtain with much difficulty, as he could produce -no order from a Justice of the Peace. At length he procured such -order, and then an officer and forty men were sent to the scene of the -riot. On reaching Cecil Street, he ordered that the drum should be -beaten. When he came up to Peter Wood's house, he found that the mob -had already in part demolished it, and had thrown a great part of its -contents into the street, and were debating about burning them. Had -they done so, the deponent said, it would infallibly have set fire to -the houses on both sides of the street, which at that point was very -narrow, and opposite Wood's house was the bank of Messrs. Snow and -Denne. Hearing, however, the rattle of the drum, and the tramp of the -advancing soldiers, the mob retreated, and it was whilst so retreating -that Bosavern Penlez was arrested, carrying off with him some of the -goods of Peter Wood. - -Penlez and others were brought before Henry Fielding, J. P. for -Middlesex, and were committed to Newgate. This was on Monday. But the -same evening there was a recrudescence of the riots, and four thousand -sailors assembled on Tower Hill with the resolution to march to -Temple Bar. To obviate all future danger, a larger party of soldiers -was called out, and these, along with the peace officers, patrolled -the Strand all night. - -Samuel Marsh, watchman of St. Dunstan's, had apprehended Bosavern -Penlez, as he was making off with a bundle of linen, which he -pretended belonged to his wife. Before he was arrested, the watchman -saw him thrusting divers lace objects into his bosom and pockets, but -he let fall a lace cap. When apprehended, he protested that he was -conveying his wife's property, who had pawned all his clothes, and -that he was retaliating by taking her articles to pawn. - -There were other witnesses against Penlez, and although the evidence -of Peter Wood was worthless, that of the beadles and watchmen sufficed -to show that he had been collecting and making into a bundle various -articles from Wood's house, with the object of purloining them. The -question of Penlez having been in Wood's house was not gone into. -Bosavern in vain called for witnesses to his character. His master, -the peruke maker, declined to put in an appearance and give favourable -testimony; for, in fact, Penlez had been leading a dissipated and -disorderly life. Henry Fielding, in conclusion, says: "The first and -second day of the riot, no magistrate, nor any other higher -peace-officer than a petty constable (save only Mr. Welsh) interfered -in it. On the third day only one magistrate took on him to act. When -the prisoners were committed to Newgate, no public prosecution was for -some time ordered against them; and when it was ordered, it was -carried on so mildly, that one of the prisoners (Wilson) being not in -prison, was, though contrary to the laws, at the desire of a noble -person in great power, bailed out, when a capital indictment was then -found against him. At the trial, neither an Attorney nor -Solicitor-General, nor even one of the King's Council, appeared -against the prisoners. Lastly, when two were convicted, one only was -executed; and I doubt very much whether even he would have suffered, -had it not appeared that a capital indictment for burglary was -likewise found by the Grand Jury against him, and upon such evidence -as I think every impartial man must allow would have convicted him -(had he been tried) for felony at least." - -There had been found on Penlez ten lace caps, four laced -handkerchiefs, three pairs of laced ruffles, two laced clouts, five -plain handkerchiefs, five plain aprons, one laced apron, all the -property of the wife of Peter Wood. It was altogether false that -Penlez was married. Fielding says: "I hope I have said enough to prove -that the man who was made an example of deserved his fate. Which, if -he did, I think it will follow that more hath been said and done in -his favour than ought to have been; and that the clamour of severity -against the Government hath been in the highest degree unjustifiable. -To say the truth, it would be more difficult to justify the lenity -used on this occasion." - -The case of Bosavern Penlez was the more hard and open to criticism, in -that, in the very same year, there was a serious riot in the Haymarket -Theatre, when the Duke of Cumberland, a prince of the blood, had drawn -his sword, and leaping upon the stage, had called on everybody to follow -him. The people, ripe for mischief, were too loyal to decline a prince's -invitation. The seats were smashed, the scenery torn down, and the -wreckage carried into the street, where a bonfire was made of it; and -but for the timely appearance of the authorities the building itself -would have been added to the fuel. For this, no one was hanged. What -was sauce for the goose was not sauce for the gander. - -Reference is made to the case of Bosavern Penlez in Walpole's _Memoirs -of the Last Ten Years of George II_, I, p. 11, and in the _Private -Journal of John Byrom_, published by the Chetham Society, as also in -the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1749. - - - - - SAMUEL FOOTE - - -This dramatic author and player was born at Truro in the year -1721.[17] His father, John Foote, was a magistrate of the county of -Cornwall and commissioner of the Prize office and Fine contract. He -was well descended, deriving from the family of Foote of Trelogorsick, -in Veryan, afterwards of Lambesso, in S. Clements, acquired by bequest -in the reign of Charles II. The arms of the family were, _vert_ a -chevron between three doves _argent_--the doves singularly -inappropriate as the cognizance of Samuel, as that bird was deemed to -be without gall. Bodannan, in S. Enoder, was acquired by the Footes of -Lambesso by purchase. The family did not register its arms and -establish its pedigree at the visitation of the Heralds in 1620, but -that it was gentle admits of no dispute. As no pedigree of the family -has been recorded, it is unknown who was the grandfather of Samuel -Foote, but possibly he may have been the Samuel Foote of Tiverton -whose daughter Elizabeth married, 1691, Dennis Glyn of Cardinham, son -of Nicolas Glyn of Cardinham, M.P. for Bodmin and Sheriff of Cornwall. -Samuel's mother, descended in the female line from the Earls of -Rutland, was daughter of Sir Edward Goodere, Bart., who had two -surviving brothers out of six--Sir John Dinely Goodere, Bart., and -Samuel Goodere, captain of His Majesty's ship _Ruby_. A -disagreement having arisen between the two brothers, Sir John cut off -the entail of his estates and settled them on his sister's family. -This widened the breach, and the brothers had not spoken for years. - -[Illustration: S. Foote] - -Matters were in this train when, by accident, both brothers met in -Bristol in the January of 1741. Samuel was then in command of his -ship, lying in the roads. Sir John was invited to dine with Mr. Jarrit -Smith, an attorney living on College Green, and the captain called on -this gentleman and requested permission to be admitted to his table to -meet his brother, whom he had not seen for a very long time. Mr. Smith -readily acceded to this proposal, and was glad to have the opportunity -of apparently reconciling the brothers. After dinner he left the room -for an hour in order to afford them a better opportunity of completing -the reconciliation. On his return he found them on the most friendly -terms. In this manner they parted at six o'clock in the evening, the -captain taking his leave first. When some half an hour later Sir John -quitted the house, as he was passing the College Green Coffee-house, -on his way to his lodgings, he was fallen upon by a party of the -sailors of the _Ruby_ and the _Vernon_ privateer, with Captain Goodere -at their head; a cloak was thrown over his head to muffle his cries -for help, and he was hurried to a boat, awaiting them in the river, -and conveyed thence on board the _Ruby_. When there, they got him into -the purser's cabin, and the captain, by promises of ample reward, -induced two of his sailors, Matthew Mahony and Charles White, to -strangle him. In order to effect this the captain cut the cord that -attached his escritoire to the floor of the cabin, and himself passed -it round his brother's neck. Then, drawing his sword, he stood -sentinel at the door and bade the two ruffians do their duty. Owing to -the struggles of Sir John and the nervousness of the men, half an -hour elapsed before the baronet was dead. At last, when all was over, -the captain deliberately walked to his brother's body, held a candle -over it to assure himself that he was dead, and exclaimed, "Aye, this -will do; his business is now done." - -Next day the circumstance of a gentleman having been kidnapped on -College Green induced Mr. Smith to make inquiries; when, finding that -the description of the gentleman answered to the person of Sir John -Dinely Goodere, he entertained strong suspicions of foul play shown by -his brother, and he applied to the mayor of Bristol for a warrant to -search the _Ruby_. This was granted, and there the baronet was found -strangled in the purser's cabin, and the captain already secured by -the first lieutenant and two of the men, who had overheard the -conference relative to the murder. - -Captain Samuel Goodere and his two associates were tried at the next -assizes at Bristol on March 26th, 1741, were found guilty of "wilful -murder," and were hanged. - -Thus Mrs. Foote, deriving under the will of her brother Sir John, -became heiress to his estates. - -John Foote had two sons by this lady, Samuel and Edward. The first, -the subject of this memoir, was designed for the Bar; the second for -the Church. This latter was a feeble-minded man, who never obtained -preferment, dribbled away his fortune, and was latterly in great -distress, supported by the liberality of his brother. - -Foote was sent to school as a boy under the worthy Mr. Conon, -head-master of Truro Grammar School. There he was initiated into -Terence's plays, and in acting his part excelled all his -schoolfellows, and it was in consequence of his success within this -little circle that he caught his first inspiration for the stage. - -One of the earliest instances of his jocularity, as practised on his -own father, is related by R. Polwhele in his _Traditions and -Recollections_. Imitating the voice of Mr. Nicholas Donnithorne, from -an inner apartment where his father had supposed that gentleman was -sitting, he drew his father into conversation on the subject of a -family transaction between the two old gentlemen, and thus possessed -himself of a secret, which, whilst it displayed his power of mimicry, -justly incurred his parent's displeasure. - -Mr. Polwhele says: "Those (of the inhabitants of Truro) are gone who -used in his presence to arise trembling with their mirth. Conscious of -some oddnesses in their appearance or character, they shrunk from his -sly observation. They knew that every civility, every hospitable -attention, could not save them from his satire; and, after such -experience, they naturally avoided his company instead of courting it. -Foote, indeed, had no restraint upon himself, with respect either to -his conversation or his conduct. He was, in every sense of the word, a -libertine.... He was certainly a very unamiable character. Polly -Hicks, a pretty, silly, simpering girl, was dazzled by his wit. She -had some property; he therefore made her his wife, but never treated -her as such." - -The father died soon after the establishment of his sons in their -several professions; but the mother lived to the advanced age of -eighty-four. W. Cooke says of her:-- - -"We had the pleasure of dining with her, in company with a granddaughter -of hers, at a barrister's chambers in Gray's Inn, when she was at the -age of seventy-nine; and although she had full sixty steps to ascend -before she reached the drawing-room, she did it without the help of a -cane, and with all the activity of a woman of forty. - -"Her manners and conversation were of the same cast--witty, humorous, -and convivial; and though her remarks occasionally (considering her -age and sex) rather strayed beyond the limits of becoming mirth, she, -on the whole, delighted everybody, and was confessedly the heroine of -that day's party. - -"She was likewise in face and person the very model of her son -Samuel--short, fat, and flabby, with an eye that eternally gave the -signal for mirth and good humour; in short, she resembled him so much -in all her movements, and so strongly identified his person and -manners, that by changing habits they might be thought to have -interchanged sexes." - -After leaving school Samuel Foote received his education at Worcester -College, Oxford, formerly Gloucester Hall, which owed its refoundation -and change of name to Sir Thomas Cooke, Bart., a second cousin of -Samuel. - -The church connected with the college fronted a lane, where cattle -were sometimes turned out to graze during the night, and the bell-rope -hung very low in the middle of the outside porch. Foote one night made -a loop in the cord and inserted a wisp of hay. One of the cows -smelling this seized it, and by tugging at the rope made the bell -ring, and continue to ring at jerky intervals till the hay was -consumed. This produced consternation in the neighbourhood; people ran -out of their houses thinking that there must be a fire somewhere. The -same happened next and the following nights, and it was concluded that -the church was haunted. But Dr. Gower, the then provost, and the -sexton sat up one night and watched, and discovered that this was a -prank of one of the scholars. - -From the University Foote was removed to the Temple, but the dryness -of the law was not to his taste, and he turned to the stage. - -His first appearance was in the part of Othello at the Haymarket -Theatre, February 6th, 1747. But as Macklin said on this occasion, "it -was little better than a total failure. Neither his figure, voice, nor -manners corresponded with the character; and in those mixed passages -of tenderness and rage the former was expressed so whiningly, and the -latter in a tone so sharp and inharmonious, that the audience could -scarcely refrain from laughing." - -Probably he speedily saw that his genius did not lie in the direction of -tragedy, and he soon struck out into a new and untrodden path, in which -he at once attained the two great ends of affording entertainment to the -people and gaining emolument for himself. He opened the Haymarket -Theatre in the spring of 1747 with a piece of his own writing, entitled -_The Diversions of the Morning_. This consisted of a mimicry of the -best-known men of the day--actors, doctors, lawyers, statesmen. Had he -contented himself with this he might not have been interfered with, but -to the piece of mimicry he added the performance of popular farces--and -he had failed to procure a licence. To evade this difficulty he -announced his entertainment as a Concert of Music, after which would be -given _gratis_ his _Diversions_ and a play. - -The managers of the patent houses could not tolerate such an -infringement of their rights. They appealed to the Westminster -magistrates, and on the second night the constables entered the -theatre and dispersed the audience. - -But Foote was not so easily put down. The very next morning he -published the following statement in the _General Advertiser_: "On -Saturday afternoon, exactly at twelve o'clock, at the New Theatre in -the Haymarket, Mr. Foote begs the favour of his friends to come and -drink a dish of chocolate with him, and 'tis hoped there will be a -great deal of company and some joyous spirits. He will endeavour to -make the morning as diverting as possible. Tickets to be had for this -entertainment at George's Coffee House, Temple Bar, without which no -one will be admitted. N.B.--Sir Dilbury Diddle will be there, and Lady -Betty Frisk has absolutely promised." No one knew what this -advertisement meant, and a crowded house was the natural result. When -the curtain rose Foote came forward and informed the audience that "as -he was training some young performers for the stage, he would, with -their permission, whilst chocolate was getting ready, proceed with his -instructions before them." Then some young people, engaged for the -purpose, were brought upon the stage, and under the pretence of -instructing them in the art of acting, he introduced his imitations. - -As he was not interfered with, he changed the hour to the evening and -substituted tea for chocolate. - -He mimicked Quin as a watchman, with deep, sonorous voice calling out, -"Past twelve o'clock, and a cloudy morning"; Delane as a one-eyed -beggar; Peg Woffington as an orange girl, and imitated the unpleasant -squealing tone of her voice; Garrick in his dying scenes, on which he -prided himself. - -As may well be supposed, actors, who are peculiarly sensitive to -ridicule, were offended. When they appeared in a grave play, as for -instance, when Garrick was dying on the stage, the audience laughed, -recalling what they had witnessed at the Haymarket. They complained, -"What is fun to you is death to us," but Foote paid no regard to their -remonstrances; he laughed and pursued his course. He was perfectly -unscrupulous, wholly devoid of delicacy of feeling, and would turn -his best friend and benefactor into ridicule in public. But when, -later, Weston took him off, he was highly incensed, and bided his time -to be revenged on him. - -Next year Foote called his performance "An Auction of Pictures." Here -is one of his advertisements: "At the forty-ninth day's sale at his -auction rooms in the Haymarket Mr. Foote will exhibit a choice -collection of pictures--some new lots, consisting of a poet, a beau, a -Frenchman, a miser, a taylor, a sot, two young gentlemen, and a ghost. -Two of which are originals, the rest copies from the best masters." In -this several well-known characters were mimicked--Sir Thomas Deveil, -then the acting magistrate for Westminster, Cook, the auctioneer, and -orator Henley. To the attractions of his "Auction," in ridicule of the -Italian Opera, he gave a "Cat Concert." The principal performer in -this was a man well known at the time by the name of Cat Harris. -Harris had attended several rehearsals, where his _mewing_ gave great -satisfaction to the manager and performers. However, on the last -rehearsal Harris was missing, and as nobody knew where he lived, -Shuter was deputed to find him, if possible. He inquired in vain for -some time; at last he was informed that he lived in a certain court in -the Minories, but at which house he could not exactly learn. Shuter -entered the court and set up a cat solo, which instantly roused his -brother musician in his garret, who answered him in the same tune. -"Ho, ho! Are you there, my friend?" said Shuter. "Come along; the -stage waits for you." - -Fashion, as usual, flocked to the Haymarket to hear and see its tastes -turned into ridicule. - -At the close of the season (1748) Foote was left a considerable -fortune by a relative of his mother, which enabled him to move in all -that luxury of dissipation which was so congenial to his temper. Then -he departed suddenly for Paris and communicated with none of his -friends. Some supposed him to have been killed in a duel, some that he -had been hanged, some that he had drunk himself to death. But he -reappeared in London at the close of the season of 1752, having -dissipated the fortune left him, but having enriched his mind with -studies made in France. He brought with him a play he had composed, -_The Englishman in Paris_, which was brought out at Covent Garden -Theatre on March 24th, 1753, and it proved a success; so much so, that -Murphy, the dramatic author, wrote a sequel to it, _The Englishman -returned from Paris_, which he had the frankness to show to Foote, who -was his friend. Foote, without a word, without asking leave, -appropriated the plot and characters, and turned out a farce with the -same title before Murphy had placed his. Murphy was, naturally, highly -offended, and produced his play in another theatre, but without great -success, as Foote's play had already taken with the public. - -In the season of 1757 Foote produced at Drury Lane his comedy of _The -Author_, that principally turns on the distresses incident to a writer -dependent on his pen for his daily bread, and on the caricature of a -gentleman of family and fortune, whom he entitled Cadwalader, who -appears ambitious to be thought a patron of the arts and sciences, of -which he is profoundly ignorant. Cadwalader was a caricature of one of -his most intimate friends, a Mr. Ap Rice, a man of fortune and -education, and allied to many families of distinction. At his table, -where Foote was hospitably received, in open and unguarded familiar -discourse, Ap Rice had laid himself open to ridicule. The Welsh -gentleman was stout, had a broad, unmeaning stare, a loud voice, and -boisterous manner, and as he spoke his head was continually turning to -his left shoulder. The farce was performed for several nights to -crowded audiences before Mr. Ap Rice felt the keenness of the satire. -At last the joke became so serious, that whenever he went abroad, in -the park, the coffee-house, or the assembly, he heard himself spoken -of as Cadwalader, and pointed at with suppressed laughter, or heard -quotations from his part in the play: "This is Becky, my dear Becky." -Mightily offended, and really hurt, he applied to Foote to have the -piece suppressed. But this Foote would not hear of--it was drawing -crowded houses. Then Ap Rice applied to the Lord Chamberlain and -obtained an injunction to restrain the performance. - -Dr. Johnson was informed by a mutual friend that Foote was going to -produce an impersonation of him on the stage. "What is the price of a -cane?" asked the doctor. "Sixpence." "Then," said he, "here is a -shilling; go and fetch me the stoutest you can purchase, and tell Mr. -Foote that at his first performance I shall visit the theatre, go on -the stage, and thrash him soundly." - -This was repeated to the mimic, and he deemed it advisable to desist -from _this_ impersonation. - -In _A Trip to Calais_ he threatened to ridicule the notorious Duchess of -Kingston unless bought off. The audacity of his personalities was -astounding, where he thought he could use his gift of mimicry without -being subject to chastisement. In the _Orators_, 1762, he personated, -under the name of Peter Paragraph, a noted printer and publisher and -alderman of Dublin, known as One-legged Faulkener. The imitation was -perfect. The Irishman brought an action for libel against him, and a -trial ensued. But Nemesis of another sort fell on him four years later. -In 1766 he was on a visit to Lord Mexborough, where he met the Duke of -York, Lord Delaval, and others, when some of the party, wishing to have -a little fun with Foote, drew him into conversation on horsemanship, and -the comedian boasted "that although he generally preferred the luxury of -a post-chaise, he could ride as well as most men he knew." He was urged -to join that morning in the chase, and was mounted on a high-spirited, -mettlesome horse belonging to the Duke of York, that flung him as soon -as he was in the saddle, and his leg was so fractured that it had to be -amputated, and its place supplied by one of cork. - -The Duke of York was not a little concerned at the part he had taken -in this practical joke, and to make what amends he could obtained for -him a royal patent to erect a theatre in the city and liberties of -Westminster, from the 14th May to the 14th September, during the term -of his natural life. This was giving him a fortune at one stroke, and -Foote immediately purchased the old premises in the Haymarket and -erected a new theatre on the same ground, which was opened in the May -following, 1767. He made considerable profits, and lodged twelve -hundred pounds at his banker's and kept five hundred in cash. - -But his usual demon of extravagance haunted him. He went to Bath and -fell in with a nest of gamblers, who rapidly swindled him, not only -out of his five hundred, but also out of the sum he had placed with -his banker. Several of the frequenters of the rooms saw that he was -being cheated, and the Right Hon. Richard Rigby, Paymaster of the -Forces, took an opportunity of telling him that he was being -plundered, "that from his careless manner of playing and betting, and -his habit of telling stories when he should be minding his game, he -must in the long run be ruined." Foote, instead of taking this hint in -good part, answered angrily and so insultingly that Rigby withdrew. - -When he had money he spent it in play and profligacy. Three fortunes -had been left him, and he threw all away, and adopted as his motto, -"Iterum, iterum, iterumque." - -His mother, as has been said, had inherited a large fortune, but she -had squandered it and was locked up in the Fleet Prison for debt. -Thence she wrote to her son:-- - - "DEAR SAM, - - "I am in prison for debt; come and assist your loving mother, - - "E. FOOTE." - -To this brief note he replied:-- - - "DEAR MOTHER, - - "So am I; which prevents his duty being paid to his loving mother - by her affectionate son, - - "SAM. FOOTE." - -When bringing out his comedy of _The Minor_ considerable objections were -started to its being licensed, and among other objectors was Secker, -Archbishop of Canterbury. Foote offered to submit the play to him for -revision, with permission to strike out whatever he deemed -objectionable. But the prelate was not to be trapped thus. He knew well -that had he done this, Foote would have advertised its performance "as -altered and amended by his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury." - -Having made a trip to Ireland, he was asked on his return what -impression was made on him by the Irish peasantry, and replied that -they gave him great satisfaction, as they settled a question that had -long agitated his mind, and that was, what became of the cast clothes -of English beggars. - -One evening at the coffee-house he was asked if he had attended the -funeral of a very intimate friend, the son of a baker. "Oh yes, -certainly," said he; "just seen him shoved into the family oven." - -Although he had on more than one occasion applied to Garrick for loans -of a few hundred pounds, this did not deter him from mimicking -Garrick, and when the Shakespeare Jubilee took place at -Stratford-on-Avon, under the superintendence of this latter, Foote was -so jealous and envious of its success, that he schemed bringing out a -mock procession in imitation of it, with a man dressed to resemble -Garrick in the character of the Steward of the Jubilee, with his wand, -white-topped gloves, and Shakespeare medal; whilst some ragamuffin was -to address him in the lines of the Jubilee poet-laureate-- - - A nation's taste depends on you, - Perhaps a nation's virtue too; - -to which the mimic Garrick was to reply by clapping his arms, like the -wings of a cock, and crowing-- - - Cock-a-doodle-doo! - -It was with difficulty that Foote could be deterred from carrying his -scheme into effect. - -But, indeed, he spared no one. He had been separated practically, though -not legally, from his wife, whom to his friends and acquaintances he -spoke of as "the Washerwoman." She was a quiet, inoffensive, worthy -woman; and his friends induced him after a while to allow her to return -to his house. As it chanced, her conveyance was upset on the way, and -she was thrown out and much cut and bruised in her face and person. -Instead of sympathizing with her, he turned the matter into joke with -his boon companions, and said, "If you want to see a map of the world, -go and look at my wife's face. There is the Black Sea in her eye, the -Red Sea in her gashes, and the Yellow Sea in all her bruises." - -Dining once with Earl Kelly at his house at North End in the early part -of the spring, his lordship, who was a _bon vivant_ and had a very red -face, apologized during dinner that he was unable to give the party -cucumbers that day, as none were ripe. "Your own fault, my lord," said -Foote. "Why didn't you thrust your nose into the hot-house?" - -On another occasion, Foote calling on the elder Colman, the dramatist, -heard him complain of want of sleep. "Read one of your own plays," -said Foote. - -Dining one day with Lord Stormont, he noticed the diminutive size of -the decanters and glasses. His lordship boasted of the age of his -wine. "Dear me," said Foote. "It is very little, considering its age." - -A young parson was on his honeymoon. "I'll give you a text for your next -sermon," said Foote: "Grant us thy peace so long as the moon endureth." - -Some one asked Dr. Johnson whether he did not think that Foote had a -singular talent for exhibiting character. "No, sir," replied the -doctor. "It is not a talent, it is a vice. It is what others abstain -from. His imitations are not like. He gives you something different -from himself, without going into other people. He is like a painter -who can draw the portrait of a man who has a wen on his face. He can -give you the wen, but not the man." - -In _The Mayor of Garratt_ Foote took off and held up to derision the -old Duke of Newcastle, under the name of Matthew Mug. Of the Duke he -was wont to say that he always appeared as if he had lost an hour in -the morning and was looking for it all day. In _The Patron_ he -satirized Lord Melcombe, but indeed there were few with any -peculiarity of manner or taste or appearance, whom he was able to -study, whom he did not hold up to public ridicule. - -The first time that George II attended the Haymarket _The Mayor of -Garratt_ was on the stage. When His Majesty arrived at the theatre, -Foote, as manager, hobbled to the stage door to receive him; but, as -he played in the first piece, instead of wearing the court dress usual -on these occasions, he was equipped in the immense cocked hat, -cumbrous boots, and all the other military paraphernalia of Major -Sturgeon. The moment the King cast his eyes on this extraordinary -figure, as he stood bowing, stumping, and wriggling with his wooden -leg, George II receded in astonishment, exclaiming to his attendants, -"Look! Vat is dat man--and to vat regiment does he belong?" Even -Samuel's not very bright brother came in for his sneers. Edward Foote -was fond of hanging about the theatre, and frequented the green-room. -Some one asked Samuel who that man was. "He?" replied Foote. "He's my -barber." Somewhat later the relationship came out, and the same person -remarked to him on his having spoken so contemptuously of Edward. -"Why," said Samuel, "I could not in conscience say he was a -brother-wit, so I set him down as a brother-shaver." - -Retribution came on him at last. - -The reason why Foote did not produce his "take-off" of the Duchess of -Kingston as Lady Kitty Crocodile has never transpired. According to one -account, he had threatened to caricature her in the hopes of levying -blackmail on her to stop the production; according to another, he -received threats that made him fear for his life, or at least a public -horse-whipping, if he proceeded, and he altered the character. But he -was very angry, and to be revenged he produced a piece, _The Capuchin_, -which was the original _Trip to Calais_ altered, but his satire was -transferred from the Duchess to her chaplain, named Jackson, whom he -held up to public scorn as Doctor Viper. - -Jackson was furious, and trumped up a vile charge against Foote, by -the aid of a coachman whom the actor had discharged from his service -for misconduct. Foote had made so many enemies that those whom he had -wounded and mortified found the money for a prosecution; and the case -was tried at King's Bench before Lord Mansfield and a special jury. -But it broke down completely, and Foote was acquitted. - -As soon as the trial was over, his fellow dramatist Murphy took a -coach and drove to Foote's house in Suffolk Street, Charing Cross, to -be the first messenger of the good tidings. - -Foote had been looking out of the window in anxious expectation of -such a message. Murphy, as soon as he perceived him, waved his hat in -token of victory, and jumping out of the coach, ran upstairs, to find -Foote extended on the floor, in hysterics. In this condition he -continued for nearly an hour before he could be recovered to any kind -of recollection of himself. - -The charge, and the anxiety of the trial, broke his heart; he never -thoroughly rallied after it, and sold his patent in the Haymarket -Theatre to George Colman on January 16th, 1777. By the terms of this -agreement Colman obliged himself to pay Foote an annuity of sixteen -hundred pounds. - -Having in some degree recovered his health, he was advised by his -physician to try the south of France during the winter; and with this -intent he reached Dover on the 20th October, 1777, on his way to Calais. - -Whilst at Dover, he went into the kitchen of the inn to order a -particular dish for dinner, and the cook, understanding that he was -about to embark for France, began to brag of her powers, and defy him to -find any better _cuisine_ abroad, though, for her part, she said, she -had never crossed the water. "Why cookey," said Foote, "that cannot be, -for above stairs they informed me you have been several times _all over -grease_ (Greece)." "They may say what they like," retorted she, "but I -was never ten miles from Dover in all my life." "Nay, now," said Foote, -"that must be a fib, for I myself have seen you at _Spit-head_." - -This was his last joke. Next morning he was seized with a shivering fit -whilst at breakfast, which increasing, he was put to bed. Another fit -succeeded that lasted three hours. He then seemed inclined to sleep, and -presently with a deep sigh expired on October 21st, 1777, in the -fifty-seventh year of his age. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. - -The authors of the _Biographica Dramatica_ say of his farces "Mr. -Foote's dramatic works are all to be ranked among the _petites pièces_ -of the theatre, as he never attempted anything which attained the bulk -of the more perfect drama. In the execution of them they are sometimes -loose, negligent, and unfinished, seeming rather to be the hasty -productions of a man of genius, whose Pegasus, though endued with fire, -has no inclination for fatigue, than the laboured finishings of a -professed dramatist aiming at immortality. His plots are somewhat -irregular, and their catastrophes not always conclusive or perfectly -wound up. Yet, with all these little deficiencies, it must be confessed -that they contain more of one essential property of comedy, viz. strong -character, than the writings of any other of our modern authors." - -FOOTNOTE: - -[17] Baptized S. Mary's, Truro, Jan. 27th, 1720-1. - - - - - THE LAST LORD MOHUN - - -The first of the family of Mohun known to history came over with the -Conqueror from Normandy, and received the name and title of Sapell, -Earl of Somerset. How the earldom lapsed we do not know, but a Mohun -next appears as Baron of Dunster. Apparently, but not certainly, the -earldom was taken from them by Henry III, for siding against him with -the Barons in 1297. A branch of the family settled at Boconnoc early -in the fifteenth century. In the church of Lanteglos by Fowey is a -brass of William Mohun, who died in 1508. Sir Reginald Mohun, Knt., -was sheriff of Cornwall in 1553 and 1560. He was squire of the body to -Queen Elizabeth, and his son, Sir William Mohun, was sheriff in 1572 -and 1578. His son, Sir Reginald, was created baronet in 1612, and his -grandson John was raised to be Baron Mohun of Okehampton in 1628. -Warwick, the second Lord Mohun, died in 1665, leaving a son, Charles, -third Baron, who married Lady Philippa Annesley, daughter of the Earl -of Anglesea, and by her had a son Charles, fourth Baron, and a -daughter Elizabeth, who died unmarried. He acted as second to Lord -Candish in a duel, where he was wounded in the belly and died soon -after; he was buried October 20th, 1677. - -Charles, fourth Baron Mohun of Okehampton, was married in the first -place to Charlotte, daughter of Thomas Mainwaring. With her he lived -unhappily and was separated from her, nor would he acknowledge the -daughter born to her as being his own child. He had the good fortune, -however, to be rid of her at last, as she was drowned on a passage to -Ireland with one of her gallants. He married secondly Elizabeth, -daughter of Dr. Thomas Laurence, physician to Queen Anne, and widow of -Colonel Edward Griffith. - -[Illustration: _Charles Mohun Lord Mohun._] - -Fitton Gerrard, Earl of Macclesfield, maternal uncle of his first -wife, to make him some amends for his bad bargain, left to Lord Mohun -a good part of his estate. - -Charles, fourth Baron Mohun, was of a contentious nature, and was -involved in several duels. He fought Lord Kennedy on December 7th, 1692. -On October 7th, 1694, a Mr. Scobell, a Cornish M.P., interfered with -Lord Mohun, who was attempting to kill a coachman in Pall Mall. Mohun, -furious at being interfered with, cut Mr. Scobell over the head, and -afterwards challenged him. He was also engaged in a duel with a Captain -Bingham on April 7th, 1697, when he was wounded in the hand. He was next -engaged in a quarrel with a Captain Hill of the Foot Guards, at the -Rummer Tavern on September 14th, 1697; he managed to kill Hill. - -The story of the murder of Mountford the actor by Captain Hill, in -which Lord Mohun was involved as abetter, is given very fully by Sir -Bernard Burke, in his _Romance of the Aristocracy_, 1855, and I will -here condense his account. - -Mrs. Bracegirdle was at the time a very charming actress, with a -delicious voice of remarkable flexibility, and her singing of such a -song as Eccles' "The bonny, bonny breeze" brought down the house; but -the mad song, "I burn, my brain consumes to ashes," as sung by her in -the character of Marcella in _Don Quixote_, was considered one of her -masterpieces. Cibber says that all the extravagance and frantic -passion of Lee's _Alexander the Great_ were excusable when Mrs. -Bracegirdle played Statira; that scarcely an audience saw her that -were not half her lovers without a suspected favourite among them. In -an age of general dissoluteness she bore an immaculate reputation, and -the licentious men about town knew perfectly well that she was beyond -the reach of their solicitations. Mrs. Bracegirdle had a friend, "a -miracle of fine acting," Mrs. Mountford, also a performer at the -Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and became intimate with her. Some of the -malicious, who could ill believe that an actress was virtuous, -supposed that Mrs. Bracegirdle favoured that lady's husband, who was a -good actor of heroic tragedy. - -Among the many admirers of Mrs. Bracegirdle was a Captain Richard -Hill. So infatuated was he with her charms, that he proposed to marry -her; but, when she rejected his offer, he regarded this as an insult, -and supposed that she had been persuaded by Mountford to refuse him. -Hill, in ungovernable wrath, vowed that he would kill the actor who -had dared to tender advice to the beautiful Mrs. Bracegirdle to reject -his offer, and also to carry off his mistress by force. - -At a supper, where were Lord Mohun, Captain Hill, Colonel Tredenham, -and a Mr. Powell, Hill spoke openly of his purpose, and turning to -Powell said, "I am resolved to have the blood of Mountford." Powell, -who was a friend to both parties, took alarm at these words, and -replied that he should certainly inform Mountford of the threat and -caution him to be on his guard. Captain Hill then drew off from him, -and approached Lord Mohun, whom he speedily discovered to be ready to -act as his ally. - -Along with Mohun, Hill now seriously set about the requisite -preparations for carrying out his purpose, which they agreed should -take place the following night. With this view, their first care was -to order a coach to be in waiting for them at nine o'clock in Drury -Lane, near the theatre; but, so as not to attract particular notice, -with two horses only, while a reserve of four more was to be held in -readiness at the stables, to convey Hill and Mrs. Bracegirdle to -Totteridge. That they expected a serious resistance was apparent, for -they not only provided themselves with pistols, but had bribed a party -of soldiers to assist them in the enterprise. - -During the day the confederates dined together at a tavern in Covent -Garden, and talked openly of their intention, before several other -persons who were present. But strangely enough, not a syllable reached -those interested, to give them timely warning. Yet the conversation -was of a nature to excite attention; they discussed the scheme -unreservedly, and Lord Mohun remarked that the affair would cost at -least fifty pounds; to which Hill replied, "If that villain Mountford -resist I will stab him." "And I will stand your friend if you do," -observed Lord Mohun. - -It so happened, however, that Mrs. Bracegirdle did not play that -night, and the confederates learned the fact, as also that she was -supping at the house of a Mr. Page in Princes Street hard by, and -thither, accordingly, they repaired, planting themselves with the -soldiers over against a house occupied by Lord Craven. - -Nine o'clock struck, and still no signs of her for whom they were -watching. They began to think that they must have been misinformed and -ordered the coachman to drive to Howard Street, where Mrs. Bracegirdle -lodged, in the house of a Mrs. Browne. Howard Street is a cross-way -leading from Arundel Street, through Norfolk Street, to Surrey Street, -in the former of which lived Mountford, so that it was not possible for -the actor on his return from the theatre to fail coming upon them. Here, -however, they did not remain long, their suspicions having been excited -by the appearance of several individuals pacing up and down in front of -the lady's lodgings, and these they thought must be spies set to watch -their proceedings. They accordingly returned to their former station by -the house of Mr. Page. At ten o'clock the door opened and that gentleman -issued forth along with Mrs. Bracegirdle, her mother and brother, and -volunteered to accompany them home, an offer they declined, as they said -that they needed no further protection; however, he attended them part -of the way. On coming up Drury Lane they were surprised to see a crowd -about a coach drawn up before the house of Lord Craven, with the steps -down. In this Lord Mohun was seated, with several cases of pistols near -him. Before they had time to inquire into the meaning of this, two of -the soldiers rushed forward, forced Mrs. Bracegirdle away from Page, and -would have dragged her to the coach but that her mother clung about her -neck, in spite of some rough handling by the ruffians. Thereupon up ran -Hill, and he struck at both Page and the old lady with his drawn sword; -but some of the crowd looking on interfered so effectually that he found -himself obliged to withdraw. However, he rallied, and pretending that -there was a disturbance and that the lady was in danger and that she -required safe conduct, he so persuaded Mrs. Bracegirdle that he had no -part in the matter that she allowed him to escort her and her mother to -their home, and Lord Mohun and the soldiers followed as though in -pursuit, Hill occasionally facing round as though to dare them to -approach. - -Upon reaching Howard Street the soldiers were dismissed, as being no -longer required, as it was now deemed impossible to carry out the -original plan of a forcible abduction. - -Just as Hill was about to withdraw, he plucked Page by the sleeve, and -intimated to him that he had a desire to speak with him in private; -but that gentleman, who was eager to be back at his own house, replied -hastily that "another time would do; to-morrow would serve." - -However, no sooner was Mrs. Bracegirdle safe within the house, than -the others, fearing that evil might befall Page, laid hold of him and -drew him within, and closed the door in the face of Captain Hill. - -Instead of having his ardour cooled by his rebuff, the captain became -more wroth, and determined to revenge himself on Mountford; and in -conjunction with Lord Mohun, he continued pacing up and down the -street for two mortal hours with his sword drawn. - -Those within the house being greatly alarmed at their proceedings, -sent Mrs. Browne out to inquire the reason of this. To this they -replied, with the utmost frankness, that they were awaiting the -arrival of Mr. Mountford. As evidence that the besiegers had no -intention of withdrawing, they sent for a couple of bottles of wine, -when the watch came up and asked what they were doing in the streets -at such an hour of the night with drawn swords in their hands. - -These inquiries were cut short at once by Lord Mohun saying, "I am a -peer of the realm; touch me if you dare!" a reply that so staggered -the watch that they slunk away without further question. They had, -however, observed the waiter who brought the wine and they followed -him to the tavern to draw from him an explanation they did not venture -to demand from a nobleman. - -Whilst the besiegers were tipping off their wine, the besieged found -an opportunity for sending a messenger to warn Mrs. Mountford of the -danger threatening her husband and to bid her communicate with him. -Nor was this the only one, a second and perhaps a third were also -despatched to caution him. But unhappily every one of these messengers -failed to reach him, and at midnight he came along the street on his -way homeward without entertaining the least apprehension. - -Lord Mohun was the first to meet and salute the unhappy man, when the -latter expressed his surprise at finding his lordship there at such an -hour. - -"I suppose you have been sent for?" was the curt reply. Mountford -said, No--he was there on his way home from the playhouse. - -"You know all about the lady, I imagine," said Lord Mohun. - -Mountford not understanding the drift of his words said, "I hope that -my wife has given you no offence." - -"You mistake me," said Lord Mohun; "it is Mrs. Bracegirdle that I mean." - -"Mrs. Bracegirdle is no concern of mine," replied Mountford; "but I -hope your lordship does not countenance any ill action of Mr. Hill." - -The conversation was interrupted by the impatient captain, who -suddenly started forward, and exclaiming, "This is no longer the time -for such discourses!" struck Mountford with his left hand, and -immediately ran him through the body. The wounded man did not fall to -the ground at once; he had still, for a moment, sufficient strength -left to draw his sword, though not to use it, when, exhausted by the -effort, he sank upon the ground. - -A cry of murder arose, Hill fled, and the watch came up now from the -tavern where they had been questioning the drawer and imbibing. -Mountford was carried to his own lodgings, where he died, about one -o'clock in the afternoon of the same day, for it was some time after -midnight when the affair took place. - -"The grand jury of Middlesex," says Macaulay, "consisting of gentlemen -of note, found a bill of murder against Hill and Mohun. Hill escaped. -Mohun was taken. His mother threw herself at King William's feet, but -in vain. 'It was a cruel act,' said the King. 'I shall leave it to the -law.' - -"The trial came on in the Court of the Lord High Steward, and, as -Parliament happened to be sitting, the culprit had the advantage of -being judged by the whole body of the peerage. There was then no -lawyer in the Upper House. It therefore became necessary, for the -first time since Buckhurst had pronounced sentence on Essex and -Southampton, that a peer who had never made jurisprudence his special -study should preside over that grave tribunal. Caermarthen, who, as -Lord President, took precedence of all the nobility, was appointed -Lord High Steward. A full report of the proceedings has come down to -us. No person, who carefully examines that report, and attends to the -opinion unanimously given by the judges in answer to a question which -Nottingham drew up, and in which the facts brought out by the evidence -are stated with perfect fairness, can doubt that the crime of murder -was fully brought home to the prisoner. Such was the opinion of the -King, who was present during the trial; and such was the almost -unanimous opinion of the public. Had the issue been tried by Holt and -twelve plain men at the Old Bailey, there can be no doubt that a -verdict of Guilty would have been returned. The Peers, however, by -sixty-nine votes to fourteen, acquitted their accused brother. One -great nobleman was so brutal and stupid as to say, 'After all, the -fellow was but a player; and players are rogues.' All the newspapers, -all the coffee-house orators complained that the blood of the poor was -shed with impunity by the great. Wits remarked that the only fair -thing about the trial was the show of ladies in the galleries. Letters -and journals are still extant in which men of all shades of opinion, -Whigs, Tories, Non-jurors, condemn the partiality of the tribunal." - -On the one hand, the words of the dying man exculpated Mohun from any -share in the actual murder; on the other hand, it is clear from the -uncontradicted testimony of more than one witness, that he was fully -cognizant of Hill's intentions, and that he did not hesitate to -encourage him by his presence through the whole affair. According to -the Attorney-General, his first question, when he surrendered himself, -was, "Has Mr. Hill escaped?" and, upon being answered in the -affirmative, he exclaimed, "I am glad of it! I should not care if I -were hanged for him," his only regret being that Hill had escaped with -very little money about him. He confessed, moreover, to the watch, -that he had changed coats with his friend; the object, of course, was -to throw out the pursuers as much as possible by this slight disguise. - -This is Lord Mohun's portrait as drawn by a not unfavourable hand: -"Charles, Lord Mohun, is the representative of a very ancient family, -but he had the misfortune to come to the title young, while the estate -was in decay; his quality introduced him into the best company, but his -wants very often led him into bad; so that he became one of the -arrantest rakes in town, and, indeed, a scandal to the peerage; was -generally a sharer in all riots; and before he was twenty years old was -tried twice for murder by the House of Peers. On his being acquitted at -the last trial, he expressed his contrition for the scandal he brought -upon his degree as peer by his behaviour, in very handsome terms, and -promised to behave himself so, for the future, as not to give further -scandal; and he has been as good as his word; for now he applies himself -in good earnest to the knowledge of the constitution of his country, and -to serve it; and having a good deal of fine and good sense, turned this -way, makes him very considerable in the House. He is brave in his -person, bold in his expressions, and rectifies, as fast as he can, the -slips of his youth, by acts of honesty, which he now glories in more -than he was formerly extravagant. He was married, when very young, to a -niece of my Lord Macclesfield, who, dying without issue, left him a -considerable estate,[18] which he well improves. The Queen continues him -colonel of a regiment of foot. He is of middle stature, inclining to -fat, not thirty years old." - -However much he may have intended to amend, Lord Mohun was again -involved in a murder, that of a Mr. Coote, a few years later, in -conjunction with the Earl of Warwick; he was, however, pronounced -innocent by the unanimous suffrage of the Peers. - -After this last affair only was it that he amended his ways, and the -author of _The History of Queen Anne_, March 11th, London, 1713, gives -a favourable account of him. "After this last misfortune my Lord Mohun -did wonderfully reclaim; and what by his reading, what by his -conversation with the ablest statesmen, so well improved his natural -parts, that he became a great ornament to the peerage and a strenuous -asserter of the cause of Liberty, and the late Revolution: which last, -however, could not but raise him many enemies; and is, I doubt, the -only reason why his memory is so unfairly, so barbarously treated. -'Tis true, my Lord Mohun, like most men in our cold climate, still -lov'd a merry glass of wine with his friends. But in this he was a -happy reverse to some men, who owe all their bright parts in the -management of affairs to the fumes of Burgundy and Champaign: for he -was exemplarily temperate when he had any business of moment to -attend. He behaved himself so discretely at the Court of Hanover, -whither he accompanyed the late Earl of Macclesfield, whose niece he -had married, that he left an excellent character behind him with the -most serene Elector, and the Princess Sophia, his mother, two allow'd -judges of merit; and when his Highness was to be install'd Knight of -the Garter he appointed the Lord Mohun to be his proxy."[19] - -Party feeling strongly coloured the descriptions given of the -character of Lord Mohun. He was a Whig and zealous advocate of the -claims of the Elector of Hanover, and was consequently obnoxious to -the Tories and Jacobites. In the _Examiner_ he is represented in the -worst light; and is even accused of cowardice; but Bishop Burnet was -able to say no more of him than this: "I am sorry I cannot say so much -good of him as I wish; and I had too much kindness for him, to say any -evil unnecessarily." - -In 1711 the attention of the legislature was drawn to the subject of -duels by Sir Peter King; and after dwelling on the alarming increase -of the practice, obtained leave to bring in a Bill for the prevention -and punishment of duelling. It was read a first time on May 11th, and -was ordered for a second reading in the ensuing week. - -About the same time the attention of the Upper House was also drawn -to the subject in a painful manner. In a debate in the Lords upon the -conduct of the Duke of Ormond in refusing to hazard a general -engagement with the enemy, Earl Pawlet remarked that nobody could -doubt the courage of the Duke. "He was not like a certain general, who -led troops to the slaughter, to cause great numbers of officers to be -knocked on the head in a battle, or against stone walls, in order to -fill his pockets by disposing of their commissions." - -That this was levelled at the Duke of Marlborough no one doubted, but he -remained silent, though evidently suffering in mind. Soon after the -House broke up, the Earl Pawlet received a visit from Lord Mohun, who -told him that the Duke of Marlborough desired some explanation of the -words he had used, as certain expressions employed by his lordship were -greatly offensive to him. He would accordingly be very glad to meet him, -and for that purpose desired him "to take a little air in the country." - -Earl Pawlet did not affect to misunderstand the hint, but asked Lord -Mohun in plain terms whether he brought a challenge from the Duke. -Lord Mohun answered that he considered what he had said needed no -elucidation, and that he himself would accompany the Duke of -Marlborough as second. - -He then took his leave, and Earl Pawlet returned home and confided to -his lady that he was going to fight a duel with the Duke of Marlborough. -The Countess, greatly alarmed for her lord's safety, gave notice of his -intention to the Earl of Dartmouth, who immediately, in the Queen's -name, sent for the Duke of Marlborough and commanded him not to stir -abroad. He also caused Earl Pawlet's house to be guarded by two -sentinels; and having taken these precautions, informed the Queen of -the whole affair. Her Majesty sent at once for the Duke, expressed her -abhorrence of the custom of duelling, and required his word of honour -that he would proceed no further. The Duke pledged his word accordingly, -and the affair terminated, much, doubtless, to the disappointment of -Lord Mohun, who took a delight in these passages of arms. - -We come now to the last duel of Lord Mohun, in which he lost his life -and his title expired. The reader will recall the description given of -it in _Esmond_. - -The Duke of Hamilton, a shuffling Jacobite, had been in constant -correspondence with the Court of S. Germain's, and with the numerous -agents of the Pretender kept scattered about in various parts of the -Continent and in England. Even before Mrs. Masham and Harley had -undermined the Whig ministry, Hamilton had been an acceptable visitor -at the Court of S. James's; but since the Tory party had got the upper -hand, he had been closeted far more frequently with the Queen than -before; and now he was appointed to represent Queen Anne at the French -Court. Burnet says: "The Duke of Hamilton being now appointed to go to -the Court of France gave melancholy speculation to those who thought -him much in the Pretender's interest; he was considered, not only in -Scotland, but here in England, as the head of his party." A few days -before he left for Versailles, his career was cut short. He had been -engaged in some law-suits with Lord Mohun over the succession to the -estates of the Earl of Macclesfield, and this, together with political -animosity, inflamed both these noblemen with deadly hatred towards -each other. Mohun took an occasion that offered of publicly insulting -the Duke, in the hope of making him the challenger. His Grace, -however, had too much contempt for the known character of the man to -enter into an idle dispute with him, especially at a time when he was -invested with the sacred character of ambassador. He relied on his own -reputation with the world to bear him out in declining to notice such -an affront, offered at such a time, and committed, as the Tories -asserted, under the influence of drink. - -The circumstances of the insult were these. On Thursday, November 13th, -a party was assembled at the chambers of Mr. Orlebar, a master in -Chancery, when the Duke made some reflections on Mr. Whitworth, father -of the Queen's late ambassador to the Czar; whereat Lord Mohun roared -out that the Duke had neither truth nor justice in him. "Indeed, he has -just as much truth in him as your Grace!" The Duke of Hamilton made no -reply; and both parties remained at the table for half an hour after -this outbreak; and at parting Hamilton made a low bow to Mohun, who -returned the civility, so that none of those there present suspected any -consequence from what had passed between the two peers. - -But Lord Mohun had determined to fight his private and political -adversary, and although he was the offender he next day sent a -challenge to the Duke by the hand of a friend, General Maccartney. In -the evening of the 14th the Duke, accompanied by Colonel John -Hamilton, went to meet General Maccartney at the Rose Tavern, in one -room, whilst in the adjoining Lord Mohun awaited Colonel Hamilton. -Then and there the time and place of the duel were agreed upon. On -Sunday morning, November 15th, at seven o'clock, Lord Mohun with his -second, General Maccartney, went in a hackney-coach to the lodge of -Hyde Park, where they alighted, and were soon after met by the Duke -of Hamilton and his second, Colonel Hamilton. They all jumped over a -ditch into a place called the Nursery. It is said that Lord Mohun did -not wish that the seconds should bear a part in the engagement, but -the Duke insisted, saying that "Mr. Maccartney should have a share in -the dance." But the spirit of party so completely seized hold of the -subject as to make it difficult to ascertain what were the real facts. - -It is said on one side that the Duke was from the first very unwilling -to fight, and even at the last moment would have consented to a -reconciliation. According to the evidence given by Colonel Hamilton at -the inquiry on November 25th, early in the morning of the 15th, before -he was half dressed, the Duke called at his house and hurried him into -his chariot "so soon that he finished the buttoning of his waistcoat -there. By the time they had got into Pall Mall the Duke observed that -the Colonel had left his sword behind him; whereupon he stopt his -chariot and gave the footman a bunch of keys and orders to fetch a -mourning sword out of such a closet. At the return of the footman they -drove on to Hyde Park, where the coachman stopt, and the Duke ordered -him to drive on to Kensington. When they came to the lodge they saw a -hackney-coach at a distance, on which his Grace said, 'There was some -body he must speak with'; but driving up to it and seeing nobody he -asked the coachman, 'Where the gentlemen were whom he had brought?' he -answered 'A little before.' The Duke and the Colonel got out in the -bottom and walked over the pond's head, where they saw the Lord Mohun -and General Maccartney before them. As soon as the Duke came within -hearing he said, 'He hop'd he was come time enough,' and Maccartney -answered, 'In very good time, my Lord.' After this they all jumped over -the ditch into the Nursery, and the Duke turned to Maccartney and -told him, 'Sir, you are the cause of this, let the event be what it -will.' Maccartney said, 'We'll have our share.' Then the Duke answered, -'There is my friend then, he will take his share in my dance.'" - -[Illustration: THE DUEL BETWEEN LORD MOHUN AND THE DUKE OF HAMILTON - -_From a contemporary mezzotint in the British Museum_] - -The Duke is said to have looked about him and remarked to his second, -"How grey and cold London looks this morning, and yet the sky is -almost cloudless." To which the Colonel replied, "It is through lack -of London smoke. London is nothing without its smoke." - -The combat then commenced between the principals, and at a little -distance from them between the seconds. - -The combat between the former was carried on with fury, and the clash of -steel called to the spot the keepers of the Park and a few stragglers -who were abroad there at this early hour--in all about nine or ten. None -of them interfered; they looked on as they might at a cock-fight. - -In a short time the Duke was wounded in both legs, and his sword pierced -his antagonist through the groin, through the arm, and in sundry other -parts of the body. If they had thought little enough before of attending -to self-defence, they now seemed to abandon the idea altogether. Each at -the same moment made a desperate lunge at the other; and the Duke's -weapon passed right through his adversary's body up to the hilt. The -latter, according to one account, shortening his sword, plunged it into -the upper part of the Duke's left breast, the blade running downwards -into his belly. But there is another version of the story. - -Meanwhile the seconds had been engaged, and Colonel Hamilton deposed: -"Maccartney had made a full pass at him, which he, parrying down with -great force, wounded himself in the instep; however, he took that -opportunity to close with and disarm Maccartney, which being done, he -turn'd his head, and seeing my Lord Mohun fall, and the Duke upon him, -he ran to the Duke's assistance; and that he might with the more ease -help him, he flung down both swords; and as he was raising my Lord Duke -up, he saw Maccartney make a push at his Grace"--this was explained to -be over his shoulder--and "he immediately look'd to see if he had -wounded him; but seeing no blood, he took up his sword, expecting -Maccartney would attack him again; but he walked off. Just as he was -gone came up the keepers and others, to the number of nine or ten, among -the rest Ferguson, my Lord Duke's steward, who had brought Bassiere's -man with him; who opening his Grace's breast, soon discovered a wound on -the left side, which came in between the left shoulder and pap, and went -slantingly down through the midriff into his belly. This wound is -thought impracticable for my Lord Mohun to give him." - -Maccartney now took to his heels and fled, and tarried not till he was -secure in Holland. - -Colonel Hamilton remained on the field, and surrendered himself to -arrest. - -An attempt was made to remove the Duke to the Cake House, but he -expired on the grass. Lord Mohun also died on the spot. - -In _The Examiner_, the Tory mouthpiece, the story is thus given: "The -affront was wholly given by Mohun, which the Duke, knowing him to be -drunk, did not resent. But the bravo Maccartney, who depended for his -support on the Lord Mohun, finding his pupil's reputation very much -blasted by those tame submissions, which his Lordship, mistaking his -man, had lately paid to Mr. D'Avenant, judg'd there was no way to set -him right in the coffee houses and the Kit-Cat but by a new quarrel, -and made choice of the Duke, a person of fifty-five, and very much -weaken'd by frequent attacks of gout. Maccartney was forc'd to keep up -his patron's courage with wine, till within a few hours of their -meeting in the field. And the mortal wound which the Duke receiv'd, -after his adversary was run thro' the heart, as it is probably -conjectured, could not be given by any but Maccartney. At least, -nothing can be charged on him which his character is not able to bear. -'Tis known enough, that he made an offer to the late King to murder a -certain person who was under his Majesty's displeasure; but that -Prince disdain'd the motion, and abhorred the proposer ever after. -However it be, the general opinion is that some very black -circumstances will appear in this tragedy, if a strict examination be -made; neither is it easy to account for three great wounds in the -Duke's legs, if he had fair play." - -The sum of £800 was offered by the Government for the apprehension of -Maccartney. - -Such would seem to be the facts, but the Colonel's statement, when -brought before the Council, was somewhat rambling. In the excitement -of the encounter he was not in a condition to judge accurately what -took place. Cunningham, a Whig, says that Hamilton, "being challenged -to a duel by the Lord Mohun, killed his antagonist; but was himself -also killed, as was supposed, by General Maccartney, Mohun's second." -Although the large sum mentioned was offered for the apprehension of -the General, he was safe in the Low Countries. However, some years -later he returned to England and was tried, but the jury gave a -verdict of "Manslaughter" against him. - -A prodigious ferment was occasioned by the duel, and party -recriminations ran high. The stabbing of the Duke to the heart rested -mainly on the allegation of Colonel Hamilton, but at the trial he -prevaricated, and several persons who had seen the combat at a -distance directly contradicted some material points of his testimony. - -Swift, in a letter to Mrs. Dingley on the day of the duel, says: "This -morning, at eight, my man brought me word that the Duke Hamilton had -fought with Lord Mohun and killed him, and was brought home wounded. I -immediately sent him to the Duke's house, in S. James's Square; but -the porter could hardly answer him for tears, and a great rabble was -about the house. In short, they fought at seven this morning. The dog -Mohun was killed on the spot; but while the Duke was over him, Mohun, -shortening his sword, stabbed him in at the shoulder to the heart. The -Duke was helped towards the Cake House by the Ring in Hyde Park (where -they fought), and died on the grass, before he could reach the house; -and was brought home in his coach by eight, while the poor Duchess was -asleep. I am told that a footman of Lord Mohun's stabbed Duke -Hamilton; and some say, Maccartney did so too. Mohun gave the affront, -and yet sent the challenge. I am infinitely concerned for the poor -Duke, who was a frank, honest, good-natured man. I loved him very -well; and I think he loved me better.... They have removed the poor -Duchess to a lodging in the neighbourhood, where I have been with her -two hours, and am just come away. I never saw so melancholy a scene, -for indeed all reasons of real grief belong to her; nor is it possible -for any one to be a greater loser in all regards. She has moved my -very soul. The lodging was inconvenient; and they would have removed -her to another; but I would not suffer it, because it had no room -backwards, and she must have been tortured with the noise of the Grub -Street screamers, singing her husband's murder in her ears." - -But in his _History of the Four Last Years of the Queen_, written in -1713, Swift says: "The Duke was preparing for his journey, when he was -challenged to a duel by the Lord Mohun, a person of infamous -character. He killed his adversary on the spot, though he himself -received a wound; and, weakened by the loss of blood, as he was -leaning in the arms of his second, was most barbarously stabbed in the -breast by Lieutenant-General Maccartney. He died a few minutes after -in the field, and the murderer made his escape." - -It is accordingly very doubtful whether the _coup de grâce_ was dealt -by Lord Mohun or by his second. With Lord Mohun, the barony of Mohun -of Okehampton became extinct; but the estate of Gawsworth, in -Cheshire, which he had inherited from Lord Macclesfield, was vested by -his will in his widow, and eventually passed to her second daughter by -her first husband, Anne Griffith, wife of the Right Honourable William -Stanhope, from whom it passed to the Earls of Harrington. - -Boconnoc and the Devon and Cornish estates were sold in 1717 for -£54,000 to Thomas Pitt, commonly called Governor Pitt. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[18] The earl died on November 5th, 1701. - -[19] _History of the Reign of Queen Anne_, Vol. XII, pp. 305-6 (1713). - - - - - THE LAST LORD CAMELFORD - - -Thomas Pitt was the son of a tradesman at Brentford, and he went to push -his fortunes in India as a merchant adventurer. There he obtained a -diamond, thought to be the finest known, and with it returned to -England, where he offered it for sale to Queen Anne, and ultimately sold -it to the Regent Duke of Orleans, for the French nation, for £135,000. - -The Regent and his two successors in the government of France set this -diamond as an ornament in their hats on occasions of state. It was -stolen during the disturbances of the Revolution, but was recovered, -and Napoleon had it placed between the teeth of a crocodile, forming -the handle of his sword. - -With about half the large sum obtained by the sale of the gem, Pitt -purchased the property of the last Lord Mohun in Cornwall, and settled -at Boconnoc. He also bought burgess tenures, giving the right of -franchise at Old Sarum, and represented that place in Parliament. He -had two sons, Robert and Thomas, and Robert succeeded his father at -Boconnoc. He married Harriet Villiers, third sister of John, Earl -Grandison, and died in May, 1727, leaving two sons, Thomas Pitt, and -William, who was afterwards created Earl of Chatham. Thomas Pitt, his -brother, was created Earl of Londonderry, in consequence of his -marrying the heiress of Ridgeway, in which family was the earldom. - -Thomas Pitt, the eldest son of Robert, engaged in political intrigue, -and supported the party of Frederick, Prince of Wales. He married -Christiana, sister of George, first Lord Lyttleton, by whom he had one -son, Thomas, who was created Baron Camelford in 1784, when his first -cousin William Pitt rose to be Prime Minister. Thomas Pitt was aged -twenty-five when he became Baron Camelford, and he died in January, -1793, leaving a son, Thomas Pitt, the second and last Lord Camelford, -and a daughter, married to William Wyndham, Lord Grenville. Thomas -Pitt, son of the first baron, became an object of attention in -Cornwall almost from his birth. - -On the event of his christening, in 1775, Boconnoc was thrown open to -the public, with general feasting and revelries and wrestling. A -silver bowl worth fifteen guineas was the prize of the best wrestler, -and about fifty pounds were distributed among the disappointed and -defeated competitors. - -The education of Thomas Pitt was conducted at Boconnoc under a private -tutor, but having paid a visit to Plymouth at a time when naval -preparations were in full activity, he acquired a desire to go to sea. -However, he was sent to Berne to learn French and German, and then to -the Charter House. As he still manifested a strong desire for the sea, -he was admitted to the Royal Navy as a midshipman, at the age of -fourteen; and he sailed in the _Guardian_ frigate, commanded by Captain -Riou, laden with stores for the colony of convicts at Botany Bay. The -vessel became a wreck, and the commander gave permission to such of the -crew as chose to avail themselves of it to take to the boats and leave -her. But Lord Camelford, together with about ninety, resolved on abiding -with the vessel, with the captain, patching her up and navigating her. - -After a perilous passage in the vessel to the Cape of Good Hope, Lord -Camelford, in September, 1790, arrived at Harwich in the _Prince of -Orange_ packet. - -Undaunted by the privations and hardships he had undergone, he -solicited an appointment on the voyage of discovery conducted by -Captain Vancouver. He accompanied that officer, in the ship -_Discovery_, during part of his circumnavigation, but proved so -troublesome, headstrong, and disobedient to orders as to put Captain -Vancouver under the necessity of placing him under arrest. - -He accordingly quitted the _Discovery_ in the Indian Seas, and entered -on board the _Resistance_, commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham, by whom -he was appointed lieutenant. - -During his absence at sea his father had died, and when he returned to -England it was to succeed to the title and family estates. In October, -1796, he sent a challenge to Captain Vancouver, who replied with -dignity that he had acted according to his duty, to check -insubordination and to preserve discipline. He was, however, perfectly -willing to submit his conduct to the judgment of any flag officer in -His Majesty's Navy, and if the latter considered that he had -overstepped the bounds of what was right, then he would be prepared to -give Lord Camelford the satisfaction he desired. But this proposal did -not at all meet Lord Camelford's views, and he wrote threatening the -captain with personal chastisement. Shortly after, encountering him in -Bond Street, he would have struck him had not his brother interfered. - -Having attained the rank of master and commander, Lord Camelford was -nominated to the command of the _Favourite_, a sloop. That vessel and -the _Perdrix_ were lying in harbour at Antigua on January 13th, 1790, -when Captain Fahil, of the _Perdrix_, was absent on shore, and had -left the charge of the ship to the first lieutenant, Mr. Peterson. - -Lord Camelford then issued an order which Mr. Peterson refused to -obey, conceiving that his lordship was exceeding his authority in -giving a command to the representative of a senior officer. - -The two ships were hauled alongside of each other in the dockyard to -be repaired, and the companies of each vessel collected round their -respective officers on the quay. High words ensued. Then twelve of the -crew of the _Perdrix_ arrived on the spot, armed. Mr. Peterson drew -them up in line, and placed himself at their head, with his sword -brandished in his hand. Lord Camelford at once called out his marines, -and, rushing off, borrowed a pistol from an officer of the dockyard, -and returning, in a threatening voice, asked Mr. Peterson if he still -refused obedience. "I do persist," replied the lieutenant. "You have -no right to issue the order." Thereupon Lord Camelford shot him -through the head, and he expired instantly. Lord Camelford at once -surrendered himself to Captain Watson, of the _Beaver_, sloop. In this -vessel Lord Camelford was conveyed to Fort Royal, Martinique, where a -court-martial assembled on board the _Invincible_. The court continued -to sit from the 20th to the 25th January, when they came to the -decision "that the very extraordinary and manifest disobedience of -Lieutenant Peterson to the lawful commands of Lord Camelford, the -senior officer at English Harbour at that time, and the violent -measures taken by Lieutenant Peterson to resist the same, by arming -the _Perdrix's_ ship's company, were acts of mutiny highly injurious -to his Majesty's service; the Court do therefore unanimously adjudge -that the said Lord Camelford be honourably acquitted, and he is -hereby unanimously and honourably acquitted accordingly." - -After this his lordship reassumed the command of his ship, but for a -short while only, for he threw up his appointment and quitted the -naval profession. His personal appearance while in the service was -marked with eccentricity. His dress consisted of a lieutenant's plain -coat, without shoulder knots, and the buttons green with verdigris. -His head was closely shaved, and he wore no wig over it, only an -enormous gold-laced cocked hat. - -Not long after his return to England, a crazy notion entered the head -of Lord Camelford, that he would go to Paris and assassinate some, if -not all, of the Directory. Accordingly, on the night of Friday, 18th -January, 1799, he proceeded by coach to Dover, where he arrived on the -following morning, and put up at the City of London Inn. After -breakfast he walked on the pier, and engaged a boat to convey him to -Deal. He came to terms with a boatman named Adams, and then confided -to him that he desired to be conveyed not to Deal but to Calais, where -he purposed disposing of some watches and other trinkets, and finally -bargained with him to be put across for twelve guineas. But his -lordship's conduct and manner of speech were so odd, that Adams deemed -it advisable to speak of the matter to Mr. Newport, the collector. -Newport advised that Adams and his brother should keep the -appointment, which was for six o'clock that evening, when he would be -there and investigate the affair. Accordingly, when Lord Camelford -entered the boat, he was arrested, and required to go with Newport to -the Secretary of State's office in London. They found on him, when -taken, a brace of pistols and a long, two-edged dagger. On Saturday, -the 18th January, at eleven at night, he was put in a post-chaise, -and escorted by Newport and the two Adamses to the Duke of Portland's -office, where he was recognized. A Privy Council was at once summoned, -and Mr. Pitt despatched a messenger to Lord Camelford's -brother-in-law, Lord Grenville, to come at once to town. His lordship -was examined along with Newport and the two Adamses, and the Council, -satisfied that he was crazy, discharged him. - -Not long after this, he brought notice upon himself in another sort of -matter. On the night of the 2nd April, 1799, during the representation -of the farce _The Devil to Pay_, at Drury Lane Theatre, a riot took -place in the box-lobby, occasioned by the entrance of some gentlemen -in a state of intoxication, who began to demolish the chandeliers, -when Lord Camelford, as one of the ringleaders, was taken into -custody, charged by a Mr. Humphries with having knocked him down -repeatedly and nearly beaten out one of his eyes. For this he was sued -at the Court of King's Bench, and was condemned to pay £500. - -In town Lord Camelford was incessantly embroiled with the watchmen, -and was either had up before the magistrates, or else obliged to bribe -the constables to let him off. He was a terror and a nuisance to quiet -citizens passing through the streets at night. - -In 1801, when the return of peace was celebrated by a general -illumination, no persuasions of his landlord, a grocer in New Bond -Street, could induce him to have lights placed in the windows of his -apartments. - -Consequently the mob assailed the house and smashed every pane of -glass in his windows. Whereupon his lordship sallied forth, armed with -a cudgel, and fell on the rabble, and was severely mauled by it, -rolled in the kennel, much beaten, and his clothes torn off his back. -As the illuminations were to be continued on succeeding nights, he -hired a party of sailors to defend his house. - -One evening he entered a coffee-house in Conduit Street in shabby -costume, and sat down to peruse the paper. Shortly after a buck of the -first water came up, threw himself into the box opposite, and shouted -to the waiter to bring him a pint of Madeira and a couple of wax -candles. Till these arrived he coolly took to himself Lord Camelford's -candle, set himself to read. - -Lord Camelford shouted to the waiter to fetch him a pair of snuffers, -and then walking into the fop's box extinguished his candle. - -Boiling with rage, the indignant beau roared out, "Waiter! waiter! who -the deuce is that fellow who has insulted me?" - -The waiter, coming up with the pint of Madeira and the desired -candles, replied, "Lord Camelford, sir." - -"Lord Camelford!" shouted the dandy, jumped up, threw down his money, -and bolted without having tasted his Madeira. - -For some time Lord Camelford had been acquainted with a Mrs. Simmons, -who had formerly lived under the protection of a Mr. Best, a friend of -his lordship. Some mutual acquaintance told him that Best had said -something slighting of him to this woman. This so exasperated Lord -Camelford that on March 6th, 1804, meeting Mr. Best in the Prince of -Wales's Coffee-house, he went up to him and said in threatening tones: -"I find, sir, that you have spoken of me in most unwarrantable terms." -Mr. Best replied that he was quite unconscious of having done so. Lord -Camelford, then speaking loud enough for every one present to hear, -declared that he knew well enough what Best had said to Mrs. Simmons, -and that he esteemed him, Best, to be "a scoundrel, a liar, and a -ruffian." - -Best could do no other than send him a challenge, but with it an -assurance that his lordship had been misinformed, as no such words had -ever passed his lips. He expected, accordingly, that Lord Camelford -would acknowledge his mistake, and then all would be as before. But -Lord Camelford would listen to no explanation, and a meeting was -appointed to take place the following morning. - -Lord Camelford went to his lodgings in Bond Street, and there wrote -his will, and added to it the following declaration: "There are many -other matters, which at another time I might be inclined to mention, -but I will say nothing more at present than that in the present -contest I am fully and entirely the aggressor, as well in the spirit -as in the letter of the word. Should I, therefore, lose my life in a -contest of my own seeking, I most solemnly forbid any of my friends or -relations, let them be of whatsoever description they may, from -instituting any vexatious proceedings against my antagonist; and -should, notwithstanding the above declaration on my part, the laws of -the land be put in force against him, I desire that this part of my -will may be made known to the King, in order that his royal heart may -be moved to extend his mercy towards him." - -From this it would appear that Lord Camelford was convinced that he -had made a mistake, and no longer believed that Best had used the -expressions attributed to him. At the same time he was too proud to -admit that he had been mistaken, and submit to make a public apology. - -His lordship quitted his lodgings between one and two on the morning -of Wednesday, the 7th March, and slept at a tavern, with a view to -avoid the officers of the police, should they get wind of the proposed -meeting and prevent it. - -Agreeably to the appointment made by the seconds, Lord Camelford and -Mr. Best met early in the morning at a coffee-house in Oxford Street, -and here again Mr. Best made an attempt at a reconciliation, and -renewed the assurance that he never had uttered the words reported to -have been said by him. "Camelford," said he, "we have been friends, -and I know the unsuspecting generosity of your nature. Upon my honour, -you have been imposed upon by a strumpet. Do not insist on prosecuting -a quarrel in which one of us must fall." - -To this Lord Camelford replied, "Best, this is child's play! the thing -must go on." - -Mr. Best was esteemed the best shot in England, and his lordship -dreaded, should he retract the offensive words used by himself at the -coffee-house, that malicious folk might say he did it out of fear. -Accordingly his lordship and Mr. Best, on horseback, took the road to -Kensington, followed by a post-chaise, in which were the two seconds. -On their arrival at the "Horse and Groom," about a quarter to eight, -the parties dismounted, and proceeded along the path leading to the -fields behind Holland House. The seconds measured the ground, and they -took their station at the distance of thirty paces. Lord Camelford -fired first, but missed his aim. A space of some seconds intervened, -and then Best fired; whereupon Lord Camelford fell. - -The seconds, together with Mr. Best, at once ran to his assistance, -when he is said to have grasped the hand of his antagonist, and to -have said, "Best, I am a dead man; you have killed me, but I freely -forgive you." - -The report of the pistols had attracted attention, and several persons -were seen running up, whereupon Best and his second got into the -post-chaise and drove off at a gallop. - -One of Lord Holland's gardeners now approached, and Lord Camelford's -second ran to summon a surgeon, Mr. Thompson, of Kensington, and bring -him to the spot. - -Meanwhile the gardener hallooed to his fellows to stop the -post-chaise; but the dying man interposed, saying "that he did not -wish them to be arrested; he was himself the aggressor, and he forgave -the gentleman as he trusted that God would forgive him." - -Meanwhile a sedan-chair was procured, and his lordship was conveyed to -Little Holland House, the residence of a Mr. Ottey, and a messenger -was despatched to the Rev. W. Cockburne, Lord Camelford's cousin, to -inform him as to what had taken place. That gentleman at once -communicated with the police, and then hurried to his noble relative. -By this time others had arrived, Mr. Knight, the domestic surgeon of -his lordship, and his most intimate friend, Captain Barrie. The wound -was examined, and was pronounced to be mortal. - -Lord Camelford continued in agonies of pain during the whole day, when -laudanum was administered, and he was able to obtain some sleep during -the night, so that in the morning he felt easier. - -During the second day his spirits revived, and he conversed with those -about his bed. The surgeons, however, could not give the smallest hope -of recovery. To the Rev. W. Cockburne, who remained with him till he -expired, his lordship expressed his confidence in the mercy of God; -and he said that he received much comfort from the reflection that he -felt no ill-will against any man. In the moments of his greatest pain -he cried out that he trusted the sufferings he endured might be -accepted as some expiation for the crimes of his life. - -He lingered, free from acute pain, from Thursday till Saturday -evening, about half-past eight, when mortification set in and he -breathed his last. - -On the evening of his decease an inquest was held on the body, and a -verdict of wilful murder returned against "some person or persons -unknown." - -Thereupon a bill of indictment was preferred against Mr. Best and his -second, but this was ignored by the grand jury. - -As Thomas, the second Baron Camelford, died without issue, Boconnoc -passed to his sister, Lady Grenville. - -A life of Lord Camelford, with portrait, was published in London -(Mace, New Russell Court, Strand), 1804. - -The Rev. W. Cockburne also wrote _An Authentic Account of the late -Unfortunate Death of Lord Camelford_, London (J. Hatchard), 1804. As -in this he animadverted on the negligence of the magistrates in not -preventing the duel, Mr. Cockburne was answered by one of them, Philip -New, in _A Letter to the Rev. Wm. Cockburne_, London (J. Ginger, -Piccadilly), 1804. - - - - - WILLIAM NOYE - - -Cornwall has no great cause to boast of William Noye as her son. He -was undoubtedly a shrewd, subtle, and learned lawyer; but he was -wholly without principle and consistency. - -He was the son of Edward Noye, of Carnanton, in Mawgan parish, and -grandson of William Noy, or Noye, of Pendrea, in Buryan. He was born at -this latter place, it is asserted, in 1577. In 1593 he entered Exeter -College, Oxford, and thence removed to Lincoln's Inn to study common -law. He represented Grampound in Parliament 1603-14, Fowey 1623-5, S. -Ives 1625-7, Helston 1627-31. In Parliament he proved himself an able -and determined opponent to the encroachment of the Royal prerogative. -Hals says: "In the beginning of the reyne of King Charles I he was -specially famous for beinge one of the boldest and stoutest champions of -the subjects' liberty in Parliament that the western parts of England -afforded; which beinge observed by the Court party, Kinge Charles was -advised by his Cabinet Councill that it wold be a prudent course to -divert the force and power of Noye's skill, logick, and rhetorique -another waye, by givinge him som Court preferment. Whereupon Kinge -Charles made him his Attorney-General, 1631, by which expedient he was -soon metamorphized from an asserter of the subjects' liberty and -property to a most zealous and violent promoter of the despotick and -arbitrary prerogative or monarchy of his Prince; soe that like the -image of Janus at Rome, he looked forward and backward, and by means -thereof greatly enriched himself.--Amongst other things, he is reflected -upon by our chronologers for beinge the principal contriver of the -ship-money tax, layd by Kinge Charles upon his subjects for settinge -forth a navye, or fleet of shipps at sea, without the consent of Lords -or Commons in Parliament, which moneys were raysed by writt of the -sheriffs of all countys and commissioners, and for a long tyme brought -into the exchequer twenty thousand pound per mensem, to the greate -distast of the Parliament, the layety, and clergye, who declard against -it as an unlawfull tax." - -Noye's appointment as Attorney-General was on October 27th, 1631. He was -not the only one who was a turncoat. Sir Thomas Wentworth, afterwards -created Earl of Strafford, Sir Dudley Digges, and Littleton also -apostatized. Wentworth, the most renowned of the set, after being one of -the sturdiest of the reformers and boldest declaimers in the House of -Commons--after suffering imprisonment for refusing to contribute to the -forced loan--this eminent person, a gentleman of Yorkshire, who boasted -his descent, by bastardy, from the royal line of the Plantagenets, out -of a very ignoble rivalry and an ambition for rank and title (even his -friends could discover no purer motives), sold himself body and soul to -the Court. Sir Dudley Digges, though a spirited debater and a man of -talent, had been known for some time to be without principle, and, upon -being offered the post of Master of the Rolls, he closed at once with -the bargain and turned round upon his former friends. - -Noye and Littleton were both distinguished lawyers. Noye's _Treatise -of the Principall Grounds and Maximes_ _of the Laws of this -Kingdom_ has gone through numerous editions down to 1870. His -_Compleat Lawyer_ has also been republished frequently. Noye as -Attorney-General, and Littleton as Solicitor-General, now used their -wits and their knowledge to explain and stretch the prerogative, and -they did this apparently without a blush at the recollection of their -previous conduct when they had combated for the rights of Parliament -and the liberties of the people. - -[Illustration: SIR WILLIAM NOYE, ATTORNEY GENERAL TO KING CHARLES THE -FIRST] - -Among Howell's _Familiar Letters_ is one to Sir Arthur Ingram at York. -"Our greatest news here now is, that we have a new Attorney-General, -which is news indeed, considering the humour of the man, how he hath -been always ready to entertain any cause whereby he might clash with -the Prerogative: but now Judg Richardson told him, his head full of -Proclamations and Decrees, how to bring money into the Exchequer. He -hath lately found out amongst the old records of the Tower some -precedents for raising a tax called Ship-Money in all the Port-Towns -when the kingdom is in danger. Whether we are in danger or no, at -present 'twere presumption in me to judg." - -That England needed a fleet to protect her could not be disputed. -Howell admits as much. "One with half an eye may see we cannot be -secure while such large fleets of men-of-war, both Spanish, French, -Dutch, and Dunkirkers, some of them laden with ammunition, men, arms, -and armies, do daily sail on our seas and confront the King's chambers -(guns), while we have only three or four ships abroad to guard our -coast and kingdom, and to preserve the fairest flower of the crown, -the dominion of the Narrow Sea, which I hear the French Cardinal -begins to question, and the Hollander lately would not vail to one of -His Majesties ships that brought over the Duke of Lenox and my Lord -Weston from Bullen (Boulogne); and indeed we are jeer'd abroad that we -send no more ships to guard our seas."[20] - -Dunkirk was peculiarly obnoxious, as it was a nest of pirates that fell -on our small trading vessels, and even Algerines came with impunity to -our coasts and carried off captives as slaves in Africa. The Dutch, -taking advantage of the domestic broils in England, had greatly advanced -their commerce, and were prepared to dispute with England the command of -the Channel. They excluded English vessels from the northern fisheries, -and went so far as to claim and to exercise the right of fishing along -the English coasts. The Navy of France, moreover, was also rapidly -augmented, under the fostering care of Richelieu. - -Hitherto the ports on the coast had contributed towards the defence of -the land and the protection of our shipping, but the inland towns had -been exempted. This was not reasonable, and Charles resolved on -imposing a general tax to provide England with a fleet. He had -recourse to Noye instead of placing the matter before Parliament. - -Noye, says Clarendon, "was wrought upon by degrees by the great -persons that steered the public affairs to be an instrument in all -their designs, turning his learning and industry to the discovery of -sources of revenue, and to the justifying them when found--thinking -that he could not give a clearer testimony that his knowledge of the -law was greater than all other men's, than by making that law which -all other men believed to be not so. So he moulded, framed, and -pursued the odious and crying project of soap, and with his own hand -drew and prepared the writ for ship-money, both which will be lasting -monuments of his fame." - -About the soap monopoly presently. - -The first writ was issued by the Lords of the Council "for the -assessing and levying of the ship-money against this next spring," on -the 20th October, 1634. It was signed by the King, and was addressed -to the mayor, commonalty and citizens of London, and to the sheriffs -and good men in the said city and in the liberties thereof. They were -commanded by the 1st March to provide one ship of war of 900 tons with -350 men at the least, one other ship of war of 800 tons and 260 men at -the least, four other ships of war of 500 tons with 200 men in each, -and another ship of war of 300 tons with 150 men. They were further -ordered to supply those ships with guns, powder, and all necessary -arms, with double tackling, provisions, and stores; as also to defray -at their charges the men's wages for twenty-six weeks. The Common -Council remonstrated, declaring that by their ancient liberties they -ought to be free from any such burden; but the Privy Council rejected -the remonstrance, and compelled submission. - -At the beginning of the following year, 1635, the writs, after having -been served along the sea-board, were sent to the inland counties, but -from them money was asked in lieu of ships at the rate of £3300 for -every ship, and the local magistrates were empowered to assess all the -inhabitants for a contribution. - -In spite of the resistance offered to the exaction of this tax in 1635 -and the following year a fleet was raised, the Dutch fishing vessels -were driven from the coast, and a number of English slaves were -rescued from Moorish pirates. - -Howell wrote to Mr. Philip Warwick in Paris:[21] "The greatest news we -have here is that we have a gallant Fleet Royal ready to set to sea for -the security of our Coasts and Commerce, and for the sovereignty of our -seas. Hans (the Hanseatic League) said the King of England was asleep -all the while, but now he is awake. Nor, do I hear, doth your French -Cardinal tamper any longer with our King's title and right to the -dominion of the Narrow Seas. These are brave fruits of the Ship-Money." - -The King was still in great straits for money, and he turned for help -to Noye. The Parliament had insisted on the suppression of monopolies, -but Charles revived them by Noye's advice; and for the sum of £10,000 -which they paid for their patent, and for a duty of £8 upon every ton -of soap they should make, he granted to a company a charter according -to it the exclusive privilege to make and to sell soap. The patent had -a proviso in it permitting every soap-boiler then exercising his trade -in England to become a member of the chartered company; and that -precious turncoat, Noye, who devised the project, considered that in -this way he had evaded the letter of the law, as the Act of Parliament -forbidding monopolies had been directed against individuals and -against some two or three monopolists favoured by the Court. These -incorporated soap-boilers, as part of their bargains, received powers -to appoint searchers; and they exercised a sort of inquisition over -the trade. Such dealers as resisted their interference, or tried to -make soap on their own account, were handed over to the tender mercies -of the Star Chamber. - -This precedent was followed by the creation of a similar company of -starch-makers. - -The King and Laud, who had been promised the primacy on the death of -Archbishop Abbot, were embarked together on an evil course. Laud -believed in the Divine Right of Kings, and he was a man totally devoid -of suavity of manner and of breadth of mind. He would compel all men to -think as he thought, and act as he chose. That wheat and tares should -grow together till the harvest was a doctrine of the Gospel he could not -comprehend, and his energies and power were directed towards the -forcible uprooting of the tares in the field of the Church, and the -tares were the heterodox Puritans. Between him and the King they would -allow no liberty to men either in their bodies and goods, or in their -souls and consciences. That there should be crabbed and crooked sticks -Laud would not allow; all must be clean and straight as willow wands. To -the civil despotism alone as exercised by Charles, the English people -might possibly have submitted for some time longer, for the ship-money -had produced the desired effect; but the scourge of Laud lashed them to -fury. And Noye was the scourge Laud employed in the Star Chamber. Hammon -Le Strange, in his _Life of King Charles I_, says that Noye became so -servilely addicted to the King's prerogative, by ferreting out old penal -statutes and devising new exactions, that he was the most pestilential -vexation of the subject that the age produced. - -When William Prynne, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, was brought (1634) -before the Star Chamber to answer for his book _Histrio-Mastix, or the -Players' Scourge_, it was Noye who filed information against him. -Prynne attacked all plays, masques, and dances. The offence charged -against him was this: "Although he knew that His Majesty's royal -Queen, the Lords of the Council, etc. were in festivals oftentimes -present spectators of some masques and dances, and many recreations -that were tolerable and in themselves sinless, and so declared to be -by a book printed in the time of His Majesty's royal father; yet Mr. -Prynne, in his book, hath railed not only against stage-plays, -comedies, dancings, and all other exercises of the people, and against -all such as frequent or behold them; but further, in particular, -against hunting, public festivals, Christmas-keeping, bond-fires, and -May-poles; nay, even against the dressing up of houses with green -ivy." He was further accused of directly casting aspersions upon the -Queen, and of stirring up the people to discontent against the King, -whom he had spoken of in "terms unfit for so sacred a person." - -The whole tenor of the book, according to Noye, was not less against -the Church of England than against these amusements, and their Sacred -Majesties for countenancing them. "The music in the Church," said the -Attorney-General, "the charitable terms he giveth it is, not to be a -noise of men, but rather a bleating of bruit beasts; choristers bellow -the tenor as it were oxen, bark a counter-point as a kennel of dogs, -roar out a treble like a sort of bulls, grunt out a bass as it were a -number of hogs ... also his general censure of all the bishops and of -all the clergy; they scorn to feed the poor--these silk and satin -divines. Very charitable terms upon those of the Church. Christmas, as -it is kept, is a devil's Christmas--nay, he doth bestow a great number -of pages to make men affect the name of Puritan, as though Christ were -a Puritan, and so he saith in his Index." - -The fact was Prynne was a narrow-minded, cantankerous fanatic, whose -only idea of religion was of an acrid nature, and who looked upon all -entertainments as wicked. He complained that forty thousand playbooks -had been sold in London, and that there was no keen demand for printed -sermons; that Ben Jonson's plays and poems had been published on -better paper than Bibles. - -Instead of treating Prynne, as a religious maniac, with good-humoured -contempt, he was sentenced by the Star Chamber to pay £10,000, be -branded on the forehead, have his nostril slit, and his ears cropped. -This infamous sentence was executed, and then Prynne was sent to the -Fleet, where he was to endure imprisonment till he retracted and -apologized. So far from apologizing, he sent from the Fleet to Laud a -stinging letter about the Star Chamber sentences, which letter Laud -showed to the King, and then, by the King's command, showed it to -Noye. Noye had Prynne forthwith brought to his chamber, exhibited the -letter, and asked him whether he acknowledged his handwriting. Prynne -replied that he could not tell unless he were allowed a close -inspection of it. The letter being then placed in his hands, and Mr. -Attorney Noye having retired to his closet for a pressing necessity, -Prynne, when his back was turned, tore it to shreds and threw the -scraps out of the window. Noye then brought Prynne again before the -Star Chamber, but Laud now interfered, and urged that the matter of -the insulting letter might not be pressed against him. - -In 1636, as soon as he could get hold of ink and paper, this -incorrigible pamphleteer published fresh attacks on the bishops, among -others _News from Ipswich_, under the name of Matthew White. He was -again dragged before the Star Chamber, and was fined £5000 and ordered -to lose the rest of his ears, to be branded on both cheeks with "S. -L." for "Seditious Libeller." Noye, however, had no part in this final -persecution; nor did he live to see the results to the King of the -course he had recommended and which had been pursued. - -His health began to fail, and he went to Tunbridge Wells to drink the -waters. They, however, did him no good, and he died on the 9th August, -1635, at the Wells, and was buried in New Brentford Church on the -ensuing 11th August. - -Howell, in a letter to Viscount Savage dated 1st October, 1635, wrote: -"The old steward of your Courts, Master Attorney-General Noy, is -lately dead, nor could Tunbridge Waters do him any good. Though he had -good matter in his brain, he had, it seems, ill materials in his body, -for his heart was shrivelled like a leather penny-purse when he was -dissected, nor were his lungs found. - -"Being such a Clerk in the Law, all the world wonders he left such an -odd will, which is short and in Latin. The substance of it is, that he -having bequeathed a few Legacies, and left his second son one hundred -marks a year, and nine hundred pounds in money, enough to bring him up -in his Father's Profession, he concludes: _Reliqua meorum omnia -primogenito meo Edwardo, dissipanda nec melius unquam (speravi) lego_: -I leave the rest of my goods to my firstborn Edward (mistake for -Humphry), to be consum'd or scattered (for I never hoped better). A -strange, and scarce a Christian Will, in my opinion, for it argues -uncharitableness. Nor doth the world wonder lesse, that he should -leave no Legacy to some of your Lordship's children, considering what -deep obligations he had to your Lordship; for I am confident he had -never bin Attorney-General else." - -Hals tells this story of Noye: "The Attorney-General on a day havinge -King Charles I and the principal officers and nobilitie of his court, -at a dinner at his house in London, at which tyme the arch poet Ben -Jonson, and others being at an inne, on the other side the street; -and wantinge both meate and money for their subsistance, at that -exigent resolved to trye an expedient, to gett his dinner from the -Attorney-General's table, in order to which, by the landlord of the -inne aforesaid, he sent a white timber plate or trencher to him, when -the King was sate downe to table, whereon was inscribed these words:-- - - When the world was drown'd - Nor deer was found, - Because there was noe park; - And here I sitt, - Without e're a bitt, - Cause Noah hath all in his Arke. - -Which plate beinge presented by the Attorney-Generall to the Kinge, -produced this effect; that Jonson had a good dish of venison sent him -back by the bearer to his great content and satisfaction, on which -aforesaid plate, by the King's direction, Jonson's rhymes were thus -inverted or contradicted:-- - - When the world was drown'd - There deer was found, - Although there was noe park; - I send thee a bitt, - To quicken thy witt, - Which com' from Noya's Ark. - -William Noye anagram, I Moyle in law. He was the blowcoal incendiary -or stirrer up of the occasion of the civill wars between Kinge Charles -and his Parliament, by assertinge and setting up the King's -prerogative to the highest pitch, as King James I had done before, -beyond the laws of the land as aforesaid. And as counsill for the -Kinge he prosecuted for Kinge Charles I the imprisoned members of the -House of Commons, 1628, viz. Sir John Ellyot, Mr. Coryton and others." - -Noye died in 1638. Hals adds: "He had the principal hand in the most -oppressive expedients for raising money for the King, and seems not to -have had the least notion of public spirit. He was, in a word, a man -of an enlarged head and a contracted heart." - -His portrait, formerly possessed by Davies Gilbert,[22] has been -engraved in Polwhele's _Biographical Sketches in Cornwall_. The eldest -son, Edward, was killed in a duel by Captain Byron in France in 1636, -and then Carnanton passed to his brother Humphrey, a colonel in King -Charles' army, and Commissioner of the Peace for the County of -Cornwall. He married Hester, daughter of Henry Sandys, and sister and -coheiress of George Lord Sandys of the Vine. He was as worthless a -fellow as his elder brother Edward, and William Noye, the father, -foresaw the ruin of the family estates to whichever of his sons they -fell; for, in default of male issue, they were to go to Humphrey Noye, -not Edward as Howell states. Humphrey by his bad conduct, riot and -excess, lost all the estate left him by his father except Carnanton, -and for many years lived on the charity of his friends and on -dishonest tricks; for being a magistrate and generally chairman at the -sessions, he took bribes to pervert judgment; acquitting felons, etc., -till at last he was detected and struck out of the Commission. Hals -says: "After which growinge scandalous for these and other -misdemeanours, he was slighted by his former friends, and put to great -hardships to get a subsistance necessary for the life of man (his -creditors beinge upon mortgages in possession of his whole estate). -However, it happened some time before his death, that upon puttinge -his hand and seale with his creditors for conveying the manor of Amell -and Trylly in Penwith to his son-in-lawe, Mr. Davies, on marrying -with his daughter Katherine, he had by them pay'd him in cash £100 in -consideration thereof. Soon after the receipt of which money he -sicken'd and dyed at Thomas Wills' house in S. Colomb Towne, and left -£80 in cash, about the yeare 1683; which was more money than he was -possest of at one tyme for about twenty yeares before; and the last -words that he was heard to speake, as his soule passed out of this -life, was: 'Lord, where am I goinge now?'" - -Humphrey Noye had two sons, but both predeceased him and died without -issue. His daughter Hester married Henry Davies, of Buryan, and had by -him a son, William, who left issue two daughters only. - -Catherine, the second daughter, married in 1679 William Davies, of -Bosworgy, who by her left issue John Davies of Ednovean, whose -daughter Catherine married the Rev. Edward Giddy, whose son Davies -Giddy assumed the name and arms of Gilbert. - -The third daughter, Bridgeman, married John Willyams, of Roxworthy, -but died childless. After her death Willyams married Dorothy, daughter -of Peter Daye, gent., and by her had issue, and the family of Willyams -to this day possesses Carnanton. - -The arms of Noye are _azure_, three crosses crosslets, in bend, -_argent_. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[20] _Familiar Letters_, ed. 1678, p. 233. - -[21] _Familiar Letters_, p. 239. It is wrongly dated, June, 1634, in -place of 1636. The dates to the letters were in many cases arbitrarily -assigned by the publisher. - -[22] Now by Carew Davies Gilbert, Esq., of Trelisseck. - - - - - WILLIAM LEMON - - -William Lemon was the son of a William Lemon, of Germoe, in humble -circumstances; he was baptized at Breage, 15th November, 1696; his -mother's maiden name was Rodda. As a lad he obtained a smattering of -knowledge at a village school, sufficient to enable him to enter an -office as clerk to a Mr. Coster. The story was told of him that as a -boy he had formed one link of a living chain, which, connected only by -the grasp of their hands, extended itself into a tremendous surf, and -rescued several persons who had been shipwrecked. - -Whilst still young he became manager of a tin-smelting house at -Chiandower, near Penzance, and speedily acquired a great knowledge of -mining in Cornwall. In 1724 he married Isabella Vibert, of -Tolver-in-Gulval, and with her received a sufficient fortune[23] to -enable him to indulge in speculations in mines, and these turned out -so happily that he embarked still further in mining ventures. He was -the first who conceived the project of working the mines upon a grand -scale, and not of running them by small bands of adventurers. A new -era in mining opened with the introduction of the steam-pump, and the -first, invented by Newcomen, of Dartmouth, was used in the Great Work -at Breage. William Lemon associated with himself George Blewett, of -Marazion, and a Mr. Dewin, and these three commenced working a mine on -a farm called Truvel, in Ludgvan, the property of Lord Godolphin, and -named Wheal Fortune, where the second steam-engine was employed. - -[Illustration: _Engraved by J M Meys_ - -_To Sir William Lemon Bart. M.P. for Cornwalle_ - -_This Plate of his_ Grand-Father - -William Lemon Esq^r. - -is inscribed by R. POLWHELE] - -Mr. Lemon is said to have realized £10,000 out of Wheal Fortune, and -this enabled him to extend his operations. He removed to Truro, and -commenced working the great Gwennap Mines on a scale unprecedented in -Cornwall. Carnan Adit was either actually commenced, or at least was -effectively prosecuted, by Mr. Lemon; and as his means increased he -soon became the principal merchant and tin-smelter in Cornwall. - -But he was keenly alive to his deficient education. He was shrewd, -could calculate, but had no knowledge of English literature, and his -spelling was remarkable. However, he set vigorously to work to correct -his defects, and late in life placed himself under the tuition of Mr. -Conon, master of the Truro Grammar School, and even acquired a -certain--not, certainly, very extensive--knowledge of Latin. - -Mr. Lemon had a favourite tame Cornish chough that would always obey -his call. If he were walking on Truro Green, or through the streets, -the chough would fly to him instantly at his whistle, though it had -been associating with other birds or perched on a house-top. - -It so happened that John Thomas, afterwards the Warden of the -Stannaries, but then a boy at Conon's school, taking his gun, contrary -to the rules of the school, and going out shooting, unluckily killed the -chough. This produced a great outcry, and when he was told that this was -Mr. Lemon's favourite bird, he strongly suspected that the least -punishment he would receive would be a flogging from his schoolmaster -and a hiding as well from Mr. Lemon. But Thomas took courage, went to -Mr. Lemon's house, knocked at the door, was admitted to Mr. Lemon, and -trembling and in tears confessed what he had done. Mr. Lemon paused a -moment, and then said that he was sorry for the poor bird, but freely -forgave the little delinquent on account of his candour in acknowledging -his fault, and more than that, he promised to keep it a secret, and if -it should reach Conon's ears, would intercede for him. - -In 1742 he was Sheriff for the county. He became one of the Truro -magistrates, and might, had he cared for it, have been elected as a -member for one or other of the Cornish boroughs. - -He was author of a lucid argument written to Sir Robert Walpole to -obtain the withdrawal of a tax levied on coals, and which acted -prejudicially on the Cornish mines. The presentation of this memorial -is thought to have been instrumental in obtaining for him, from -Frederick, Prince of Wales, a grant of all minerals found in Cornwall, -with the exception of tin; and the Prince likewise sent him a present -of silver plate. - -He bought Carclew in 1749, and died at Truro, 25th March, 1760, in the -sixty-third year of his life. - -He and his wife had one son only, William Lemon, junior, who died some -years before his father, leaving two sons and a daughter. The elder, -Sir William Lemon, Bart.,[24] represented the county of Cornwall in -Parliament during fifty years. - -As an instance of the respect paid to the genius, and above all the -wealth of Mr. Lemon, the people of Truro are said to have drawn back -from their doors and windows as he passed through the street, and the -Rev. Samuel Walker, when exhorting children at catechizing to be -circumspect in the presence of Almighty God, said: "Only think, dear -children, how careful you would be if Mr. Lemon were looking upon you." - -Sir William's eldest son, Major William Lemon, shot himself at Princes -Street, Hanover Square, London, early in 1799, when a young man of -only twenty-five. - -The baronetcy is now extinct, and Carclew is the residence and -property of Captain W. Tremayne. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[23] It came to her by bequest of her godmother, Mrs. Elizabeth Noles, -who had acquired a fortune by business at Chiandower. - -[24] Created Baronet 3rd May, 1774. - - - - - SAMUEL DREW - - -The life of Samuel Drew was written by his eldest son, and published -by Longman, Rees, and Co. in 1834. It is a volume of 534 pages, and -probably few would be disposed to wade through it. Of his early days -by far the brighter account is that furnished by himself to Mr. R. -Polwhele; but the son supplies some anecdotes that may be quoted. - -"I was born on the 3rd March, 1765, in an obscure cottage in the -parish of S. Austell, about a mile and a half distant from the town. -My father was a common labourer, and had through mere dint of manual -labour to provide for himself, a wife, and four children, of whom I -was the second. One child died in infancy, and at the age of nine -years[25] I had the misfortune to lose my mother." Rather more than a -year before the death of Mrs. Drew, Samuel was set to work at a -neighbouring stamping-mill as a _buddle-boy_, and for his services his -father received three-halfpence a day, but this was raised later to -twopence, the largest sum Samuel realized in that employment, though -he continued to work at it for more than two years. - -[Illustration: SAMUEL DREW] - -Not long after the death of his wife, Samuel's father took a woman named -Bate into the house, to act as housekeeper; and in the second year of -his widowhood he married her, to the disgust of his children. When -she was entertaining her friends and gossips at tea after the wedding, -Samuel discharged a syringeful of water over the party. This was more -than she could put up with, and Samuel had to be sent away and -apprenticed to a shoemaker named Baker, in the parish of S. Blazey. - -He says himself: "My father, being exceedingly poor, felt much -embarrassment in finding a premium to give to my master, with whom, at -the age of ten years and a half, I was bound an apprentice for nine -years, which length of time, together with five pounds five shillings, -was considered by my master as a suitable bargain. It was at this tender -age that I bid adieu to my father's habitation, and as a place of -residence have never entered it since. The little knowledge of writing -which I had acquired from my father was almost entirely lost during my -apprenticeship; I had, however, an opportunity at intervals of perusing -Goadby's _Weekly Entertainer_, and used to puzzle my little head about -riddles and enigmas, and felt much pleasure in perusing the anecdotes -which were occasionally interspersed through the pages." - -Whilst at the shoemaker's a curious incident occurred: "There were -several of us, boys and men, out about twelve o'clock on a bright -moonlight night. I think we were poaching. The party were in a field -adjoining the road leading from my master's to S. Austell, and I was -stationed outside the hedge to watch and give the alarm if any -intruder should appear. While thus occupied I heard what appeared to -be the sound of a horse approaching from the town, and I gave a -signal. My companions paused and came to the hedge where I was, to see -the passenger. They looked through the bushes, and I drew myself close -to the hedge, that I might not be observed. The sound increased, and -the supposed horseman seemed drawing near. The clatter of the hoofs -became more and more distinct. We all looked to see who and what it -was, and I was seized with a strange, indefinable feeling of dread; -when, instead of a horse, there appeared coming towards us, at an easy -pace, but with the same sound which first caught my ear, a creature -about the height of a large dog. It went close by me, and as it -passed, it turned upon me and my companions huge fiery eyes that -struck terror to all our hearts. The road where I stood branched off -in two directions, in one of which there was a gate across. Towards -the gate it moved, and, without any apparent obstruction, went on at -its regular trot, which we heard several minutes after it had -disappeared. Whatever it was, it put an end to our occupation, and we -made the best of our way home. - -"I have often endeavoured in later years, but without success, to -account, on natural principles, for what I then heard and saw. As to the -facts, I am sure there was no deception. It was a night of unusual -brightness, occasioned by a cloudless full moon. The creature was unlike -any animal I had then seen, but from my present recollections it had -much the appearance of a bear, with a dark shaggy coat. Had it not been -for the unearthly lustre of its eyes, and its passing through the gate -as it did, there would be no reason to suppose it anything more than an -animal perhaps escaped from some menagerie. That it did pass through the -gate without pause or hesitation I am perfectly clear. Indeed, we all -saw it, and saw that the gate was shut, from which we were not distant -more than twenty or thirty yards. The bars were too close to admit the -passage of an animal of half its apparent bulk; yet this creature went -through without effort or variation of its pace." - -He was roughly and cruelly treated by his master, who would beat him -with the last, and at one time for a while maimed him. At length he -felt that he could endure the bondage no more, and with sixteen-pence -ha'penny in his pocket he ran away with the intention of going to -Plymouth and seeking a berth on board a man-of-war. - -At this time Sam's father was in somewhat better circumstances. He was -chiefly employed in what was called _riding Sherborne_. There was at -that time scarcely a bookseller in Cornwall; and the only newspaper -known among the common people was the _Sherborne Mercury_, published -weekly by Goadby and Co., who also issued the _Weekly Entertainer_. -The papers were not sent by post, but by private messengers, who were -termed _Sherborne men_. Drew, senior, was one of these. Between -Plymouth and Penzance were two stages on the main road, each about -forty miles; and there were branch riders, in different directions, -who held regular communication with each other and with the -establishment at Sherborne. Their business was to deliver the -newspapers, _Entertainers_, and any books that had been ordered, to -collect the money, and to take fresh orders. Mr. Drew's stage was from -S. Austell to Plymouth. He always set off on his journey early on -Monday morning and returned on Wednesday. - -When Samuel Drew had made up his mind to run away, he did not choose -the direct road for fear of encountering his father, but took that by -Liskeard. - -"I went on through the night, and feeling fatigued, went into a -hay-field and slept. My luggage was no encumbrance; as the whole of my -property, besides the clothes I wore, was contained in a small -handkerchief. Not knowing how long I should have to depend on my -slender stock of cash, I found it necessary to use the most rigid -economy. Having to pass over either a ferry or toll-bridge, for which -I had to pay a halfpenny, feeling my present situation, and knowing -nothing of my future prospects, this small call upon my funds -distressed me, I wept as I went on my way. The exertion of walking and -the fresh morning air gave me a keener appetite than I thought it -prudent to indulge. I, however, bought a penny loaf, and with a -halfpenny-worth of milk in a farmer's house ate half of my loaf for -breakfast. In passing through Liskeard my attention was attracted by a -shoemaker's shop, in the door of which a respectable-looking man, whom -I supposed to be the master, was standing. Without any intention of -seeking employment in this place, I asked him if he could give me -work; and he, taking compassion, I suppose, on my sorry appearance, -promised to employ me the next morning. Before I could go to work -tools were necessary; and I was obliged to lay out a shilling on -these. Dinner, under such circumstances, was out of the question; for -supper I bought another halfpenny-worth of milk, ate the remainder of -my loaf, and for a lodging again had recourse to the fields. The next -morning I purchased another penny loaf and renewed my labour. My -employer soon found that I was a miserable tool, yet he treated me -kindly. I had now but one penny left, and this I wished to husband -till my labour brought a supply; so for dinner I tied my apron-strings -tighter and went on with my work. My abstinence subjected me to the -jeers of my shopmates. One of them said to another, 'Where does our -shopmate dine?' and the response was, 'Oh! he always dines at the sign -of the Mouth.' Half of the penny loaf which I took with me in the -morning I had allotted for my supper; but before night came I had -pinched it nearly all away in mouthfuls through mere hunger. Very -reluctantly I laid out my last penny, and with no enviable feelings -sought my former lodging in the open air." - -But on the following day Samuel's father, having learned where he was, -came to remove him and take him back to S. Austell. Compensation was -made to Baker, his indenture was cancelled, and he remained at Polpea, -where Mr. Drew now had a little farm, for about four months. - -Drew, the father, not only was occupied as a Sherborne rider, but he was -also a contractor for carrying the mail between S. Austell and Bodmin, -and he chiefly employed his eldest son, Jabez, in carrying the mails. - -"At one time in the depth of winter I was borrowed to supply my -brother's place, and I had to travel in the darkness of night through -frost and snow a dreary journey, out and home, of more than twenty -miles. Being overpowered with fatigue, I fell asleep on the horse's -neck, and when I awoke discovered that I had lost my hat. The wind was -keen and piercing, and I was bitterly cold. I stopped the horse and -endeavoured to find out where I was; but it was so dark that I could -scarcely distinguish the hedges on each side of the road, and I had no -means of ascertaining how long I had been asleep or how far I had -travelled. I then dismounted and looked around for my hat; but seeing -nothing of it, I turned back, leading the horse, determined to find it -if possible; for the loss of a hat was to me of serious consequence. -Shivering with cold, I pursued my solitary way, scrutinizing the road -at every step, until I had walked about two miles, and was on the -point of giving up the search, when I came to a receiving house, where -I ought to have delivered a packet of letters, but had passed it when -asleep. To this place the post usually came about one o'clock in the -morning, and it was customary to leave a window unfastened, except by -a large stone outside, that the family might not be disturbed at so -unseasonable an hour. I immediately put the letter-bag through the -window, and having replaced the stone, was turning round to my horse, -when I perceived my hat lying close to my feet. I suppose that the -horse, knowing the place, must have stopped at the window for me to -deliver my charge; but having waited until his patience was exhausted, -had pursued his way to the next place. My hat must have been shaken -off by his impatient movements." - -The remarkable thing about this incident is that the horse was quite -blind, yet it could go its accustomed road, and stop at accustomed -places, without seeing. By all the family this sagacious animal was -much prized, but Samuel's father felt for it a special regard; and the -attachment between the master and his faithful servant was, to all -appearance, mutual. Many years before, the poor beast, in a wretched -condition from starvation and ill-usage, had been turned out on a -common to die. The owner willingly sold it for little more than the -value of the hide; and his new possessor, having by care and kindness -restored it to health and strength, soon found that he had made a most -advantageous bargain. For more than twenty years he and his blind -companion travelled the road together. After the horse was past labour -it was kept in the orchard and tended with almost parental care. -Latterly it became unable to bite the grass, and the old man regularly -fed it with bread sopped in milk. In the morning it would put its head -over the orchard railing, towards its master's bedroom, and give its -accustomed neigh, whereupon old Mr. Drew would jump out of bed, open -the window, and call to the horse, "My poor old fellow, I will be -with thee soon." And when the animal died, he would not allow the skin -or shoes to be taken off, but had the carcase buried entire. - -Samuel tells another story of instinct in brute beasts:-- - -"Our dairy was under a room which was used occasionally as a barn and -apple-chamber, into which the fowls sometimes found their way, and, in -scratching among the chaff, scattered the dust on the pans of milk -below, to the great annoyance of my mother-in-law. In this a favourite -cock of hers was the chief transgressor. One day in harvest she went -into the dairy, followed by her little dog, and finding dust again -thrown on the milk-pans, she exclaimed, 'I wish that cock were dead!' -Not long after, she being with us in the harvest field, we observed -the little dog dragging along the cock, just killed, which with an air -of triumph he laid at my mother-in-law's feet. She was dreadfully -exasperated at the literal fulfilment of her hastily uttered wish, -and, snatching a stick from the hedge, attempted to give the luckless -dog a beating. The dog, seeing the reception he was likely to meet -with, where he expected marks of approbation, left the bird and ran -off, she brandishing her stick and saying in a loud, angry tone, 'I'll -pay thee for this by and by.' In the evening she was about to put her -threat into execution, when she found the little dog established in a -corner of the room and a large one standing before it. Endeavouring to -fulfil her intention by first driving off the large dog, he gave her -plainly to understand that he was not at all disposed to relinquish -his post. She then sought to get at the small dog behind the other, -but the threatening gesture and fiercer growl of the large one -sufficiently indicated that the attempt would be not a little -perilous. The result was that she was obliged to abandon her design. -In killing the cock I can scarcely think the dog understood the -precise import of my stepmother's wish, as his immediate execution of -it would seem to imply. The cock was a more recent favourite, and had -received some attentions which had been previously bestowed upon -himself. This, I think, had led him to entertain a feeling of -hostility to the bird, which he did not presume to indulge until my -mother's tone and manner indicated that the cock was no longer under -her protection. In the power of communicating with each other which -these dogs evidently possessed, and which, in some instances, has been -displayed by this species of animal, a faculty seems to be developed -of which we know very little. On the whole, I never remember to have -met with a case in which, to human appearance, there was a nearer -approach to moral perception than in that of my father's two dogs." - -Samuel Drew remained with his father's family from midsummer, 1782, -till the autumn of the same year, and then took a situation in a -shoemaker's shop at Millbrook, on the Cornish side of the estuary of -the Tamar. After having been there for a year he moved to Cawsand and -then to Crafthole, where he got mixed up in smuggling ventures. - -Port Wrinkle, which Crafthole adjoins, lies about the middle of the -extensive bay reaching from Looe Island to the Rame Head. It is little -more than a fissure among the rocks which guard the long line of -coast; and being exposed to the uncontrolled violence of the -prevailing winds, affords a very precarious shelter. - -Notice was given through Crafthole one evening, about the month of -December, 1784, that a vessel laden with contraband goods was on the -coast, and would be ready to discharge her cargo. At nightfall Samuel -Drew, with the rest of the male population, made towards the port. One -party remained on the rocks to make signals and dispose of the goods -when landed; the other, of which he was one, manned the boats. The -night was intensely dark; and but little progress had been made in -discharging the vessel's cargo when the wind freshened, with a heavy -sea. To prevent the ship being driven on to the rocks it was found -expedient to stand off from the port; but this greatly increased the -risk to those in the boats. Unfavourable as these circumstances were, -all seemed resolved to persevere; and several trips were made between -the vessel and the shore. The wind continuing to increase, one of the -men in the boat with Drew had his hat blown off, and in leaning over -the gunwale in his attempt to secure it, upset the boat, and three of -the men were drowned. Samuel and two others clung to the keel for a -time, but finding that they were drifting out to sea, they were -constrained to let go and sustain themselves by swimming. But the -night was pitch dark, and immersed in the waters they knew not in -which direction to swim. Samuel had given himself up as lost, when he -laid hold of a tangled mass of floating seaweed, and was able to -sustain himself on that. At length he approached some rocks near the -shore, upon which he and two other men, the only survivors of seven, -managed to crawl; but they were so benumbed with cold and so much -exhausted by their exertions that the utmost they could do was to -cling to the rocks and let the sea wash over them. When a little -recovered, they shouted for help, but the other boatmen were concerned -in transporting their lading of kegs on shore, and not till the vessel -had discharged all her cargo did they make any attempt to rescue the -half-drowned men. Eventually they removed them to a farmhouse, where a -blazing fire was kindled on the hearth and fresh faggots piled on it, -while the half-drowned men, who were placed in a recess of the -chimney, unable to relieve themselves, were compelled to endure the -excessive heat which their companions thought was necessary to restore -animation. The result was that they were half roasted. Samuel Drew -says: "My first sensation was that of extreme cold. It was a long time -before I felt the fire, though its effects are still visible on my -legs, which are burnt in several places. The wounds continued open -more than two years, and the marks I shall carry to my grave." - -The death of his elder brother Jabez produced a profound impression on -Samuel, and he became a Methodist. - -"For the space of about four or five years I travelled through different -parts of Cornwall, working whenever I could obtain employment; and -during this period, waded through scenes of domestic distress, which can -be interesting only to myself. _Literature_ was a term to which I could -annex no idea. _Grammar_ I knew not the meaning of. An opportunity, -however, now offering one an advance in wages at S. Austell, I embraced -it, and came hither to work with rather an eccentric character. My -master was by trade a saddler, had acquired some knowledge of -book-binding, and hired me to carry on the shoe-making for him. My -master was one of those men who will live anywhere, but get rich -nowhere. His shop was frequented by persons of a more respectable class -than those with whom I had previously associated; and various topics -became alternately the subjects of conversation. I listened with all -that attention which my labour and good manners would permit me, and -obtained among them some little knowledge. About this time disputes ran -high in S. Austell between the Calvinists and Arminians, and our shop -afforded a considerable scene of action. In cases of uncertain issue, I -was sometimes appealed to to decide upon a doubtful point. This, -perhaps, flattering my vanity, became a new stimulus to action. I -listened with attention, examined dictionaries, picked up many words, -and, from an attachment which I felt to books that were occasionally -brought to his shop to bind, I began to have some view of the various -theories with which they abounded. The more, however, I read, the more I -felt my own ignorance; and the more I felt my own ignorance, the more -invincible became my energy to surmount it; and every leisure moment was -now employed in reading one thing or other.... After having worked with -this master about three years, I well recollect, a neighbouring -gentleman brought _Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding_ to be -bound. I had never seen or heard of these books before. I took an -occasion to look into them, when I thought his mode of reasoning very -pretty and his arguments exceedingly strong. I watched all opportunities -of reading for myself, and would willingly have laboured a fortnight to -have had the books. They, however, were soon carried away, and with them -all my future improvement by their means. I never saw his essay again -for many years, yet the early impression was not forgotten, and it is -from this accidental circumstance that I received my first bias for -abstruse subjects. - -"My master growing inattentive to his shoe-making trade, many of my -friends advised me to commence business for myself, and offered me -money for that purpose. I accepted the offer, started accordingly, -and by mere dint of application, in about one year discharged my debts -and stood alone. My leisure hours I now employed in reading, or -scribbling anything which happened to pass my mind." - -Thus he went on till 1798, when he laid the foundation of an _Essay on -the Immortality of the Soul_. Whilst engaged upon this he had T. -Paine's _Age of Reason_ put into his hands. He read it, but saw the -fallacy of many of his arguments, and he wrote his remarks on the -book, and published them in pamphlet form at S. Austell in 1799. - -Through this tract he obtained acquaintance with the Rev. John -Whitaker, to whom he showed his MS. on _The Immortality of the Soul_, -and was encouraged to revise, continue, and complete the essay, and it -was published in November, 1802. - -"During these literary pursuits I regularly and constantly attended on -my business, and do not recollect that ever one customer has been -disappointed by me through these means. While attending to my trade, I -sometimes catch the fibres of an argument, which I endeavour to note -the prominent features of, and keep a pen and ink by me for the -purpose. In this state, what I can collect through the day remains on -any paper which I have at hand till the business of the day is -dispatched and my shop shut up, when, in the midst of my family, I -endeavour to analyze, in the evening, such thoughts as had crossed my -mind during the day." - -At one time the bent of Drew's mind was towards astronomy, but when he -considered how impossible it was for him, without means, to purchase a -powerful telescope, to make any progress in the study of the stars, he -abandoned the thought and devoted himself to metaphysics--perhaps one -of the most unprofitable of all studies. His works were, however, -read by some when they issued from the press, and are now no longer -even looked into. - -A friend one day remarked to him, "Mr. Drew, more than once I have -heard you quote the line-- - - 'Where ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise.' - -How do you make that out?" - -"I will tell you by my own experience," replied Drew. "When I began -business I was a great politician. For the first year I had too much -to think about to indulge my propensity for politics; but, getting a -little ahead in the world, I began to dip into these matters again, -and entered into newspaper argument as if my livelihood depended on -it; my shop was filled with loungers, who came to canvass public -measures. This encroached on my time, and I found it necessary -sometimes to work till midnight to make up for the hours I lost. One -night, after my shutters were closed, and I was busily employed, some -little urchin who was passing put his mouth to the keyhole of the -door, and with a shrill pipe called out, 'Shoemaker! Shoemaker! Work -by night and run about by day!' Had a pistol been fired off at my ear -I could not have been more confounded. From that time I turned over a -new leaf. I ceased to venture on the restless sea of politics, or -trouble myself about matters which did not concern me. The bliss of -ignorance on political topics I often experienced in after life--the -folly of being wise my early history shows." - -His sister kept house for him. One market-day a country-woman entered -his shop, and having completed her purchases, remarked that she -thought he would be more comfortable if he had a wife. Drew assented, -but said, "I don't know any one who would have me." "Oh! that's easily -settled," said the woman, and left. Next market-day she returned, -bringing her buxom, apple-cheeked daughter with her. "There, Mr. -Drew," said she; "I brought this maid, who will make 'ee a good wife." - -Samuel demurred; he neither knew the family nor the qualities and -character of the wench. - -"Lor' bless 'ee!" said the woman, when he made these objections, "take -her. The trial of the pudding is in the eating." - -He declined the proposal, however; but this incident turned his mind -to matrimony, and on April 17th, 1791, when in his twenty-seventh -year, he married Honor Halls, and by her had five sons and three -daughters. His wife's immediate fortune was £10, a sum of great -importance at that time to him. Three years after it was increased by -a legacy of £50. - -Having made a certain amount of success with his _Essay on the -Immortality of the Soul_, Drew next undertook one on _The Identity and -Resurrection of the Human Body_, and this was published in 1809. - -Into a controversy he was engaged in with Mr. Polwhele in 1800 on -Methodism we need not enter, but it made no breach of friendly feeling -between Mr. Polwhele and him, and it was at the request of the former -that Drew wrote the little account of his life that appeared in -Polwhele's _Literary Characters_, 1803. - -Having experienced his own great difficulties in acquiring the -principles of the English grammar, in 1804 he gave a course of -lectures on that subject. These lectures, which occupied about two -hours, were delivered on four evenings of the week, two being allotted -to each sex separately. A year completed the course of instruction, -and for this each pupil paid thirty shillings. He was able to -illustrate his lectures very happily with anecdote and from his own -experience, so as to render the barren study of grammar interesting -and entertaining. Though never able to write first-class English, and -often clumsy in diction, yet he was studiously correct in grammar, if -often awkward in construction of a sentence. - -In the year 1805 he gave up his cobbling business and devoted himself -entirely to his pen. Seeing his value as a polemic writer in favour of -the fundamental doctrines of Christianity, several of the clergy of -Cornwall were anxious that he should join the Church; but his early -association with Dissent, and his ignorance of Catholic doctrine, -induced him to remain where he was in the Methodist Connection. - -He next wrote an _Essay on the Being and Attributes of the Deity_, and -a reply to Thomas Prout, _On the Divinity of Christ and the Eternal -Sonship_. All this was very well in its way at the time, but is now so -much waste paper, used only for covering jampots. - -In 1814 Samuel Drew undertook his most voluminous work, the _History -of Cornwall_, one which he was wholly unqualified to undertake, as he -had no familiarity with the MS. material on which that history should -be based; and it was a mere compilation from already printed matter. - -In 1819 Samuel Drew removed to Liverpool, where he acted as local -preacher in the Methodist meeting-houses. To this period belongs the -epigram written on him by Dr. Clarke:-- - - Long was the man, and long was his hair, - And long was the coat which this long man did wear. - -He became editor of the _Imperial Magazine_, and after a short while -in Liverpool, migrated to London. - -In 1828 he lost his wife. "When my wife died," he was wont to say, "my -earthly sun set for ever." - -In 1833 he returned to Cornwall, and died at Helston on March 29th, at -the age of sixty-eight. - -Slender in form, with a head remarkably small for the length of his -limbs, his stature exceeded the common height. He had a searching and -intelligent eye, was somewhat uncouth in his movements, but was full -of energy of mind and body. He sometimes wrote verses, which only a -very partial biographer would call poetry. But what he prided himself -on being was not a poet, but a metaphysician. - -The story goes that S. Augustine was walking one day by the seashore, -musing on the attributes of God and on the demonstration of the Divine -nature, when he saw a child digging a hole in the sand, and then with -a fan-shell ladling the sea-water into the hole it had made. - -S. Augustine paused and asked, "My child, what are you about?" - -"I am going to empty the sea into this hole," replied the child. - -Then S. Augustine entered into himself and thought: "Can a man with -the limited capacity of his brain embrace the infinity of the Divine -nature and perfections? Is it not like emptying the sea into a tiny -hole to try to effect this?" - -Drew's life labours were just doing this. There was a certain amount -of intellectual ingenuity in his arguments, but that was all. Not a -leaf that he wrote is of any permanent value, but that it was of value -at the time when he wrote I should be the last to deny. - -There is abundant material for a life of Samuel Drew. Not only may it -be found in the life by his son mentioned at the head of this article, -and in his own biographical memoir given by R. Polwhele, but his son -J. H. Drew also published a second memoir, under the title _Samuel -Drew, M. A., the Self-Taught Cornishman; A Life Lesson_, published in -1861; also in _Lives of the Illustrious_, by J. P. Edwards, 1852; and -Mr. Smiles has devoted some pages to him in _Self-Help_, 1866. The -portrait of Samuel Drew is given as frontispiece to the first volume -of _The Imperial Magazine_, 1819, and also to the _Life_ by his son. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[25] Samuel Drew says at the age of five, but this was a slip of his -pen or a mistake of the printer; his mother died in 1774. - - - - - THE SIEGE OF SKEWIS - - -Skewis is a small, not very interesting farmhouse in itself, on the -high road from Camborne to Helston, near the station of Nancegollan. -Although at a distance of five miles from Tregonning Hill, that height -crowned by a stone camp, and with two camps on its slopes, seems to -dominate it. The country around is bleak and treeless except in dips, -and where are the grounds of Clowance. To the north is the camp of -Tregeare, where was once seated an ancient family of the same name, -which died out in the reign of William of Orange with Richard -Tregeare, sheriff of Cornwall. Skewis had been for some time the -patrimony of a succession of yeoman proprietors of the name of Rogers. - -In 1734 there were two brothers of that name sons of the owner of -Skewis. On their father's death the eldest succeeded to the property, -and the younger, Henry, carried on the trade of pewterer in Helston. -Both were married, but the elder had no children, whereas Henry had -several. - -On the death of the elder brother, his widow, whose maiden name had -been Millett, produced a will whereby her late husband had bequeathed -all his freehold property to her. This greatly exasperated Henry, who -considered that as Skewis had belonged to the Rogers family for many -generations, he was entitled to it, and he averred that the will had -been wrung from his dying brother by the importunity of the wife when -he was feeble in mind as well as body. Forthwith, in place of -disputing the will when proved, he took forcible possession of the -house, and turned out of it some female servants left in charge of it -whilst his sister-in-law was from home. - -[Illustration: HENRY ROGERS: PEWTERER] - -The whole neighbourhood was satisfied that great wrong had been done -to Henry Rogers, and was loud in its condemnation of the widow. - -When Mrs. Rogers found herself forcibly dispossessed she appealed to -the law, and judgment was given against Henry. - -Stephen Tillie was under-sheriff, and he received orders to eject -Rogers, and place Anne, the widow, in possession. On June 18th, 1734, he -accordingly went to Skewis to serve the summons. But Henry stood at an -upper window armed with a gun, and dared the under-sheriff to approach. -Tillie shouted to him that he had the King's writ and must have -possession, but assured him that he would not meddle with his person. - -By this time a crowd of some two or three hundred persons had -assembled, all sympathizers with Henry Rogers, and murmuring their -disapproval of the ejectment. - -Henry, from his window, called out that the Lord Chancellor had made -an unjust decree. - -Tillie replied that Henry Rogers might appeal against the decision, -but surrender the house he must. - -Rogers, in reply, fired, and, as the under-sheriff stated, "burned his -wig and singed his face." - -This so frightened Tillie that he withdrew, and sent to Helston for -some soldiers; and Captain Sadler, then in charge of the military -there, despatched some to his aid. - -So reinforced, on the morrow Tillie went again to Skewis, and found -the door shut, and a hole cut in it, with a gun-barrel protruding. - -Again the under-sheriff demanded admittance, and for reply the gun was -fired, and a bailiff named William Carpenter was mortally wounded. -Another gun was then discharged, and Hatch, the under-sheriff's servant, -was struck. Anne Rogers, the plaintiff, was in the rear animating the -soldiers against the occupants of the house. Mrs. Henry Rogers was -within, loading and serving out the guns to her husband and to his -servant John Street. A soldier was shot in the groin, and two other men -were wounded. Thereupon the soldiers fired upon the house, and though -the bullets flew in at the window, none of those within were hurt. - -Woolsten, the soldier shot in the groin, was taken to the rear, where he -died. A bullet whizzed through Stephen Tillie's hat. Discretion is the -better part of valour. Accordingly the under-sheriff gave orders to beat -a retreat, and like the King of France's men who marched up a hill and -then marched down again, Tillie and his posse of bailiffs and military -retired from the battlefield, carrying their dead and wounded, without -having effected an entry. In a kindly spirit Rogers offered Tillie a -dram, but the under-sheriff's courage was too much quailed to allow him -to draw near enough to accept the hospitable offer. - -Indeed, it took Mr. Tillie nine months to gather up sufficient courage -to resume the attack, and then not till he had ordered up cannon from -Pendennis Castle. On the former occasion there had been at least ten -soldiers under the command of an officer. Within the house were only -Henry Rogers, his wife, his small children, and his servant-man. - -On March 16th, in the year following, another party was sent to -apprehend Rogers and take possession of the house. On this occasion, -apparently Mr. Stephen Tillie did not put in his appearance, but left -the duty to be discharged by the constables. Henry Rogers was prepared -for them, and fired, when one named Andrew Willis, alias Tubby, was -shot dead. Rogers then, with the utmost coolness, came out of the door -and walked round the man he had shot, and again on this occasion -offered the besiegers a drink. The besiegers then retired, but not -till a second man had been shot. - -During the night Henry Rogers effected his escape. He travelled on foot -to Salisbury, with the intention of making his case known to the King. - -Sir John S. Aubyn, of Clowance, now took an active part in -endeavouring to secure the fugitive, and handbills descriptive of -Rogers were circulated along the road to London, whither it was known -he was making his way. Near Salisbury a postboy, driving homewards a -return post-chaise, was accosted by a stout man walking with a gun in -his hand, who requested to be given a lift. The boy drove him to the -inn, where he procured a bed; but the circumstances and description -had excited strong suspicion, and he was secured in his sleep. The -prisoner was removed to Cornwall. He and his man Street were tried at -the assizes at Launceston on August 1st, 1735, were both found guilty -of murder, and were both hanged. - -It is not possible to withhold sympathy from both men, especially -Street, who acted on the belief that it was his duty to be true to his -master, and to defend him and his property to the utmost. - -Mr. Davies Gilbert gives the minutes of an interesting conversation he -had with the son of Henry Rogers who was hanged. - -"On the 30th October, 1812, I called on Mr. Henry Rogers, formerly a -saddler at Penzance, but then residing there in great poverty, being -supported by a small allowance from a club, and by half a crown a week -given him by the Corporation, nominally for yielding up the possession -of a house, but in truth to prevent his becoming a common pauper. - -"Mr. Henry Rogers was then eighty-four years of age and remembered the -unfortunate transactions at Skewis perfectly well; he was between -seven and eight years old at the time. He recollected going out with -his father into the court after there had been some firing. His father -had a gun in his hand, and inquired what they wanted. On this his -father was fired at, and had a snuff-box and powder-horn broken in his -pocket by a ball, whilst he stood on the other side. - -"He recollected that whilst he was in bed, several balls came in -through the windows of the room, and after striking the wall rolled -about on the floor. - -"One brother and a sister, who were in the house, went out to inquire -what was wanted of their father, and they were not permitted to return. - -"On the last night, no one remained in the house but his father, -himself, and the servant-maid. In the middle of the night they all -went out, and got some distance from the house. In crossing a field, -however, they were met by two soldiers, who inquired their business. -The maid answered that they were looking for a cow, when they were -permitted to proceed. The soldiers had their arms, and his father had -his gun. The maid and himself were left at a farmhouse in the -neighbourhood, and Mr. Rogers proceeded on his way towards London." - -The authorities for the story of the siege of Skewis are: Richard -Hooker's _Weekly Miscellany_, 9 August, 1735; George Harris's _Life of -Lord Chancellor Hardwick_, I, pp. 295-303; Caulfield's _Portraits of -Remarkable Persons_, 1813; and Davies Gilbert's _Parochial History of -Cornwall_. - - - - - THE VOYAGE OF JOHN SANDS - - -Lanarth, in the parish of S. Keverne, in the Lizard district, was for -many generations the residence of the family of Sands. The family was -not represented at the Heralds' Visitation of 1620, and did not record -its arms and pedigree, but was nevertheless regarded in the eighteenth -century as "gentle," and was united to other families of respectability. - -Sampson Sands, who died in 1696, was married to Jane, daughter of John -Coode, of Breage, but he died without issue and left his estate to his -brother's son, John Sands, married to a daughter of Hamley, of S. Neot. - -This John Sands, one afternoon in January, 1702-3, and seven other -persons, men and women, of S. Keverne, were returning from Falmouth in -a fishing boat of about five tons burden, without deck or covering, -after having done their marketing at a fair there. - -When they had got to sea, about a league from the mouth of the Fal and -about two leagues off S. Keverne, suddenly there rose a storm of wind -from the west, and the sea rising and rolling in great crested waves -round the terrible points of the Manacles, the rowers were unable to -make headway against it. If they could not reach Porthoustock, for which -they were bound, they hoped at least to run into Porthallow. But even -this they were unable to effect. The fury of the blast and the great -masses of water heaved against the little boat made progress impossible, -and they resolved on running back into Falmouth harbour. Accordingly the -vessel was turned, but the raging wind and sea and the tide setting out -from the land swept them from the coast. Moreover, the short winter day -was closing in. The sun went down behind a wild and inky bank of cloud, -and speedily night set in dark and terrible. The unfortunate boatload of -marketers could do no more than invoke God's protection, and bail out -the water as fast as it poured over the gunwale. The oars were shipped, -and the boatmen declared that there was nothing to be done but to let -loose the helm and allow the boat to drive. - -The night was cold as well as tempestuous. On the blast of the wind -came down torrents of rain. The men and women alike laboured hard to -cast out of the boat the water that poured in. For sixteen hours -darkness lasted. How may each have said with Gonzalo: "Now would I -give a thousand furlongs of sea for an acre of barren ground, long -heath, brown furze, anything. I would fain die a dry death." At length -there rose a raw light in the south-east, against which the billows -stood up black as ink. As the light grew, those in the boat found -themselves encircled with sea, out of sight of land, and with the -clouds scudding overhead, as if running a race. The storm continued -all that day and the night following. Not only so, but also the third -day and night the battle with the influx of water continued. There was -no sleep for any; all had to fight the water for their lives. Happily -they were not starving, for Mr. Sands had taken over to Falmouth in -the boat a woman, the taverner's wife of the "Three Tuns," who had -brought with her from Falmouth a shilling's worth of bread and three -or four gallons of brandy. On this they subsisted. - -On the fourth day in the morning, the gale abated, and at ten o'clock -land was descried. Forthwith the rowers bent to their oars and steered -towards it. When the whole party landed they discovered that they had -been wafted over to the coast of Normandy; and they found themselves -on French soil at the time that Queen Anne was engaged in war with -Louis XIV. Marlborough had been in the Netherlands, and had reduced -Venloo, Ruremonde, and the citadel of Liége. At sea Rooke had captured -six vessels and sunk thirteen at Vigo, and Admiral Benbow had done -wonders against a French fleet in the West Indies. The French were -sore and irritated. So soon as Mr. Sands and his little party stepped -on shore they were encountered by several men armed, who demanded who -they were. They replied that they were English. One of the party -stopping them understood our language, and inquired the occasion of -these visitors landing on the enemy's shores, and by what expedient -they had come over. They replied, and gave an account of their -perilous voyage of three nights and four days. - -Upon this a gentleman of the company asked Mr. Sands from what part of -England he came, and when he replied that they were all from Cornwall, -the same gentleman inquired further whether the leader of the party -was named Sands; to this he replied, in some surprise, that he was. - -"Then, monsieur," said the Frenchman, "I know you, and I can well -remember your kindness and hospitality when I was wrecked off the -Lizard some years ago. Then you received me into your house, and -entertained me most generously." - -This was an unexpected and welcome encounter. The gentleman then -required the party to surrender what arms and money they had with -them, and Mr. Sands handed over forty guineas that he had received at -Falmouth for pilchards just before he was driven out to sea in the -boat. He and his companions were required to yield themselves -prisoners of war; and Mr. Sands was received into the gentleman's -home. All next day were brought before a magistrate and examined, and -orders were given that they should not be kept in custody as prisoners -of war, but should be permitted to go about at liberty, and beg alms -of the people. And the kind-hearted Normandy peasants and gentlemen -showed them great favour, and supplied all their pressing wants. - -The news of the event not only flew over the country, but reached the -ears of the King, who thereupon ordered that the whole party should be -sent back to England by the first transport ship for prisoners of war; -which happened soon after. - -Mr. Sands took leave of his kind host in whose house he had been -hospitably entertained, and begged him to accept the forty guineas as -some acknowledgment of his kindness. This, however, the gentleman -refused to do, saying that he would take nothing at his hands, since God -in such a wonderful manner had preserved him and his companions from the -perils of the deep. Then Mr. Sands pressed five guineas on the wife of -his host, begging her with that sum to purchase something which might -remind her of him and his party; and this she reluctantly received. - -So they parted, and all went on board a transport ship and were safely -landed at Portsmouth; and in eight weeks after their departure from -England returned to S. Keverne, to the great joy and surprise of -their friends and relations, who had concluded that all of them had -been drowned. - -The Rev. Sampson Sandys was grandson of the gentleman who was carried -over to France, as described. He lived at Lanarth to a great age. His -daughter Eleanor married Admiral James Kempthorne, R.N. He was -succeeded at Lanarth by his nephew, William Sandys, a colonel in the -army of the East India Company, who rebuilt the house. It must be -added that the original name of the family was not Sandys but Sands, -and that it assumed the former name as more euphonious and as -supposing a connection which, however, has not been proved to exist, -with Lord Sandys of The Vine, and Ombersley, Worcestershire, and the -Cumberland family of Graythwaite. At the same time, it assumed the -arms of the same distinguished family, _or_, a fesse dancetté between -three crosses crosslet fichée _gules_. - - - - - CHARLES INCLEDON - - -This, one of the sweetest tenor singers England has produced, was born -at S. Keverne in Cornwall, in 1764, and was the son of a petty local -surgeon and apothecary practising there. - -At the age of seven he was introduced by Mr. Snow, one of the minor -canons of Exeter Cathedral, to the organist, then named Langdon, and he -afterwards became the pupil of William Jackson the composer, who was for -many years organist of the cathedral. Jackson took great notice of the -boy, and made him sing his own compositions at concerts in the city. On -one occasion, when the assizes were on at Exeter, Judge Nares attended -in state at the morning service in the cathedral, when Incledon sang the -solo "Let my soul love," in the anthem, "Let my complaint come before -Thee, O Lord," with such effect and beauty that the tears rolled down -the judge's cheeks, and at the conclusion of Divine service he sent for -the boy and presented him with five guineas. - -Incledon was wont, on summer evenings, to seat himself on a rail in -the cathedral close and sing, to the delight of an audience that -always collected as soon as his bird-like voice was heard. On one such -occasion he was singing the song "When I was a shepherd's maid," from -_The Padlock_, when a gentleman in regimentals stepped forward and -asked his name. Next day this officer, the Hon. Mr. Trevor, called on -Jackson and asked permission to take the lad with him to Torquay, -where he was going to visit Commodore Walsingham of the _Thunderer_, -and he desired to give his friend and all on board ship the pleasure -of hearing Incledon sing. Permission was accorded, and the boy was on -board the vessel for three days, and sang several nautical and other -songs, beginning with "Blow high, blow low." The Commodore was so -delighted that he wrote to Incledon's parents and asked that the lad -might be placed under him in the vessel; but the mother declined, and -well was it that she did, for the _Thunderer_ went down in a storm in -the West Indies, and all hands on board were lost. - -The kind reception accorded to Charles Incledon on board induced him -to harbour the resolution to become a sailor, and accompanied by a -fellow chorister, and carrying a bundle of linen, he ran away, hoping -to reach Plymouth; but he was overtaken and brought back, and as a -punishment was not allowed to wear his surplice in choir for a week. - -But when his voice broke, then he was allowed to follow his bent, and he -embarked on board the _Formidable_ under Captain Stanton, and remained -in her two years, till, disabled by a wound, he was left at Plymouth, -and on his recovery was placed in a vessel commanded by Lord Harvey, -afterwards Earl of Bristol. With this nobleman he sailed to Sta. Lucia, -where the whole fleet was at anchor. Whilst there, Lord Harvey gave a -dinner on board to his fellow commanders and other officers. At the same -time the sailors before the mast enjoyed themselves with grog and songs. -When Incledon sang, the lieutenant on deck ran to the cabin where the -officers were regaling themselves, and told them that they had a -nightingale on board, and would do well to hear it sing. Lord Harvey at -once proceeded to the quarter-deck, heard Incledon sing the fine old -traditional ballad, "'Twas Thursday in the Morn," and was so impressed -that he bade him at once change his apparel and come to the state cabin. -He did so and sang there "The Fight of the Monmouth and Foudroyant," -"Rule Britannia," and some of Jackson's favourite canzonets. The -officers applauded enthusiastically, and jocularly appointed him Singer -to the British Fleet. He was released from the performance of manual -duty, and sent for to assist at every entertainment that succeeded. He -rose high in the favour of Admiral Pigot, the Commander-in-Chief, and -made numerous friends and patrons. - -[Illustration: - - Singleton pinx. J. Thomson Sculp. - - M^r. Incledon, as Macheath - - But now again, my spirits sink, - I'll raise them high with wine. [Drinks] - Beggars Opera Act 3 Scene 3 - - Engraved for the Theatrical Inquisitor - - London Published Nov^r. 1^{st}. 1816, by C. Chapple Pall Mall. -] - -In 1782 Incledon was in the engagement between the English fleet under -Admiral Sir George Bridges, afterwards Lord Rodney, and the French -fleet commanded by the Count de Grasse, when the former gained a -complete victory. - -At the expiration of the war Incledon was discharged at Chatham and -proceeded to London, with strong recommendations from Lord Mulgrave -and others to Mr. Colman of the Haymarket Theatre. Colman received him -coldly, and gave him no hopes of an engagement. Then he went to -Southampton, where he obtained an engagement at ten shillings and -sixpence a week. But soon after, owing to some dispute, he left the -company and went to Salisbury with a travelling company, and fell into -great poverty and misery. However, he succeeded in obtaining an -engagement at Bath with Mr. Palmer, the well-known theatrical manager, -and the man who introduced mail-coaches into England. Here he received -thirty shillings a week. He attracted the attention of Ranzzini, the -arbiter of the musical entertainments at Bath; and this able man gave -him valuable instruction in scientific singing. One evening, hearing -Incledon sing Handel's "Total Eclipse," the Italian was so delighted -that, catching hold of his hand, he left the piano, and leading him to -the front of the platform exclaimed, "Ladies an jentleman, dis is my -scholar!" - -Thomas Harris, hearing him at Bath, proposed that he should sing and -act at Covent Garden Theatre, and engaged him for three years at six, -seven, and eight pounds a week. Hardly was this agreement made, when -Linley, of Drury Lane, offered him twelve pounds a week, and to retain -him for five years. But, although only a verbal agreement had been -entered into with Harris, Incledon, to his honour, rejected the offer -of Linley. It was unfortunate in more ways than one, as he would have -profited by Linley's exquisite taste and instruction, as well as have -earned nearly double what Harris offered. Moreover, he was very badly -treated at Covent Garden, and often not given parts in which he could -do himself justice. In 1809 came a rupture, and the managers dismissed -him, and Incledon quitted London on a provincial tour. After two years -he was re-engaged by Harris, at a salary of seventeen pounds a week, -for a term of five years; but he stipulated that he should be given -such rôles as suited him. This engagement was not fulfilled, and a -fresh quarrel ensued that led to a final rupture at the end of three -years, and he quitted Covent Garden for ever, refusing even to sing in -the Oratorios performed there during Lent. - -He had made his first appearance at Covent Garden in October, 1790, as -Dermont in _The Poor Soldier_, by Shield. His vocal endowments were -certainly great; he had a voice of uncommon power and sweetness, both -in the natural and falsetto. The former was from A to G, a compass of -about fourteen notes; the latter he could use from D to E or even F, -or about ten notes. His natural voice was full and open, and of such -ductility, that when he sang _pianissimo_ it retained its original -quality. His falsetto was rich, sweet, and brilliant, and totally -unlike the other. He could use it with facility, and execute in it -ornaments of a certain class with volubility and sweetness. His shake -was good, and his intonation much more correct than is common to -singers so imperfectly educated. But he never quite got over his -West-country pronunciation. His strong point was the ballad, and that -not the modern sentimental composition, but of the robust old school. -When Ranzzini first heard him at Bath, rolling his voice upwards like -a surge of the sea, till, touching the top note, it expired in -sweetness, he exclaimed in rapture, "_Corpo di Dio!_ it was ver' lucky -dere vas some roof above or you would be heard by de angels in Heaven, -and make dem jealous." - -Incledon himself used to tell a story of the effect he produced upon -Mrs. Siddons: "She paid me one of the finest compliments I ever -received. I sang 'The Storm' after dinner; she cried and sobbed like a -child. Taking both my hands, she said: 'All that I and my brother ever -did is nothing to the effect you produce.'" - -"I remember," says William Robson, in _The Old Playgoer_, "when the -élite of taste and science and literature were assembled to pay the -well-deserved compliment of a dinner to John Kemble, and to present -him with a handsome piece of plate on his retirement, Incledon sang, -when requested, his best song, 'The Storm.' The effect was sublime, -the silence holy, the feeling intense; and while Talma was recovering -from his astonishment, Kemble placed his hand on the arm of the great -French actor, and said in an agitated, emphatic, and proud tone, -'_That_ is an English singer.'" Marsden adds that Talma jumped up from -his seat and embraced him. - -Incledon sang with great feeling, and in "The Storm" he was able to -throw his whole heart into the ballad, for not only had he encountered -many a storm at sea, but he had been shipwrecked on a passage from -Liverpool to Dublin, on the bar. Some of those on board were lost, but -he saved himself and his wife by drawing her up to the round-top and -lashing her and himself to it. From this perilous position, after a -duration of several hours, they were rescued by some fishermen who saw -the wreck from the shore. - -Incledon belonged in town to "The Glee Club," composed of Shield, -Bannister, Dignum, himself, and one or two others. It met on Sunday -evenings during the season at the Garrick Coffee House, in Bow Street, -once a fortnight. At one of these little gatherings Incledon was -amusingly hoaxed. Though an admirable singer, he was a shockingly bad -actor. When he came in one of the party informed him that an intended -musical performance for a charitable purpose, in which he, Incledon, -was to sing, had been abandoned, on account of the Bishop of London -objecting to an actor performing in church. Incledon, who was an -extremely irritable man, broke out in a violent strain, conceiving the -word _actor_ to have been employed as a term of reproach, and -addressing himself to Bannister, said with great vehemence, "There, -Charles, do you hear that?" "Why," said Bannister, "if I were you, I'd -make his lordship _prove his words_." - -Incledon one day was at Tattersall's, when Suett, the actor, also -happened to be there, and asked him whether he had come to buy a -horse. "Yes," said Charles, "I have. I must ride, it is good for my -health. But why are you here, Dickey? Do you think that you know the -difference between a horse and an ass?" - -"Oh, yes," replied the comedian. "If you were among a thousand horses, -I would know you immediately." - -There was a public-house in Bow Street called "The Brown Bear," which -was famous for a compound liquor, a mixture of beer, eggs, sugar, and -brandy. Incledon and Jack Johnstone were partial to this, and -frequently indulged themselves with it during the evening at the -theatre, and, as a jest, occasionally obtained it in the following -manner. When there happened to be several ladies of the theatre in the -green-room, they took that opportunity to represent to them the hard -case of the widow of a provincial actor, left with her children in -great distress, and to solicit from them a few shillings to enable -them to purchase some _flannel_ during that inclement season. Having -obtained contributions, they despatched the dresser to "The Brown -Bear" for a quart of egg-hot, and had the modesty not to drink it all -themselves, but to present a glass to each of the females who had -subscribed, requesting them to drink to the health of the widow and -the flannel. When Incledon and Johnstone had practised this trick -several times, Quick, the comedian of the same theatre, bribed the -dresser to infuse into the mixture a dose of ipecacuanha, and that -brought the joke to an end. But the mixture thenceforth, without the -last ingredient, was popularly called Flannel. - -Incledon was a notoriously vain man. Vanity was his besetting sin. "In -pronouncing his own name," says Mr. Matthews, "he believed he -described all that was admirable in human nature. It would happen, -however, that this perpetual veneration of self laid him open to many -effects which, to any man less securely locked and bolted in his own -conceit, would have opened the door to his understanding. But he had -no room there for other than what it naturally contained; and the bump -of content was all-sufficient to fill the otherwise aching void. -Incledon called himself the 'English Ballad Singer' _per se_; a -distinction he would not have exchanged for the highest in the realm -of talent. Among many self-deceptions arising out of his one great -foible, he was impressed with the belief that he was a reading man." - -One day Matthews found him in his house deep in study. Incledon looked -up at his visitor, and said, "My dear Matthews, I'm improving my mind. -I'm reading a book that should be in the hands of every father and -husband." - -"What is it, Charles?" asked Matthews, and leaning over him saw that -it was a volume of the _Newgate Calendar_! - -It had become a habit, during a fagging run of a new opera at Covent -Garden Theatre one season, for certain performers to club a batch or so -of Madeira, of which they took a glass to their dressing-rooms. Incledon -was continually finding fault with the quality, and praising up his own -private stock of the same wine. At the close of the season, his brother -actors had become weary of Incledon's grumbling over the Madeira, which -they knew to be excellent. One night a fellow-actor, seeing a large key -lying upon Incledon's dressing-table, labelled "_Cellar_," and Incledon -happening at the time to be engaged on the stage till the end of the -opera, despatched the dresser to Brompton Crescent with the key, with a -request to Mrs. Incledon from her husband that she would send one dozen -of his best Madeira by the bearer. Mrs. Incledon, wholly unsuspicious -of any trick, did so. When Incledon left the stage, the confederates -told him that they had got fresh and very first-rate Madeira now, as he -had disliked what had been provided before. Incledon took a glass, made -a wry face, took another, and said, "Beastly stuff! Never in my life -tasted such cheap, vile stuff." - -"Sorry, Incledon, you do not appreciate _your own_ Madeira." - -Incledon drank pretty heavily, but did not get drunk. Here is a bill -for a slight evening collation at the Orange Coffee House, for him and -two friends: - - £ _s._ _d._ - Mr. Shield, Welsh Rabbit 0 1 0 - " 2 glasses of Brandy and water 0 2 0 - Mr. Parke, Welsh Rabbit 0 1 0 - " 2 glasses of Brandy and water 0 2 0 - Mr. Incledon, Welsh Rabbit 0 1 0 - " 2 bottles of Madeira 1 4 0 - -Parke, in his _Musical Memoirs_, relates an instance of Incledon's -selfishness. He says of him that he was a singular compound of -contrarieties, amongst which frugality and extravagance were -conspicuous. "Mr. Shield the composer, Incledon, and I, lived for many -years a good deal together. On one occasion Shield and myself dined -with Incledon at his house in Brompton in the month of February. When -I had arrived there, Incledon said to me, 'Bill, do you like ducks?' -Conceiving, from the snow lying on the ground, that he meant wild -ones, I replied, 'Yes, I like a good wild duck very well.' 'D---- wild -ducks!' said he: 'I mean tame ducks, my boy'; adding, 'I bought a -couple in town for which I gave eighteen shillings.' Soon afterwards a -letter arrived, announcing that Mr. Raymond, the stage-manager of -Drury Lane Theatre, who was to have been of the party, could not come; -in consequence of which, I presume, only one duck was placed on the -dinner table, with some roast beef, etc. When Mrs. Incledon (who, as -well as her husband, was fond of good living) had carved the duck, -like a good wife she helped her husband to the breast part and to one -of the wings, taking at the same time the other wing to herself, -reserving for Shield and me the two legs and the back. Shield, who -looked a little awkward at this specimen of selfishness and -ill-manners, at first refused the limb offered to him, and I had -declined taking the other: there appeared to be but a poor prospect of -the legs walking off, till Shield relented and took one, and Incledon -the other, so that they were speedily out of sight. The back, however, -remained behind, and afforded a titbit for the servants." - -On another occasion he was giving a dinner party, and a dish was -brought to table heaped up, apparently, with fresh herrings. All the -company, except Incledon and his wife, partook of these fish; some -were helped a second time. When the herrings had been cleared away, -there appeared beneath one fine white fish. "My dear," said Incledon, -"what can that be?" "I believe it is a John Dory, Charles." - -Some of the John Dory was offered to the company, but they had eaten -enough fish, and so Incledon and his wife ate the John Dory between -them. - -Incledon, whilst very willing to hoax others, was easily taken in -himself. As his dependence was entirely on his voice, he was very -apprehensive of catching cold, which, in consequence, rendered him the -occasional dupe of quackery. - -During Mr. Kemble's management of Covent Garden Theatre, one of the -wags among his fellow-actors informed him that a patent lozenge had just -been invented and sold only at a jeweller's in Bond Street, which was an -infallible cure for hoarseness. In order that he might the more readily -take the bait, he was told that Kemble made frequent use of it. Incledon -immediately inquired of the great actor, who very gravely answered, "Oh, -yes, Charles; the patent lozenge is an admirable thing. I have derived -the greatest benefit from it, when I kept it in my mouth all night." - -Incledon accordingly went to Bond Street to purchase the valuable -lozenge, and the man, who had been previously instructed, gave him a -small pebble in a pill-box. Incledon arrived at the theatre next day -with the stone in his mouth and spitting frequently. He was, of -course, asked if the patent lozenge did him any good. "Yes," replied -he, spitting; "I kept it in my mouth (spitting) all night, and -(spitting again) it has this remarkable property, that it does not -dissolve," and he spat again. The wag requested to see it, and the -production of the pebble provoked a general laugh. - -"Why, Charles," said Kemble, "this is a stone! I meant a patent -lozenge. You should have gone to an apothecary's and not to a -jeweller's for it." - -Incledon, when he found that he was hoaxed, was full of wrath; his -anger, however, soon subsided. - -"Well," said he, "I can't grumble, for an apothecary who pretended to -have supplied the jeweller with the lozenge, and who has received from -me a letter belauding the nostrum, has undertaken in return to dispose -of forty pounds' worth of tickets for my benefit." - -On the occasion of this, or some other benefit, he could not refrain -from going every morning to the box-office to see how many places -were taken; and a week before the last, observing the names to be few -besides those of his own private friends, he said to the box-keeper, -Brandon, "D---- it, Jem, if the nobility don't come forward, I shall -cut but a poor figure this time." - -"Don't be afraid," said Brandon; "I dare say we shall do a good deal -for you to-day." - -"I hope so," replied Incledon, "and as I go home to dinner I will look -in again." - -Incledon, who was not very familiar with _Debrett's Peerage_, returning -at five o'clock in the afternoon, hastened to the book, and read aloud -the following fictitious names, which Brandon, by way of a joke, had put -down in his absence: "The Marquis of Piccadilly," "The Duke of Windsor." - -"Ah, ha!" exclaimed Incledon, "that must be one of the Royal Family." - -"Lord Highgate"--"The Bishop of Gravesend." "Well," said he to -Brandon, quite delighted, "if we get on as well to-morrow as we have -to-day, I shall have a number of distinguished titles present." - -Parke says of him: "Amongst other singularities, Incledon was -restless, and could not stay long in a place. Having, with his wife, -dined at my house, in the evening, whilst the party were engaged at -cards, he absented himself for a considerable time; and, Mrs. Incledon -noticing it particularly, I was induced to go and look for him. -Tracing him by his voice, I found him in the kitchen, helping the -maids to pick parsley, which was preparing for supper." - -Parke adds: "As a ballad singer he was unrivalled, and his manner of -singing sea songs, particularly Gay's 'Black-eyed Susan,' 'The Storm,' -by Alexander Stevens, and Shield's 'Heaving of the Lead,' can only be -appreciated by those who have heard him. - -"Though he evinced a strong propensity to wine, he never appeared to -be intoxicated by it. Dining with a party at his house, where he had -just recovered from a very severe indisposition, and was, as he said, -advised by his physician to be very abstemious, he sometimes after -dinner, while his friends were drinking port wine, had a second black -bottle placed before him, which I conceived to contain some very light -beverage suited to his case, till he said to me in an under tone, -'Bill, take a glass of this,' pointing to his black bottle, which I -did, and found it to be Madeira." - -During the summer Incledon made provincial tours, giving entertainments -moulded on those of Dibdin, and these were very successful financially. - -After quitting Covent Garden he performed at concerts and in minor -theatres. In 1817 he sailed for America, where he was received with -great enthusiasm, and realized handsome profits. - -His last appearance in London was under Ellison at Drury Lane in 1820, -and his last appearance on any stage was at Southampton, where he had -first appeared behind the footlights. This was on October 20th in the -same year. He resided towards the end of his days at Brighton, where -he was afflicted with a slight paralytic affliction, from the effects -of which he recovered; and in February, 1826, being at Worcester, he -experienced a second attack, which proved fatal, and he died on -February 14th in the sixty-eighth year of his age. His remains were -conveyed from Worcester to Highgate, where they were interred. - - - - - THE MURDER OF RICHARD - CORYTON - - -Richard Coryton, eldest son of Peter Coryton of West Newton Ferrers, -in the parish of S. Mellion, had married Ann, daughter of Richard -Coode, of Morval, and by her had three sons, Peter, Richard, and John. - -Peter, the grandfather, died on 24th March, 1551, but his son Richard -died a violent death in a tragic manner in 1565. Peter, the younger -and heir apparent, was intent on marrying Jane, the daughter of John -Wrey, of Northrussell, but for some reason unexplained his father -Richard took a violent dislike to the proposed daughter-in-law, and -when his son persisted in desiring to have her as his wife, the father -flew into a violent passion and swore that if he took her he would -disinherit him of all the lands he could, and would give to him only a -younger son's portion, constituting Richard head of the family. - -Peter remained firm--he was then in London at the Court, and the -father at once made ready to leave Newton Ferrers and take his journey -to London and disinherit his son if he found that the marriage was -still insisted on. But on the eve of his starting, as he was walking -in the grounds of Newton Ferrers, he was suddenly fallen upon by two -scoundrels named Bartlett and Baseley, who owed him a grudge over some -matter that is not mentioned, and they cut his throat. - -Bartlett and Baseley were apprehended and brought to Launceston before -the sheriff, Mr. Trevanion, and were found guilty; but he could not -believe that they were revenging some private wrong, and as the matter -of dispute between father and son was well known, and it was known as -well that Richard was about to disinherit his eldest son, a strong -suspicion was entertained by Trevanion that the murder had been -committed at the instigation of the son, and he gave the men hopes of -a reprieve--if not of a pardon--if they would reveal the name of the -man who had urged them to commit this dreadful crime. He behaved, it -must be seen, in a most unfair manner, hinting his suspicions to the -two wretches and giving them no peace till they declared that they had -been set on by Mr. Peter Coryton to murder his father. - -As Peter Coryton was in town, the two criminals were sent to Newgate -to be confronted with him there. Whether he was arrested on the charge -of having instigated the murder of his father does not appear, but it -is probable. - -However, if that were the case, his detention was not for long, as -both murderers recanted when in London. The following curious deed of -"Evidence concerning the murder of Mr. Coryton" is preserved in -Pentillie Castle. - -"To all true Xtian people to whom this present writing shall come, or -shall see, hear or read, Sir Richard Champion, Knt., Lord Mayor, and -the Aldermen of the City of London send greeting in our Lord God -everlasting. - -"Forasmuch as among other, the great and manifold deeds and works of -piety and charity, the witnessing and declaration of the truth of all -matters in question, ambiguity or doubt is not to be accounted the -least, but rather as a choice virtue and means whereby the truth, tho' -many times suppressed for a season, doth the rather appear brought -forth into the sight and knowledge of men is with the choicest to be -embraced, extolled, and commended. - -"We therefore, the said Lord Mayor and Aldermen, do signify and -declare unto all your honours and worships, unto whom it shall -appertain, and to every of the same, that the days of the date of -these presents hereunder written, there did appear and come personally -before us, the said Mayor and Aldermen, in the Queen's Majesty's -Court, holden before the said Lord Mayor and Aldermen, in the outer -chamber of the Guildhall of the said City, the Deponents hereunder -named, who, upon their own free will, without any manner of coercion -and constraint, upon their corporate oaths upon the holy evangelists -of Almighty God, then and there severally before us taken and made and -exactly examined by one of the clerks of the said Court, said and -deposed in all things as hereafter word for word ensueth. - -"_John Philpott_, clerk, Parson of S. Michael in Cornhill of London, -aged 29 years or thereabout, deposed, sworn and examined, the day -hereunder written, saith and deposeth upon his oath that on the ninth -of November last, upon a Saturday, about four of the clock in the -afternoon, but what day of the week it was he doth not now -remember--this examinate was required by Mr. Howes, one of the -Sheriffs of London, and in the name of the other sheriff,[26] that he -would go unto Newgate, and there to examine one Rafe Bartlett, -prisoner within the same place, who was then very sick and like to -die, to the intent to understand of him whether one Peter Curryngton, -whom before he had accused for the murder of his own father, were -culpable therein or no. Whereupon this examinate went to the said gaol -of Newgate, and by the way he did meet with two ministers, the one -named Edward Wilkinson, and the other John Brown, whom he desired to -go with him, who went with him accordingly, and coming to the -aforesaid gaol of Newgate, he desired the keeper that they might talk -with the said Bartlett, and the said keeper went down with them into -the prison, and brought them unto him, and there finding him very sore -sick, persuaded with him, for that he was more like to die than live, -in discharge of his conscience, as he would answer before God, to -declare unto them whether that the aforesaid Peter Curryngton, whom he -had accused to be privy and procurer of him and one Baseley to do the -same murder were true Yea or No. - -"Whereupon he confessed and said that he had most untruly accused the -said Peter Curryngton, for he was never privy, nor knew of it, but -that it was he himself and the said Baseley, without the knowledge of -any other, and declared the cause why they had so accused him was, for -that after they were found guilty for the same matter, the Sheriff of -Cornwall did examine them if there were any other privy or procuring -to the same murder; and they agreed together to the intent to preserve -their lives, or at the least to prolong the same, falsely to accuse -the said Peter Curryngton; and the same Bartlett showed himself very -sorry and repentant for his said accusation, saying, 'Think you that -Mr. Curryngton will forgive me?' - -"And this examinate answered him, 'There is no doubt he will, for -otherwise he is not of God.' Wherewith he seemed to be satisfied. And -this examinate saith that the said Bartlett died within two or three -days after; and going from him up the stairs, he, the examinate and the -others were brought unto the aforesaid Baseley, who confessed and -declared unto them in everything the innocency of the said Peter -Curryngton, concerning the same murder, and that it was he and the said -Bartlett that committed the same without the knowledge or consent of any -other; and that they did accuse him for the purpose afore alleged, by -the said Bartlett, and more in effect this examinate cannot say. - -"_Edward Wilkinson_ of London, Clerk, Parson of the parish church of -S. Antonine in London, aged 33 years or thereabout, deposed, sworn and -examined, the said day and year hereunder written, saith and deposeth -upon his oath, about November last, the exact time the examinate -remembereth not, he did meet one Mr. Philpott, parson of S. Michael in -Cornhill, in Cheapside, who desired this examinate that he would go -back with him to Newgate, who did so, and by the way as they went, -they met with Master Brown, a minister, who likewise went with them to -Newgate, and the deposition of the foresaid Mr. Philpott, being unto -him read, and he, well perusing and understanding the same, saith and -deposeth that all the matter declared and spoken by the said Bartlett, -as it is contained in the deposition of the said Master Philpott, is -very true in all things, and was spoken in the presence and hearing of -this examinate, and further, this examinate saith that the words -likewise spoken and declared by the said Baseley, named in the said -deposition of the said Master Philpott, are likewise very true, and -were in the presence and hearing of this examinate. And further, this -examinate saith that he did persuade and exhort the said Baseley, -saying unto him, 'Take good heed that you do not lie. You have already -murdered one, you have falsely accused another, and you seem to -slander the Sheriff (of Cornwall).' And the said Baseley answered, -'The truth is, Master Sheriff bade me devise some way to save myself, -and I said I could not tell how,--and he said the way (to do so) was -to accuse some other. And he examined me whether there was any one -privy or procuring the said murder, beside ourselves, saying unto me, -"You could not do it alone. There be divers of the Curryngtons. Was -there none of them privy or consenting to the same? You are best to -advise and consider yourself, for the telling the truth in accusation -of others, might be the way to save their (i.e. your own) lives." -Whereupon I returned to the said Bartlett and conferred with him, and -we did agree together falsely to accuse Peter Curryngton, for the -saving of our own lives'; which accusation was untrue, and that the -said Peter Curryngton was very ignorant and innocent of the same -murder; and that he was sorry and did repent that he had accused him -untruly. And more he cannot say. - -"_Edmund Marner_, citizen of London and keeper of the Gaol of Newgate, -aged forty-five years or thereabout, deposed, etc. ... saith and -deposeth upon his oath that the 15th day of November last past, being -Saturday, John Philpott, clerk, etc., Edward Wilkinson and John Brown, -ministers, came to the gaol of Newgate from the Sheriff of London, by -a token, to this examinate, to speak with one Rafe Bartlett, prisoner -there, being very sore sick." - -The deposition of the gaoler was merely a confirmation of what had -been deposed by the two previous witnesses. - -"_William Margytte_, of London, Clerk, Reader of the Morning Prayer in -the Parish of S. Sepulchre, and Ordinary for the Bishop of London, of -the gaol of Newgate, aged forty years, deposed, sworn, and examined, -etc., that about September last past, one Richard Baseley, then being -prisoner in Newgate, and very sore sick, and like to die, did send for -this examinate, to speak with him, and this examinate coming unto him, -he said, 'This is the cause that I send for you. I am very sore sick, -and more like to die than to live, and I think I shall not escape this -sicknesse, and if I do, yet I must die for the law, for I and one of -my neighbours did murder Master Curryngton, which I do not much -repent. But the very cause that I sent for you is to be a means to -Peter Curryngton, his son, whom I have accused to be privy and -procuring of the same murder, that he would forgive me, for I have -falsely accused him. For as I trust to be saved by Christ, he is -utterly ignorant of the same murder, and there was none privy to the -same but he, the said Baseley himself, and the said Bartlett, who -committed the same.' And this examinate demanded of him why he did -accuse Peter Curryngton. And he said that the cause was that after -they were found guilty of the murder, Mr. Trevannyon, Sheriff of -Cornwall, came unto and examined him, as to who was privy to the -murder more than they; saying that they being so simple would not do -the same without assistance; saying further that if he would confess -the truth as to who helped or procured them to do the same, he would -cause his chain to be stricken off, and carry him home with him at -night, and would save his life, though it cost him (sum illegible), -and thereupon in hope of life he did accuse the said Peter Curryngton -falsely and wrongfully; and thereupon he said he would take his death. -And the examinate, persuading him and advising him to repent and be -sorry for the murder of the said Curryngton, calling to God heartily -for mercy and forgiveness of the same. Which in the end with much ado -he seemed to be sorry for ... and also the examinate went into the -same gaol at Newgate, to speak to Roll Bartlett, to understand whether -it were true what the said Baseley had confessed; who declared unto -the examinate, as he should answer before God, that Peter Curryngton -was never privy nor of consent to the murder of his father, and that -there was none privy or knew it but only he and the said Baseley; and -the cause why they did kill him was for that he had misused them many -ways, and also, they thought no man would be sorry for his death. And -this examinate demanded of him the cause wherefore he did accuse the -said Peter Curryngton, he answered, 'The fair promises of the Sheriff, -and to the interest to preserve their lives, or, at least, to prolong -them, was the only cause,' etc. - -"In faith and testimony whereof we the said Mayor and Aldermen,--the -common seal of our office of Mayoralty of the said city, to these -presents, have caused to be put, written at the said city of London on -the 23rd day of May, 1566, in the eighth year of the reign of our most -gracious and benign Sovereign Lady Elizabeth, etc., etc." - -It would appear that the murdered man had been not only a dragon in -his house, but also in the entire neighbourhood, oppressing his -tenants and disliked by the gentry. It is hard not to suspect that Sir -Hugh Trevanion of Carhayes, who was then Sheriff of Cornwall, bore a -personal grudge against Peter Coryton. - -Peter, all obstacle to his marriage being removed, married the lady of -his choice, and by her had three sons and six daughters. He died the -13th August, 1603. - -The murderer Baseley died in Newgate, but Bartlett was sent back to -Launceston and there hanged. - -But this is not the "end of this shocking affair," for eighty years -after the murder, John Coryton, of Probus, laid claim to the estates -of the then John Coryton, of Newton Ferrers, on the plea that Peter -had forfeited all rights to the inheritance because he had murdered -his father. - - "To the Right Hon. Houses of Parliament, now sitting at Westminster. - - The Humble Petition of John Coryton of the parish of Probus, in the - County of Cornwall, gent., a great sufferer for and in his Majesty's - cause. - -Humbly sheweth-- - -That yo^r petitioner was and is the son of Scipio Coryton, and Scipio -was son of John, and John was son of Richard Coryton, Esq., of West -Newton Ferrers in the said county of Cornwall, who about eighty years -since was most barbarously murdered by two fellows who were maintained -by the said Richard Coryton, without any cause or hurt to them, and -that the said Richard having three sons, viz. Peter, the firstborn, -Richard the second, John the third, your petitioner's grandfather. The -said Peter his firstborn would have married with one Mr. Wrey's -daughter, to w^h his father would not consent, but threatened his said -son that if he should marry with her that he w^d disinherit him of all -the lands he could. And that he, the said Peter, his firstborn, should -have but a younger son's portion. The said Peter, his firstborn, -insisted in the same match by continuing his suit to her. Being at the -Court in London, his said father purposing his journey for London the -Thursday following, to effect his said purpose of disinheriting his -said son. The said Mr. Wrey living about those parts of West Newton -Ferrers. The Tuesday before walking in part of his said barton of -West Newton, was set upon by these two fellows (their names were -Bartley and Baselly) and cruelly murdered by cutting of his throat. -The fellows were taken and the one died in prison, or was made away -with, the other was brought to Launceston and there hanged without any -confession of who set them on. One of the said Mr. Wrey's sons (viz.) -Edmund, was seen at the place of execution with a black box under his -arm in the sight of the malefactor, who was cast down without any -confession. These murderers being gone, the said Peter married the -said Mr. Wrey's daughter, and entered as heir on his father's estate -with about £2000 per annum, his said brothers having nothing; he gave -a living to Richard, his said brother, during his life. But your -petitioner's grandfather, knowing of the wrong done him, would not -take his brother's small pittance, for he always said that he had -right to a greater part of the estate than he would give him. Your -petitioner's grandfather marrying a gentlewoman who had a small -fortune, went to law with his said brother for his part of the estate, -but being not able to contend with him by reason of his small ability -and the other's greatness, was forced to give over. And he continually -keeped all the estate to the impoverishing of your petitioner's -grandfather, and they that defended him. And your petitioner's father -being not able to contend with him by reason of his poverty, leaving -me, his son, in like case, being not able any other way to seek his -right, but by petitioning to your Honours; your petitioner being -impoverished and brought very low by following his Majesty's service -all along the war in England and Ireland, and with His Highness Prince -Rupert in France also, and other parts where your petitioner received -many cruel wounds and many imprisonments, which I forbare to relate -for burden and trouble to your Honours, your petitioner and his wife -being no longer able to subsist. - -"These premises considered, your poor petitioner humbly begs your -Honours that you will be pleased to call John Coryton, Esq., of West -Newton Ferrers, the possessor of the said estates, before your -Honours; or where your Honours shall think fit, to show cause why your -petitioner hath not an inheritance of his said father's estate, which -hath been so long kept from him, and his said father, and your -petitioner shall pray, etc." - -The pedigree was as follows:-- - - Richard Coryton = Anne, dau. of Rich^d - murdered 1565. | Coode of Morval. - +---------------+---------------+ - | | | - Jane = Peter Coryton. Richard C. John C. - da. of John | d. 13 Aug., 2nd son. 3rd son. - Wrey, d. 1618. | 1602. | - | | - | | - William C. = Eliz. dau. of Sir Scipio C. - | John Chichester | - | of Rawleigh. | - | | - +----------+ | - | | - Sir John Coryton = Anne, da. of J. Mills John Coryton - bp. July 24, 1621; | of Colebrook. of Probus. - bur. Aug. 23, 1680. | bp. 29 Nov., 1620; - Bart. 1661. | m. 27 Dec., 1643; - | d. 27 Sept., 1677. - V - -One little incident may be noted: Richard Coryton, who was murdered, -was one of twenty-four children. - -John Coryton of Probus got nothing by his application. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[26] John Rivers and James Howes were sheriffs. - - - - - SIR JAMES TILLIE, KNT. - - -High above the Tamar where it is most tortuous, and commanding loop upon -loop of this beautiful river, with the blue bank of Dartmoor standing up -in the east as a rising thundercloud, stands a red-brick tower upon an -elevated platform, that is reached by a flight of stone steps. - -On the east side of this tower is a recess in the thickness of the wall, -with stone benches, and at the back, high up, is a little window formed -of two slits, through which the interior can be seen only by putting one -foot on the bench and the other on a projecting corbel in the wall. What -is then revealed is an interior open to the sky, and with a statue of a -seated man, life size, opposite, in wig and lace steenkirk, one hand -resting on his knee and the other on the arm of his chair. - -There is no door of admission into the tower; a doorway has been -bricked up. Formerly the tower consisted of two storeys, with a floor -above the square chamber in which is the statue, and a roof over the -upper apartment. But roof and floor have gone. - -In the summer of 1907 the walled-up doorway had to be opened, so that -a large tree might be cut down that had grown in the midst of the -tower and threatened it with injury. No sooner was it bruited about -that access to the interior was to be had than crowds of visitors came -out from Plymouth and Devonport, expecting to be able to find within -some relics of Sir James Tillie, Bart., whose burial-place was the -lower chamber, where now is only to be seen his statue. - -Hals says, the spelling modernized: "About the year 1712 Sir James -Tillie died, and, as I am informed, by his last will and testament -obliged his adopted heir, one Woolley, his sister's son, not only to -assume his name (having no legitimate issue), but that he should not -inter his body after death in the earth, but fasten it in the chair -where he died with wire--his hat, wig, rings, gloves, and best apparel -on, shoes and stockings, and surround the same with an oak chest, box, -or coffin, in which his books and papers should be laid, with pen and -ink also--and build for the reception thereof, in a certain field of -his lands, a walled vault or grot, to be arched with moorstone, in -which repository it should be laid without Christian burial; for that, -as he said but an hour before he died, in two years space he would be -at Pentillie again; over this vault his heir likewise was obliged to -build a fine chamber, and set up therein the picture of him, his lady, -and adopted heir, for ever; and at the end of this vault and chamber -to erect a spire or lofty monument of stone, from thence for -spectators to overlook the contiguous country, Plymouth Sound and -Harbour; all which, as I am told, is accordingly performed by his -heir, whose successors are obliged to repair the same for ever out of -his lands and rents, under penalty of losing both. - -"However, I hear lately, notwithstanding this his promise of returning -in two years to Pentillie, that Sir James's body is eaten out with -worms, and his bones or skeleton fallen down to the ground from the -chair wherein it was seated, about four years after it was set up; his -wig, books, wearing apparel, also rotten in the box or chair where it -was first laid." - -[Illustration: SIR JAMES TILLIE, KNT.] - -The lower chamber, not underground, in which Sir James was seated was -not vaulted over as he directed. The portraits in the upper chamber -have been removed to Pentillie Castle, where they may now be seen. - -But, as already intimated, the statue was erected where the body was, -and beneath it is the inscription:-- - - This Monument is erected - In Memory - of - S^{ir} James Tillie kn^t who dyed - 15 of Nov^r - Anno Domini 1713 - And in y^e 67^{th} year of his Age. - -It is thought--but no evidence exists to show that it was so--that the -bones of Sir James were collected by Mary Jemima, the last of the -Tillie family and the heiress who carried Pentillie to the Coryton -family about 1770, and transferred to the churchyard of S. Mellion. -When the chamber was entered recently and the tree cut down and -eradicated, no traces of the dead man could be found. - -Hals, in his MS. _History of Cornwall_, says: "Pentyley a hous and -church built by one Mr. James Tyley, son of ... in ye parish of S. -Keverne, labourer as I am inform'd." The father's name was John. "And -was placed by him a servant or horseman to S^{ir} John Coryton, Bart., -the Elder, who afterwards by his assistance learning the inferiour -practice of the Lawe under an Atturney, became his Steward, in which -caracter by his Care and Industry he soon grew Rich, soe that he -marryed Sir Henry Vane's daughter; by whome he had a good fortune or -estate, but noe issue; at Length after the Death of his Master (1680) -he became a Guardian in Trust for his younger children, and Steward -to their elder Brother, Sir John, that marryed Chiverton, whereby he -augmented his wealth and fame to a greater pitch. When, soon after, -King James II came to the Crown, this gentleman by a great sume of -money and false representation of himselfe obtained the favour of -knighthood at his hands, but that Kinge some short while after beinge -inform'd that Mr. Tyley was at first but a Groome or Horseman to Sir -John Coryton, that he was no Gentleman of Blood or armes, and yet gave -for his Coat-armour the armes of Count Tillye of Germany, ordered the -Heraulds to enquire into this matter; who findinge this information -trew, by the King's order entered his Chamber at London, tooke downe -those arms, tore others in pieces, and fastened them all to Horse -tayles and drew them through the streets of London, to his perpetuall -Disgrace, and disgraced him from the dignity of that beinge, and -impos'd a fyne of £500 upon him for so doing, as I am inform'd--but -alas, maugre all those proceedings, after the death of his then -Master, Sir John Coryton the Younger, not without suspicion of being -poysoned, he soon marryed his Lady, with whome Common fame said he was -too familiar before, soe that he became possest of her goods and -chattels, and a great Joynture. Whereby he liveth in much pleasure and -comfort in this place, honour'd of some, lov'd of none; admiring -himself for the Bulk of his Riches and the Arts and Contrivances by -which he gott it--some of which were altogether unlawfull, witness his -steward, Mr. Elliott, being credited for a mint and coyning false -money for his use; who on notice thereof forsooke this Land, and fled -beyond the Seas, though the other Agent and Confederate, Cavals -Popjoye, indicted for the same crime of High Treason committed at -Saltash, was taken, tryed and found guilty and executed at Lanceston, -1695, at which tyme the writer of these Lynes was one of the Grand -Jury for the body of this County, that found those Bills--when William -Williams of Treworgy in Probus Esq. was sheriff, and John Waddon, -Esq., foreman of the Jury." - -After this, written at a later date, comes the passage relative to the -burial arrangements of Sir James, already quoted. - -With regard to the above statement, a few remarks may be made. Sir -John Coryton died in 1680, just after he had obtained a licence for -concluding a second marriage with Anne Wayte, of Acton, widow. - -His son, Sir John, married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Sir -Richard Chiverton, Kt., Lord Mayor of London, and a wealthy skinner. -Sir James Tillie's first wife was Margaret, daughter of Sir Harry -Vane, the Parliamentarian, who was executed in 1662. Tillie was -knighted at Whitehall, 14th January, 1686-7, and he built Pentillie -Castle. In one of the quadrangles of the castle is a leaden statue of -the knight with flowing wig, a roll of papers in one hand like the -baton of a field-marshal, and with preternaturally short legs. - -In Luttrell's _Brief Relation of State Affairs_ there is some mention -of the affair of the assumed arms. He says, under date November 26th, -1687: "Sir James Tillie of Cornwall was brought up upon an habeas -corpus, being committed by the Court of Chivalry for refusing to find -bail there, and was remanded. - -"January 19th, 1687-8. The Court of Chivalry satt, and fined Sir James -Tilly £200 for his crime." - -Hals, accordingly, was wrong in saying that he was fined £500. - -Hals thinks (he does no more) that Sir James was mixed up in the -coining business. If he got rich by nefarious practices, it was -probably by filling his pockets out of the Coryton estates, of which -he was steward under two of the baronets. - -Sir James Tillie's will by no means carries with it the character of -impiety attributed to it by Hals. It is headed: "Dei voluntas fiat, et -mei hac performet." In it he mentions the date of his birth, November -16th, 1645. It is a very long will, and in it he laboured in every -conceivable way to found a family. As he had no children of his own, -he made his eldest nephew heir, but in the event of his dying without -issue, then his estates passed to his second, and so on. At the end he -wrote: "I desire my Body may have a private interment at and in such a -place in Pentillie Castle as I have acquainted my dearest wife, the -Lady Elizabeth Tillie, with, and to have such monument erected and -inscription thereon made as I have desired my said wife." - -The paper of instructions left with her is still extant; of that more -presently. He proceeds: "Although I have made a provision for my said -wife out of my Lands, yet in regard to her kindness to me whilst -living, and that tenderness to my memory which I know she will have -after my death, for the uses hereinafter mentioned, I give and -bequeath unto my said wife all her Paraphaanalia [_sic_], apparell, -jewells and ornaments of her Person, all the Books, China, Portraits -and Toyes in her Closett at Pentillie Castle, my Coach, Chariott, -Calash and set of six horses with two such of my other Horses and -Cowes as shall please her to elect, and also a Hundred Guineas in -money for her life and then for her grandchildren. - -"To Altmira Tillie go the £500 payable on the day of marriage with -either one of my said nephews. But on her marriage with any other my -will is that she shall have only £250. - -"To my Cousin Mary Mattock £50 to be paid on her marriage Day with -any other than William Parkes, but on her marriage with him this -legacy is to be void. - -"_Then_ I give unto my said Wife fifty pounds for my ffunerall desireing -four of my ancientest workmen may lay me in my grave, unto whom I give -fforty shillings apiece. And to William Trenaman ten pounds. And to my -honest Richard Lawreate in Meate and Drink for his owne person to the -value of Two shillings and sixpence per weeke at Pentillie during his -Life. To my domestique servants living with me at my Death fforty -shillings each, To Samuel Holman his Tooles, and to John Long a joynt of -Mutton weekly during his Life, as I have done. In witness thereof I have -hereunto sett my hand and seal this 22nd day of March, 1703/4, etc." - -One very curious and most unusual feature in the proving of this will -was that the original was handed over to James Tillie, the nephew, in -place of an attested copy, and only a copy retained in the Consistory -Court. - -As Sir James had no right to bear arms, his nephew, James Tillie, -obtained a grant from the Heralds' College, November 1st, 1733. The -arms given him were as follows: _Arg., a cross fleury gules, in chief -three eagles' heads couped, sable_; and as a crest, on a wreath of the -colours, _a demi-phoenix rising out of flames ppr. and charged on the -breast with a cross fleury sa_. - -The memorandum referred to by Sir James in his will, containing -instructions as to his burial, is still extant, and it is by no means -as extravagant as represented by Hals. - -Gilpin, in his _Observations on the West Parts of England_, 1798, gave -currency to the story as amplified by tradition, and thenceforth it -was generally accepted and obtained currency. - -Gough, in his Camden's _Britannia_, 1789, says: "In the rocks of -Whitsand Bay, Tilly, Esq., who died about fifty years ago, remarkable -for the freedom of his principles and life, was inclosed by his own -order, dressed in his clothes, sitting, his face to the door of a -summer-house at Pentelly, the key put under the door, and his figure -in wax, in the same dress and attitude in the room below." - -Gough makes several mistakes. Pentillie is a great many miles from -Whitsand Bay, and he was placed not among rocks, but on the summit of -a hill called Ararat. The figure carved in the attitude in which -placed to rest is in sandstone, and not in wax; and finally it is not -in a summer-house, but in a lofty brick tower, erected after his -death, the bill for the erection of which is still in existence. - -Notwithstanding all his schemes to found a family, his posterity failed -in the male line, and the castle and Tillie lands passed as follows:-- - - John Tillie, - labourer, S. Kevern. - | - +--------+-------------+ - | | - (2) Elizab. = (1) Margaret = Sir James Tillie. da. = Woolley. - da. Sir R. da. of Sir b. Nov. 16, 1645. | - Chiverton and H. Vane. | - wid. of Sir | - John Coryton. | - | - +------------------+ - | - Wm. Goodall = Elizabeth, James Tillie Woolley = Esther .... - | da. Sir John als. Tillie, Sheriff | - | Coryton. of Cornwall, 1734. | - | | - +---------+ +----------+ - | | - John Goodall = Margery Major. James Tillie = Mary .... - | | - +------+ | - | | - Peter Goodall = .... | - d. 1756. | +------------------------+ - | | - John Coryton = Mary Jemima Tillie. - | - +-----+ - | - John Tillie Coryton, - b. 1773; d. 1843. - -[Illustration: SIR JAMES TILLIE'S MONUMENT AT PENTILLIE] - -There was an illustrious and ancient family of Tilly, or Tylly, at -Cannington, in Somersetshire, deriving from a De Tilly in the reign of -Henry II, and the parish of West Harptree in the same county is -divided into two manors, one of which is West Harptree-Tilly. The arms -of this Tilly family were only a dragon erect, _sable_, and as such -appear in glass in the windows of Cannington Church. - -That Sir James Tillie could claim no descent from this family is -evident from his not assuming their arms. Had the Heralds been able to -trace any connection whatever, they would have given to the nephew a -coat resembling the Tilly arms of Cannington but not identical. - -It must be borne in mind that the possession of a surname of a noble -or gentle family by no means indicates that the bearer had a drop of -that family's blood in his veins; for it was quite a common thing when -surnames began to be acquired for the domestic servants in a house to -be called after their master, or that they should assume their -patronymics, much as in _High Life Below Stairs_ the menial servants -assume the titles of their masters as well as their names. This -practice was so common that always in the neighbourhood of a great -house, that has lived on through many centuries, will be found among -the villagers in a very humble walk of life persons bearing the -surname of the illustrious family in the castle, the hall, or the -manor. How a dependent of the Tilly family of Cannington drifted down -to the Lizard is not easily explained; it may be that this Tilly was -descended from one of the regiments that Charles I sent down to the -Scilly Isles, and which was left there and forgotten. - - - - - LIEUTENANT JOHN HAWKEY - - -Joseph Hawkey, of Liskeard, and his wife Amye, daughter of the Rev. John -Lyne, had a numerous family. John was the eldest son, born at Liskeard -in 1780; the other sons were William, Joseph, Richard, and Charles. -There was also a daughter Charlotte, born at Liskeard 10th May, 1799. - -Lieutenant Joseph Hawkey, R.N., born at Liskeard in 1786, was killed -in action while commanding a successful attack on a Russian flotilla -in the Gulf of Finland in 1809. - -John also entered the navy, as midshipman in the _Minerva_. A few -months after the renewal of the war in 1803 he was taken prisoner -whilst gallantly defending that ship, when she was unfortunately run -by the pilot, during a dense fog, on the west point of the stone dyke -of Cherbourg. Hawkey remained in captivity at Verdun for eleven years, -till 1814. - -A commission of lieutenant had been sent out to him by mistake to the -West Indies, which being dated previous to his capture was not -cancelled, but forwarded to him in France, and was thus the means in -some degree of alleviating the evils of captivity. Whilst at Verdun he -made the acquaintance of Lieutenant Tuckey, R.N., a person like himself -a prisoner, and like him of fine taste and considerable talents. - -His prospects had been cruelly clouded by his long detention in -captivity, and on the conclusion of peace he at once joined the -_Cyrus_, sloop of war; but when the Government proposed to send out -an expedition to explore the Zaire or Congo, and appointed Tuckey in -command, Lieutenant Hawkey eagerly accepted the invitation of his -friend to join him and act as second in command. - -At this time little was known of the Congo and the Niger. Hitherto -what was known was due to Arabian writers of the Middle Ages, and to -what leaked out from the Portuguese; but these latter, who carried on -an extensive slave trade thence, did their utmost to keep their -knowledge of these rivers to themselves. But even they were not well -acquainted with the rivers far up from their mouths. Mungo Park was -preparing for his second expedition to explore the Niger, and it was -even supposed that the Congo or Zaire that flows into the South -Atlantic was an outlet of the Niger, and not an independent river; and -this opinion was warmly expounded by Park in a memoir addressed to -Lord Camden previous to his departure from England, and he added that, -if this should turn out to be a fact, "considered in a commercial -point of view, it is second only to the discovery of the Cape of Good -Hope; and, in a geographical point of view, it is certainly the -greatest discovery that remains to be made in this world." - -On March 19th, 1816, the _Congo_, accompanied by the _Dorothy_ -transport, sailed on a voyage of exploration to the Zaire. The _Congo_ -was about ninety tons, schooner rigged, and drew five feet of water. -She was fitted up entirely for the accommodation of officers and men, -and for the reception of the objects of natural history which might be -collected on her progress up the river. The gentlemen engaged on the -expedition, in the scientific department, were: Professor Smith, of -Christiania, botanist and geologist; Mr. Tudor, comparative anatomist; -Mr. Cranch, collector of objects of natural history; and a gardener -to gather plants and seeds for Kew; also Mr. Galway, a gentleman -volunteer. There were two negroes, who would serve as interpreters, -one of whom came from eight hundred miles up the Zaire. The officers -were: Captain Tuckey, Lieutenant Hawkey, Mr. Fitzmaurice, master and -surveyor, Mr. McKernow, assistant surgeon, two master's mates, and a -purser. In addition to the _Congo_, the transport took out two double -whale-boats, so fitted as to be able to carry eighteen to twenty men, -with three months' provisions. - -Lieutenant Hawkey was an excellent draughtsman; he sketched in a bold -and artistic manner, and to a general knowledge of natural history he -united the talent of painting the minutest sea and land animals with -great spirit and accuracy. - -Although the vessels sailed from Deptford on February 16th, they were -detained in the Channel and at Falmouth by westerly gales till March -19th. On April 9th they reached the Cape de Verd Islands, whence he -wrote home to his sister Charlotte:-- - - "PORTO PRAYA, S. JAGO, _August 11th, 1816_. - -"My Angel,--I am just able to hold my pen and tell you that I am alive, -after being as near death as ever mortal being was. The day before -yesterday we arrived here. Captain Tuckey and myself went to wait on the -governor, the commissary, and captain of the transport, to procure -refreshments. We were graciously received--saluted by his black -guards--took a walk in the country--returned, intending to go on board -to dinner. There is a heavy surf on the beach, and squalls are very -frequent from the mountains; one of which, when we were about a cable's -length from the shore, upset our boat. I intended swimming composedly on -shore, but something or some person caught my leg, and I could not by -any exertion get my head above water. It instantly struck me that some -one who could not swim had seized me, hoping to save himself; and I swam -in what I conceived to be the direction of the shore, under water. My -senses I preserved as fully as at present. O Lord, methought, what pain -it was to drown! What dreadful noise of water in my ears! I thought my -last hour was come. Still I struggled violently, but finding it -impossible to retain my breath longer, I took off my hat and held it -above the water. A black boy, who had swam off with several other, got -hold of it, and then of me. From that moment all recollection ceased -until I found myself with my stomach on an empty cask on the beach, -surrounded by my own party and blacks. My sufferings were very acute; -the absolute pain of dying--which ceremony I completely underwent--was -nothing in comparison. The different means prescribed for the recovery -of drowned persons were used; and as soon as possible I was conveyed on -board. A determination of blood to the head and lungs took place; all -night I was in danger; but it is now going fast off, but I am in a state -of absolute debility. Captain Tuckey says I was more than five minutes -under water--a longer time than the most experienced divers can remain. -Note, I was in full uniform--boots, sword--and my pockets full of stones -and shells I had picked up on shore. Captain Tuckey lost his sword; his -watch and mine are both spoiled." - -Cape Padrone, at the mouth of the Congo, was reached on July 6th. The -transport was left a little way up, and the party of exploration -pushed on up the river. The mouth of the Congo was found to be about -fifteen miles wide. Far inland were seen naked hills of sand. -Professor Smith wrote in his diary:-- - -"July 7th.--Early this morning the mafock, or governor, came on board -in two canoes, with his retinue. At first his pretensions were very -lofty. He insisted on being saluted with a discharge of cannon, and on -observing us going to breakfast declared that he expected to be placed -at the same table with the captain, and endeavoured to make his words -sufficiently impressive by haughty gesticulations. Sitting on the -quarter-deck in a chair covered with a flag, his dress consisting of a -laced velvet cloak, a red cap, a piece of stuff round his waist, -otherwise naked, with an umbrella over his head, though the weather -was cold and cloudy, he represented the best caricature I ever saw. He -soon became more moderate on being informed that the vessels were not -belonging to slave merchants, but to the King of England, and that our -object was to trade. In order to give him a proof of our goodwill -towards him, a gun was discharged and a merchant flag hoisted." - -A good many negroes after this came on board. They were nearly all -nominally Christians. Among them was a Catholic priest, who had been -ordained at Loando. He had been baptized two years before his -ordination at S. Antonio. - -"The barefooted black apostle, however, had no fewer than five wives. -A few crosses on the necks of the negroes, some Portuguese prayers, -and a few lessons taught by heart, are the only fruits that remain of -the labours (of the Portuguese missionaries) of three hundred years." - -Proceeding up the river, threading a tangle of islands and sandbanks, -the vessels stood off Embonna, where they came across an American -slaver flying Swedish colours. Here there had been several Portuguese -slave-dealing ships, but on hearing of the arrival in the river of -the English vessels during the night they slipped away. - -On July 25th they came to the Fetiche Rock, a mass of micaceous granite -rising perpendicularly out of the river, with eddies and whirlpools at -its feet. The surface of the rock is covered with sculptured figures, -which Lieutenant Hawkey drew, and which he managed to interpret. - -On July 26th Captain Tuckey and others landed at Lombee, a village of -a hundred huts, and the king's market, and here they went to visit the -chenoo, or king. - -"Having seated myself," wrote Tuckey, "the chenoo made his appearance -from behind a mat-screen, his costume conveying the idea of Punch in a -puppet show, being composed of a crimson plush jacket with curious -gilt buttons, a lower garment in the native style in red velvet, his -legs muffled in pink sarsenet, and a pair of red morocco half-boots. -On his head an immense high-crowned hat embroidered with gold, and -surmounted by a kind of coronet of European artificial flowers. Having -seated himself on the right, a master of the ceremonies with a long -staff in his hand inquired into the rank of the gentlemen, and seated -them accordingly. - -"All being seated, I explained to the chenoo, by the interpreter, the -motives of my mission--stating that 'the King of England being equally -good as he was powerful, and having conquered all his enemies and made -peace in all Europe, he now sent his ships to all parts of the world to -do good to all people, and to see what they wanted and what they had to -exchange; that for this purpose I was going up the river, and that, on -my return to England, English trading vessels would bring them the -objects necessary to them, and teach them to build houses and make -clothes.' These benevolent intentions were, however, far beyond their -comprehension; and as little could they be made to understand that -curiosity was also one of the motives of our visit, or that a ship could -come such a distance for any other purpose but to trade or fight; and -for two hours they rung the changes on the questions, Are you come to -trade? and Are you come to make war? At last, however, they appeared to -be convinced that I came for neither purpose; and on my assuring them -that though I did not trade myself I should not meddle with the slave -traders of any nation, they expressed their satisfaction. - -"The keg of spiced rum which I had brought as part of my present to the -chenoo was now produced, together with an English white earthen washhand -basin covered with dirt, into which some of the liquor was poured and -distributed to the company, the king saying he drank only wine, and -retiring to order dinner. The moment he disappeared, the company began -to scramble for a sup of the rum; and one fellow, dropping his dirty cap -into the basin, as if by accident, contrived to snatch it out again well -soaked, and sucked it with great satisfaction." - -Here Captain Tuckey learned that the traders carried off on an average -two thousand slaves every year. - -Hence, on August 5th, Captain Tuckey, Lieutenant Hawkey, and the -scientific gentlemen proceeded up the river in the double boat, the -transport's longboat, two gigs, and a punt. In addition to those -already mentioned were some of the sailors and the interpreters. - -On August 10th the expedition reached Noki, where the river was rapid -and difficult, running between high bluffs, and Professor Smith -likened it to one of the torrent streams of Norway. On reaching Caran -Yellatu progress was arrested by cataracts, and the party was forced -to quit the boats and push on by land. Here one of the interpreters -deserted, carrying away with him four of the best porters who had been -engaged at Embonna. - -"Every man I have conversed with," says Tuckey, "acknowledges that if -the white man did not come for slaves the practice of kidnapping would -no longer exist, and the wars which nine times out of ten result from -the European slave trade would be proportionately less frequent. The -people at large most assuredly desire the cessation of a trade in -which, on the contrary, all the great men, deriving a large portion of -their revenue from the presents it produces, as well as the slave -merchants, are interested in its continuance." - -At Juga the river again widened, and this was made a basis for -excursions by land up the river. - -On the 10th September Captain Tuckey found it impossible to proceed -further; sickness and death were making terrible ravages among the -party, and it became absolutely necessary to relinquish the enterprise -and endeavour to make their way back to the vessels. On the following -day Captain Tuckey's journal records that they "had a terrible -march--worse to us than the retreat from Moscow." - -Of this return journey we have an account from Lieutenant Hawkey's -diary. When Sir John Barrow published an account of the expedition -from the journals of Captain Tuckey and Professor Smith the diary of -Hawkey was not obtainable; it had been lost, and was not recovered for -some years; and then, when given for publication, was again lost, and -only the concluding pages were to be found. It shall be given, -somewhat curtailed. - -"September 9th.--Our Ultima Thule. Sketched by the setting sun the -appearance of the river, a thousand ideas rushing into my mind: the -singularity of my situation, its contrast with my captivity, and -equally so with my wishes. Here, probably, my travels are to end; but -Heaven knows for what I am destined, and I resign myself. Passed a -sleepless night, and wandered on the beach, wishing, but in vain, for -sleep. Captain Tuckey ill all night. - -"September 10th.--A fine grey morning. Packing up for our return--a -great assemblage of natives, one with a gay red cap. Bought six fowls -for an umbrella. Dr. Smith sketched our last view of the mighty Zaire. -Set out and soon found Dawson very sick; obliged to give his arms and -knapsack to others, and to lead him and give him wine occasionally. -Halted at Vonke, where I got into a scrape by touching Amaza's -fetiche, for which, it being ruined, he wanted a fathom of chintz, -which I gave him. It is forbidden to touch a fetiche or to carry fowls -with their heads downwards. Bought a goat for an umbrella. Bargaining -for a canoe for the sick and luggage; procured one, and embarked poor -Dawson. Tuckey ill; at Masakka had a specimen of African hospitality: -Tuckey, fainting and ill, could not obtain a drop of palm wine until -it was paid for exorbitantly. Peter gave the cap from his head, and -Tuckey his handkerchief and the last beads. To his being faint they -paid not the least regard. About two miles from Sirndia all our guides -abandoned us. However, we found our way, and on our arrival the tent -and luggage, just landed. - -"September 11th.--Hazy, cloudy; feel a little ill. Canoes assembling; -bargained for two for six fathoms and four handkerchiefs. A world of -trouble with them--three strokes of the paddle and stop; wanted to -land us above the rapid; obliged to threaten to put them to death. At -last got them to a rapid that stopped us, where we landed and again -grumbled on. One fellow attempted to snatch the piece from Captain -Tuckey's hand. Met here with some of our old friends, and bargained -with the man whose canoe was stove on the 7th to take us to Juga. The -bearers are to have two fathoms each, and himself a dress. Encamped at -Bemba Ganga. Broached our last bottle of wine. - -"September 12th.--A grey morning. Bought four fowls for two empty -bottles, and four more for some beads. Embarked in a canoe and set -off. About ten arrived at Ganga and had to wait for a canoe; -atmosphere much changed. Hitherto we had found the blacks honest -enough, but here they gave us specimens of being as great thieves as -they were cowards. The canoe in which the sick men came down was -robbed of some check and baft (coarse cloth). One fellow attempted to -steal a carbine. Ben (the black interpreter) lost his greatcoat, which -the fellow he trusted with it ran away with, and our barometer was -stolen in the night. Dr. Smith was taken ill here. We encamped in the -valley of Demba, where we were assailed by ants in myriads, and got no -sleep. After dusk we were informed that the men whom we had hired at -Bemba as canoe men had run away. - -"September 13th.--From 7 a.m. until 6 p.m. no refreshments excepting -earth-nuts, palm-wine, and water. However, we persevered, and at dusk -reached Juga, where we found Butler sick, and had the misery of being -told that poor Tudor and Cranch were no more, Galway despaired of, and -many of the crew sick. Melancholy enough, God knows, but hold on. -Mansa, the slave, has deserted with poor Galway's knapsack. - -"September 14th.--Mizzling rain; melancholy morning. The captain and -Dr. Smith sick. Packing up for ship. Hodder sets out with ten men and an -advanced guard. Dr. Smith worse; decide on removing him to-day; -difficulty in getting bearers; prepared hammocks for the sick. At noon -both the captain and Dr. Smith better; Dawson rather worse; get Butler -into a house. Corporal Middleton arrives with the sad news of Galway's -death, that of poor Stirling and Berry, and a long list of sick. Here I -am in the tent. Poor Tuckey ill, asleep, or perhaps feigning it to avoid -conversation. Dr. Smith groaning under a rheumatic fever, and his trusty -David Lockhart attending him. My ideas are wandering round the world, -and the only consolation is that perhaps it may be the means of my -seeing my dear European friends sooner than I had expected. Five only of -the _Congo's_ are capable of duty, except the warrant officers. Saturday -night. God bless you all, my dear, dear friends! - -"September 15th.--Broke up at Juga, and such a scene I never before -witnessed, and hope never to witness again. As soon as Tuckey was -gone, the natives rushed in upon us like so many furies, each taking -what he could get hold of; the things we were obliged to abandon. A -part of our guides and bearers ran away with the things they were to -carry, and poor Butler was obliged to come away with only two bearers, -who tottered under him, and who were mocked by their compassionate -countrymen. I left him near the ravine of Bondé, and passed on to -Dawson, who was coming on pretty well, as he had four bearers and was -not very heavy. Not far from Vouchin-semnis we were assailed with -horrid shrieks and cries, and soon saw a dozen women, or rather -furies, holding their idols towards us, rolling their eyes, foaming at -the mouth, and making the most violent contortions. They had lost -some manioc, and were exorcising the thieves. I believe the gangam -(priest) had accused us of the robbery. We continued our march, rather -a forced one, to Noki. Far different was the night, and far different -our feelings, on the 23rd of last month! I was colder than charity, -and it rained very hard for more than two hours. - -"September 16th.--Started from Juga. Captain and party on foot, and Dr. -Smith in a hammock. Dr. Smith very weak; obliged to take him out of his -hammock, and William Burton, a marine, carried him on his back, up -almost precipices, to Banza, where we had great difficulty in getting a -little water, which was only obtained by the double influence of a -threat to shoot them and a present of some powder. Arrived at the beach, -where we found all in confusion. No canoes to be had, in consequence of -a taboo from the King of Vinni, who had not received his dues from -Sanquila, who says, on his side, it is in consequence of the commanding -officer of the _Congo_ having threatened to put some one in irons. -Seized the man who appeared to be the chief cause of the opposition, and -at the same time fired at, brought to, and seized five fishing-canoes, -and shortly after obtained two larger from a creek, when we liberated -three of the fishermen's canoes and the head-man. - -"September 17th.--Preparing for embarkation. Finding no paddlers come, -pressed two men and set out, crossing over to the south shore to avoid -the whirlpools. When we left men were assembling fast on the hills, and -told us we had killed a man last night. Beached the canoes and ate some -goat's flesh. So returned on board and reached the _Congo_. Found our -vessel in a horrid state of confusion and filth; stuffed with parrots, -monkeys, puppies, pigeons, etc. The carpenter cutting up the last plank -to make coffins. The deck lumbered as when we left her, and not a -wind-sail up! No stock on board; the sick in double boats and tents -pitched on shore. My cabin filthy as a hog-stye. Passed a sleepless -night. Dr. Smith very unwell, and Captain Tuckey very little better. - -"September 18th.--A little after daylight, Captain Tuckey, Dr. Smith, -and myself left the _Congo_. Passed M'Bima. The river is very much -risen; eagles hovering over us all the way down. Arrived on board the -_Dorothy_ at 3 p.m. Got Dr. Smith to bed; refreshed ourselves, and -thought the air here quite reviving, and a clean ship the greatest of -luxuries. All on board the _Dorothy_ had been well, except the -carpenter, who was convalescent, and a boy who had been up in the -longboat, and was in the same state. - -"September 19th.--Sloop's boat arrived with the sick, and Johnson -dead. Went on shore with Captain Gunther and some of the transport's -people, and buried him--so putrid that I was obliged to bury him in -his cot, with all his bedding. - -"September 20th.--Sick improving generally; transport getting ready -for sea. _Congo_ not in sight. Sent skiff to _Congo_. At 6 p.m. Garth -dies. Skiff returns; has left _Congo_ near Augsberg Island. Parrots -prevent all possibility of sleeping to the sick. - -"September 21st.--Hazy morning. _Congo_ not in sight at nine. An order -for all parrots to be before the fore-hatchway. Buried Garth. Durnford -and Burton attacked with fever; Lockhart unwell, and Ben. Two of -transport's people ill. Jefferies, fever; Ben wishes to remain at -M'Bima. At 6 p.m. _Congo_ and schooner anchored here. Dr. Smith -appears to be in a stupor. - -"September 22nd.--Close morning. Getting stores, etc., from _Congo_; -cleaning her decks; preparing to get her water-tanks filled. Dr. Smith -still in a stupor. Sick generally better, except the captain and -Parker. Weighed with _Dorothy_ and sloop; beat down with sea-breeze. -Dr. Smith, poor fellow, dies, quite worn out; in some measure from his -own imprudent treatment of himself, constantly refusing to follow the -doctor's advice or to take any medicine; cold water was his only -specific. He died without a groan. Mild, affable, and learned, it was -his greatest pleasure to communicate information, and to receive it. -He had conciliated the affections of all his fellow-passengers, and -even of all the crews of both vessels. Anchored at dark, sloop not in -sight. Hoisted a light, to be kept up all night. - -"September 23rd.--At night buried the mortal remains of Dr. Smith, as -silently as possible. No sloop in sight; very uneasy on account of the -sick. Hot weather; sprinkled with vinegar; Tuckey much better. Sloop -arrives; reason of not joining before, does not beat well. - -"September 24th.--Cloudy morning; small rain. _Dorothy_ sets up her -rigging. Set sail on _Dorothy_, but she could not stem the current, -which is very strong. The corporal, Middleton, is the only man out of -the sick list. - -"September 25th.--Cloudy morning; land breeze until noon. Two bottles -of wine were stolen from the sick last night. _Congo_ in sight, and -schooner, the latter coming up the river; anchored here. Removed all -the sick from the sloop to the _Dorothy_. - -"September 26th.--Grey morning. Paid our blacks, and as soon as we -weighed turned them adrift in the large canoe. Weighed and worked -round Sharks' Point; felt quite happy when to the westward of it. On -the 5th July we entered the _Congo_, and since then thirteen of our -party have died and one has been drowned. Sick generally better; -seventeen on the list. Tuckey hailed for assistance previous to our -weighing; talks of giving up charge." - -On September 30th Lieutenant Hawkey enters the death of Lethbridge and -of Eyre. - -On October 1st enters: "Taken very unwell myself--universal debility -and slight headache. - -"October 2nd.--Cloudy. Standing to the west all day. Very unwell. - -"October 3rd.--Cloudy, with swell. Still very unwell. Swallow caught." - -This is the last entry in the diary. On the day following Captain Tuckey -died; and on October 6th Lieutenant Hawkey's own name was added to the -fatal list of those who perished in this most disastrous expedition. In -all eighteen died in the short space of less than three months during -which they remained in the river, or within a few days after leaving it. -Fourteen of these were of the party that had set out on the land journey -above Juga; the other four were attacked on board the _Congo_; two had -died on the passage out, and the sergeant of marines in the hospital at -Bahia, making the total of deaths amount to twenty-one. - -This great mortality is the more extraordinary, as it appears from -Captain Tuckey's journal that nothing could have been finer than the -climate: the atmosphere was remarkably dry, and scarcely a shower fell -during the whole journey, and the sun for three or four days did not -shine sufficiently to allow of an observation being taken. - -It appears from the report of the assistant surgeon that the greater -number were carried off by a violent intermittent fever; some of them -appeared, however, to have had no other ailment than that caused by -extreme exhaustion caused by the land journey. Some of the crew of the -_Congo_ died of the fever who never went above the cataracts; "but -then," as the surgeon observes, "they were permitted to go on shore at -liberty, where the day was passed in running about the country, and -during the night lying in huts or in the open air." - -The _Gentleman's Magazine_ for January, 1817, gives a brief summary of -the achievements of the expedition. "They arrived at the mouth of the -Congo about the 3rd July, and leaving the transport, which only -accompanied them an inconsiderable distance, they proceeded in the -sloop, which was purposely built to draw little water, up the river to -the extent of 120 miles, when her progress, and even that of the -boats, was stopped by rapids. Determined still to prosecute the -undertaking, the men landed, and it was not till they had marched 150 -miles over a barren, mountainous country, and after experiencing the -greatest privations from want of water, and being entirely exhausted -by fatigue, that they gave up the attempt. Hope stayed them up till -they reached the vessel, but they were so worn out that twenty-five -out of the fifty-five died twenty-four hours after their return, -comprehending all the scientific part of those who started, and only -eight were left on board in a state fit to navigate the vessel." - -That there is some inaccuracy in this account will be seen from what -has preceded it. - -The authority for the story of this unfortunate expedition is Sir John -Barrow's edition of the narrative of the expedition, with the diary of -Captain Tuckey, published in 1819; and Miss Charlotte Hawkey's -_Neota_, privately printed in 1871. - - - - - DR. DANIEL LOMBARD - - -Lanteglos with Camelford is one of the richest livings in Cornwall. -Lanteglos itself is nearly two miles from Camelford, and in this -latter place there is neither a church nor a licensed chapel. A few -scattered farms are about Lanteglos; and in Camelford, which is a -market town, there is a population of 1370, left to be ministered to -in holy things by dissenting ministers of many sects. - -The rectory of Lanteglos lies in a valley, amidst luxuriant -vegetation, and is altogether a very snug spot indeed. - -In February, 1718, the Rev. Daniel Lombard was inducted into this -living on the presentation of the Prince of Wales. He was a Frenchman, -the son of a Huguenot pastor, who had fled from his native land on the -Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Daniel had been placed in Merchant -Taylors' School, and thence had passed to S. John's College, Oxford, -where he had taken his degree of Doctor of Divinity, and he became -chaplain to the Princess of Wales, and in 1714 published a sermon that -he had preached before the Princess Sophia at Hanover. He spent a good -deal of time in Germany, and there made the acquaintance of Mr. -Gregor, of Trewarthenick, with whom in after life he maintained a -lengthy correspondence, still extant. - -From all accounts Dr. Lombard was learned on certain lines, but he was -totally unacquainted with the ways of the world, utterly unsuited to -be a parish priest, and lost completely in the isolation of Lanteglos, -far from society in which he could shine; and speaking English badly -with a foreign accent. - -After his institution by the Bishop of Exeter to the livings of -Lanteglos juxta Camelford and that of Advent, Dr. Lombard started off -to reach his cure, mounted on one horse, and his servant on another, -driving a third laden with such articles as appeared to him to be -indispensable in a country where he supposed that nothing was -procurable. - -He rode in this manner along the highway past Launceston, inquiring -everywhere, "Vere ish Landéglo juxtà Camélvore?" No one had heard of the -place; after some consideration the rustics pointed due west. He must go -on one or two days' journey more. He thus travelled through Camelford, -still inquiring "Mais où donc est Landéglo juxtà Camélvore?" - -"I know what he means," said some of those questioned; "the gentleman -is seeking the Land's End." - -And so he travelled on and ever on till he reached the Land's End, and -only then discovered that he had passed through his cure without -knowing it. - -When at last he reached Lanteglos rectory, the woman who acted as -housekeeper showed him with much pride a hen surrounded by a large brood -of chickens. "Deare me!" exclaimed the Doctor. "'Ow can von liddle moder -afford to give milk from her breast to soche a large familie?" - -Seeing sheep with red ruddle on their fleeces, "Pore things!" said he. -"'Ow 'ot dey do seem to be! Dey be red 'ot!" - -He collected a tolerable library of books, and occupied himself with -writing one work in French, a Dissertation on the Utility of History, -introductory to strictures on certain histories that had been -published by De Mezeray and the Père Daniel. But he also wrote in -English _A Succinct History of Ancient and Modern Persecutions_, -together with a short essay on _Assassinations and Civil Wars_, 1747. - -He died at Camelford, December 14, 1746, and left his library for the -use of his successor. - - - - - THE DREAM OF MR. WILLIAMS - - -John Williams, of Scorrier, was the son of Michael Williams, of -Gwennap, and was born 23rd September, 1753. He was the most extensive -mining adventurer in Cornwall. - -On May 11, 1812, Mr. Perceval, Chancellor of the Exchequer, was shot -in the evening, just as he entered the lobby of the House of Commons, -by a man called Bellingham, who had concealed himself behind a door. - -On that same night, Mr. Williams, of Scorrier, had three remarkable -dreams, in each of which he saw the whole transaction as distinctly as -if he had been present there in person. - -His attested statement, relative to these dreams, was drawn up and -signed by him in the presence of the Rev. Thomas Fisher and Mr. Chas. -Prideaux Brune. This account, the original MS. signed by Mr. Williams, -is preserved at Prideaux Place, Padstow. A very minute account of it -found its way into the _Times_ of the 28th August, 1828; another was -furnished to Dr. Abercrombie derived from Mr. Williams himself, who -detailed his experiences to a medical friend of the doctor, and this -latter published this in his _Inquiries Concerning the Intellectual -Power_. This was republished by Dr. Clement Carlyon in _Early Years -and Late Reflections_, 1836-41, together with another account by Mr. -Hill, a barrister, grandson of Mr. John Williams, and which he had -taken down from his grandfather's lips. All these accounts are -practically identical. According to Dr. Abercrombie: "Mr. Williams -dreamt that he was in the lobby of the House of Commons and saw a -small man enter, dressed in a blue coat and white waistcoat. -Immediately after he saw a man dressed in a brown coat with yellow -basket buttons draw a pistol from under his coat and discharge it at -the former, who instantly fell, the blood issuing from a wound a -little below the left breast." According to Mr. Hill's account, "he -heard the report of the pistol, saw the blood fly out and stain the -waistcoat, and saw the colour of the face change." Dr. Abercrombie's -authority goes on to state: "He saw the murderer seized by some -gentlemen who were present, and observed his countenance, and in -asking who the gentleman was who had been shot, he was told it was the -Chancellor. He then awoke, and mentioned the dream to his wife, who -made light of it." This wife was Catherine, daughter of Martin Harvey, -of Killefreth, in Kenwyn, born in 1757. - -We will now take the rest of the narrative from the account in the -_Times_: "Mrs. Williams very naturally told him it was only a dream, and -recommended him to be composed, and go to sleep as soon as he could. He -did so, and shortly after woke her again, and said that he had the -second time had the same dream; whereupon she observed he had been so -much agitated by his former dream that she supposed it had dwelt on his -mind, and begged him to try to compose himself and go to sleep, which he -did. A third time the vision was repeated, on which, notwithstanding her -entreaties that he would be quiet and endeavour to forget it, he arose, -it being then between one and two o'clock, and dressed himself. - -"At breakfast the dreams were the sole subject of conversation, and in -the afternoon Mr. Williams went to Falmouth, where he related the -particulars of them to all of his acquaintance that he met. On the -following day, Mr. Tucker, of Trematon Castle, accompanied by his -wife, a daughter of Mr. Williams, went to Scorrier House about dusk. - -"Immediately after the first salutations on their entering the -parlour, where were Mr., Mrs., and Miss Williams, Mr. Williams began -to relate to Mr. Tucker the circumstances of his dream; and Mrs. -Williams observed to her daughter, Mrs. Tucker, laughingly, that her -father could not even suffer Mr. Tucker to be seated before he told -him of his nocturnal visitation, on the statement of which he observed -that it would do very well for a dream to have the (Lord) Chancellor -in the lobby of the House of Commons, but he could not be found there -in reality, and Mr. Tucker then asked what sort of a man he appeared -to be, when Mr. Williams minutely described him, to which Mr. Tucker -replied: 'Your description is not that of the Lord Chancellor, but it -is certainly that of Mr. Perceval, the Chancellor of the Exchequer; -and although he has been to me the greatest enemy I ever met in my -life, for a supposed cause which had no foundation or truth (or words -to that effect), I should be exceedingly sorry indeed to hear of his -being assassinated, or of injury of the kind happening to him.' - -"Mr. Tucker then inquired of Mr. Williams if he had ever seen Mr. -Perceval, and was told that he had never seen him, nor had ever even -written to him either on public or private business; in short, that he -never had anything to do with him, nor had he ever been in the lobby -of the House of Commons in his life. - -"Whilst Mr. Williams and Mr. Tucker were still standing they heard a -horse gallop to the door of the house, and immediately after Mr. -Michael Williams, of Trevince (son of Mr. Williams, of Scorrier) entered -the room, and said that he had galloped out of Truro (from which -Scorrier is distant seven miles), having seen a gentleman there who had -come by that evening's mail from London, who said that he had been in -the lobby of the House of Commons on the evening of the 11th, when a man -called Bellingham had shot Mr. Perceval, and that, as it might occasion -some great ministerial changes, and might affect Mr. Tucker's political -friends, he had come as fast as he could to make him acquainted with it, -having heard at Truro that he had passed through that place on his way -to Scorrier. After the astonishment which this intelligence created had -a little subsided, Mr. Williams described most particularly the -appearance and dress of the man that he saw in his dream fire the -pistol, as he had before done of Mr. Perceval. - -"About six weeks after, Mr. Williams, having business in town, went, -accompanied by a friend, to the House of Commons, where, as has been -already observed, he had never before been. Immediately that he came to -the steps at the entrance to the lobby, he said: 'This place is as -distinctly within my recollection in my dream as any in my house,' and -he made the same observation when he entered the lobby. He there pointed -out the exact spot where Bellingham stood when he fired, and which Mr. -Perceval had reached when he was struck by the ball, and when and how he -fell. The dress, both of Mr. Perceval and Bellingham, agreed with the -description given by Mr. Williams, even to the most minute particulars." - -Such is this well-authenticated story. It is worth notice that Mr. -Williams saw the whole affair in dream thrice repeated long after the -real event had taken place, and not by any means at the moment of the -assassination. Some dreams that are well authenticated may have led to -the conviction of murderers. But this did not; it was wholly useless; -yet it is impossible to deny that it really occurred. - - - - - SIR ROBERT TRESILIAN - - -Sir Robert Tresilian, of Tresilian, in the parish of Newlyn, and by -virtue of marriage with the heiress of Haweis also lord of Tremoderet in -Duloe, was Lord Chief Justice of England and adviser to King Richard II; -he accordingly drew upon himself the animosity of the King's uncle, -Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester. But he had also drawn upon his -head the hatred of the commonalty by his "bloody circuit" after the -insurrection of Wat Tyler, Jack Straw, and John Ball. - -When Sir Robert Knollys had brought together a large force against the -insurgents, the young King had forbidden him to slaughter them _en -masse_, as he proposed, "For," said he, "I will have their blood in -another way." And he had their blood by sending Chief Justice Tresilian -among them, and, according to Holinshed, the number of executions -amounted to 1500. At first they were beheaded; afterwards they were -hanged and left on the gibbet to excite terror; but their friends cut -down the bodies and carried them off; whereupon the King ordered that -they should be hanged in strong iron chains; and this was the first -instance of this barbarous and disgusting practice in England. - -The King had promised the insurgent peasantry that serfage should be -abolished, that liberty should be accorded to all to buy and sell in -the markets, and that land should be let at fourpence an acre, that a -general amnesty should be accorded. To all these he had acceded with -charters signed and sealed; but so soon as the disturbances were over -he repudiated his undertakings, and we cannot doubt that he did so at -the advice of Tresilian, who pronounced them illegal. - -Richard did, indeed, in the next Parliament, urge the abolition of -villainage, but the proposal was coldly received, not pressed, and -rejected. Moreover, on the occasion of his marriage with Anne of -Bohemia, which took place soon after, a general amnesty was proclaimed. - -The people were, however, disaffected. The imposition of a poll tax -levied on rich and poor at the same sum on all over fifteen, and the -scandalous manner in which it had been collected, had given general -dissatisfaction, and it was, in fact, this which had roused Wat Tyler -to march on London to obtain redress. - -The King had surrounded himself with favourites, and his uncles were -excluded from his council. The country was divided between the party -of the King and that of the Duke of Gloucester. There is not the least -reason to suppose that the latter had at heart the welfare of the -people of England, any more than had the creatures who surrounded the -King. The Duke was moved by resentment, pride, and ambition, and many -believed that he aimed at the crown. - -The chief favourites of Richard were Michael de la Pole, whom he created -Earl of Suffolk, and Robert de Vere, a young and handsome man, who was -made Marquis of Dublin, receiving, at the same time, the extraordinary -grant of the whole revenue of Ireland, out of which he was to pay a -yearly rent of five thousand marks to the King. He was soon after -created Duke of Ireland. The other advisers of the King were Worth, -Archbishop of York, Sir Simon Burley, and Sir Robert Tresilian. These -certainly judged rightly when they opposed the prosecution of the war in -France, and the subvention of the claims of the Duke of Lancaster to the -Crown of Castile. The country was being drained of men and money in -these profitless wars. But the nobles, headed by Thomas of Gloucester, -opposed this policy, and naturally had the support of those who made -money out of the wars. To defeat the plans of the council, Gloucester -demanded the dismissal of Suffolk. The King petulantly answered that he -would not at his command dismiss a scullion-boy from his kitchen. -Suffolk was, however, impeached by the Commons for undue use of his -influence, and the King was obliged to submit to the fining and -imprisonment of his favourite. It was next proposed that a council -should be appointed to reform the State. At this proposition Richard -threatened to dissolve the Parliament. A member of the Commons thereupon -moved that the statute deposing Edward II should be read, and the King -was warned that death might be the penalty of a continued refusal. He -yielded. The commission was appointed, and Gloucester and his friends, -who formed the great majority, were masters of England. In yielding, -Richard limited the duration of the commission to a year. The King was -now twenty years of age, but he was reduced to as mere a cipher as when -he was a boy of eleven. - -In the month of August in the following year, 1387, acting under the -advice of Tresilian, he assembled a council at Nottingham, and -submitted to some of the judges who attended it this question--Whether -the Commission of Government appointed by Parliament, and approved of -under his own seal, were legal or illegal? Tresilian led the rest of -the judges to certify that the commission was illegal, and that all -those who had introduced the measure were liable to capital -punishment; that all who supported it were by that act guilty of high -treason; in short, that both Lords and Commons were traitors. - -On the 11th November following the King returned to London, when he -was alarmed by hearing that the Duke of Gloucester, the Earls of -Arundel and Nottingham, the Constable, Admiral, and Marshal of England -were approaching the capital at the head of forty thousand men. The -decision of Tresilian and the judges and of the King had, in fact, -forced them into rebellion, as it was pretty evident that Richard -aimed at taking their lives. - -So soon as Richard's cousin, the Earl of Derby, heard of the approach -of Gloucester, he quitted the Court with the Earl of Warwick, went to -Waltham Cross, and there joined him. The members of the Council of -Eleven were there already. On Sunday, the 17th of November, the Duke -entered London with an irresistible force and "appealed" of treason -the Archbishop of York, De Vere, Duke of Ireland, De la Pole, Earl of -Suffolk, Sir Robert Tresilian, Chief Justice of England, and Sir -Nicolas Brember, Knight, a London grocer and Lord Mayor of London. - -The favourites instantly took to flight. De la Pole, the condemned -Chancellor, succeeded in reaching France, where he died soon after; De -Vere, Duke of Ireland, got to the borders of Wales, where he raised an -army, acting in concert with the King; it was resolved he should march -to London. The Archbishop of York escaped to Flanders, where he spent -the rest of his days as a village priest. - -The fate of Chief Justice Tresilian must be told in the words of Sir -John Froissart. - -Richard had gone to Bristol to organize an army against the Duke of -Gloucester, and De Vere, the Duke of Ireland, was with him there. - -"While the army was collecting, the King and the Duke in secret -conference, determined to send one of their confidential agents to -London, to observe what was going forward, and if the King's uncles -still remained there, to discover what they were doing. After some -consultation, they could think of no proper person to send on this -errand; when a knight who was cousin to the Duke, called Sir Robert -Tresilian, stepped forth, and said to the Duke, 'I see the difficulty -you have to find a trusty person to send to London; I, from love of -you, will risk the adventure.' The King and the Duke, well pleased -with the offer, thanked him for it. Tresilian left Bristol disguised -as a poor tradesman, mounted on a wretched hackney. He continued his -road to London, and lodged at an inn where he was unknown; for no man -could have ever imagined that one of the King's counsellors and -chamberlains would have appeared in so miserable a dress. - -"When in London, he picked up all the news that was possible, for he -could do no more, respecting the King's uncles and the citizens. Having -heard that there was to be a meeting of the Dukes and their council at -Westminster, he determined to go thither to learn secretly all he could -of their proceedings. This he executed, and fixed his quarters at an -ale-house right opposite the palace gate. He chose a chamber the window -of which looked into the palace yard, where he posted himself to observe -all who should come to this Parliament. The greater part he knew, but -was not, from his disguise, known to them. He, however, remained there -at different times, so long, that a squire of the Duke of Gloucester saw -and recognized him, for he had been many times in his company. Sir -Robert also at once recollected him, and withdrew from the window; but -the squire, having his suspicions, said, 'Surely that must be -Tresilian.' To be certain on this point, he entered the ale-house, and -said to the landlady, 'Dame, tell me, on your troth, who is he that is -drinking in the room above; he is alone and not in company.' 'On my -troth, sir,' she replied, 'I cannot give you his name; but he has been -here some time.' At these words, the squire went upstairs to know the -truth, and having saluted Sir Robert, found he was right, though he -dissembled by saying, 'God preserve you, master! I hope you will not -take my coming amiss, for I thought you had been one of my farmers from -Essex, as you are so very like him.' 'By no means,' said Sir Robert; 'I -am from Kent, and hold lands of Sir John Holland, and wish to lay my -complaints before the Council against the tenants of the Archbishop of -Canterbury, who encroach much on my farm.' 'If you will come into the -hall,' said the squire, 'I will have way made for you to lay your -grievances before the lords.' 'Many thanks,' replied Sir Robert; 'not at -this moment, but I shall not renounce your assistance.' At the words the -squire ordered a quart of ale, and having paid for it, he said, 'God be -with you!' and left the ale-house. - -"He lost no time in hastening to the council-chamber, and called to -the usher to open the door. The usher, knowing him, asked his -business. He said, 'he must instantly speak with the Duke of -Gloucester, on matters that mainly concerned him and the council.' The -usher, on this, bade him enter, which he did, and made up to the Duke -of Gloucester, saying, 'My lord, I will tell it aloud; for it concerns -not you only but all the lords present. I have seen Sir Robert -Tresilian, disguised as a peasant, in an ale-house close by the -palace gate.' 'Tresilian!' exclaimed the Duke. 'On my faith, my lord, -it is true; and you will have him to dine with, if you please.' 'I -should like it much,' replied the Duke; 'for he will tell us some news -of his master, the Duke of Ireland. Go, and secure him; but with power -enough not to be in danger of failing.' - -"The squire on these orders, left the council-chamber, and having chosen -four bailiffs, said to them, 'Follow me at a distance; and so soon as -you shall perceive me make you a sign to arrest a man I am in search of, -lay hands on him, and take care he do not, on any account, escape.' The -squire made for the ale-house where he had left Sir Robert, and, -mounting the staircase to the room where he was, said, on entering: -'Tresilian, you are not come to this country for any good, as I imagine; -my Lord of Gloucester sends me for you, and you must come and speak with -him.' The knight turned a deaf ear, and would have been excused by -saying, 'I am not Tresilian, but a tenant of Sir John Holland.' - -"'That is not true,' replied the squire; 'your body is Tresilian's, -though not your dress.' And, making a sign to the bailiffs, who were -at the door, they entered the house and arrested him, and, whether he -would or not, carried him to the palace. You may believe, there was a -great crowd to see him; for he was well known in London, and in many -parts of England. - -"The Duke of Gloucester was much pleased, and would see him. When in -his presence, the Duke said: 'Tresilian, what has brought you hither? -How fares my Sovereign? Where does he now reside?' Tresilian, finding -that he was discovered, and that no excuses would avail, replied: 'On -my faith, my lord, the King has sent me hither to learn the news. He -is in Bristol, and on the banks of the Severn, where he hunts and -amuses himself.' - -"'How!' said the Duke, 'You do not come dressed as an honest man, but -like a spy. If you had been desirous to learn what was passing, your -appearance should have been like that of a knight or a decent person.' -'My lord,' answered Tresilian, 'if I have done wrong, I hope you will -excuse me, for I have only done what I was bid.' 'And where is your -master, the Duke of Ireland?' 'My lord,' said Tresilian, 'he is with -the King, my lord.' The Duke then added: 'We have been informed that -he is collecting a large body of men, and that the King has issued his -summons to that effect. Whither does he mean to lead them?' 'My lord, -they are indeed for Ireland.' 'For Ireland!' said the Duke. 'Yes, -indeed, as God may help me,' answered Tresilian. - -"The Duke mused awhile, and then spoke: 'Tresilian, Tresilian, your -actions are neither fair nor honest. You have committed a great piece of -folly in coming to these parts, where you are far from being loved, as -will shortly be shown to you. Yes, and others of your faction have done -what has greatly displeased my brother and myself, and have ill-advised -the King, whom you have stirred up to quarrel with his chief nobility. -In addition, you have excited the principal towns against us. The day of -retribution is therefore come, when you shall receive payment; for -whoever acts unjustly receives his reward. Look to your affairs, for I -will neither eat nor drink till you be no more.' - -"This speech greatly terrified Sir Robert (for no one likes to hear of -his end) by the manner in which it was uttered. He was desirous to -obtain pardon, by various excuses, and the most abject humiliation, -but in vain. The Duke had received information of what was going on -at Bristol, and his excuses were frivolous. Why should I make a long -story? Sir Robert was delivered to the hangman, who led him out to the -place of execution, where he was beheaded, and then hung by the arms -to a gibbet. Thus ended Sir Robert Tresilian." - - - - - PIRATE TRELAWNY - - -Edward John Trelawny, a younger son of Charles Brereton Trelawny, came -into this world on the 2nd or 3rd of November, but in what year is not -certain. It is said that he was born in 1792, but either this is a -wrong date, or else Colonel Vivian, in his _Visitations of Cornwall_, -errs, for he gives that year as the one in which Harry Brereton -Trelawny, the eldest son, was born. Charles Brereton Trelawny was the -son of Harry Trelawny, a lieutenant-general in the army and Governor -of Landguard Fort. - -Of his father, Edward John entertained no favourable opinion. "My -father, notwithstanding his increased fortune, did not increase his -expenditure; nay, he established, if possible, a stricter system of -economy. The only symptom he ever showed of imagination was -castle-building; but his fabrications were founded on a more solid -basis than is usually to be met with among the visions of -day-dreamers. No unreal mockery of fairy scenes of bliss found a -resting-place in his bosom. Ingots, money, lands, houses, and -tenements constituted his dreams. He became a mighty arithmetician by -the aid of a ready reckoner, his pocket companion; he set down to a -fraction the sterling value of all his and his wife's relations, the -heirs at law, their nearest of kin, their ages, and the state of their -constitutions. The insurance table was examined to calculate the value -of their lives; to this he added the probable chances arising from -diseases, hereditary and acquired, always forgetting his own gout. He -then determined to regulate his conduct accordingly; to maintain the -most friendly intercourse with his wealthy connexions, and to keep -aloof from the poor ones. Having no occasion to borrow, his aversion -to lending amounted to antipathy. The distrust and horror he expressed -at the slightest allusion to loans, unbacked by security and interest, -had the effect of making the most imprudent and adventurous desist -from essaying him, and continue in their necessities, or beg, or rob, -or starve, in preference to urging their wants to him. - -"It was his custom to appropriate a room in the house to the -conservation of those things he loved--choice wines, foreign -preserves, cordials. This sanctum was a room on the ground floor, -under a skylight. Our next-door neighbours' pastime happened to be a -game of balls, when one of them lodged on the leaded roof of this -consecrated room. Two of my sisters, of the ages of fourteen and -sixteen, ran from the drawing-room back window to seek for the ball, -and slipping on the leads, the younger fell through the skylight on to -the bottles and jars upon the table below. She was dreadfully bruised, -and her hands, legs and face were cut, so much so, that she still -retains the scars. Her sister gave the alarm. My mother was called; -she went to the door of the store-room; her child screamed out, for -God's sake to open the door; she was bleeding to death. My mother -dared not break the lock, as my father had prohibited any one from -entering this, his blue chamber; and what was worse, he had the key. -Other keys were tried, but none could open the door. Had I been there, -my foot should have picked the lock. Will it be believed that, in that -state, my sister was compelled to await my father's return from the -House of Commons, of which he was a member? At last, when he -returned, my mother informed him of the accident, and tried to allay -the wrath which she saw gathering on his brow. He took no notice of -her, but paced forward to the closet, when the delinquent, awed by his -dreadful voice, hushed her sobs. He opened the door and found her -there, scarcely able to stand, trembling and weeping. Without speaking -a word, he kicked and cuffed her out of the room, and then gloomily -decanted what wine remained in the broken bottles." - -[Illustration: EDWARD JOHN TRELAWNY - -_From a drawing by D. Lucas_] - -The mother of Edward John was Maria, sister of Sir Christopher -Hawkins, of Trewithen. - -That a high-spirited, self-willed, passionate boy like Edward John -should get on with such a father was antecedently improbable; and he -was sent to sea at the age of twelve in the _Superb_, and had the ill -fortune to miss the battle of Trafalgar, through Admiral Duckworth -delaying three days at Plymouth to victual his ships with mutton and -potatoes. - -"Young as I was, I shall never forget our falling in with the _Pickle_ -schooner off Trafalgar, carrying the first despatches of the battle -and death of its hero. Her commander, burning with impatience to be -the first to convey the news to England, was compelled to heave to and -come on board us. Captain Keates received him on deck, and when he -heard the news I was by his side. Silence reigned throughout the ship; -some great event was anticipated. The officers stood in groups, -watching with intense anxiety the two commanders, who walked apart. -'Battle,' 'Nelson,' 'ships,' were the only audible words which could -be gathered from their conversation. I saw the blood rush into -Keates's face; he stamped the deck, walked hurriedly, and spoke with -passion. I marvelled, for I had never before seen him much moved; he -had appeared cool, firm, and collected on all occasions, and it struck -me that some awful event had taken place, or was at hand. The Admiral -was still in his cabin, eager for news from the Nelson fleet. He was -an irritable and violent man, and after a few minutes, swelling with -wrath, he sent an order to Keates, who possibly heard it not, but -staggered along the deck, struck to the heart by the news, and, for -the first time in his life, forgot his respect to his superior in -rank; muttering, as it seemed, curses on his fate that, by the -Admiral's delay, he had not participated in the most glorious battle -in naval history. Another messenger enforced him to descend in haste -to the Admiral, who was high in rage and impatience. - -"Keates, for I followed him, on entering the Admiral's cabin said in a -subdued voice, as if he were choking, 'A great battle has been fought, -two days ago, off Trafalgar. The combined fleets of France and Spain -are annihilated, and Nelson is no more!' He then murmured, 'Had we not -been detained we should have been there.' - -"Duckworth answered not, conscience-struck, but stalked the deck. He -seemed ever to avoid the look of his captain, and turned to converse -with the commander of the schooner, who replied in sulky brevity, -'Yes' or 'No.' Then, dismissing him, he ordered all sail to be set, -and walked the quarter-deck alone. A death-like stillness pervaded the -ship, broken at intervals by the low murmurs of the crew and officers, -when 'battle' and 'Nelson' could alone be distinguished. Sorrow and -discontent were painted on every face. - -"On the following morning we fell in with a portion of the victorious -fleet. It was blowing a gale, and they lay wrecks on the sea. Our -Admiral communicated with them, and then, joining Collingwood, had six -sail of the line put under his command, with orders to pursue that -part of the enemy's fleet which had escaped; and I joined the ship to -which I was appointed. It is unnecessary to dwell on the miseries of a -cockpit life: I found it more tolerable than my school, and little -worse than my home." - -When paid off he was sent under a Scotch captain, who treated him -badly, and then he was in another vessel and resolved to desert the -service. This he did at Bombay. So far we can trust what Trelawny has -given us in that remarkable book _Adventures of a Younger Son_; but -from this point on he romances, but romances with an air of reality. -It is not possible to discriminate fact from fiction in what follows. -Undoubtedly Pirate Trelawny started on his memoirs with the intent of -writing his autobiography, but he was inordinately vain, and delighted -in posturing as a hero and in describing marvellous adventures through -which he passed, heightening them sensationally with wonderful skill. - -What seems probable is that, after deserting from the navy, he was for -a while in the merchant service, and then joined a privateer cruising -in the India seas. As Mr. E. Garnett well says, "the Younger Son is an -excellent stage hero by the finish; he meets and overcomes all odds; -it is truly a glorious Trelawny--the Trelawny of his own imagination." - -He states that he was married when he was twenty-one, and that the -marriage took place in England, so that he must have returned home -somewhere about 1813. But we really know nothing authentic of his -movements till 1822, when he was in England, and thence went to Italy, -where he made acquaintance with Lord Byron and with Shelley. After -the lamentable death of the latter poet he attended at the cremation -of the body. Thence he went with Byron to Greece in the _Hercules_, to -aid the Greeks against the Turks. They arrived at Cephalonia, off the -west coast, in the beginning of August, 1823, and there Lord Byron -resolved on staying till he could ascertain how things were -progressing in Greece and decide on his future course of action. This -delay did not at all suit the impetuosity of the character of -Trelawny, who called it dawdling, and set forward for the mainland in -company with Hamilton Browne, making his way to the seat of the Greek -Government. He also sent emissaries to England to endeavour to raise a -loan, and then proceeded to Athens. Here the insurgent leader Odysseus -was in command, and to his fortunes Trelawny at once attached himself, -and married the sister of the Greek chieftain. - -Major Temple, resident at Santa Maura, during his mission to the Morea -in June, 1824, met Odysseus, and described him as "a perfect Albanian -chieftain--savage in manners and appearance, of great muscular -strength, and about six feet high." - -He had his head-quarters in a huge cavern in the face of the limestone -precipices of Mount Parnassus, which he had strongly fortified, and in -this he kept his treasure that he had accumulated and lodged his family. -In the meantime dissension had broken out among the Greeks, between the -leaders of the bands that did all the fighting, under Kolokotroni, and -the Executive Government that had been elected by the primates, at the -head of which stood Mavrocordato. A complete rupture had ensued at the -end of 1823 between the parties, and the guerilla chieftains absolutely -refused obedience to the Provisional Government. - -In the same winter of 1823-4 Trelawny accompanied Odysseus as -_aide-de-camp_ upon an expedition into Negropont, and on their return -to Athens, where Colonel Stanhope then was, Trelawny sent a letter to -his mother, of which the following is an extract:-- - - - "ATHENS, _18th February, 1824._ - - "DEAR MOTHER,--I am enabled to keep twenty-five followers, - Albanian soldiers, with whom I have joined the most enterprising - of the Greek captains and most powerful--Ulysses. I am much with - him, and have done my best during the winter campaign, in which we - have besieged Negropont, to make up for the many years of idleness - I have led. I am now in my element, and the energy of my youth is - reawakened. I have clothed myself in the Albanian costume and - sworn to uphold the cause. - - "Everything here is going on as well as heart can wish. Great part - of Greece is already emancipated. The Morea is free, and we are - making rapid progress to the westward. Lord Byron spends £5000 a - year in the cause and maintains five hundred soldiers. This will - in the eyes of the world redeem the follies of youth. - - "Your affectionate son, - "EDWARD TRELAWNY." - -Trelawny and Odysseus desired to get Lord Byron to be with them, but -this plan was frustrated by the death of the poet on April 19th, 1824. - -Colonel Stanhope proposed a congress of the civil and military leaders, -so as to effect a reconciliation between the two embittered elements -that were weakening the resistance against the common enemy, the Turk. -Odysseus consented to attend this meeting at Salona, and Trelawny also -agreed to be present. Mavrocordato looked on Trelawny with suspicion as -intimate with Odysseus and as his brother-in-law, and he foisted upon -him an English spy named Fenton, and an accomplice of the name of -Whitcombe, with secret instructions to make away with him. - -After returning from Salona, Trelawny was with Odysseus in Eastern -Greece, carrying on the war in guerilla fashion without any great -results. - -In the autumn he was at Argos, whence a letter (certainly his, though -unsigned) was sent to his brother Lieutenant Harry Trelawny, R.N. - -"... To give you an idea of the misery existing here is beyond all -expression. The town is nothing more or less than a chaos of ruins; -not a house inhabitable. The fever making great havoc, people actually -falling down in the streets. The stench of the place is so great I am -obliged to remove my quarters to the once famous Argos, not more than -an hour's walk from Agamemnon's tomb, which I have not yet seen. The -scenery is beautiful; perfectly romantic. I am now living in a house -without doors or windows, every man armed. - -"The Commissioners are both sick. Mr. Bulwer has proposed to raise a -body of fifty men, but I am afraid it will all evaporate in smoke, -like all his undertakings here. I am much afraid nothing is to be -done: they look on all foreigners as intruders. Many of the French -have behaved most shamefully, but, as I told you before, I will exert -every effort. All my hopes are placed in Colonel Gordon's arrival. - - "YOUR BROTHER." - - * * * * * - -The Commissioners referred to were Henry Lytton Bulwer (Lord Dalling) -and J. H. Browne, sent out by the Greek Committee in London, when it -was too late, to ascertain whether the Greek Provisional Government -was sufficiently firmly established, and sufficiently trustworthy, to -warrant the paying over to it of that part of the loan raised in -England on their behalf not already advanced. The loan was of -£800,000, but from this 56.4 per cent was deducted, so that the whole -amount to be forwarded to the Greek Government would be only £348,000. - -Odysseus was beset with difficulties, as the Provisional Government -refused to furnish him with men or money. Trelawny made vain attempts -to raise funds. - -Ultimately Odysseus made a truce for three months with Omer Pasha, of -Negropont, but being regarded with suspicion on both sides, he -endeavoured to make his escape, and left Trelawny in charge of the -cave and its contents. It was at this time that Fenton, the hired spy, -in May, 1825, made the attempt to assassinate Trelawny. He took the -opportunity when Trelawny's back was towards him to shoot him. - -Odysseus was compelled to surrender to the Government, was carried off -to Athens, where he was strangled by order of Mavrocordato. - -Trelawny's wounds were so dangerous that he suffered for three months -before he could be said to have recovered, and he then escaped from -the cavern and landed in Cephalonia in September, 1825, bringing his -Albanian wife with him. During the next two years he was engaged in a -lawsuit about his wife, whom he treated with brutality, so that she -left him and retired to a convent, with purpose ultimately to proceed -to Paxo, where lived her sister. Whilst in the convent she was -delivered of a child which she sent to Trelawny to be put out to -nurse, as they objected in the convent to have the infant there. -Trelawny sent it to a woman who undertook to rear it, but it died, -whereupon, as Mr. H. Robinson of Zante wrote to Toole on 22nd -November, 1827, "he sent the dead body to the Castle Monastery, where -she (his wife) was, in a box with her things and a message from him. -The wife knew not what was in the box and refused to open it, and -there it lay until putrid. - -"An examination took place with all the fuss which the courts make -about _suspicione d'infanticido_, and ended by T. being fined two -dollars for improperly removing a dead body." - -In or about the month of July, 1829, Signora Trelawny made petition to -the Lord High Commissioner to the following effect:-- - -"It is perhaps known to Your Excellency that at about the age of -thirteen I was given in marriage to Signor Trelawny, my family urging -that I should live happily with one brought up in the courtesy and -good-breeding of his country; but, as my experience proved, he failed -to treat me with that consideration and nobility of character which -distinguish the men of his nation. The nature of the long-continued -treatment which I have had to endure at the hands of the said Signor -Trelawny is not unknown, and at the last, it is perhaps within Your -Excellency's recollection that he brought grief to my very eyes by -sending me while in the convent, with cunning and brutality, the dead -body of my daughter and his." - -She then stated that Zante had become lonely for her, as her brothers -and mother had gone to Greece. She wanted to go to Paxo to her sister, -but the custom of Zante obliged a wife separated from her husband to -live in a convent. - -She continued: "I venture humbly to ask Your Excellency if, being the -wife of an Englishman, I ought to be subject to the custom of the island -in which I chance to find myself a resident. Should an Englishwoman be -subjected to such treatment as I am?... I promise Your Excellency that, -in whatever place or situation I find myself, I will conduct myself -always as is proper for the wife of an English gentleman; and though he -himself may be wanting in dignity of behaviour, I will do neither him -nor myself the dishonour of imitating him. - - "TERSITZA PHILIPPA TRELAWNY." - - * * * * * - -This petition and the letter of Mr. Robinson suffice to show that the -story of Trelawny sending his dead child in a box to its mother is not -to be rejected as a fable, as it has been by the author of the notice -on Edward John Trelawny in the _Dictionary of National Biography_.[27] -The poor unfortunate girl, then aged seventeen, obtained a separation -from her husband _a mensa et thoro_, by a sentence of the -Ecclesiastical Court, and by definitive sentences of the courts of law -in Zante and Corfu she was entitled to an aliment from her husband of -twenty-five dollars a month, for the payment of which Mr. Barff, the -banker of Zante, and Mr. Stevens, of Corfu, were securities. But this -was the result of much litigation, causing Trelawny annoyance and -angering him to the last degree. - -In the autumn of 1828 he visited England, but returned to the Continent -in the spring of the following year, feeling out of his element at home. -"To whom am I a neighbour?" he wrote, "and near whom? I dwell amongst -tame and civilized human beings with somewhat the same feelings as we -may guess the lion feels when, torn from his native wildness, he is -tortured into domestic intercourse with what Shakespeare calls 'forked -animals,' the most abhorrent to his nature." He rambled about; set up a -harem in Athens, bought a Moorish girl to be his concubine, wrote his -_Adventures of a Younger Son_, and sent the MS. in 1830 to Mrs. Shelley, -and it was published in three volumes in 1831, with some excisions of -grossness and licentiousness, which the publisher insisted on having -removed. As already said, no reliance can be placed on this -autobiography as a narrative of the facts of his life, except only of -his boyhood, for, as Lord Byron said of Trelawny, "he could not speak -the truth even if he wished to do so." - -When the book appeared, the _Athenæum_ considered the hero--Trelawny -himself--"a kind of ruffian from his birth," as he had painted himself, -leaving out the villainies and brutalities of which he had been guilty. - -He was thrice married, and behaved badly to all three wives. He could -not be faithful and generous even to his friends. With Byron he had -been most intimate, yet when Byron died he wrote to Mary Shelley: "It -is well for his name, and better for Greece, that Byron is dead.... I -now feel my face burn with shame that so weak and ignoble a soul could -so long have influenced me. It is a degrading reflection, and ever -will be. I wish he had lived a little longer, that he might have -witnessed how I would have soared above him here, how I would have -triumphed over his mean spirit." Trelawny soaring!--as a vulture only -in quest of carrion. - -And when, in 1858, he published his _Recollections of Shelley and -Byron_, thirty-four years after the death of the latter, he painted -Byron in the harshest colours; and one can hardly escape feeling that -this was prompted by jealousy of the esteem in which the world held -Byron for his genius. He himself possessed all the bad qualities that -he despised in Byron, but did not recognize in himself the superadded -brutality which Byron was too much a gentleman to show. - -Even Mrs. Shelley, a lifelong friend and correspondent, to whom he had -often poured out his heart, and whom he had contemplated at one time -marrying, could not be spoken of by him after her death but in -disparagement and with a revelation to the world of her little -weaknesses. - -He was in England again in 1835, went into society, and married for -the third time, to make another woman miserable. For a number of years -he lived at Putney Hill, and then took a farm at Usk, in -Monmouthshire, and amused himself with farming. - -In or about 1870, Trelawny, then seventy-eight years old, bought a -house and a small plot of land at Sompting, near Wortham, and occupied -himself with gardening. One day two men with guns in their hands -requested permission to enter his grounds after a bird that had taken -refuge there. He answered fiercely, "All the leave I will accord you -is to shoot one another." - -At Sompting, Trelawny died on August 13th, 1881, at the age of -eighty-six. In accordance with his wish to be laid beside Shelley, his -body was embalmed in England, cremated at Gotha, and the ashes taken -to the Protestant burial-ground in Rome, and laid in the tomb he had -bought fifty-eight years before, next to those of his friend. - -Trelawny was a very handsome man, tall and well built; he had flashing -dark eyes under beetling brows, and an aquiline nose, raven-black -hair, and a dusky, Spanish complexion. He spoke very loud. He retained -his good looks to the end of his days. - -Shelley described him in _Fragments of an Unfinished Drama_:-- - - He was as is the sun in his fierce youth, - As terrible and lovely as a tempest. - -In Millais' painting of "The North-West Passage," exhibited in the -Royal Academy in 1874, the old sailor is a portrait of Captain -Trelawny; and it has been conjectured that Thackeray delineated him as -Captain Sumph in _Pendennis_, I, cap. 35. - -The authorities for Trelawny's life are, beside the first part of his -_Adventures of a Younger Son_, his _Recollections of Shelley and -Byron_, 1858; the new edition of the work, published in 1878, was -called _Records of Shelley, Byron, and the Author_. - -Mr. R. Garnett has a notice of the life of Trelawny prefixed to the -edition of the _Adventures of a Younger Son_ of 1890. A lengthy life -of Trelawny is in the _Dictionary of National Biography_. An error in -this is pointed out by Mr. T. C. Down in the article on "Pirate -Trelawny" already referred to and quoted from. - -A pleasant account of "Mr. Trelawny and his Friends" appeared in the -_Contemporary Review_ for 1878. - -Something further about him may be gleaned from Frances A. Kemble's -_Records of a Girlhood_, 1878, III, 75, 308-12. There are corrections -of some of Trelawny's inaccuracies in D. Guido Biagi's _The Last Days -of Percy Bysshe Shelley_, 1898. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[27] See for the above and more on the subject of "Pirate Trelawny" an -article by T. C. Down in the _Nineteenth Century_, May, 1907. - - - - - JAMES SILK BUCKINGHAM - - -Mr. S. C. Hall, writing after the death of J. S. Buckingham, thus -expressed his opinion of this truly remarkable man: "Whatever, during -his life, envy, jealousy, monopolous interest or satirical hostility may -have said to the contrary, there can be little doubt, now he is gone, -that the late Mr. James Silk Buckingham was amongst the most useful as -well as the most hopeful and industrious men of his time. His career was -one remarkable illustration of the well-known line of the old song, -'It's wonderful what we can do if we try'; for at almost every step he -took he was met by some disaster or annoyance, yet kept pressing on with -the most dauntless persistence, making the best of the worst -circumstances, and even when failing in his own personal endeavours, -giving such an impulse to the powers of others in whatever cause or -course he had engaged, that the end in view was generally attained, and -in several notable instances within the period of his own life." - -The Buckinghams were a North Devon family, and the grandfather of the -subject of this notice had lived in Barnstaple. For several -generations they had been connected with the sea. Christopher -Buckingham settled at Flushing on a small farm, along with his wife -Thomazine, daughter of a Hambley of Bodmin. - -James Silk describes his father as wearing a cocked hat, long, -square-tailed coat with large pockets and sleeves, square-toed shoes -with silver buckles, and as walking abroad carrying a tall, -gold-headed cane. - -James Silk was born at Flushing on the 25th August, 1786. He had two -brothers and a sister. His father died in 1794. - -"The port of Falmouth," wrote he in his unfinished memoirs, "being -nearest to the entrance of the Channel, there were permanently -stationed here two squadrons of frigates, one under the command of Sir -Edward Pellew (afterwards Lord Exmouth), the other under the command -of Sir John Borlase Warren. The former, as commodore, hoisted his -pennant on the _Indefatigable_, the latter on the _Révolutionaire_. -Each squadron consisted of five frigates of thirty-two and forty-four -guns each; and, in addition to these, there were continually arriving -and departing from Carrick Roads, the outer anchorage of Falmouth, -line-of-battle ships and smaller vessels of war; while the prizes -taken from the French were constantly brought into the port for -adjudication and sale. There were two large prisons, with open courts, -for the reception of the French prisoners thus taken, and every month -added many to their inmates. - -"Both the naval commodores, as well as such captains of the frigates -belonging to the squadrons as were married, had their families residing -at Flushing, and the numerous officers of different grades, from the -youngest midshipman to the first lieutenant, were continually coming and -going to and fro ... so that the little village literally sparkled with -gold epaulets and gold-laced hats and brilliant uniforms." - -He tells a curious story of his childhood. Corn, owing to the war, had -mounted to famine price, and the miners of Cornwall went about in -gangs waging war against all forestallers, regraters, and hoarders -of grain, and demolishing bakers' shops, mills, and grain stores. - -[Illustration: JAMES SILK BUCKINGHAM] - -"A body of some three or four hundred of these men entered Flushing, -and as they were all dressed in the mud-stained smock frocks and -trousers in which they worked underground, all armed with large clubs -and sticks of various kinds, and speaking an uncouth jargon, which -none but themselves could understand, they struck terror wherever they -went. Their numbers were quite equal to the whole adult male -population of the little village, so that the men stood aghast, the -women retired into their houses, and closed their doors, and the -children seemed struck dumb with affright. The moment of their visit, -too, was most inopportune, for on that very day a large party of the -captains and officers of the packets residing at Flushing were -occupied in storing a cargo of grain that had just been discharged -from a coasting vessel at the quay, and locking it up in warehouses to -secure it from plunder." - -At this time it happened that all the ships of war were absent on -their cruising grounds. The situation was dangerous, and the men -threatened an attack on the warehouses, and were muttering and -brandishing their clubs, and falling into ranks, when Captain -Kempthorne snatched up little James Silk, then an urchin of six or -seven, seated him on a sack of corn, and bade him strike up a hymn. - -With his shrill little pipe, he started-- - - Salvation, O! the joyful sound, - 'Tis music to our ears. - -Whereupon at once the mob took up the chant, sang the hymn, with their -strong masculine lungs; the clubs were let fall, and, the hymn ended, -they dispersed harmlessly. - -James Silk went to sea in the _Lady Harriet_, a Government packet. On -his third voyage to Lisbon he was captured by a French corvette and -assigned to prison at Corunna; he was then about ten years old, and -the gaoler's daughter of the same age fell in love with him, and -softened the rigour of his captivity by bringing him dainties from her -father's table. She tried to induce the boy to elope with her, but -James had sufficient English common sense not to accept the offer, and -finally he was sent to Lisbon, obliged to tramp the whole way, several -hundred miles, barefooted, and begging food and a lodging on his way. -At Lisbon he was taken on board the _Prince of Wales_, and returned to -England, where his mother induced him to leave the sea, and provided -him with a small stationer's and bookseller's shop on the Fish Strand, -Falmouth. His mother died in 1804, and when James Silk was aged only -nineteen he married Elizabeth Jennings, a farmer's daughter. He got -tired of being a shopkeeper and volunteered on board a man-of-war; but -on seeing a seaman flogged round the fleet for mutiny, was so -disgusted with the sight that he deserted, and started a bookshop at -Plymouth Dock. However one of the trustees of his wife's inheritance -had speculated with the money in smuggling ventures and lost all, so -that J. S. Buckingham became bankrupt. He went to sea again, and was -appointed chief officer on board the _Titus_, bound for Trinidad, -Captain Jennings, perhaps a kinsman of his wife. - -At the age of twenty-two he became commander of a vessel, and made -several voyages to the West Indies and in the Mediterranean. In these -latter he rapidly acquired a knowledge of and even fluency in speech -in French, Italian, Greek, and Arabic, and this determined him to -undertake mercantile life at Malta; but the plague having broken out -there in 1818, he was prevented from landing, and resolved to try his -fortune at Smyrna, but was unsuccessful. He then went to Alexandria, -and thence to Cairo, where he made the acquaintance and gained the -esteem of Mahomet Ali, then Pasha of Egypt. - -He now formed the scheme of connecting the Red Sea with the -Mediterranean by a canal, and for this purpose surveyed the Isthmus of -Suez and convinced himself that the cutting of such a waterway was -quite feasible, and that such a connection would be of enormous -advantage to English trade with India. He laid his plans before -Mahomet Ali. "No sooner had the idea of renewing the ancient commerce -between India and the Mediterranean by way of the Red Sea taken -possession of my mind," wrote Buckingham, "than I began to think how -much this would be facilitated by the juncture of the two seas by a -navigable canal; and I bent all my thoughts to the object." But -Mahomet Ali would not hear of the project. He shrewdly asked, "Whose -ships would mostly use the canal?" - -"The English vessels assuredly." - -"Ah! and then the English would begin to think how nice it would be to -have Egypt so as to secure the passage. I am not going to sharpen the -knife that would cut my own throat." - -The Pasha had a plan of his own; he had purchased two beautiful -American brigs then in the harbour of Alexandria, and he proposed -arming them and sending them round the Cape of Good Hope into the Red -Sea, for he desired to open up a trade with Egypt from India. But -Buckingham pointed out to him that he could not do this without great -risk of losing them, as the East India Company had supreme command of -all the Indian Ocean eastward of the Cape, and would seize and -confiscate all vessels found in those seas without their licence, -French and Portuguese vessels alone excepted. - -James S. Buckingham now ascended the Nile beyond the cataracts to -Nubia, but was there seized with ophthalmic blindness. To add to his -distress, on his way to Kosseir he was attacked in the desert by a -band of mutineers of the army of the Pasha, who plundered and left him -entirely naked on the barren waste, many miles from any village, food, -or water; and even when he reached Kosseir, he was obliged to retrace -his steps, as the vessel which should have conveyed him forward had -been seized by the mutineers. - -Buckingham next occupied himself with an endeavour to master the -hydrography of the Red Sea, visiting every part in the costume of a -Bedouin Arab. - -The Pasha now proposed to him that he should go to India and sound the -merchants there as to establishing a through trade to Europe by the -Red Sea, and a Company of Anglo-Egyptian merchants took the matter up -with zest. But on his proceeding to Bombay he found that the -proposition was coldly received. - -Whilst there, in May, 1815, Buckingham had the offer of the command of -the _Humayoon Shah_, a vessel built at the Portuguese port of Damann, -north of Bombay, by the Imaum of Muscat, for trade with China. The -retiring captain, named Richardson, in three successive voyages had -cleared £30,000, and the situation had been sought by several of the -marine officers of the East India Company. When these disappointed men -heard that Buckingham had secured the appointment, they were angry, -and applied to the Company to eject him from India and close every -port there in their power against him. This they did by refusing him a -licence to remain in India. - -The British Government, in granting a charter of exclusive trade to -India and China to the East India Company, gave that Company thereby a -right to expel from their dominions all British-born subjects who had -not their licence to reside there, this being deemed necessary to -protect them from the competition of "interlopers" as they were -called, who might undersell them in their own markets. But though the -British Government might thus condemn all the twenty million of its -own native-born subjects to this state of ignominious dependence on -the will or caprice of a handful of monopolists, a body of some -twenty-four directors only--in whose hands lay the power of granting -licences or banishing those who did not possess them--it could not -authorize the exercise of such powers against the natives of any -foreign state; consequently James Silk Buckingham was advised to -become nationalized as an American citizen, in which case the East -India Company would be powerless to expel him. - -In point of fact, the case stood thus: all foreigners who had no natural -claim on India as a part of their dominions might visit it freely and -reside and trade in it as long as they pleased, without licence from its -rulers; whereas British-born subjects, who had contributed by their -payment of taxes to support the very Government that made the charter, -were unjustly excluded, although the conquest of India had been made by -British blood and British treasure, and the country was still held under -the British flag. In short, all foreigners were free men there, and the -freeborn Englishman alone was a slave. - -Buckingham so felt the iniquity of this system that later, when he -came to England, he agitated and wrote against the continuance of the -charter. - -Buckingham returned to Egypt and occupied himself with making a chart -of the Red Sea. But the Anglo-Egyptian merchants, not relishing their -defeat by the East India Company, entered into a compact with Mahomet -Ali to send Buckingham to India as his envoy and representative; and -as such the Company could not refuse to allow him to reside there. -Accordingly, habited as a Mussulman, turbaned and long-robed, with his -speaking eye, jovial face, and dark, flowing beard, he looked every -inch of him a true-born Oriental, and his extraordinary knowledge of -various languages stood him in good stead as he made his way overland -to India, by Palestine and Bagdad. Proceeding still on his course, he -entered Persia, crossed the chain of the Zagros, and embarked at -Bushir in a man-of-war of the East India Company that was bound on an -expedition against some Wahabee pirates in the Persian Gulf, and going -ashore at Ras el Khyma, acted as interpreter to Captain Brydges, -Commander of the Squadron, assisted in bombarding the town, and then -proceeded to Bombay, which he reached after a journey of twelve -months. But his mission was again unsuccessful; either the Bombay -merchants had no confidence in the Egyptian Government, or they were -jealous of any interference with their own line of trade. - -Now, however, the Company's licence reached him, authorizing him to -remain in their territories, and he regained the appointment to the -vessel _Humayoon Shah_, in the service of the Imaum of Muscat, and he -remained navigating the Eastern waters till Midsummer, 1818, when, -having received commands from the Imaum to proceed to the coast of -Zanzibar, on a slaving expedition, he threw up his engagement, worth -£4000 per annum, rather than be implicated in such a nefarious trade. - -Buckingham next became proprietor and editor of the _Calcutta Mirror_, a -Liberal paper, that instantly obtained an extensive sale, and brought in -to its founder a net profit of £8000 a year. But his resolute advocacy -of Free Trade, free settlement, and free Press, and an exposure of the -misdoings of the East India Company, brought down on him the heavy hand -of Mr. John Adams, the temporary Governor-General. His paper was -suppressed, and he was ordered to quit Calcutta. His little fortune was -sacrificed in a vain attempt to fight the Governor and the Company, and -he was thrown back on the world, almost as poor, save in experience, as -when a youth he trudged from Corunna to Lisbon. He left his magnificent -library at Calcutta, in the hopes of being able to return, after having -obtained redress at home. But the redress he hoped for never came. Too -many interests were involved to accord it to him, and his library, like -his fortune and his hopes, was wrecked. - -It was not till after many dreary years, that the East India Company, -under pressure from the Government, could be induced, as an indemnity -for the wrongs done him, to accord him an annuity of £200, in addition -to one of the like amount awarded him by the British Government, "in -consideration of his literary works, and useful travels in various -countries," September 1st, 1851. "Pompey and Cæsar berry much alike." - -"The blow to him at Calcutta was altogether a very savage one," says Mr. -S. C. Hall, "but, like all injustice, it recoiled at length on those who -gave it. From the hour that Buckingham was driven from that city -(Calcutta), the power of the great Indian monopoly, both commercial and -governmental, was doomed. It was by no means his case alone which -accomplished that doom. But oppression and vindictiveness, by driving -him home, made him for a time the representative there of voices that -never entirely slept; whilst the impolicy that had aroused them was -persevered in to the last--not ceasing, even after the trade was thrown -open, but at length provoking that rebellion which was followed by John -Company finally having to make an assignment of his whole estate and -effects to John Bull." In England Buckingham started the _Athenæum_, a -literary weekly, but did not long retain it in his hand; he was not, in -fact, qualified for its editorship. He was a Liberal politician _avant -tout_, and a _littérateur_ only in a second or third place. - -In 1832, the Reform Bill was passed, and the same general election -that sent Wm. Cobbett to the House of Commons for Oldham, sent James -S. Buckingham from Sheffield, for the avowed purpose of giving him the -best standpoint possible from which to assail the East Indian -monopoly. That Company had never made a more fatal mistake than when -it persecuted and drove him from India. Buckingham was a theme for -caricature in _Punch_ from 1845-1848. - -It is open to question whether the East India Company could have -engaged J. S. Buckingham's services if, instead of hounding him out of -India, they had endeavoured to secure a man of such exceptional -ability and intense resolution of purpose in its service. In heart and -soul he was opposed to a monopoly, and if he had been engaged, he -would have accepted an engagement only for the purpose of remedying -some of the abuses of their government, and rectifying some of the -injustices done. But he was so utterly and conscientiously opposed to -the whole system, that it is more than doubtful whether he would have -met favourably any overtures made to him. - -In England an excellent conception of his, which he was able to -realize, was the foundation of the "British and Foreign Institute." To -this he was moved by seeing so many Orientals and others adrift in -London, without any centre where they could meet and communicate their -ideas with statesmen and politicians of Great Britain, and where they -might gather for refreshment of mind and body alike. The Duke of -Cambridge became President, and the Society attracted to its soirées -the literary and intellectual of all lands. - -His pen and his voice were employed for some years in advocating -reforms. - -He died on June 20th, 1855, in his seventieth year, and his wife died -in the house of her son-in-law, Henry R. Dewey, 22nd January, 1865, at -the age of eighty. - -It is greatly to be regretted that he did not live to complete his -Memoirs. He had two sons--James, who died in Jamaica, 1867, and -Leicester Forbes Young Buckingham, who ran away with an actress, -Caroline Connor, and married her at Gretna Green, 5th April, 1844. She -had made her first appearance on the London stage at the Haymarket -Theatre in 1842. The marriage was not happy and they separated, she to -return to the stage, where she acted under the name of Mrs. Buckingham -White. He died at Margate 17th July, 1867. - - - - - MARY ANN DAVENPORT, ACTRESS - - -Mary Ann Harvey was born in Launceston in 1759, and was educated at -Bath, where she was seized with a passion for the stage, and made her -first appearance on the boards at Bath as Lappet in _The Miser_ in 1779. - -She remained at Bath two years, and during her residence there is thus -described by an eye-witness of her performances: "Miss Harvey, about -the years 1785 and 1786, was a lively, animated, bustling actress; -arch, and of exuberant spirits. Her style was pointed and energetic; -perhaps, indeed, she had less ease than was altogether the thing; but -when she had to speak satirically or in irony--when, in fact, she had -to convey one idea to the person on the stage with her and another to -the audience, she was alone and inimitable; she did not carry you away -with her so much as many young actresses that I have seen, but she -always satisfied you more amply. Then her voice--what a voice hers -was! Nay, what a voice she has still, though it has had a pretty fair -exercise for the last half century and upwards. Then it had all the -clearness for which it is even now distinguishable; and it had, -besides, a witching softness of tone that knew no equal then, and that -I have never heard exceeded since." - -There was an _espiègle_ charm about her; she was not exactly -beautiful, but had a witchery of face and of manner that was -unsurpassed by any of her fellow-actresses, who may have possessed -more regularity of feature. - -[Illustration: _M^{rs}. Davenport_, - -in the Character of M^{rs}. Grundy] - -She was not baptized at Launceston, S. Mary Magdalen. Harvey was a -common name at the time in the place; a Harvey was a builder, another a -hatmaker, another a carrier. There were a Joseph Harvey and Catherine -Penwarden married 27th January, 1756. These may have been her parents. - -After leaving Bath, Miss Harvey joined the Exeter company, and there met -and married Mr. Davenport, an actor of ordinary talent and low comedy. - -After she had been married a short while, Mrs. Davenport went to -Birmingham, where she remained a considerable time in hopes of -obtaining an engagement. But disappointed in this expectation, she -accepted an offer from Dublin, where Daly had opened his theatre, and -there she made her debut as Rosalind in _As You Like It_, a character -exactly suited to her, and in which she aroused great enthusiasm. Her -graceful figure, her voice, now full of tenderness, then of arch -humour, and her expressive face admirably suited the part. She -moreover performed the part of Fulmer in the _West Indian_. The -_Authentic Memoirs of the Green Room_ for 1796 says: "Mrs. Davenport a -tolerable substitute for Mrs. Webb, though not near so great. - - The Davenports, tho' not of play'rs the first, - Are far from being in old folks the worst." - -In 1794 she first performed at Covent Garden, as Mrs. Hardcastle, in -_She Stoops to Conquer_, and at that theatre she continued without a -rival till 1831, and occasionally filled up vacancies at the -Haymarket. Mr. Davenport died in 1841; by him she had a son and a -daughter. The former died in India, the latter in England. - -Robson, in _The Old Playgoer_, says: "Brunton being the tall 'walking -gentleman,' there is no one else worth mentioning but dear, dear -Davenport, most truly not least though last. Lord! what a scream she -would give if she knew I was about to show her up! I can just remember -Mrs. Mattocks and Miss Pope.... But Mrs. Davenport was the McTab, the -Malaprop, the Nurse whose bantling, 'stinted and cried aye,' with a -villainous pain in her back, and a man Peter to carry her fan; the -'old mother Brulgruddery'; the Dame Ashfield with a 'damned bunch of -keys,' who immortalized 'What will Missus Grundy say to that?' and -would persuade a gentleman to put a ham under each arm and a turkey -into his pocket; Jeremy Diddler's beautiful maid at the foot of the -hill, who 'blushed like a red cabbage'; heigho! all visions--all gone. - -"It was said of Mrs. Jordan that her laugh would have made the fortune -of any actress if she had not had the wit to bring out one word to -support it; but Mrs. Davenport's strong point was her scream. I wonder -whether she ever indulged her husband with it in the course of a curtain -lecture! Mercy on his nerves if she did! The appearance of her jolly red -face was the presage of mirth, and her scream the signal for a roar of -laughter. Good, cheerful soul! though an _old woman_ forty years, she -outlived nearly all her play-fellows, comfortably, happily, I hope."[28] - -As an old lady her most celebrated personifications were the Nurse in -_Romeo and Juliet_, at which, in later times, she was hardly surpassed -by Mrs. Stirling. - -The writer of the memoir in the _Georgian Æra_ says of her: "It has not -been inaptly said of her, that in the vulgar loquacity of the would-be -youthful Mrs. Hardcastle--the ugliness of the antiquated virgin, Miss -Durable--the imbecility of four score in Mrs. Nicely--the sturdy -brutality of Mrs. Brulgruddery--the warm-hearted cottager in _Lovers' -Vows_--the attempted elegances of Mrs. Dowlas--the fiery humoured Dame -Quickly--and the obtuse intellect of Deborah, she overcame all rivalry." - -In the edition of the _Authentic Memoirs of the Green Room_ for 1806 it -is said, after a mention of Mr. Davenport: "Wife to the above, and of -primary utility in a theatre as the representative of low, vulgar, and -antiquated characters. In this line she has not her superior on the -London stage. Her Mrs. Thorne in the _Birthday_, Lady Duberly in the -_Heir at Law_, Dame Ashfield in _Speed the Plough_, Widow Warren in _The -Road to Ruin_, Widow Cheshire in the _Agreeable Surprise_, Mrs. Pickle -in the _Spoiled Child_, with a long and diversified list of parts of a -similar description, deservedly rated high in the scale of histrionic -excellence--and what greatly enhances her value, she is not less to be -prized for the generality than for the intensive merit of her -performances. Wide and extensive as is the range of parts which she -sustains, there is not a single character in the whole list in which she -does not acquit herself with distinguished talent and ability." - -This bright and merry actress was run over by a dray on July 20th, -1841, and died in S. Bartholomew's Hospital on May 8th, 1843, after a -lingering illness, at the age of eighty-four. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[28] _The Old Playgoer_, 1854, pp. 82-4. - - - - - THE ROYAL FAMILY OF PRUSSIA - - -"Over against Mousehole, across the great bay of Penzance, is Cudden -Point, jutting out into the sea, forming one horn of a promontory of -which the Enys forms the other, looking in the opposite direction. -Between these two lie three little coves, that of the Pixies, too -exposed and rocky for a harbour, but with its sides riddled with caves. - -"Bessie's, called after Bessie Burrow, who kept the _Kidleywink_ on -the cliff, which was the great resort of the smugglers, bears on its -face to-day the traces of its history. A spot so sheltered and -secluded that it is impossible to see what boats are in the little -harbour until one literally leans over the edge of the cliff above; a -harbour cut out of the solid rock, and a roadway with wheel tracks -partly cut and partly worn, crossing the rocks below high-water mark; -and, climbing up the face of the cliff on each side of the cove, caves -and remains of caves everywhere, some with their mouths built up, -which are reputed to be connected with the house above by secret -passages. These are the trade marks of Bessie's Cove, and the world -has not yet known the degree of innocence which could believe that -these were made for the convenience of a few crabbers. - -"The eastern and the most open is Prussia Cove. Here still stands -to-day the house in which John Carter, 'the King of Prussia,' lived -and reigned from 1770 to 1807."[29] - -[Illustration: AT PRUSSIA COVE. "BESSY'S" COVE FROM BATTERY POINT - -_From a drawing by A. Chevallier Taylor in the possession of J. B. -Cornish, Esq._] - -The origin of the Carter family is obscure. It is supposed to have come -from Shropshire, and the name is not Cornish. But what could have -brought it to this wild and remote spot in the south-west is quite -unknown. The father, Francis Carter, was born in 1712 and died in 1774, -and his wife, Agnes, died in 1784. They had eight sons and two -daughters. The eldest of the sons was John, the famous Cornish King of -Prussia. He obtained this nickname in the following manner: He and other -boys were playing at soldiers, and the renown of Frederick the Great -having reached him, John dubbed himself the King of Prussia, and the -title not only adhered to him through life, but he has bequeathed the -name of Prussia to the cove, which formerly bore that of Porthleah. - -John Carter, when he grew to man's estate, made himself fame as a -daring smuggler, and he was ably seconded by his brother Henry, who -contrived to his own satisfaction to combine perfervid piety with -cheating the customs. - -Smuggling in those days was carried on upon a large scale, in cutters -and luggers armed with eighteen or twenty guns apiece. Harry Carter, -in his autobiography, says: "I think I might have been twenty-five -when I went in a small sloop about sixteen or eighteen tons, with two -men besides myself as smugglers, when I had very great success, and -after a while I had a new sloop built for me, about thirty-two tons. -My success was rather beyond common, and after a time we bought a -small cutter of about fifty tons, and about ten men." The measurements -at the present day would be ten, eighteen, and thirty tons. - -John Carter was never caught. On one occasion the revenue officers -came to his house and demanded to ransack his sheds. One of these was -locked, and he refused to surrender the key, whereupon they broke it -open, but found that it contained only household articles. As they -were unable to refasten the door, the shed remained open all night, -and by morning everything it had contained had disappeared. The "King" -thereupon sued the officers for all his goods that had been taken from -him. It is perhaps needless to say that he had himself conveyed them -away. The officers had to refund the losses. - -On one occasion when John Carter was absent from home, the excise -officers from Penzance came to Prussia Cove in their boats and -succeeded in securing a cargo lately arrived from France. They carried -it to Penzance and placed it under lock and key in the custom-house. -Carter, on his return, heard of the capture. He was highly incensed, -for the brandy had all been promised to some of the gentry round, and -he was not the man to receive an order and fail to execute it. -Accordingly, he made up his mind to recover the whole cargo. Assisted -by his mates, in the night he broke into the custom-house store and -removed every barrel that had been taken from him. - -Next morning, when the officers saw what had been done, they knew who -the perpetrator was, for nothing had been touched and removed but what -the "King" claimed as his own; and these smugglers prided themselves -on being "all honourable men." - -The most famous episode in John Carter's career was his firing on the -boat of the revenue cutter _The Faery_. A smuggling vessel, hard -pressed, ran through a narrow channel among the rocks between the Enys -and the shore. The cutter, not daring to venture nearer, sent her boat -in; whereupon Carter opened fire upon her from an improvised battery in -which he had mounted several small cannon. The boat had to withdraw. -Next morning the fight was resumed, _The Faery_ opening fire from the -sea. But in the meantime mounted soldiers from Penzance had arrived, and -these fired from the top of the hill upon those working the guns in the -battery, taking them in the rear. This was more than the smugglers could -stand, and they retreated to Bessie Burrow's house, and were not further -molested, the soldiers contenting themselves with remounting their -horses and riding back to Penzance. Unfortunately, with regard to John -Carter, the "King of Prussia," we have but scattered notices and -tradition to rely upon; but it is otherwise with his brother Henry, who -has left an autobiography that has been transcribed and published by Mr. -J. B. Cornish under the title _The Autobiography of a Cornish Smuggler_, -London (Gibbons and Co.), 1900. - -But Harry Carter is somewhat reticent about the doings of the -smugglers, and avoids giving names, for when he wrote "free trade" was -in full swing. He wrote in 1809, when John his brother and the "Cove -boys" were still at it, and Prussia Cove had not ceased to be a great -centre of smugglers. He is much more concerned to record his religious -experiences, all of which we could well spare for fuller details of -the goings-on of his brothers and their comrades. - -In 1778 an embargo was laid on all English trade, when the French -Government made a treaty with the States of America, and not knowing -of this, Henry Carter was arrested at S. Malo, and his cutter, with -sixteen guns and thirty-six men, taken from him. He was sent to the -prison at Dinan; and in like manner his brother John was taken, and -they were allowed to remain on parole at Josselin till the November of -1779, when they were exchanged by order of the Lords of the Admiralty -for two French gentlemen. "So, after I was at home some time, riding -about the country getting freights, collecting money for the company, -etc., we bought a cutter about 160 tons (50 tons), nineteen guns. I -went in her some time smuggling. I had great success." - -In January, 1788, he went with a freight to Cawsand in a lugger of 45 -tons in modern measurement, and mounting sixteen carriage guns. But he -was boarded, and so cut about the head, and his nose nearly severed in -two, that he fell bleeding on the deck. - -"I suppose I might have been there about a quarter of an hour, until -they had secured my people below, and after found me lying on the deck. -One of them said, 'Here is one of the poor fellows dead.' Another made -answer, 'Put the man below.' He answered again, 'What use is it to put a -dead man below?' and so passed on. So I laid there very quiet for near -the space of two hours, hearing their discourse as they walked by me, -the night being very dark on the 30th January, 1788. The commanding -officer gave orders for a lantern to be brought, so they took up one of -my legs as I was lying upon my belly; he let it go, and it fell as dead -down on the deck. He likewise put his hand up under my clothes, between -my shirt and my skin, and then examined my head, and so concluded, -saying, 'The man is so warm now as he was two hours back, but his head -is all to atoms.' The water being ebbing, the vessel (that was grounded) -making a great heel to the shore, so that in the course of a very little -time after, as their two boats was made fast alongside, one of them -broke adrift. Immediately there was orders given to man the other boat -in order to fetch her, so that when I saw them in this state of -confusion, their guard broken, I thought it was my time to make my -escape, so I crept on my belly on the deck, and got over a large raft -just before the mainmast, close by one of the men's heels, as he was -standing there handing the trysail. When I got over the lee-side I -thought I should be able to swim on shore in a stroke or two. I took -hold of the burtons of the mast, and as I was lifting myself over the -side I was taken with the cramp in one of my thighs. So then I thought I -should be drowned, but still willing to risk it, so that I let myself -over the side very easily by a rope into the water. As I was very near -the shore, I thought to swim on shore in the course of a stroke or two, -but soon found my mistake. I was sinking almost like a stone, and -hauling astern in deeper water, when I gave up all hopes of life and -began to swallow some water. I found a rope under my breast, so that I -had not lost my senses. I hauled upon it, and soon found one end fast to -the side just where I went overboard, which gave me a little hope of -life. So that when I got there, I could not tell which was best, to call -to the man-of-war's men to take me in, or to stay there and die, for my -life and strength were almost exhausted. But whilst I was thinking of -this, touched bottom with my feet. Hope then sprang up, and I soon found -another rope, leading towards the head of the vessel in shoaler water, -so that I veered upon one and hauled upon the other, that brought me -under the bowsprit, and then at times upon the send of a sea, my feet -were almost dry. I let go the rope, but as soon as I attempted to run -fell down, and as I fell, looking round about me, I saw three men -standing close by. I knew they were the man-of-war's men seeking for -the boat, so I lay there quiet for some little time, and then crept upon -my belly I suppose about the distance of fifty yards, and as the ground -was scuddy, some flat rock mixed with channels of sand, I saw before me -a channel of white sand, and for fear to be seen creeping over it, which -would take some time, not knowing there was anything the matter with me, -made the second attempt to run, and fell in the same manner as before. - -"My brother Charles being there, looking out for the vessel, desired -some Cawsand men to go down to see if they could pick up any of the -men dead or alive, not expecting ever to see me any more, almost sure -I was either shot or drowned. One of them saw me fall, ran to my -assistance, and taking hold of me under the arm, says, 'Who are you?' -So, as I thought him to be an enemy, made no answer. He said, 'Fear -not; I am a friend. Come with me.' And by that time were come two -more, which took me under both arms, and the other pushed me in the -back, and so dragged me up to the town. My strength was almost -exhausted. They took me into a room where were seven or eight Cawsand -men and my brother Charles, and when he saw me he knew me by my great -coat, and cried with joy. So then they immediately stripped off my wet -clothes, and sent for a doctor and put me to bed. The bone of my nose -was cut right in two, nothing but a bit of skin holding it, and two -very large cuts in my head, that two or three pieces of my skull -worked out of afterwards." - -He was now hurried off in a chaise to his brother Charles' house, -where he remained for a week. Then as a reward of three hundred pounds -was offered for his apprehension, he was conveyed to a gentleman's -house in Marazion, where he remained concealed for two or three -weeks, and thence was taken to Acton House, belonging to Mr. John -Stackhouse, but only for a while, and shifted back to Marazion. Then -again to the castle. The surgeon who was called in to attend him was -blindfolded by the men sent to fetch him and conducted to the -hiding-place of Henry Carter. - -[Illustration: JOHN CARTER'S HOUSE AT PRUSSIA COVE - -_Demolished in 1906_] - -In October he sailed for Leghorn, then on the same vessel loaded at -Barcelona with brandy for New York. It was no longer safe for him to -remain in England till the affair was blown over, and he did not return -till October in the year 1790, and was soon again engaged in alternate -preaching in Methodist chapels, and in smuggling brandy from Roscoff. On -one of these excursions in 1793 he was arrested at Roscoff, as war had -been declared between France and England. This was during the Reign of -Terror, at a time when the Convention had decreed that no quarter should -be given to an Englishman, and an English prisoner was placed on the -same footing as a "suspect" or "aristocrat," and stood a great chance of -losing his head under the knife. He does not, however, seem to have been -harshly treated, only moved about from place to place, sometimes in a -prison, at others lodged in a private house; a good many of his French -fellow-prisoners, however, suffered death. In his own words and -spelling: "There was numbers of gent and lades taken away to Brest that -I parssially know, and their heads chopt off with the gulenteen with a -very little notice." - -Robespierre was executed on 28th July, 1794; and soon after his death -the Convention decreed the release of great numbers of "suspects" and -other prisoners. It was not, however, till August, 1795, that Henry -Carter got his passport and was able to leave. He arrived at Falmouth -on August 22nd. "Arived on shore aboute three o'clock in the afternoon -with much fear and trembling, where I meet with my dear little -(daughter) Bettsy, there staying with her aunt, Mrs. Smythe, then -between 8 and 9 years old.... I staid that night at Falmouth, the next -morning went to Penryn with my dear little Bettsey in my hand. The next -morning, on Sunday, took a horse and arrived at Breage Churchtown aboute -eleven o'clock, where I meet my dear brother Frank, then in his way to -church. As I first took him in surprise, at first I could harly make him -sensable I was his brother, being nearley two years without hearing -whether I was dead or alife. But when he come to himself as it were, we -rejoiced together with exceeding great joy indeed. We went to his house -in Rinsey, and after dinner went to see brother John (in Prussia Cove). -We sent him word before I was coming. But he could harly believe it. But -first looking out with his glass saw me yet a long way off. Ran to meet -me, fell upon my neck. We passed the afternoon with him, and in the -evning went to Keneggy to see brother Charles." - -The autobiography ends abruptly in the year 1795, but the writer lived -on until April 19th, 1829, spending the last thirty years of his life -on a little farm at Rinsey. - -In addition to the two authorities quoted, both due to Mr. Cornish, -there is a memoir of Henry Carter in the _Wesleyan Methodist Magazine_ -for October, 1831. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[29] J. B. Cornish in the _Cornish Magazine_, 1898, p. 121. - - - - - CAPTAIN RICHARD KEIGWIN - - -The English East India Company had been founded December 31st, 1600, -and it obtained from Queen Elizabeth the exclusive privilege for -fifteen years of trading with India and all countries to the east of -the Cape of Good Hope, in Africa and in Asia. The first settlement -effected was at Surat in 1612, by Captain Thomas Best, who defeated -the Portuguese in two battles. But through the jealousy of the Dutch -and their encroachments, and the disturbances in England caused by the -Great Rebellion, the East India Company fell to decay. Although -Cromwell in 1657 renewed its privileges, the English made little -headway. On April 3rd, 1661, Charles II confirmed and renewed all the -ancient privileges, and handed over to the Company Bombay, which he -had received from Spain as the portion of Catherine of Braganza. - -Dr. Fryer, a surgeon in the service of the Company, travelled in India -between 1673 and 1681, and has left some graphic descriptions of it. -He sailed from Madras to Bombay, passing up the Malabar coast, and -noting how that the Dutch were elbowing the Portuguese out of their -posts. At last he entered the harbour of Bombay, so called from its -Portuguese name Bona-baija. He found there a Government House, with -pleasant gardens, terraces, and bowers; but the place had been meanly -fortified, and the Malabar pirates often plundered the native villages -and carried off the inhabitants as slaves. However, the Company took -the place vigorously in hand, loaded the terraces with cannon, and -built ramparts over the bowers. When Fryer landed, Bombay Castle was -mounted with a hundred and twenty pieces of ordnance, whilst sixty -field-pieces were kept in readiness. The Dutch had made an attempt to -capture Bombay, but had been repulsed. - -Bombay itself was an island, with a superb landlocked harbour, but it -had at its back the great and powerful kingdom of the Mahrattas. - -But the vast expense of placing Bombay in a position of defence had -been so inadequately met by the revenue derived from it, that the -Company was dissatisfied with its acquisition, and being, moreover, -burdened with debt, it had recourse to the unhappy expedient of -raising the taxation and reducing the officers' pay. It was ordered -that the annual expenses of the island should be limited to £7000; the -military establishment was to be reduced to two lieutenants, two -ensigns, four sergeants, as many corporals and 108 privates. A troop -of horse was to be disbanded, and Keigwin, the commandant, was -dismissed. This was in 1678-9. - -Richard Keigwin was the third son of Richard Keigwin, of Penzance, and -of his wife Margaret, daughter of Nicholas Godolphin, of Trewarveneth. -The family was ancient and honourable. His great-grandfather, Jenkin -Keigwin, had been killed by the Spaniards in 1595. Richard entered the -Royal Navy, became a captain and then colonel of Marines, and was -appointed Governor of S. Helena, then a possession of the East India -Company, by grant of Charles II. After that he was transferred to -Bombay, and had the commandantship there. - -He was highly offended at being thrust out of his position, and he, -moreover, knew that Bombay was menaced by both the Sambhajee and the -Siddee, both of whom were desirous of gaining a footing on the island, -and each was jealous lest the other should anticipate him in its -acquisition. - -In order that he might represent the danger that menaced of losing -Bombay Captain Keigwin resolved on reporting in person to the Company -how matters stood, and he accordingly went to the directors and laid -the case before them with such force that they consented to send him -back to Bombay with the rank of captain-lieutenant, and he was to be -third in the Council. But with singular capriciousness, in the -following year, when Keigwin was at Bombay, they rescinded the order, -reduced his pay to six shillings a day, without allowance for food and -lodging, and made further reductions in the general pay and increase -in the taxes. This embittered the garrison and the natives alike.[30] - -"During the greater part of the reign of Charles the Second," says -Macaulay, "the Company enjoyed a prosperity to which the history of -trade scarcely furnishes a parallel, and which excited the wonder, the -cupidity, and the envious animosity of the whole capital. Wealth and -luxury were then rapidly increasing, the taste for spices, the tissues -and the jewels of the East, became stronger day by day; tea, which at -the time when Monk brought the army of Scotland to London had been -handed round to be stared at and just touched with the lips, as a -great rarity from China, was, eight years later, a regular article of -import, and was soon consumed in such quantities that financiers began -to consider it as a fit subject for taxation." Coffee, moreover, had -become a fashionable drink, and the coffee-houses of London were the -resorts of every description of club. But coffee came from Mocha, and -the East India Company had sole right to import that, as it had -absolute monopoly of the trade of the Indian Sea. - -Nor was that all; vast quantities of saltpetre were imported into -England from the East for the manufacture of gunpowder. But for this -supply our muskets and cannon would have been speechless. It was -reckoned that all Europe would hardly produce in one year saltpetre -sufficient for the siege of one town fortified on the principles of -Vauban. - -The gains of the Company were enormous, so enormous as in no way to -justify the cheeseparing that was had recourse to at Bombay. But these -gains were not distributed among a large number of shareholders, but -swelled the pockets of a few, for as the profits increased the number -of holders of stock diminished. - -The man who obtained complete control over the affairs of the Company -was Sir Josiah Child, who had risen from an apprentice who swept out -one of the counting-houses in the City to great wealth and power. His -brother John was given an almost uncontrolled hand at Surat. - -The Company had been popularly considered as a Whig body. Among the -members of the directing committee had been found some of the most -vehement exclusionists in the City, that is to say, those who had -voted for the exclusion of James, Duke of York, from any claim to the -crown of England on the decease of Charles II. This was an affront -James was not likely to forget and forgive. Indeed two of them, Sir -Samuel Barnardiston and Thomas Papillon, drew on themselves a severe -persecution by their zeal against Popery and arbitrary power. - -The wonderful prosperity of the Company had excited, as already -intimated, the envy of the merchants in London and Bristol; moreover, -the people suffered from the monopoly being in the hands of a few -stockholders, who controlled the market. The Company was fiercely -attacked from without at the same time that it was distracted by -internal dissensions. - -Captain Keigwin now called upon the inhabitants of Bombay to take an -oath of allegiance to the Crown, and to renounce the Company and -submission to its commands. With this the whole of the garrison, -militia and inhabitants, complied; the troops from expectation of -relief from the grievances of which they had complained, and the -inhabitants from anticipating relief from taxation. - -Captain Keigwin and his associates then addressed a letter to His -Majesty and to the Duke of York, expressing their determination to -maintain the island for the King till his pleasure should be known, -and enumerating the causes which had impelled them to revolt--the -principal being to prevent Bombay from being seized by the Siddee, or -Admiral of the Mogul, who with a numerous fleet was lying near, or -else by the Sambhajee, the Mahratta rajah, who was watching his -opportunity to descend on Bombay and annex it. - -Captain Keigwin and the conspirators next represented to the Court of -Committee that the selfish scheme of Josiah Child in England, and of -his brother John Child of Surat, had been at the bottom of the whole -mischief which caused the disaffection, and added that both the -garrison and inhabitants were determined to continue in allegiance to -the Crown alone till the King's pleasure should be made known to them. - -But Keigwin was no match for the subtle and unprincipled Sir Josiah -Child and his brother John. Josiah had been originally brought into -the direction of the Company by Barnardiston and Papillon, and was -supposed, and he allowed it to be supposed, that he was as ardent a -Whig as were they. He had for years stood high in the opinion of the -chiefs of the Parliamentary opposition, and had been especially -obnoxious to the Duke of York. - -There had for some time been interference with the monopoly by what -were called "interlopers" or free traders, to the great vexation of -the Company. These interlopers now determined to affect the character -of loyal men, who were determined to stand by the Crown against the -insolent Whigs of the Company. "They spread at all the factories in -the East reports that England was in confusion, that the sword had -been drawn or would immediately be drawn, and that the Company was -forward in the rebellion against the Crown. These rumours, which in -truth were not improbable, easily found credit among people separated -from London by what was then a voyage of twelve months. Some servants -of the Company who were in ill humour with their employers, and others -who were zealous Royalists, joined the primitive traders." - -On December 27th, 1683, Captain Keigwin, assisted by Ensign Thornburn -and others, seized on Mr. Ward, the deputy governor, and such members -of the Council as adhered to him, assembled the troops and the -militia, pronounced the authority of the East India Company as at an -end by formal proclamation, and declared the island to be placed under -the King's immediate protection. Thereupon the garrison, consisting -of one hundred and fifty English soldiers and two hundred native -topasses, and the inhabitants of the island, elected Keigwin to be -governor, and appointed officers to the different companies, -store-keepers, harbour-masters, etc., declaring, however, that the -Company might, if their servants would acknowledge the King's -government as proclaimed, proceed in their several avocations without -molestation. Keigwin then took possession of the Company's ship -_Return_ and the frigate _Huntley_, and landed the treasure, amounting -to fifty or sixty thousand rupees, which he lodged in the fort, and he -published a declaration that it should be employed solely in the -defence of the King's island and government. - -But Child looked ahead, and saw that inevitably James, Duke of York, at -no very distant period would be King of England. The Whigs were cowed by -the discovery of the Rye House Plot, and the execution of Lord Russell -and Algernon Sidney. It was high time for Child to turn his coat, and -this he did rapidly and with dexterity. He forced his two patrons, -Barnardiston and Papillon, out of the Company, filled their places with -creatures of his own, and established himself as autocrat. Then he made -overtures to the Court, to the King, and to the Duke of York, and he -soon became a favourite at Whitehall, and the favour which he enjoyed at -Whitehall confirmed his power at the India House. He made a present of -ten thousand pounds to Charles, and another ten thousand pounds to -James, who readily consented to become a holder of stock. "All who could -help or hurt at Court," says Macaulay, "ministers, mistresses, priests, -were kept in good humour by presents of shawls and silks, birds' nests -and attar of roses, bulses of diamonds and bags of guineas. His bribes, -distributed with judicious prodigality, speedily produced a large -return. Just when the Court became all-powerful in the State, he became -all-powerful at the Court." - -Against such machinations as these Keigwin was powerless. Whatever -Child asked should be done to maintain the authority of the Company -was granted. Keigwin had appealed to hear the will of the King. The -King's answer was but the echo of the voice of Child. - -On the 31st January, 1683-4, President John Child from Surat arrived off -Bombay with some commissioners, and met Keigwin with offers of pardon -for his rebellion, but the offer was indignantly refused. Keigwin would -deal with no one but the King himself, and some plain truths were told -to John Child, that it was he and his brother, by their greed after gold -and indifference to the welfare of the settlement, that caused all the -trouble. The consultation lasted till March, 1683-4, and then Child had -to return to Surat, without having effected anything. - -In the meantime the Court of Directors sent in a report to the King, -on 15th August, 1684, with a long statement of its grievances, and a -claim for protection, according to the charter of the Society. - -Charles II could do no other than order that the island should be -delivered over to the Presidency of Surat, and a Commission under the -Great Seal was issued to President Child and to the commanders of the -Company's ships, empowering them to receive the surrender of Bombay -from Keigwin and his associates and to offer a generous pardon to all, -except the four ringleaders, who should within twenty-four hours after -notice return to their duty. - -Captain Tyrell, with H.M.S. _Phoenix_, frigate, was despatched, with -Sir Thomas Graham as admiral, to settle the affair. - -But Captain Keigwin had no idea of resistance. It had been further -ordered that if Keigwin and his followers should attempt opposition, -all should be denounced as rebels, and a reward of 4000 rupees should -be paid to any one who should deliver up Keigwin, and 2000 for -Alderton, and 200 for Fletcher. - -Sir Thomas Graham arrived in the Bay of Bombay on the 10th November, -1684, and with great promptitude landed without attendants, and had a -conference with Keigwin, who protested that he had only revolted -against the misgovernment of the Company, and to save Bombay from -being seized by one or other of the Indian princes who were aiming to -secure it. He at once accepted the offer made to him of pardon, and -surrendered Bombay. He went on board the vessel of Sir Thomas Graham -and arrived in England in July, 1685. - -During his enjoyment of power Captain Keigwin had acted with integrity -and wisely and judiciously. He had relations with the native princes, -and he showed an amount of prudence and clear judgment that eventually -greatly benefited the East India Company. He induced Sambhajee, the -Mahratta rajah, to permit the establishment of factories in the -Carnatic and allow them 12,000 pagodas as compensation for losses -sustained at places plundered by the Mahrattas. Keigwin repressed the -insolence of the Mogul admiral, Siddee, with decision, and would -neither suffer him to keep his fleet at Mazapore, nor even to go -there, except for water. In fact, had the Company known it, they had -in Keigwin an admirable servant, a Clive before the time of that hero. - -But the directors were a number of commercial speculators who saw no -further than a few years before them, and were eager at once to be -rich. They cast this man aside, who, had they employed him, would have -made India theirs; and, a disappointed man, he entered the Royal Navy -and died at the taking of S. Kitts, in the West Indies, in command of -H.M.S. _Assistance_, 22nd June, 1689. - -It is one of the great mysteries of life and death that men who might -have revolutionized the world are swept aside and hardly anything is -recorded concerning them. Richard Keigwin was one such, full of -self-confidence, vigour of character, restraint, and judgment. But he -lived at a time and under a reign in which there was no appreciation -of merit, and corruption and self-interest bore him down. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[30] The Company levied a duty of half a dollar upon all ships anchoring -in the harbour, one rupee a year on each fishing-boat, and the same on -every ship. Lastly, with what seems unparalleled meanness, they ordered -that only half of the native labourers' wages should be paid in coin, -the other half in rice valued "at the Company's price," which would give -ten per cent clear profit after all expenses had been defrayed. - - - - - THE LOSS OF THE "KENT" - - -The _Kent_, Captain Henry Cobb, 1350 tons, bound for Bengal and China, -left the Downs on 19th February, 1825, with 20 officers, 344 soldiers, -43 women, and 66 children belonging to the 31st Regiment; 20 private -passengers and a crew, including officers, of 148 men on board, making -in all 641 souls. - -A gale came on in the Bay of Biscay, and the ship rolled greatly. On -1st March the dead weight of some hundred tons of shot and shells, -pressed so heavily with the rolling that the main chains were thrown -by every lurch under water; and the best cleated articles of furniture -in the cabin and the cuddy (the large dining apartment) were dashed -from side to side. - -One of the officers of the ship, with the well-meant intention of -ascertaining that all was fast below, descended with two of the -sailors into the hold, whither they carried with them for safety a -light in a patent lantern; and seeing that the lamp was burning dimly, -the officer took the precaution to hand it up to the orlop deck to be -trimmed. Having afterwards discovered that one of the spirit casks was -adrift, he sent a sailor for some billets of wood to secure it, but -the ship in his absence having made a heavy lurch, the officer -unfortunately dropped the light, and letting go of his hold of the -cask in his eagerness to recover the lantern, it suddenly stove, and, -the spirits communicating with the lamp, the whole place was -instantly in a blaze. - -Major (afterwards Sir Duncan) McGregor, who was on board at the time -with his wife and family, says:-- - -"I received from Captain Spence, the captain of the day, the alarming -information that the ship was on fire in the after-hold. On hastening to -the hatchway whence smoke was slowly ascending, I found Captain Cobb and -other officers already giving orders, which seemed to be promptly obeyed -by seamen and troops, who were using every exertion by means of the -pumps, buckets of water, wet sails, hammocks, etc., to extinguish the -flames. With a view to excite the ladies' alarm as little as possible, -on conveying the intelligence to Colonel Faron, the commanding officer -of the troops, I knocked gently at the cabin door, and expressed a wish -to speak with him; but whether my countenance betrayed the state of my -feelings, or the increasing noise and confusion upon deck created -apprehension, I found it difficult to pacify some of the ladies by -assurances that no danger whatever was to be apprehended from the gale. -As long as the devouring element appeared to be confined to the spot -where the fire had originated, and which we were assured was surrounded -on all sides by water-casks, we ventured to cherish hopes that it might -be subdued; but no sooner was the light blue vapour that at first arose -succeeded by volumes of black dingy smoke, which speedily ascended -through all the four hatchways, rolled over every part of the ship, than -all further concealment became impossible, and almost all hope of -preserving the vessel was abandoned. - -"In these awful circumstances, Captain Cobb, with an ability and -decision of character that seemed to increase with the imminence of the -danger, resorted to the only alternative now left him--of ordering the -lower decks to be scuttled, the combing of the hatches to be cut, and -the lower ports to be opened, for the free admission of the waves. - -"These instructions were speedily executed by the united efforts of -the troops and seamen; but not before some of the sick soldiers, one -woman, and several children, unable to gain the upper deck, had -perished. On descending to the gun-deck with one or two officers of -the 31st Regiment to assist in opening the ports, I met, staggering -towards the hatchway, in an exhausted and nearly senseless state, one -of the mates, who informed us that he had just stumbled over the dead -bodies of some individuals who must have died of suffocation, to which -it was evident that he himself had almost fallen a victim. So dense -and oppressive was the smoke that it was with the utmost difficulty we -could remain long enough below to fulfil Captain Cobb's wishes; which -were no sooner accomplished than the sea rushed in with extraordinary -force, carrying away in its restless progress to the hold the largest -chests, bulkheads, etc." - -The immense quantity of water that was thus introduced into the vessel -had, indeed, for a time the effect of checking the fury of the flames; -but the danger of sinking was increased as the risk of explosion, should -the fire reach the powder, was diminished. The ship became water-logged, -and presented other indications of settling previous to going down. - -"The upper deck was covered with between six and seven hundred human -beings, many of whom from previous sea-sickness were forced on the -first alarm from below in a state of absolute nakedness, and were now -running about in quest of husbands, children, or parents. While some -were standing in silent resignation or in stupid insensibility to -their impending fate, others were yielding themselves up to the most -frantic despair. Several of the soldiers' wives and children, who had -fled for temporary shelter into the after cabins on the upper decks, -were engaged in prayer with the ladies, some of whom were enabled, -with wonderful self-possession, to offer to others spiritual -consolation; and the dignified deportment of two young ladies in -particular formed a specimen of natural strength of mind finely -modified by Christian feeling. - -"Among the numerous objects that struck my observation at the period, -I was much affected by the appearance and conduct of some of the dear -children, who, quite unconscious in the cuddy cabin of the perils that -surrounded them, continued to play as usual with their little toys in -bed. To some of the older children, who seemed alive to the reality of -the danger, I whispered, 'Now is the time to put in practice the -instructions you have received at the regimental school and to think -of the Saviour.' They replied, as the tears ran down their cheeks, 'Oh -sir! we are trying to remember them, and we are praying to God.' - -"It occurred to Mr. Thomson, the fourth mate, to send a man to the -foretop, rather with the ardent wish than with the expectation, that -some friendly sail might be discovered on the face of the waters. The -sailor, on mounting, threw his eyes round the horizon for a moment--a -moment of unutterable suspense--and, waving his hat, exclaimed, 'A -sail on the leeboard!' - -"The joyful announcement was received with three cheers upon deck. Our -flags of distress were instantly hoisted and our minute guns fired; -and we endeavoured to bear down under our three topsails and foresail -upon the stranger, which afterwards proved to be the _Cambria_, a -small brig of 200 tons burden, having on board twenty or thirty -Cornish miners and other agents of the Anglo-Mexican Company. - -"For ten or fifteen minutes we were left in doubt whether the brig -perceived our signals, or, perceiving them, was either disposed or -able to lend us any assistance. From the violence of the gale, it -seems that the report of our guns was not heard; but the ascending -volumes of smoke from the ship sufficiently announced the dreadful -nature of our distress, and we had the satisfaction, after a short -period of suspense, to see the brig hoist British colours and crowd -all sail to hasten to our relief. - -"I confess that when I reflected on the long period our ship had -already been burning--on the tremendous sea that was running--on the -extreme smallness of the brig, and the immense number of human beings -to be saved--I could only venture to hope that a few might be spared; -but I durst not for a moment contemplate the possibility of my own -preservation." - -To prevent the rush to the boats as they were being lowered, some of -the military officers were stationed over them with drawn swords. -Arrangements were made by Captain Cobb for placing in the first boat, -previous to letting it down, all the ladies and as many of the -soldiers' wives as it could safely contain. They hurriedly wrapped -themselves up in whatever articles of clothing could be found, and at -about 2 p.m. or 2.30 p.m. a mournful procession advanced from the aft -cabin to the starboard cuddy port, outside of which the cutter was -suspended. Scarcely a word was uttered; not a scream was heard. Even -the infants ceased to cry, as if conscious of the unspoken, -unspeakable anguish that was at that instant rending the hearts of -their parting parents--nor was the silence of voices in any way -broken, except in one or two cases, where the ladies plaintively -entreated permission to be left behind with their husbands. - -Although Captain Cobb had used every precaution to diminish the danger -of the boat's descent, and for this purpose had stationed a man with an -axe to cut away the tackle from either extremity should the slightest -difficulty occur in unhooking it, yet the peril attending the whole -operation nearly proved fatal to its numerous inmates. After a couple of -unsuccessful attempts to place the frail bark fairly on the heaving -surface of the water, the command was given at length to unhook. The -tackle at the stern was, in consequence, immediately cleared; but the -ropes at the bow having got fast, the sailor there found it impossible -to obey the order. In vain was the axe applied to the entangled tackle. -The moment was inconceivably critical, as the boat, which necessarily -followed the motion of the ship, was gradually rising out of the water, -and must, in another instant, have been hanging perpendicularly by the -bow, and its helpless inmates in that event would have been shot down -into the boiling surf. But at that moment, providentially, a wave -suddenly struck and lifted the stern, so as to enable the seaman to -disentangle the tackle, and the boat, dexterously cleared from the -wreck, was seen after a little while from the poop battling with the -billows on its way to the _Cambria_, which prudently lay to at some -distance from the _Kent_, lest she should be involved in her explosion, -or exposed to the fire of her guns, which, being all shotted, afterwards -went off as the flames reached them successively. - -The men had, accordingly, a considerable distance to row. The better -to balance the boat in the raging seas through which it had to make -its way, as also to enable the seamen to ply their oars, the women -and children were stowed promiscuously under the seats, and -consequently exposed to the risk of being drowned by the continual -dashing of the spray over their heads, which so filled the boat during -the passage, that before they arrived at the brig the poor creatures -were crouching up to their breasts in water, and their children kept -above it with the greatest difficulty by their numbed hands. - -However, in the course of between twenty minutes and half an hour, the -little cutter was seen alongside the brig. - -But the perils of the passage were not over; the boat was heaved up -against the side of the rolling and pitching _Cambria_, and the -difficulty of getting the women and children out of the cutter and on -to the deck was great. Moreover, the boat stood in imminent danger of -being stove in against the side of the brig whilst its passengers were -disembarking. - -Here it was that the Cornish miners on board the _Cambria_ notably -distinguished themselves, and above all Joseph Warren from S. Just, a -famous wrestler. Being a man of enormous strength, he stood on the -chains and caught first the children as they were tossed to his arms, -passed them up on deck, and then lifted the women bodily from the boat -as it heaved up within his reach, and passed them over his head to the -men above. - -The women showed great self-possession. They had been urged to avail -themselves of every favourable heave of the sea, by springing towards -the friendly arms that were extended to receive them; and -notwithstanding the deplorable consequence of making a false step, or -misjudging a distance, under such critical circumstances, not a single -accident occurred to any individual belonging to this first boat. - -Three out of the six boats originally possessed by the _Kent_ were -swamped in the course of the day, one of them with men in it; and the -boats took three-quarters of an hour over each trip, so that night -settled down, adding to the difficulties and dangers, and bringing -ever nearer the prospect of the fire reaching the powder magazine and -blowing all who remained on board into eternity. - -Sir Donald McGregor tells some pathetic stories of the rest of the -crew and passengers. One woman had vainly entreated to be allowed to -go to India with her husband, and when refused, had contrived to hide -herself in the vessel as a stowaway till it was well out at sea. As he -was endeavouring to reach one of the boats, he fell overboard, and his -head, coming between the heaving boat and the side of the ship, was -crushed like a nut in her sight. Sad instances occurred where a -husband had to make election between the saving of his wife and that -of his children. The courage of some utterly failed them. Nothing -would induce them to enter or try to enter one of the boats leaping on -the waves beside the burning ship. Rather than adventure that they -would remain and take their chances on the wreck. Some, making false -leaps into the boats, fell into the waves and were drowned. - -At last all who could or would be saved were brought on board the -_Cambria_. - -"After the arrival of the last boat, the flames, which had spread -along her upper deck and poop, ascended with the rapidity of lightning -to the masts and rigging, forming one general conflagration that -illumined the heavens, and was strongly reflected upon several objects -on board the brig. - -"The flags of distress, hoisted in the morning, were seen for a -considerable time waving amid the flames, until the masts to which -they were suspended successively fell over the ship's sides. At last, -about 1.30 in the morning, the devouring element having communicated -to the magazine, the long-threatened explosion was seen, and the -blazing fragments of the once magnificent _Kent_ were instantly -hurried, like so many rockets, high into the air, leaving in the -comparative darkness that succeeded the dreadful scene of that -disastrous day floating before the mind like some feverish dream. - -"I trust that you will keep in mind that Captain Cook's generous -intentions and exertions must have proved utterly unavailing for the -preservation of so many lives had they not been most nobly and -unremittingly supported by those of his mate and crew, as well as of -the numerous passengers on board his brig. While the former, only -eight in number, were usefully employed in watching the vessel, the -sturdy Cornish miners and Yorkshire smelters, on the approach of the -different boats, took their perilous station upon the chains, where -they put forth the great muscular strength with which Heaven had -endowed them, in dexterously seizing, at each successive heave of the -sea, on some of the exhausted people and dragging them upon deck. Nor -did their kind anxieties terminate there. They and the gentlemen -connected with them cheerfully opened their stores of clothes and -provisions, which they liberally dispensed to the naked and famished -sufferers; and they surrendered their beds to the helpless women and -children, and seemed, in short, during the whole passage to England, -to take no other delight than in ministering to all our wants." - -Captain Cook of the _Cambria_ at once turned the vessel and steered -for Falmouth. - -On reaching Falmouth report of the distressed condition of those who -had been rescued was sent to Colonel Fenwick, Lieutenant-Governor of -Pendennis Castle, and the people of Falmouth showed the utmost -kindness and hospitality to those who had been saved. - -On the first Sunday after they had disembarked, Colonel Fearon, all -the officers and men, Captain Cobb and the sailors and passengers -attended church at Falmouth to give thanks to Almighty God for their -deliverance from a fearful death. - - - "FALMOUTH, _March 16th, 1825_. - - "_To the Committee of the Inhabitants of Falmouth._ - - "GENTLEMEN, - - "In tracing the various links in the ample chain of mercy and bounty - with which it has pleased a gracious Providence to surround the - numerous individuals lately rescued from the destruction of the Hon. - Company's ship _Kent_, we, the Lieut.-Col. Commanding, and officers - belonging to the right wing of the 31st Regiment, cannot but reflect - with increasing gratitude on the beneficence of that arrangement - whereby ourselves and our gallant men, after the awful and - afflicting calamity that befell us, were cast upon the sympathies of - the inhabitants of Falmouth and the adjacent towns, who have so - widely opened their hearts to feel, and munificently extended their - hands to provide for our numerous and necessary wants. - - "We were thrown upon your shore as penniless strangers, and ye took - us in; we were hungry and ye gave us meat; naked and ye clothed us; - sick and ye relieved and comforted us. We have found you rejoicing - with those of us who rejoiced, and weeping with such of us as had - cause to weep. You have visited our fatherless and widows in their - affliction, and sought by increasing acts of the most seasonable, - effective, and delicate charity, to alleviate the measure of our - sufferings. - - "Under such circumstances, what can we say, or where shall we find - words to express our emotions? You have created between us and our - beloved country an additional bond of affection and gratitude, that - will animate our future zeal, and enable us, amidst all the - vicissitudes of our professional life, to point out Falmouth to our - companions in arms as one of the bright spots in our happy land - where the friendless shall find many friends, and the afflicted - receive abundant consolation. - - "In the name and on behalf of the officers of the - - "Right Wing of the 31st Regiment, - - "R. B. FEARON, Lieut-Col., 31st Foot." - -Joseph Warren, the S. Just miner and wrestler who had so powerfully -assisted in the rescue of the unfortunates from the _Kent_, strained his -back in heaving up the women on deck, that ever after deprived him of -power to wrestle or exercise his ancient strength. One of the ladies -whom he had rescued paid him an annuity through the rest of his life, -and he died at his old home at S. Just-in-Penwith, 28th January, 1842. - - - - - VICE-ADMIRAL SIR CHARLES V. - PENROSE - - -The Penrose family is one of the most ancient in Cornwall. The name -signifies the Head of the Moor, and it belonged _par excellence_ to -the Land's End, where, at S. Sennen, we find the Penroses seated as -landed gentry from the time of Edward I. They had branches in Sithney, -Manaccan, and S. Anthony-in-Meneage. They mated with the best in the -county--the Trefusis, the Killigrews, the Eriseys, and the Boscawens. -One broke away from the circle of beautiful Celtic names, and took to -wife a daughter of Sir Anthony Buggs, Knt. Happy must the lady have -felt to cease to be Miss Buggs and become Madame Penrose! - -Charles Vinicombe Penrose was the youngest son and child of the Rev. -John Penrose, vicar of Gluvias, and was born at Gluvias, June 20th, -1759. In the spring of 1775 he was appointed midshipman on board the -_Levant_ frigate, Captain Murray, under whose command he passed the -whole period of his service during the next twenty-two years of his -life, and who (with one trifling exception) was the only captain with -whom he ever sailed, either as midshipman or as lieutenant. In 1779 -young Penrose was made lieutenant, and was appointed to the _Cleopatra_. - -All the summer and a part of the winter of 1780 were passed in cruising -off the Flemish bank. Captain Murray was then sent with a small -squadron to intercept the trade which the Americans were carrying on -with Gothenburg by passing to the north of the Shetland Isles. The -biting cold made this a source of extreme hardship, and the young -lieutenant, now first lieutenant, suffered severely. The illness of the -captain, and the incapacity of some of the officers, threw on him almost -the whole care of the ship, and this under circumstances that required -the skill and caution of the seaman to be ever on the alert. - -[Illustration: VICE-ADMIRAL SIR CHARLES V. PENROSE, K.C.B.] - -"I had, however," he wrote, "no time to nurse myself, though I had -pleurisy, besides my chilblains. For these latter I used to have warm -vinegar and sal ammoniac brought frequently on deck, and, to allay the -raging pain, dipped thin gloves into the mixture, and put them on -under thick worsted mittens. At one time rheumatism had so got hold of -me that I was not able to stand, but lay wrapped up in flannel on an -arm-chest, on the forepart of the quarter-deck, to give my orders. - -"On one occasion, in a severe gale, the ship covered with frozen snow, -the main topmast was carried away; we were the whole day clearing the -wreck, and I was much fatigued but obliged to keep the first watch. We -were lying to under bare poles, and I had sent all the men under -shelter except one man at the helm and the mate of the watch; and I -had, with much difficulty, cleared a place for myself between two of -the guns, where, holding by a rope, I could move two or three short -paces backwards and forwards. About nine o'clock my messmates sent to -ask if I would have anything, and I thoughtlessly ordered a glass of -warm brandy and water, which they as thoughtlessly sent. I drank about -half, and gave the rest to the mate. In a minute I felt a glow of -warmth. Health, animation, freedom from fatigue, all came in their -climax of comfort. The next minute I fell sleeping on the deck. -Fortunately for me, my comrade was an old seaman, and he instantly -knew my case and dragged me down the ladder. I was put to bed; was -badly treated, as I was rubbed with spirits; but after excruciating -pain, I recovered. Had the officer of the watch been a young gentleman -without experience, I should never have told my story." - -In 1781 the _Cleopatra_ was in the action off the Dogger Bank, but in -1783 was paid off. "At this time," wrote Mr. Penrose, "after having -been for eleven years conversant only with nautical affairs, I really -felt a great puzzle to know how a shore life could be endured. I had -entered into my profession with all my heart, and was at this time as -nearly a fish as a finless animal can become." - -In 1787 he married Miss Trevenen, the elder sister of his brother's -wife, and by her had three daughters. He was not at sea again till 1790, -when he accompanied Captain Murray in the _Defence_, and was engaged in -the West Indies. At the latter end of 1796 he was again returned to the -_Cleopatra_, in which ship he had the melancholy satisfaction of -conveying to England his friend and admiral, who had been seized with a -paralytic affection from which he never recovered. The voyage home was -tempestuous; but at length, and nearly at its close, the wind had come -right aft, and the captain, who, though ill, was on deck, believed -himself to be making rapid way up the Channel. On a sudden a light, -which he knew to be the Scilly light, flashed across him, and he saw -that he was between Scilly and the Land's End. He instantly stood to the -south, but had hardly changed his course when he saw, close astern in -the dark night, a wave break under the bow of a large ship, steering -exactly in the direction which he had left. "I never felt so sick -before," he wrote. "I felt certain that in an hour's time she would be -on the rocks, the wind blowing almost a storm. I shouted through the -trumpet, I threw up lights, and fired guns, to give the alarm, but with -the inward conviction at the time that it was all in vain--and so it -was. This ship was never heard of again; and though fragments of a wreck -were found the next morning on the coast near the Land's End, nothing -was discovered to indicate what wreck it was." - -The _Cleopatra_, on her return to England, was laid up for some months -at Portsmouth in dock, and shortly after her repairs were completed -the mutiny broke out at Spithead. Captain Penrose had the satisfaction -that his own crew, from the beginning to the end of this anxious -period, stood firm to their duty; a consequence undoubtedly of the -manner in which he invariably treated his men, with kindly -consideration and as reasonable beings. - -He now went ashore, as his health was broken, and in May, 1798, went -to reside at Ethy, near Lostwithiel, where, so soon as his health was -re-established, he settled his family and looked out for fresh -employment. He was appointed early in 1799 to the _Sans Pareil_, of -eighty guns, and served in the West Indies till 1802, when he returned -to England, having suffered from sunstroke. In 1810 Captain Penrose -was appointed to the chief command at Gibraltar, with the rank of -commodore. He hoisted his flag on board the _San Juan_, and had to -direct the proceedings of a large flotilla which proved of great -utility in the defence of Cadiz and Tarifa, and in other operations -against the French under Marshal Soult. On December 4th, 1813, he was -promoted to be Admiral of the Blue, and shortly after to superintend -the naval service connected with Wellington's army, then advanced as -far as the Pyrenees. His orders were to proceed to the small port of -Passages, and there hoist his flag on board the _Porcupine_. Admiral -Penrose arrived at Passages on January 27th, 1814. The chief business -which now devolved on the naval service was to make the necessary -preparations for throwing a floating bridge across the Adour. This -bridge was to be composed of small coasting vessels, decked boats, -cables and planks. Above the bridge were to be anchored for its -protection as many gunboats as could be furnished, and, to guard both -these and the bridge from fire-ships or rafts, a boom was also to be -laid across the river further up the stream. These measures were -consequent on the investment of Bayonne. Great difficulties were to be -expected in passing the bar of the Adour, which, at the place where -the bridge was to be built, was four hundred yards wide, and where the -ebb-tide ran at the rate of eight miles an hour. The Admiral -determined to superintend the operation in person. On the afternoon of -the 22nd the _Porcupine_, conveying some transports and several large -coasting vessels laden with materials, left the harbour. But squally -weather and baffling winds came on during the night, and he was unable -to bring the flotilla to the bar before the morning of the 24th. - -The passing of the bar, a most perilous service, has been described, -as seen from the shore, by Mr. Gleig in the _Subaltern_. - -It was nearly high water, and the wind was fair; both officers and -soldiers gathered on the heights around, and the passage of each -vessel was eagerly watched, from the moment it was immersed in the -foaming breakers until it issued forth in the placid waters of the -river beyond. Some few vessels broached to and sank; but, on the -whole, the attempt fully succeeded, and with fewer casualties than -could have been expected. General Sir John Hope, who commanded on -shore, said, in a letter to the Admiral: "I have often seen how -gallantly the navy will devote themselves when serving with an army, -but I never before witnessed so bold and hazardous a co-operation, and -you have my most grateful thanks. I wrote to you in the course of last -night, to say how much we stood in need of boats, seamen, etc., but -when I saw the flotilla approach the wall of heavy surf, I regretted -all I had said." - -So soon as the boats had thus entered the river, no time was lost in -running those which were intended to form the bridge up to their -stations, where the bridge was rapidly formed; and at dawn on the -following day, it was declared that infantry might cross it with -safety. On the 27th Bayonne was closely invested by Sir John Hope, and -Marshal Soult completely routed at Orthez by Wellington. - -On March 22nd Admiral Penrose received instructions from the Duke to -occupy the Gironde. On the 24th he sailed in the _Porcupine_, taking -with him some brigs and a bomb vessel, and he was joined at the mouth -of the river by the _Egmont_, the _Andromache_, the _Challenger_, and -the _Belle Poule_. On the 27th he entered the river, the _Andromache_ -taking the lead. The want of pilots and the haziness of the atmosphere -rendered the navigation difficult. The course taken was within easy -reach of the shot from the enemy's batteries, but these passed clear -of the ships, and every considerable danger was successfully overcome, -when a clear sun broke forth to animate the progress up the stream. - -The abdication of Napoleon, 6th April, 1814, and the restoration of -the Bourbons followed, and Admiral Penrose left the Gironde on May -22nd, and returned to Passages to superintend the embarkation of the -troops and stores. The difficulties were great. The inadequate supply -of transports precluded the affording, even to the sick and wounded, -the accommodation of which they were in need; and the hatred borne by -the Spanish population to the British troops burst forth more and more -as their strength diminished. Although English blood and treasure had -been poured forth to assist Spain against the despotism of Napoleon -and in driving the French out of the country, not a spark of gratitude -was manifested by the Spaniards. It was thought on this occasion -highly probable that some outrage would be attempted in the rear of -the embarkation. Indeed, a plan had been formed by some Spaniards to -seize the military chest, and for security it had to be conveyed on -board the _Lyra_, and a volley of stones was hurled at the last boat -that left the shore. During Admiral Penrose's whole stay on this -ungrateful coast, he never received a visit or the smallest mark of -attention from a single Spaniard; and on his leaving Passages, not one -individual in the town was seen to look out of a window to watch the -sailing of the fleet. - -The _Porcupine_ anchored in Plymouth Sound, September 6th, and the -Admiral struck his flag on the 12th, with but little expectation, now -that peace had revisited Europe, of being again actively employed. On -the 16th, however, he received a letter from Lord Melville, offering -him the command of the fleet in the Mediterranean, become vacant by -the recall of Admiral Hallowell. The offer was accepted, and on -October 3rd Admiral Penrose hoisted his flag at Plymouth, on board the -_Queen_, and left Plymouth on the 8th. - -Whilst in the Mediterranean, he heard on March 12th, 1815, of the -escape of Napoleon from Elba, and of his having reached Prejus. - -In January, 1816, Admiral Penrose was promoted to the rank of Knight -Commander of the Bath. - -On March 1st he received letters from Lord Exmouth, who appointed a -meeting at Port Mahon to proceed against Algiers and Tunis to put an -end to the piracies that were carried on from these two places. The -squadron sailed for Algiers March 21st. Admiral Penrose wrote: "On -arriving at their destination, the ships anchored in two lines out of -gun-shot from the batteries, and by signal made all ready for battle; -but all went off quietly, and the slaves in whose behalf the -expedition was undertaken were ransomed on the terms which Lord -Exmouth proposed." From Algiers the squadron sailed for Tunis, and -here also the Bey submitted to the demand made on him, and thus ended -this impotent expedition. The Bey of Algiers was by no means so -overawed that he desisted from his nefarious practices, and a second -expedition was sent against him under Lord Exmouth in 1816. - -By an unfortunate oversight, rather than intentional lack of courtesy, -no notice had been sent to the Admiral in command of the Mediterranean -that Lord Exmouth had been despatched to bombard Algiers and destroy -the piratical fleet. Admiral Penrose was at Malta, and hearing in a -roundabout way that Lord Exmouth, with a fleet fitted out at home, had -entered the Mediterranean and was on his way to Algiers, he deemed it -advisable to leave Malta and visit this fleet. He did not arrive off -Algiers till the 29th August. The action had been on the 27th, and the -first objects seen on entering the bay were the still smoking wrecks -of the Algerine navy, and then the fleet of Lord Exmouth engaged in -repairing the injuries which it had sustained. - -Admiral Penrose was cut to the quick by the slight put upon him, and -he wrote to remonstrate with the Admiralty, but received in reply only -a rebuke for expressing his indignation in a tone that the Admiralty -did not relish. - -There is no need to attend Admiral Penrose in his cruises and visits -to the Ionian Islands, but his diary may be quoted relative to an -expedition made early in 1818, in company with Sir Thomas Maitland, to -visit Ali Pasha. - -The history of this second Nero, with whom to our disgrace we entered -into alliance, and supplied with cannon and muskets, may be given in -brief. - -Ali, surnamed Arslan, the Lion, was an Albanian born about the year -1741. His father, driven from his paternal mansion, placed himself at -the head of some bandits, surrounded the house in which were his -brothers, and burnt them in it alive. The mother of Ali, daughter of a -bey, was of a vindictive and ferocious character, and on the death of -her husband had the formation of the character of Ali in her hands, -and she inspired him with remorselessness, ambition, and subtlety. Ali -assisted the Sultan in the war with Russia, and was rewarded by being -created a pasha of two tails and governor of Tricala, in Thessaly. -Soon by means of intrigue and crime he obtained the pashalics of -Janina and Arta; then he was granted the government of Acharnania, -and, finding himself strong enough to do what he liked, he attacked -neighbouring provinces, and banished or put to death in them all the -Mussulman and Christian inhabitants whose goods he coveted, or who had -given him umbrage. Then he attacked the Christian Suliotes and -massacred them. Previsa and some other Christian towns on the coast -had belonged to the republic of Venice. In 1797 the Queen of the -Adriatic, having been overthrown by Bonaparte, Ali took the -opportunity, at the feast of Easter, to descend on them when all the -inhabitants were keeping holiday, and massacre over six thousand and -plunder the houses. The English Government entered into negotiations -with him, gave him a park of artillery and six hundred gunshots. Thus -furnished he attacked Berat, the pasha of which was the father of his -two sons' wives. He took the place and threw the pasha into a -subterranean dungeon under his palace at Janina. - -He seized on the Albanian towns of Argyro-Kastro and Kardihi. The -inhabitants of the latter surrendered without striking a blow; but as -they had at some former time offended his mother, he put all the males -to the sword, and handed over the women to his sister, who, after -having delivered them up to the most horrible outrages, had them -stripped stark naked and driven into the forests, where nearly all -perished of cold and hunger. When Napoleon fell, Ali got the English -to cede to him the town of Parga. It was concerning this cession that -the English Government thought it no shame to send Sir Thomas Maitland -to Ali to negotiate with him at Previsa. "The General embarked with -the ladies (Lady Ponsonby, Lady Lauderdale and her daughters) in the -_Glasgow_, and with the two ships we proceeded to the anchorage of -Prevesa. On the evening of our arrival I despatched the second -lieutenant to find at what time on the following day Ali would receive -us. His report of the chief himself was wittily characteristic: 'He is -exactly like a sugar hogshead, dressed in scarlet and gold.' - -"A long and heavy pull we had the next day in the _Glasgow's_ fine -barge against a very cold wind, but at last we reached the land. The -palace of the ferocious chief whom we had come to visit was built of -wood, and on the water's edge, so that the boats landed at one of the -doors, contrived, no doubt, to enable the owner to escape in that -direction if requisite. It was an immense building, badly finished, -not painted, and badly furnished, but calculated to lodge about three -thousand persons. The chief, with all his heads of departments, and -his son and grandson, received us in a small room, one end of which -was occupied by a comfortable and well-cushioned divan. Here we were -soon served with coffee in beautiful china and gold cups and saucers, -and magnificent pipes. - -"Sir Thomas introduced me as the naval commander-in-chief. Before we -returned to our ships an excellent collation was provided on a long -table; but the climate was severe in this wild mansion, and after -trying many bottles of execrable light wines, great was my joy in -finding a flask of excellent brandy. - -"I had several good opportunities of watching the countenance of the -extraordinary man who was now our host, and I never could observe the -smallest indication without of what was passing in his breast. Simple -benevolence was apparently beaming from the whole expression of this -human butcher. At one time particularly, when I know for a certainty -that he was both angry and mortified at some turn in the investigations, -I sat opposite him at only a yard's distance, and could not perceive the -smallest outward token of the storm within. He once questioned me about -my family, whether I was married, etc.; and when I told him I had three -daughters, 'What, no sons? Why have you not them?' and burst forth into -one of his frightful haugh-haugh laughs, which were quite disgusting, -and resembled the grunt of a wild beast. - -"As a high honour, on the day on which the ladies were with us, he sat -at the head of the table at dinner. The dinner was much more profuse -than elegant; and one of Ali's first operations was to cut off the -fore-quarter of a roasted lamb, and with his hand tear out the flesh -between the shoulder and the breast, which he devoured with great -glee. Lady Lauderdale sat on his right hand, and I was next her. Ali, -understanding that she chose some turkey, had one brought before him, -and helped her with a fore-quarter of an immense bird, which, of -course, puzzled her greatly. Whereupon, bowing for permission from our -host, I cut off a proper portion from the wing, and helped myself to -the remainder. When Ali saw what a small portion I had allotted to the -lady, he grunted out his peculiar laugh, but luckily did not persist -in the cramming system. - -"Even at this more distinguished feast good wines were not the order -of the day, and I had again recourse to the brandy bottle. I know not -what Ali had in a particular bottle placed near himself, as he -indulged no one but Sir Thomas Maitland with a taste of it, but I do -not recollect hearing it praised. The chief took a good portion of -this bottle to himself, heedless of the Koran and the prophet. - -"Immediately after dinner dancing boys were introduced, and performed -a great number of evolutions, showing the most extraordinary -flexibility in every part of the body. These poor creatures must have -been Nazarites from their birth, as their hair was long enough to -reach to the floor as they stood, and great part of their skill was -displayed in throwing about these profuse locks with their arms. I -think these boys must have been of Indian extraction. - -"The ladies having heard that Ali had bought a diamond of great value -from poor Gustavus, the ex-King of Sweden, expressed a strong desire to -see it. He assented graciously, and ordered a plate to be brought to -him. He then searched in the folds of his own fat neck, and at last -untied a string to which was affixed a little bag of either oil-cloth or -bladder. Out of this he took a coarse paper parcel, and having opened -the envelope, and three or four interior papers, he, with a pretended -air of indifference, threw out on the plate a considerable number of -diamonds, which some of our party valued at £30,000. Among these was the -diamond of the ex-King, which had been valued at £12,000; but owing -partly to his necessities, and, perhaps, partly also to a change in -value, Ali purchased it, I think, for £7000 or £8000. - -"The strangest part of this story was that such a man could display -such a treasure, showing that it was usually concealed about his -person, before a considerable number of his own subjects as well as -strangers. There seemed to be the freest possible ingress and egress -to and from the hall in which we sat; and beside his officers of -state, there were many menials in the hall at the time. In what, then, -consisted the confidence which he must have felt? It could not have -been derived from conscious virtue, or security of attachment; and, -except at the gate which led from the great square of the palace -towards the town, I never saw anything like guard or sentinel. - -"Besides the dish of diamonds, Ali kept by his side a brace of pistols -richly set with valuable jewels, a present from Napoleon; and in his -girdle he always wore a dagger, the hilt of which must have been worth -£2000 or £3000; one stone especially being very large. Probably the -reign of terror might operate to some degree as a safeguard; but the -appearance of the people immediately about Ali's person indicated much -more confidence than fear. - -"Our ladies had been introduced into the harem, and to the favourite -Fatima, who, as we were told, was the best _scratcher_ Ali ever had. -One of his chief luxuries was to have his immense, coarse carcase -scratched for a considerable time daily by his female friends." - -The end of this man, Ali Pasha, may be briefly told. He had become -independent, disregarding the authority of the Sultan, and a menace to -the State. Accordingly an army was despatched to Janina, and a fleet -to make a descent on the coasts of Epirus. Ali, in spite of his great -age, exhibited great energy, and prepared to resist, but his fatal -avarice stood in his way. With his enormous treasures he could have -secured the fidelity of his troops, but he could not make up his mind -to deal liberally with his defenders, and most deserted. His own sons -and grandsons, with one exception, passed over into the enemy's camp. -He set the town of Janina on fire, and retired himself into the -fortress, which was defended by Italian and French artillerymen, and -which bristled with cannon. This was in August, 1820. At the beginning -of 1821 the Sultan gave the command of his forces to Khorchid Pasha, -and the siege was begun. Ali had previously sunk one portion of his -treasure in the lake in spots where it could be recovered by himself -when the storm blew over; the rest was in his cellar heaped up over -barrels of gunpowder, and a faithful attendant stood ever by with a -lighted fuse in his hand. Khorchid was particularly desirous of -securing the treasure. He proposed an interview in an island of the -lake. After some hesitation Ali, who had now but fifty men in his -garrison, consented. The interview took place on the 5th February, -1822; Khorchid had taken the precaution to surround the island with -soldiers, but concealed. When they met, the officer of the Sultan -produced a firman granting complete forgiveness to Ali for all his -crimes and defiance, on condition that he surrendered some of his -treasures. Ali then drew off his ring, handed it to the general, and -said, "Show that to my slave, and he will extinguish the fuse." - -Ali was detained in the palace on the isle till messengers had been -sent to the fortress, and the slave, obedient to the token, had put -out the light, whereupon he was at once stabbed. When Khorchid knew -that the treasure was secure, he summoned the soldiery, and they fired -into the kiosk from all sides and through the floor, till Ali was -struck mortally. - -The moral infamies of this man are not to be described. - -When the negotiations with Ali Pasha were ended, the Lord High -Commissioner and the ladies returned to Corfu, and Sir Charles Penrose -went back to his fleet. - -He returned to England in 1819, being succeeded in his command by -Admiral Freemantle. - -He again made Ethy his home, taking occasional flights to London to -obtain some other naval appointment, which would not compel a -severance from his family, but none was available, and, finally, as -his wife's health and his own began to fail, he was content to remain -in his quiet Cornish home. There he died January 1st, 1830, at the age -of seventy; and Lady Penrose died in 1832. - -The Life of Vice-Admiral Sir C. V. Penrose, K.C.B., together with that -of Captain James Trevenen, was written by their nephew, the Rev. John -Penrose, and published by John Murray, 1850, with portrait. - - - - - SIR CHRISTOPHER HAWKINS, BART. - - -Kit Hawkins, as he was familiarly termed in Cornwall, played a -considerable part at the close of the eighteenth century, and before -the passing of the Reform Bill, as a borough-monger. There was a -contemporary with a similar reputation, Manasseh Lopes, a Jew diamond -merchant from Jamaica, and both purchased their baronetcies by -subservience to the Government in finding places for their nominees in -the pocket boroughs they had got into their hands. When Manasseh Lopes -drove into Fowey with his candidates, the town band stalked before the -carriage playing "The Rogues' March"; when Kit Hawkins arrived in -Grampound or S. Ives with a carriage and four, and his candidates with -him, the band played "See the Conquering Hero Comes"--but he conquered -not with weapons of steel, but with golden guineas, handed over to him -by the candidates, a share of which passed to the electors. - -The Cornish Hawkins family pretended to derive from a very distinguished -Roman Catholic stock in Kent, whose place, Nash, was plundered in 1715 -by the rabble, on account of the Jacobite proclivities of the Hawkins -family and the excitement caused by the rebellion in Scotland of the -Earl of Mar. On this occasion all the family plate, portraits, and deeds -were carried off; some were burnt, some were recovered. - -But not a shadow of evidence is forthcoming to show that there was any -descent of the Hawkins family in Cornwall from that in Kent. The -story given out was that on account of the religious persecution in -the time of Queen Mary, two of the Kent Hawkinses left the paternal -nest: one settled in Somersetshire and the other in Cornwall, where -each became the founder of a family. It was forgotten, when this -fiction was given to the world, that the Hawkins stock in Kent was -Roman Catholic, and not at all likely to be troubled by Queen Mary. - -The first Cornish Hawkins of whom anything is known is Thomas of -Mevagissey, who married a certain Audrey, her surname unknown, by whom -he had two sons, John and Thomas, and three daughters. - -John Hawkins, of S. Erth, the eldest, married Loveday, daughter of -George Tremhayle, by whom--who was living in 1676--he had four -surviving sons and three daughters, viz. Thomas; George, Vicar of -Sithney; Reginald, D.D., Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge; and -Francis. Thomas, the eldest, of Trewinnard in S. Erth, married -Florence, daughter of James Praed, of Trevethow, near Hayle, by whom -he had a daughter, Florence, the wife of John Williams, merchant, of -Helston; and as his second wife he had Anne, daughter of Christopher -Bellot, of Bodmin, by whom he had six daughters and four sons, of -which latter, John, Thomas, and Renatus died young, and only -Christopher lived. Thomas Hawkins, the father, died in 1716. - -Christopher Hawkins, of Trewinnard, only surviving son, married Mary, -daughter of Philip Hawkins, of Penzance, a supposed descendant of the -Hawkinses of Devonshire, by whom he had a daughter, Jane, married to -Sir Richard Vyvyan, of Trelowaren, Bart., and a son, Thomas Hawkins, -of Trewithen, M.P. for Grampound, who married Anne, daughter of James -Heywood, of London, by whom he had four sons--Philip, who d.s.p.; -Christopher; Thomas, who d.s.p.; John, of Bignor, Sussex, who married -the daughter of Humphrey Sibthorpe, M.P. for Lincoln--and a daughter, -who married Charles Trelawny, son of General Trelawny. Thomas Hawkins -died on December 1st, 1770, and was succeeded by his second son, -Christopher Hawkins, of Trewithen and Trewinnard, born at Trewithen -May, 1758.[31] The seat Trewithen in Probus descended to his father -from his grandmother's brother, Philip Hawkins, M.P. for the pocket -borough of Grampound. - -Christopher Hawkins came in for a good deal of land, derived through -the marriage of the ancestors of Philip Hawkins, of Trewithen, with -the heiresses of Scobell and Tredenham and that of his own -great-grandfather to the co-heiress of Bellot of Bochym. - -Christopher never married, and was of a frugal mind, buying land in -all directions, and securing the pocket boroughs, where possible, as -excellent investments. It was said of Trewithen-- - - A large park without deer, - A large cellar without beer, - A large house without cheer, - Sir Christopher Hawkins lives here. - -But this was not fair, for there was certainly hospitality shown at -Trewithen. Polwhele says: "Not a week before his death, I passed a -delightful day with the hospitable baronet. To draw around him the few -literary characters of his neighbourhood was his peculiar pleasure; and -at Trewithen the clergy in particular had always a hearty welcome." - -He purchased the manor of S. Ives in or about 1807, the fair at -Mitchell, in Enoder, commanding the election to that borough, and the -four fairs at Grampound giving him control there also over elections. - -A good many of the Cornish boroughs had been so constituted in the -reign of Edward VI by the Protector Somerset, that he might get his -own creatures into Parliament. Such were Camelford, Mitchell, Newport, -Saltash, West Looe, Bossiney, Grampound, and Penryn. Queen Mary raised -S. Ives into a borough in 1550, and Elizabeth created six more to -serve her own political purposes, S. Germans, S. Mawes, Tregony, East -Looe, Fowey, and Callington. - -Mitchell is a mere hamlet, and in 1660 the franchise was solemnly -transferred from the inhabitants at large to nominees of the lord of the -manor. In 1689 it was determined that the right of election lay in the -lords of the borough, who were liable to be chosen portreeve thereof, -and the householders of the same not receiving alms. But the borough in -the latter years of its existence became a battleground of many -combatants, and as the right of voting was, until 1701, left in great -ambiguity by successive election committees, the result of the contest -could never be predicted. In 1701, the right of election for this -distracted borough was again changed. This time it was vested in the -portreeve and lord of the manor and the inhabitants paying scot and lot. -In 1784, Hawkins and Howell were elected members, and sat in Parliament -for Mitchell for twelve years, till 1796, and Sir Christopher became by -purchase the sole owner of the borough; and after Howell had ceased to -represent Mitchell, he continued as its representative to 1806, when he -surrendered his seat to Arthur Wellesley, subsequently Duke of -Wellington. The electors by this time had been reduced to five. In the -eleven years, 1807-18, there were nine elections at Mitchell, not owing -to feuds, but retirement of members. No event of importance occurred -after 1818 to 1832, except the extraordinary and significant revelation -that at the contested election of 1831, when Hawkins (Sir Christopher's -nephew) got two votes, Kenyon five, and Best three. Five voters to -return two members. In 1833 those five electors found their borough -disfranchised, a fate it richly deserved. - -Penryn had been raised into the position of a borough returning two -members of Parliament, in 1553. - -Mr. Courtney says of 1774: "About this period the borough of Penryn -began to be notorious through the county for the readiness of its -voters to barter their rights for pecuniary considerations. The -franchise was on such an extended basis that almost every householder, -though many of these were labourers, indigent and ignorant, was an -elector." In 1807 there were, however, but 140; in 1819 they had risen -to 328. Each got a "breakfast" and £24 for his vote. - -In 1780, Sir Francis Bassett gave a feast to the whole borough; he -continued his patronage till 1807, as Lord de Dunstanville. In 1802 -Swann and Milford contested a vacant seat in the borough, and -Dunstanville to secure the second seat had to resort to putting -faggot-voters on the poor-rates, the night before the election. -Petition being made against the election, it ended in a compromise, -and Swann received £10,000 besides expenses. Lord de Dunstanville, -disgusted at the expense and the weakening of his influence, abandoned -the borough. Swann thereupon gave a "breakfast" to his supporters; a -"breakfast" was synonymous with a bribe of £24. Penryn was concerned -at the retirement of its lordly patron, and founded a club in 1805 for -electors, such as would most conduce to the pecuniary welfare of the -voters. When the election of 1806 was imminent and the former patron -had withdrawn, a deputation of the members was sent to Trewithen to -that notorious election-monger, Sir Kit, to tender to him the goodwill -of the constituency. "The details of the negotiations conducted at -this interview," says Mr. Courtney, "became the subject of subsequent -investigation; but it was admitted that the voters stopped there for -four hours and dined at the baronet's table, which on this occasion, -no doubt, was more freely supplied than according to local gossip was -the custom on ordinary days. The deputation informed Sir Christopher -that Mr. Swann--the Black Swan as he was called by his enemies--who -had been nursing the borough since 1802, must obtain one of the seats, -but that the other was at his disposal. These two worthy politicians, -Hawkins and Swann, thereupon coalesced, drink and food were freely -supplied; two voters, one for each candidate, went round and gave each -elector a one-pound note to drink their health with, and the result -was that on the 1st November, 1806, the poll showed a large majority -for Swann and Hawkins over Mr. Trevanion and his colleague William -Wingfield." A petition followed, and the evidence was of such a -compromising character that Mr. Serjeant Lens abandoned the case on -behalf of Hawkins. The evidence produced was that the deputation of -voters, headed by a clergyman, which had gone to Trewithen to offer -him the borough, had associated with Sir Kit to sell their votes and -interest for twenty-four guineas apiece paid to themselves, and for -ten guineas to be handed to each of the overseers, and that the offer -was duly accepted. An address to the King for the prosecution of Sir -Christopher Hawkins and eighteen members of the committee was carried -to the House of Commons. The trial took place at Bodmin on the 19th -August, 1808, when Cobbett attended in person to watch the trial and -report proceedings in his _Political Register_. The questions in -dispute centred on the terms of the agreement; the chief witness swore -that the documents signed by Hawkins stipulated that twenty-four -guineas should be given to each of the leaders of the party, ten -guineas apiece to the two overseers and twenty shillings to each of -the voters. But this evidence was unsupported, no other of the -committee could be induced or intimidated into admitting that this had -been the agreement; no one in Penryn desired to kill the goose that -laid the golden eggs, and the defendant was acquitted, "to dabble in -borough-mongering for the rest of his life." - -At the election of 1807, Sir Christopher had no place in Parliament, -but Swann sat again for Penryn. - -In 1812 Hawkins wooed the borough in vain, in opposition to Philip -Gell. The Black Swan was the other member elected, but great -indignation was roused against him when it was found that he had left -his bills unpaid for treating and breakfasting his adherents. - -Then a committee approached Sir Manasseh Lopes, but he declined to buy -the votes at the price of £2000. - -But Swann managed to recover favour and increase the number of voters -in his constituency by 200 votes, and to form a company to provide -granite from the vicinity for Waterloo Bridge over the Thames, so -providing work for the voters of Penryn, and Hawkins and Swann were -returned. The usual petition followed, and evidence of bribery came -out. One voter swore that he had received £5, and his wife another £5; -another £7; and many others various sums from ten shillings to ten -pounds. Swann was declared guilty and imprisoned 1819-20. - -In the election of 1827 it was admitted that £1850 had been distributed -among the electors. Seventy votes had been sold at £10 apiece. - -Grampound had had its elections controlled by Lord Eliot. In the -election of 1796 the fifty electors received for their votes £3000, and -the patron, Eliot, pocketed £6000 himself. The patronage was then sold -to Sir Kit Hawkins, to whom a friend wrote in 1796: "Fame speaks loudly -of your doings. The borough, by her own account, is all your own, and -such is certainly preferable to Tregony. The small number of voters in -one, and the vast number in the other, pulls down the balance in favour -of Grampound, and from the continuance of Eliot we may infer that a -possession once obtained may last forty or fifty years." - -But after the election of 1806 the recognized, nay undisputed patron, -Sir Christopher, keeping voters in his pay, and holding the nomination -to two seats, found that his power was weakened. His candidate, the -Nabob Fawcett, did not pay as he had promised. The electors -accordingly determined to transfer their favours to some other great -man, and eventually elected Andrew C. Johnstone, Governor of Dominica, -by twenty-seven over the Hawkins candidate, who polled only thirteen. - -"Up to this time," says the historian, "a decent veil of reserve had -been thrown over the delinquencies of the Grampound electors; now it -was cast aside, and their deformities were disclosed to the view of -the whole political world. Enquiry followed enquiry, and prosecution -prosecution." The borough engaged the attention of members of -Parliament and Press correspondents. Great Cobbett went to Bodmin in -1808 to see the trial of Sir Kit, the Mayor, Recorder, and four -capital Burgesses. This petition unseated the anti-Hawkins candidate, -and a new writ was issued. It was now arranged that Cochrane, patron -of the anti-Kittite, should give £5000 for one, or £8400 for the two -seats, to be distributed, and that each of the elected should pay £12 -10s. to the wives of the several electors. Each voter eventually did -get about £80. The anti-Kittites polled twenty-seven, and Mr. Hawkins' -nominee fourteen. What does the Mayor do? Strike off sufficient votes -from the anti-Kittite, so as to give the local baronet a majority of -one, and returned his nominees as duly elected. A second petition -restored Cochrane. - -Sir Kit, discerning that his influence over the electors at Grampound -was passing away, determined to increase the number of voters. The -electors had consisted of an indefinite number of freemen elected at -Easter and Michaelmas by the eligers. This election was artfully -deferred till good Kittites could be secured to fill the places desired. - -In 1812 Cochrane was still in possession, but he made way for -Johnston, associating Teed with him. This man gave each elector £100 -in promissory notes. Johnston was, however, expelled the House in 1814 -for frauds on the Stock Exchange. Thereupon in came Sir Christopher -Hawkins again. He was again brought before the notice of the House in -1818, when there appeared six candidates. Innes and Robertson were -elected by thirty-six votes: the rest (eleven) went to Teed. After -that, on Teed's petition, the whole secret of the nefarious system -came to light. The voters, it appeared, had applied to Sir Kit; but -that worthy baronet was tired of their solicitations, and refused to -advance a penny. So they turned to the Jew Manasseh Lopes, who gave -£2000 to be distributed among forty electors. But when the money -arrived, the Mayor intercepted £300 for himself, another took £140, so -that the rank and file got only £35 apiece instead of the expected -£50; £8000 was paid privily by a sitting member. Again a petition, and -Manasseh Lopes was convicted of bribery in both Devon and Cornwall, -was fined £10,000, and incarcerated at Exeter for two years. - -Lord John Russell was prepared to extirpate bribery, and in particular -to disfranchise Grampound; the House of Commons agreed without a -dissentient voice, but the death of George III hindered proceedings, -and the last two members were returned. - -S. Ives had been erected into a borough by Philip and Mary in 1558. -Here, after 1689, the Praeds, Whigs, were all-powerful. In 1751, after -long being stewards of the Earls of Buckinghamshire, the Stephens family -began to assert itself. Thenceforth during the long reign of George III -a severe contest for influence over the elections was waged between the -two families. In 1774 a Praed got ninety-five votes, a Drummond -ninety-eight, and Stephens was left out in the cold with seventy-one. -But the usual petition showed Praed's corruption too manifestly. Money -had been lent to the voters, with the tacit understanding that in the -event of election it was not to be asked for, and forty persons, sure -voters for Stephens, had been omitted from the rates. In 1806 Sir Kit -Hawkins, gained a share in representation; his candidate, Horner. But -Stephens got 135 votes and Horner 128; the other candidate opposing him -was left far in the rear, with only five votes. But Horner was out again -at the next election. In 1820 Sir Christopher had the appointment to -both seats entirely in his own hands. - -Tregony had been made into a borough under Queen Elizabeth in 1562. -Before 1832 it was described as "destitute of trade, wealth, and -common activity." - -Writing in 1877, the last Cornish historian remarks that the condition -of Tregony had passed from bad to worse. Many of its houses were then in -ruins, and the scene of desolation was spreading. In early times Tregony -had been a seaport on a tidal creek, but that was silted up, and no boat -could now reach it, so that its commercial importance was wholly gone. - -During the eighteenth century the representatives of Tregony were men -of little importance, small placemen unconnected with Cornwall. In the -long array of aliens and Court satellites, the name of one Cornish -gentleman stands out in bright relief; 1747-67, for twenty years (a -long period) Mr. Trevanion represented it. The election of 1774 -excited much notice. Lord North advised a note to be written to Lord -Falmouth: "His Lordship must be told in as polite terms as possible, -that I hope he will permit me to recommend to three of his six seats -in Cornwall. The terms he expects are £2000 a seat, to which I am -ready to agree." Later on, he says that his candidate Pownall must get -in for Lostwithiel, and Conway represent Tregony, and he added: "My -noble friend (Falmouth) is rather shabby, desiring guineas instead of -pounds," but signified his will to pay rather than drop the bargain. -Again: "Gascoyne shall have the refusal of Tregony for £1000," and the -Minister complained that he saw no way of bringing him in at a cheaper -rate than any other servant of the Crown. - -In 1776 the Boscawen influence was sold to Sir Kit Hawkins, but he did -not retain it for long, for he disposed of it to a Nabob, Barwell, and -the two continued on friendly terms. When the living of Cuby fell -vacant--Cuby is the parish church of Tregony--Sir Kit asked Barwell, who -now had the presentation, to give it to a friend of his, alleging that -"he had great interest" and assuring Barwell that his clerical friend -would reside in the place, and by his great activity in the borough -prevent, if possible, any opposition arising to Mr. Barwell. But at the -very next election Sir Kit ran and returned two members against Barwell. - -In the contest of 1784, Lord Kenyon, a lawyer, obtained the seat by -purchase, polling 90, while his two opponents got 69 each. - -In 1806 an O'Callinghan and a Yorkshire Whig, through Darlington's -interest polled against Barwell's interest 102 against 86. At this -election the following trick was played. A Tregony tailor and -publican, called Middlecoat, offered to seat Sir Jonathan Miles for -4000 guineas. At the poll the returning officer, who was biased or had -been tampered with, struck off many good votes from Miles, and gave -bad ones to others. Sir Jonathan petitioned and, for the expenses of -the petition, sent Middlecoat a large sum of money, and he prevented -the witnesses from appearing, and the sitting members were accordingly -pronounced to be duly elected. Middlecoat had secured £2500 from the -sitting nominees (Barwellians) to keep back the witnesses, as well as -£4200 from Sir Jonathan to bring them forward. - -In 1812 O'Callinghan was unseated, and petitioned, showing that £5000 -had been distributed among the voters; nevertheless the sitting -members were received. Holmes, one of them, said--to show what was the -degraded condition of the borough--that out of 127 votes in his -favour, 98 had been evicted into the street the day after the -election, some having been called on to pay their rents, but were -unable to do so at the moment, and others, whose annual rents were -only £8, had been mulcted in costs to the extent of £98. - -Middlecoat, and four others of like spirit, went to London in 1818 to -search for candidates for Tregony and Grampound, offering the former -for £6000 and the latter for £7000. A banker and a general came down -before the election, but found that the voters would make no promise -unless the money were paid down. So they had to return to London -"proclaiming their disappointment at every turn, and cursing the -scoundrels who would not trust them." - -Christopher Hawkins was returned for Mitchell in 1784, re-elected in -1790 and 1796. In June, 1799, he vacated his seat by accepting the -Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds. In August, 1800, he was elected -for Grampound, again in 1802 and 1806. In 1818 he was returned for -Penryn, and in June, 1821, for S. Ives. He was created baronet on July -28th, 1791. He was Recorder of Grampound and S. Ives and, at the time -when he relinquished his seat finally, he was the father of the House -of Commons. - -Sir Christopher encouraged the famous engineer and inventor Richard -Trevithick, and in the life of that worthy, by Francis Trevithick, are -given some letters that passed between them; but Mr. F. Trevithick -persistently calls Sir Christopher Sir Charles. Sir Kit was the first -man to adopt a steam thrashing-machine in 1812, an invention of -Trevithick; it was used for the first time at Trewithen in February in -that year. A committee of experts was called in to witness its -operations and report on them, and this is their report, dated -February 12th, 1812:-- - -"Having been requested to witness and report on the effect of steam -applied to work a mill for thrashing corn at Trewithen, we hereby -testify that a fire was lighted under the boiler of the engine five -minutes after eight o'clock, and at twenty-five minutes after nine -o'clock the thrashing mill began to work, in which time one bushel of -coal was consumed. That from the time the mill began to work to two -minutes after two o'clock, being four hours and three-quarters, fifteen -hundred sheaves of barley were thrashed clean, and one bushel of coal -more was consumed. We think there was sufficient steam remaining in the -boiler to have thrashed from fifty to one hundred sheaves more barley, -and the water in the boiler was by no means exhausted. We had the -satisfaction to observe that common labourers regulated the thrashing -mill, and in a moment of time made it go faster, slower, or entirely -cease working. We approve of the steadiness and the velocity with which -the machine worked, and in every respect we prefer the power of steam, -as here applied, to that of horse. - - MATTHEW ROBERTS, Lansellyn. - THOS. NANKEVILL, Golden. - MATTHEW DOBLE, Barthlever." - -Sir Christopher entered into negotiation with Trevithick about -constructing a breakwater to the harbour at S. Ives, at Pendinas Point. -It was begun, but never completed, owing to the death of the baronet. -But a good thing he did achieve, though done for a political purpose, by -indirect bribery, was the establishment of a free school at S. Ives, in -Shute Street; the charge of admission was one penny per week, and in it -navigation was taught. It was opened on April 11th, 1822. - -In the diary of Captain John Tregerthen Short of the events taking -place at S. Ives between 1817 and 1838 we have: "1828, June 10th. At -10 a.m. Sir Christopher Hawkins, Bart., and Wellesley Long Pole, Esq., -the former supporting the cause of the Right Hon. Sir Charles -Arbuthnot, attended at the Town Hall, where Wellesley Long Pole, Esq., -resigned the contest, and Sir Charles Arbuthnot was elected without -opposition. Immediately afterwards Mr. Wellesley Pole made an active -and successful canvass of the town for another election, and left S. -Ives at 10 p.m., having given each voter 5s., and Sir Christopher -Hawkins gave all his friends 5s." - -"July 21st.--All Mr. Wellesley's voters had a public dinner; each -received one guinea to defray the expense of the dinner, which came to -7s. 3d. per man." Oh, what a falling off is here! Only 5s. each voter, -whereas elsewhere, at Grampound, Tregony, Penryn, and Mitchell, a free -and independent elector would turn up his nose at £10. But Captain -Short does not inform us what the _douceurs_ had been that were paid -previous to the election. - -Sir Christopher Hawkins died of erysipelas at Trewithen on April 6th, -1829. - -Captain Short enters on that day:-- - -"Sir Christopher Hawkins, Bart., departed this life this morning in -the seventy-first year of his age. His death will be greatly felt and -deplored by hundreds. His charitable contributions amongst the -indigent will be found greatly wanting. A more generous and benevolent -landlord could not be found. He was never known to distrain for rent. -He established a Free School in S. Ives for the education of the poor, -and gave the sum of £100 towards enlarging the Wesleyan Methodist -Chapel in this town." - -The _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1830 says that Sir Kit Hawkins's -property at S. Ives was sold then, "which secures the purchaser a seat -in Parliament, for the borough was lately sold by auction in London -for the sum of £55,000. It is reported that the purchaser is the -Marquess of Cleveland." - -A bad bargain, for three years after the Reform Bill was passed, and -S. Ives ceased to be a pocket borough. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[31] Baptized at Probus 29th May, 1758. - - - - - ANNE JEFFERIES - - -Moses Pitt, a publisher in London, a native of S. Teath, in 1696 -published the following letter to the Bishop of Gloucester. There are -two editions of it, with slight and insignificant variations both in -the preliminary address and in the account of Anne Jefferies. - -The preamble we omit. - -"Anne Jefferies (for that was her maiden name), of whom the following -strange things are related, was born in the parish of S. Teath, in the -county of Cornwall, in December, 1626, and she is still living in -1696, being in the seventieth year of her age. She is married to one -William Warren, formerly hind to the late eminent physician Dr. -Richard Lewes, deceased, and now lives as a hind to Sir Andrew -Slanning, of Devon, Bart. - -"In the year 1691 I wrote into Cornwall to my sister Mary Martyn's son, -attorney, to go to the said Anne and discourse her, as from me, about -the most strange passages of her life. He answers my letter September -13th, 1691, and saith: 'I have been with Anne Jefferies, and she can -give me no particular account of her condition, it being so long since. -My grandmother and mother say that she was in Bodmin jail three months, -and lived six months without meat; and during her continuance in that -condition several eminent cures were performed by her; the particulars -no one can now state. My mother saw the fairies once, and heard one say -that they should give some meat to the child, that she might return unto -her parents, which is the fullest relation can now be given.' But I, not -being satisfied with the answer, did in the year 1693 write into -Cornwall and my sister's husband, Mr. Humphry Martyn, and desired him to -go to Anne Jefferies to see if he could persuade her to give me what -account she could remember of the many and strange passages of her life. -He answered by letter, January 31st, 1693, and saith: 'As for Anne -Jefferies, I have been with her the greatest part of one day, and did -read to her all that you wrote to me; but she would not own anything of -it as concerning the fairies, neither of the cures she then did. I -endeavoured to persuade her she might receive some benefit by it. She -answered that if her own father were now alive she would not discover to -him those things which did happen to her. I asked her the reason why she -would not do it; she replied that if she should discover it to you, that -you would make either books or ballads of it; and she said that she -would not have her name spread about the country in books or ballads, or -such things, if she might have £500 for doing it; for she said she had -been questioned before justices, and at the sessions, and in prison, and -also before the judges at the assizes, and she doth believe that if she -should discover such things now she would be questioned again for it. As -for the ancient inhabitants of S. Teath Church-town, there are none of -them now alive but Thomas Christopher, a blind man. (NOTE: This Thomas -Christopher was then a servant in my father's house, when these things -happened, and he remembers many of the passages you write of her.) And -as for my wife, she then being so little did not mind it, but heard her -father and mother relate most of the passages you wrote of her.' - -"This is all I can, at present, possibly get from her, and therefore I -now go on with my relation of the wonderful cures and other strange -things she did, or happened to her, which is the substance of what I -wrote to my brother and that he read to her. - -"It is the custom in our county of Cornwall for the most substantial -people of each parish to take apprentices the poor children, and to -breed them up till they attain to twenty-one years of age, and for -their services to give them meat, drink, and clothes. This Anne -Jefferies, being a poor man's child of the parish, by Providence fell -into our family, where she lived many years. Being a girl of a bold, -daring spirit, she would venture at those difficulties and dangers -that no boy would attempt. - -"In the year 1645 (she being nineteen years old), she being one day -knitting in an arbour in our garden, there came over the hedge to her, -as she affirmed, six persons of small stature, all clothed in green, -which she called fairies. Upon which she was so frightened that she fell -into a kind of convulsive fit. But when we found her in this condition, -we brought her into the house and put her to bed, and took great care of -her. As soon as she recovered out of her fit she cried out, 'They are -just gone out of the window! Do you not see them?' And thus in the -height of her sickness she would often cry out, and that with eagerness, -which expressions were attributed to her distemper, supposing her -light-headed. During the extremity of her sickness my father's mother -died, which was in April, 1646; he durst not acquaint our maid Anne of -it for fear it might have increased her distemper, she being at that -time so very sick that she could not go, nor so much as stand on her -feet; and also the extremity of her sickness, and the long continuance -of her distemper had almost perfectly moped her, so that she became even -as a changeling; and as soon as she began to recover, or to get a little -strength, she in her going would spread her legs as wide as she could, -and so lay hold with her hands on tables, chairs, forms, stools, etc., -till she had learnt to go again; and if anything vexed her, she would -fall into her fits, and continue in them for a long time, so that we -were afraid she would have died in one of them. - -"As soon as she recovered a little strength she constantly went to -church to pay her devotions to our great and good God. She took mighty -delight in devotion and in hearing the Word of God read and preached, -although she herself could not read. The first manual operation or -cure she performed was on my mother. The occasion was as follows: One -afternoon in the harvest time, all our family being in the fields at -work (and myself a boy at school), there was none in the house but my -mother and this Anne. My mother, considering that bread might be -a-wanting for the labourers, if care were not taken, and she having -before caused some bushels of wheat to be sent to the mill, which was -but a quarter of a mile from our house, desired to hasten the miller -to bring home the meal, that so her maids as soon as they came from -the fields might make and bake the bread; but in the meantime how to -dispose of her maid Anne was her great care, for she did not dare -trust her in the house alone, for fear she might do herself some -mischief by fire, or set the house on fire, for at that time she was -so weak that she could hardly help herself, and very silly withal. At -last, by much persuasion, my mother prevailed with her to walk in the -gardens and orchard till she came from the mill, to which she -willingly consented. Then my mother locked the door of the house and -walked to the mill; but as she was coming home, she slipped and hurt -her leg, so as that she could not rise. There she lay a considerable -time in great pain, till a neighbour, coming by on horseback, seeing -my mother in this condition, lifted her upon his horse. As soon as she -was brought within doors of the house, word was sent into the fields -to the reapers, who thereupon immediately left their harvest work and -came home. The house being presently full of people, a man-servant was -ordered to take a horse and ride for Mr. Lobb, an eminent surgeon who -then lived at Bodmin, which was eight miles from my father's house. -But, while the man was getting the horse ready, in comes our maid -Anne, and tells my mother that she was heartily sorry for the -mischance she had got in hurting her leg, and that she did it at such -a place, naming the place, and further, she desired she might see her -leg. My mother at first refused to show her leg, saying to her, What -should she show her leg to so poor and silly a creature as she was, -for she could do her no good. But Anne being very importunate with my -mother to see her leg, and my mother being unwilling to vex her by -denying her, for fear of her falling into her fits, for at all times -we dealt gently, lovingly, and kindly with her, did yield to her -request, and did show her her leg. - -"Upon which Anne took my mother's leg upon her lap and stroked it with -her hand, and then asked my mother if she did not find ease by her -stroking of it? My mother confessed to her she did. Upon this she -desired my mother to forbear sending for the surgeon, for she would, by -the blessing of God, cure her leg. And to satisfy my mother of the truth -of it, she again appealed to my mother whether she did not find further -ease upon her continued stroking of the part affected. Which my mother -again acknowledged she did. Upon this my mother countermanded the -messenger for the surgeon. On this my mother demanded of her how she -came to the knowledge of her fall. She made answer that half a dozen -persons had told her of it. 'That,' replied my mother, 'could not be, -for there were none came by at that time but my neighbour, who brought -me home.' Anne answers again that that was truth, and it was also true -that half a dozen persons told her so, for, said she, 'you know I went -out of the house into the garden and orchard very unwillingly; and now I -will tell you the truth of all matters and things that have befallen me. -You know that this my sickness and fits came very suddenly upon me, -which brought me very low and weak, and have made me very simple. Now -the cause of my sickness was this: I was one day knitting of stockings -in the arbour of the garden, and there came over the garden hedge of a -sudden six small people, all in green clothes, which put me into such a -great fright that was the cause of my sickness; and they continue their -appearance to me, never less than two at a time nor more than eight. -They always appear in even numbers--2, 4, 6, 8. When I said often in my -sickness they were just gone out of the window, it was really so, -although you thought me light-headed. At this time, when I came out into -the garden, they came to me and asked me if you had put me out of the -house against my will. I told them I was unwilling to come out of the -house. Upon this they said you should not fare better for it, and -thereupon, in that place and at that time, in a fair pathway you fell -and hurt your leg. I would not have you send for a surgeon nor trouble -yourself, for I will cure your leg.' The which she did in a little time. - -"This cure of my mother's leg, and the stories she told of those -fairies, made a noise all over the county of Cornwall. People of all -distempers, sicknesses, sores, and ages came not only so far off as -the Land's End, but also from London, and were cured by her. She took -no money of them nor any reward that ever I knew or heard of, yet had -she monies at all times, sufficient to supply her wants. She neither -made nor bought any medicines or salves that ever I saw or heard of, -yet wanted them not as she had occasion. She forsook eating our -victuals and was fed by those fairies from the harvest time to the -next Christmas Day, upon which day she came to our table and said -because it was that day she would eat some roast beef with us, the -which she did, I myself being then at the table. - -"One time (I remember it perfectly well) I had a mind to speak with -her, and not knowing better where to find her than in her chamber, I -went thither, and fell a-knocking very earnestly at her chamber door -with my foot, and calling to her earnestly 'Anne! Anne! open the door -and let me in.' She answered me, 'Have a little patience and I will -let you in, immediately.' Upon which I looked through the keyhole of -the door and saw her eating; and when she had done eating she stood -still by the bedside as long as thanks might be given, and then she -made a courtesy (or bend) and opened the chamber door, and gave me a -piece of the bread, which I did eat, and I think it was the most -delicious bread that ever I did eat, either before or since. - -"Another odd passage, which I must relate, was this: One Lord's Day, -my father with his family being at dinner in our hall, comes in one -of our neighbours, whose name was Francis Heathman, and asked where -Anne was. We told him she was in her chamber. Upon this he goes into -her chamber to see her, but, not seeing her, he calls her. She not -answering, he feels up and down the chamber for her, but not finding -her, comes and tells us she was not in her chamber. As soon as he had -said this, she comes out of her chamber to us, as we were sitting at -table, and tells him she was in her chamber and saw him and heard him -call her, and saw him feel up and down the chamber for her, and had -almost felt her, but he could not see her, although she saw him, -notwithstanding she was, at the same time, at the table in her -chamber, eating her dinner. - -"One day these fairies gave my sister (the new wife of Mr. Humphry -Martyn) then about four years of age, a silver cup, which held about a -quart, bidding her give it my mother, and she did bring it my mother; -but my mother would not accept of it, but bid her carry it to them -again; which she did. I presume this was the time my sister owns she -saw the fairies. I confess to your lordship, I never did see them. I -had almost forgot to tell your lordship, that Anne would tell what -people would come to her, several days before they came, and from -whence, and at what time they would come. - -"I have seen Anne in the orchard, dancing among the trees, and she -told me she was then dancing with the fairies. - -"The great noise of the many strange cures Anne did, and also her -living without eating our victuals, she being fed, as she said, by -these fairies, caused both the neighbouring magistrates and ministers -to resort to my father's house, and talk with her, and strictly -examine her about the matter here related; and she gave them very -rational answers to all their questions they then asked her; for by -this time she was well recovered out of her sickness and fits, and her -natural parts and understanding much improved, my father and all his -family affirming the truth of all she said. - -"The ministers endeavouring to persuade her they were evil spirits -resorted to her, and that it was the delusions of the devil. But how -could that be when she did no hurt, but good to all who came to her for -cure of their distempers? and advised her not to go to them when they -called her. However, that night after the magistrates and ministers were -gone, my father, with his family, sitting at a great fire in the hall, -Anne being also present, she spake to my father and said, 'Now they -call!' meaning the fairies. We all of us urged her not to go. In less -than half a quarter of an hour she said, 'Now they call a second time!' -We encouraged her again not to go to them. By and by she said, 'Now they -call a third time!' Upon which, away to her chamber she went to them. Of -all these calls of the fairies, none heard them but Anne. After she had -been in the chamber some time, she came to us again with a Bible in her -hand, and tells us that when she came to the fairies, they said to her, -'What, hath there been some magistrates and ministers to you, and -dissuaded you from coming any more to us, saying we are evil spirits, -and that it is all delusions of the devil? Pray desire them to read in -the 1st Epistle of S. John, chapter 4, verse 1, "Dearly beloved, believe -not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they be of God."' This -place of Scripture was turned down to in the said Bible. I told your -lordship before, Anne could not read. - -"After this, one John Tregeagle, Esq., who was steward to John, Earl -of Radnor, being then a Justice of Peace in Cornwall, sent his -warrant for Anne, and sent her to Bodmin jail, and there kept her a -long time. That day the constable came to execute his warrant, Anne -milking the cows, the fairies appeared to her and told her that a -constable would come that day with a warrant to carry her before a -justice of the peace, and she would be sent to jail. She asked them if -she should hide herself. They answered, No, she should fear nothing, -but go with the constable. So she went with the constable to the -justice, and he sent her to Bodmin jail and ordered the prison-keeper -that she should be kept without victuals; and she was so kept, and yet -she lived, and that without complaining. When the sessions came, the -justices of the peace sent their warrant to one Giles Bawden, a -neighbour of ours, who was then a constable, for my mother and myself -to appear before them, at the sessions, to answer such questions as -should be demanded of us about our poor maid Anne. - -"Bodmin was eight miles from my father's. When we came to the sessions, -the first who was called in before the justices was my mother. What -questions they asked her I do not remember. When they had done examining -her, they desired her to withdraw. As soon as she came forth I was -brought in, and called to the upper end of the table to be examined, and -there was the clerk of the peace, with the pen ready in his hand, to -take my examination. The first question they asked me was, 'What have -you got in your pockets?' I answered, 'Nothing, sir, but my cuffs': -which I immediately plucked out and I showed them. The second question -to me was, If I had any victuals in my pockets for my maid Anne? I -answered I had not; and so they dismissed me, as well as my mother. But -poor Anne lay in jail for a considerable time after; and also Justice -Tregeagle, who was her great persecutor, kept her in his house some time -as a prisoner, and that without victuals. And at last when Anne was -discharged out of prison, the justice made an order that Anne should not -live any more with my father. Whereupon my father's only sister, Mrs. -Frances Tom, a widow, near Padstow, took Anne into her family, and there -she lived a considerable time and did many cures; but what they were, my -kinsman, Mr. William Tom, who there lived in the house with his mother, -can give your lordship the best account of any I know living, except -Anne herself. And from hence she went to live with her own brother, and, -in process of time, married, etc. - -"I am your lordship's most humble and dutiful servant, - - "MOSES PITT. - - "_May 1st, 1699._" - - * * * * * - -There are several points to be considered in this curious story. It is -written in all good faith, and is an honest account of what Pitt -remembered of events that took place some fifty years previously, when -he was a boy. - -There is nothing in the first portion of the story that cannot be -explained without the intervention of fairies or pixies; but it is not -so easy to account for Anne's abstaining wholly from the food of -mortals like herself and being sustained on fairy food. It is not -uncommon for women to pretend that they do not eat; there have been -many "fasting girls," but all have been shown up to be impostors. In -this case, however, Anne Jefferies did not pretend to be a fasting -girl, but to be nourished by fairies. In the house of the Pitts she -might have surreptitiously procured food, but this she could not do -in the jail at Bodmin, nor in the house of Justice Tregeagle. - -As to the cures she wrought, they are to be put in the same category -as faith cures all the world over, whether performed at Lourdes, or by -Christian scientists, or by Shamans in the steppes of Tartary. - -Moses Pitt, the writer of the letter, was the son of John Pitt, -yeoman, of S. Teath; he was bound apprentice to Robert Litterbury, -citizen and haberdasher, in London, for seven years from October 1st, -1654. He became a foreman of the Haberdashers' Company 8th November, -1661, and started as a publisher and speculative builder. In 1680 he -began to issue _The English Atlas_ at his shop "The Angel," in S. -Paul's Churchyard. It was to be in twelve volumes, and was dedicated -to the King, but was never completed, as he got into difficulties. In -the first place he became sole executor to a Captain Richard Mill, who -had tenant right to the "Blue Boar's Head," in King Street, -Westminster, at an annual rent of £20. Pitt had to pay this, and also -Captain Mill's widow an annuity of £50. But he found the "Blue Boar's -Head" so dilapidated that he had to rebuild it at a heavy outlay -before he could let it. Then he had a quarrel with a neighbour about a -party wall he was rebuilding, leading to law proceedings, and Pitt was -cast in costs and damages. But his most serious loss was entailed by -his building a house for Lord Chancellor Jeffreys, which that judge -agreed to take at £300 per annum. As part of the land on which it was -to be built was Crown property, Jeffreys guaranteed Pitt that he would -obtain a lease for ninety-nine years of it, and bade him hurry on the -building. When Pitt had spent £4000 on it, Jeffreys was disgraced and -fell, owing to the flight of James II and the advent of William of -Orange. Pitt, greatly embarrassed for money, fled to Ireland; he -mortgaged his estates for £3000, but as his creditors were not -satisfied, he was finally arrested and sent to the Fleet Prison April -18th, 1689, where he remained till the 16th May, 1691, when he was -transferred to the King's Bench. - -He published in the same year "The Cry of the Oppressed, being a true -and tragical account of the unparallel'd suffering of multitudes of -poor imprisoned debtors in most of the gaols of England, under the -tyranny of the gaolers and other oppressors.... Together with the case -of the Publisher." The sufferings of the debtors he knew by personal -experience, and his revelation is one of horrors perpetrated in the -Fleet and elsewhere, and illustrated with very graphic copper-plates. -His account of his own troubles occupies sixty-seven pages, and shows -him to have been a reckless speculator. Having been educated as a -haberdasher, he undertook to be a publisher, and simultaneously to be -a builder. - -He probably obtained his release before 1695, as in that year he -published a letter relative to some discourses upon Dr. Burnet and Dr. -Tillotson, by a parson named George Hicker, D.D., and in 1696 he wrote -the account of Anne Jefferies, given above. He was married to a Miss -Upman. The date of his death is not known. Justice Tregeagle, who was -the special "persecutor" of Anne Jefferies, is very well remembered in -Cornish legend. He was a particularly wicked man and harsh steward, -and lies buried near the chancel of S. Breock. His home was Trevorder, -in that parish. - - - - - THOMAS KILLIGREW, THE - KING'S JESTER - - -The Killigrew family seems to have possessed a great hankering after -the stage, for four of them were playwrights. Indeed, Henry Killigrew, -educated at Christ Church, Oxford, began at the age of seventeen, when -a play written by him was performed at the nuptials of Lord Charles -Herbert with Lady Mary Villiers, at the Black Friars. Some critics -present objected that one of the characters, representing a boy of -seventeen, talked too freely for his age, and Falkland replied "that -it was neither monstrous nor impossible for one of seventeen years to -speak at such a rate; when he that made him speak in that manner, and -who wrote the whole play, was himself no older." - -Sir William Killigrew, Knt., who was loyal to Charles I, and stood -high in favour with Charles II, usher of the privy chamber and -vice-chamberlain to the Queen, also wrote plays, tragi-comedies, but -they do not appear to have taken with the public. - -But the man who was most stage-stricken of the family was Thomas, the -fourth son of Sir Robert Killigrew, born in 1611. He became early in -life page of honour to Charles I, and he attended Charles II when in -exile. At this period, when Charles was sorely in need of money, -Thomas Killigrew was despatched as "Resident" to Venice, in 1652, "to -borrow money of English merchants for his (Charles's) owne -subsistence," and "to press the Duke to furnish Us with a present some -(sum) of money and we will engage ourselves by any Act or Acts to -repay with interest, and so likewise for any Arms or Ammunition he -shall be pleased to furnish Us withall. The summe you shall move him -to furnish Us with shall be Ten thousand Pistolls." - -[Illustration: _Thomas Killigrew Groome of y^e Bedchamber to King -Charles y^e Second_] - -According to Hyde, Charles misdoubted the suitableness of Killigrew -for this delicate negotiation; and was finally prevailed to send him, -simply to gratify Tom. - -The misgivings of the Prince were justified, for Killigrew and his -servants behaved so badly at Venice that the Doge, Francisco Erizzo, -had to complain through his ambassador. - -Sir Edward Hyde, in a letter to Sir Richard Browne, wrote: "I have -informed the Kinge of the Venetian Ambassador's complainte against Mr. -Killigrew, with which His Majesty is very much troubled, and resolves -upon his returne hither to examyne his miscarriage, and to proceed -therein in such a manner as shall be worthy of him, and as may -manifest his respecte to that Commonwealth, with which the Crowne of -Englande hath alwayes held a very stricte amity, and His Majesty's -Ministers have in all places preserved a very good correspondence with -the Ministers of that State, and therefore His Majesty is more -sensible of this misdemeanour of his Resident." - -On Killigrew's return to the Court of S. Germain, Sir John Denham -addressed him in these lines:-- - - Our Resident Tom - From Venice has come, - And has left the Statesman behind him; - Talks at the same pitch, - Is as wise, is as rich, - And just where you left him, you find him. - - But who says he is not - A man of much plot, - May repent of this false accusation; - Having-plotted and penn'd - Six plays to attend - The Farce of his negotiation. - -But although Charles might put on an appearance of being indignant, -and though he was vexed that Tom did not return laden with "pistolls," -he was too careless and too fond of being entertained to part with his -principal buffoon. But thenceforth he employed him mainly in -transactions about wine, canary and sack, of which the Prince needed -much. - -The story is told of Louis XIV that he had heard much of the wit of -Tom Killigrew, and sent for him to Versailles, where he talked to him, -but could elicit nothing from him. Thinking that this proceeded from -shyness he drew him apart, and led him into the gallery to show him -the pictures. There he asked him if he knew what they represented. Tom -expressed his ignorance, whereupon the King led him before a painting -of the Crucifixion, and asked him what that represented. "I believe, -your Majesty," replied Tom, "that it is a picture of Christ between -two thieves." - -"And who might they be?" - -"Your Majesty and the Pope," replied the audacious jester. - -The first wife of Thomas Killigrew was Cecilia, a daughter of Sir John -Crofts, of Saxham, in Suffolk, and he was married to her on June 29th, -1636. - -The weather on the wedding day was rude and boisterous, which gave -rise to some lines by Thomas Carew:-- - - "Such should this day be; so the sun should hide - His bashful face, and let the conquering bride - Without a rivall shine, whilst he forbears - To mingle his unequall beams with hers; - - Or if sometime he glance his squinting eye - Between the parting clouds, 'tis but to spye, - Not emulate her glories; so comes drest - In vayles, but as a masquer to the feast." - -She brought her husband a fortune of £10,000, and a son and heir, -Henry, born in April, 1637. She was buried the 5th January, 1638, in -Westminster Abbey. Tom married again, when in exile, at the Hague, and -his second wife was Charlotte, daughter of John van Hesse, a Dutch -woman. The marriage took place 26th January, 1655, and by her he had -three sons, Robert, Charles, and Thomas. - -At length came the recall of Charles to England, and Tom Killigrew -accompanied him in the same vessel, very lighthearted, and expectant -of great things. Pepys had gone over to meet the King, and he says, -May 24th, 1660: "Walking upon the decks, were persons of honour all -the afternoon, among others Thomas Killigrew, a merry droll, but a -gentleman of great esteem with the King, who told us many merry -stories." Among them one Pepys quotes, which is profane. - -Thomas Killigrew was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber, with a salary -of £400 per annum, which he augmented by receiving bribes from those -who were solicitous to obtain posts under the Crown, and to use his -influence with the King to get them. - -He had now an opportunity of producing on the London stage the plays -that he had composed whilst abroad. Of these there were eight, comedies -and tragi-comedies, all borrowed, none exhibiting any genuine wit, but -steeped in ordure. One, _The Parson's Wedding_, borrowed from _The -Antiquary_, by Shakerly Marmion, and _Raw Alley_, by Lord Barrey, was -actually to be performed wholly by women. It has been well said by Mr. -Tregellas: "We find ourselves indeed 'surrounded by foreheads of bronze, -hearts like the nether millstone, and tongues set on fire of hell.' I -must add that they have scarcely a sparkle of that witty wickedness -which one meets with in the writings of Sir Charles Sedley." - -All Killigrew's plays were printed in folio in 1644. Pepys did not see -much merit in them. Of _The Parson's Wedding_ he says: "Luellin tells -me what an obscene, loose play this is, that is acted by nothing but -women, at the King's House." Of _Claracilla_, "a poor play." Of _Love -at First Sight_, "I find the play to be a poor thing, and so I -perceive every body else do." Nor did he think much of Killigrew's -conversation. He described it as "poor and frothy." - -In _The Companion to the Playhouse_, 1764, there are some stories told -of Killigrew. - -"After the Restoration he continued in high favour with the King, and -had frequently access to him when he was denied to the first peers of -the realm; and being a man of great wit and liveliness of parts, and -having from his long intimacy with that monarch, and being continually -about his person during his troubles, acquired a freedom of -familiarity with him, which even the pomp of Majesty afterwards could -not check in him, he sometimes, by way of jest, which King Charles was -ever fond of, if genuine, even tho' himself was the object of the -satire, would adventure bold truths which scarcely any one beside -would have dared even to hint to. One story in particular is related -of him, which, if true, is a strong proof of the great lengths he -would sometimes proceed in his freedoms of this kind, which is as -follows: When the King's unbounded passion for women had given his -mistress such an ascendancy over him, that, like the effeminate -Persian monarch, he was fitter to have handled a distaff than to wield -a sceptre, and for the conversation of his concubines utterly -neglected the most important affairs of state, Mr. Killigrew went to -pay his Majesty a visit in his private apartments, habited like a -pilgrim who was bent on a long journey. The King, surprised at the -oddity of his appearance, immediately asked him what was the meaning -of it, and whither he was going. '_To Hell_,' bluntly replied the man. -'Prithee,' said the King, 'what can your errand be to that place?' 'To -fetch back Oliver Cromwell,' rejoined he, 'that he may take some care -of the affairs of England, for his successor takes none at all.'" - -This was not the only time that Killigrew gave good counsel to the -King. Pepys says: "Mr. Pierce did tell me as a great truth, as being -told by Mr. Cowley, who was by, and heard it, that Tom Killigrew -should publicly tell the King that his matters were coming into a very -ill state, and that yet there was a way to help all. Says he: 'There -is a good, honest, able man, that I could name, that, if your Majesty -would employ, and command to see all things well executed, all things -would soon be mended; and this one is Charles Stuart, who now spends -his time in employing his lips about the Court, and hath no other -employment, but if you would give him this employment, he were the -fittest man in the world to perform it.' This, he says, is most true; -but the King do not profit by any of this, but lays it aside, and -remembers nothing, but to his pleasures again." - -On another occasion Killigrew is said to have placed under the -candlestick where Charles II supped, five small papers, on each of -which he had written the word ALL. The King on seeing them, asked what -he meant by these five words. "If your Majesty will grant my pardon, -I will tell you," was his reply. Pardon being promised, Killigrew -said: "The first ALL signified that the country had sent all it could -to the exchequer; the second, that the City had lent all it could and -would; the third, that the Court had spent all; the fourth, that if we -did not mend all; the fifth would be the worse for all." - -This was afterwards adapted and turned upon the family of William of -Orange: "That he was William Think-all; his queen Mary Take-all; Prince -George of Denmark, George Drink-all; and Princess Anne, Anne Eat-all." - -Although Thomas Killigrew went by the designation of the King's -Jester, he held no official position as such. - -"Mr. Cooling told us how the King, once speaking of the Duke of York's -being mastered by his wife, said to some of the company, by that he -would go no more abroad with this Tom Otter (a hen-pecked husband in -Ben Jonson's _Epicæne_), meaning the Duke of York and his wife. Tom -Killigrew, being by, said, 'Sir, pray which is the best, for a man to -be a Tom Otter to his wife or to his mistress?' meaning the King's -being so to my Lady Castlemaine." - -Killigrew was engaged one morning with one of his own plays, which he -took up in the window, whilst His Majesty was shaving. "Ah, -Killigrew," asked the King, "what will you say at the Last Day in -defence of the idle words in that book?" To which Tom replied, that he -could give a better account of his "idle words," than the King would -be able to give respecting his "idle promises and more idle patents, -that had undone more than ever did his books." - -"One more story is related of him, which is not barren of humour. King -Charles's fondness for pleasure, to which he almost always made -business give way, used frequently to delay affairs of consequence, -from His Majesty's disappointing the Council of his presence when met -for dispatch of business, which neglect gave great disgust and offence -to many of those who were treated with this seeming disrespect. On one -of these occasions the Duke of Lauderdale, who was naturally impetuous -and turbulent, quitted the council-chamber in a violent passion, and, -meeting Mr. Killigrew presently after, expressed himself on the -occasion in very disrespectful terms of His Majesty. Killigrew begged -His Grace to moderate his passion, and offered to lay him a wager of a -hundred pounds that he himself would prevail on His Majesty to come to -the council within half an hour. The Duke, surprised at the boldness -of the assertion, and warmed by his resentment against the King, -accepted the wager, on which Killigrew immediately went to the King, -and without ceremony told him what had happened, adding these words: -'I knew that Your Majesty hated Lauderdale, though the necessity of -your affairs compels you to carry an outward appearance of civility; -now, if you choose to be rid of a man who is thus disagreeable to you, -you need only go this once to council, for I know his covetous -disposition so perfectly, that I am well persuaded, rather than pay -this hundred pounds, he would hang himself out of the way, and never -plague you more.' - -"The King was so pleased with the archness of the observation, that he -immediately replied, 'Well, then, Killigrew, I positively will go.' -And kept his word accordingly." - -Pepys has a good deal to say about Killigrew. He tells how Killigrew -became enamoured of the stage when a boy. "He would go to the 'Red -Bull,' and when the man cried to the boys, 'Who will go and be a -devil, and he shall see the play for nothing?' then would he go in, -and be a devil upon the stage, and so get to see plays." - -2nd August, 1664. "To the King's playhouse, and there saw _Bartholomew -Fayre_, which do still please me, and is, as it is acted, the best -comedy in the world, I believe. I chanced to sit by Tom Killigrew, who -tells me that he is setting up a nursery (for actors), that is, is -going to build a house in Moorefields, wherein he will have common -plays acted." - -12th February, 1666-7. "With my Lord Bronnaker by coach to his house, -there to hear some Italian musique, and there we met Tom Killigrew, Sir -Robert Murray, and the Italian, Signor Baptista, who hath proposed a -play in Italian for the Opera, which T. Killigrew do intend to have up." - -Thomas Killigrew was nearly sixty years old when he narrowly escaped -assassination in S. James's Park. He had been carrying on an intrigue -with Lady Shrewsbury, but found a dangerous and more successful rival in -the Duke of Buckingham. Whereupon in spite and revenge he poured over -the lady a stream of foul and venomous satire. The result was that one -evening, on his return from the Duke of York's, some ruffians, hired for -the purpose, set upon Tom's chair, through which they passed their -swords three times, wounding him in the arm. The assassins then fled, -having killed his man, and believing they had killed Tom Killigrew. - -He recovered from his wound, lived on thirteen or fourteen years -longer, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 19th March, 1682-3. - -His son Thomas was a playwright, and his son Charles proprietor of -"the Playhouse, Drury Lane." - -The Killigrews have now passed, not individually only, but as a family -off the stage of life, and are remembered only by their deeds, good -and bad, as recorded in history. It was usually said of Tom Killigrew -that when he attempted to write he was dull, whereas in conversation -he was smart; and this was precisely the reverse of Cowley, who did -not shine in conversation, but sparkled with his pen. In allusion to -this Denham wrote:-- - - Had Cowley ne'er spoken, and Killigrew ne'er writ, - Combin'd in one, they'd make a matchless wit. - - - - - NICOLAS ROSCARROCK - - -Nicolas Roscarrock was the fifth son of Richard Roscarrock, of -Roscarrock, in S. Endelion, by Isabell, daughter of Richard Trevenor. -His grandmother was a Boscawen. His father during his lifetime had -settled upon him the estates of Penhall, Carbura, and Newtown, in the -parishes of S. Cleer and S. Germans. - -He first studied at Exeter College, Oxford, and took his B.A. in 1568. -Carew, in his _Survey of Cornwall_, p. 299, tells us of "his -industrious delight in matters of history and antiquity." - -In 1577 Roscarrock was admitted student of the Inner Temple. In the -same year was published by Richard Tottell _The Worthies of Armorie -... collected and gathered by John Bossewell_, to which were prefixed -ninety-four verses, entitled _Cilenus, Censur of the Author of his -High Court of Herehautry_, by Nicolas Roscarrocke. - -In the Inner Temple he seems to have been associated with Raleigh, for -in 1576 appeared _The Steepleglas, a satyre_, and among commendatory -verses are some signed "N. R." and the rest by "Walter Rawely of the -Inner Temple." - -In 1577 he was in Cornwall, where he suffered much annoyance because of -his faith, as he refused to conform to the English liturgy, and -maintained the Papal supremacy. It was in 1570 that Pope Pius V had -issued a bull of excommunication against Elizabeth, deprived her of her -title to the crown, and absolved her subjects from their oaths of -allegiance. This violent and ill-judged proceeding at once converted all -those who held by the Pope into suspected traitors; and measures were -adopted against them, the more so as the Jesuits and their agents were -more than suspected of forming plots for the assassination of the Queen. - -Nicolas Roscarrock was accused at Launceston Assizes on September -16th, 1577, "for not going to church." He was in London later, and was -an active member of the "Young Men's Club," 1579-81. - -From the _State Papers_, 1547-50, we learn that two spies were -employed by the Government to discover Nicolas Roscarrock. He had, -however, probably fled to Douay, where a Roscarrock is entered in the -_Douay Diary_ as landing on September, 1580. - -But he was again in England in 1581, when he was sent to the Tower, -where by a refinement of cruelty he was placed in a cell adjoining -that of a friend who had been racked, that the moans of the latter -might intimidate Roscarrock into giving evidence of plots against the -life of the Queen. On January 14th, 1581, Nicolas was himself tortured -on the rack. He remained for five years in prison in the Tower, and in -the Fleet again till 1594, in all fourteen years. - -He was finally released, and went in 1607 north to Naworth to Lord -William Howard, with whom he remained till his death, which took place -in 1633 or 1634, when he had reached an advanced age. - -Such in brief is the history of Nicolas Roscarrock. - -Whilst he was at Naworth, he occupied himself in compiling a volume of -the _Lives of the English Saints_. - -The first part he wrote with his own hand, but as his sight failed, he -was obliged to employ an amanuensis, who wrote very untidily and made -strange havoc of many of the names, which he wrote phonetically from -dictation. The MS. has undergone annotation by two hands: one was -Roscarrock himself, who added in matters which reached him later; the -other was Dom Gregory Hungate, a Benedictine. - -As far as can be judged, the MS. was compiled between 1610 and 1625.[32] - -After the dispersion of Lord William Howard's library, we do not know -what became of the book till about 1700, when it formed a portion of a -library bequeathed to Brent Eleigh parish, in Suffolk, by a certain Mr. -Edward Colman, sometime of Trinity College, Cambridge. Here it seems to -have undergone rough usage, and it was probably there that the MS. lost -so many pages torn out. As it is, it consists of no fewer than 850 -pages; folio 253 is missing, also some pages from the beginning and -something like ninety at the end that have been torn out. - -At the sale of the Brent Eleigh Library, the MS. was purchased by the -University Library managers, Cambridge, and it is now in that library -(Add. MS. 3041). - -It is a thick volume, measuring 1 ft. by 8-1/4 in. - -It possesses an Introduction, "How Saynts may be esteemed soe, -Secondlye of their Commemorations and the trewest enfalliblest manner -of discovering them, and what Course the Collector of this Alphebitt -of Saints that he observed in this Collection." Then follows an -article on the Canonizing of Saints, and another "Of the Course and -Order which is to be observed in my Collection." Then ensues a -Calendar, and this is followed by an alphabetical biographical notice -of the saints to Simon Sudbury, where the rest is torn away. - -Nicolas Roscarrock had recourse mainly to printed authorities, to -Capgrave, Surius, Harpsfield, and to Whytford's _Martyrologie_. But he -had also access to the MSS. of Edward Powell, a Welsh priest, who had -a considerable collection of Welsh saintly pedigrees. With regard to -the Cornish saints, he records current traditions of his time, that he -had collected in his youth. But he had also a MS. Cornish life of S. -Columba, to which Hals refers. Unhappily, he has not given us the -original, only its substance. And he quotes from a Cornish hymn or -ballad relative to S. Mabenna, but which to our great regret he does -not give. Here and there he indulges in verses of his own composition -in honour of the saints, but they are of no poetic merit. - -In the volume is a letter undated, addressed by one W. Webbe to--we -suppose--the chaplain at Naworth. It is as follows:-- - - "Most Worthy Syr, - - "Mr. Trewenna Roscarrock found in the library of Oxford a story of - a certain Christian and his wife who came out of Ireland with - their children to fly the persecution, and lived in Cornwall: and - after some tyme both he and his wife with the children suffered - martyrdom in Cornwall, and in their honour were faire Churches - dedicated. Some of the names of these saints (as wee suppose) wear - these as follow:-- - - "S. Essye, S. Milior, S. Que, S. Einendar, S. Eue, S. Maubon, S. - Breage, S. Earvin, S. Merrine, &c. - - "They were about 20 at the least; the story at large, Mr. - Roscarrock's Book, and keeping noe coppy of it lent it to his - brother, Mr. Nicolas Roscarocke, who lived and dyed at my Lord - William Hoard's House in y^e North. - - "Now some worthye Catholickes of Cornwall being desirous to - understand the full story, to the end they may the better honour - these Saynts of their County, besought me to write unto the North - about this, and get out of Mr. Nicolas Roscarocke's writings this - story, they knowing that he was wont to compile together such - monuments for further memorye. I did soe and I was assured by a - good Gentleman a friend of mine, and who actually lives with the - house, that Sir William Hoard, my Lord William's son, had Mr. - Nicolas Roscarock's written booke, and papers, and that he would - most willingly pleasure my Countrymen in this holy desire of - theirs--Wherefore Worthy Syr I shall humble intreate you for God's - sake, and for the honours of these glorious [sai[33]]nts martyrs, - to deale efficaciously with Syr William Hoard [to obta]ine a copy - of this story for all our comforts and wee [shall be al]wayes - obleidged to pray for you and Syr William [both in] this worlde - and in the next. - - "Your servant to his honor, - "H. WEBBE." - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[32] Authorities for his life: Ormsby, _The Household Books of Lord -William Howard_, Surtees Soc., 1878, pp. 506 _et seq._; Gildew's -_Biographical Dictionary of English Catholics; Jesuits in Conflict_, -1873, p. 206; the _Douay Diaries_, ed. Knox; Boase and Courtney's -_Bibliographia Cornubiensis; Notes and Queries_, 5th series, IV, 402-4 -(1875); Morris, _Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers_, 1st series, -1872, p. 95, 2nd series, 1875, pp. 33, 79-80; Challoner's _Memoirs of -Missionary Priests_, p. 32; _Dict. of National Biography_, _State -Papers_, etc.; an admirable and exhaustive Life in MS. by Rev. E. Nolan, -Trinity College, Cambridge, in the University Library, Cambridge. - -[33] A corner of the letter is torn off, but it is easy to supply the -missing portions of the words and sentences. - - - - - LIEUTENANT PHILIP G. KING - - -The Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy, near the close of 1786, -advertised for a certain number of vessels to be taken up for the -purpose of conveying between seven and eight hundred male and female -convicts to Botany Bay, in New South Wales, whither it had been -determined by the Government to transport them, after having sought in -vain upon the African coast for a situation possessing the requisites -for the establishment of a penal colony. The following vessels were at -length contracted for, and assembled in the Thames to fit and take in -stores: the _Alexander_, _Scarborough_, _Charlotte_, _Lady Penrhyn_, -and _Friendship_ as transports; and the _Fishbourne_, _Golden Grove_, -and _Borrowdale_--these latter as storeships. The _Prince of Wales_ -was afterwards added to the number of transports. The transports -immediately prepared for the reception of the convicts, and the -storeships took on board provisions for two years, with tools, -implements of agriculture, seeds, etc. - -On October 24th Captain Arthur Phillips hoisted a pennant on board -H.M.S. _Sirius_, of twenty guns, then lying at Deptford. As the -government of the meditated colony, as well as the command of the -_Sirius_, was given to Captain Phillips, it was thought necessary to -appoint another captain to her, who might command on any service in -which she might be employed for the colony, while Captain Phillips -would be engaged supervising the convicts on shore. For this purpose -John Hunter was nominated second captain of the _Sirius_. - -On March 5th, 1787, order for embarkation arrived, and on Monday, May -7th, Captain Phillips arrived at Portsmouth and took command of the -little fleet, then lying at the Mother Bank. - -Phillips had with him two lieutenants, Philip Gidley King and Mr. Dawes. - -Philip G. King was the son of Philip King, a draper in Launceston, by -his wife, the daughter of John Gidley, attorney, of Exeter. Philip G. -King was born at Launceston 23rd April, 1758. He was midshipman on board -the _Swallow_ in 1770-5, and now was placed under Captain Phillips to -assist in the settlement of felons in a colony at Botany Bay. - -Whilst the little fleet was on its way down the Channel, it was -discovered that a plot had been formed among the convicts on board the -_Scarborough_ to mutiny. They hoped to obtain command of the vessel, -when those in the other transports would follow their example, and -they trusted that the entire fleet would fall into their power. The -scheme was insane, as H.M.S. _Sirius_ could knock the transports to -pieces with her guns. The plot was betrayed by one of the convicts to -the commanding officer on board the _Scarborough_, and he at once -communicated with Captain Phillips. The two ringleaders were brought -on board the _Sirius_, and each was given two dozen lashes. - -The fleet sailed for Teneriffe, and thence, on the 11th June, for Rio -de Janeiro; and from thence for the Cape of Good Hope. - -On November 10th, Captain Phillips sailed ahead of the fleet in the -_Supply_ to reconnoitre the coast of New South Wales, and ascertain -where best to land, and he took with him the _Alexander_, the -_Scarborough_, and the _Friendship_, and having on board his two -lieutenants, King and Dawes. - -[Illustration: LIEUTENANT PHILIP GIDLEY KING] - -On January 19th, 1788, he landed in Botany Bay, and sent Lieutenant -King to survey the coast and inland as far as might be. - -Botany Bay being found to be a station of inferior advantages to what -was expected, and no spot appearing proper for the colony, Governor -Phillips at once resolved to transfer it to another excellent inlet, -about twelve miles further to the north, called Port Jackson, on the -south side of which, at a spot called Sydney Cove, the settlement was -decided to be made. - -The spot chosen for this purpose was at the head of the cove, near a -run of fresh water, which stole silently along through a very thick -wood, the stillness of which had thus, for the first time since the -Creation, been interrupted by the rude sound of the labourer's axe and -the downfall of the ancient inhabitants--a stillness and tranquillity -which from that day were to give place to the noise of labour, the -confusion of carriers, and all the clamour of the bringing on shore of -the stores, and the erection of habitations. - -A flagstaff was set up and the Union Jack hoisted, when the Marines -fired several volleys, and the healths of the King and Royal Family -were drunk, as well as success to the new colony. - -The disembarkation of the troops and convicts took place on the -following day. - -The confusion that ensued will not be wondered at when it is -considered that every man stepped from his boat literally into a -virgin forest. Parties of people were to be seen on all sides -variously employed, some in clearing ground for the different -encampments, others in pitching tents, or bringing up such stores as -were more immediately needed. As the woods were opened and the ground -cleared, the various encampments were extended, and all gradually -assumed the appearance of regularity. - -A portable canvas house, brought over for the governor, was erected on -the south side of the cove, which was named Sydney, in compliment to -the principal Secretary of State for the Home Department. There also a -small body of convicts was put under tents. The detachment of marines -was encamped at the head of the cove near the stream, and on the west -side was planted the main body of convicts. - -The women were not disembarked till the 6th February, when, every person -belonging to the settlement being landed, the whole amounted to 1030 -persons. The tents for the sick were placed on the west side, and it was -observed with concern that their number was fast increasing. Scurvy, -that had not appeared during the voyage, now broke out, and this, along -with dysentery, began to fill the hospital, and several died. - -In addition to the medicines that were administered, every species of -esculent plant that could be found in the country was procured for -them--wild celery, spinach, and parsley fortunately grew in abundance. -Those who were in health, as well as the sick, were glad to introduce -this wholesome addition to their ration of salt meat. - -The public stock, consisting of one bull, four cows, one bull-calf, -one stallion, three mares, and three colts, were landed and left to -crop the pasturage of the little farm that had been formed at the head -of an adjoining cove, and which had been placed under the direction of -a man brought out for the purpose by the Governor. - -Some ground having been dug over and prepared near His Excellency's -house on the south side, the plants brought from Rio de Janeiro and -from the Cape were planted, and the colonists soon had the -satisfaction of seeing the grapes, figs, oranges, pears, and -apples--in a word, the best fruits of the Old World--taking root and -establishing themselves in this their New World. - -As soon as the hurry and turmoil of disembarkation had subsided, the -Governor caused His Majesty's commission appointing him to be -Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of New South Wales and its -dependencies, to be publicly read, and he then addressed the convicts, -assuring them that "he would be ever ready to show approbation and -encouragement to those who proved themselves worthy of them by good -conduct and attention to orders; while, on the other hand, such as were -determined to act in opposition to propriety, and observe a contrary -conduct, would inevitably meet with the punishment they deserved." - -The convicts from the first gave much trouble. They secreted the tools, -so as to avoid being compelled to work, and it was found almost -impossible to get work out of them, as there was a deficiency of proper -men to set over them. Those who were so placed were for the most part -also convicts, men who by their conduct during the voyage had -recommended themselves, and these had been appointed foremen over the -rest, but it was soon discovered that they lacked the authority -requisite. The sailors from the transports, though repeatedly forbidden -to do so and frequently punished, persisted in bringing spirits on shore -every night, and drunkenness was often the consequence. - -Before the month of February was half through, a plot among the convicts -to rob the store was discovered. This was the more unpardonable in that -the rations given out to the convicts were precisely the same as those -served to the soldiers. Each male convict received as his weekly -portion 7 lb. biscuits, 1 lb. flour, 7 lb. beef, 4 lb. pork, 3 pints of -peas, 6 oz. of butter; the women received one-third less. - -The ringleaders were charged before a Court that was summoned. One was -hanged, another reprieved on condition of becoming the public -executioner; the rest had milder sentences. - -The Governor having received instructions to establish another -settlement on Norfolk Island, the _Supply_ sailed for that place in -the midst of February under the command of Lieutenant King of the -_Sirius_, named by Captain Phillips superintendent and commandant of -the settlement to be formed there. Lieutenant King took with him one -surgeon, one petty officer, two private soldiers, two persons who -pretended to have some knowledge of flax-dressing, and nine male and -six female convicts. This little party was to be landed with tents, -clothing, implements of husbandry, tools for dressing flax, etc., and -provisions for six months, before the expiration of which time it was -intended to send them a fresh supply. - -Norfolk Island was to be settled with a view to the cultivation of -flax, which at the time when the island was discovered by Captain Cook -was found growing most luxuriantly where he had landed; this was the -_Phormi tenax_, New Zealand flax. - -Mr. King, previous to his departure for the new settlement, was sworn -in as a Justice of Peace, and was empowered to punish such petty -offences as might be committed among the settlers; capital crime being -reserved for the cognizance of the Criminal Court of Judicature, -established at Sydney by Governor Phillips. - -The _Supply_ reached Norfolk Island on February 29th, but for five -succeeding days was not able to effect a landing, being prevented by -a surf that was breaking with violence on a reef that lay across the -principal bay. Lieutenant King had nearly given up all hopes of being -able to land, when a small opening was discovered in the reef wide -enough to admit a boat. Through this he succeeded in passing safely, -along with his people and stores. When landed, he could nowhere find a -space clear for pitching a tent, and he had to cut through an almost -impenetrable jungle before he could encamp himself and his people. - -Of the stock he carried with him, he lost the only she-goat he had, -and one ewe. He had named the bay wherein he landed and planted his -settlement, Sydney; and had given the names of Phillip and Nepean to -two small islands situated at a small distance from it. - -The soil of Norfolk Island was ascertained to be very rich, but Sydney -Bay was exposed to the southerly winds, which drove the surf furiously -over the reef. The _Supply_ lost one of her hands, who was drowned in -attempting to pass through the reef. There was a small bay on the -further side of the island, but it was at a considerable distance from -the settlement. - -On February 14th, 1789, Lieutenant Ball sailed for Norfolk Island in -the _Golden Grove_ with provisions and convicts, twenty-one male, six -female convicts, and three children; of the latter two were to be -placed under Lieutenant King's special care. They were of different -sexes; the boy, Parkinson, was about three years of age, and had lost -his mother on the voyage to Botany Bay; the girl was a year older and -had a mother in the colony, but as she was a woman of abandoned -character, the child was taken from her, to save it from the ruin -which otherwise would inevitably have befallen it. These children were -to be instructed in reading, writing, and husbandry. The Commandant -was directed to cause five acres of ground to be allotted and -cultivated for their benefit. - -In March, the little colony in Norfolk Island was threatened with an -insurrection. The convicts plotted the capture of the island and the -seizure of Mr. King's person. They had chosen the day when this was to -be effected, the first Saturday after the arrival of any ship in the -bay, except the _Sirius_. They had selected this day, as it had for -some time been Mr. King's custom on Saturdays to visit a farm he had -established at a little distance from the settlement, and the military -generally chose that day for bringing in the cabbage-palm from the -woods. Mr. King was to be secured on his way to the farm. A message, -in the Commandant's name, was to be sent to Mr. Jamison, the surgeon, -who was to be seized as soon as he got into the woods; and the -sergeant and the party of soldiers were to be treated in the same -manner. These being all properly disposed of, a signal was to be made -to the ship in the bay to send her boat on shore, the crew of which -were to be made prisoners on landing; and two or three of the -insurgents were to go off in a boat belonging to the island, and -inform the commanding officer that the ship's boat had been stove on -the beach, and that the Commandant, King, requested that another might -be sent on shore. This also was to be captured; and then, as the last -act in this plot, the ship was to be taken, in which they designed to -proceed to Otaheite, and there establish a colony. - -The plot was revealed to a seaman of the _Sirius_, who lived with Mr. -King as a gardener, by a female convict who cohabited with him. On -being acquainted with the circumstances, the Commandant took such -measures as appeared to him necessary to defeat the object of the -plotters; and several who were concerned in the scheme were arrested -and confessed the share they were to have had in the execution of it. - -Mr. King had hitherto, from the peculiarity of his situation--secluded -from society, and confined to a small speck in the vast ocean, with -but a handful of people--drawn them around him, and had treated them -in a kindly and even confidential and affectionate manner; but now he -saw that these felons were too ingrained with vice to appreciate such -treatment, and one of his first steps was to clear the ground as far -as was possible round the settlement, that future villainy might not -find a shelter in the woods. To this truly providential circumstance -many of the colonists were afterwards indebted for their lives in an -outbreak that took place after he had quitted the island. - -At this time there were on the island 16 free people, 51 male and 23 -female convicts, and 4 children. - -In June, 1789, Lieutenant Creswell was sent with 14 privates of the -Marines to Norfolk Island, and with a written order from His -Excellency requiring Creswell to take upon himself the direction and -execution of the authority invested in Lieutenant King, in the event -of any accident happening to the latter. - -In March, 1790, 116 male and 68 female convicts were sent to Norfolk -Island and 27 children. Major Ross was appointed to supersede King; -both the _Sirius_ and the _Supply_ arrived, but unhappily the former -ran upon the reef on the 19th April. All the officers and people were -saved, being dragged on shore through the surf on a grating. - -King returned to New South Wales in the _Supply_. There had been -disaster and distress in the colony there. The sheep had been stolen and -the cattle lost in the woods, and these were not found till 1795, after -they had been lost for seven years, and they were then found grazing on -a remote clearing, and had increased to a surprising degree. - -It was now determined that Lieutenant King should return to England -and report progress. A Dutch vessel was hired to take him and the -officers and men of the _Sirius_ home. He sailed in the _Batavia_ in -April, 1790, and arrived in England December 20th, 1790. - -Philip Gidley King was appointed Governor of New South Wales, -September, 1800, and held that appointment till 15th August, 1806, -when his health failing he returned to England, and died at Lower -Tooting, Surrey, 3rd September, 1808. - -He was the father of Rear-Admiral Philip Parker King, who was born on -Norfolk Island, 13th December, 1791, after his father had left for -England. He entered the Royal Navy as first-class volunteer in 1807, -midshipman in 1809, lieutenant in 1814. He married Harriet, daughter -of Christopher Lethbridge, of Launceston, and died at Sydney 25th -February, 1856, and was buried at Parramatta beside his mother, who -had been laid there many years before, not having come to England. -There is no record as to who and what she was. - -For information relative to Philip Gidley King his Diary may be -consulted in John Hunter's _Historical Journal of the Transactions at -Port Jackson and Norfolk Island_, 1795; see also David Collins's -_Account of the English Colony of New South Wales_, 1798-1802. - - - - - HICKS OF BODMIN - - -William Robert Hicks was born at Bodmin on 1st April, 1808--not to be an -April fool himself, but to be a right merry jester, and not infrequently -to make fools of others. He was the son of a schoolmaster, and he, Sir -William Molesworth, of Pencarrow, and Colonel Hamley were educated -together for a while in the school of his father. - -William Robert became Clerk of the Board of Guardians, Clerk of the -Highway Board, and Governor of the County Lunatic Asylum. He was a man -of many parts, a good mathematician, a clear-headed and cool man of -business, a musician, who could play on the violin and play it well. -But he was noted above everything else as a humorist. - -He was a short man and inordinately stout, weighing sixteen stone. He -had a broad, flexible, somewhat flabby face, with a pair of twinkling -grey eyes, a short nose, somewhat protruding thick under lip, and -double chin that was very pronounced, and whiskers. What was -noticeable in Hicks's face was its flexibility. He possessed the art -and the power to tell his story with his countenance as with his -voice. Indeed, the alterations of mood in his face were like a musical -accompaniment to a song. He was thought the best story-teller of his -day; was known as such in Cornwall and Devon, but was not so well -appreciated in London, where the peculiar dry humour of the West, as -well as the dialect, did not appeal to ordinary hearers as they do in -the two Western Counties. One of his many Cornish friends once took -Hicks up to town and dined him at his club, thinking that he would -keep the table in a roar. But it was not so. His stories fell somewhat -flat, and that damped his spirits and he subsided. - -One of Hicks's earliest and best friends was George Wightwick, the -architect, born at Mold in Flintshire in 1802, who set up as architect -in Plymouth in 1829, and was employed to build additions to Bodmin -Gaol in 1842 and 1847. He was author of _The Palace of Architecture_, -published in 1840. And though he was an excellent _raconteur_, second -only to Hicks, he was a most egregiously bad architect. Yet, strangely -enough, Mr. Wightwick supposed himself to be enlightened in the matter -of Gothic architecture, and in 1835 published in _Loudon's -Architectural Magazine_ "A few observations on reviving taste for -pointed Architecture, with an illustrated description of a chapel just -erected at Bude Haven under the direction of the author." - -Wightwick it was who had the merit of discovering Hicks and of -introducing him to notables in Devon and Cornwall, for, miserable -architect though he was, he had got the ear of the public in the West -as a man of charming manners and teeming with anecdote. Through him -Hicks obtained access into many a country house, where they would -sing, accompanying themselves on the violin, and tell stories. - -Hicks was made Governor of Bodmin Asylum in 1848, and found the old -barbarous system of treatment of the insane in full swing. He at once -adopted gentle methods and in a short while radically changed the -entire mode of treatment, with markedly good results. - -[Illustration: WILLIAM R. HICKS] - -One poor fellow, whom he found chained in a dark cell on a bed of straw -as a dangerous lunatic, he nearly cured by kindly treatment. As the -fellow showed indications of great shrewdness and wit, Hicks released -him and made much of him. A gentleman on a visit to the asylum once said -to the lunatic, "I hear, man, that you are Hicks's fool." - -"Aw," replied he; "I zee you do your awn business in that line." - -He was once asked, "Whither does this path go, my man?" He answered -readily, "Zure I cannot tell 'ee. I've knawed un bide here these last -twenty year." - -He was sitting on the high wall of the asylum that commanded the road -for some distance, with a turnpike at the bottom of the hill. The -company of a circus passed by, with the various horses. As the manager -rode past, the lunatic said to him, "'Ow much might 'ee pay turnpike -for they there spekkady hosses?" "Oh," said the manager, "the same as -for the others." "Do 'ee now?" said the man on the wall. "Well to be -zure; my vather 'ad a spekkady hoss that never paid no turnpike. They -there sparky (speckled) hosses don't pay no turnpikes here." - -"Bless my life," said the manager; "I am much obliged to you for -informing me of the fact. So, sir, I am to understand that piebald -horses are exempt from paying at the toll-gate?" - -"What I zed I bides by. They there spekkady hosses never pay no -turnpikes here in Cornwall. What they may do elsewhere, I can't zay." - -The lunatic watched the cavalcade proceed down the hill, and when it -reached the turnpike, he enjoyed watching a lively altercation going -on between the toll-taker and the manager. Presently the latter came -galloping back, very hot and angry. - -"What do you mean by telling me that in Cornwall piebald horses pay no -turnpike?" - -"Right it is so--cos _you_ have to pay it vor 'un," said the man and -stepped out of reach inside the wall. - -One day this same man was put to watch a raving maniac, who, for his -own safety, when the fit was on him, used to be put in a padded room. -There was an eyehole in the door, and the lunatic, whom Mr. Collier -calls Daniel, was set to watch him. The poor wretch in his ravings -called, "Bring down the baggonets! Oh, marcy on me! Forty thousand -Roosians! Oh! oh! oh! I wish I was in Abraham's bosom," and began to -kick and plunge furiously. On which Daniel shouted to him through the -hole, "Why I tell'ee if you was, you'd kick the guts out of 'un." - -Daniel came from Tavistock, where he used to walk out with a girl. As -he told the story himself--"I was keepin' company with a maid, and I -went to the parson. Says I to he, 'I want you, however, to promise me -wan thing,' says I. 'What is it?' says he. 'I want you to promise me,' -says I, 'never to marry me to thickee there maid when I be drunk.' He -zaid he'd promise me that, quite sure. 'Thankee, your honour,' said I; -'then I'm all right, for I'll take damned good care you never do it -when I'm zober.'" - -Daniel was then in the Volunteers and was out on Whitchurch Down in a -review. An officer rode up to the bugler, and said "Sound a retreat!" -The bugler tried, but could produce no sound. "Sound a retreat!" roared -the officer. Again the bugle would not speak. "Sound a retreat!" shouted -the officer for the third time. "Don't you see that the cavalry are -charging down on us?" "There now, I can't," replied the bugler; "for -why? I've gone and spit my quid of terbaccer in the mouthpiece o'un." - -Hicks no doubt was quite justified in picking up and appropriating to -himself stories wherever he could find them and from whomsoever he -heard them. A common friend of ours was with him one day in Plymouth, -and as they sat on the Hoe my friend told Hicks a couple of racy -anecdotes about his own work. - -That evening both dined with Lord Mount Edgcumbe, and Hicks told both -these stories with immense humour, as though they had happened -recently--the previous week--to himself. - -And certainly some of Hicks's stories are very old chestnuts. - -This, for instance, was told by Hicks as having to his knowledge -occurred to two brothers, Jemmy and Sammy, in the Jamaica Inn, on the -Bodmin Moors, between that town and Launceston. - -They were to sleep in a double-bedded room, and they dined and drank -pretty freely--the Jamaica Inn is now a temperance house--and went to -bed. Before retiring to rest one of them put out the light. - -After they had been in bed a little while Jemmy said, "I say, Sammy, -there be a feller in my bed." - -_Sammy_--"So there be in mine." - -_Jemmy_--"What shall you do, Sammy?" - -_Sammy_--"Kick 'un out." - -_Jemmy_--"So shall I." - -So they both proceeded to kick furiously, with the result that each -fell out on the opposite side of the bed. By mistake in the dark the -last to put out the light and go to bed had entered his brother's bed. - -I have heard the same tale told of the Yorkshire moors some thirty to -forty years ago. - -The famous story of Rabbits and Onions, that Hicks would tell in such -a way as to bring the tears rolling down the cheeks with laughter, may -or may not be founded on fact, or it may be--and that is probably the -case--a condensation into one tale of a good deal of experience with -juries. But the same story is told by Rosegger of a trial in Styria. - -The following is almost certainly genuine. Anyhow, it is an excellent -example of the way in which Hicks could put a story. - -"I met a man [name given] in Bodmin, and said to him, 'You are not -looking well. What is the matter?' - -"The man replied that he had spent an indifferent night. - -"'How is that?' I inquired. - -"'I sleep with father,' he replied; 'and I woke up all in the dead -waste and middle of the night, and I reached forth my hand and -couldn't feel nothing; so I ses, ses I, "Wherever is my poor dear old -aged tender parent?" I got out of bed and strick a light, all in the -dead waste and middle of the night, and sarched the room; sarched -under the bed and in the cupboards; and ses I, "Wherever is my poor -dear old aged tender parent?" - -"'I went down over the stairs, all in the dead waste and middle of the -night, and sarched under the stairs and in the kitchen; and ses I, -"Wherever is my poor dear old aged tender parent?" - -"'Then I went to the coal-hole, all in the dead waste and middle of -the night, and sarched all about; and ses I, "Wherever is my poor dear -old aged tender parent?" - -"'And I went down into the garden, all in the dead waste and middle of -the night; and ses I, "Wherever is my poor dear old aged tender parent?" - -"'I went down to the parzley bed, all in the dead waste and middle of -the night, and there I found 'un. He'd a cut his throat with the -rape(ing)-hook. I took 'un by the hair of his head, and I zaid, ses I, -"You darned old grizzley blackguard, you've brought disgrace on the -family." I brought 'un in, and laid 'un on the table, and rinned for the -doctor; and he zewed up the throt o'un avore the vital spark was -'xtinct. Zo you zee, Mr. Hicks, I've had rather an indiffer'nt night.'" - -Here is another of Hicks's stories:-- - -A young curate was teaching some boys in the Sunday-school, and was -impressing on them the duties to their parents. - -"What do you owe your mother, Bill Lemon?" - -"I don't owe her nothin'! her never lent me nothin'." - -"But she takes care of you." - -The boy stared. - -"What does she do for you?" - -"Her gives me a skat in the vace sometimes, and tells me to go -to"----(curate intervenes). - -"That is not what I mean. When you are sick, what does she do?" - -"Wipes it op." - -Hicks, as already intimated, was a very short man, very rotund about -the belly. Following the Mayor of Bodmin into the room on the occasion -of a public dinner, he heard the Mayor announced in a voice of -thunder, "The Mayor of Bodmin." Following directly after he intimated -to the butler "and the Corporation." The man, without a moment's -consideration, roared out, "and the Corporation." - -A man of Hicks's acquaintance--every man of whom he had a story to tell -was an acquaintance--made a bet that he would drink a certain number of -gallons of cider in a given time. The trial of the feat came off, and -the man was reduced to the last stage of helplessness, in an armchair, -his head resting on the back of the chair, his mouth open, utterly -unable to proceed, when he sighed out to his backers, "Try the taypot!" -The spout was used to pour down the liquor and the bet was won. - -Hicks had a story of a farmer whom he knew intimately, and who had -been canvassed for the approaching election, and had promised his vote -to the lady of the candidate. Said she, "Dear Mr. Polkinghorne, when -you come up to town, do come and see us, come any time--come to -dinner. You are sure to be welcome." - -Now, as it so fell out, Zechariah Polkinghorne did go to London on -some business, and in the evening, when his work was over, he called -at the member's house. As it happened that evening, a dinner party was -given. When his name was taken up, the member's wife said: "Good -gracious! What is to be done? We must, I suppose, have him in, or he -will be mortally offended, and next election will not only vote -against us, but influence a good many more voters." - -So Mr. Polkinghorne was shown up into a room full of ladies and -gentlemen in evening dress, and felt somewhat out of it. Presently -dinner was announced and he went in with the rest and took his place -at the table. - -"So sorry, Mr. Polkinghorne," said the lady of the house; "so sorry we -have no partner for you to take in; but, you see, you came -unexpectedly, and we had not time to invite a lady for you." - -"Never mind, ma'am, never mind. It doth remind me o' my old sow to -home. Her had thirteen little piglings--zuckers--for a brood, and pore -thing had only twelve little contrivances for them to zuck to." - -"What did the thirteenth do then, Mr. Polkinghorne?" - -"Why, ma'am, thickey there little zucker was like me now--just out in -the cold." - -[Illustration: WILLIAM R. HICKS OF BODMIN - -_From a Caricature_] - -Hicks was driving along a road in the dark one night when he came upon -an empty conveyance, and two men close to the hedge on the roadside. -One man was drunk--a Methodist class-leader--but the other was sober. -The drunken man was lamenting:-- - -"Ah, too bad! What shall I do when I be called to my last account? -What shall I zay?" - -"Zay, Nathaniel?" the sober man said. "What can 'ee zay but that -you've been to Liskeard a auditing of accounts, and took an extra -glass? 'Twill be overlooked for once, sure enough, up there." - -A day or so after Hicks met the sober man, and asked how Nathaniel had -got on that night. - -The answer was: "He's a terrible affectionate man to his family, and -when we got home he took the babby out o' the cradle for to kiss 'un, -and valled vore with 'un over a vaggot of vurze. Jane, her got into a -passion and laid onto 'un with the broomstick, while he kep' tumblin' -over the babby. When I comed away her'd 'a thrashed 'un sober; and -they'd 'a got the babby on the dresser, naked, and was a-picking out -the prickles." - -Hicks knew a man who was of a morose, fanatical humour; and this man -had married a widow with a brisk, merry wench for a daughter. Once he -reproved the girl for singing secular songs in this vale of woe, and -said to her: "Suppose you was took sudden, and called to your last -account with the _Soldier's Tear_ in your mouth?" - -Another of his stories was of a chapel where they sang a Cornish -anthem; the females began-- - - Oh for a man! oh for a man! oh for a mansion in the sky! - -To which the men, basses and tenors, responded-- - - Send down sal! send down sal! send down salvation from on high! - -A boy at church--another of Hicks's anecdotes; he knew the boy -well--heard the parson give out the banns of "John So-and-so and Betsy -So-and-so, both of this parish. This is the third and last time of -asking." - -"Mother," said the lad after service; "I shouldn't like it to be -proclaimed in church that sister Jane had been askin' for a husband -dree times afore her got one." - -Again, another story told by Hicks:-- - -"Where be you a-bound to this afternoon?" - -"Gwain to see the football match." - -"Aw! Like to be a good un?" - -"Yes, I reckon. There be a lot o' bitter feelin' betwixt the two teams." - -But, indeed, the stories told by William Robert Hicks were many, and -for those who would desire more, let them get Mr. W. F. Collier's -_Tales and Sayings of W. R. Hicks_, Plymouth, Brendon and Son, 1893; -and look at "An Illustrious Obscure," by Abraham Hayward, Q.C., in the -_Morning Post_, 8th September, 1868; and J. C. Young's _Memoirs of C. -M. Young_, 1871, Vol. II, pp. 301-8. - -Hicks died at Bodmin 5th September, 1868, at the age of sixty. - - - - - CAPTAIN TOBIAS MARTIN - - -Tobias Martin, better known as Cap'n Toby, was born in the parish of -Wendron on January 5th, 1747, and was the son of a father of the same -name, who was a common working miner, but afterwards was advanced to -be a mine agent, or captain of a mine, which situation he retained -during the remainder of his life. - -The elder Cap'n Toby was passionately fond of reading, and read -promiscuously whatever came into his hand. But his main literary -passion was for poetry, and he speedily conceived that he possessed -the poetic _afflatus_, because he could string lines together that -rhymed more or less well. He went to a mine near Helston, but was -never in sufficiently good circumstances to be able to give his -children a moderate, let alone a superior education. - -Tobias, his second son, inherited the father's love of reading and -liking for the Muse, and as a boy he bitterly lamented that he was not -sent to school. - -Deprived through his father's poverty or negligence of the means of -education enjoyed by others, he resolved on supplying the deficiencies -of such instruction by self-application. - -From an early age he was employed at the tin-stamping mills near -Helston and Redruth. After he became a man he worked underground on -his own account, i.e. in working setts that he had taken, and at other -times on what is termed among miners "tutwork and tribute." - -He had a great ambition to learn French, and studied diligently a -French grammar that he found among his father's books; but, of course, -remained perfectly ignorant of the pronunciation, though able to write -a few sentences and read a book in that language. - -Proud of the former capability, he composed some lines in French, or -what he supposed to be French, and wrote them on the belfry door. A Mr. -William Sandys, an attorney at Helston, happening to see these lines, -inquired who had written them, and when he learned that they were by -Toby Martin, he gave him a letter to a Mrs. Brown, who had resided some -time in France, and was believed to have the language at her tongue's -end, to this effect: "The Bearer, Tobias Martin, wishes to learn French, -but his pockets are low." From her Toby did receive some lessons. - -Mr. Sandys occasionally employed him, as he could write well, to -assist in his office; he also appointed him toller of the dues -arriving from tin-bounds in Breage, belonging to the Praed family, -which appointment he held to the time of his death. - -In 1772 he married Mary Peters, of Helston, and by her had ten children, -four sons and six daughters. In the same year, and, indeed, at the very -same time, Mr. Sandys offered him a situation as escort to his eldest -son, Mr. William Sandys, into France, where the latter was to remain so -as to acquire proficiency in the French language. And--what was somewhat -rough on Toby--he had to leave with his charge the day after his -marriage. The place chosen for William Sandys to acquire French was -singularly badly chosen: it was Painpol, in Brittany, where the natives -talk Breton, and what French they do speak is of an inferior quality and -very unlike that spoken in Paris or Touraine. - -After having seen his charge safe to Painpol, Toby returned to Helston -and to his wife. - -Next year (1773) in August Toby was despatched again to Painpol, this -time to bring young William home. On his return he set to work to -acquire the Dutch language and learn Latin; but, indeed, there was -scarcely a subject that did not attract him, and that he did not -strive to acquire some knowledge of. It was unfortunate for him that -his studies were so desultory, that he was "Jack of many trades and -master of none." - -Some years after his return from France he was appointed captain at -Camborne Vean Mine. He also held the situation of managing agent of -Wheal Heriot's Foot, commonly called Herod's Foot, near Liskeard. - -A story is told of him which Mr. Tregellas gives in his _Cornish -Character and Characteristics_ under a fictitious name. Captain Toby -was having his pint of ale at a tavern, when in comes a miner who was -wont to be called "Old Blowhard," and was not esteemed trusty or -diligent as a workman. - -"How are 'ee, Capp'n?" says Bill. - -"Clever. How art thee?" - -"Purty well as for health," says Bill, "but I want a job. Can 'ee give -us waun ovver to your new bal?" - -"No, we're full," replied the Captain. - -"How many men have 'ee goat ovver theere?" asked Old Blowhard. - -"How many? Why we've two sinking a air-shaft through the flockan, and -two to taakle, and that's fower; and theere's two men in the oddit, -and a booay to car tools and that, and that makes three moore, and -that oaltogether es seben." - -"And how many cappuns have 'ee goat?" said Bill. - -"How many? Why ten." - -"What! ten cappuns to watch over seben men? I doan't b'lieve you can -maake that out, for the 'venturers would'n stand it." - -"'Tes zackly so then, and I'll maak it out to 'ee in a moment. Waun -cappun es 'nough we oal knaw, but at the laast mittin, the 'venturers -purposed to have waun of the 'venturers' sons maade a cappun, and to -larn, they said; and so a draaper's son, called Sems, was put weth me -from school, at six pound a month, and a shaare of what we had in the -'count-house." - -"Well, but how can you maake ten of you and he?" - -"Why, I'll tell 'ee how, and you mind 'nother time, Bill, for theere's -somethin' of scholarin' in ut. Now see this: I myself am waun, baent I?" - -"Iss, sure," said Bill. - -"Well, and theest oft to knaw that young Sems es nawthin'; well, when -theest ben to school so long as I have, theest knaw that waun with a -nought attached to un do maake 10, and so 'tes zackly like that." - -In the year 1790 Toby's wife died, and he was left with all his ten -children on his hands. One of these soon died, and he sent for the -sexton, who, after having been regaled with liquor, declared with -gushing emotion, "Lor' bless ee, Cap'n Toby, I'd as soon deg a grave -for 'ee as for any man with whom I be acquainted." In 1792 he married -Ann James, a widow, who kept a small public-house at Porthleven, and -by her had four children, two sons and two daughters. - -A short time after his marriage he took the Horse and Jockey Tavern in -Helston, which he kept for four years, and then the "Helston Arms," of -which he was host for five more. He still retained his situation of -mine-agent in Wheal Ann tin mine in Wendron, about two and a half miles -from Helston, where, on quitting the last-mentioned inn, and after the -mine had failed, he lived for some years as captain of Wheal Trevenen, -which was run by a company, but the smelting was consigned to a -speculator of Truro named Daubuz,[34] who had with him one Coad as a -clerk. After a while Martin supposed that Daubuz was swindling the -company, and about the same time Coad quarrelled with Daubuz, and -pretended to reveal how he had been cheating; thereupon the Adventurers -set up their own smelting works. Martin's account of Daubuz must not be -accepted as true. He wrote full of vindictive hate. Anyhow, a -misunderstanding arose between him and the company respecting his -accounts. The Adventurers debited him with a large sum, which ought to -have been and was afterwards charged to the purser. In September, 1811, -at a general meeting of the Adventurers, a Mr. Wyatt, auditor of the -accounts, accused Captain Toby of having falsified his books. This he -stoutly denied, and insisted that his accounts were correct. In -November, 1811, he received his dismissal, not as having acted -fraudulently, but on the plea that he was too old and past work. He was -discharged accordingly in his sixty-second year, and he applied for and -got work at other mines. A year passed before Captain Toby could have -his accounts investigated, and then he received from the purser a copy -of an account, wherein a balance of £109 6s. 6d. appeared against him. -To this he objected, and a dispute arose that lasted some time. - -On February 1st, 1812, he was arrested for debt, and confined in the -sheriff's ward at Bodmin for over two months before an accommodation -was arrived at, and he was discharged. - -As he could not get Mr. Wyatt to have the accounts inspected, for he -proved shifty, Captain Toby was obliged to appeal to the Vice-Warden -of the Stannaries to issue an order for the investigation of the -accounts. This alarmed Wyatt, and it was mutually agreed that they -should be gone through by Mr. Richard Tyacke, of Godolphin. Mr. Tyacke -in a very short time found that the balance against Martin was only -£29 18s. 4d., and that then there was owing to him from the company -nearly a twelvemonth's wage. He accordingly in February, 1813, -published the following notice:-- - - "_To the Public._ - - "Having been requested to examine some disputed accounts between - Trevenen Adventurers and Captain Tobias Martin, I find from - investigation that the errors in dispute were _not_ contained in - his account, but in those prepared against him. - - "RICHARD TYACKE." - -After this he received from the company the balance of his salary, and -that put an end to the business. His connection with Wheal Trevenen -having ceased, he worked at Wheal Vorah as captain to 1817, when he -was in his sixty-ninth year. Then he was appointed storekeeper to the -mine and to keep the stock accounts at six guineas per month; and this -situation he filled till March, 1817, when in his seventy-ninth year -he was superannuated at three and a half guineas per month. - -On June 4th, 1825, his wife died, and not long after he received the -news of the death of his eldest son, Tobias, under tragical -circumstances, at Washington, U.S.A. The younger Tobias and his wife -had a daughter, a child who went gathering fruit in the hedges of some -land belonging to a rough fellow, who finding her there, carried away -her basket and took as well some of her wearing apparel. When Tobias -Martin the younger heard of this he and his wife went to remonstrate -and ask for the return of the basket and the garments. An altercation -ensued, and the man of whom they complained with his revolver shot -Tobias Martin dead. - -This shock broke down the old captain. He had always loved his glass, -but now he took to it more freely than ever, and was often intoxicated. - -He died on April 9th, 1828, in the eighty-first year of his age, and -he was buried in Breage churchyard. - -Captain Tobias Martin's poems were published at Helston in 1831, and a -second edition in 1856. They are absolutely worthless as poetry, and one -may look in vain through them to find an original or a poetic idea. But -as we have given this man's life, a specimen of the stuff he wrote must -also be given, and one of his shortest compositions will suffice. - - Come, sweet content! best gift of bounteous heav'n, - Correct my mind and bend my stubborn ways; - 'Tis thou alone canst make life's journey even, - And crown with happiness my future days. - - Why should I grieve or murmur at my lot? - Why disobedient to the heav'nly will? - I cannot turn my thoughts where God is not, - He is my comfort and my refuge still. - - Blest with content, I will observe His ways; - On earth I can no greater blessing find. - Serene and calm, thus let me spend my days, - And banish discontentment from my mind. - -In his religious views Toby Martin was a Deist or Unitarian. In -personal appearance he was inclined to corpulency. His countenance was -large and open, and he stood five feet nine inches high. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[34] He calls Daubuz a Jew. The first Daubuz to settle at Truro was a -Moses. But the family claims Huguenot extraction. - - - - - THE MAYOR OF BODMIN - - -When Henry VIII died, Edward VI was aged but ten, and the unprincipled -Protector Somerset took the reins of power into his own hands; and as -he was a strong partisan of the reformers, and enriched himself on the -plunder of the Church, he carried out what he considered to be reforms -with a high hand, with the assistance of the Council, which was filled -with creatures equally rapacious and equally devoid of principle. As -the monasteries had all been suppressed, and the monks and nuns turned -adrift, these poor homeless wretches wandered over the country -entreating alms. In November, 1548, an Act was passed ordering all -such to be branded on the hand, and on repetition of the offence to be -adjudged to slavery. - -The baneful effects of the dissolution of the monasteries had, -moreover, been severely felt by the people, for the monks had been -ever ready to afford shelter and relief in sickness or distress, and -the indigent were now driven to frightful extremities throughout the -land, much as would be the case nowadays were the workhouses and poor -laws to be abolished. The monks, moreover, had been most kind and -considerate landlords, and, always residing in their monasteries, what -money they drew in rents from their tenants was spent on the land. But -no sooner were the rapacious hands of the nobles laid on the property -of the Church, than these new proprietors demanded exorbitant rents, -and very generally spent the money in London. The cottagers were -reduced to misery by the enclosure of the commons on which they had -formerly fed their cattle. - -Added to all this came violent changes in the services of the Church. -Candles were forbidden to be carried on Candlemas Day, ashes to be -used on Ash Wednesday, and palms on Palm Sunday; all images were to be -removed from the churches, and even the sacred form of the Redeemer on -the Cross above the rood was not respected. - -Several of the bishops objected to these proceedings, but Somerset was -inexorable. Then several colleges, chantries, and free chapels, as -well as fraternities and guilds, were abolished, and their lands and -goods confiscated to the King, which, being sold at very small prices, -enriched many of the Protestant hangers-on of the Court, and -strengthened their resolution to maintain the changes. - -These violent and hasty proceedings provoked widespread discontent and -even exasperation. The first disturbances arose in the county of -Cornwall, where one Body, a commissioner sent down to "purify" the -churches, was stabbed in the back whilst pulling down images in a -church.[35] Thence they quickly spread into the counties of Devon, -Wilts, Somerset, Hants, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Gloucester, Hereford, -Worcester, Leicester, Oxford, Norfolk, and York. In most parts the -rioters were quickly put down, but the disorders in Devonshire and -Norfolk threatened more dangerous consequences (1549). The commotion -first broke out at Sampford Courtenay on Whit Monday, the day after -the Act for reforming the Church Service had been put in force. The -people assembled and forced the priest to say Mass in the ancient -manner, instead of using the Book of Common Prayer. The commotion -spread through the adjoining parishes, and many came up out of -Cornwall; many of the disaffected gentry of the two counties placed -themselves at the head of the insurgents; among them were Sir Thomas -Pomeroy, Mr. Coffin, and Mr. Humphry Arundell, and the body swelled to -10,000 men. They then laid siege to Exeter, but the citizens shut -their gates against them. Some attempts were made to scale the walls, -which being repulsed, the rebels endeavoured to gain admittance by -burning the gates. The citizens, by adding more wood to the fires, -kept the enemy back till they had raised fresh defences within. After -this the insurgents sought to effect a breach by mining the walls. -Having completed their mine, laid their powder, and rammed the mouth, -before they could explode it the citizens had drenched the powder by -means of a countermine filled with water. - -Lord Russell, glutted with the plunder of the Church, was sent to -relieve the city, but the rebels cut down trees and laid them in his -way, so that he could not approach, and after burning some villages he -determined on withdrawing to Honiton. He now found his retreat cut off, -and he was constrained to give battle on Clyst Heath, and defeated them -with great slaughter, killing 600 men. "Such was the valour and -stoutness of these men," says Hooker, "that the Lord Grey reported -himself that he never, in all the wars that he had been in, did know the -like." The ringleaders were taken and executed. The vicar of S. Thomas -by Exeter, who was with them, was conveyed to his church and hanged -from the tower, where his body was left to dangle for four years. - -The defeat was on the 7th August, and the rebels were pursued to -Launceston, every one falling into the hands of the King's troops being -put to death. Arundell and other gentlemen were, however, taken -prisoners. The Lords of the Council wrote to Lord Russell on the 21st -August congratulating him on his success, and directing him to search -for Sir Thomas Pomeroy, and to "send up Sir Humphry Arundell, Maunder, -and the Mayor of Bodmin, and two or three of the rankest traitors." They -desired him to delay a short time the issue of a general pardon. In the -same month Lord Russell, William, Lord Grey of Wilton, and Sir William -Herbert, informed the Council that they sent up Pomeroy, Arundell, and -other prisoners; and they observed that Castle, Arundell's secretary, -went up not as a prisoner, but as an accuser of his former employer. - -Nicholas Boyer, the Mayor of Bodmin, had escaped capture. But the King's -army pursued the dispersed Cornishmen into the duchy; and Sir Anthony -Kingston, Provost-Marshal, arrived at Bodmin, where the Mayor was snugly -ensconced in his house, and congratulating himself on his escape, -trusted that it was not known that he had taken part in the rising. - -No sooner was Sir Anthony in the town than he wrote to Boyer, announcing -his intention of dining with him on a certain day. The Mayor felt highly -honoured at such a mark of confidence and condescension, and made great -preparations, brought out his best plate and linen and wine, and ordered -pasties and siskins and dainty cates of all kinds to be prepared in his -kitchen, so as to receive his guest with becoming hospitality. - -A little before dinner the Provost took him aside and whispered in his -ear that execution must that day be done in the town, and nowhere so -suitably as in the street in front of Boyer's door, and he desired -that a gallows might be erected by the time the dinner was ended. The -Mayor complied with the request, and during the meal the hammering of -the carpenters could be heard. The Provost was cheery and jocose, and -if Boyer had been nervous at first, this wore off under the friendly -conversation of his guest. - -When dinner was concluded, Sir Anthony asked if the little job he had -ordered had been carried out, and when Boyer assured him that it was -so, "I pray you," said the Provost, "bring me to the place." Thereupon -he took the Mayor by the hand and led him forth before his door, in -the kindliest manner imaginable. - -On seeing the gallows, the Provost asked Boyer whether he thought them -strong enough to sustain the weight of a stout man. "Aye," replied the -Mayor; "doubtless they be so." - -"Well, then," said the Provost, "get up speedily, for they are -prepared for you." - -"I hope," exclaimed the astonished and disconcerted Mayor, "that you -mean not what you speak." - -"In very faith," said Sir Anthony Kingston, "there is no remedy, for -you have been a busy rebel." - -And so, without trial or defence, he was hanged before his own door by -the man who had just dined at his table. - -Sir John Hayward, who relates this incident, tells also the story of a -miller who resided near Bodmin. This man had been a "busy rebel," and -fearing the wrath of the Provost-Marshal, he told a "sturdy, tall -fellow, his servant," that he had occasion to go from home, and that -if any one should inquire for the miller, the fellow should affirm -that he was the man, and that he had been so for three years. The -Provost came to the mill and inquired for the miller, and the servant -at once presented himself as such. The Provost inquired how long he -had kept the mill. "These three years," answered the servant. - -"String him up on the nearest tree!" ordered Sir Anthony. - -The fellow then cried out that he was not the miller, but the miller's -man. "Nay, sir," said the Provost, "I will take thee at thy word; and if -thou beest the miller, thou art a busy knave; if thou beest not, thou -art a false lying knave; whatsoever thou art, thou shalt be hanged." -When others told him that the man was in reality only the miller's -servant, the Provost replied, "Could he ever have done his master a -better service than to hang in his stead?" and so he was despatched. - -Hals says: "Mayow, of Cleoyan, in S. Columb Major, was hanged at a -tavern signpost in that town, of whom tradition says his crime was not -capital; and therefore his wife was advised by her friends to hasten -to the town after the Marshal and his men, who had him in custody, and -beg for his life, which accordingly she prepared to do. And to render -herself the more amiable petitioner before the Marshal's eyes, this -dame spent so much time in attiring herself, and putting on her French -hood, then in fashion, that her husband was put to death before her -arrival. In like manner the Marshal hanged John Payne, the mayor or -portreeve of St. Ives, on a gallows erected in the middle of that -town, whose arms are still to be seen in one of the fore seats in that -church, viz. in a plain field, three pineapples." - -Humphry Arundell, who had headed the rebels, was the son of Roger -Arundell, of Helland, and he had been appointed Governor of S. Michael's -Mount in 1539. He had married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Fulford. -After his capture he was taken up to London, confined in the Tower, and -hanged at Tyburn, 27th January, 1549-50. Sir Thomas Pomeroy, of Berry -Pomeroy, managed to save his life, but suffered severely in his estate. -He married Jane, daughter of Sir Piers Edgcumbe, of Cothele. - -Strype tells us that "when this rebellion was well allayed, it was -remembered how the bells in the churches served, by ringing, to summon -and call in the disaffected unto their arms. Therefore, in September, -an order was sent down from the Council to the Lord Russell, to -execute a work that proved no doubt highly disgustful to the people, -viz. to take away all the bells in Devonshire and Cornwall, leaving -only one in each steeple, which was to call the people to church. And -this partly to prevent the like insurrection for the future, and -partly to help to defray the charges the King had been at among them." - -Strype adds that "two gentlemen of those parts, Champion (Champernon) -and (Sir John) Chichester, assistant perhaps against the rebels, took -this opportunity to get themselves rewarded, by begging, not the -bells, but the bell-clappers only, which was granted them, with the -ironwork and furniture thereunto belonging. And no question they made -good benefit thereof." - -FOOTNOTE: - -[35] The murderer was William Kilter, priest of S. Keverne, and he -killed William Body, the lessee of the archdeaconry of Cornwall, in -Helston Church as he was engaged in smashing the images, 5th April, -1548. For this he was hanged, drawn, and quartered, 7th July, 1548. - - - - - JOHN NICHOLS TOM, - - _alias_ SIR WILLIAM COURTENAY, K.M. - - -This strange man was the son of William Tom, landlord of the "Joiners' -Arms," S. Columb, and of his wife Charity Bray--"Cracked Charity" was -the nickname she bore--who died in the County Lunatic Asylum, and it -was from his mother that the subject of this memoir derived the bee -that was in his bonnet. - -John Nichols was born at S. Columb Major on November 10th, 1799, and -he owed his name to a kinsman of his mother--his godfather, a -well-to-do-farmer, who was unmarried. - -At an early age John Nichols Tom showed a mischievous disposition. He -was turned out of the dame's school at which he had been placed for -cutting off the whiskers of her favourite cat. At the next school where -he was placed he exhibited the characteristic vanity that was a leading -feature through life. He liked to be thought to know more than any of -his fellow pupils. One day he propounded to them the question:-- - -"Who is Neptune? I bet none of you know." - -"Neptune," replied one urchin, "is my father's Newfoundland dog." - -"Then who is Venus?" - -"She is mother's spaniel bitch," answered one of the boys. - -John Nichols in a fury fell on both with his fists. - -"No such thing. Neptune is a god, and Venus is a goddess." - -A general fray was the result, out of which our hero came mauled. - -When it became time for him to strike out a course in life, he was -placed in an attorney's office, and he conducted himself there well. - -A fire broke out on the premises of the elder Tom and consumed the -house. This occasioned Mrs. Tom to sink into a condition of profound -melancholy, and she rapidly became so wholly insane that she had to be -confined in an asylum, where some years later she died, and then Mr. -Tom married a schoolmistress who lived on the other side of the road. -This did not please John Nichols, and he quitted the attorney's office -and was placed in the firm of Plumer and Turner, wine merchants and -maltsters at Truro, as cellarman. After five years' service the firm -came to an end, and Tom then began to trade on his own account. He -married Catherine, second daughter of a Mr. Philpot, of Truro, whose -elder sister Julia was engaged to a Mr. Hugo. Tom moved into his -father-in-law's house, which was old and dilapidated, and rebuilt it -as a commodious mansion, with spacious premises in its rear for the -carrying on of the business of a maltster. But on a sudden a fire -broke out in this newly-constructed malt-house, and speedily consumed -all that had been built for his business. Folk naturally concluded -that, as Tom had recently had some losses, he had set fire to his -premises, that were insured for £3000, and they remembered that his -father's house had also been insured and been burnt down. But Tom -demanded that a most searching inquiry should be made as to the cause -of the fire, and the insurance company, satisfying itself that it -was accidental, paid the sum without demur. With the money thus -received he rebuilt his premises, and continued the business. Those -who saw much of him were convinced that, as they termed it, "there was -a screw loose somewhere." He affected an unusual dress, and tried to -induce his wife to assume a habit that would have caused her to be -mobbed in the streets. He moreover became great as an orator, -denouncing the Church, the aristocracy, and all organized governments. -In a word, he was a Socialist of the day. - -[Illustration: JOHN THOMAS, OTHERWISE SIR WILLIAM COURTENAY, WHO SHOT -LIEUTENANT BENNET IN BASENDEN WOOD, BOUGHTON, NEAR CANTERBURY, AND THE -CONSTABLE MEARS, ON THURSDAY, MAY 31ST, 1838] - -Two years later he made a considerable sum of money by a successful -venture in malt at Liverpool. The result of the transaction may be -gathered from the following letter which he wrote to his wife, and -which was the last she ever received from him:-- - - - "LIVERPOOL, _May 3, 1832_. - - "MY DEAR WIFE, - - "I merely wish to inform you that I have just discharged the - vessel of the malt, which has given every satisfaction to the - purchasers. The measurement has exceeded my expectations by - twenty-four Winchesters. There are the malt sacks in the vessel, - and also half a bushel of the bottom scrapings; this you will get - screened immediately. I am well and in good spirits (thank God for - it). As I shall write to you again in a day or two, my letter will - be short. The letter you will receive by post shall contain all I - have to say, and as it will be subsequent to this I need not - prolong. I have paid the captain of the vessel all the freight. - - "With the kindest regards to all, - "I remain, yours affectionately, - "JOHN NICHOLS TOM." - -The letter was rational enough, but it was the last rational act he -committed, as this also was the last time that he signed his name as -above. - -For some time his imagination had been influenced by stories that -circulated relative to Lady Hester Stanhope, the "Queen of Lebanon," of -her wealth, her authority over Arabs and Druses, of her prophecies and -expectations of the near coming of the Messiah to institute the -millennium; and he felt convinced that he was predestined to be the -forerunner or herald to announce the coming advent of Christ. He had -read a translation of Lamartine's _Travels in the East_, in which it was -stated that, according to Eastern prophecy, the Messiah would ride into -Jerusalem on a mare foaled ready saddled, and that Lady Hester had such -a mare ready for the advent of the Prince of Peace. "Since destiny," -said Lady Hester to Lamartine, "has sent you hither--permit me to -confide to you what I have hitherto concealed from so many of the -profane. Come, and you shall see with your own eyes a prodigy of Nature, -the destination of which is known only to myself and my immediate -votaries. The prophets of the East have announced it centuries ago, and -yourself shall be judge if a part of those prophecies have not been -accomplished." Lamartine goes on to say: "She opened a gate of the -garden which led into a smaller inner court, where I perceived two -magnificent Arab mares of the finest blood, and of the most symmetrical -form. 'Approach,' said she to me, 'and examine that bay mare: see if -Nature hath not accomplished in her everything which is written about -the mare that is to carry the Messiah--_she was foaled_ ready saddled!' - -"I saw, in fact, in this beautiful animal a freak of nature. The mare -had, in the place of the shoulders, a cavity so broad and deep, and -imitating so well the form of a Turkish saddle, that it might be said -with truth that she was foaled ready saddled, and but for the want of -stirrups she might have been mounted without experiencing the want of -an artificial saddle." - -This account that John Tom had read of Lady Hester made the most -profound impression on his mind, and inflated as he was with -self-conceit and ambition, he conceived that he was called to take a -place beside, if not before, Lady Hester, as a herald of Christ. -Accordingly, having his pocket full of money from the sale of his -malt, he started for Havre, and thence for Constantinople and Syria. - -For what follows, till his reappearance in England in December of the -same year, 1832, our sole authority is "Canterburiensis," who wrote -Tom's life, but who does not tell us what were his authorities, and -who certainly so embroidered some of the facts he relates, that in -instances we feel uncertain whether they are facts or fables. - -According to this authority he arrived at Beirout, at what date we are -not informed, and he at once presented himself before the English -consul, under the assumed name of Sir William Courtenay, Knight, and -requested an escort to the Lebanon, where he desired to see Hester -Stanhope, and acquaint her with the fact that he was the forerunner of -the expected Messiah. The consul saw that the man was not wholly sane, -and he was in a dilemma what to do with him; finally he concluded that -it would not be unwise to send one mad head to the other, and see what -would be the result. Accordingly he gave Sir William, as we must now -call him, an escort and he departed for her Lebanon residence, at -Dgioun. - -"On arriving at the principal entrance, Sir William sent forward his -dragoman to announce to the slave, who was standing at the door, that -a person of consequence, on a mission of high import, requested an -interview with Lady Hester Stanhope. Sir William and the dragoman were -accordingly conducted into a narrow cell, deprived almost of all -light, and almost destitute of furniture; here they were ordered to -wait, until the pleasure of her ladyship should be known. After -waiting full three hours in the most suffocating heat, the slave -returned with a rather peremptory message, demanding, on the part of -her ladyship, to know who and what the stranger was who had solicited -an interview with her. Sir William wrote with his pencil, that he had -travelled from the County of Cornwall to announce to the expectant -faithful in the East the approaching advent of the Messiah, and that -as her ladyship had established herself in the Holy Land for the -direct purpose of awaiting that glorious event, which was so near at -hand, he considered that he was acting in conformity with the high -destiny that was awarded to him to communicate to her ladyship in -person the arrival of the Millennium, that she might co-operate with -him in spreading the glad tidings throughout the Holy Land, and -acknowledge him as the harbinger of the great event. - -"Fully satisfied that Lady Hester Stanhope would in a short time rush -into his arms and hail him as the accredited messenger of Heaven, Sir -William felt not the torrid heat, but stood in dignified complacency -with himself, proudly awaiting the result of his message. In a very -short time the slave returned, followed by several others, and it -would be a difficult task to describe the astonishment and indignation -of Sir William when he was informed that it was the decided opinion of -her ladyship that he was an impostor, for that not one of the -prophecies had been as yet fulfilled, which were to precede the -coming of the Messiah, nor in any one of those prophecies was the -slightest mention made of a messenger being appointed to announce His -coming, and that accordingly the sooner he returned to his native -country, the better it would be for him." - -In a word, Sir William was detected, without having been seen, as an -impostor, and was ejected from the house as such. - -We should greatly like to know how much of this is true. Not only are no -dates given, but the name of the consul at Beirout is also withheld. - -Nothing remained for Sir William Courtenay to do but to retire -discomfited to England, and try there whether he would have better luck. -He embarked in a ship of Beirout for Malta, and after a residence of -about three weeks in that island, sailed for England and arrived safely -in London. The first intimation that he was back, received in Cornwall, -was that he had assumed the name and title of Sir William Percy -Honeywood Courtenay, Knight of Malta, King of Jerusalem, and Prince of -Abyssinia, and that he had presented himself before the electors of -Canterbury to contest that borough, in December, 1832. - -He had taken up his residence at the Rose Hotel, Canterbury, where his -dignified manners, his rich dress, his professions that he was the -rightful owner of the estates of the Earl of Devon, and that he -intended to establish his claims to them, his assertion that he was -not only Knight of Malta but also _de jure_ King of Jerusalem, imposed -on so many of the burgesses of Canterbury that he polled 375 votes; -but was unsuccessful, as the opponent candidates, the Honourable R. -Watson and Lord Fordwick gained respectively 832 and 802. - -After his defeat Tom made a circuit through the towns and villages of -Kent, declaiming against the poor laws, the revenue laws, and such -other portions of the statutes of the realm as might be considered by -the poor to be adverse to their interests. By his speeches he obtained -great success, and a sort of periodical that he issued, entitled _The -Lion_, was greedily bought and distributed. But it ran through eight -numbers only. The full title was "The Lion. The British Lion will be -free. Heaven is his throne and earth is his footstool. He spake and it -was done, he commanded and it stood fast. Liberty, truth bears off the -victory, independence." - -He then started for Devonshire, accompanied by a gentleman who so -firmly believed in his pretensions that he defrayed his expenses to -the amount of a thousand pounds. This man, Mr. George Denne, and a -young surgeon named Robinson were completely duped by him. "My dearest -George," said the Knight of Malta to the former, "it may please Heaven -to take me in a short time from this sphere of my sublunary greatness, -to translate me to the beatitude of another world." - -"I hope not, Sir William," said George Denne. - -"But," continued Sir William, "I shall carry with me the pleasing -satisfaction of having provided in a truly princely manner for those -who, whilst I was on earth, had the sense and sagacity to see into the -nobility of my character, and to acknowledge me as Lord Viscount William -Courtenay, of Powderham Castle, Knight of Malta, King of Jerusalem, -Prince of Arabia, King of the Gypsies, and all the other honours and -titles which by descent or creation belong to me. To you, therefore, -George Denne, I bequeath the Hales' estate, with the proviso that you -erect a monument on the highest ground on that estate to the memory of -me, the great Lord of Devon, the regenerator of the world, and one of -the greatest benefactors whom the human race ever saw." - -In like manner he bequeathed to Mr. Robinson the whole of Powderham -Castle and all its valuable paintings, together with one-half of the -lands belonging to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral. - -It will hardly be credited to what an extent he was run after at -Canterbury. Professional men, such as physicians, surgeons, solicitors, -also gentlemen of independent property and tradesmen of the first -respectability, were his staunch supporters, and daily invited him to -their table, and introduced him to the bosom of their families. The -invitations which he received to dinners, teas, and suppers were so -numerous that he was known to attend several parties in a few hours. -Mothers with marriageable daughters hunted him in packs. - -But--it was asked--why did not Sir William take possession of his -extensive estates in Devon? It was to do this that he started, -attended by his faithful squire, Mr. George Denne. On reaching -Exmouth, Sir William despatched his squire to the authorities of the -place to announce his arrival, and that as Lord of Devon and King of -Jerusalem he would hold a levee at eight o'clock in the evening, at -which he would be ready to receive them and lay before them his right -and title to Powderham Castle and the estates belonging to it. - -But when the hour of the levee arrived only one man appeared, and that -was the steward of the Earl of Devon, who came very bluntly to inform -him that should he venture to set foot within the private grounds of -Powderham Castle he would be prosecuted for trespass. - -Next day Sir William repaired to the newspaper office at Exmouth, and -drew up an advertisement, purporting to be an announcement of the -arrival of the rightful Earl of Devon for the purpose of taking -possession of Powderham Castle, and a statement to the effect that he -was now recalled to the metropolis to appear before the House of Lords -to substantiate his claim. The editor laughed in his face, refused to -insert what was handed over to him, and tore it to shreds. - -Full of wrath, Sir William shook off the dust from his feet as a -testimony against Exmouth, and departed for London, where he remained -two or three days, and then returned to Canterbury. - -There he speedily involved himself in difficulties by his exertions in -favour of some smugglers. An action had taken place in July, 1833, -between the revenue cutter _Lively_ and the _Admiral Hood_, smuggler, -near Goodwin Sands, and in the course of the flight of the latter -vessel her crew were observed to throw overboard a great number of -tubs, which on being picked up proved to contain spirits. The _Admiral -Hood_ was captured, but no contraband goods were found on board; and -on the men being taken into custody, Tom presented himself as a -witness before the magistrates, and swore most positively that he had -seen the whole affair, and that no tubs had been thrown from the -_Admiral Hood_; he further stated that he had observed those which had -been picked up by the revenue officers floating about on the water -many hours before the _Admiral Hood_ came near the Goodwins. This was -so diametrically opposed to the truth that a prosecution for perjury -was resolved on, and he was indicted at the Maidstone Assizes on July -25th, 1833. It was then proved that Sir William, on the very day on -which the action had taken place, Sunday, the 17th February, had been -twenty-five miles distant at Boughton-under-Blean, near Canterbury, -and at the very hour of the action had been at church there. A verdict -of conviction followed, and Mr. Justice Park, the presiding judge, -passed a sentence of imprisonment for three months, to be followed by -seven years of transportation beyond the seas. - -This having reached the ears of his relations in Cornwall, -representations were made by them to the Home Secretary that he was -insane, and he was transferred to a lunatic asylum at Barming Heath, -where he remained for four years, but whence he still issued addresses -to his adherents in Canterbury and interfered in the election of -councillors. There he remained for five years, and then a determined -effort was made by his father and friends, and by Sir Hussey Brian, to -obtain his liberation, and Lord John Russell ordered his liberation. -This was an electioneering manoeuvre, and Lord John had some -difficulty in justifying his conduct in the House when later taken to -task for having set this madman free. - -On quitting the asylum, Tom hoped to take up his residence with a Mr. -G. Francis, with whom he had been on terms of intimacy before. But Mr. -Francis was by this time disillusioned, and when the Knight of Malta -presented himself before him armed with a new pair of pistols, he -remonstrated with him, and ordered him to quit the house; when he went -to a cottage hard by occupied by one Wills, who was completely the -dupe of Tom, and a passionate agitator. Then he went to Bossenden Farm -occupied by a person named Culver. He gave out that he was the true -proprietor of many of the finest estates in Kent, but that he would -not enter into possession for two years. In addition to his living -upon and amongst the farmers, he induced many of them to give him -large sums of money, promising that for every shilling lent he would -return a pound; and that, when he was in full possession of his -estates, all his followers should have land free from rent according -to their deserts. These promises made many dupes, and enabled him to -indulge in luxuries which excited the astonishment of those not -acquainted with his resources, and made many believe that he was what -he pretended to be--really a nobleman of large property. To keep up -this notion he made presents to various individuals; thus, to a fellow -who had been prosecuted by the Revenue, Courtenay gave two horses -worth £40. He was fond of displaying himself in fantastic dresses; he -allowed his hair and beard, that was coal-black, to grow long; and he -taught his followers to roar his battle song, of which only a few -verses can be given here:-- - - Hark! old England's pris'ners' groan-- - 'Tis a deep and mournful tone-- - From oppression to be free, - And enjoy true liberty. - - _Chorus._ - - Britons must be--will be free; - Truth bears off the victory! - - Lo! deliverance is at hand; - Courtenay's made a noble stand; - He the tyrants has arous'd-- - He has freedom's cause espous'd, - - Britons must be, etc. - - Courtenay's cause is good, is just, - Safely we in him may trust: - Truth and virtue's on his side, - We will still in him confide. - - Britons must be, etc. - - Men and devils still may rage, - Their united powers engage-- - Infidelity shall fall, - Christ shall then be all in all. - - Britons must be, etc. - - Slav'ry's chains shall then be broke, - We shall soon cast off the yoke, - Independence is our right, - Victory soon shall crown the fight. - - Britons must be, etc. - - Corp'rate bodies then shall cease, - They're destruction to our peace; - Party spirit shall no more - Tyrannize with lawless pow'r. - - Britons must be, etc. - - Then, when victory's palm is won, - Glorious as the summer sun, - Shall Lord Courtenay's cause arise, - Showing forth in cloudless skies. - - Britons must be, etc. - -Harrison Ainsworth, who has introduced Courtenay into his novel -_Rookwood_, thus accurately describes him: "A magnificent coal-black -beard decorated the chin of this worthy; but this was not all--his -costume was in perfect keeping with his beard, and consisted of a very -theatrical-looking suit, upon the breast of which was embroidered in -gold wire the Maltese cross; while on his shoulders were thrown the -ample folds of a cloak of Tyrian hue. To his side was girt a long and -doughty sword, which he termed, in his knightly phrase, Excalibur; and -upon his profuse hair rested a hat as broad in the brim as a Spanish -sombrero. Exaggerated as this description may appear, we can assure -our readers that it is not overdrawn." - -He now resumed his rambles round Kent, and visited the cottages wherever -he went, giving himself out to be Jesus Christ come back on earth to -sift the wheat from the chaff before setting up his millennial kingdom. -He showed his hands and feet and side marked with red--but there must -have been conscious fraud on his part, for after his death no such scars -could be found. Many of the poor and ignorant believed in him and -followed him. His head-quarters were for a while the house of one of his -most devoted followers named Wills, but he presently left that and -removed to a farmhouse at Boughton, where lived a farmer called Culver, -who was also a believer. He infatuated the women even more than the men, -for he was tall, dark, and handsome, and they took up his cause -passionately, and urged their husbands and fathers to follow him, -"because he was the very Christ, and unless they adhered to him fire -would come down from Heaven and consume them." - -Instances occurred, and that by no means infrequently, in which he -presented himself to be worshipped as God by the ignorant peasantry. - -At length this excitement was destined to be brought to a conclusion. - -On Monday, May 28th, 1838, Tom, with about fifteen followers, sallied -forth from the village of Boughton without having any very distinct -object in view, and proceeded to the cottage of Wills. Here they -formed in column; and a loaf having been procured it was placed at the -top of a pole, which bore a flag of blue and white, upon which a lion -rampant was drawn. Wills having joined them, they marched to -Goodrestone, near Faversham; and on the way Tom harangued the country -people, who came out into the roads. From thence they went to a farm -at Herne Hill, where they received food, and then on to Dargate -Common. Here, by Tom's orders, all prayed. After this they proceeded -to Bossenden Farm, where they rested for the night in a barn. - -At three o'clock on Tuesday morning they went to Sittingbourne, and -there Tom provided them with breakfast, for which he paid twenty-seven -shillings. Thence they marched to Newnham, where, at the George Inn, -they received a similar treat. What they went marching for not one of -these deluded men seemed to know, unless it were to gather recruits; and -in this he was successful. Wherever he went--at Eastling, Throwley, -Sildswick, Lees, and Selling--he delivered speeches, made promises, and -obtained adherents. Then the whole party returned to Bossenden Farm. -Here there was an extensive wood, in which the true Canterbury bell is -found. The district is called the Blean, and here a condition of affairs -existed that greatly helped on the cause of Tom. In the eighteenth -century much of the Blean was taken possession of by a number of -squatters, who settled on the ground, then extra-parochial, as a "free -port," from which none could dislodge them, and there they remained -paying rent to none. Now the poor deluded peasants of the neighbourhood -conceived the idea that Tom, or Courtenay, as he had called himself, was -the promised Messiah who was come to give to them all lands to be their -own, on which each man might sit under his own vine, and that the rich -and large-landed proprietors would be cast out and consumed by the -breath of his mouth. - -During the tramp of these enthusiasts about the country, a farmer -named Curling lost some of his labourers, who were enticed away from -their work to follow with the rest. Curling at once mounted his horse -and went to a magistrate, and procured from him a warrant for the -apprehension of Courtenay _alias_ Tom. Nicholas Meares, a constable, -and his brother were entrusted to execute the warrant; and on Thursday -morning, 31st May, about six o'clock, they hastened to Culver's farm -to secure the men. Upon their presenting themselves, Courtenay stood -forward, and before Meares could read the warrant shot him dead. He -then went into the house, exclaiming to those who were there, "Now am -I not your Saviour?" and then issuing from the house again, he -discharged a second pistol into the body of Meares, and proceeded to -mutilate it barbarously with his sword. - -The news of this murder was conveyed to the magistrates, and they -proceeded to take steps for the apprehension of Courtenay. But the -latter at once called out his men, and they marched into Bossenden -Wood, and there profanely he imitated the Last Supper and administered -to his dupes in bread and water. This over, a man named Alexander Foad -knelt down in the presence of the rest and worshipped him as his -Saviour, and demanded whether he were required to follow him in body, -or whether he might be allowed to return to his home and follow him in -spirit. Courtenay replied, "In the body"; whereupon Foad sprang to his -feet, exclaiming, "Oh! be joyful, be joyful! the Saviour has accepted -me. Now go on; I will follow till I drop." - -Another man, named Blanchard, also worshipped him, and Courtenay then -said, in reference to the murder of Meares, "I was executing the -justice of Heaven in consequence of the power that God has given me." - -At twelve o'clock Tom and his followers shifted their position to an -osier-bed, and there he harangued them, informing them that he and all -such as believed in him would be invulnerable. He defied the magistrates -and all the power of the world: his was the Kingdom of Heaven; and -then he advised his followers to take up a position in ambush in the -wood. At this time Tom noticed that a Mr. Handley, of Herne Hill, was -observing their actions, and Courtenay _alias_ Tom fired at him; but he -was beyond the range, and he happily missed his aim. - -[Illustration: PERCY HONEYWOOD COURTENAY, KNIGHT OF MALTA, ETC., ETC., -AS HE APPEARED AT THE ELECTION IN 1832] - -In the meantime the magistrates had taken steps to put an end to this -fiasco. They had despatched a messenger to Canterbury to summon the -military, and a detachment of a hundred men of the 45th Foot, under -the command of Major Armstrong, was placed at their disposal, and -marched to Boughton. As the party of Courtenay was in the wood, the -magistrates and the soldiery and the constables marched thither. The -wood is of very considerable extent, but was intersected by the main -road from London and Chatham to Canterbury, which was cut across by -another road, a parish road, at right angles. It was found that the -insurgent party was so placed that their front and rear were covered -by the roads right and left. The military were in consequence divided; -and whilst one party of fifty took the road leading to Canterbury, -under the command of Captain Reed, the other was conducted by Major -Armstrong, assisted by Lieutenants Bennett and Prendergast, along the -road that led to Boulton-under-Blean. Thus the insurgents were placed -between two bodies of troops, and their only chance of escape was to -retreat in a straight line through the wood. But Tom _alias_ Courtenay -had no intention of retiring, and he boldly faced Major Armstrong with -the men behind him drawn up, armed with picks and reaping-hooks. He -was summoned to surrender, but turned and bade his followers be of -good cheer and prepare for conflict. These numbered from thirty to -forty men. Courtenay gave the order to charge, and advanced on the -soldiers, when Lieutenant Bennett drew his sword and, heading the -military, ran forward, and was shot by Courtenay; the ball, entering -his right side, passed completely through the body of the young -officer, who reeled and fell dead on the spot. At this moment a -constable named Millwood sprang forward and felled Tom, but as the -madman rose to his feet again, he was struck by a ball from the -military, for they had received orders to fire from Major Armstrong, -who was on horseback. By the discharge eight men were killed on the -spot and several were wounded; but the wretched peasantry fought -desperately, till at last dispersed by the charge of the soldiers -under Armstrong, and those under Captain Reed taking them in flank, -when they scattered and fled through the wood. - -In the course of the afternoon twenty-seven prisoners were taken, of -whom seven were suffering from wounds, two of whom died shortly after. - -Of the party employed in maintaining the law, George Catt, a -constable, was shot under a mistaken apprehension that he was one of -the rioters; and Lieutenant Prendergast received a contused wound on -the head from the bludgeon of an insurgent. - -During the remainder of the week the coroner was engaged in conducting -the necessary inquiries into the cause of death of the deceased -persons. Verdicts of "Wilful murder" were returned in the cases of the -constable Meares, and of Lieutenant Bennett, against Courtenay and his -adherents; whilst in the case of Catt, the jury found "That he had -been killed upon an erroneous belief that he was a rioter." - -In the cases of death among the insurgents, the jury found a verdict -of "Justifiable homicide." - -The coroner conducted the investigations at the Red Lion Inn, -Boughton, where the yard was full of the wives, widows, and children -of these deluded men; whilst the wounded lay on stretchers, as also -the bodies of the slain, in a stable; the prisoners were in a lockup, -whence they were brought handcuffed to the tavern to be examined. -During the sitting of the jury, two of the wounded men died, and upon -their decease being communicated to those outside, they gave vent to -their feelings in loud wails. The body of Lieutenant Bennett lay in an -upper chamber of the inn. He was but about twenty-five years of age, -and had just obtained leave of absence when the news of the outbreak -reached the barracks, whereupon he applied and obtained permission to -join the party. At the conclusion of the proceedings before the -coroner and the magistrates nineteen prisoners were committed for -trial. Ten of the rioters had been killed. Out of the prisoners, -Meares, a cousin of the murdered constable, Foad, and Couchworth were -wounded. Foad was a respectable farmer, cultivating about sixty acres. -A woman, Sarah Culver, was kinswoman of the farmer who had first sent -to the magistrates. She was possessed of considerable property, and -was forty years of age. She had been a devoted follower of Courtenay; -but it may be presumed that she, like him, was insane. - -On Tuesday, 5th June, the greater number of those who had been killed -in the riot were interred in the churchyard of Herne Hill. Amongst -these was Tom. Great crowds attended, amongst them his adherents, who -were in expectation that he would rise again and confound his enemies. -Some apprehensions were entertained lest the mob should use violence -to prevent the burial of their late fanatical leader, but the whole -affair passed off quietly. - -At the Maidstone Assizes on Thursday, the 9th August, 1838, the trial -of the prisoners commenced before Lord Denman. - -Ten of the prisoners were found guilty of murder and were condemned to -death, but were informed that the sentence would be commuted, and -their lives be spared. The prosecutions in the cases of the other -prisoners were not proceeded with, and they were discharged. - -From the admissions of the prisoners, it was ascertained that -Courtenay had promised his followers on the following Sunday to lead -them to Canterbury, to set fire to the city and to have "a glorious -but a bloody day." - -Tom had assured his adherents that death had no power over him; that -even though he might seem to die he would rise again in a month, if a -little water were applied to his lips. Accordingly, for a considerable -time after he was buried, the ignorant people waited in lively -expectation that he would reappear. - -Of the prisoners, Meares and Wills were ordered to be transported for -life; Price for ten years. The other seven were to undergo one year's -imprisonment with hard labour. A pension of £40 per annum was granted -to the widow of Meares the constable. - -Good comes out of evil, and one result of this lamentable affair was -that attention was drawn to the abysmal ignorance of the peasantry of -the Blean, and that schools were at once erected at Dunkirk, to -introduce a better knowledge and sense into the heads of the rising -generation. - -A full account of the whole affair was published at Faversham directly -after the event, of which this is the title: "An account of the -desperate affray which took place in Blean Wood, near Boughton, -Thursday, 31st May, 1838, between a party of agricultural labourers, -headed by the self-styled Sir William Courtenay, and a detachment of the -45th Regiment of Foot, commanded by Major Elliott Armstrong, acting -under the orders of the County Magistrates, together with the whole of -the evidence taken before T. T. Delasaux, Esq., coroner, the Rev. Dr. -Bow, N. J. Knatchbull, Esq., and W. C. Fairman, Esq., drawn from -authentic documents. With an account of the funerals of the parties." - -There is another work, a copy of which is now in the British Museum, -and is illustrated with a portrait of Tom, a plate representing the -murder of Meares, soldiers entering Bossenden Wood; the scene of -action, the "Red Lion," where the bodies lay; the interior of the -stable with six of the bodies; Sir William Courtenay as he appeared -after the post-mortem examination, and portraits of Tyler and Price, -two of the rioters. The title of the work is: "The Life and -Extraordinary Adventures of Sir William Courtenay, Knight of Malta, -_alias_ John Nichols Tom, formerly spirit merchant and maltster of -Truro in Cornwall, being a correct detail of all the incidents of his -extraordinary life, from his infancy to the dreadful battle of -Bossenden Wood ... with facsimiles of that eccentric character, -concluding with an accurate account of the trial of the rioters at the -Maidstone Assizes. By Canterburiensis. Canterbury: published by James -Hunt, and sold in London by T. Kelly, Paternoster Row, 1838." - -_Passages from the Autobiography of a Man of Kent_, edited by R. -Fitzroy Stanley (i.e. Robert Coutars) 1866, may be consulted; also -_The Times_ for June, 1838. - - - - - THE BOHELLAND TRAGEDY - - -In the parish of Gluvias by Penryn is Bohelland. Fifty years ago there -was a ruin here of a roofless house, with the gables standing. Now all -that remains is a fragment of wall. Tradition regarding the field in -which the house stood is, that it invariably brings ill luck to him -who owns or rents it. The way from Penryn to Enys, a lane, leads by -it, and the fragment of wall abuts on the lane. Bohelland is not -marked on the one-inch, but is on the six-inch ordnance map. Anciently -it was called the Behethlan, and Gluvias Church was called Capella de -Behethlan under S. Budock. - -In the possession of J. D. Enys, Esq., of Enys, is a MS. pedigree of the -family to whom Bohelland belonged. It runs as follows: "John Behethlan -was seized of lands _in agro Behethlan_, and had issue two daughters, -Margery and Joan, and the said Margery took to husband Roger -Polwheyrell, and had issue Nicholas Polwheyrell; the said Nicholas -Polwheyrell had issue James Polwheyrell; the said James Polwheyrell had -issue Richard, Margery, Joan and Isabel, and the said Richard married -Maud Polgiau, and they had issue Nichola, and the said Nichola took to -husband John Penweyre, and had issue Thomas Penweyre, who died without -heirs. The said Margery took to husband Symon Martharwyler, and had -issue Elsota and Meliora. The said Elsota took to husband Nicholas -Mantle, now living, and had issue Isabel, who took to husband John -Restaden, now living. The said Meliora took to husband Michael John, -vicar,[36] and had issue Joan, Elizabeth, and Margaret. - -"The said Joan took to husband Hugh Sandre, now living. The said -Elizabeth took to husband Laurence Michell, now living; the said -Margaret took to husband James Curallak, now living. The said Joan, -second daughter of the said James Polwheyrell, took to husband John -Trelecoeth, and had issue Marina and Joan. The said Isabel, third -daughter of the said James, took to husband William son of John -Tryarne, and died without issue." - -Unfortunately this pedigree does not contain a single date, but we -should obtain one approximately by the marriage of Meliora, daughter -of Simon Martharwyla, with Michael John, vicar, if we could trace him. -With her descended the inheritance of Behethlan to her daughter Joan -who married Hugh Sandry. - -The story of the Bohelland or Behethlan tragedy is contained in a -pamphlet of eight leaves, black letter, and accompanied by rude -woodcuts, entitled _News from Penrin, in Cornwall, 1618_. A unique -copy is in the Bodleian Library. - -Sanderson, in his _Annals of King James_, 1656, gives the same story. -Sir William Sanderson says that "the imprinted relation conceals the -names, in favour of some neighbours of repute and kin to the family," -and that "the same sense made him thereon silent also." - -Now, according to the story, there were four deaths, one a murder, and -two by suicide, and one might expect to obtain these names from the -parish register. But this register, which goes back into the middle -of the sixteenth century, has the page or pages removed for the -burials of 1618; that is to say, from the first days of 1618 to the -middle of 1621. This looks much as if the family sought to destroy -every trace of the crime. - -Hals, in his MS. _History of Cornwall_, under the head of Gluvias, does -not mention Bohelland. There is no help to be obtained from the title -deeds of the estate. Our sole clue is the descent in the pedigree. -Meliora, who married Michael John, vicar, cannot have done this before -the reign of Edward VI, and it is not probable that the marriage took -place till that of Elizabeth. They were not married at Gluvias, and -Michael John was not the vicar then. Now the pedigree carries down the -descent, with possession of Bohelland to John Restadon and his wife -Isabel. The name Restadon does not occur in the Visitations of Cornwall. -The only other possible owner would be Hugh Sandry and his wife Joan, -daughter of the vicar, Michael John. But whether it were either the -Sandrys or the Restadons, or some one else, cannot be determined till -further light enters on this extremely dark occurrence. - -The owner of Bohelland was a man of some consideration and substance, -"unhappy only in a younger son, who taking liberty from his father's -bounty, with a crew of like condition, that wearied on land, they went -roving to sea, and in a small vessel southward, took booty from all they -could master, and so increasing force and wealth, ventured in a Turk's -man in the Streights; but by mischance their own powder fired -themselves, and our gallant, trusting to his skilful swimming, got on -shore upon Rhodes with the best of his jewels about him; when, offering -some to sale to a Jew, who knew them to be the Governor's of Algier, he -was apprehended, and as a pirate sentenced to the gallies among other -Christians, when miserable slavery made them all studious of freedom, -and with wit and valour, took opportunity and means to murther some -officers, got on board of an English ship, and came safe to London, -where his misery and some skill made him servant to a surgeon and sudden -preferment to the East Indies. There by this means he got money, with -which, returning back, he designed himself for his native county, -Cornwall. And in a small ship from London, sailing to the west, was cast -away upon that coast. But his excellent skill in swimming and former -fate to boot, brought him safe to shore, where, since his fifteen years' -absence, his father's former fortunes much decayed, now retired him not -far off to a country habitation, in debt and danger. - -"His sister he finds married to a mercer, a meaner match than her -birth promised. To her at first he appears a poor stranger, but in -private reveals himself, and withall what jewels and gold he had -concealed in a bow-case about him, and concluded that the next day he -intended to appear to his parents, and to keep his disguise till she -and her husband should meet, and make their common joy complete. - -"Being come to his parents, his humble behaviour, suitable to his suit -of clothes, melted the old couple to so much compassion as to give him -covering from the cold season under their outward roof, and by degrees -his travelling tales, told with passion to the aged people, made him -their guest so long by the kitchen fire, that the husband took his -leave and went to bed, and soon after, his true stories working -compassion in the weaker vessel, she wept, and so did he; but, -compassionate of her tears, he comforted her with a piece of gold, -which gave assurance that he deserved a lodging, to which she brought -him; and, being in bed, showed her his girdled wealth, which he said -was sufficient to relieve her husband's wants, and to spare for -himself, and being very weary, fell fast asleep. - -"The wife, tempted with the golden bait of what she had, and eager of -enjoying all, awakened her husband with this news, and her contrivance -what to do; and though with horrid apprehensions he oft refused, yet -her puling fondness (Eve's enchantments) moved him to consent, and -rise to be master of all, and both of them to murder the man, which -instantly they did, covering the corpse under the clothes till -opportunity to convey it out of the way. - -"The early morning hastens the sister to her father's house, when she, -with signs of joy, enquires for a sailor that should lodge there the -last night. The parents slightly denied to have seen such, until she -told them that he was her brother, her lost brother. By that assured -scar upon his arm, cut with a sword in his youth, she knew him, and -were all resolved this morning to meet there and be merry. - -"The father hastily runs up, finds the mark, and with horrid regret of -this monstrous murder of his own son, with the same knife cuts his own -throat. - -"The wife went up to consult with him, when in a most strange manner -beholding them both in blood, and aghast, with the instrument at hand, -readily rips herself up, and perishes on the same spot. - -"The daughter, doubting the delay of their absence, searches for them -all, whom she found out too soon, and with the sad sight of this -scene, and being overcome with horror and amaze of this deluge of -destruction, she sank down and died; the fatal end of that family." - -There are several points in this narrative that awaken mistrust. How -is the story of the son's life known? He tells it to his sister, but -she dies. Then we have an account of what went on in the house between -the parents and the son, and the wife urging her husband to commit the -murder. As both killed themselves on discovering what they had done, -all this part must be painted in by guesswork. - -That there is a substratum of fact cannot be doubted. The mysterious -mutilation of the parish register for the year of the murder indicates -a desire that the names might not be known. - -Lillo turned the story into a tragedy, _The Fatal Curiosity_, 1736. -According to him the name of the family was Wilmot. He took a slight -liberty with the story, in that he made the returned sailor present -himself to the girl he had loved fifteen years before, and not to his -sister. But he laid the scene at Penryn. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[36] No such a vicar was in Gluvias or is known to have been in -Cornwall in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. - - - - - MARY KELYNACK - - -The Kelynack family has been one of fishermen and seamen at Newlyn and -its neighbourhood for many generations. - -Philip Kelynack was the first to fly to the rescue of John Wesley when -pursued by a mob while preaching on the Green between Newlyn and -Penzance 12th July, 1747. He was a remarkably powerful man, and was -known by the name of Old Bunger. His son Charles was the first to engage -the Mount's Bay boatmen to take part in the Irish Sea fishing in 1720. - -Mary, the subject of this notice, was the daughter of Nicholas Tresize -and the wife of William Kelynack. She was born at Tolcarne, in Madron, -1766. - -In 1851 was the Great Exhibition in London, and the tidings of opening -of a Crystal Palace and the wonders that it contained reached to the -extremity of Cornwall. Said Mary Kelynack, "I'll go and see'n too, I -reckon!" and away she trudged. - -The _Illustrated London News_ for October 26th, 1851, gives the -following account of her:-- - -"On Tuesday, September 24th, among the visitors of the Mansion House -was Mary Callinack, eighty-four years of age, who had travelled on -foot from Penzance, carrying a basket on her head, with the object of -visiting the Exhibition and of paying her respects personally to the -Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress. As soon as the ordinary business was -finished the aged woman entered the justice-room, when the Lord Mayor, -addressing her, said, 'Well, I understand, Mrs. Callinack, you have -come to see me?' - -[Illustration: MARY KELYNACK] - -"She replied, 'Yes, God bless you. I never was in such a place before -as this. I have come up asking for a small sum of money, I am, sir.' - -"The Lord Mayor: 'Where do you come from?' - -"Mrs. C.: 'From the Land's End.' - -"The Lord Mayor: 'From what part?' - -"Mrs. C.: 'Penzance.' - -"She then stated that she left Penzance five weeks ago, and had been -the whole of that time walking to the metropolis. - -"The Lord Mayor: 'What induced you to come to London?' - -"Mrs. C.: 'I had a little matter to attend to as well as to see the -Exhibition. I was there yesterday, and mean to go again to-morrow.' - -"The Lord Mayor: 'What do you think of it?' - -"Mrs. C.: 'I think it very good.'" - -She then said that all her money was spent but 5-1/2d. After a little -further conversation, which caused considerable merriment, the Lord -Mayor made her a present of a sovereign, telling her to take care of -it, there being a good many thieves in London. The poor creature, on -receiving the gift, burst into tears and said, "Now I will be able to -get back." - -She was afterwards received by the Lady Mayoress, with whom she remained -some time, and having partaken of tea in the housekeeper's room, which -she said she preferred to the choicest wine in the kingdom (which latter -beverage she had not tasted for sixty years), she returned thanks for -the hospitality she had received and left the Mansion House. - -Her next visit was to the Exhibition. - -She was also presented to the Queen and to Prince Albert, and there -is mention of this presentation in Sir Theodore Martin's _Life of the -Prince Consort_ (1876), II, p. 405. - -In the notice in the _Illustrated London News_ it is said: "Our -portrait of the Cornish fish-wife has been sketched from life at her -abode, Homer Place, Crawford Street, Mary-le-bone. She was born in the -parish of Paul, by Penzance, on Christmas Day, 1766, so that she has -nearly completed her eighty-fifth year. To visit the present -Exhibition, she walked the entire distance from Penzance, nearly three -hundred miles; she having 'registered a vow' before she left home, -that she would not accept assistance in any shape, except as regarded -her finances. She possesses her faculties unimpaired; is very -cheerful, has a considerable amount of humour in her composition; and -is withal a woman of strong common sense, and frequently makes remarks -that are very shrewd, when her great age and defective education are -taken into account. She is fully aware that she has made herself -somewhat famous; and among other things which she contemplates, is her -return to Cornwall, to end her days in 'Paul parish,' where she wishes -to be interred by the side of old Dolly Pentreath, who was also a -native of Paul, and died at the age of 102 years." - -Mary Kelynack died in Dock Lane, Penzance, 5th December, 1855, and was -buried in S. Mary's churchyard. - -Messrs. Routledge published the story of her walk to London and back -in one of _Aunt Mavor's Storybooks_, with illustrations. - - - - - CAPTAIN WILLIAM ROGERS - - -Captain William Rogers, son of Captain Rogers, who died in November, -1790, was born at Falmouth, 29th September, 1783. He married Susan, -daughter of Captain John Harris, of S. Mawes. In 1807, Rogers was -master, in temporary command of the _Windsor Castle_, a packet-boat -from Falmouth to Barbados. She mounted six long 4-pounders and two -9-pounder carronades, with a complement of twenty-eight men and boys. - -On October 1st, 1807, as the packet was on her passage to Barbados with -the mails, a privateer schooner was seen approaching under all sail. - -As it seemed quite impossible to escape, Captain Rogers resolved on -making a stout resistance, though the odds against him were great. In -fact, the privateer mounted six long 6-pounders and one long -18-pounder, with a complement of ninety-two men. - -At noon the schooner got within gunshot, hoisted French colours, and -opened fire, which was immediately returned from the chase-guns of the -_Windsor Castle_. This was continued till the privateer, whose name was -_Le Jeune Richard_, came near, when she hailed the packet in very -opprobrious terms, and desired her to strike her colours. On meeting -with a prompt refusal, the schooner ran alongside, grappled the packet, -and attempted to board. But the crew of the _Windsor Castle_ made so -stout a resistance with their pikes that the French were obliged to -abandon the attempt with the loss of ten killed and wounded. The -privateer, finding she had a hard nut to crack, lost heart, and sought -to cut away the grapplings and get clear; but the packet's mainyard, -being locked in the schooner's rigging, held her fast. - -Captain Rogers evinced great judgment and zeal in ordering some of his -men to shift the sails as circumstances required, or to cut them away -in the event of the privateer succeeding in the conflict. - -At about 3 p.m. one of the packet's guns, a 1-pounder carronade, -loaded with double grape, canister and a hundred musket balls, was -brought to bear on the deck of the privateer, and was discharged at -the moment when a fresh boarding party was collected for a second -attempt. The result was a frightful slaughter, and as the French -reeled under this discharge, Captain Rogers, followed by the men of -his little crew, leaped upon the deck of the schooner, and -notwithstanding the apparently overwhelming odds against him, -succeeded in driving the privateer's men from their quarters, and -ultimately in capturing the vessel. - -Of the crew of the _Windsor Castle_ three had been killed and two -severely wounded; but of that of _Le Jeune Richard_ there were -twenty-one dead upon the deck, and thirty-three were wounded. - -From the very superior number of the privateer's crew still -remaining--thirty-eight men--whereas Captain Rogers had only fifteen -available, great precautions had to be taken in securing the prisoners. -They were accordingly ordered up from below, one by one, and each put in -irons. Any attempt at a rescue being thus effectually guarded against, -the packet proceeded, with her prize, to the port of her destination, -which fortunately for the former was not far distant. - -[Illustration: CAPTAIN W. ROGERS] - -This achievement reflected the highest honour upon every officer, man, -and boy that was on board the _Windsor Castle_, but especially on -Captain Rogers. Had he stayed to calculate the chances that were -against him, the probability is that the privateer would have -ultimately succeeded in capturing the packet, whose light carronades -could have offered very little resistance at the usual distance at -which vessels engage; and where any small crew, without such a _coup -de main_--indeed, without such a leader--could never have brought the -combat to a favourable issue. - -For his intrepid conduct Rogers received the thanks of H.M. -Postmaster-General; promotion to the rank of captain, with command of -another packet, 100 guineas besides his share of the prize (although -no prize allowance was usual); the freedom of the City of London; and -an illuminated address, with a sword of honour, from the inhabitants -of Tortola. - -In London, a gentleman named Dixon, unacquainted with Rogers, sought -and obtained his friendship, and then commissioned Samuel Drummond to -make a picture of the action, in which the hero's full-length portrait -should appear. Whilst the painting was in progress, one day Rogers ran -up against a man in the street so closely resembling the officer he -had shot, that he held him by the button and begged as a favour that -he would allow a distinguished artist to paint his portrait. The -gentleman was not a little surprised, but when Rogers informed him who -he was and why he desired to have him painted, he readily consented. -He was conducted to the studio, and there stood as portrait-model for -the French swordsman by whom Rogers had been so nearly cut down. When -completed, the painting was retained by Mr. Dixon, but it was engraved -in mezzotint by Ward. - -The painting in course of time passed to the first owner's grandson, -Mr. James Dixon, whose daughter at his decease in 1896 became -possessed of it, and presented it to the nation, and it is now in the -Painted Hall at Greenwich Hospital. - -Captain Rogers died at Holyhead January 11, 1825. His and his wife's -portraits were preserved by her relatives, and eventually given to the -only surviving daughter or her descendants. - -In Johns and Nicolas's _Calendar of Victory_, 1855, is an account of -this sea-fight; also in the _European Magazine_ of 1808, with a -portrait of the gallant captain. Also in James's _Naval History of -Great Britain_ (1820), Vol. IV. - -Rogers's own account, condensed, is to be found in a paper by Rev. W. -Jago, "The Heroes of the Old Falmouth Packet Service," in the _Journal -of the Royal Institution of Cornwall_, XIII, 1895-8. - - - - - JOHN BURTON, OF FALMOUTH - - -Joseph Burton, of Stockport, Lancashire, came, for what reason is -unknown, to Cornwall in 1830, and set up a china and glass shop at -Bodmin; and married at Launceston a Miss Clemo. - -Old Joseph was a sturdy Radical and Nonconformist. He was a vigorous -and loud supporter of the Ballot Society, the Liberation Society, and -the United Kingdom Alliance. He was also a vehement and "intemperate" -teetotaler. He died at Bodmin 19th July, 1876. John was one of a whole -string of children, and as the "cloam" shop did not bring in a large -profit, and John was one among many, he had to go into life very -inefficiently equipped with education. But he had inherited from his -father a masterful spirit, and had his own independent views, and it -was soon a case between them of flint and steel, and sparks flew out. - -John and his brother Joe were sent round the country hawking pots and -glass. - -"I well remember the 24th December, 1853," said John Burton. "Myself and -brother Joe (who afterwards became a well-known auctioneer) rose at five -o'clock in the morning, fed the horse, and made a start at 5.45 a.m. -with a wagon-load of goods. The morning was dark, and when we came to -Callywith turnpike gate it was closed. We knocked Henry Mark, the -toll-keeper, up to let us through. He looked out of the window and at -first refused to let us pass until daylight. We firmly told him that we -would certainly unhang the gate and pass through without paying the -toll. This fetched the old man down, with his long coat, knitted -night-cap, with horn lantern in his hand. He opened the gate and told -us, 'You Burtons ought to be poisoned for breaking a man's rest.' A lot -we cared for his curses. Fairly on the road, we were as happy as -sandboys. Having delivered the goods, and fairly on the way home, we -stopped at the Jamaica Inn, where the old mail-coaches used to change -their horses, to feed our horse, not forgetting ourselves. After giving -old Dapper his feed of oats, we went into the inn kitchen, where we -ordered a hot meal. The landlady asked, 'What would you like?' She -suggested a hot squab pie, which she took out of a huge kitchen range -well loaded with burning turf, the odour of which increased our appetite -considerably. We polished off the pie and pocketed the crust to eat on -the moors when homeward bound." - -The Jamaica Inn is in the midst of the Bodmin Moors. In the time of the -mail-coaches from London by Exeter to Falmouth it was a house of great -repute. But when the trains ran, and coaches were given up, it fell from -its high estate, was converted into a temperance house, was far from -clean, harboured innumerable fleas, and did little business. Of late it -has entirely recovered its credit. It stands nine hundred feet above the -sea. There are now there at Bolventor a church and a school. A bleak, -wind-swept moor all about it. Dozmare Pool, haunted by Tregeagle, is -near by--and in June the meadows around are a sheet of gold from the -buttercups. But to return to John Burton's reminiscences. - -"When the landlady came in and saw that we had finished the pie, she -looked with amazement towards us. - -"'Why, drat you boys, whativer have 'ee done with the pie?' - -[Illustration: JOHN BURTON OF FALMOUTH] - -"'Why, ate'n, missus. Do'y think us called the horse in to help us, or -what?' - -"'No,' she smartly replied, 'I should 'a thawt you had the Bodmunt -Murlicha (Militia) here to help 'ee out. I never seed such gluttons in -my life.' - -"When we asked what we had got to pay, she said, 'Sixpunce for the -crist, threepunce for the suitt, ninepunce for the gibblets, and -eightpunce for apples, onions, spice, currants and sugar, and -fourpunce for baking 'un; two dishes of tay, tuppunce; that'll be two -and eightpunce altogether, boys.' - -"'All right, missus, here's the posh.' - -"She asked us out of bravado if we could eat any more. We said, 'Yes, -we could do with some Christmas cake.' - -"She politely told us that she shouldn't cut the Christmas cake until -the next day. 'But you can have some zeedy biscays, if you like.' - -"'All right.' And in she brought them, which we also polished off. -Afterwards she demanded fourpence for them. - -"'All right, missus, the fourpunce charged for baking the pie will pay -for the biscuits, so us'll cry quits,' which joke the old woman -swallowed with a good laugh." - -John Burton proceeds to describe the Christmas merry-making at the inn -that night. Jamaica Inn had not then become a temperance hotel. The -moormen and farmers came in, the great fire glowed like a furnace. The -wind sobbed without, and piped in at the casement--"the souls on the -wind," as it was said, the spirits of unbaptized babes wailing at the -windowpane, seeing the fire within, and condemned to wander on the -cold blast without. - -To the red fire, and to the plentiful libations, songs were sung, -among others that very favourite ballad of the "Highwayman"-- - - I went to London both blythe and gay, - My time I squandered in dice and play, - Until my funds they fell full low, - And on the highway I was forced to go. - -Then after an account of how he robbed Lord Mansfield and Lady -Golding, of Portman Square-- - - I shut the door, bade all good night, - And rambled to my heart's delight. - -After a career of riot and robbery, the Highwayman at length falls -into the toils of Sir John Fielding, who was the first magistrate to -take sharp and decisive measures against these pests of society. Then -the ballad ends:-- - - When I am dead, borne to my grave, - A gallant funeral may I have; - Six highwaymen to carry me, - With good broadswords and sweet liberty. - - Six blooming maidens to bear my pall; - Give them white gloves and pink ribbons all; - And when I'm dead they'll say the truth, - I was a wild and a wicked youth. - -One of the local characters who was present on that Christmas Eve was -Billy Peppermint. As he was overcome with drink, the young Burtons -conveyed him from the Jamaica Inn about ten miles, and then turned him -out of their conveyance, and propped him up against the railings of a -house in Bodmin, as he was quite unable to sustain himself. - -That night the carol singers were making their round, and as they came -near they piped forth: "When shepherds watched their flocks by night, -all seated on the ground, an angel of the Lord appeared, and----" - -Whereon Billy roared forth-- - - When I am dead they'll say the truth, - I was a wild and a wicked youth, - -and rolled over and fell prostrate on the ground. - -In 1857 an event occurred which altered the direction of John Burton's -activities. - -He had been sent along with one of his father's hawkers named Paul -Mewton with a crate of china on his head to S. Columb. On their way they -called at Porth, and there Paul complained that he was not well, -whereupon a Mr. Stephens, with whom they were doing business, produced a -case of spirits and gave first Paul and then John Burton each a glass of -very strong grog. Paul could stand it, but not so John, and as he was -carrying his basket of "cloam" over a stile he lost his balance, and -away went the crate and all its contents, which were shivered to atoms. - -This was too much for Mr. Joseph Burton, a rigid teetotaler, and he -had words with his son on the immorality of touching fermented liquor, -and above all on the consequences of a loss of many shillings' worth -of china. - -The stile is still to be seen. On one side is inscribed, "Burton's -Stile, 1857"; on the other is a carving of a gin-bottle, a water-jug, -and a glass, with the legend beneath, "The Fall of Man." - -This was the beginning of a series of altercations between John and -his father, which led at last to John abandoning his parent, and in -1862 he set up in Falmouth on his own account with thirty shillings in -his pocket. As Burton was wont to say of the world into which he had -entered on his own account-- - - 'Tis a very good world for to live in, - To lend, or to spend, or to give in; - But to beg or to borrow, or get a man's own, - 'Tis the very worst world that ever was known. - -For some time he earned a living by hawking crockery about in -Falmouth. Then, some sailors coming into the harbour brought with them -some alligators. Burton spent his money on buying them, and then -started out in quest of various herbalists, and disposed of the -reptiles to them. A stuffed alligator hanging up in a shop was an -object imposing on the imagination of patients. - -In 1865 a number of Roman coins were found at Pennance Farm, in S. -Budock, and Burton bought these, and then became an antiquary. At this -time numerous vessels put in at Falmouth, and the sailors had brought -with them parrots, apes, and all sorts of curiosities from foreign -parts, and were prepared to sell them for very small sums. Burton bought -as far as his profits would allow, and thus he became a curiosity -dealer. He secured business premises in Market Street, and began to -store them with odds and ends of every description. He rambled about in -Cornwall, and his keen eye detected at once a bit of old china, a scrap -of carved oak, an odd signboard, a piece of Chippendale furniture, a -framed sampler, and he bought everywhere, and stocked his premises. As -his business grew he advertised extensively, and gradually but surely -built up an extensive business. In curiosities he became a very -Whiteley. Any one who desired anything peculiar could apply to John -Burton, and John Burton would supply it, if not a genuine antique, yet -"made to order," and indistinguishable from an antique. When there began -to be a run on Bristol lustre ware, he was ready with a stock, which -went off rapidly. He bought old muskets by the thousand, and sent them -abroad to arm savage nations in Africa and Asia. - -One day a Scotchman entered his shop and said to Burton, "I am -looking out for a man who can sell me three sixpences for a shilling." - -"Then I am the man for you," said Burton, and produced three defective -sixpences. - -"I'll have another shilling's worth," said the Scotchman. - -"Ah! then I cannot accommodate you; but I can do better--give you a -bad shilling for a good one." - -On one occasion the curator of the Edinburgh Museum wrote down to him -for the eleventh vertebra of the skeleton of a whale that he had, but -which was wanting. By return of post Burton sent him up what he needed. - -He had a marvellous memory--remembering all the multifarious items in -his shop, though they were continually changing. - -When the new Eddystone Lighthouse was erected, he wrote to Trinity -House and offered £500 for Smeaton's lighthouse that had been taken -down. This roused a storm of indignation in Plymouth, and ended in -that town securing it for £1600, to be erected on the Hoe. - -The town of Penryn possessed its old stocks, bearing date 1673. These -he bought for £2, and sold them to a Devizes antiquary for a large -sum. Then he purchased a haunted house--Trevethan Hall, in -Falmouth--but as the ghost could not be turned into money, he pulled -the house down and built on its site Mount Edgcumbe Terrace. - -During many years a stream of tourists, walking, bicycling, motoring, -has circulated round Cornwall, starting from Bideford, careering to the -Land's End, and returning by the south coast to Plymouth, and hardly a -tourist thought of visiting Falmouth without going to Burton's Curiosity -Shop and making a purchase there. Indeed, he and his shop were some of -the sights of Cornwall. He had by nature great ready wit, and a -bluntness of manner which he cultivated, and which gave poignancy to -dealings with him. But his bluntness, which was part of the -stock-in-trade, was not infrequently carried too far, and became -impertinence. He had a real love for his genuine curios, and parted with -them reluctantly; and this he allowed to be seen. In this he was wholly -unlike the ordinary dealer who presses his wares on the hesitating -purchaser. When the present King, then Prince of Wales, visited Falmouth -in 1887, the Prince having a cold sent Mr. Cavendish Bentinck to the -Curiosity Shop to request that Mr. Burton would send a collection of -what was most interesting in his shop for the Prince's inspection. Upon -this he addressed the following letter to the Prince:-- - - "RESPECTED ALBERT EDWARD.--I much regret to find you are - indisposed. If I were to fetch to Kerrisvean a Pickford's - wagon-load of samples it would be utterly impossible to convey the - remotest idea of my ponderous conglomeration of curios; but if I - could prevail upon Your Royal Highness to go through my shanty, I - would give you local wit and humour which would throw you into a - state of laughter, and there is every probability it would - counteract your cold.--Yours until we meet in the next hotel, - - "JOHN BURTON." - -This, which he doubtless thought very smart, was mere insolence. In -fact, he had not a large store of "local wit and humour," and mistook -rudeness for fun. But he was often encouraged in this. A lady once -entered his shop and said, "You've a rum lot of stuff here, old boy; -how much do you ask for that pair of vases?" - -"Six guineas." - -"I'll give you five, old fellow." - -"Then, old girl, they are yours. Where shall I send them, and to whom?" - -"To the Duchess of ----." - -"Oh! I beg Your Grace's pardon; I have been too familiar." - -"Not at all. You treated me as I have treated you." - -John Burton was an abstemious man, and believed that by moderate diet -and moderation in drinking he would--and any man would--live to the -age of a hundred. He had framed for himself a code of rules to ensure -a long life. - -1. Eight hours' sleep and that on your right side, and sleep with the -bedroom window open. Fresh air is essential. - -2. Do not have your bedstead against the wall, so that the air may -circulate about you freely. - -3. Take a glass of hot water on rising, and a bath at blood -temperature, and take exercise before breakfast. - -4. Eat little meat and see that it be well cooked, and be careful to -eat plenty of fat. - -5. Take plenty of daily exercise in the open air. - -6. Have no pet animals in your living-room. - -7. Avoid tea--the tannin turns meat to leather and spoils digestion, -but take little or no intoxicant. - -8. Keep guard against man's three enemies, the three D's--Damp, -Drains, and impure Drinking water. - -9. Change of occupation, and frequent, if short, holidays. - -10. Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables. - -11. Keep your temper, and keep a cheery mind. - -12. Limit your ambition to what you can do. - -But, notwithstanding these rules, John Burton did not live to a great -age. He died of a painful internal disease on May 28th, 1907. He had -eight children by his wife. One son, John, has a large earthenware -establishment in Falmouth; another--the image of his father in -face--carries on the "Old Curiosity Shop." - - - - - THE FATE OF SIR CLOUDESLEY - SHOVEL - - -The life of Sir Cloudesley Shovel, Knt. and Admiral, must be given in -few words, as his association with Cornwall was in his death and not -in his birth and life. - -He was born about the year 1650, of parents in Norfolk in a humble -condition of life, and he was made a cobbler's apprentice, but, -disliking this profession, ran away to sea. He was at first a -cabin-boy with Sir Christopher Mynns; but, applying himself to the -study of navigation with indefatigable industry, his skill as a seaman -soon raised him above that station. The corsairs of Tripoli had for -long committed great depredations on the English in the Mediterranean, -plundering and capturing merchant vessels and carrying off the crews -into slavery. Sir John Narborough was sent in 1674 to reduce them to -reason. As he had received orders to try the effects of negotiation -before he proceeded to hostilities, he sent Mr. Shovel, who was at -that time a lieutenant in his fleet, to demand satisfaction. The Dey -treated him with disrespect, and sent him back without an answer. Sir -John despatched him a second time, with orders to observe the position -of the piratical fleet in the harbour. The behaviour of the Dey was as -insolent as possible. Upon Mr. Shovel's return he informed Sir John -that it would be possible, notwithstanding the batteries commanding -the harbour, to cut out or burn the ships therein, and he volunteered -to command an expedition in boats for the purpose. His offer was -accepted, and he managed to burn in the harbour, under the castle and -walls of Tripoli, the guard-ship and four men-of-war belonging to the -pirates of that place, and to force the Dey to accept such conditions -of peace as Sir John Narborough was pleased to impose on him. - -Sir John Narborough gave so favourable an account of this exploit, that -Shovel was soon after made captain of the _Sapphire_, a fifth-rate ship. - -In the skirmish of Bantry Bay, 1689, he was engaged, and won such scanty -laurels as the unworthy Admiral Herbert allowed his fleet to deserve. -James II had his Court in Dublin. A French fleet, commanded by the Count -de Château-Renaud, had anchored in Bantry Bay, and had put on shore a -large quantity of military stores and money. Herbert, who had been sent -to those seas with an English squadron for the express purpose of -intercepting the communications between France and Ireland, sailed into -the bay with purpose of giving battle. But the wind was unfavourable, -and Herbert was without dash and energy, and was a traitor at heart. -After some trifling discharge of gunpowder, which caused no serious loss -of life on either side, he deemed it prudent to stand out to sea, and -allow the French fleet to retire unmolested. - -But according to Herbert's report, a great victory had been gained by -him, and the House of Commons, believing what he stated, absurdly -passed a vote of thanks to him. We may well conceive the rage of heart -and scorn of his admiral that consumed Shovel at the feeble attack and -cowardly retreat. At the time he was commander of the _Edgar_, and was -soon after knighted by King William. - -[Illustration: SIR CLOUDESLEY SHOVELL] - -Next year he was employed in transporting an army into Ireland, a -service which he performed with such diligence and dexterity that the -King raised him to the rank of Rear-Admiral of the Blue, and delivered -to him his commission with his own hands. Soon after he was made -Rear-Admiral of the Red, and shared in the glory of the victory of La -Hogue. In 1694 he bombarded Dunkirk. - -In 1702 he was sent with a squadron of about twenty men-of-war to join -the Grand Fleet, and bring home the galleons and other rich boats -taken by the Duke of Ormond and Sir George Rooke at Vigo. - -The next year he was promoted to a higher post, being appointed as -Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate Fleet in the Mediterranean, -consisting of thirty-five English and fourteen Dutch men-of-war. On -entering the Leghorn roads, the Governor refused to accord a royal -salute. Sir Cloudesley peremptorily ordered the salute to be given, or -to expect all the guns of the fleet to ask the question why it had not -been at once accorded. The threat sufficed. In this expedition Sir -Cloudesley sent two men-of-war to endeavour to supply the Camisards of -the Cevennes with money, arms, and ammunition, but failed to obtain -communication with them. - -Soon after the battle off Malaga he was presented by Prince George of -Denmark to Queen Anne; she received him graciously, and the next year -employed him as Commander-in-Chief. - -In the month of June, 1704, he had his share in the honour of taking -Gibraltar; and by his admirable conduct, bravery, and success in the -sea-fight that happened soon after, between the Confederate and French -fleets, obliged the enemy's van to bear away out of the reach of his -cannon, and the Count of Toulouse to follow the example of his van, -and escape out of danger. Although in this action Sir Cloudesley was -second in command, yet he won the principal credit for its success, -and some months after was appointed Rear-Admiral of England. - -In 1705 he commanded the fleet, together with the Earl of Portsmouth, -which was sent into the Mediterranean, and it was mainly owing to him -that Barcelona was taken. - -After an unsuccessful attempt upon Toulon he sailed for Gibraltar, and -from thence on Michaelmas Day homeward with a part of his fleet, -consisting of fifteen men-of-war, five of a lesser rank, and one -yacht. He was on the _Association_, Sir George Byng was commander on -the _Royal Arms_, Lord Dursley on the _S. George_. - -On the 22nd of October Sir Cloudesley Shovel being enveloped in fog, and -taking soundings in ninety fathoms, he brought to and lay by from noon -till six o'clock in the evening, when, as the wind freshened and blew -from the S.S.W., he made signal for sailing. The fleet steered E. by N. -and supposing that they had the Channel open some of the ships ran upon -the rocks of Scilly, before they were aware, about eight o'clock at -night, and at once made signals of distress. The _Association_, in which -was Sir Cloudesley Shovel, struck upon the rocks near the Bishop and his -Clerks, and went down with all hands on board. - -The same fate befell the _Eagle_ and the _Romney_. The _Firebrand_ was -likewise dashed upon the rocks and foundered; but the captain and -four-and-twenty of his men saved themselves in a boat. And Captain -Sansom, who commanded the _Phoenix_, being driven towards the shore, -was forced to abandon his ship to save his men. The _Royal Arms_ was -saved by great presence of mind in both Sir George Byng and his -officers and men, who in a minute, on perceiving the rocks not a -ship's length to leeward, as well as those on which Sir Cloudesley -Shovel was lost, set her topsails and sheered off. Nor had Lord -Dursley, commanding the _S. George_, a less fortunate escape; for his -ship was dashed upon the same reef as that on which the _Association_ -had been wrecked; but the same wave that beat out the lights of Sir -Cloudesley's vessel lifted the _S. George_ and floated it away. - -A story has remained deeply engraved in the minds of the men of Scilly -to the present day. It is to this effect:-- - -On the 22nd October, that same fatal day, a sailor, a native of Scilly, -ventured to approach the admiral and tell him that he was steering too -far to the northward, and that unless the course of the fleet was -changed they could not fail to run her upon the rocks. For this act of -insubordination Sir Cloudesley ordered the presumptuous adviser to be -hanged at the yard-arm of his ship, the _Association_; and the only -favour granted him, in mitigation of his punishment, was a compliance -with the poor fellow's request that, before execution of the sentence, -he should be allowed to read a portion of Scripture. The prayer granted, -he read the 109th Psalm in which occur the imprecations: "Let his days -be few; and let another take his office. Let his children be fatherless, -and his wife a widow.... Let his posterity be destroyed, and in the next -generation let his name be clean put out. Because his mind was not to do -good, but persecuted the poor, helpless man, that he might slay him that -was vexed at the heart." - -The report of this atrocious act could have been communicated by only -one man who was said to have escaped alive out of the crew of the -_Association_. Now happily we know that no man was saved out of that -vessel. The one man who was saved was George Laurence, quartermaster of -the _Romney_, a North-countryman from near Hull, and a butcher by trade. -Of him we learn something from the account of Mr. Edmund Herbert, Deputy -Paymaster-General of the Marine Regiments, who was in Scilly in 1709, -sent there with the object of trying to recover some of the property -lost in the wreck, which had taken place two years before. - -This fellow, says Herbert, was "a lusty fat man, but much battered -with the rocks. Most of the captains, lieutenants, doctors, etc., of -the squadron came on shore and asked him many questions in relation to -the wreck, but not one man took pity on him, either to dress or order -to be dressed his bruises, etc., whereof he had perished had not Mr. -Ekins, a gentleman of the island, charitably taken him in; and a -doctor of a merchant ship then in the road under convoy of Southampton -searched his wounds and applied proper remedies." - -Now it is obvious that this man could say nothing relative to what had -happened on the _Association_. But we arrive at the origin of the story -from what Herbert relates, and he alone. He says: "About one or two -after noon on the 23rd (22nd) October Sir Cloudesley called a council -and examined the masters what latitude they were in; all agreed to be in -that of Ushant, on the coast of France, except Sir W. Jumper's master of -the _Lenox_, who believed them to be nearer Scilly, and that in three -hours (they) should be up in sight thereof. But Sir Cloudesley listened -not to a single person whose opinion was contrary to the whole fleet. -(They then altered their opinion and thought themselves on the coast of -France, but a lad on board the ---- said the light they made was Scilly -light, though all the ship's crew swore at and gave him ill language for -it; howbeit he continued in his assertion, and that which they made (to -be) a sail and a ship's lanthorn proved to be a rock and the light afore -mentioned, which rock the lad called the Great Smith, of the truth of -which at daybreak they were all convinced.)" - -This is the small egg out of which so large a fable has hatched forth. -The boy was probably drowned, and his parents or relations on Scilly, -angry that his advice had not been taken and so the wreck avoided, -felt resentment against Sir Cloudesley on this account, and little by -little magnified the incident, and transmuted it from an error of -judgment into a crime. - -Beside Sir Cloudesley on board the _Association_ were Lady Shovell's -two sons by her first husband, Admiral Sir John Narborough. These were -Sir John Narborough, Bart., and his brother James; Edmund Loader, the -captain; also a nephew, the son of her first husband's sister; Henry -Trelawny, second son of the Bishop of Winchester; and several other -young gentlemen of good family. - -After that Sir Cloudesley had adopted the prevailing opinion that the -squadron was off Ushant; he detached the _Lenox_, _La Valeur_, and the -_Phoenix_ for Falmouth, with orders to take under convoy the merchant -vessels waiting there bound eastward. These ships, following a -north-easterly course, as had been determined on, soon found themselves -among the myriad rocks and islets that lie to the south-west of the -Scilly group, where the _Phoenix_ sustained so much damage that her -captain and crew only saved the ship and themselves by running her -ashore on the sands between Tresco and S. Martin's Islands. The _Lenox_ -and _La Valeur_ were fortunately able to beat through to Broad Sound, -an anchorage to the west of the principal islands, where they remained -till break of day on the ensuing morning. Then they discovered where -they were, and sailed for Falmouth, in the direction in which they now -knew that it lay, and arrived there on the 25th, bringing news of the -wreck of the _Phoenix_, but knowing nothing of the mishap to the vessels -of the squadron from which they had been detached. - -J. Addison, in a letter dated October 31st, 1707, wrote: "Yesterday we -had the news that the body of Sir Cloudesley Shovel was found on the -coast of Cornwall. The fishermen, who were searching among the rocks, -took a tin-box out of the pocket of one of the carcasses that was -floating, and found in it the commission of an Admiral, upon which, -examining the body more closely, they found it was poor Sir Cloudesley. -You may guess the conditions of his unhappy wife, who lost, in the same -ship with her husband, her two only sons by Sir John Narborough." - -In an article on Sir Cloudesley by Mr. S. R. Pattison, in the _Journal -of the R. Inst. of Cornwall_, October, 1864, he says: "On a recent -visit to the site of Sir Cloudesley's first burial place, on the inner -shore of Porthellic Cove, we were informed by our guides--fishermen -and pilots--that the body of the unfortunate Admiral when washed -ashore was on a grating, on which was also the dead body of his -faithful Newfoundland dog. They are said to have been found, early in -the morning after the wreck, by a woman named Thomas, then living at -Sallakey farm--a short distance from the Cove. Mrs. Thomas immediately -gave information and procured assistance from Sallakey, and the body -of the unfortunate hero was buried at the inmost part of the Cove, -near the junction of the shingle and the herbage, but within and at -right angles with the latter. And here it remains, conspicuous from no -inconsiderable distance, without a particle of verdure to obscure the -brilliancy of the white shingle which occupies its space, in marked -contrast with the dense herbage by which it is surrounded on three of -its sides. Our guides asserted that this strange appearance of the -grave is due to an imprecation uttered upon Sir Cloudesley a few hours -previous to the wreck, and (as they, with other Scillonians, -superstitiously believe) with more than human power of prophecy. The -islanders assert that ever since the body of a cruel tyrant, as they -deem the hero, rested in this grave, grass has never grown upon its -surface, and they are confident it never will grow there." - -"Sir Cloudesley Shovel's body being the next day after this misfortune -taken up by some country fellows, was stripped and buried in the sand. -But on inquiry made by the boats of the _Salisbury_ and _Antelope_, it -was discovered where he was hid; from whence being taken out, and the -earth wash'd off, he appeared as fresh as if alive, tho' he had lain -interr'd from the 23rd to the 26th, on which day he was brought on board -the _Salisbury_, embowell'd, and the 28th of that month brought into -Plymouth, from whence he was afterwards carried to London. This was the -fatal end of one of the greatest sea-commanders of our age, or, indeed, -that ever this island produced. Of undaunted courage and resolution, of -wonderful presence of mind in the hottest engagements, and of consummate -skill and experience. But more than all this, he was a just, frank, -generous, honest, good man. He was the artificer of his own fortune, and -by his personal merit alone, from the lowest, rais'd himself almost to -the highest station in the navy of Great Britain."[37] - -But we have a much more detailed and accurate account of the finding -of the body in the narrative of Mr. Edmund Herbert: I do not give the -contractions as in the original. "Sir Cloudesley Shovell [was] cast -away October 23rd [actually on the evening of the 22nd], being -Wednesday, between six and seven at night, off Guilstone, [and] was -found on shoar [at Porthellick Cove] in S. Marie's Island, stript of -his shirt, which by confession was known to have been done by two -women, which shirt had his name at the gusset at his waist; where by -order of Mr. Harry Pennick, [it] was buried four yards off the sands; -which place I myself viewed, and as [I] was by his grave, came the -said woman that first saw him after he was stript. His ring was also -lost from off his hand, which last, however, left the impression on -his finger, as also of a second. The Lady Shovell offered a -considerable reward to any one [who] should recover it for her, and in -order thereto wrote Captain Benedick Dennis, Governor and -Commander-in-Chief of the Islands of Scilly, giving him a particular -description thereof, who used his utmost diligence, both by fair and -foul means, though could not hear of it. Sir Cloudesley had on him a -pair of thread stockings and a thread waistcoat. Mr. Child [Paxton] of -the _Arundell_ caused him to be taken up, and knew him to be Sir -Cloudesley by a certain black mole under his left ear, as also by the -first joint of one of his forefingers being broken inwards formerly by -playing at tables; the said joint of his finger was also small and -taper, as well as standing somewhat inwards; he had likewise a shot in -his right arm, another in his left thigh. Moreover, he was well -satisfied that it was he, for he was as fresh when his face was washed -as if only asleep; his nose likewise bled as though alive.... Many -that saw him said his head was the largest that ever they had seen, -and not at all swelled with the water, neither had he any bruise or -scar about him, save only a small scratch above one of his eyes like -that of a pin. He was a very lusty, comely man, and very fat." - -Nearly 1800 lives were lost in this disastrous shipwreck. The -_Association_, the _Eagle_, and the _Romney_ were totally lost with -every soul on board save the one we have already heard of. The -_Firebrand_ had struck and foundered, but her captain and seventeen -men were saved in a boat, and two more of her crew got on shore on -pieces of the wreck. - -Sir Cloudesley's was the first body that came on shore, and there was a -woman who at once stripped it and robbed it of its rings. One of these -was a fine emerald set with diamonds, which is said to have been given -to the Admiral by his intimate friend and comrade, James Lord Dursley, -who so nearly shared his fate in the _S. George_. Although strict -inquiries were made for this ring, no tidings could be heard of it. Lady -Shovel then granted a pension for life to the woman and her husband who -had found the body. Many years after a terrible confession was made by a -dying woman to a clergyman of S. Mary's Island. She said that the -Admiral had been cast ashore exhausted and faint, but still living, and -that she had squeezed the life out of him for the sake of his clothes -and his rings. She produced the long-missing emerald hoop, and gave it -to the clergyman, saying that she had been afraid to sell it lest it -should lead to a discovery of her guilt, and she added that she could -not die in peace until she had made this full confession. This -disclosure was made between the years 1732 and 1736, after the death of -Lady Shovel. The ring was sent to Lord Dursley, who became Earl of -Berkeley in 1701, and from him it descended to his grandson, Sir George -Cranfield Berkeley, and in the possession of one of his descendants it -still remains, but has unfortunately been converted into a locket.[38] - -The _History of the Reign of Queen Anne_, 1708, says that on "December -23rd was performed the interment of Sir Cloudesley Shovell, whose body, -after having lain in state for many days, at the Queen's expense, was -conveyed from his late dwelling-house in Soho Square, to the Abbey of -Westminster, where it was buried with all pomp and magnificence suitable -to her Majesty's high regard to the remains of so brave and faithful a -commander. There were at the ceremony the Queen's trumpets, -kettle-drums, and household drums, with other music; the Queen's and the -Prince's watermen in their liveries, most of the nobility's coaches with -six horses, and flag-officers that were in town, and the Prince's -Council, the Heralds-at-Arms, and the Knights' Marshal men." - -Sir Cloudesley, by his wife, the widow of Sir John Narborough, left -two daughters, of whom the elder, Elizabeth, married first, 1708, Sir -Robert Marsham, Bart., who was created Baron Romney in 1716; and, -secondly, Lord Carmichael, afterwards Earl of Hyndford. The second -daughter, Anne, married in 1718 the Hon. Robert Mansel; and, secondly, -John Blackwood, Esq., by whom she had Shovell Blackwood, of Pitreavie, -Fife, N.B., and of Crayford, Kent, and a daughter. - -Elizabeth, who married Sir Robert Marsham, had issue Robert, second -Baron Romney, and the Hon. Elizabeth Marsham, who married Sir Jacob -Bouverie, third Baronet, created Viscount Folkestone in 1747, as his -second wife, and by him had the Hon. Philip Bouverie, who assumed the -name of Pusey, and so became the ancestress of Dr. Pusey. - -Among those lost as well as Sir Cloudesley Shovel was, as already -stated, Henry, son of Sir Jonathan Trelawny, Bart., Bishop of -Winchester. - -A letter from John Ben, of S. Hilary, dated November 16th, 1707, -describing the finding of his body, has been printed in the second -volume of the Penzance Natural History Society. I give it in modern -spelling. - -It was addressed to the father of the young man who perished. - - - "MY LORD, - - "Your Lordship's commands having been signified to my brother at - Scilly, he immediately made the strictest inquiry that was possible, - all the bodies that had been thrown ashore and buried, and being - told of one buried at Agnes about Mr. Trelawny's age, was resolved - to have him taken up in order to view him, whether it was he or no. - He had seen the young gentleman at Torbay, but not willing to depend - on his own judgment, desired the Captain of the _Phoenix_ fire-ship - that was stranded there, who knew Mr. Trelawny intimately well all - the voyage, to go with him. As soon as they had the body up, they - found it actually to be the same, though somewhat altered, having - been buried eleven days, and in the water four; however, the captain - presently knew him, and my brother took care to have the body - brought over to S. Mary's, and interred it in the chancel of the - church there the 8th instant, with all the marks of respect and - honour the island could show on such an occasion, some captains and - the best of the inhabitants being present at the funeral. My brother - took of his hair, being cut and that so close that the left lock was - not left to send over, and there is no room to doubt but 'twas the - body of poor Mr. Henry Trelawny. It has not been his good luck as - yet to meet with anything belonging to him, but whatever of the - nature happens to come to his hand or knowledge your lordship will - be sure to have a faithful account of it. They can say nothing in - particular touching Sir Cloudesley's loss, only the man saved out of - the _Romney_ tells that Sir Cloud was to the windward of all the - ships, and fired three guns when he struck, and immediately went - down, as the _Romney_ a little after did. Upon hearing the guns, the - rest of the fleet that were directly bearing on the same rocks - changed their course, and stood more to the southward, or else, in - all probability, they had run the same fate, which is never enough - to be admired; and 'twas possible men of so much experience could be - mistaken in their reckoning, after they had the advantage of a great - deal of fair weather beforehand, and no bad weather when they were - lost. There is a great quantity of timber all round the islands and - abundance of sails and rigging just about the place where the ships - sunk, and a mast, one end a little above water, which makes them - conclude an entire ship to be foundered there, because all the force - they can procure is not able to move the mast. The _Eagle_ most - certainly is lost too, and I wish no other of the squadron may be - wanting; besides those, though I am heartily sorry for the loss poor - England has sustained of so many men and in a most particular manner - for the share your lordship has." - -In a postscript Mr. Ben adds:-- - -"The _Hound_ came from Scilly yesterday, and was very near being -taken, having three privateers behind and two before her, but she -escaped by creeping along the shore, where they would not adventure." - - * * * * * - -The authorities for the loss of the _Association_ and the finding of -the body of Sir Cloudesley are many:-- - -_The Shipwreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovell_, by Jas. Herbert Cooke, -F.S.A., Gloucester, 1883, with portrait and map; _The History of the -Reign of Queen Anne_, 1708; _Secret Memoirs of the Life of Sir -Cloudesley Shovell_, London, 1708; _The Life and Glorious Actions of Sir -Cloudesley Shovell, Knt._, London, 1709; "Sir Cloudesley Shovell," by S. -R. Pattison, in the _Journal of the Royal Institute of Cornwall_, 1864; -"Sir Cloudesley Shovel," by T. Quiller-Couch, _ibid._, 1866. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[37] _The History of the Reign of Queen Anne_, 1708, p. 242. - -[38] Cooke (J. H.), _The Shipwreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovell_, -Gloucester, 1883. For the account of the confession of the woman he -refers to an original letter of the second Lord Romney to Captain -Locker, now in the possession of the Earl of Romney. - - - - - FRANCIS TREGIAN - - -The Tregion or Tregian family was one of great antiquity and large -landed estates in Cornwall. Indeed, in the reign of Elizabeth it was -estimated that the landed property brought in £3000 per annum, which -represents a very much larger sum now. Their principal seat was -Wolvedon, or Golden, in the parish of Probus, and this, when Leland -wrote in the reign of Henry VIII, was in process of being built with -great magnificence. But bad days were in store for some of the Cornish -families that would not accept the changes in religion. - -Carew, in his _Survey of Cornwall_, 1602, speaking of Tregarrick, then -the residence of Mr. Buller, the sheriff, says: "It was sometime the -Wideslade's inheritance, until the father's rebellion forfeited it," -and the "son then led a walking life with his harp to gentlemen's -houses, where-through, and by his other active qualities, he was -entitled Sir Tristram; neither wanted he (as some say) a _belle -Isounde_, the more aptly to resemble his pattern." - -The rebellion referred to was the rising in the West against the -religious innovations, that was put down so ruthlessly. - -During the first years of Elizabeth there had been no persecution of -the Papists. Such as would not conform to the Church of England as -reformed were allowed to have priests to say Mass in their own private -chapels. But after Pius V, on April 27th, 1570, had issued a Bull of -excommunication against the Queen, depriving her of her title to the -crown, and absolving her subjects from their oaths of allegiance; and -when it became evident that insurrections were being provoked by -secret agents from Rome in all directions, Elizabeth's patience was at -an end, and stringent laws were passed against those who should enter -England as missionary priests armed with this Bull and with -dispensations, as also against all such as should harbour them. - -On S. Bartholomew's Day, August 24th, 1572, had taken place a massacre -of the Huguenots in Paris and throughout France, and this had been -cordially approved by Pope Gregory XIII, who had had a medal struck to -commemorate what he considered a meritorious deed. There could exist -no doubt that the Papal emissaries in England were encouraged to -assassinate the Queen, though evidence to that effect was not obtained -till later. - -On June 8th, 1577, Sir Richard Grenville of Stow, sheriff of Cornwall, -accompanied by some of his justices of peace, arrived at Wolvedon to -search the house for Cuthbert Mayne, a priest who had arrived in -England, and who, it was supposed, was harboured by Mr. Francis Tregian. - -A hasty and superficial investigation was made, and no seminary priest -could be found. Then Mr. Tregian invited the whole party in to dine -with him, and when they had been well regaled, and were somewhat -flushed with wine, Tregian foolishly joked with the sheriff for -hunting and finding nothing. Sir Richard started up and vowed he would -make a further inquest, and that more thorough, and, finally, -concealed in a hole under a turret, Cuthbert Mayne was discovered, -drawn forth, and with him Tregian, for having harboured him, was sent -to Launceston gaol, there to await trial. - -"In the gaol aforesaid, he was laid in a most loathsome and lousy -dungeon, laden with irons, deprived of the use of writing, and -bereaved of the comfort of reading, neither permitted that any man -might talk with him touching any matter whatsoever, but by special -licence and in presence of the keeper." - -The assizes were held at Launceston on the 16th September, 1577, when -indictments were made against Cuthbert Mayne; Francis Tregian, Esq.; -Richard Tremaine, gentleman, of Tregonnan; John Kempe, gentleman, of -Rosteague; Richard Hore, gentleman, of Trenoweth, and others. Cuthbert -Mayne for high treason: the others fell under the Statute of -Præmunire, and later and more specific acts. - -The Statute of Præmunire was but one of several that had been enacted -from the time of Edward III, against papal interference with the -affairs of England. The Statute of Præmunire was passed in 1393. -"Whoever procures at Rome or elsewhere, any translations, processes, -excommunications, bulls, instruments, or other things which touch the -King, against him, his crown, and realms, and all persons aiding and -assisting therein, shall be put out of the King's protection, their -lands and goods forfeited to the King's use, and they shall be -attached by their bodies to answer to the King and his Counsel: or -process of _præmunire facias_ shall be made out against them, as in -any other case of prisoners." - -The Bull that had been found in the possession of Cuthbert Mayne was one -from Pope Gregory XIII granting plenary absolution from all their sins -to English Papists, as they were unable to attend the Pope's jubilee at -Rome, on condition that they should recite the Rosary fifteen times. - -The Bull might very well have been treated with the contempt it -merited, but the fact of the possession of such a document by Cuthbert -Mayne was enough to procure his condemnation, as it was against the laws -of England, and had been so for over one hundred and eighty years. - -The other gentlemen were liable either as having received Cuthbert -Mayne into their houses, or as having heard him say Mass, and as -absenting themselves from their parish church. - -Here came in the sharpened provisions enacted under Henry VIII and -Elizabeth. - -As Judge Marwood said at the trial: "We have not to do with your -papistical use in absolving of sins. You may keep it to yourselves, -and although the date of the Bull was expired and out of force, as you -have alleged, so was it always out of force with us, for we never did, -or never do account any such thing to be of force or worth a straw, -and yet the same is by law of this realm treason, and therefore thou -hast deserved to die." - -The main indictment ran as follows:-- - -"Thou Cuthbert Maine art accused for that thou, the 1st October, in -the eighteenth year of our Sovereign lady the Queen that now is, did -traitorously obtain from the See of Rome a certain instrument printed, -containing a pretended matter of absolution of divers subjects of the -realm. The tenour of the which instrument doth follow in these words: -_Gregorius Episcopus_, _servus servorum Dei_, etc., contrary to the -form of a certain statute in the thirteenth year of our Sovereign lady -the Queen, lately made and published, and contrary to her peace, -crown, and dignity. And that you," meaning the rest, "after the said -instrument obtained as aforesaid, and knowing the said Cuthbert Maine -to have obtained the same from the Apostolic See, the 30th day of -April, in the nineteenth of our said Sovereign the Queen's reign, at -Golden aforesaid, did aid, maintain, and comfort the said Cuthbert -Maine, of purpose and intent to extol and set forth the usurped power -and authority of a foreign Prelate, that is to say, the Bishop of -Rome, teaching and concerning the execution of the premises, contrary -to the said statute and published as aforesaid, and contrary to the -place of our Sovereign lady the Queen, her crown and dignity." - -There were other indictments, as that Cuthbert Mayne and these laymen -had refused to attend service in the parish church, and that the -priest had brought over a number of "vain things," such as an _Agnus -Dei_ in silver or stone, which had been blessed by the Pope and had -been accepted by the laymen. - -They all pleaded "Not guilty," but the evidence against them sufficed -for the jury to find that they were guilty, whereupon Cuthbert Mayne -was condemned to death, and the rest to forfeit all their lands and -property and to be imprisoned. - -"Whereupon there was a warrant sent unto the Sheriff of Cornwall for -the execution of Cuthbert Maine. The day assigned for the same purpose -was dedicated unto S. Andrew; but on the eve before, all the Justices -of that County, with many preachers of the pretended reformed -religion, being gathered together at Launceston, Cuthbert Maine was -brought before them, his legs being not only laden with mighty irons, -but his hands also fast fettered together (in which miserable case he -had also remained many days before), when he maintained disputation -with them concerning the controversy in religion all this day in -question, from eight of the clock in the morning until it was almost -dark night, continually standing, no doubt in great pain in that -pitiful plight, on his feet." - -How that could be a great crime to distribute some trumpery toys of -crystal, and silver medals marked with the _Agnus Dei_, one fails to -see, but it is possible that they may have been regarded as badges, -pledging those who received them to combine in a rebellion against the -State, and perhaps also to unite in an assassination plot. That there -was such a plot appeared afterwards from the confession of Father -Tyrrell. At this time it was suspected, but not proved. That harsh and -cruel treatment was dealt out to these men, we cannot doubt, but, as Mr. -Froude remarks, "were a Brahmin to be found in the quarters of a Sepoy -regiment scattering incendiary addresses, he would be hanged also." - -There were in all seven indictments. - -At first Francis Tregian had not been committed to gaol, but he was so -shortly after, was brought to trial, and was sentenced to the spoiling -of his goods and to a lifelong imprisonment. - -Barbarous as these persecutions and sentences seem to us to-day, there -was some justification for the Queen and Council at the time, -surrounded as they were with dangers. - -The Papal Bull of excommunication had encouraged the supporters of Mary, -Queen of Scots, and plots were made on her behalf which were a constant -source of alarm to Elizabeth. One of these plots was managed by an -Italian named Ridolfi; the Duke of Norfolk had a share in it, and was -executed in consequence in 1572. The great fear was lest France or Spain -should take advantage of the situation to invade England, while Mary's -friends raised insurrections at home. Mary's friends were active in all -parts. Numbers of young Popish priests, trained to hostility towards -Elizabeth, were pouring into the country, and conspiracies against her -life were numerous, explaining, though in no degree justifying the -stringent laws against seminary priests and recusants. - -To return to Cuthbert Mayne. - -"Wherefore, according to the judgment he had received, the next day he -was uneasily laid on a hurdle, and so drawn, receiving some knocks on -his face and his fingers with a girdle, unto the market-place of the -said town, where of purpose there was a very high gibbet erected, and -all things else, both fire and knives, set to the show and ready -prepared. - -"At which place of execution, when he came, he was first forced to -mount the ladder backward, and after permitted to use very few words. -Notwithstanding he briefly opened the cause of his condemnation, and -protested, that his master (Mr. Tregian) was never privy with his -having of these things whereupon he was condemned--the Jubilee and the -_Agnus Dei_; then one of the justices, interrupting his talk, -commanded the hangman to put the rope about his neck, and then, quoth -he, let him preach afterward. Which done, another commanded the ladder -to be overturned, so as he had not the leisure to recite _In manus -tuas Domine_ to the end. With speed he was cut down, and with the fall -had almost ended his life, for the gibbet being very high, and he -being yet in the swing when the rope was cut, he fell in such sort, as -his head encountered the scaffold which was there prepared of purpose -to divide the quarters, as the one side of his face was sorely -bruised, and one of his eyes far driven out of his head. - -"After he was cut down, the hangman first spoiled him of his clothes, -and then in butcherly manner, opening his belly, he rent up his -bowels, and after tore out his heart, which he held up aloft in his -hand, showing it unto the people. Lastly, his head was cut off, and -his body divided into four quarters, which afterwards were dispersed -and set up on the Castle of Launceston; one quarter sent unto Bodmin; -another to Barnstaple; the third to Tregony, not a mile distant from -Mr. Tregian's house; the fourth to Wadebridge." - -Not only was Francis Tregian adjudged to forfeit his goods, but he was -also prosecuted by a goldsmith, who claimed a debt of £70. - -Accordingly he was sent up to London to the King's Bench prison, -"strongly guarded by a ruffianly sort of bloody blue-coats, with bows, -bills, and guns"; and the arms of Tregian were pinioned behind his -back with cords. With him were associated the other Papists; and they -met with insult and harsh treatment all the way to London. There he -was again tried and cast into prison. - -We are gravely informed that before these calamities befell Francis -Tregian, a premonition of coming woes had been given to his wife. - -"Mr. Tregian, her husband, not many days after they were first married, -enforced for ten months to follow the Lords of the Council, his wife -always in the mean season lying with a very virtuous maid, a sister of -her husband's, it chanced that one night looking for fleas, as the -manner of women is, she espied in her smock sundry spots, the which she -perceived to carry the shape of sundry crosses. Whereat she, much -marvelling, besought her sister to behold the same; whereupon, when both -had long looked and wondered, at length endeavouring to number them, -they found contained in the same smock no less than one hundred and -twenty-five crosses, and after, upon more curious search, they likewise -found sundry other, both on her pillow and in her sheets." - -This omen of coming evil was now verified, but not by flea-bites. -Francis Tregian remained in prison cruelly treated, and when he -attempted to make his escape, manacled and fettered in a loathsome -dungeon. From his cell he wrote in verse to his wife, but did not -display much brilliancy of poetic art. - - My wont is not to write in verse, - You know, good wife, I wis. - Wherefore you well may bear with me, - Though now I write amiss; - For lack of ink the candle coal, - For pen a pin I use, - The which also I may allege - In part of my excuse. - For said it is of many men - And such as are no fools, - A workman is but little worth - If he do want his tools; - Though tools I have wherewith in sort - My mind I may disclose, - They are, in truth, more fit to paint - A nettle than a rose. - -And so on, never rising to a higher level. - -But his wife was allowed to visit him, and indeed reside with him in -prison. "And although through the rigour of authority they have been -often separated, sometimes two months, sometimes seven, sometimes -more, she hath borne him, notwithstanding, eleven children since he -was first imprisoned. Some are dead, but the most part are alive." - -Francis Tregian was first committed to prison in the twenty-eighth -year of his age, and in the year 1595, when he had been about sixteen -years in prison, some notes were drawn up concerning him, from which -some quotations may be made. - -In all the sixteen years' space he had never been permitted to enjoy -the benefit of the open air otherwise than when being removed from one -prison to another. He was first imprisoned at Launceston, then was -removed to Windsor Castle; thence removed to the Marshalsea, and then -again carried back to Launceston Castle. Then he was conveyed to the -King's Bench prison, and lastly to the Fleet. - -For seven or eight years together he enjoyed good health; "but in the -end, through cares, studies, filthy diet, most stinking air, and want -of exercise, he became very sickly, and so continued by the space of -six or seven years; notwithstanding at this present the state of his -body is much mended, and is like to recover his perfect health." - -His mother was the eldest sister of Sir John Arundell, Knight, of -Lanherne. His great-grandmother was one of the daughters of Thomas -Grey, Marquis of Dorchester, half-brother to Queen Elizabeth, the wife -of King Henry VII, and daughter of Edward IV. He married the eldest -sister of Lord Stourton. His wife's mother was eldest sister of the -Earl of Derby. Francis Tregian remained in prison eighteen years, and -was finally released by order of Queen Elizabeth in or about 1597, -after which he lived in London on the bounty of his friends. - -His son, Francis, managed to repossess himself, by the assistance of -some of his friends and relatives, by purchase of some portion of the -ancestral property, but in January, 1608, owing to the hostility -provoked by the Gunpowder Plot against the Papists, the family was -again plundered of the estates, and when the Heralds' Visitation of -Cornwall was taken in 1620, the family had disappeared from the list -of the landed and heraldic gentry. - -Francis Tregian, the elder, at last retired to Lisbon, where he died -on the 25th September, 1608. He was allowed by the King of Portugal -sixty crowns a month. On his tombstone it was stated, falsely, that -he had endured twenty-eight years of imprisonment in England. As a -specimen of the malignant lies that were spread abroad relative to -Queen Elizabeth, is this--given in a life of Francis Tregian by -Francis Plunket, son of one of his daughters:-- - -"Aulam Elizabethæ adit ... Regina per pedissequam illum invitat ad -cubiculum, intempesta nocte; recusantem adit, lectoque assistens ad -impudica provocat; rennentem increpat. Castitati suæ cusam gerens ex -Aula se proripuit, insalutata Regina; quæ idcirco furit, et in -carcerem detrudi jubet." - -Such words fill one with disgust and indignation against the pack from -Rheims and Rome, who, unable to reach the Queen with their daggers, -bespattered her with foul words. - -The _Life of Francis Tregian_ was published in Portuguese, at Lisbon, -by Francis Plunket, in 1655. The narrative of his imprisonment, -written in 1593, is published _in extenso_ by J. Morris, _The Troubles -of our Catholic Forefathers_, 1st series, London, 1872, from the -original MS. in S. Mary's College, Oscott. - -A summary is in C. S. Gilbert's _Historical Survey of Cornwall_, 1817. - - - - - ANN GLANVILLE - - -Saltash was formerly a very much more important place than it is -to-day. Now the tubular bridge of Brunel connects Cornwall and Devon, -and railway trains slip along it, making communication with Plymouth -from Cornwall easy and speedy. It was not so in former times. Then -travellers from the West on their way to Plymouth or to London, if -they did not go by coach by the great highway from Falmouth, by Bodmin -and Launceston, were brought up by the strip of blue water that formed -the estuary of the Tamar and Tavy, called the Hamoaze, and there, -after halting at Saltash they were forced to cross in the ferry or by -boat. Saltash signifies the Saltwater--ash = _usk_, and Hamoaze is the -Border water, oaze = _usk_ as well. - -The Saltash boatmen plied a good trade, conveying over the passengers -from Cornwall to Devon. Moreover, houses were cheap at Saltash, and -old salts lived there, where they could smell the sea air, and every -now and then crossed into Plymouth to do their shopping. From time -immemorial there had been boat-races in the Hamoaze, and the women of -Saltash were not behind the men at plying the oar. - -Mr. Whitfeld in his _Three Towns' History_ says:-- - -"The Saltash festival was by no means wholly intended for the -encouragement of the males, for the 'ladies' feathered their oars with -such dexterity that few of the opposite sex would enter the lists -against them. Before the races for these damsels of uncertain age -were started, blue favours were tied round their white caps by members -of the committee. The fair rowers were attired in short white bedgowns -and blue cap-guards, and their gigs shot around the course of five -miles 'like so many birds.' From a sporting point of view the feature -of the first regatta was a life or death competition between Jacky -Gould and the Glanvilles. If Jacky's boat, _Miller's Daughter_, was -the crack, _Alarm_ was scarcely inferior, and _Paul Pry_ was a -first-class craft. Crash! went the starting-gun, and the competitors -dashed away with a flood tide and a breeze from the northward. When -they left on their ten-mile course one vast shout went up, the boats -flew as instinct with life, every nerve on the stretch. The first five -miles were covered in thirty minutes, and as the boats turned the -committee vessel there were deafening shouts of 'Bravo, Jacky.' 'Well -done, Glanville!' Then these hearts-of-oak flashed on their second -round, and excitement intensified as the telescope reported progress. -When the boats reappeared the suspense broke into a feverish roar, and -calls to the rivals were tossed like corks on a sea of voices. Swiftly -they drew near, the boats in a line, the interest increased to painful -intensity as the race was neck-and-neck. The judge stood by, red-hot -poker in hand, and as the bow of the _Alarm_, pulled by the -Glanvilles, first touched the hawsers of the committee vessel, Bang! -went the signal gun; 'See the Conquering Hero' burst from the band, -and hundreds clustered round to congratulate the victors, and condole -with Jacky Gould, who was only five seconds behind, though the boat -was two feet shorter, and one of his crew had broken an oar." - -The Glanvilles were amphibious--or rather lived almost wholly on the -water during the day, only returning to the land for sleep at night. - -[Illustration: ANN GLANVILLE] - -The name is old. The first Glanvilles of whom we know anything -authentic were located at Whitchurch, near Tavistock, where they were -tanners, but a Judge Glanville raised the family to a higher position, -in the reign of Elizabeth. Some, however, remained in a modest -position, as did these boatmen of Saltash, and as did a huntsman to -the late Mr. Kelly, of Kelly. - -There occurred a terrible tragedy in the family, when Eulalia -Glanville, niece of the Judge, murdered her husband, old John Page, a -merchant of Plymouth, and was burnt alive for the crime, as one of -petty treason, at Barnstaple, in 1591. - -In 1824 at the regatta was offered a prize of £8 for a four-oared race -for women, but no Glanville was in that. Ten years later, in 1834, at -the regatta £20 was offered for boats sculled by women, and in this -pulled a Mary Glanville. But the queen of women scullers of the -Glanville stock was Ann, and she only entered it by marriage, by birth -a Warring.[39] Mr. P. E. B. Porter, in his _Around and About Saltash_, -1905, thus describes her:-- - -"Ann Glanville was undoubtedly a remarkable woman for many reasons. -Only such a place as Saltash, in such a naval port as this, could have -produced a character like it. Only such a country as England could -have produced such a woman. She was a genuine representative of -Saltash in its great nautical days, when it was alive with business. -The British tar was to her the ideal of a man and the very highest -type of a hero. Into whatever trouble Jack got when ashore, however he -might have been forsaken by all else in his reckless frivolity, he -never wanted for a backer if Ann Glanville was near. And there was not -a ship in the navy, in those days, that had not some story to tell of -Ann's life and energy, and in which her name was not cherished as only -a British sailor can cherish the memory of a friend. In a perfectly -true sense, Ann Glanville was a mother to the British tar -indiscriminately; she was known as Mother, and called Mother, by all." - -Ann was born at Saltash in 1796, and was the daughter of a man named -Warring or Werring. She married a man several years her junior in years, -and by him became the mother of fourteen children. He was a waterman, -she a waterwoman, and their children, every boy and girl, water-babies. - -He had his boat, and when he was otherwise engaged--nursing the -children, for instance, or merry-making in the tavern--she rowed -across to Devonport. - -Not passengers only, but goods were conveyed to and from Plymouth by the -boats. Corn, crockery, drapery, everything except live cattle went in -them. These latter by the ferry. Sometimes she rowed out officers to -their ships, sometimes conveyed play-actors over from Plymouth into -Cornwall, and on the great event of the elections at Saltash, -candidates, electors, pot-boilers, political orators. Meat and -vegetables went over in these boats to Plymouth market: a gentleman -remembers Ann bringing round as many as seventy or eighty bags of corn -in her boat from South Pool, pulling the great cargo alone, conveying it -from Sutton Pool to Butt's Head Mill, a point two miles above Saltash. - -Ann's husband fell ill and was long confined to bed, and the house and -then the whole burden of supporting the family fell to her. But she -had strong arms and a stouter heart, and managed not only to keep the -wolf from the door, but the doctor as well. - -"Have you got a doctor here, or have you to send over to Plymouth for -one?" she was asked. - -"Well, I believe there may be one here, but, thank God, here us most -commonly dies a natural death." - -Ann's fame as a rower at regattas spread throughout England. Some sixty -or seventy years ago the crew of Saltash women was one of the most -important features, not only in the Hamoaze, but all over the county -wherever aquatic sports were given. She always rowed stroke. It was very -rarely that Ann and her crew were beaten in a match--never by other -women. The strength and endurance of these women, and their daring in -accepting challenges and in the contests on the water, attracted -universal attention. They competed for prizes at Hull, Liverpool, -Portsmouth, Dartmouth, etc., and it must not be supposed that a male -crew yielded the palm to them out of masculine courtesy, for the men did -not at all relish being beaten by a "parcel o' females," as they were -sure to have the fact thrown in their teeth afterwards. - -Mrs. Harriet Screech, a daughter of Ann Glanville, rowed along with her -mother in some of these contests, pulling the bow-oar, the least arduous -post, assigned to her as the youngest of the crew. When engaged in a -match at Fleetwood before the Queen, they gave the men so sound a -beating that Her Majesty requested to have Ann presented to her. - -But the most famous event of her life took place in 1850, when Captain -Russell, of H.M.S. _Brunswick_, suggested to her that she and her crew -should go over to Havre to the regatta there and challenge the Johnny -Crapauds. She was quite prepared, and started under the escort of -Captain Russell. - -When the Frenchmen heard of the challenge from _les Anglaises de -Saltashe_, they shrugged their shoulders, and hardly regarded it as -serious. And when the strong, muscular women appeared in their -white-frilled caps prinked out with blue ribbon, their short -petticoats, white dresses, with a blue neckerchief tied over the -shoulders and crossed behind the back, they looked puzzled. - -Mr. Porter says: "The challenge of the English captain created a stir -not only in Havre, but for miles around the French coast, and for many -leagues inland too. In England great interest was felt in the -forthcoming match, and in a short time it assumed a kind of -international character. Thus when the regatta day came there was a -vast concourse of people to witness the contest. Every quay, hill-top, -and house-roof whence a view of the course could be obtained was -crowded. All were on the tiptoe of expectation for _les Anglaises_.... -Before the start the Saltash crew had a pull round 'to show -themselves,' and when their steady stroke was seen, how they bent -their backs to the work, yet with what perfect ease and grace they -pulled, our French friends opened their eyes wider than usual. Ann and -her crew had not the fairest start possible, nor had they the -advantage at first. Six boats were ahead of them five minutes after -the start. But they soon tested their opponents. After a little -opening play to get into trim, Ann, who had the stroke oar, gave the -word, 'Bend your backs to it, maidens; and hoorah for old England!' -One by one the French boats were passed with a cheer from old Ann. At -length the Saltash boat, with the British colours flying gaily at the -fore, took the leading position. It was a long course and a hard pull, -but the Frenchmen were soundly thrashed. Ann and her 'maidens' beat -them by one hundred yards." - -However gallant Frenchmen may be, they did not at all relish this -beating. - -The names of the crew were Ann Glanville, Harriet Hosking, Jane House, -and Amelia Lee. A man acted as coxswain. - -Mrs. House was so elated at the victory that on reaching the committee -boat she plunged into the water, dived under the vessel, and came up -with dripping and drooping nightcap on the opposite side. - -When the Prince of Wales, our present King, and the Duke of Edinburgh -came into Plymouth Sound in connection with the building of the new -Eddystone Lighthouse, Ann was sent for. A steam launch was despatched -to convey her to the vessel, where were their Highnesses, and she -dined on board. Lord Charles Beresford always entertained a high -regard for her, and never came to Plymouth without visiting her. -During her last illness she had his likeness placed on one side of her -bed, and that of her deceased husband on the other. - -She died in 1880 at the age of eighty-five. In person Ann Glanville was -tall, firmly and vigorously built, not stout, straight about the bust -and waist. When young she must have been good-looking, for when old her -face was handsome and always possessed great dignity. The mouth was -firm. There was a kindly light in her grey eyes. She was always fond of -a joke, and her character was summed up by a neighbour: "Her was honest -to a farthing, clean as a smelt, and kind-hearted as a queen." - -FOOTNOTE: - -[39] Her mother was married three times--first to Warring, second to -Vosper, third to Geo. Buckingham. - - - - - JONATHAN SIMPSON, HIGHWAYMAN - - -This great rascal was born at Launceston in 1654 of respectable -parents, and his father, who was well-off, apprenticed him to a linen -draper at Bristol when he was fourteen years of age. When he had -served out his time, which he did with the repute of being a steady, -industrious youth, his father gave him fifteen hundred pounds -wherewith to set up in Bristol. About a year after he unhappily -married a woman who was the cause of his downfall and finally of his -death. She had two thousand pounds of her own, and this added to what -he already possessed promised him a considerable extension of his -business with corresponding profits. - -But the girl he had chosen for his wife had previously engaged herself -to a young man of small means, and her parents had forced her into -marriage with Simpson as being better off and with good prospects. She -resented her compulsory marriage, and did not disguise her indifference -to her husband. Although her former lover, in a fit of disgust at his -rejection, had also married, Simpson ascertained that they corresponded. - -Determined to find out the truth, that she still loved the man, he -announced to his wife that he was going to Launceston for ten or -twelve days to see his relations. As soon as he was gone his wife sent -to invite her _galant_ to supper, and provided for his entertainment -a couple of fowls and a bottle of wine. Either the fowls must have -been very small, or their appetites voracious. - -In the evening Jonathan Simpson returned, entered his house, and -rushed to the dining-room. His wife had but just time to shut her -_galant_ into the oak chest; but not before Simpson had seen by the -movement of the lid that he was there. However, he gave no token of -having perceived anything, expressed his delight at so good a supper -having been prepared, and despatched his wife to the further end of -the town on an errand. No sooner was she gone than he sent for the -wife of "Pil-Garlic," and on her arrival disclosed the man in the box, -and enjoyed the scene of recrimination that ensued. - -The vexation at the discovery he had made that he could expect no -domestic happiness created a great change in Jonathan Simpson's life. -He sold his business, refused to receive his wife back into his house -again, and with all the money he could scrape together that amounted -to five thousand pounds, quitted Bristol, and swore he would never -re-enter it. - -He now led a riotous life, spending his money so freely that at the -end of eighteen months all his five thousand pounds was gone, and then -he took to the road to supply himself with more. After a while he was -arrested for highway robbery, and was sent to the Old Bailey, tried, -and condemned to be hanged. - -His relatives at Launceston now exerted themselves to obtain a -reprieve, and by bribery and persuasion they got one, but only at the -last moment. Simpson was already under the gallows, with the rope -round his neck, when it arrived, and the execution was arrested. - -As he was riding back to Newgate behind one of the sheriff's officers -that man asked him what he thought of a reprieve as he stood on the -scaffold. "No more," answered Simpson, "than I thought of my dying day." - -On reaching the prison door the turnkey refused to admit him, -declaring that he could not take him in again without a fresh warrant; -and as this could not well be obtained, the sheriff's officer was -obliged to let him go free. - -"Well," said Simpson, "what an unhappy dog am I! that both Tyburn and -Newgate should in one day refuse to entertain me. I'll mend my manners -for the future, and try whether I cannot merit a reception at them -both the next time I am brought thither." - -He was as good as his word, and after his release is believed to have -committed above forty robberies in the county of Middlesex within the -ensuing six weeks. - -He was a good skater, and made a practice of robbing people on the ice -between Fulham and Kingston Bridge, in the great frost of 1689, which -held for thirteen weeks. He would kick up their heels, and search -their pockets as they lay sprawling on the ice. - -On one occasion a gentleman whom he stopped gave him a silk purse full -of counters, which Simpson took for gold, and so did not examine them -till he reached the inn where he put up. When he found that he had -been outwitted he quietly pocketed the brass booty, and abided his -time till he should meet the same gentleman again. This he did at the -end of four months, when he waylaid him on Bagshot Heath, where, -riding up to the coach, he said, as he presented a pistol at the -gentleman's head, "Sir, I believe you made a mistake the last time I -had the happiness to see you, in giving me these pieces. I have been -troubled ever since for fear you should have wanted these counters at -cards, and am glad of this opportunity to return them. But for my -care I require you this moment to descend from your coach and give me -your breeches, that I may search them at leisure, and not trust any -more to your generosity, lest you should mistake again." - -The gentleman was obliged to comply, and Simpson carried off the -breeches with him to his inn, and on searching them found a gold -watch, a gold snuff-box, and a purse containing ninety-eight guineas -and five gold jacobuses. - -On another occasion he robbed Lord Delamere in an ingenious fashion. -That nobleman was driving over Dumoor Heath in his coach well attended -by armed servants. Simpson rode up to the carriage and told his lordship -that he had been waylaid and robbed by some rogues, two in number, at a -little distance. Lord Delamere at once despatched his armed and mounted -escort in pursuit, and Simpson took the opportunity of their absence to -rob the nobleman of forty pounds. After that experience Lord Delamere -vowed he would never again show kindness to a stranger. - -At last Simpson was taken near Acton by means of two captains of the -Foot Guards, where he attempted to rob both together. There ensued an -obstinate fight between them, and Simpson behaved with so much bravery -that in all probability he would have escaped, had not one of the -officers shot the horse on which he rode, which, falling, carried -Jonathan down with it. He had already been wounded in his arms and one -of his legs, but both his opponents were also wounded and bleeding. -Whilst on the ground he continued to resist with desperation whilst -extricating himself from his fallen horse; but the sound of the fray -had called up other passengers, and he was overmastered and sent to -Newgate, where he found the keeper so much of a friend that on this -occasion he was ready to receive him. Tyburn also was sufficiently -hospitable not to reject him, and he was hanged on Wednesday, 8th -September, 1686, in his thirty-third year. - - - - - DAVIES GILBERT - - -The simple and quiet life of a country gentleman who does not hunt, -but spends his days in the library among books, or at his desk making -calculations, presents little of interest to the general reader. But -Davies Gilbert is not a man to be passed over in a collection of minor -worthies of Cornwall. - -Mr. Gilbert's original name was Giddy, and he was the grandson of a -Mr. John Giddy, of Truro, who had two sons, Edward and Thomas; the -former took Holy Orders, and became curate of S. Erth, and never -obtained any better preferment. Here he married Catherine, daughter of -John Davis, of Tredrea, the representative of several ancient -families, and inheriting what fragments were left of the property of -William Noye, Attorney-General in the reign of Charles I. - -At S. Erth was born, 6 March, 1767, Davies Giddy, the subject of this -sketch. After having been - - The whining schoolboy, with his satchel, - And shining morning face, creeping like snail - Unwillingly to school, - -at Penzance, he passed to Oxford, and entered Pembroke College, his -father going up to Oxford to reside with him. Dr. Johnson, who was -also of Pembroke, once said, in allusion to the poetical characters -brought up there, that it was a veritable nest of singing-birds. -Davies Giddy was not a singer or a poet himself, but taught others to -sing, for he collected and published the traditional Cornish carols -with their melodies, now taken into every book of Christmas carols and -sung at the feast of Noël from John o' Groats House to the Land's End, -in America, India, and Australia. Probably this little gathering was -one of the works Davies Giddy, or Gilbert, least valued of his many -productions, but it has been the most enduring, and will be deathless -so long as English voices carol. - -Contemporary with Davies Giddy, but of older standing in the college, -was that strange man Dr. Thomas Beddoes, lecturer on chemistry, whose -head was turned by fanatical republicanism, and who was an enthusiastic -admirer of the French Revolution, and prepared to condone the horrors of -the Reign of Terror. This was too much for most of Beddoes' friends, who -fell away from him, but Davies Giddy, though in politics standing at the -other pole, appreciated the great abilities of the doctor, shrugged his -shoulders at his political opinions, and refrained from absolutely -breaking off all intercourse with him, even when Beddoes was obliged to -resign the professorship he held at the University. - -Beddoes, on leaving Oxford, set up a pneumatic institution at Clifton, -near Bristol, for the cure of consumption, by pumping air into the lungs -of those afflicted with phthisis. This was a great discovery, which was -to sweep this scourge out of England. The pneumatic bellows worked night -and day, and the patients gasped, inhaled and spurted the air back -through their nostrils, till the arms of the bellows-workers ached, but, -alas for suffering mankind, the pneumatic process proved a dead failure. - -Davies Giddy after leaving Oxford went to a surgeon, Bingham Borlase, -at Penzance, to prepare for the medical profession, intending after -a stay with Borlase to complete his education at the Medical School of -Edinburgh. With Dr. Borlase was a lad, Humphry Davy, who had been -articled to him in 1793, when little more than fourteen years old. He -was a youth of active frame, and with a bright, intelligent face, with -wavy brown hair, and eyes "tremulous with light." Not only was Davy a -keen fisherman, but he was enthusiastic as a chemist; but he had no -particular desire to spend his life as a Sangrado in Penzance. Davies -Giddy speedily recognized the flashes of genius in the lad, and -recommended him to go to the pump-house of Dr. Beddoes as an assistant -at a modest salary. As Beddoes experimented with various gases on his -unfortunate patients there was at all events an element of novelty in -the venture. Mr. Giddy abandoned his intention of entering the medical -profession, and, having a sufficient income to support himself, he -devoted his whole time to scientific work, and became well known as a -geologist and botanist, and he associated with all the literary and -scientific men of his native duchy. - -[Illustration: DAVIES GILBERT, M. A. - - _President of the Royal Society Member of Parliament--&c_ - -_1828_ - -_From the collection of Mrs. Lewis Lane_] - -The introduction of Watt's improvement in the steam-engine into the -Cornish mines and the disputes between that great mechanical inventor -and Jonathan Hornblower, of Penryn, as to the economy and mode of -applying the principle of working steam expansively, early attracted -the attention of Davies Giddy, and Hornblower had frequent recourse to -him, as a mathematician, to work out his calculations for him, and to -advise as to his experiments, and approve or criticize his inventions. -Trevithick also had recourse constantly for the same purpose to Mr. -Giddy, and the latter was solicited by the county to take an active -part in determining the advantages of Watt's engines; and in -conjunction with Captain W. Jenkin, of Treworgie, he made a survey of -all the steam-engines then working in Cornwall. - -One of the most laborious and practically useful works of Giddy was a -treatise on the properties of the Catenary Curve. This fine example of -mathematical investigation was published whilst Telford was preparing -materials for the Menai Straits Bridge; and Telford was so convinced -by Mr. Giddy's tract, that he altered the construction of the bridge -in accordance with what Giddy had laid down, causing the suspension -chains, which had already been completed, to be again taken in hand -and lengthened by about thirty-six feet. - -In 1804 Giddy was elected into Parliament as representative of that -rotten borough Helston, but at the next election, in 1806, he was -returned for Bodmin, and continued its member till the Reform Bill -abolished these nests of corruption. In Parliament he was rarely heard -to speak, but his judgment was always valued there, and had great -influence on questions of a practical nature. - -In 1811, when the high price of gold produced an ominous effect on the -currency of the realm, and when the public mind became greatly -agitated by the depreciation of bank notes, Davies Giddy published _A -Plain Statement of the Bullion Question_, with the object of allaying -the public ferment. Against great opposition he carried an extra -twelve feet in width to the design for rebuilding London Bridge. - -In 1808 he married Mary Ann Gilbert, an heiress, of Eastbourne, in -Sussex, whose family name he afterwards assumed, on account of the -hereditary estates to which he became entitled through this marriage. - -This lady was of a strong, determined character. On one occasion when -riding she was thrown, and dislocated her shoulder. Laying hold of -her hunting-crop with both hands, she threw herself back and so -brought the joint back into its place. - -Once she had a dispute with some farmers, who would not continue their -farms without a great reduction of rent. "Very well," said she; "then I -will farm them myself." And she did so, and made them pay. She was the -first in England to introduce the allotment system on a farm of hers at -Eastbourne, Sussex. The marriage was due to Mr. Giddy meeting her when -she was staying with her mother on a visit to Mr. Fry at Penzance. - -She was a handsome woman, with a determined face, and she suited her -husband admirably, for she was interested in many of the subjects that -he took up. She was an authoress, moreover--she wrote upon "Tanks," -"On an Improved Mode of Forming Water Tanks," "On the Construction of -Tanks," in 1836, 1838, and 1840. Also "On the Self-supporting Reading, -Writing, and Agricultural School at Willingdon, in Sussex," 1842. - -On the death of Sir Joseph Banks the unanimous voice of the Royal -Society called Sir Humphry Davy to the chair, and at the same time -Davies Gilbert--as he now was--was nominated Treasurer under the man -whom he had first helped to start in his career. Ill-health having -obliged Sir Humphry Davy to quit England in the early part of 1827, -Mr. Gilbert occupied the chair as Vice-President, and when finally Sir -Humphry retired in the same year he was chosen President. - -At that time a President was elected for life, but Davies Gilbert -considered this to be unadvisable, and urged that the election should be -for a term only; and his recommendation was accepted after a few years, -when the presidency was required for the Duke of Sussex; thereupon it -was hinted to him that he should act upon his expressed opinion and -leave the chair for His Royal Highness. This he did without reluctance. - -On his wife's estate in Sussex he introduced the Cornish stiles, of -gridiron fashion--strips of stone laid down with an interval between -each--and this prevents horses, donkeys, and cattle from adventuring to -cross them. But the Sussex people on the Eastbourne estate revolted, and -declared that they would not break their legs to please any Cornish -Giddy or Sussex Gilbert, and he was constrained to remove them all. - -He was a man of a versatile mind. He published, with a translation by -J. Keigwin and W. Jordan, the early Cornish mystery plays of _Mount -Calvary_ and the _Creation of the World_. - -He also undertook a Parochial History of Cornwall, giving first Hals' -account from his MS., now in the British Museum, with additions from -Tonkin, and a geological account of each parish by Dr. Boase, of no -great value, and his own additions. This was published in five volumes -in 1838. - -He wrote also on steam-engines, on the employment of sea salt as a -manure, on the improvement of wheels and springs for carriages, on the -_Eikon Basilike_. He translated the Liturgy into Greek. Chambers in -his _Journal_, Vol. II, 1844, has an account of the improvements -effected on his wife's estate at Eastbourne. - -When Lieutenant Goldsmith upset the Logan Rock he got the use of -timber and ropes granted for the work of replacing the stone, and had -the loan of the same also to replace the coverstone of Lanyon Quoit. - -Lord Sidmouth offered him the position of Under-Secretary of State, -but he declined the offer. - -About a year before his death Davies Gilbert entered in his notebook: -"Slept in a house for the first time on my own property." This was a -house in East Looe bequeathed to him by Thomas Bond, who had written the -_History of Looe_, and who died unmarried and without near relatives. - -Davies Gilbert died at Eastbourne on Christmas Eve, 1839, as the -carollers, for whom he had done so much, were going round in the dark -under the stars singing-- - - Noël, Noël, the angel did say, - Unto these poor shepherds in the fields as they lay. - - - - - JAMES HOSKIN, FARMER - - -Castell-an-Dinas was the most complete and perfect relic of -prehistoric times existing in Cornwall, till a Mr. Rogers, of Penrose, -took it into his head to erect a tower on the summit, that was neither -useful nor beautiful, and to obtain material the walls of the fort -were pulled about and pillaged. It is still an interesting specimen of -a hill fortress, notwithstanding the mischief wrought by the builder -of the tower. - -On the side of the swelling hill crowned by the old fortress is a small -walled enclosure, like a donkey-pound, and in this is the tomb of James -Hoskin, a farmer, who desired that he might not be laid in consecrated -ground. He was buried in 1823 at the age of 63. He was baptized at -Ludgvan on March 8th, 1760, and was the son of James Hoskin. - -There are, in fact, three headstones within the enclosure: that which is -central is to James Hoskin; on the left is one to his eldest son, who -died in 1812, aged 20, and above it is the inscription, "Custom is the -idol of Fools"; on the right is one to a married daughter and her child, -also in 1812, the mother aged 22 and the daughter 7, probably months, -not years, in this latter case. Above this headstone is the inscription: -"Virtue only consecrates the ground." But although there be these three -memorial stones, only James Hoskin, the father, aged 63, lies here. - -What caused James Hoskin to desire to be interred on the moor away -from consecrated ground? Tradition in Ludgvan says that he kissed the -parson's wife, and the rector, furious at the insult--his name was J. -Stephens--vowed that if he survived Hoskin he would bury him in the -most obscure corner of the graveyard on the north side of the church. -So in order to defeat the parson's intentions, he made provision for -his body to be buried at Castell-an-Dinas. Whether this be true or not -I cannot say, but certain it is that there was a lasting difference -between J. Hoskin and the Rev. J. Stephens. - -The Hoskin family lived in a farm, Treassow, Castell-an-Dinas, the -original seat of the Rogers Family from before 1633. Sold by Captain -J. P. Rogers recently. - -His was a small yeoman family in very fair circumstances. James Hoskin -had two sons who lived, besides John, the eldest, who died young. -These were John William and Richard Vinnicombe. This last went as a -clerk to Jamaica to Sir Rose Price. His grandsons are now living in -Ludgvan. According to some poor inflated verses, written by a Miss -Lean, of Ludgvan, in 1803, addressed to James Hoskin, he made the farm -on the slope of Castell-an-Dinas, from which height, she says-- - - ... Barren places are thence descryed, - But none more barren than its own rough side, - Till Hoskin rose, a man of birth obscure, - Heir to no wealth, and forced by fate to endure - The toils of humble life, till innate worth - And active fancy drew his talents forth. - On Castle Downs his fertile mind he cast, - And soon by industry did improve its waste. - The starving poor who knew not where to gain - The scanty pittance that should life sustain, - Employed by him, and by his bounty fed, - They had the honest means to earn their bread; - Nor stayed the hireling's wages in his hand, - But weekly each his stipend might command. - Some pick the stones, some cut the turf, and some - Dig from the pit the builders' useful loam. - The straw-thatched cottage rises from the ground, - And the strong stone enclosure spreadeth round. - And now where moss-grown rocks and heath did rise, - Green meads and beauteous cornfields greet the eyes. - The lowing herds and fleecy bleating flocks - That crop'd the scanty herbage round the rocks, - Now ruminating stand and seem to say, - May Heaven's best gift our benefactor pay. - The Master sees, well pleased, and smiles to see - The honest fruits of live industry. - -The "poem" concludes with invocations of blessings on the head of Mr. -Hoskin-- - - Long, very long may he survive to see - The distant fruits of his industry; - And may Almighty power to him dispense - Earth's greatest bliss--Health, Peace, and Competence. - -Having heard of the prosperity of those who had settled in America, he -resolved on going thither and seeing the condition of the farmers in -the States and the quality of the land, so that he might be able to -advise others whether to leave the mother country and settle there, -and with half a mind himself to cast in his lot with those who were -farming there. On his return he printed, but did not publish, his -experience and his observations. He printed for his own use, and kept -a very few copies for distribution among his relations and friends. -Through the kindness of the Rev. A. C. Boscawen, Rector of Ludgvan, I -have been afforded a sight of his Narrative. It is interesting as -affording a picture of the condition of the States and the farming -there a century ago. The "Narrative" was printed by Vigurs, of -Penzance, "for the Author" in 1813. In his preface, he says:-- - -"I am well aware that in the composition there may be much room for -criticism; to this I answer, I have neither the wish nor -qualification to become an AUTHOR, I need only say I am a FARMER. This -carries its apology with it, for the book contains plain facts on -agricultural subjects, which I affirm are nearly, if not perfectly, -correct. [I have written nothing designedly false.] The passage within -brackets he cancelled with his own hand after the book was printed. - -"I sailed from Penzance on the 28th of December, 1810, on board an -American schooner called the _Packet of Boston_, bound for New York with -a cargo of iron, boxes of tin-plate, etc. On leaving the quay the seamen -of a brig gave us three cheers, which we returned. Soon a number of -people on the quay gave us three more. I asked the men, was it customary -on sailing? They said they had been on the pier two months, but never -saw it done before. So much for cordiality towards the Americans." - -Blood is thicker than water. This is interesting. It shows that even -then, after the States had declared their independence, and only two -years before war was declared between England and the States, the -feeling, at all events in Cornwall, was one of affection and regard -for the gallant people who had been driven by stupidity into revolt -against the Crown. - -After a very rough passage, on the 14th February, 1811, in the depth of -winter, the little vessel reached Vineyard Island. "We soon landed, and -put up at Dr. Spalding's tavern, a handsome house, with good -entertainment and accommodation. Our host was a doctor, a justice of the -peace, a tavern keeper, but quite the gentleman. The family at meal -times sat down with us--this is the American fashion. With our tea we -had plenty of beefsteaks, boiled eggs, preserved fruit, hot cakes, etc. -This is customary all over America. We paid a dollar per day (bed -included), but all through America we saw nothing of those pests of -beggars, waiters, chambermaids, coachmen, postboys, etc., which -constantly harass and frequently insult the traveller in England." - -On reaching New York he got into trouble with his captain, who was -"slim," and tried to take advantage of him. "I was detained three -weeks by the captain I came over with from England. I bought at -Penzance some earthenware to carry out. On the passage I sold the -whole to the captain, and had a written agreement from him to pay me -on arriving at New York. At first he put off the payment for want of -money, so on one pretence or another until he began to unload the -vessel, and then he told me that he had given me no bill of lading to -show the goods were mine, and that I could not prove them mine. Indeed -he did everything in his power to plunder me of the whole. I then went -to the merchant to whom the cargo was consigned. He was much hurt at -the captain's conduct in attempting to defraud me, and wrote him a -letter immediately. The next day the merchant called on me, and told -me if the captain did not pay me in half an hour to acquaint him, but -before the half-hour was expired the captain was come with the money." - -From New York Hoskin sailed in the _William Eaton_ schooner for -Alexandria and Washington. - -"The captain (being intoxicated) would have the cook to kill and pick -a fowl and dress it in an instant (the cook was an old man, a negro). -The poor man set about it with all speed, but in the boiling the -captain found fault, caught up the hot fowl and beat it in the cook's -face. The captain confessed that he had sprung six feet high, and -thought he should have fallen overboard. The captain scalded his three -fingers, etc. Two days after he was full of spite and vengeance -towards the poor old black man. 'D---- the negroes,' said he, 'I hate -them,' and going on deck beat the poor man dreadfully with pieces of -trees cut to burn, some time after with a rope, and after that with a -fire-shovel. The poor man was very bad all night. I expected he would -have died before morning. Next morning in that condition he would make -him work. I said, 'Captain, I will attend breakfast; I can do it -better than he.' So I kept him out of the way. In the afternoon the -captain would make the poor creature come on deck. 'Shall I pay him -wages for nothing?' says he. I told him that the cook could do -nothing, but that I could do much better, and that I would work for -him. In three hours after word was brought to him that the cook was -dying. After he was dead, the captain came to me and asked what I -thought was the cause of his death, which I turned off." - -James Hoskin excuses himself for not trying to bring the captain to -justice. His reasons are not very satisfactory. First, "it might -destroy the happiness of a dear woman, his wife." In the next place, -the mate would have sworn in the captain's favour; and, finally, by -accusing the captain he would have done no good to the dead cook. - -On ascending the Potomac he was put ashore for a while. - -"I asked at the hut of a white woman for some water. I shall, while I -live, never forget this hut. The outside was like a stable, built of -logs, having no glass windows. She brought me a bowl of milk, a china -pint to mix water with it. The water stood on a stool without doors, -covered nicely. The hut and everything within were in such neat order. -This milk and water was as a cordial of wine. I contemplated the -happiness of the farmers in this place, flowing in abundance of the -first necessaries of life; their wants few and easily supplied; no -cares about raising money for other people, all being peace, plenty, -and happiness around them." - -He ascended the Delaware "in the steem [_sic_] boat." The boat was -worked by a steam-engine "which turns round a wheel each side of the -boat in the water. It has wide boards to the end of each spoke, like a -water under-shut wheel. The boat is 100 feet long, wide and roomy, and -a tavern kept on board. The passage comes very cheap, only 3 dollars -for 100 miles, baggage included." - -He tells a story of William Cobbett when in America. Cobbett conducted -a newspaper entitled the _Pesca Post_ at Philadelphia, and kept a -stationer's shop. He was very outspoken against the French Revolution, -and that did not please the Yankees. One day some one entered the -stationer's shop and asked for some quills. Cobbett sold them. "Ah, -ha!" said the purchaser. "These be porcupine quills, I guess." -"Porcupine quills they were till I sold them to you," was Cobbett's -ready answer. "Now they are goose quills." - -"As I was at breakfast one day on Long Island," says Hoskin, "there -came in a young woman. 'The English,' said she, 'have pressed my -brother in the Downs; I wish I could guillotine the English, I wish -the English were guillotined.' 'But,' says one in the room, 'the -Christian English will hang a man for stealing a horse, or stealing a -sheep; but for stealing a man they shall have money.'" Hoskin was too -discreet to bring up the case of the negro slaves and of the captain -and the cook. He saw the first attempt at a torpedo. A Mr. Fulton had -invented one "for the purpose of sinking it under vessels at anchor -and blowing them up. Likewise to anchor under water and blow up ships -coming in a harbour. The Congress has voted him 6000 dollars to defray -the expenses for making trials, etc. Some time back a day was fixed -for trial at New York, the _President_ a frigate of 44 guns, and the -_Argus_ brig of war lay there; Mr. Fulton chose to attack the brig, -the captain of which prepared for defence by casting a net round the -brig to prevent the torpedo diving under, and by hanging shot and -heavy weights to the yards and studding sail-booms, to destroy the -torpedo if it came near; but Mr. Fulton could not succeed at that -time; he says he has made vast improvements since, and shall succeed. -This Fulton has a patent for the steamboats on the Delaware and Hudson -Rivers. They go five miles an hour against wind and tide." - -On his return to England he had a better passage than on going out. -"Then chiefly three or four days in a week it blew what the sailors -call a gale. In the gale of last week we sailed before the wind, and -the ship rolled much more then than if it was a side wind. We laughed -at supper, though tossed about. We had cords and bars spread over the -table, which was bound fast to keep the things on it; one held the -teapot, and the mate was desired to bind the tea-kettle with a string -to the side of the cabin. This put me in mind of last winter's -passage. The cook would be called an hour or two before day to light -his fire, and get his kettle under way, as the phrase is on board; by -and by we should hear the cook on deck crying and swearing, the sea -breaking over having upset the tea-kettle--the fire is again lit, and -the tea-kettle set on again. Soon we hear the cook in the like -distress, and swearing he would rather go before the mast than be -cook, and so on. Three times of a morning, one day, one of the -tea-kettles went overboard; and some days we could only light fire in -the cabin stove, and were obliged to boil beef in the tea-kettle." - -In London, in January, 1803, he had fallen ill, and thought he had not -long to live. This was seven years before he visited the States, and -he then addressed the following letter to his children:-- - - - "London, _January 13th, 1803_. - - "My dear Children all and each, - - "For the last three days I have found my illness so to increase, - and I am so exceedingly ill at this time, that I believe it is the - Lord's good pleasure that I shall never see your dear faces again. - The God of heaven take you under His precious, His most special - protection and care. Fear it not my dear sweet loves, but that - good and holy Lord of life and glory will be to you what He has - always been to me--a father. When I was about six years old, His - good pleasure was to take my mother. With her I lost I may say my - father, mother and all. But I had a Father in heaven, Who blessed, - watched, and protected me. If you would be wise, seek true - happiness. If you would be happy, rich and wise, be truly virtuous - in word, action, and, as much as possible, in thought. - - Seek virtue, and of that possessed - Leave to Providence the rest. - - "If you will tell a lie, you will tell another; if you tell two, - you will go on further and tell ten, and so on, to lying on any - occasion. If you lie, you will cheat, when occasion offers you, - and so on to other vices. With the loss of a virtuous disposition - of mind, you will lose your peace, troubles will come upon you, - one after another; you will endeavour to shun them, but they will - overtake you. Let the words of an affectionate and perhaps dying - father, sink deep into your hearts every time you read them. - - "If you should fall in love with those true Christians, called - Quakers, how much, I think, would it, by God's blessing (of which - you need not fear) and their friendly aid to you, advance you in - piety and virtue. But beware of Methodists' Class Meetings. Not - but that there are many among them who are patterns of religion; - but the human heart being, as it has been truly said, 'the devil's - tinder-box,' the heart falls by degrees into some favourite sin, - and falsehood and deceit at these meetings are sent in the place - of piety, and of all states this is the most dangerous and - destructive to the soul. May the Lord of His goodness bless you, - protect you, be your guide through life, and in death receive you - to Himself is the prayer of - - "Your father, JAMES HOSKIN." - -Happily he recovered and lived on for many years. - - - - - JOHN HARRIS, THE MINER POET - - -"On the quiet evening of October 14th, 1820, in a straw-thatched, -boulder-built cottage, with bare rafters and clay floor, locally known -as the 'six chimneys,' on the top of Bolennowe Hill, Camborne, -Cornwall, as the leaves are falling from the trees, and the robin -mourns in the thicket, a gentle mother gives birth to a babe; and that -baby-boy is a poet." - -So John Harris begins his account of his own life. It is not always -safe for a composer of verses to be too sure that he is a poet, and -that his lines will live. Horace did it,[40] so doubtless has many -another man who has hammered out verses; but only Horace was justified -in his prophecy. - -[Illustration: JOHN HARRIS, THE MINER POET] - -A plum-pudding without plums may be a good suet dumpling, and without -suet also a respectable batter pudding, but neither is a plum-pudding; -and a set of verses without ideas may be pleasant verses, but is not -poetry; and without ideas and without imagination is very poor stuff -indeed. John Harris could write smooth lines, he had a tender -appreciation of the beauties of nature, but he went no further. His -verses bear the same relation to poetry that Tupper's _Proverbial -Philosophy_ bears to the Philosophy of Plato. But to return to his -life. He tells us that "from first to last the majority of my poems -have been written in the open air, in lanes and leas, by old stiles -and farm gates, by rocks and rivers and mossy moors." - -He was put to a miserable school where the hedge-school master was -hard-hearted and cruel, and "verily hoots the lessons in his ears. He -beats his pupils without mercy, with a polished piece of flat wood -studded with small, sharp nails, until the blood runs down, and soon -scares the little learner from his straw-roofed academy." - -From this school he was removed to another after a few days. "On the -edge of a brown common, in a little thatched school-house by the side -of the highway, very near the famous Nine Maidens, he finds another -master, who wore a wooden leg, with more of the milk of human kindness -in his soul, a thorough Christian, and a man of prayer." He says -further: "You might have seen him on a summer evening, when his merry -schoolmates are chattering in the hollow--you might have seen him -walking by the stream, or stretched on the moss listening to the wind -tuning its organ among the rocks, or gazing up at the purple heavens. -He roams among the flowers, kissing them for very joy, calling them -his fragrant sisters. Born on the crest of the hill, amid the crags -and storms, he grows up in love with Nature, and she becomes his chief -teacher. And now come the promptings of early genius, which develop -themselves in snatches of unpolished song, pencilled on the leaves of -his copybook for the amusement of his wondering schoolmates. He often -writes his rhymes on the clean side of cast-off labelled tea-papers -which his mother brings from the shop, and then reads them to his -astonished compeers with rapt delight." - -At the age of nine he was taken from school and put to work in the -fields. At the age of ten he was employed by an old tin-streamer to -throw up the sand from the river, earning threepence a day. At twelve -he was working on the surface "nearly three miles from his favourite -home. As he travels to and fro from his labour through long lanes -bramble covered, and over meadows snowy with daisies, or by hedges -blue with hyacinths, or over whispering cairns redolent with the hum -of bees--" he means thyme on which the bees hover gathering -honey--"the beautiful world around him teems with syllables of song. -Even then he pencils his strange ditties, reciting them at intervals -of leisure to the dwellers of his own district, and older heads than -his tell of his future fame." - -One thing is evident, that at this early age he was inordinately -conceited. He had a true appreciation of the beauties of Nature. He -had a receptive soul, but it was that which might have made of him a -painter, not necessarily a poet. - -At the age of thirteen, or as he styles it, "When thirteen summers -have filled his lap with roses, and fanned his forehead with the -breeze of health, we find him sweating in the hot air of the interior -of a mine (Dolcoath), working with his father nearly two hundred -fathoms below the green fields." - -So time passes, and he grows to manhood. Then in his stilted style he -says: "Love meets him on his flowery pathway, and he weaves a chaplet -of the choicest roses to adorn her head. He worships at the shrine of -beauty till they stand before the sacred altar, and the two are made -one." In plain English, he fell in love and got married to Jane Rule. - -One of his earliest pieces of verse, "The First Primrose," got into a -magazine, and attracted some little notice, amongst others that of Dr. -George Smith, of Camborne, who gave him encouragement and induced him -to publish. His first book appeared in 1853; soon after he was -appointed Scripture Reader at Falmouth. - -He says in his _Autobiography_: "Soon after my marriage, the Rev. G. -B. Bull, of Treslothian, lent me a volume of Shakespere. The first -play I read was _Romeo and Juliet_, which I greedily devoured, -travelling over a wide down near my father's house. The delight I -experienced is beyond words to describe, as the sun sank behind the -western waters, and the purple clouds of evening primed the horizon, -the bitters of life changed to sweetness in my cup, and the wilderness -around me was a region of fairies. Sometimes I cried, sometimes I -shouted for joy, and over the genii-peopled heights a new world burst -upon my view." Next he read _Childe Harold_, or portions of it. "My -younger brother James possessed an eighteenpenny copy of Burns' poems, -to which I had access. One day, I was reading Burns in our Troon-Moor -home. No one can tell the ecstasy of my spirit, or the deep joy of my -heart. Not only was I tired with my mine-work, but also crippled in -the quarry raising stone for the garden-wall. I believe I was in my -shirtsleeves, when a middle-aged matron entered my home. Seeing a -small book before me, she asked what it was. I told her, and her -answer surely displayed her prejudice and her narrowness of mind. -Looking at me with severity in her features, she exclaimed, 'You ought -to be ashamed of yourself! You, a local preacher, and reading Burns!' -This strange sin put me quite beyond the reach of her favours, and I -do not remember her ever speaking to me afterwards." - -It is an infinite pity that John Harris did not inspire his muse from -Burns; had he done so, his "poems" might possibly have lived, but -_poëta nascitur, non fit_. - -"For more than twenty years I was an underground miner, toiling in -the depths of Dolcoath. Here I laboured from morning till night, and -often from night till morning, frequently in sulphur and dust almost -to suffocation. Sometimes I stood in slime and water above my knees, -and then in levels so badly ventilated that the very stones were hot, -and the rarified air caused the perspiration to stream into my boots -in rills, though I doffed my flannel shirt and worked naked to the -waist. Sometimes I stood on a stage hung in ropes in the middle of a -wide working, when my life depended on a single nail driven into a -plank. Had the nail slipped, I should have been pitched headlong on -the broken rocks more than twenty feet below. Sometimes I stood on a -narrow board high up in some dark working, holding the drill, or -smiting it with the mallet, smeared all over with mineral, so that my -nearest friends would hardly know me, until my hands ached with the -severity of my task, and the blood dropped off my elbows. Sometimes I -had to dig through the ground where it was impossible to stand -upright, and sometimes to work all day as if standing to the face of a -cliff. Sometimes I have been so exhausted as to lie down and sleep on -the sharp flints." (There are no flints in Cornish mines.) "And -sometimes so thirsty that I have drunk stale water from the keg, -closing my teeth to keep back the worms. Sometimes I had wages to -receive at the end of the month, and sometimes I had none. But I -despaired not, nor turned the nymph of song from my side. She murmured -among the tinctured slabs," etc. etc. That the water brought down from -the spring for the use of the miners was ever full of worms is not to -be believed, nor that he did not receive his regular monthly wages. -John Harris was evidently vastly sorry for himself, thinking he was -born for better things. I have known many a man who has worked -underground as a common miner, without whining and breaking into -extravagance such as this. - -"We were at supper one evening in Troon-Moor house, our two daughters -in a window, I at the end of the kitchen table, and Jane sitting on a -chair beside it. We had fried onions, and the flavour was very -agreeable. I was hungry, having just returned from a long day's labour -in the mine. Suddenly we heard a step in the garden, and then a knock -at the door. My wife opened it, and I heard a gruff voice say, 'Does -the young Milton live here?' My wife asked the possessor of the gruff -voice to walk in; and we soon discovered that it was the Rev. G. -Collins. We invited him to partake of our meal, to which he at once -assented, eating the onions with a spoon, exclaiming at almost every -mouthful, 'I like fried leeks.' He asked for my latest production, and -I gave him 'The Child's First Prayer,' in MS. He quietly read it, and -before he had finished I could see the tears streaming down his face. -Besides the two daughters, Jane and Lucretia, already named, we were -afterwards blest with two sons, Howard and Alfred." - -I have given this passage from the _Autobiography_ of John Harris with -pleasure, as it exhibits the author at his best. Whether the tears may -not have been an adjunct of his fancy, I do not pretend to say. When -he writes simple English, concerning his own life and experiences, he -is always interesting, but when he steps up into his florid car, as a -chauffeur at the Battle of Roses at Nice, he is intolerable. - -"Throughout my mining life I have had several narrow escapes from -sudden death. Once when at the bottom of the mine, the bucket-chains -suddenly severed and came roaring down the shaft with rocks and -rubbish. I and my comrade had scarcely time to escape; and one of the -smaller fragments of stone cut open my forehead, leaving a visible -scar to this day. Then the man-engine accidentally broke, hurling -twenty men headlong into the pit, and I amongst them. A few scars and -bruises were my only injuries. Standing before a tin-stepe on the -smallest foothold, a thin piece of flint (?), air-impelled, struck me -on the face, cutting my lips and breaking some of my front teeth. Had -I fallen backwards among the huge slabs" (the rock does not form -slabs) "death must have been instantaneous. Passing over a narrow -plank, a hole exploded at my feet, throwing a shower of stones around -me, but not a hair of my head was injured." - -"A more wonderful interposition of Divine Providence may be traced, -perhaps, in the following record. Our party consisted of five men -working in a sink. Two of them were my younger brothers. Over our -heads the ground was expended, and there was a huge cavern higher and -further than the light of the candle would reveal. Here hung huge -rocks as if by hairs (!) and we knew it not. We were all teachers in a -Sunday-school, and on the tea-and-cake anniversary remained out of our -working to attend the festival. Some men who laboured near us, at the -time when we were in the green field singing hymns, heard a fearful -crash in our working, and on hastening to see what it was found the -place full of flinty (?) rocks. They had suddenly fallen from above, -exactly in the place where we should have been, and would have crushed -us to powder were it not for the Sunday-school treat." - -Moving in his little circle, surrounded by the ignorant, it is no wonder -that John Harris was puffed up with vanity, and thought himself a poet. - -He was very urgent in the promotion of the cause of peace and -arbitration between nations, and wrote a series of tracts entitled -_Peace Pages_, of which some hundreds of thousands were distributed, -and produced as much effect on the policy of nations as waste paper. -In the year 1864 a prize was offered for the best poem on the -tercentenary of the birth of Shakespeare. It was competed for by over -a hundred persons in Great Britain and America. Mr. Harris gained the -prize, and was presented with a gold watch. It is not possible to -estimate its value, poetically, without a knowledge of the "poems" -that failed, and the discrimination of the judges.[41] From first to -last John Harris published no less than sixteen volumes of verse. He -died in 1884, and was buried in Treslothian Churchyard, near Camborne. -He had received a grant of £50 per annum from the Royal Literary Fund, -1872-75, and £200 from the Royal Bounty Fund in 1877. - -He had a son, John Alfred Harris, born at Falmouth in 1860, who became -a wood engraver, working in a recumbent position owing to a spinal -affliction. He illustrated some of his father's works. Another son, -James Howard Harris, born in 1857, became master of the Board School, -Porthleven, and wrote a memoir of his father. - -John Harris had the faculty of receiving impressions from the objects -of nature, as does a mirror, but had no power to give forth flashes of -genius, for of genius he had none. His verses read smoothly and -pleasantly, but will not live, as there is no vital spark in them. He -stands, however, on a higher level than Edward Capern, the Devonshire -postman "poet," but immeasurably below Burns and Waugh. - -He published, moreover, a series of addresses, but all marked with -the same paucity of idea, lack of original thought. A good but very -self-satisfied man, he reaped far higher applause in his day as he -deserved, and in another generation will be clean forgotten. He called -himself the miner poet, but he is not even a minor poet. There is -something pathetic in the contemplation of a man of this sort. I have -come across several instances--men who have a love of nature, an -appreciation of the beautiful and the good and the true, but have no -genius, no originality, who can imitate but create nothing. It is the -same with musicians. There are a thousand who can write songs, but -only one in a thousand who can produce a pure melody. The mirror -reflects objects, but the burning-glass focusses the sun's rays in a -pencil of fire that kindles whatever it falls on. Such is the -difference between the versifier and the poet. - - Nulla placere diu, nec vivere carmina possunt - Quæ scribuntur aquæ portoribus. - Hor. _Ep._ I. 19. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[40] _Od._ I, 1; II, 20. - -[41] These were Lord Lyttleton, G. Dawson, and C. Bray. - - - - - EDWARD CHAPMAN - - -Hals tells the following story of Mr. Edward Chapman, of Constantine. -But before giving it, it will be well to say a few words of the -Chapman family. The name suffices to show that it was not Cornish by -origin, and indeed in the _Heralds' Visitation_ it is recorded to have -come from the North. Why they came down one cannot say, but they -married well. One John Chapman, of Harpford, in Devon, had to wife a -daughter of Chichester, of Hall, and his son Edward married a -Prideaux, and settled at Resprin in S. Winnow, and as that was a manor -that belonged to the Prideaux family it is probable that his wife was -an heiress. Edward, the grandson, baptized at S. Winnow May 12th, -1647, was probably the person mentioned by Hals, to whom the adventure -is attributed. He was married to a daughter of Bligh, of Botathen. - -"This gentleman received from God's holy angels a wonderful preservation -in the beginning of the reign of William III when returning from Redruth -towards his own house about seven miles distant, with his servant, late -at night, and both much intoxicated with liquor (as himself told me); -nevertheless having so much sense left as to consider that they were to -pass through several tin mines or shafts near the highway, on the -south-east side of Redruth town, alighted both from their horses, and -led them in their hands after them. The servant went somewhat before his -master, the better to keep the right road in those places, which -occasioned Mr. Chapman's turning aside somewhat out of the way, whereby -in the dark he suddenly fell into a tin mine above twenty fathoms deep, -at whose fall into this precipice his horse started back and escaped; in -this pit or hole Mr. Chapman fell directly down fifteen fathoms without -let or intermission, where meeting with a cross drift (above six fathoms -of water under it), he in his campaign coat, sword, and boots, was -miraculously stopped, when, coming to himself, he was not much sensible -of any hurt or bruises he had received, through the terror and horror of -his fall; when, considering in what condition he was, he resolved to -make the best expedient he could to prevent his falling further down -(where, by the dropping of stones and earth moved by his fall, he -understood there was much water under), so he rested his back against -one side of the ruin, and his feet against the other, athwart the hole, -and in order to fix his hands on some solid thing, drew his sword out of -its sheath, and thrust the blade thereof as far as he could into the -opposite part of the shaft, and so in great pain and terror rested -himself. - -"The suddenness of this accident, and the horse's escaping in the dark -as aforesaid, was the reason why Mr. Chapman's servant, who went before -him, did not so soon find him wanting as otherwise he might, which as -soon as he did, he went back the roadway in quest of him, calling him -aloud by his name; but receiving no answer, nor being able to find his -horse, he concluded his master had rode home some other way, whereupon, -giving up all further search after him, he hastened home to Constantine, -expecting to have met him there; but contrary to his expectations, found -he was not returned. Whereupon his servants, early next morning, went -forth to inquire after him, and suspecting (as it happened) he might be -fallen into some tin-shafts about Redruth, hastened thither, where, -before they arrived, some tinners had taken custody of his horse (with -bridle and saddle on), which they found grazing in the Wastsell Downs. -Whereupon, consulting together about this tragical mishap, it was -resolved forthwith that some of these tinners, for reward, should search -the most dangerous shafts in order to find his body, either living or -dead; accordingly they employed themselves that day till about four -o'clock in the afternoon without any discovery of him. Finally, one -person returned to his company, and told them that at a considerable -distance he heard a kind of human voice underground; to which place they -repaired, and making loud cries to the hole of the shaft, he forthwith -answered them that he was there alive, and prayed their assistance in -order to deliver him from that tremendous place; whereupon, immediately -they set on tackle ropes and windlass on the old shaft, so that a tinner -descended to the place where he rested, and having candle-light with -him, bound him fast in a rope, and so drew him safely to land, where, to -their great admiration and joy, it appeared he had neither broke any -bone, or was much bruised by the fall; verifying that old English -proverb, that drunkards seldom take hurt; for, as the tinners said, if -he had fallen but two or three feet lower, he must inevitably have been -drowned in the water. But maugre all these adverse accidents, after -about seventeen hours' stay in the pit aforesaid, he miraculously -escaped death, and lived many years after, and would recount this story -with as much pleasure as men do the ballads of 'Chevy Chase' or -'Rosamond Clifford.'" - - - - - JOHN COKE, OF TRERICE - - -There is no thriving on ill-gotten goods, says the proverb, and this -was exemplified in the case of the Cook or Coke family of Trerice, in -S. Allen. - -According to Hals, John Coke, attorney-at-law, came into these parts -of Cornwall in the reign of Queen Elizabeth from Ottery S. Mary, in -Devon, "without money or goods, and placed himself a servant or -steward under Sir Francis Godolphin, Knight, where he began from, and -with, his ink-horn and pen, to turn all things that he touched into -gold, and that by indirect art and practices as tradition saith." This -Cook or Coke derived from a Henry Cooke, a citizen of Exeter, who -married the sister and heiress of Roger Thorne, in Ottery S. Mary; and -the eldest branch of the family remained at Thorne till the end of the -seventeenth century, when it became extinct. - -Sir Francis Godolphin, finding John Coke a clever business man, left -in his hands the management of his estate and his tin mines. - -Coke took care that all the tin of his master's mines should be run into -blocks and stamped with the dolphin, to show whence they came and whose -they were. But after a while, as he saw that he was not specially -overlooked, and that opportunity was afforded him for peculation, he had -a considerable share of the block tin produced at the blowing-houses of -Sir Francis for himself, and to distinguish it from that of his -master's had it stamped with the figure of a cat, as cats are on the -Coke arms; and this he disposed of to his own advantage, and eventually -it was found that from the Godolphin mines more tin was produced and -sold marked with the cat than was with the dolphin. - -Hals says: "Sir Francis's lady being informed of his ill practices, -and resolving by the next coinage to be better instructed in this -mystery, at such time as Godolphin blowing-house was at work, -privately, with one of her maids, in a morning, on foot went to that -place, where according, as common fame reported, she found many more -blocks or slabs of tin marked with the cat than there were with the -dolphin; the one part pertaining to Sir Francis, the other to Mr. -Coke. Whereupon, abundantly satisfied, she returned to Godolphin -House, but could not be there timely enough against dinner; whereat -Sir Francis was greatly distasted, having at that time several -strangers to dine with him. At length the lady being arrived, she -asked all their pardons for her absence, and told them it did not -proceed from any neglect or want of respect, but from an absolute -necessity of seeing a strange and unheard-of piece of curiosity, which -could not be seen at any other time; viz. to see a cat eat the -dolphin. And then gave an account of the premises, to their great -wonder and admiration; whereupon, soon after, Sir Francis dismissed -him from his service. But by that time he had gotten so much riches -that forthwith he purchased the little barton and manor of Trerice, in -S. Allen, and made that place his habitation till he purchased the -barton and manor of Tregasa, and seated himself there, where, by -parsimony and the inferior practice of the law, he accumulated a very -considerable estate in those parts. But maugre all his thrift and -conduct in providing wealth for himself and posterity, his grandson, -Thomas Coke, succeeding to his estate, upon the issueless decease of -his elder brother, Christopher Coke, and buying in his widow's -jointure at a dear rate, and also undertaking the building of the -present new and finely contrived house at Tregasa, though never -finished, yet the said fabric was so costly and chargeable to him, -together with the vain extravagance of his wife Lance, that he was -necessitated to sell divers parcels of lands in order to raise money -for his necessary occasions, and finally to mortgage the manor and -barton of Tregasa and all his other lands that were before unsold, for -about fourteen thousand pounds, to Hugh Boscawen, of Tregothnan, Esq.; -and lastly, for that consideration and others, did, by lease and -release, fine and proclamation, convey the same to the said Hugh -Boscawen, his heirs and assigns, for ever. Soon after this fact Mr. -Coke fell into great want and distress, together with his wife and -children, and died suddenly by a slip of his foot into a shallow pit, -wherein he was searching for tin, out of a conceited opinion he had -that he should at last raise his fortune by tin, as his grandfather -before him had done." - -What Hals has omitted to state is that John Coke married a Godolphin, -Prudence, daughter of William Godolphin, of Trewarveneth, by whom he -had three sons--John, Edward, and Francis. Thomas Coke, who came to -such grief, the sins of the grandfather visited on the grandchild, was -Sheriff of Cornwall in the year 1651 under the Commonwealth. - - - - - THOMAS PELLOW, OF PENRYN - - -Thomas Pellow was born at Penryn, in all probability in 1704, and was -educated in the Latin school of that place. But loving adventure -better than books, and impatient to escape _propria quæ maribus_, he -implored his uncle John Pellow to allow him to embark with him in the -good ship _Francis_, owned by Valentine Enys, merchant, of Penryn, -that was bound with a cargo of pilchards for Genoa. He soon began to -regret having left the school bench, for his uncle not only made him -work as a common seaman, but when not so employed held him to those -hated books, and if he shirked, gave him the cat-o'-nine-tails. "So -that by the time we got to Genoa I thought I had enough of the sea, -being every day, during our voyage out, obliged (over and above my -book learning) to go up to the main-top mast-head, even in all -weather." On the return voyage when off Cape Finisterre the vessel was -captured by Sallee pirates, and it with the crew conveyed to Morocco -as captives. Thomas Pellow was in but his eleventh year, and his -Moorish masters thought that they would have little difficulty with -him in making of him a Mussulman. - -He remained in Morocco for twenty-three years, during which time he -kept a diary, and this was published in London in 1739 and 1740, but -no date is affixed to the two editions. A third edition was published -in 1775, and recently his record of adventure has been included in -the "Adventure Series," edited with an introduction by Dr. Robert -Brown, and published by Mr. Fisher Unwin, London, 1890. In this -edition the narrative extends to 330 pages, and it is not my intention -to give even a summary of its contents, the book itself being easily -accessible. What must suffice is some account of the beginning of his -bondage and an idea of the condition of Morocco whilst he was there. - -Thomas Pellow was given as slave to Muley Spha one of the Sultan's -favourite sons, but, as Pellow says, a sad villain. "My business now -was to run from morning to night after his horse's heels; during which -he often prompted me to turn Moor, and told me, if I would, I should -have a very fine horse to ride on, and I should live like one of his -best esteemed friends." As Pellow declined this invitation, "he -committed me prisoner to one of his own rooms, keeping me there -several months in irons, and every day most severely bastinading -me.... My tortures were now exceedingly increased, burning my flesh -off my bones by fire; which the tyrant did, by frequent repetitions, -insomuch, that through my so very acute pains I was at last -constrained to submit, calling upon God to forgive me, who knows that -I never gave the consent of the heart, though I seemingly yielded by -holding up my finger." - -He was then, after having been instructed in the Moorish language, -appointed to be chief porter to the Sultan's harem, where resided the -Sultana and thirty-eight concubines. He received strict orders that no -one should be admitted without due notice. On one occasion the Sultan -arrived and knocked to be admitted without having previously intimated -his intention of paying a visit to his harem. The outer porter made -no difficulty in admitting him, but Thomas Pellow absolutely refused -to admit His Majesty as he had received no notice that he was coming, -and when the Sultan continued to knock, he discharged his blunderbuss -through the door. The Sultan was so delighted at his trustworthy -character and behaviour on the occasion, that he cut off the heads of -the two complaisant door-keepers, and promoted Pellow to be one of his -bodyguard. - -After a few years the Sultan, "being on the merry fun, ordered to be -brought before him eight hundred young men, and soon after as many young -women, and he told the men, that he had on several occasions observed -their readiness in obeying him, he would therefore give every one of -them a wife; and which indeed, he soon did, by giving some by his own -hand (a very great condescension), and to others by the beckoning of his -head, and the cast of his eye, where they should fix. After they were -all coupled and departed, I was also called forth, and bid to look at -eight black women standing there, and to take one of them for a wife, at -which sudden command, I (being not a little confounded) immediately -bowing twice, falling to the ground and kissing it, and after that the -Emperor's foot, humbly entreated him that he would be graciously pleased -to give me one of my own colour. Then, forthwith sending them off, he -ordered to be brought forth seven others, who all proved to be -mulattoes, at which I again bowed to the ground, still entreating him to -give me one of my own colour; and then he ordered them also to depart, -and sent for a single woman, full dressed, with two blacks attending -her. I being forthwith ordered to take her by the hand and lead her off, -perceived it to be black also, as soon after I did her feet; at which I -started back, and being asked what was the matter, I answered him as -before; when he, assenting, ordered me to lift up her veil and look at -her face; which I readily obeying, found her to be of a very agreeable -complexion, the old rascal crying out in the Spanish language, _Bono, -bono_, ordering me a second time to take her by the hand, lead her off, -and keep her safe." - -By this wife Pellow had a daughter. The Sultan was a monster of -cruelty, but according to Pellow there was not much choice in rotten -apples; he saw the rise of several, and one was as bad as another. He -says of the first he served: "He was of so fickle, cruel, and sanguine -a nature, that none could become for one hour secure of life. He had -many despatched, by having their heads cut off, or by being strangled, -others by tossing; but scarce would he on those occasions afford a -verbal command, he thinking that too much--generally giving it by -signs or motions of his head and hand. - -"The punishment of _Tossing_ is a very particular one and peculiar to -the Moors. The person whom the Emperor orders to be thus punished is -seized by three or four strong negroes, who, taking hold of his arms, -throw him up with all their strength, and at the same time turning him -round, pitch him down head foremost; at which they are so dexterous by -long use, that they can either break his neck at the first toss, -dislocate his shoulder, or let him fall with less hurt. They continue -doing this as often as the Emperor has ordered. - -"The Emperor's wrath is terrible, which the Christians have often -felt. One day, passing by a high wall on which they were at work, and -being affronted that they did not keep time in their strokes, he made -the guards go up and throw them off the wall, breaking their legs and -arms, and knocking them on the head. Another time he ordered them to -bury a man alive, and beat him down along with the mortar in the wall. - -"In the year 1721 the Emperor despatched El Arbi Shat, a man of one of -the best families in Barbary, being descended from the Andalusian -Moors, and deserved the esteem both of his own countrymen and of us. -Part of the crime laid to his charge was for going out of the country -without the Emperor's knowledge, and having been friendly himself with -Christian women, and often been in liquor. He was also accused of -being an unbeliever. Early one morning he was carried before the -Emperor, who commanded him to be sawed in two; upon which he was tied -between two boards and sawed in two, beginning at the head and going -downwards, till the body fell asunder, and must have remained to have -been eaten by dogs, if the Emperor had not pardoned him--an -extravagant custom, to pardon a man after he is dead, but unless he -does so, nobody dares bury the body." - -Pellow describes the condition of the Christian slaves: "The severest -labour and hardships inflicted on malefactors in Europe are levity -compared with what many worthy persons undergo in this modern Egypt. -At daybreak the guardians of the several dungeons, where the Christian -slaves are shut up at night, rouse them with curses and blows to their -work, which consists in providing materials for the Emperor's -extravagant buildings, stamping earth mixed with lime and water, in a -wooden box near three yards long and three feet deep, and of the -extended breadth of the wall. Their instrument for this is a heavy -wooden stamper. Others prepare and mix the earth, or dig in quarries -for lime stones; others burn them. Some are employed to carry large -baskets of earth; some drive wagons drawn by six bulls and two horses, -and, after the toil of the day, these miserable carters watch their -cattle in the field at night, and in all weathers, as their life must -answer for any accident. The task of many is to saw, cut, cement and -erect marble pillars, and of such as are found qualified, to make -gunpowder and small arms; yet does not their skill procure them any -better treatment than those who, having only the use of their limbs -without any ingenuity, are set to the coarsest works, as tending -horses, sweeping stables, carrying burdens, grinding with hand-mills. -They have all their respective taskmasters, who punish the least stop -or inadvertency, and often will not allow the poor creatures time to -eat their bread. After such a wearisome day, it frequently happens -they are hurried away to some filthy work in the night time. Their -lodgings in the night are subterranean dungeons, round, and about five -fathoms diameter and three deep, going down by a ladder of ropes, -which is afterwards drawn up, and an iron grate fastened in the mouth; -and here they lay upon mats. Neither has their fare anything more -comfortable in it, consisting only of a small platter of black barley -meal, with a pittance of oil per day. This scantiness has put several -upon hazarding a leap from very high walls only to get a few wild -onions that grow in the Moors' burying place." - -Pellow developed considerable military ability and was employed in -military operations against rebels; he was made a captain, and was -present at several sieges, and witnessed the barbarity wherewith were -treated the men of a captured town. On one occasion the troops were -required to cut off the heads of all the male inhabitants and bring -them to the Sultan; but as the number was so great and the stench -threatened to breed a pestilence in the army, the general was -compelled to slice off the ears and pickle them in barrels and convey -these only to the Sultan at his capital, who graciously under the -circumstances accepted the ears in lieu of the heads. - -Pellow was several times wounded, and he made occasional abortive -attempts to escape. When wounded, returning from one of his -expeditions, he received news that his wife and daughter were dead, -and he calmly observes: "I must own that it gave me very little -uneasiness, as I thought them to be by far better off than they could -have been in this troublesome world, especially this part of it; and I -was really very glad that they were delivered out of it, and therefore -it gave me very little uneasiness." - -It is startling to think that in the reign of George I there should be -such numbers of English as well as French, Spanish and Italian -captives in Morocco and Algiers and Tunis, and that their redemption -should have to be the work of private charity, and not be a determined -undertaking of Government. - -In 1791 England framed a treaty with Morocco giving our merchants -freedom to sail the seas unmolested, and permitting renegades to return -to their old faith and obtain their liberty on certain conditions. But -captives continued to be taken by the corsairs as of old: "Shall a -Moslem," asked one of the sultans, "be a slave to his word, like a dog -of a Christian?" In 1800 Muley Suliman agreed with Spain for a -reciprocal interchange of captives, and similar contracts were entered -into with other powers. In 1817, acting under _force majeure_, Suliman -was compelled to disarm his war vessels, and promise to put an end to -this atrocious system, that had lasted too long. But although piracy was -no longer officially recognized, it did not wholly cease. Whether the -Sultan connived at the infraction of treaty, or whether the inhabitants -of the Riff shore acted independently of him, merchant vessels -continued to be boarded and taken and the crew enslaved. - -In 1828 the English established a blockade of the Morocco coast in -retaliation for the continuance of these outrages, and in 1829 the -capture of an Austrian vessel by pirates led to the bombardment of the -ports of Tetuan, Azila, Rabat, and Sallee. At length the insolence of -the Moorish corsairs led to the Spanish war of 1859-60, which taught -the Moors a salutary lesson. - -In 1856 Sir John Drummond-Hay succeeded in recovering some captives, -and in exacting an assurance that similar conduct should not recur. -But although attacks by piratical ships on the high seas were brought -to an end, wrecking was pursued with zest and impunity. Any vessel -that was cast upon the coast was regarded as a legitimate prize, and -its crew who came ashore were carried into the interior and enslaved. -In this way Riley, Adams, and Puddock were able to write their -experiences, on their escape from captivity. - -Sir Arthur Brook in 1831 wrote that "the country Moors on all parts of -the coast are constantly on the look out for Christians, and instantly -make prisoners of all who have either landed accidentally or have been -shipwrecked. Parties that are occasionally formed, as ours was, to -visit Cape Spartel are even subject to this, and in one recent -instance the lady of the English Vice-Consul, who had strolled to a -short distance out of sight of the guard that attended her, was on the -point of being made a prisoner by a body of natives who surrounded her -and her party, thinking they were alone, until undeceived by the -timely appearance of the escort." - -A visitor to the Riviera will see the little towns and villages walled -up, and with strong gateways and towers. They were protections -against Algerine and Moroccan corsairs, who would land and raid the -coast for captives; and there are old men still living who had heard -from their fathers piteous stories of their being taken and carried -off into bondage and cruel slavery in Africa. - -There are still, and there have been in the past, numerous Europeans who -have been renegades, and have lent their wits and experience to the -Moors, but they are nearly all scoundrels of the worst description, -_forçats_ who have escaped from the prisons in Spain or Algiers, and -other vagabonds unable to show their faces in Europe. Dr. Brown writes: -"I know of no British renegade--the last and the most respectable of the -order, a Scotchman, who lived at Rabat, much esteemed for his -intelligence and honourable conduct, having died two years ago. Were the -history of these turncoats fully known, the story of their lives would -be a curious chapter in the annals of human nature. One of the most -romantic of these tales was that of an old white-bearded man who, when -the French military commission first entered Fez in 1877, was seen -silently and sad-eyed, supported by two attendants, contemplating a -uniform with which in days gone by he was very familiar. This aged -renegade was known as Abd-er-Rhuman; but his christened name was Count -Joseph de Saulty, formerly a lieutenant of engineers in the army of -Algeria. In a weak moment he eloped with the commandant's wife, and -remained in Tunis until she died. Then, becoming painfully anxious of -the grave position in which he was placed as a deserter from the -colours, he passed into Morocco, changed his faith, and as a military -adviser of the then Sultan rose high in the imperial favour. He died in -1881, and is buried at the gates of Fez, though so thoroughly did he -put the past behind him, that his son, now occupying a high position in -the Court, is entirely ignorant of any language except Arabic. Another -renegade of note was the English officer still remembered as Inglis -Bashaw under whom Muley-el-Hassan, the present Sultan, learned the art -of war, and who was the first individual to impart anything like -discipline to the Moroccan army. Why he came to Morocco is not known, -and so jealously was his identity kept dark, that in a recent work by -the Viscount de la Montonère his real name is declared to be unknown. At -this date there can be no reason for concealing that it was Graham; and -I have been told by those who have every reason to know that, like so -many others who incur the jealousy of the Moorish dignitaries, he died -of poison." - -The time of Morocco piracy is at an end, but that on land there are -still captures has been of late years but too evident--the last being -the capture of Sir Hugh Maclean. - -But to return to Thomas Pellow. - -After several ineffectual attempts at escape, and after incurring -hairbreadth escapes, Pellow succeeded eventually in making his way to -Gibraltar. But even there he was not safe. A Jew, agent for the Sultan -of Morocco, claimed him, and demanded that he should be surrendered, -as a Mussulman and as a subject of the Moorish Sultan. But General -Field-Marshal Joseph Sabine, then Governor of Gibraltar, answered -peremptorily that, as an English-born subject, he was an Englishman, -and could not be surrendered. He went on board a vessel for England -and reached Deptford, "and going on shore, directly to the church, -returned public thanks to God for my safe arrival in Old England." - -He remained in Deptford, very kindly received by a brother Cornishman, -William Jones, and there, finding no vessel bound for Falmouth, he went -to London and thence embarked on board a vessel commanded by Captain -Francis, who readily offered him a passage to Truro. - -He landed at Falmouth. The news of his coming had spread. "My father's -house was almost quite at the other end of the town. I was, before I -could reach it, more than an hour; for notwithstanding it was almost -dark, I was so crowded by the inhabitants that I could not pass through -them without a great deal of difficulty--every one bidding me welcome -home, being all very inquisitive with me if I knew them, which, indeed I -did not, for I was so very young at my departure, and my captivity and -the long interval of time had made so very great an alteration on both -sides, that I did not know my own father and mother, nor they me; and -had we happened to meet at any other place without being preadvised, -whereby there might be an expectation or natural instinct interposing, -we should no doubt have passed each other, unless my great beard might -have influenced them to inquire further after me." - -He returned to Penryn on the 15th October, 1738, his birthday. - -His narrative concludes with a touching account of his gratitude to -God for having brought him back, and an expression of his earnest -desire to serve God truly all the rest of his days upon earth. - - - - - THE ORIGIN OF THE ROBARTES - FAMILY - -Colonel Symonds, who accompanied Charles I when he was in the West, -says in his diary: "A gentleman of the county told me the original of -the Lord Roberts his family. His great-grandfather was servant to a -gentleman of this county--his hynd. Afterwards lived in Truro, and -traded in wood and fferzen--got an estate of 5 to £600. His son was so -bred, and lived there too, putt out his money, and his debtors paid it -him in tynn. He engrossing the sale of tyn, grew to be worth many -thousands--£30,000. His son was squeezed by the Court in King James -his time of £20,000, so was made a Baron, and built the house of -Lanhydrock, now the seat of Lord Roberts" (pp. 45, 46). The hind, who -founded the family, and sold wood and furze for the tin smelting, was -Richard Roberts of Truro, who married Joan Geffrey of S. Breage, and -died in 1593. His son, who continued the wood store and got paid in -tin, was John Roberts, who married Philippa, daughter of John -Gaverigan, of a very ancient family. He died in 1615. - -Before the introduction of coal in tin smelting, the fuel employed was -peat, furze, i.e. gorse that produced a quick, fierce blaze, and wood. -Rapidly the trees in Cornwall were disappearing, as the produce of tin -ore became greater, and the lack of the necessary fuel was becoming a -serious impediment. - -[Illustration: The Right Hon^{bl.} John Earle of RADNOR: Baron Roberts -of Truro; & L^d. PRESIDENT of His Ma^{ties} most Hon^{ble}. Privy -Council. Año·1683] - -Carew, speaking of the woods in Cornwall, when he compiled his Survey, -says that in the west of the county they were scarce, and the few that -were preserved were principally employed in making charcoal for the -blowing-houses. "This lacke," he adds, "they supply either with -steam-coal from Wales, or dried turfes, some of which are also -converted into coal to serve the tinners' turne." - -From the charters of King John and Edward I we learn that power was -granted to the tinners to take turf and wood where they could for the -purpose of smelting the ore; but as the woods disappeared, and the -turf was being used up in the neighbourhood of the works, they could -not travel to great distances to procure the needful fuel. Richard -Roberts saw his opportunity and seized it. He made contracts with the -owners of coppices and furzy downs and peat bottoms, and gathered his -supplies in one great store at Truro. He did more--he obtained coals -from Wales, and sold to the mining adventurers at a handsome profit to -himself, thus saving them the waste of time in wandering about -obtaining fuel where they could. Thus he laid the foundations of a -business that was largely increased by his son John. But this latter -embarked on another branch of money-making. He lent cash to the -adventurers in the mines. "As poor as a tinner" was a proverbial -expression in Cornwall, and "a tinner is never broke till his back is -broke." But if the working miner remained poor, the moneylender waxed -wealthy on the miners' work. - -Carew observes that the parishes in which the tin was worked were in a -"meaner plight of wealth" than those which were agricultural. Vast -amounts of tin were raised, but little of the profit stuck to the -hands of the toilers in the mines. - -Tinning was not carried on by large companies, but by small men; three -or four would combine to take a set. They cut four turves at the -bounds, paying a certain sum down to the Duchy or to the private owner -of the land, as rent; and also owing a toll of the tin raised to the -proprietor of the land. These small men were without capital, and they -were constrained to borrow of Roberts, and he let them have the -requisite money at a rate of interest we should consider extortionate. -Queen Elizabeth was unable to borrow money of the estates of Holland -under 25 per cent, and we may judge what would be the rate of interest -demanded by the usurer of the working miner. - -But that was not all. The miner did not pay the interest in cash, but -in tin, and tin at the value pretty arbitrarily laid down by the -moneylender, so that he had the adventurer in two ways. Nor was this -indeed all. He often advanced to the miner not cash alone, but the -tools for his trade, the timber for shoring up the shafts, and the -machinery, such as it was, for pumping the water out of the mines. - -There was an additional means of getting money, and also of acquiring -lands. Carew gives us a curious account of the manner in which the -London merchants of his time took advantage of any want of money -Cornish gentry in London might experience in order to defray their -expenses there, by binding them to furnish tin for money advanced, at -great ultimate loss to the Cornish men. They also had their agents in -Cornwall, who advanced money to the needy tinners, partly in wares and -partly in money, upon agreement that they should furnish certain -quantities of tin at the next coinage, by which the tinners -experienced great loss. - -With regard to the loans to the adventurers, Roberts possessed the -inestimable advantage of being on the spot, and so prepared to supply -them with the fuel and the capital they needed. But there were Cornish -gentry who wanted to go to London, and desired loans to cover their -expenses in town. They went to Roberts: he furnished the supplies. As -may be well expected, these gentry did not make money in London, they -became greatly impoverished there, and Roberts, we may infer, was able -to take their estates, or large slices out of them, on the security of -which he had made the advances. - -How hard the work of the poor tinners was, on whom the usurers preyed, -we learn from Carew. "In most places," he says, "their toyle is so -extream, as they cannot endure it above four hours a day, but are -succeeded by spels; the residue of the time they weare out at coytes, -kayles, or like idle exercises." - -Richard Roberts, the son of John, amassed great wealth, and was -knighted 11 November, 1616. At this time he was threatened with -prosecution by the Privy Seal for usury, and he only escaped trial by -paying a bribe of £12,000. He bought a baronetcy of James I in 1621, -and was created Baron Truro in 1625. One of the charges brought -against Buckingham, when impeached in the House of Commons, was that -he had received a bribe of £10,000 from Richard Roberts for -negotiating for him his elevation to the Barony of Truro. This is -confirmed by the deposition of Roberts himself (_Calendar State -Papers_, 1677-8, p. 220; cf. 1625-6, p. 298). - -Richard Roberts married Frances, daughter of John Hender of Botreux -Castle or Boscastle, a co-heiress, and died in 1634. He was evidently a -very shrewd and grasping man, and particularly desirous of pushing ahead -and obtaining a position to which his only claim was wealth. By the -marriages of father and son, the very plebeian family of Roberts brought -strains of gentle blood into the veins of their descendants. He it was -who built the stately mansion of Lanhydrock. He died 19th April, 1634, -but was not buried at Lanhydrock till July 4th in the same year. - -His son and heir John Roberts, second Baron Truro, was sent to be -educated at Exeter College, Oxford. He entered as Gentleman Commoner -in 1625, when aged seventeen, the year of his mother's death. At -college, according to Wood, he "sucked in evil principles both as to -Church and State." - -By his marriage with the Lady Lucy, daughter of Robert Rich, Earl of -Warwick, he became allied to the leaders of the opposition among the -peers, and during the Long Parliament his vote was almost always given -with the popular party among the Lords. He was appointed Lord -Lieutenant of Cornwall in 1642, and became colonel of a regiment of -foot in the army of Lord Essex. He fought at Edgehill, and commanded a -brigade in the battle of Newbury. In 1644 he held the position of -Field Marshal in the army of Essex, and he was with him in the west -when he advanced further into Cornwall, getting into a position which -eventually led to a humiliating defeat, among a population fanatically -affected to the Royal side. - -The King with Prince Maurice was in full pursuit, driving him into a -corner, the narrow extremity of Cornwall. The King was now joined by -Sir Richard Grenville with Cornish levies, cutting off some of the -Parliamentarian foraging parties. But the sea as yet was open, and the -Earl of Warwick, who attended the motions of the army, was off the -coast. "It was therefore now resolved to make Essex's quarters yet -straiter, and to cut off even his provisions by sea, or a good part -thereof." Fowey was in the possession of Essex, "and it was -exceedingly wondered at by all men, that he being so long possessed of -Foy, did not put strong guards into the place, by which he might have -prevented his army's being brought into these extreme necessities." -Sir Richard Grenville possessed himself of Lanbetherick, a strong -house belonging to Lord Roberts, and lying between the Parliamentarian -army and the little harbour, and Sir Jacob Astley made himself master -of View Hall, which was opposite to Fowey, and then cut off supplies -from reaching the camp of Essex. - -For eight or ten days the armies lay inactive, and then Charles drew -closer the toils in which the hostile army was held. He drove them -from a rising ground called Beacon Hill, and immediately raised a -square work on it, and placed there a battery that threw a plunging -fire into their quarters. Then Goring was sent with the greatest part -of the royal horse, and fifteen hundred foot, to S. Blazey, to drive -the enemy yet closer together, and to cut off the provisions they -received from that direction. The dashing, daring Goring executed his -commission with complete success, and the Parliamentarians were -reduced to that small strip of land that lay between the river Fowey -and that of S. Blazey, which was not above two miles in breadth and -little more in width, and which had already been eaten bare by the -cavalry. The destruction of the whole army now appeared inevitable; -but through the carelessness of Goring, one dark night all the horse -of the enemy were allowed to slip unperceived through the lines, on -the night of the 30th and 31st August, 1644, and the Earl of Essex -with Lord Roberts and many of his officers fought his way to the shore -near the mouth of the Fowey, and there they embarked on board a ship -which Warwick had sent round, and sailed away to Plymouth on September -1st, leaving the foot, cannon, and ammunition to the care of the -gallant Skippon, who had nothing left for it but to make the best -capitulation he could. Essex left Roberts in command at Plymouth, -which he successfully defended against the attacks made during the -ensuing months, and his popularity is attested by the petitions made -by the Plymothians that he might be left in command of the town. - -Lord Roberts must have suffered considerably in the Civil War, for his -estates were alienated from him and granted by the King to Sir Richard -Grenville, whilst his home of Lanhydrock was occupied by the Royalists, -and his children were detained from him. He was a staunch Presbyterian, -hating Prelacy, believing in exclusive salvation, the perquisite of -those who believed in Calvin, and he had no love for the Independents. - -Since 1643 an assembly for the regulation of religion had been sitting -at Westminster. It had substituted Presbyterianism for the Episcopacy, -as the established religion of England, and had abolished the Prayer -Book and issued in its stead a book called the Directory. These -changes had been confirmed by Parliament. But this settlement of the -religious question was quite contrary to the views of the Army, which -was mainly--at all events that portion commanded by Cromwell in the -North--composed of Independents. - -Sir Harry Vane, Oliver Cromwell, Nathaniel Fiennes, and Oliver St. -John, the solicitor-general, were regarded as their leaders. -Dissentions broke out in the House of Commons; Cromwell and Lord -Manchester cast imputations on each other. Cromwell desired to remodel -the Army, of which the House of Commons had already become -suspicious, and how to effect this project was the difficulty, and his -object could only be attained by a circuitous course. At his instance -a committee was chosen to frame what was called the "Self-denying -Ordinance," by which the members of both Houses were excluded from all -civil and military employments, except a few offices which were -specified. After a great debate, the Ordinance passed both Houses -(April 3rd, 1645), and Essex, Warwick, Manchester, Denbigh, Roberts, -and many others resigned their commands, and received the thanks of -Parliament for their past services. - -Lord Roberts's zeal for the cause rapidly cooled. He and Essex both -protested against the passing of the Ordinance on March 13th, 1646, -that made the new Presbyterian Established "Church" subordinate to -Parliament. - -On January 3rd, 1648, it was passed in both Houses that thenceforth no -addresses should any more be sent to the King; he was virtually -dethroned, and the whole constitution was formally overthrown; and by -orders from the Army the King was shut up in close confinement, his -servants removed, and his correspondence with his friends prevented. -When the Army threatened to intervene, Roberts deemed it his most -prudent course to absent himself from the House of Lords, and suffer -the act to pass. - -He took no part in the trial of the King, and after the execution of -Charles withdrew from further share in public affairs. He was, -however, not hostile to the Protectorate, and at the Installation of -the Protector he suffered his son to be in his train. - -At the Restoration he was received into favour, and became a Privy -Councillor, and was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland, and Lord Keeper -of the Privy Seal in May, 1661. In July, 1679, he was created -Viscount Bodmin and Earl of Radnor. - -With the latter part of his life we have no concern, as this article -has to do only with the rise of the family of Roberts to an Earldom -from a store of wood and furze, and the sordid desk of an usurer. -Pepys, in his _Diary_, describes him as "a very sober man," and -Clarendon as "a sullen, morose man, intolerably proud," and as having -a "dark countenance," and Burnet as a "sullen and morose man." He died -July 17th, 1685. His son Robert seems to have deemed it expedient to -differentiate his family name from the thousands of Roberts's in -humble life, by the alteration of the spelling of the name, by the -transfer of the _e_ and the addition of an _a_, and the vulgar Roberts -bloomed into Robartes. - -The motto assumed by the first Lord Roberts, "quæ supra" expressed the -sincere aspiration of the man, who was certainly sincere in seeking -"those things which are above," as the guiding principle of his life. - -The Robartes or Roberts family became extinct in the male line in -1757; but Mary Vere Robartes, daughter of the Hon. Russell Robartes, -married Thomas Hunt, of Mollington, and left issue Thomas Hunt, who -had an only child, Anna Maria, who married Charles Reginald Agar, -third son of James, Viscount Clifden, and carried the wealth of the -Robartes family into that of Agar; and in 1822 Thomas James Agar, her -son, assumed the name and arms of Robartes, and was created Baron -Robartes of Lanhydrock and Truro in 1869. The descent is, however, so -remote and through females, that the present family can hardly be -considered to represent the original Robertes or Roberts stock. - - - - - THEODORE PALEOLOGUS - - -In the church of Landulph is a small brass attached to the wall that -bears the following inscription: "Here lyeth the body of Theodore -Paleologus, of Pesaro in Italye, descended from y^e Imperyal lyne of y^e -last Christian emperors of Greece, being the sonne of Camillio, y^e -sonne of Prosper, the sonne of Theodoro, the sonne of John, y^e sonne of -Thomas, second brother of Constantius Paleologus, the 8^{th} of that -name, and last of y^e lyne y^t rayned in Constantinople until subdued by -the Turks, who married w^t Mary, y^e daughter of William Balls, of -Hadlye in Souffolke, Gent., and had issue 5 children, Theodore, John, -Ferdinando, Maria, and Dorothy; and departed this life at Clyfton, y^e -21^{st} of Jan^y 1636." Above the inscription are the imperial arms of -the empire of Byzantium--an eagle displayed with two heads, the two legs -resting upon two gates; the imperial crown over the whole, and between -the gates a crescent, for difference as second son. - -There were eight Emperors of the East of the family of the Paleologi. -The family descended from a General Andronicus Paleologus, who died in -1246. The Emperor Manuel, who deceased in 1425, had five sons: John II, -Emperor, who died in 1449; Theodore, despot in Lacedemon; Andronicus, -despot in Thessalonica; Constantine, despot of the Morea. John II was -associated with his father, and succeeded him. Andronicus, the second -son, died of leprosy in 1429. Theodore, Constantine, Demetrius, and -Thomas wasted their resources in mutual contests, but Theodore was -constrained to adopt the monastic profession. On the death of John II -the royal family was reduced to three princes--Constantine, Demetrius, -and Thomas. Demetrius at once claimed the vacant throne, but failed in -his attempt, and Constantine succeeded, the last and greatest of the -Paleologi. "Demetrius and Thomas now divided the Morea between them; but -though they had taken a solemn oath never to violate the agreement, -differences soon arose, and Thomas took up arms to drive Demetrius out -of his possessions; Demetrius hereupon retired to Asan, his wife's -brother, by whose means he obtained succours from Amurath, and compelled -Thomas to submit the matters in dispute to the Emperor's (Constantine's) -arbitration. But that prince refusing to deliver to his brother the -territories that fell to his share, Mohammed ordered Thuraken, his -governor in the Morea, to assist Demetrius." - -Shortly after this, on the fatal May 29th, 1453, Constantinople was -taken by the Turks, and the gallant Constantine was killed. - -Immediately after the capture Mohammed proceeded to make war on -Demetrius and Thomas, whereupon the Albanians, subjects of Thomas, -revolted. Fresh disputes broke out between the brothers, each -endeavouring to supplant the other, and in 1459 Mohammed entered the -Morea and reduced Corinth. At the first news of his approach Thomas -fled to Italy with his wife and children, and Demetrius submitted to -the Sultan, who carried him away to Constantinople, where he died in -abject slavery in 1470. Thomas was received in Italy by Pope Pius II -in 1461, who allowed him a pension of six thousand ducats. - -[Illustration: Here lyeth the body of Theodoro Paleologvs, of Pesaro -in Italye: descended from y^e Imperyall lyne of y^e last Christian -Emperors of Greece, being the sonne of Camilio, y^e sone of Prosper, -the sonne of Theodoro, the sonne of John, y^e sonne of Thomas, second -brother to Constantine Paleologvs, the 8^{th} of that name and last of -y^e lyne y^t raygned in Constantinople, vntill svbdewed by the -Tvrkes·who married w^{th} Mary, y^e davghter of William Balls of -Hadlye in Sovffolke, gent: & had issve·5·children, Theodoro, John, -Ferdinando, Maria, & Dorothy, & depted this life at Clyfton, y^e -21^{th} of Ianvary 1636. - -MEMORIAL BRASS IN THE CHURCH OF LANDULPH - -_Reproduced by permission of E. H. W. Dunkin, Esq., F.S.A., from his -book on Cornish Brasses_] - -Historians record only two sons, Andrew and Manuel, but according to -the inscription in Landulph church there was a third, John, whom -Italian writers have not mentioned. - -Andrew, the eldest, married a woman from the streets of Rome, and -dying childless, in 1502, bequeathed his empty honours to Ferdinand -and Isabella of Spain, having previously sold them to Charles VIII of -France. Manuel Paleologus, the second son, revisited his native -country. He was granted a train of Christians and Moslems to attend -him to his grave. Gibbon says: "If there be some animals of so -generous a nature that they refuse to propagate in a domestic state, -the last of the imperial race must be ascribed to an inferior kind; he -accepted from the Sultan's liberality two beautiful females; and his -surviving son was lost in the habit and religion of a Turkish slave." -Thomas, who had been despot of Morea, died in 1465. By his wife, -Catherine Zaccaria, he had one daughter, in addition to the sons -mentioned, and this was Helen, who married Lazarus II, King of Servia, -and died in 1474. - -Why Theodore Paleologus came to England we do not know, but possibly -in the train of Sir Henry Killigrew and Sir Nicholas Lower. Sir -Nicholas had married Sir Henry's daughter, and as they were both -advanced in life and childless they may have been disposed to befriend -the Paleologi, and Lady Killigrew was one of the learned daughters of -Sir Anthony Coke, celebrated for her knowledge of Greek, and she may -have inspired her daughter, Lady Lower, with the same fondness for the -classic languages. This is but conjecture; but this at least is -certain, that the Paleologi were given Clifton, in Landulph, as their -residence, and this was a mansion that belonged to the Lowers. - -Theodore Paleologus married Mary Balls in 1615, and by her had three -sons, Theodore, John, and Ferdinando, and two daughters. - -Theodore was a lieutenant in the Parliamentary army in 1642, under -Lord St. John, and was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1644. - -There are no traces to be found of John and Ferdinando. Mary, one of -the daughters of Theodore and Mary Balls, died unmarried, and was -buried at Landulph in 1674. Her sister Dorothy married, in 1656, -William Arundell, and died in 1681, he in 1684. - -There was a Theodore Paleologus who died at sea on board the _Charles -II_ under Captain Gibson, in 1693. In his will Theodore mentions only -his wife Martha, and we do not know who was his father. - -We do not know who was the William Arundell whom Dorothy Paleologus -married. Unhappily the registers of S. Dominic, where she and her -husband lived, have been lost, and we cannot say whether the Mary -Arundell who married a Francis Lee soon after the death of her -presumed parents was a daughter. But if so, as Dr. Jago suggests in a -paper in the _Archæologia_, "The imperial blood perhaps still flows in -the bargemen of Cargreen." - - - - - INDEX - - - Abbot, Archbishop, 334 - - Abder-Rhuman, 715 - - Abercrombie, Dr., 427, 428 - - Aberdeen, University of, 34 - - Abingdon, 127 - - Abyssinia, Prince of, 599 - - _Account of the Desperate Affray in Blean Wood_, etc., 612 - - _Account of the English Colony of New South Wales_, 568 - - _Account of R. Jeffery_, 257 - - Acharnania, 508 - - Acombe, 12 - - Acton, 403, 477, 673 - - Actor, Mr., 275 - - _Adams_, 252 - - Adams, John Couch, 189 - -- birth and upbringing, 84 - -- character of, 88, 89, 90 - -- discoverer of Neptune, 86, 88 - -- early observation, 84 - - Adams, Mr., 322, 714 - - Adams, Mr. John, 463 - - Adams, Thomas, 83 - - Adams, William Grylls, 89, 90 - - Addison, Joseph, 644 - - _Admiral Hood_, 602 - - Admiralty order replacement of logan stone, 20, 23 - - Adoption of poor children, 533 - - Adour, 504 - - Advent, 425 - - Adventure Series, 708 - - _Adventures of a Younger Son_, 445, 452, 454 - - _Ætna_, 267 - - Agamemnon's tomb, 448 - - Agar, Charles R., 726 - - Agar, Thomas James, 726 - - _Age of Reason_, 358 - - Agnes, 649 - - _Agnus Dei_, 656 - - _Agreeable Surprise, The_, 469 - - Ainsworth, Harrison, on "Courtenay," 605 - - Airy, 86, 88 - - _Alarm_, 664 - - Albanian revolt, 728 - - Albert, Prince, 621 - - _Albion_, 248, 249 - - Alderton, 487 - - Aldrich, Dean, 213 - - _Alexander_, 559, 561 - - _Alexander the Great_, 300 - - Alexandria, 459, 686 - - Algerine Corsair at Penzance, 130 - - Algerine pirates, 332 - - Algiers, 507, 617, 715 - - Ali Pacha, 508-514 - -- at home, 510-513 - -- human butcher, 509 - - All, the five alls, 550 - - Allen, river, 118 - - _Alligator_, 196 - - Alligators attract patients, 632 - - _All the Year Round_, 93 - - Almanza, 12 - - Altarnon, 73, 80, 186, 187, 190 - - Amaza, 416 - - Amell, 340 - - Ames, Dr. William, 34 - - Ammonites, superstition concerning origin of, 4 - - Amurath, 728 - - Anagram of Noye, 339 - - Andalusian Moors, 711 - - Anderson, Captain, 62 - - _Andromache_, 505 - - "Angel, The," 542 - - Anglesea, Earl of, 298 - - Anglo-Mexican Company, 493 - - Anguella, 251 - - _Annals of King James_, 615 - - Anne of Bohemia, 433 - - Anne, Queen, 219, 299, 307, 310, 318, 372, 639 - - Annesley, Lady Philippa, 298 - - _Annual Register_, 58 - - _Annual Report of the Society of Arts_, 64 note - - _Anson_, H.M.S., salvage of, 62 - -- wreck of, 60, 71 - - Anson, Lord, 158 - - _Antony and Cleopatra_, 205 - - Antigua, 320 - - _Antiquities of Cornwall_, 18 - - Antony ferry, 225 - - Antwerp, 26 - - Anyada, 250 - - _Antelope_, 645 - - Anthem, Cornish, 577 - - _Antiquary, The_, 547 - - Ap Rice, Mr., 288 - - Arabia, Prince of, 600 - - Ararat, 406 - - Arbuthnot, Sir Charles, 529 - - _Archæologia_, 730 - - Arcot, 159, 164 - - Argand lamp, 202 - - Argos, 448 - - _Argus_, 689 - - Argyro-Kastro, 509 - - _Arithmetic_, Walkinghame's, 3 - - Arms of Braddon family, 107 - -- of Byzantine Empire, 727 - -- of Call family, 155, 167 - -- of Clobery family, 231 - -- of Foote family, 280 - -- of Jane family, 206 - -- of Lake family, 251 - -- of Noye family, 341 - -- of Pennington family, 224 - -- of Robartes family, 726 - -- of Sandys family, 374 - -- of Tillie family, 402, 405 - -- of Tilly family, 407 - -- of Wills family, 12 - - Armstrong, Major, 609, 610, 613 - - _Around and about Saltash_, 665 - - Arslan, 508 - - Arta, 508 - - _Arundell_, 646 - - Arundel family, the, 157 - - Arundel, Earl of, 435 - - Arundell, Henry, Lord, 173 - - Arundell, Humphrey, 588, 589, 591 - - Arundell, Mary, 730 - - Arundell, Roger, 592 - - Arundell, Sir John, 136, 661 - - Arundell, Sir Thomas, 137 - - Arundell, William, 730 - - Arundel Street, 301 - - Arwenack, 133, 134, 135, 137, 140 - - Asan, 728 - - Ashburton, 200 - - Ashfield, Dame, 468-9 - - _Assassinations and Civil Wars_, 426 - - _Assistance_, H.M.S., 488 - - _Association_, wreck of the, 640, 643, 647, 651 - - Astley, 203 - - Astley, Sir Jacob, 126, 723 - - Aston Clinton, 251 - - Astronomy, 86 - - Astronomy, ignorance of, 593 - - _As You Like It_, 467 - - _Athenæum_, 88, 452 - -- founded by Buckingham, 464 - - Athens, 446, 452 - - Atkins, Sir Robert, 101 - - Atlas, 181 - - Atterbury, 219 - - "Auction of Pictures, An," 287 - - Audrey, 516 - - Augsberg Island, 420 - - _Aunt Mavor's Storybooks_, 622 - - _Authentic Account of the late unfortunate Death of Lord Camelford_, - 328 - - _Authentic Memoirs of the Green Room_, 467, 469 - - _Author, The_, 288 - - _Autobiography of a Cornish Smuggler_, 473 - - _Autobiography of John Harris_, 697 - - Avalon Peninsula, 265 - - Avery, Captain John, 173 - - Avery, Dr., 194 - - Ayres, Mr., 119 - - Azila, 714 - - - Babbage, 88 - - Badcock, John, volunteers for Terra del Fuego, 233 - -- dies of privations, 235 - - Bagdad, 462 - - Bagshot Heath, 672 - - Bahia, 422 - - Bailey, Mr., 188 - - Baker, Mr. Henry, 105, 347, 351 - - Ball, John, 432 - - Ball, Lieutenant, 565 - - Ballads, "Chevy Chase," 703 - -- "The fight of the _Monmouth_ and _Foudroyant_," 377 - -- "The Highwayman," 630 - - Ballads, "Rosamond Clifford," 703 - -- "Rule Britannia," 377 - -- sung by Incledon, 386 - -- "The Storm," 380, 386 - -- "'Twas Thursday," 377 - -- of wrestling, 58 - - Ballot Society, 627 - - Balls, Mary, 727, 729 - -- William, 727 - - Baltic, 67 - - Banks, Sir Joseph, 233, 679 - - Bannister, 380 - - Banns of marriage, 578 - - Bantry Bay, 638 - - Banza, 419 - - Baptista, Signor, 552 - - Barabbas, 40 - - Barbados, 623 - - Barcelona, 477, 640 - - Barff, Mr., 451 - - _Barfleur_, 261 - - Bargus, Mr. Samuel, 262, 264 - - Barlow, Bishop, 32 - - Barming Heath, 603 - - Barnardiston, Sir Samuel, 483, 484 - - Barnstaple, 455, 659, 665 - - _Baronetage_, 156 - - _Baron Munchausen's Travels_, 2 - - Barrey, Lord, 547 - - Barrie, Captain, 327 - - Barrington, Admiral, 238 - - Barrington, Hon. Daines, 238, 241 - -- visits Dolly Pentreath, 239, 240 - - Barrow, Sir John, 415, 423 - - Barthlever, 528 - - _Bartholomew Fair_, 271, 552 - - Bartlett, Rafe, 388, 393, 397 - -- confession of, 389, 395 - - Barwell, Nabob, 525 - - Barwick, Dr. J., 45 - - Baseley, Richard, 388, 397 - -- confession of, 389, 392, 394 - - Bashaw, Inglis, 716 - - Basset, Sir Francis, 519 - - Bassiere, 314 - - _Batavia_, 568 - - Bate, Mrs., 346 - - Bath, 198, 200, 290, 377, 466 - -- Cathedral, Lady Chapel of, 32 - - Bath, Earl of, 182, 183, 184 - - Bathurst, Mr. C., 253, 256 - - Battye, Philadelphia, 165 - -- William, 165 - - Bawden, Giles, 540 - - Baxter, Richard, 209 - - Bayonne, 196, 504, 505 - - Bay of Biscay, 489 - - Beacon Hill, 723 - - _Beaver_, 321 - - Beddoes, Dr. Thomas, 676 - - Bedford, Earl of, 139 - - Behethlan, 614; _see_ Bohelland. - - Behethlan, Joan, 614 - -- John, 614 - -- Margery, 614 - - Beirout, 597, 599 - - Bell, Lieut. John, 64 - - Bell-casting, 224-6 - - Bell-founders, 224, 225, 226 - - Bell-ringing, competitions, 223 - -- mysterious, 284 - -- song of, 223 - - Bells, baptism of, 222 - -- inscriptions on, 222 - -- removed, 592 - - _Belle Poule_, 505 - - Bellingham, Mr., 427, 430 - - Bellot, Anne, 516, 517 - -- Christopher, 516 - - Bemba Ganga, 417 - - Ben, John, 649 - - Benbow, Admiral, 372 - - Bennett, Lieutenant, 609, 610 - - Bentinck, Mr. Cavendish, 634 - - Berat, 509 - - Beresford, Lord Charles, 669 - - Bergh, 47 - - Berkeley, Earl of, 647 - -- Hon. Charles, 140 - -- Sir G. Cranfield, 648 - - _Berlin, The_, 70 - - Bermuda, 35 - - Berne, 319 - - Berry, Mr., 418 - - Berry Pomeroy, 592 - - Bessie's Cove, 470 - - Best, Captain Thomas, 479 - -- Mr., 324-8, 519 - - Beveridge, 215 - - Biagi, D. Guido, 454 - - Bible explains fossils, 4 - - _Bibliographia Cornubiensis_, 556 note - - _Bibliotheca Cornubiensis_, 245 - - Bideford, 633 - - Bignell, George Carter, 141 - -- early life of, 144 - -- entomologist, 147-153 - - Bignor, 517 - - Bingham, Captain, 299 - - _Biographica Dramatica_, 296 - - _Biographical Dictionary of English Catholics_, 556 note - - _Biographical Dictionary of Poets_, 231 - - _Biographical Sketches in Cornwall_, 340 - - Birmingham, 467 - - _Birthday, The_, 469 - - Bishop and his Clerks, 640 - - Bishop of Bath and Wells, 32 - -- of Carlisle, 89 - -- of Exeter, 140, 219, 425 - -- of Lichfield, 32 - -- of London, 27, 43, 215 - -- of Oxford, 207 - -- of Rochester, 213 - -- of Salisbury, 211 - -- of S. David's, 32 - -- of Winchester, 643, 649 - - Black Friars, The, 544 - - "Black Lion," 144 - - Black Sea, 67 - - Blackwood, John, 648 - -- Shovell, 648 - - Blague, Thomas, 127 - - Blake, Admiral, 45 - - Blanchard, Mr., 608 - - _Blanche_, 248, 250 - - Blean, The, 607, 612 - - _Blenheim_, 260 - - Blewett, George, 343 - - Bligh boy sees ghost, 74-80 - - Bligh, Edmund, 81 - -- family, the, 74, 79, 81 - -- Mr., 74, 81, 701 - -- Thomas, 81 - -- Walter, 81 - - Blight, Mr. J. T., 143 - - Blockly, 81 - - Bloomsbury, 165 - - Blossom Underwing, 149 - - "Blue Boar's Head," 542 - - Board of Trade, 68 - - Boase & Courtney, Messrs., 556 note - -- Dr., 680 - - Boat-races at Saltash, 663 - - Bochym, 517 - - Boconnoc, 298, 317, 318, 319, 328 - - Bodannan, 280 - - Bodener, William, 242 - - Bodleian Library, 615 - - Bodmin, 37, 117, 120, 121, 125, 133, 166, 179, 224, 225, 226, 280, - 351, 455, 516, 520, 522, 531, 535, 569, 578, 589, 627, 659, 663, - 678 - - Bodmin Asylum and its inhabitants, 570-572 - -- Gaol, 531, 540, 542, 570, 583 - -- Hills, 92 - -- Moors, 84, 573, 628 - -- Viscount, 726 - - Body, William, 587 - - Bohelland, 614 - -- mysterious tragedy at, 616-619 - - Bolennowe Hill, 692 - - Bolventro, 628 - - Bombay, 445, 460, 462 - -- governed by Keigwin, 479-487 - -- Castle, 480 - - Bomeny, 103 - - Bonaparte, Prince Louis Lucien, 242 - - Bonaventura, Thomasine, attractive widow, 113 - -- benefactress, 114-116 - -- goes to London, 110, 113 - -- shepherd girl, 109 - - Bond, Mr., 92 - - Bond, Thomas, 681 - - Bondé, 418 - - Bond Street, 320, 325, 385 - - Borlase, Dr. Bingham, 239, 676 - -- his account of the Logan, 18, 22 - - Borleau, 104 - - Boroughs, pocket, 518 - - Borrowdale, 559 - - Boscastle, 721 - - Boscawen, 130 - -- family, the, 500, 525, 554 - - Boscawen, Hugh, 706 - - Boscawen, Rev. A. C., 684 - - Bossenden Farm, 603, 607 - - Bossenden Wood, 608, 613 - - Bossewell, John, 554 - - Bossiney, 518 - - Boston, 53 - - Bosworgy, 341 - - Botany Bay, 319 - -- settlement at, 559-564 - - Botathan, 74, 81, 82, 701 - - Botreux Castle, 721 - - Botusfleming, 12 - - Boughton-under-Blean, 603, 606, 609, 612 - - Boulogne, 332 - - Bouverie, Hon. Philip, 649 - - Bouverie, Sir Jacob, 649 - - Bovey Heathfield, geological features of, 7 - - Bovey Tracey, 226 - - Bow, Rev. Dr., 613 - - Bow Street, 380, 381 - - Bowden, Elizabeth, 138 - - Boyer, Nicholas, Mayor of Bodmin, executed, 589, 590 - - _Boyne_, burnt, 258, 259 - - Bracegirdle, Mrs., 299, 300 - -- and Capt. Hill, 300-4 - - Braddock Down, 206 - - Braddon family, arms of, 107 - - Braddon, Captain William, 96 - - Braddon, Laurence, 96, 107 - -- attacks Bishop Burnet, 106 - -- Author of _Enquiry_, 104, 106 - -- imprisoned and tried, 99, 100, 102 - -- reports murder of Essex, 98-103 - - Bradshaw, Sir Thomas, 40 - - Bradstone, 228 - - Braganza, 479 - - Brandon, 386 - - Bray, Charity, 593 - - Bray, C., 699, note - - Bray, Mrs., on Bothathan ghost, 72 - -- on Polperro, 247 - - Breage, 342, 370, 580, 585 - - Breage Churchtown, 478 - - Brember, Sir Nicholas, 435 - - Brendon & Son, 578 - - Brent Eleigh, 556 - - Brentford, 318 - - Brenton, Captain, 259 - - Brereton, Major, 162 - - Brest, 60, 259, 477 - - Brian, Sir Hussey, 603 - - Bribery at Elections, 518-530 - - Bridgerule, 108, 226 - - Bridges, Admiral Sir G., 377 - - Bridgwater, 36 - - _Brief Relation of State Affairs_, 403 - - Brighton, 387 - - Bristol, 37, 281, 282, 439, 670, 676 - - Bristol, Earl of, 376 - - _Britannia_, 405 - - British Association, the, 8, 87 - - _British Family Antiquity_, 154, 168 - - British and Foreign Institute, 465 - - British Museum, 613, 680 - - Brixham, 8 - -- geological features of, 7 - - Broad Sound, 644 - - Brompton Crescent, 382, 383 - - Bronnaker, Lord, 552 - - Brook, Sir Arthur, 714 - - Brooke, Benjamin, 53 - - Broom Hill, 182 - - "Brown Bear, The," 381 - - Brown, Dr. Robert, 708, 715 - - Brown, John, 391, 392 - - Brown, Mrs., 580 - - Brown Willy, 84, 85, 109 - - Browne, Hamilton, 446 - - Browne, Mrs., 301, 303 - - Browne, Sir Richard, 545 - - Bruce, Eliza, 90 - - Bruce, Haliday, 90 - - Brulgruddery, Mrs., 468, 469 - - Brunel's bridge, Saltash, 663 - - _Brunswick_, H.M.S., 667 - - Brunton, 468 - - Bryant, John Davy, volunteers for Terra del Fuego, 233 - -- dies of hardships, 236 - - Brydges, Captain, 462 - - Buchanan, Robert, 209 - - Buckhurst, Lord, 305 - - Buckingham, Christopher, 455 - - Buckingham family, the, 455 - - Buckingham, George, 665 note - - Buckingham, James, 465 - - Buckingham, James Silk, a youthful prisoner, in love, 458 - -- character of, 455, 464 - -- explores in Egypt, 460 - -- founds British and Foreign Institute, 465 - -- in conflict with East India Company, 460-5 - -- a linguist, 458, 462 - -- literary ventures of, 463, 464 - -- quells corn riot, 457 - -- suffers for his love of freedom, 462, 463 - -- suggests Suez Canal, 459 - -- to India in disguise, 462 - - Buckingham, Leicester F. Y., 465 - - Buckingham, Earl of, 170, 172, 173, 524, 552, 721 - - Bude, 115, 182, 204, 205 - - Bude Haven, 570 - - Bude light, 202 - - _Budget of Paradoxes_, 90 - - Buggs, Sir Anthony, 500 - - Bull, Rev. G. B., 695 - - Buller, Charles, 189 - - Buller family, 86 - - Buller, Mr., 652 - - Bulwer, Henry Lytton, 448 - - Bunsby, Richard, 113 - - Burton, Joe, 627 - - Burton, John, falls over the stile, 631 - -- his Curiosity Shop, 633 - -- invests in alligators, 632 - -- rudeness of, 634 - -- rules for living, 635 - -- spends Christmas Eve at Jamaica Inn, 627-31 - -- Whiteley in curiosities, 632 - -- writes to the King, 634 - - Burton, John, jun., 636 - - Burton, Joseph, 627 - - Burton, William, 419, 420 - - Burton's Stile, 631 - - Burdett, Sir Francis, 253 - - Burge, Arthur, 219 - - Burke, Sir Bernard, 299 - - Burley, Sir Simon, 434 - - Burlorn, 117, 119, 120, 121 - - Burnard, Mr., 87 - - Burnard, George, 186 - - Burnard, Nevil Northey, on tramp, 190 - -- success in London, 188 - -- works in slate, 186, 187 - - Burnet, Bishop, 41, 45, 53, 211, 214, 216, 218, 543 - -- on death of Essex, 106 - -- on the Duke of Hamilton, 310 - -- on Lord Mohun, 308 - -- on Lord Roberts, 726 - -- on nonjurors, 213 - - Burns, Robert, 695, 699 - - Burrow, Bessie, 470, 473 - - Buryan, 329, 341 - - Bury S. Edmunds, 140 - - Bussy, 160, 162 - - Butler, Samuel, 44 - - Butt's Head Mill, 666 - - Byng, Sir George, 640 - - Byron, Captain, 340 - - Byron, Lord, and Trelawny, 446, 452 - - - Cadiz, 123, 131, 259, 503 - - Cadogan, Lord, 15 - - Cadwalader, 288 - - Caermarthen, Lord, 305 - - Cailland, General, 164 - - Cairo, 459 - - Caius Coll. Cam., 73 - - Cake House, 314, 316 - - Calais, 296 - - Calamy, 41, 214 - - Calamy on Jane, 220 - - Calcutta, 161, 463 - - _Calcutta Mirror_, 463 - - _Calendar of Victory_, 626 - - _Calendar State Papers_, 721 - - California, 233 - - Call family, the, 154, 156, 167 - -- arms of, 155, 167 - - Call, John, 157 - - Call, Sarah, 157 - - Call, Sir John, 154, 157, 166 - -- benefacts his sister, 165 - -- his campaign in India, 158-165 - -- M.P. for Callington, 167 - - Call, Sir W. G. M., 167 - - Call, William Berkeley, 167 - - Call, William Pratt, 167 - - Callinack, Mrs., _see_ Kelynack - - Callington, 155, 167, 171, 518 - - Callywith, 627 - - Calvin, 724 - - Calvinists _v._ Arminians, 357 - - Camborne, 364, 692, 664, 699 - - Camborne, Vean Mine, 581 - - _Cambria_, 492, 494 - - Cambridge, 27, 73, 85, 87, 89, 90, 228, 231, 516, 556 - - Cambridge, Duke of, 465 - - Camden, 405 - - Camden, Lord, 409 - - Camelford, 83, 424-426, 518 - - Camelford, first Baron, 319 - - Camelford, last Lord, acquitted, quits Navy, 322 - -- birth and education of, 319 - -- duel with Mr. Best, 324-327 - -- embroiled in town, 323, 324 - -- his crazy scheme of assassination, 322 - -- on the _Guardian_, 319 - -- shoots Peterson, 321 - -- under arrest, 320, 321 - - Camisards, 639 - - Campbell, General, 275 - - Candish, Lord, 298 - - Cann, Abraham, wrestles with Polkinghorne, 55 - - Cann Wood, 148 - - Cannington, 407 - - "Canterburiensis," on John N. Tom, 597, 613 - - Canterbury, 31, 599, 602, 609, 612, 613 - - Canterbury, Archbishop of, 211, 215, 291, 437 - - Canterbury Bell, 607 - - Cape Finisterre, 707 - - Cape Horn, 234 - - Cape of Good Hope, 124, 320, 409, 459, 479, 560 - - Cape Padrone, 411 - - Cape Spartel, 714 - - Cape S. Vincent, battle of, 259, 260 - - Cape Verde Is., 410 - - Capell, Lord, 100 - - Capern, Edward, 699 - - Capgrave, 557 - - Cap'n Toby, _see_ Tobias Martin - - _Capuchin, The_, 295 - - Caradon, 84 - - Caran Yellatu, 415 - - Carbura, 554 - - Carclew, 86, 187, 344, 345 - - Cardinham, 280 - - Carew, 109, 114 - - Carew, Mr., 243 - - Carew, Thomas, 546 - - Carew, 554, 652 - -- on tin-mining, 720 - -- on trees in Cornwall, 719 - - Carfax, 207 - - Cargreen, 730 - - Carhayes, 395 - - Carlisle, 89 - - Carlisle, Sir Anthony, 203 - - Carlyle, Thomas, 189 - - Carlyon, C., 122, 229 - - Carlyon, Dr. Clement, 427 - - Carmichael, Lord, 648 - - Carnan Adit, 343 - - Carnanton, 329, 340, 341 - - Carnwark, Lord, 15 - - Carpenter, General, 13 - - Carpenter, William, 366 - - Carrick Gladden, 172 - - Carrick Roads, 456 - - Carter, Agnes, 471 - - Carter, Betsy, 478 - - Carter, Charles, 476, 478 - - Carter family, the, 471 - - Carter, Francis, 471 - - Carter, Frank, 478 - - Carter, Henry, imprisoned in France, 474, 477 - -- the biter bit, 474 - -- a pious smuggler, 471, 473, 477 - - Carter, John, 275 - -- a daring smuggler, 471, 472 - -- imprisoned at Dinan, 474 - -- King of Prussia, 471, 478 - - _Case of the Unfortunate Bosavern Penlez_, 274 - - Casland, 133 - - Castell-an-Dinas, 682, 683 - - Castile, 434 - - Castle Horneck, 240 - - Castle, Mr., 589 - - Castlemaine, Lady, 550 - - Catalonia, 267 - - Catenary Curve, 678 - - Cathayes, 395 - - "Cat Harris," 287 - - Catherine of Braganza, 479 - - Catt, George, 610 - - Caulfield, James, 48, 369 - - Cawsand, 354, 474, 476 - - Cecil, James, 275 - - Cecil, Lord, 32 - - Cecil Street, 276 - - Cephalonia, 446, 448 - - Ceriziers, 126, 128 - - Cevennes, 639 - - Chacewater, 54 - - _Challenger_, 505 - - Challis, Professor, 87, 89 - - Challoner, Mr., 556, note - - Chaloner, 36 - - Chambers's _Journal_, 257, 680 - - Chammond family, the, 165 - - Champernon, Mr., 592 - - Champion, Sir Richard, 389 - - Channel Fleet, 60 - - Chantrey, 187, 188 - - Chantrey, Lady, vandalism of, 188 - - Chapman, Edward, falls into a shaft, 701-703 - - Chapman, John, 701 - - Charing Cross, 295 - - Charles I, 26, 31, 35, 41, 51, 127, 128, 154, 182, 206, 208, 329, - 334, 338, 407, 544, 675, 718, 722, 725 - -- execution of, 42 - -- imprisonment of, 39 - - Charles II, 96, 102, 107, 128, 207, 280, 479, 480, 482, 544, 549 - -- lax government of, 549, 551 - - _Charles II_, 730 - - Charles V, 30 - - Charles VIII, 729 - - Charles, Prince, 41 - - Charles's Wain, 84 - - _Charlotte_, 559 - - Charlotte, Queen, 192 - - Charter House, 319 - - Châteaulin, 222 - - Château-Renaud, 638 - - Chatham, 377, 609 - -- Earl of, 318 - - Chatterton, Thomas, 228, 231 - - Chavis, John de, 137, 138 - - Cheapside, 392 - - Cheesewring, 91, 93 - - Chelsea Hospital, 17 - - Cheltenham, 199, 232 - - Cherbourg, 408 - - Cheshire, Widow, 469 - - Chestnuts, 573 - - Chetham Society, 279 - - Chiandower, 342 - - _Chichester_, 261 - - Chichester of Hall, 701 - - Chichester, Elizabeth, 398 - - Chichester, Sir John, 398, 592 - - Chilcott, Charles, 185 - - Child, John, of Surat, 482-486 - - Child, Mr. Paxton, 646 - - Child, Sir Joshua, nefarious schemes of, 482-487 - - _Childe Harold_, 695 - - _Child's First Prayer, The_, 697 - - Chiltern Hundreds, 527 - - Chinglapett, 159 - - Chiverton, Elizabeth, 402, 403, 404, 407 - - Chiverton, Sir Richard, 403, 407 - - Cholwel, 115 - - Christ Church, Oxford, 207, 210, 213, 220, 544 - - Christiania, 409 - - Christmas Eve at Jamaica Inn, 627-631 - - Christopher, Thomas, 532 - - Church of England, position of, 30 - - Cibber, Colley, 299 - - _Cilenus_, 554 - - City of London Inn, 322 - - _Claracilla_, 548 - - Clackmannan, 204 - - Clarendon, Earl of, 43, 206 - -- on Lord Roberts, 726 - -- on Noye, 332 - - Clark, Samuel, 178 - - Clarke, Dr., 361 - - Claxton, 17 - - Cleave, Thomas, 223, 224 - - Clement, T., 274 - - Clemo, Miss, 627 - - _Cleopatra_, 500, 502 - - Cleoyan, 591 - - Clergy, character of, 31, 32, 33 - - Cleve, 8 - - Cleveland, Marquess of, 530 - - Clifden, James, Viscount, 726 - - Clifton, 126, 676, 727, 729 - - Clive, Lord, 159, 164, 487 - - Clobery arms, 231 - - Clobery, Dr. Glynn, 228 - - Clobery, John, 228 - - Clobery, Lucy, 228 - - Clobery, Mary, 228 - - Clobery, William, 228 - - Clowance, 364, 367 - - Clyst Heath, 588 - - Coad, Benjamin, 248, 583 - - Cobb, Captain, 490 - - Cobbett's _Register_, 257 - - Cobbett, William, 464, 520, 522 - -- in America, 688 - - Cochrane, Mr., 523 - - Cochrane, Sir Alexander, 252, 253, 255 - - Cockburne, Rev. W., 327, 328 - - Cocks, Lieut.-Col. George, 264 - - Coffee, introduction of, 482 - - Coffin, Mr., 588 - - Coke, Christopher, 706 - - Coke, Edward, 706 - - Coke family, the, 704 - - Coke, Francis, 706 - -- John, ill-gotten gains of, 705 - - Coke, Lance, 706 - - Coke, Sir Anthony, 729 - - Coke, solicitor, execution of, 51, 52 - - Coke, Thomas, 706 - - Colebrook, 398 - - Coleridge, Derwent, 59 - - Coles of Reading, 111 - - _Collection of State Papers_, 53 - - College Green, Bristol, 281, 282 - - Collier, Mr. W. F., 572, 578 - - Collingwood, Captain, 259, 260, 261, 267 - - Collingwood, Admiral, 445 - - Collins, David, 568 - - Collins, Rev. G., 697 - - Colman, George, 293, 295 - - Colman, Mr., 377 - - Colman, Mr. Edward, 556 - - Cologne, 127 - - Colomb, Colonel, 53 - - _Colonial State Papers_, 35 - - Colston, Launcelot, 105 - - Coltman, Mr. Justice, 121 - - Comber, river, 59 - - Commercial Inn, 145 - - _Companion to the Playhouse, The_, 548 - - _Compleat Lawyer_, 331 - - Comprehension Bill, 211, 218 - - Compton, 215 - - Compton Castle, 227 - - Compton, Henry, 207, 220 - - Conception Bay, 265 - - Conduit Street, 324 - - Confederate Fleet, 639 - - _Congo_, 409, 418, 419, 420 - - Congo, Exploration of, 409-23 - - Congreve, Sir William, 66 - - Connecticut, Governor of, 28 - - Conner, Caroline, 465 - - Conon, Mr., 282, 343 - - Constantine, 701-2 - - Constantinople, 597, 727-8 - - _Contemporary Review_, 454 - - Conversion of Thomas Tregoss, 179 - - Convocation of 1689, 215-18 - - Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, 214 - - Conway, Mr., 525 - - Coode, Anne, 388, 398 - - Coode, Jane, 370 - - Coode, John, 370 - - Coode, Richard, 388, 398 - - Cook, Captain, 497, 564 - - Cook family, the, 704 - - Cook, Mr., 287 - - Cooke, Colonel, 266 - - Cooke, Henry, 704 - - Cooke, J. H., 648 note, 651 - - Cooke, Sir Thomas, 284 - - Cooke, W., 283 - - Cooling, Mr., 550 - - Coote, Mr., 307 - - Coote, Sir Eyre, 163 - - Copper mines, 192 - - Corfu, 451, 514 - - Corinth, 728 - - Corn, famine in, 456 - - Corneille, 126 - - _Cornish Character and Characteristics_, 581 - - _Cornish Ghost Story, A_, 82 - - Cornish, J. B., 471 note, 473, 478 - - Cornish language, current, 243 - -- decline of, 243-4 - -- spoken by Dolly Pentreath, 238-45 - -- spoken in Mousehole, 242 - - _Cornish Magazine_ (1898), 73, 82, 471 - - _Cornishman_, 68 - - _Cornish Saints and Sinners_, 245 - - _Cornwall Gazette_, 122 - - Coromandel, 160 - - "Coronation, The," 58 - - Corpus Christi Pleasure Fair, 144 - - Corunna, 458, 463 - - Coryton, Elizabeth, 406 - - Coryton family, the, 401 - - Coryton, John, 388 - -- claims estates, 396-8 - - Coryton, John Tillie, 406 - - Coryton, Mr., 339 - - Coryton, Peter, 388-9, 398 - -- accused of murder, 389-95 - - Coryton, Richard, 396-98 - -- depositions concerning murder of, 390, 392-3 - -- murder of, 388, 396, 398 - - Coryton, Scipio, 396, 398 - - Coryton, Sir John, 398, 401, 403, 407 - - Coster, Mr., 342 - - Cothele, 592 - - Cottenham, Miss, 262 - - Cottonian Library, 189 - - Couch, J., 257 - - Couch, J. Q., 257 - - Couchworth, Mr., 611 - - Courtenay, Sir William, _see_ John Nichols Tom - - Courtney, Mr. J. S., 143 - - Courtney, Mr., 520 - - Court Place, 117 - - Coutars, Robert, 613 - - Covent Garden Theatre, 288, 301, 378, 382, 384, 387, 467 - - Coverplank, 160 - - Cowley, Abraham, 553 - - "Cracked Charity," 593 - - Craddock, Humphrey, 223, 224 - - Crafthole, 354 - - Cranch, Mr., 409, 417 - - Craven, Lord, 38, 301, 302 - - Crawford Street, 622 - - Crawshay, Mr., 197 - - Crayford, 648 - - _Creation of the World_, 680 - - Creed, 54 - - Creighton, Dr., 50 - - Cresswell, Lieutenant, 567 - - Crocodile, Lady Kitty, 294 - - Crofts, Cecilia, 546 - - Crofts, Sir John, 546 - - Cromwell, Oliver, 26, 36, 37, 40, 45, 46, 49, 70, 127, 479, 549, 724 - - Cropthorne, 81 - - Crosby, B., 257 - - _Cry of the Oppressed_, 543 - - Crystal Palace, 620 - - Cuby, 525 - - Cudden Point, 470 - - _Culloden_, 260 - - Culpepper, 208 - - Culver, Mr., 603, 606, 608, 611 - - Culver, Sarah, 611 - - Cumberland, Duke of, 278 - - Cunnack, 171 - - Cunningham, 315 - - Curaçao, 62 - - Curallak, James, 615 - - Curling, Mr., 607 - - Curryngton, Peter, _see_ Coryton - - Cyfarthfa, 197 - - _Cyrus_, 408 - - - _Daily Express_, 69 - - Dalling, Lord, 448 - - Daly, 467 - - Damann, 460 - - Danby, Earl of, 220 - - Dance, Sir Charles, 199 - - Daniel, the lunatic, 571, 572 - - Danvers, Colonel, 105 - - Dargate Common, 606 - - Darlington, Lord, 526 - - Dartmoor, 55, 84, 92, 399 - - Dartmouth, 38, 166, 342, 667 - - Dartmouth, Earl of, 309 - - Das Anton, Count, 145 - - _Dasycampa rubiginea_, 148 - - Daubuz, Mr., 583 - - D'Avenant, Mr., 315 - - Davenport, Mary Ann, appears at Bath, 466 - -- her personifications, 467, 468, 469 - -- style of, 466, 468, 469 - - Davenport, Mr., 467, 469 - - Davidstowe, 226 - - Davies, Henry, 341 - - Davies, John, 341 - - Davies, William, 341 - - Davis, Catherine, 675 - - Davis, John, 675 - - Davy, Humphry, 677, 679 - - Dawes, Mr., 560 - - Dawlish, 200 - - Dawson, G., 699 note - - Dawson, Mr., 416, 418 - - Daye, Dorothy, 341 - - Daye, Peter, 341 - - Deal, 322 - - _Deanery of Trigg Minor_, 225 note - - Death, a "natural," 667 - - Deborah, 469 - - _Debrett's Peerage_, 386 - - De Conflans, 130 - - _Defence_, 502 - - Defoe, Daniel, 72, 79 - - Delabole slate, 186 - - Delamere, Lord, 673 - - Delane, 286 - - Delasaux, T. T., 613 - - Delaval, Lord, 290 - - Delaware, river, 688 - - Delhi, 251 - - Deloney, Thomas, 110 - - Demba, 417 - - _Demerara_, 253 - - De Mezeray, 426 - - De Morgan, A., 90 - - Denbigh, Lord, 725 - - Denham, Sir John, on Killigrew, 545, 553 - - Denman, Lord, 612 - - Denmark, 639 - - Denne & Snow, Messrs., 276 - -- Mr. George, 600 - - Dennis, Captain Benedick, 646 - -- John, 252 - - Deptford, 410, 716 - - Derby, Earl of, 435, 661 - - Dermont, 378 - - De Ruyter, 46 - - Derwentwater, Lord, 15 - - Deveil, Sir Thomas, 287 - - _Devil to Pay, The_, 323 - - Devizes, 633 - - Devon, Earl of, 599, 600 - - Devonport, 20, 55, 85, 184, 399, 666 - -- Dispensary, 268 - - _Devonshire Characters and Strange Events_, 54, 55 - - Dewey, Henry R., 465 - - Dewin, Mr., 343 - - De Witt, 46 - - Dgioun, 597 - - _Diary_, Pepys's, 726 - - Dibdin, 387 - - Dickens, Charles, 143 - - Dickwood, Thomas, 26 - - _Dictionary of National Biography_, 53, 154, 205, 220, 451, 454, - 556 note - - Diddler, Jeremy, 468 - - Diddle, Sir Dilbury, 286 - - _Dido_, H.M.S., 236 - - Digges, Sir Dudley, 330 - - Dignum, 380 - - Dinan, 474 - - Dingley, Dorothy, 81, 82 - -- appears at Bothathan, 75, 78 - - Dingley, Francis, 81 - - Dingley, James, vicar of South Petherwin, 72, 82 - - Dingley, Mrs., 316 - - Dingley, Pethebridge, and Dingley, 72 - - _Discovery_, 320 - - _Dissertation on the Utility of History_, 425 - - "Diurnall" of Ruddle, 73 - - _Diversions of the Morning, The_, 285 - - Divine Right of Kings, 209, 210, 335 - - Dixon, Mr. James, 625, 626 - - Doble, Matthew, 528 - - Dock Lane, Penzance, 622 - - Dog, a sagacious, 353 - - Dogger Bank, 502 - - Dolcoath, 694, 696 - - Doleman, Colonel, 45 - - Dolly's Coffee House, 171 - - Dominica, 522 - - Doncaster, 32 - - Donnithorne, Mr. Nicholas, 283 - - _Don Quixote_, 299 - - Dorchester, Marquis of, 661 - - _Dorothy_, 409, 420, 421 - - _Douay Diary_, 555, 556 note - - Dove, Tom, 113 - - Dover, 296, 322 - - Dowlas, Mrs., 469 - - Down, T. C., 451 note; 454 - - Dozmare Pool, 628 - - Drake, Sir Francis, 137 - - Draper, Lieut.-Col., 162 - - Dreams--Edward Norway's, 123-125 - -- Williams's of Perceval, 427 - - Drew, Jabez, 351, 356 - - Drew, J. H., 346, 363 - - Drew, Samuel, 63 - -- a half-drowned smuggler, 355 - -- blunders _re_ Bothathan Ghost, 73 - -- carries the mail, 351 - -- declines a wife, 360 - -- early life of, 346 - -- literary pursuits of, 356, 358, 360, 361 - -- on Dolly Pentreath, 238, 241 - -- runs away, 349-351 - -- sees weird apparition, 374 - - Drew, value of works of, 361, 362 - - Drummond family, the, 524 - - Drummond, Samuel, 625 - - Drummond-Hay, Sir John, 714 - - Drury Lane, 288, 300, 301, 302, 552 - - Drury Lane Theatre, 323, 378, 384, 387 - - Duberly, Lady, 469 - - Dublin, 90, 173, 289, 380, 467, 638 - - Dublin, Marquis of, 433 - - _Duchess of Clarence_, 196 - - Duchy of Lancaster Liberty, 275 - - Duckworth, Admiral, 443 - - Duel between Mohun and Hamilton, 311-17 - - Duelling, 308, 309 - - Duke of Clarence, 64 note - - Duloe, 432 - - Dumoor Heath, 673 - - Dunkirk, 46, 332, 612, 639 - - Dunmeer Woods, 117, 120 - - Dunstanville, Lord de, 519 - - Dunster, Baron of, 298 - - Dupleix, 160, 161 - - Durable, Miss, 469 - - Durant, Dorothy, 81 - -- George, 81 - -- Richard, 81 - - Durham, 13 - - Durnford, Mr., 420 - - Dursley, Lord, 640, 641, 647 - - - _Eagle_, wreck of the, 640, 647, 650 - - _Early Years and Late Reflections_, 122, 427 - - Eastbourne, 678, 680, 681 - - East India Company, 158 - -- misgovernment by Child, 484-7 - -- prosperity of, 482, 483 - -- rights of, 459-61, 479, 482 - -- treatment of Keigwin, 479 - - East India House, 374, 485 - - Eastling, 607 - - East Looe, 1, 92, 518, 681 - - Eccles, 299 - - _Ecclesiastical History of New England_, 53 - - Eddystone Lighthouse, 633 - - _Edgar_, 638 - - Edgcumbe, 171 - -- family, the, 171 - -- Jane, 592 - -- Sir Piers, 592 - - Edgehill, 51, 722 - - Edict of Nantes, 424 - - Edinburgh Botanical Society, 143 - - Edinburgh, Duke of, 669 - - _Edinburgh Journal_, 257 - - Edinburgh, Medical School of, 677 - - Edinburgh Museum, 633 - - Edmund, King, 231 - - Ednovean, 341 - - Edward I, 243, 500, 719 - - Edward II, 136, 434 - - Edward III, 136, 654 - - Edward IV, 661 - - Edward VI, 29, 115, 518, 586, 616 - - Edward VII, 187, 634 - -- and Ann Glanville, 669 - - Edwards, Bryant, 172 - - Edwards, Mr., 98 - - Edwards, J. P., 363 - - Edye, Lieut. L., 20, 25 - - Edye, Mr. William, 20, 23 - - Eggesford, 225 - - Egloshayle, 117, 119, 120, 122, 223, 224 - - Egloskerry, 84 - - _Egmont_, 505 - - Eikon Basilike, 680 - - Ekins, Mr., 642 - - El Arbi Shat, 711 - - Elba, 507 - - Eider Brethren of Trinity House, 66 - - Elections, Cornish, 518-530 - - Eliot, Edward, 73 - - Eliot, John, 73 - - Eliot, Lord, 522 - - Eliot, Sir John, 73, 339 - - Elizabeth, Queen, 30, 31, 133, 136, 137, 224, 298, 395, 479, 518, - 524, 554, 652, 655, 657, 661, 662, 665, 704, 720 - - Ellery, John, 223, 224 - - Elliott, Ebenezer, 189 - - Elliott, Mr., 402 - - Embonna, 412, 415 - - Emperors of the East, 727, 728 - - Endicott, Mr., 35 - - _English Atlas, The_, 542 - - _English Botany_, 143 - - _English Dictionary_, Johnson's, 2 - - _Englishman in Paris, The_, 288 - - _Englishman Returned from Paris, The_, 288 - - Enoder, 517 - - _Enquiry of the Barbarous Murder of the Earl of Essex_, 104, 106 - - Entomological Society of London, 147 - - Enys, 470, 473, 614 - - Enys, Mr. J. D., 614 - - Enys, Valentine, 707 - - _Epicæne_, 550 - - Epirus, 513 - - Epitaph on Dolly Pentreath, 242 - - _Epulæ Thyestæ_, 42 - - Erisey family, the, 500 - - Erisey, Richard, 140 - - Erizzo, Francisco, 545 - - Erwin, 236 - - Escrick, 96 - - _Esmond_, 310 - - _Essay on the Being and Attributes of the Deity_, 361 - - _Essay on the Human Understanding_, 357 - - _Essay on the Immortality of the Soul_, 358, 360 - - Essex, Earl of, 96, 305, 722, 725 - - Essex, Arthur, Earl of; suicide of, 96, 97, 100, 104, 106 - -- supposed murder of, 98, 99, 104 - - _Essex's Innocency and Honour Vindicated_, 106 - - Ethy, 503, 514 - - Euclid, 92 - - _European Magazine_, 626 - - Euston Square, 193 - - Evans, Mr., 97 - - Evelyn's _Diary_, entry _re_ Peters, 41 - - Ewes, Colonel, 39 - - _Examiner, The_, 308, 314 - - Excalibur, 605 - - _Excellent_, 259, 260 - - Execution of Bartlett, 395, 327 - -- of Bosavern Penlez, 274 - -- of Cuthbert Mayne, 658 - -- of Eulalia Page, 665 - -- of Hawkins and Kendal, 140 - -- of Humphrey Arundell, 592 - -- of James and William Lightfoot, 122 - -- of James Tyley, 402 - -- of Jonathan Simpson, 674 - -- of Lord Russell and Sidney, 485 - -- of the Mayor of Bodmin, 590 - -- of Rogers and Street, 367 - -- of Russell, 209 - -- of Samuel Goodere, 282 - -- of Sir Robert Tresilian, 440 - -- of the Vicar of S. Thomas's, 588 - -- of William Kilter, 587 note - - Exeter, 8, 12, 80, 111, 113, 134, 144, 156, 179, 220, 224, 375, 467, - 524, 560, 628, 704 - - Exeter, Bishop of, 140, 219, 425 - - Exeter Cathedral, 219, 375 - - Exeter College, Oxford, 177, 329, 554, 722 - - Exeter, siege of, 588 - - Exmoor, 92 - - Exmouth, 601 - -- Lord, 456, 507 - - Eyre, Mr., 422 - - - Fadlallah, 3 - - _Faery, The_, 472, 473 - - Fahil, Captain, 320 - - Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 36, 39 - - Fairies, 533, 536, 538 - - Fairman, W. C., 614 - - Fairs, Corpus Christi, 144 - -- Falmouth, 370 - - Faith-cures, 542 - - Fal, the, 133, 370 - - Falkland, Lord, 208, 544 - - "Fall of Man, The," 631 - - Falmouth, 60, 62, 136, 137, 145, 187, 250, 370, 373, 410, 429, 456, - 458, 478, 497, 623, 628, 631, 633, 663, 695, 699, 717 - - Falmouth, Lord, 525 - - Falmouth fair, 370 - - Falmouth harbour, 134, 371 - - "Falstaff of the West," _see_ Anthony Payne - - _Familiar Letters_, 331, 332 note, 333 note - - Farey, Mr., 200 - - Farming in America, 684 - - _Fatal Curiosity, The_, 619 - - Fatima, 213 - - Faulkener, one-legged, 289 - - Faversham, 606, 612 - - _Favourite_, 320 - - Fawcett, Nabob, 522 - - Fearon, Colonel, 490, 498, 499 - - Fellowes, Captain, 261-267 - - Felt, J. B., 53 - - Fenny Park, 157 - - Fenton, Mr., 448, 449 - - Fenwick, Colonel, 498 - - Feock, 244 - - Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 729 - - Ferguson, 314 - - Fermon, Jane, 135 - -- Sir George, 135 - -- Sir William, 135 - - Fetiche Rock, 413 - - Fez, 715 - - Fielding, Henry, 275-278 - -- Sir John, 630 - - Fiennes, Nathaniel, 37, 724 - - Filmer, 208, 221 - - _Firebrand_, 640, 647 - - "First Primrose, The," 694 - - _Fishbourne_, 559 - - Fisher, Rev. Thomas, 427 - - Fish Strand, 458 - - Fitzallen family, 112 - - Fitzmaurice, Mr., 410 - - Five-lanes, 190 - - Flannel, The, 381 - - Fleas, 659 - - Fleet Conduit, 27 - - Fleet Prison, 291, 337, 543, 555 - - Fleet Street, 276 - - Fleetwood, 667 - - Fleta, 136 - - Fletcher, 487 - - Flood accounts for fossils, 4 - - _Flora of West Cornwall_, 143 - - Flower, 54 - - Flushing, 455, 456 - - Foad, Alexander, 608, 611 - - Foley, 188 - - Folger, Peter, 34 - - Folkestone, Viscount, 649 - - "Folly, The," 131 - - Foote family, the, 280 - -- arms of, 280 - - Foote, Edward, 282, 294 - - Foote, Elizabeth, 280 - - Foote, John, 280, 282 - - Foote, Mrs., 282-4, 291 - - Foote, Samuel, and George II, 294 - -- appears as Othello, 285 - -- boastfulness punished, 290 - -- caricatures his friends, 288, 289 - -- character of, 283, 287 - -- dramatic talent of, 296 - -- early life of, 280, 282, 284 - -- extravagance of, 287, 290 - -- his _Diversions_, 285 - -- jocularity of, 283, 292, 293, 294, 296 - -- mimicry of, 283, 286, 287, 289, 292, 293, 294 - -- prank at college, 284 - -- rebuilds Haymarket, 290 - -- trial of, 295 - - Foote, Samuel, of Tiverton, 280 - - _Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall_, 93, 185 - - Forbes, John, 34 - - Forbes, Professor Ed., 189 - - Fordwick, Lord, 599 - - _Forest of Dean_, 168 - - Fore Street, St. Ives, 172 - - _Formidable_, 376 - - Forrabury, 109 - - Forster, General, 13 - - Fort Royal, 321 - - Fort S. David, 158, 160, 161 - - Fort S. George, 158, 159, 162 - - Fort S. Julian, 145 - - Fort Tregantle, 148 - - Fort William, 158 - - Fossils--never found in granite, 95 - -- superstition about origin of, 4 - - Foster's _Baronetage_, 156 - - Fowey, 26, 187, 247, 248, 298, 329, 515, 518, 723 - - Fowler, Dean, 213 - - Fox, Caroline, 86, 90 - -- on Burnard, 188 - - Foxwell, Mr., 61 - - _Fragments of an Unfinished Drama_, 454 - - _Francis_, 707 - - Francis, Mr. G., 603 - - Franklyn, Mr., 28 - - Frederick, Prince of Wales, 319, 344 - - Frederick the Great, 471 - - Freemantle, Admiral, 514 - - Free Trade, _see_ Smuggling - - Fremington, 225 - - Fresnel, 202 - - Friar Street, London, 204 - - _Friendship_, 559, 561 - - Frisk, Lady Betty, 286 - - Froissart, Sir John, on Sir Robert Tresilian, 435-40 - - Frome, 103 - - Frome Selwood, 99 - - Froude, J. A., 657 - -- on Archbishop Parker, 31 - -- on the Church of England, 32 - -- on the Reformation, 29 - - Fry, Mr., 679 - - Fryer, Dr., 479 - - Fulford, Elizabeth, 592 - - Fulford, Sir John, 592 - - Fulham, 672 - - Fulmer, 467 - - Fulton, Mr., 688 - - "Furry Day," Helston, 59 - - Gall, John, 113 - - Galway, Mr., 410, 417 - - Gardiner, Captain Allen, death and burial of, 236, 237 - -- encounters hardships, 234, 235 - -- starts for Terra del Fuego, 232, 233 - - Gardiner, S. R., 53 - - Garnett, Mr. R., 445, 454 - - Garonne, 196 - - Garrick, David, mimicked by Foote, 286, 292 - - Garrick Coffee House, 380 - - Garth, Mr., 420 - - Gascoyne, Mr., 525 - - Gaverigan, John, 718 - - Gaverigan, Philippa, 718 - - Gawsworth, 317 - - Gay, Thomas, 386 - - Geffrey, Joan, 718 - - Gell, Philip, 521 - - _General Advertiser_, 285 - - Geneva, 31 - - Genoa, 707 - - _Gentleman's Magazine_, 19, 169, 170, 279, 423, 529 - - Geological discoveries by Pengelly, 4, 7-10 - - Geology, Pengelly's first lesson in, 4 - - George I, 184, 713 - - George II, 294 - - George III, 223, 524 - - George IV, 223 - - George Inn, Newnham, 607 - - George of Denmark, Prince, 639 - - George's Coffee House, 286 - - _Georgian Æra_, 468 - - Germansweek, 109 - - Germoe, 342 - - Gerrard, Fitton, 299 - - Ghosts - -- appears to Gumb, 94 - -- at Bothathan, 74-79, 82 - -- at S. Austell, 347, 348 - -- of Tregeagle, 628 - - Giants, 185 - - _Giants and Dwarfs_, 185 - - Gibbon, Edward, 729 - - Gibraltar, 503, 639, 716 - - Gibson, Captain, 730 - - Giddy, Edward, 675 - - Giddy, John, 675 - - Giddy, Mr. Davies, 192 - - Giddy, Rev. Edward, 341 - - Giddy, Thomas, 675 - - Gidley, John, 560 - - Gilbert, Carew Davies, 340 note - - Gilbert, C. S., 662 - --finds Payne's portrait, 184 - - Gilbert, Davies, 20, 23, 167, 192, 340, 341 - -- and the Logan Rock, 680 - -- and the Royal Society, 679 - -- frames Act of interment of the drowned, 62 - -- friend of Beddoes, and Humphry Davy, 676, 677 - -- his collection of carols, 676, 681 - -- his wife, 678 - -- his works, 680 - -- on derivation of Week, 109 - -- on Henry Rogers, 368, 369 - -- on John Knill, 171, 173 - -- practical mathematician, 677, 678, 680 - - Gilbert, Mary Ann, 678 - -- a strong-minded partner, 679 - - Gilbert, Thomas, 220 - - Gilbert, Walter Raleigh, 227 - - Gildew, Mr., 556 note - - Gilpin, 405 - - Ginger, J., 328 - - Gingi, 163 - - Gironde, 505 - - _Gladiator_, 254 - - Glaisher, Professor, 89, 90 - - _Glance behind the Curtain_, 70 - - Glanville, Ann, beats the French, 668 - -- champion oarswoman, 666 - -- character of, 669 - -- Jack Tar's mother, 666 - - Glanville, Eulalia, 665 - - Glanville family, the, 664, 665 - - Glanville, Judge, 665 - - Glanville, Mary, 665 - - Glasgow, 202 - - _Glasgow_, 509 - - "Glee Club, The," 380 - - Gleig, Mr., 504 - - _Glimpses of the Supernatural_, 81 - - Glivian, 173 - - Gloag family, the, 256 - - Gloucester, 112, 199, 648 note, 651 - - Gloucester, Bishop of, 531 - - Gloucester Hall, 284 - - Gloucester, Thomas, Duke of, 432-439 - -- and Sir Robert Tresilian, 438-440 - - Gluvias, 500, 614, 615 note, 616 - - Glyn, Dennis, 280 - - Glyn, Nicholas, 280 - - Glynn, Robert, 228 - - Glynn-Clobery, Richard, his prize poem, 231 - -- life at Cambridge, 229-30 - -- strong Chattertonian, 228, 231 - - Goadby & Co., 347, 349 - - Godolphin House, 584, 705 - - Godolphin, Lady, discovers Coke's ill practices, 705 - - Godolphin, Lord, 343 - - Godolphin, Margaret, 480 - - Godolphin, Nicholas, 480 - - Godolphin, Prudence, 706 - - Godolphin, Sir Francis, 704 - - Godolphin, William, 706 - - Golden, 528, 652, 656 - - _Golden Grove_, 559, 565 - - Golding, Lady, 630 - - Goldsmith, Lieutenant, 680 - -- death of, 25 - -- describes displacement, 21 - -- displaces Logan Stone, 19 - -- replaces Logan Stone, 23 - - Goldsmith, Oliver, 19 - - Goldsworthy, General, 192 - - Gonzalo, 371 - - Goodall, John, 406 - - Goodall, Peter, 406 - - Goodall, William, 406 - - Goodere, Samuel, 280 - -- strangles his brother, 281-2 - - Goodere, Sir Edward, 280 - - Goodere, Sir John Dinely, 280 - -- strangled by his brother, 281-2 - - Goodfellow, John, 223-4 - - Goodrestone, 606 - - Goodwin, John, 42, 48 - - Goodwin, Rev. Harvey, 89 - - Goodwin Sands, 602 - - Gordon, Colonel, 448 - - Goring, Lord George, 38, 723 - - Gorran, 12 - - Gotha, 453 - - Gottenburg, 501 - - Gough, General, 189, 405-6 - - Gould, Jacky, 664 - - Gout not hereditary, 229 - - Gower, Dr., 284 - - Graham, Mr., 716 - - Graham, Sir Thomas, 487 - - Grampound, 329, 515, 516, 517, 518, 527, 529 - -- disfranchisement of, 524 - -- elections at, 522-524 - - Grandison, John, Earl, 318 - - Grasse, Count de, 377 - - Gravesend, Bishop of, 386 - - Gray's Inn, 170, 173, 283 - - Graythwaite, 374 - - Great Eastern Company, 70 - - Great Exhibition, 620 - - Great Smith, 643 - - Great Torrington, 179 - - _Green Castle_, 62 - - Green, J. R., 208 - - Greenwich, 269 - - Greenwich Hospital, 626 - - Gregor, Mr., 424 - - Gregory XIII, 653, 654 - - Grenville family, the, 181 - - Grenville, Lady, 328 - - Grenville, Lady Grace, 183 - - Grenville, Lord, 319, 323 - - Grenville, Sir Beville, 182 - - Grenville, Sir John, 183 - - Grenville, Sir Richard, 139, 653, 722, 724 - - Gretna Green, 465 - - Grey de Ruthyn, 112 - - Grey, Lord, 588 - - Grey of Gloucester, 112 - - Grey, Thomas, 661 - - Grey, William, Lord, 589 - - Griffith, Anne, 317 - - Griffith, Colonel Edward, 299 - - Grove, 156 - - Grub Street, 317 - - Grylls, Rev. P. Couch, 85 - - Grylls, Tabitha Knill, 83 - - _Guardian_, 319 - - Guernsey, 246 - - Guiana, 134 - - _Guide to Ilfracombe_, 143 - - _Guide to Penzance_, 143 - - Guildhall, London, 390 - - Guilston, 646 - - Gulf of Finland, 408 - - Gulf of Lyons, 267 - - Gull, 87 - - Gumb, Daniel, Hawker's account of, 94 - -- observatory of, 92 - -- stone diagrams of, 92, 93 - - Gunning, 231 - - Gunpowder Plot, 661 - - Gunther, Captain, 420 - - Gurney, John, 192 - - Gurney, Miss A. D., 205 - - Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy, 192-205 - - Gurney invents and applies steam-blast, 194-197, 203, 204, 205 - -- invents Bude light, 202, 205 - -- invents oxyhydrogen blow-pipe, 203-205 - -- prejudice against his inventions, 200, 202, 205 - -- prophecies of, 203, 204 - -- runs a steam-coach, 198, 205 - -- uses concrete, 204 - - Gustavus of Sweden, 511 - - Gwennap, 427 - - Gwennap mines, 343 - - - Haberdashers' Company, 542 - - Habingdon, Mr., 38 - - Hachard, J., 328 - - Hackworth, Mr., 195 - - Hadleigh, 727 - - Hague, The, 128, 547 - - Hales' estate, the, 600 - - Halifax, 261, 267 - - Hall, 81, 701 - - Hall, Mr., 109 - - Hall, Mr. S. C., on J. S. Buckingham, 455, 463 - - Halley's Comet, 85 - - Hallowell, Admiral, 506 - - Halls, Honor, 360 - - Halstead, Mr., 97 - - Hals, John, inaccuracy of, 137 - -- 244, 338, 340, 557, 591, 616, 680 - -- on Edward Chapman, 701 - -- on John Coke, 704-706 - -- on Tillie, 400, 403, 404 - - Hals, Sir Nicholas, 135, 136, 137 - - Hambley family, the, 455 - - Hambley, Thomazine, 455 - - Hamilton, Colonel John, examination of, 315, 316 - -- second in Mohun's duel, 311-315 - - Hamilton, Duchess of, 316 - - Hamilton, Duke of, fights with Mohun, 310-317 - - Hamilton, Marquis of, 39 - - Hamley, Colonel, 569 - - Hamley, Mr., 370 - - Hamoaze, 663, 667 - - Hampden, John, 96 - - Hanacott Manor, 204 - - Handel, 378 - - Handley, Mr., 609 - - Hanover, 16, 308, 424 - - Hanover Square, 345 - - Hanseatic League, 334 - - Hans Towns, 136 - - Hardcastle, Mrs., 467, 469 - - Harley, 79 - - Harley, Robert, 310 - - Harlyn, 26 - - Harpford, 701 - - Harpsfield, 557 - - Harrington, Earl of, 317 - - Harris, Alfred, 697, 699 - - Harris, Captain John, 623 - - Harris, George, 369 - - Harris, Howard, 697, 699 - - Harris, James, 695 - - Harris, Jane, 697 - - Harris, John, early versifications of, 694 - -- his escapes from death, 698 - -- his own account of his life, 692-698 - -- his prize poem on Shakespeare, 699 - -- miner poet, 700 - -- reads Shakespeare, Byron, and Burns, 695 - -- talent of, 699 - -- vanity of, 694, 697, 698 - - Harris, Lucretia, 697 - - Harris, Mr. J. Henry, 245 - - Harris, shoemaker, 119 - - Harris, Sir W. Snow, 203 - - Harris, Susan, 623 - - Harris, Thomas, 378 - - Harrison, Colonel, 51 - - Hartland, 92 - - Hartland Abbey, 156, 165 - - Harvey family, the, 467 - - Harvey, Catherine, 428 - - Harvey, Joseph, 467 - - Harvey, Lord, 376 - - Harvey, Martin, 428 - - Harvey, Mary Ann, 466; _see_ Davenport - - Harvey, Sir Robert, 185 - - Harwich, 320 - - Hatch, J., 366 - - Havre, 130, 597, 667 - - Haweis, 432 - - Hawke, 130 - - Hawker, Rev. R. S., 73 - -- on Gumb, 93 - -- on Payne, 183, 185 - - Hawkey, Charles, 408 - - Hawkey, Charlotte, 166, 168, 408, 423 - - Hawkey, Lieutenant Joseph, 408 - - Hawkey, Lieutenant John, death of, 422 - -- explores the Congo, 409-422 - -- narrow escape from drowning, 410 - -- prisoner in France, 408 - - Hawkey, Mr., 166 - - Hawkey, Richard, 408 - - Hawkey, William, 408 - - Hawkins family, the, 515, 516 - - Hawkins, Florence, 516 - - Hawkins, Francis, 516 - - Hawkins, George, 516 - - Hawkins, Jane, 516 - - Hawkins, John, 516, 517 - - Hawkins, Maria, 443 - - Hawkins, Mary, 516 - - Hawkins, Mr., 138-140 - - Hawkins, Philip, 516, 517 - - Hawkins, Reginald, 516 - - Hawkins, Renatus, 516 - - Hawkins, Sir Christopher, 443 - -- acquires land, 517 - -- borough-monger, 515, 520, 521, 526 - -- encourages inventions, 527 - -- influence at Grampound, 522-524, 527 - -- influence at S. Ives, 524, 527-529 - -- M.P. for Mitchell, 518, 527 - -- M.P. for Penryn, 527 - -- tried for corruption, 520 - - Hawkins, Thomas, 516, 517 - - Hawley, Captain, 101, 105 - - Hayle, 172, 516 - - Haymarket Theatre, 285, 287, 294, 295, 377, 465, 467 - -- rebuilt by Foote, 290 - -- wreckage of, 278 - - Hayward, Abraham, 578 - - Hayward, Sir John, 590 - - Heathman, Francis, 538 - - _Heir at Law_, 469 - - _Heliophotus hispidus_, 151 - - Helland, 228, 592 - - Helston, 60, 61, 67, 71, 170, 171, 329, 362, 364, 516, 579, 580, 678 - --described, 59 - - "Helston Arms," 582 - - Helston Church, 587 - - Hender, Frances, 721 - - Hender, John, 721 - - Hengest, 231 - - Henley, 287 - - Henry II, 407 - - Henry III, 133, 298 - - Henry VI, 109, 111 - - Henry VII, 32, 154, 661 - - Henry VIII, 243, 247, 586, 652, 655 - -- and the Reformation, 28, 29 - - _Herald's Visitations of Cornwall_, 81, 107, 155, 224, 280, 370, 441, - 661, 701 - - _Herald's Visitations of Devon_, 171 - - Herbert, Admiral, 638 - - Herbert, Lord Charles, 544 - - Herbert, Mr. Edmund, on Sir C. Shovel, 642, 646 - - Herbert, Sir William, 589 - - _Hercules_, 446 - - Herkomer, Professor von, 90 - - Heme Hill, 606, 609, 611 - - Herod's Foot, 581 - - _Heroes of the old Falmouth Packet Service_, 626 - - Herring, Mr. F., 190 - - Herschel, Sir John, 88 - - Hesse, Charlotte van, 547 - - Hesse, John van, 547 - - Heywood, Anne, 516 - - Heywood, James, 517 - - Hicker, George, 543 - - Hicks, Polly, 283 - - Hicks, William Robert, chestnuts of, 573 - -- examples of humour of, 574-578 - -- personal appearance of, 569-575 - -- tells of an indifferent night, 574 - -- versatility of, 569 - - Higginson, Rev., 34 - - Higher Brown Quartils, 75, 78, 80, 82 - - Highgate, 387 - - Highgate, Lord, 386 - - _High Life Below Stairs_, 407 - - Highwaymen, _see_ Jonathan Simpson - - Hill, Captain Richard, 299, 300 - -- escapes, 305-6 - -- murders Mountford, 299-304 - - Hill, Mr., 427-8 - - _Historical and Critical Account of Hugh Peters_, 53 - - _Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk - Island_, 568 - - _Historical Survey of Cornwall_, 662 - - _History of the Commonwealth_, 53 - - _History of Cornwall_, 73, 238, 243, 361, 401, 616, 680 - - _History of England_, Froude's, 31 note, 32 note - - _History of the Four Last Years of the Queen_, 317 - - _History of His Own Times_, 53, 106 - - _History of John Gilpin_, 2 - - _History of the Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell_, 72 - - _History of Looe_, 681 - - _History of Polperro_, 257 - - _History of the Reign of Queen Anne_, 645 note, 648, 651 - - _History of Rev. Hugh Peters_, 53 - - _History of Queen Anne, The_, 307, 308 note - - _History of the West Indies_, 172 - - _Histrio-Mastix_, 335 - - Hitchens, 243 - - Hodder, Mr., 418 - - Holborn, 170, 276 - - Holdsworth, Mr. Arthur, 166 - - Holinshed, 432 - - Holland, Captain, 105 - - Holland House, 326 - - Holland, Lord, 327 - - Holland, Sir John, 437-8 - - Holman, Samuel, 405 - - Holmes, Mr., 526 - - Holsworthy, 108, 156 - - Holt, 305 - - Holyhead, 626 - - Homer Place, 622 - - Honiton, 588 - - Hooker, John, 155 - - Hooker, Richard, 369, 588 - - Hope, General Sir John, 505 - - Hopton, Sir Ralph, 206 - - Horace, 692 - - Hore, Richard, 654 - - Hornblower, Jonathan, 677 - - Horner, Mr., 524 - - Horse, a sagacious, 352 - - "Horse and Groom," 326 - - "Horse and Jockey," 582 - - Hosken, Anthony, 226 - - Hosken, Nancy, 226 - - Hoskin family, the, 683 - - Hoskin, James, advice to his children, 690 - -- and his rector, 683 - -- burial of, 682 - -- his adventures in America, 685-89 - -- on farming in the States, 684 - - Hoskin, return of, 689 - - Hoskin, John William, 683 - - Hoskin, Richard Vinnicombe, 683 - - Hosking, Harriet, 669 - - Hotham, Sir John, 36 - - _Hound_, 650 - - Hounslow Heath, 17 - - House, Jane, 669 - - _Household Books of Lord William Howard_, 556 note - - _Household Words_, 1852, 22 note - - Howard, Lord, 96 - - Howard, Lord William, 555, 558 - - Howard Street, 301, 302 - - Howell, James, 128, 518 - -- on Noye, 331, 333, 338, 340 - - Howes, Mr. James, 390 - - _Hudibras_, 44 - - Hudson, Mr., 148 - - Hudson, river, 689 - - Hugo, Mr., 594 - - Huguenots, massacre of, 653 - - Hull, 642, 667 - - _Humayoon Shah_, 460, 462 - - Humphries, Mr., 323 - - Hungate, Dom Gregory, 556 - - Hungerford, 210 - - Hunt, Anna Maria, 726 - - Hunt, James, 613 - - Hunt, Thomas, 726 - - Hunter, John, 560, 568 - - _Huntly_, 485 - - Hurst Castle, 39 - - Hyde, Edward, 206 - - Hyde, Sir Edward, 545 - - Hyde Park, 16, 17, 311, 316 - - Hyder Ali, 164 - - Hyndford, Earl of, 648 - - - _Identity and Resurrection of the Human Body, The_, 360 - - Ilfracombe, 143 - - _Illustrated London News_, 620, 622 - - _Illustrious Obscure, An_, 578 - - Imaum of Muscat, 460, 462 - - _Imperial Magazine_, 361, 363 - - Incledon, Charles, chorister at Exeter, 375 - -- death of, 387 - -- hoaxed, 380, 381, 385, 386 - -- in the navy, 376, 377 - -- partiality for wine, 381, 382, 383, 387 - -- selfishness of, 383, 384 - - Incledon, theatrical experiences of, 377, 378, 387 - -- vanity of, 380, 381, 382, 386 - -- voice of, 378, 379, 386 - -- wrecked, 380 - - Incledon, Mrs., 382, 382, 384 - - _Indefatigable_, 456 - - Independents, rise of, 37 - - Ingoldsby, Colonel Richard, 17 - - Ingram, Sir Arthur, 331 - - Inner Temple, 554 - - Innes, Mr., 523 - - _Innocent Lady, The_, 128 - - Inny, river, 83 - - _Inquiries Concerning the Intellectual Power_, 427 - - Inventions--by Call, 158 - -- of the Bude light, 202 - -- of heating houses, 204, 205 - -- of life-saving rockets, 63, 64 - -- of the locomotive, 193 - -- of the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe, 203 - -- the steam-blast, 195-197 - -- of a torpedo, 688 - - _Invincible_, 321 - - Ireland, Duke of, 433, 435, 438, 439 - - _Irresistible_, 260 - - Isle of Wight, 39 - - Isthmus of Suez, 459 - - - Jackman, 55 - - Jackman, Mr. William, 244 - - Jackson, constable, 119 - - Jackson, Rev., 295 - - Jackson, William, 375 - - Jago, Dr., 730 - - Jago, Rev. W., 626 - - Jamaica, 172, 515, 683 - - Jamaica Inn, 573, 628, 629 - -- Christmas Eve at, 627-631 - - James I, 31, 134, 718, 721 - - James II, 105, 106, 209, 210, 221, 402, 542, 638 - - James, Ann, 582 - - James's _Naval History_, 257, 626 - - Jamison, Mr., 566 - - Jane family, the, 206 - - Jane, Joseph, 206 - -- answers Milton's [Greek: Eikonoklastês], 207 - - Jane, Thomas, 206 - - Jane, William, 207 - - Jane, William, blocking tactics of, 216-219 - - Jane confers on Real Presence, 209 - -- Prolocutor, 215 - -- rapid promotion of, 207, 219 - -- transfers allegiance to William III, 210, 221 - - Janina, 508, 513 - - Janus, 211, 330 - - Jefferies, Anne, abstains from food and performs cures, 531, 535, - 537, 538 - -- imprisoned, 531, 540 - -- meets with fairies, 532, 533, 536, 538 - - Jefferies, Mr., 420 - - Jeffery, Dolly, 238, 245; _see_ Pentreath - - Jeffery, John, 247 - - Jeffery, Robert, exploits his privations, 256 - -- Government inquiry concerning, 254 - -- impressed for Navy, 248, 250 - -- left on Sombrero, 251, 253 - -- thief, 250 - - Jeffreys, Judge, 104, 106 - - Jeffreys, Lord, 542 - - Jenken, Mary, 71 - - Jenken, Samuel, 71 - - Jenkin, Captain W., 678 - - Jennings, Captain, 458 - - Jennings, Elizabeth, 458 - - Jerusalem, King of, 599, 600 - - Jervis, Sir John, 258, 259 - - _Jeune Richard, Le_, 623, 624 - - Jewell family, the, 156 - - Jewell, Sarah, 156 - - John II, 727 - - John, King, 719 - - John and Nicholas, 626 - - John, Elizabeth, 615 - - John, Joan, 615, 616 - - John, Margaret, 615 - - John, Michael, 615, 616 - - Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 2, 167, 675 - -- and Samuel Foote, 289, 293 - - Johnson, Mr., 420 - - Johnstone, Andrew C., 522 - - Johnstone, Jack, 381 - - "Joiners' Arms," S. Columb, 593 - - Jones, Mrs. Cadwalader, 157 - - Jones, William, 717 - - Jonson, Ben, 337, 338, 550 - - Jope, Mr., 171 - - Jope, Rev. John, 173 - - Jordan, Mrs., 468 - - Jordan, W., 680 - - Josselin, 474 - - _Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall_, 140, 185, 626, 644, - 651 - - Juga, 415, 417, 418 - - Jumper, Sir W., 642 - - _Justification of the War_, 46 - - - Kardihi, 509 - - Karikal, 163 - - Keates, Captain, 443 - - Keene, Mr., 196-7 - - Keigwin family, the, 480 - - Keigwin, Captain Richard, character of, 488 - -- Commandant at Bombay, 479-80, 483, 485, 487 - -- revolts from misgovernment of E. I. Company, 484-7 - - Keigwin, J., 680 - - Keigwin, Jenkin, 480 - - Keigwin, Margaret, 480 - - Keigwin, Richard, 480 - - Kekewich, Loveday, 206 - - Kekewich, William, 206 - - Kelly, Earl, 293 - - Kelly, Mr., of Kelly, 665 - - Kelly, T., 613 - - Kelynack family, the, 620 - - Kelynack, Charles, 620 - - Kelynack, Mary, her reception, 621 - -- walks to London, 620 - - Kelynack, Philip, 620 - - Kelynack, William, 620 - - Kemble, Frances A., 454 - - Kemble, John, 379, 384 - - Kempe, John, 654 - - Kempthorne, Admiral, 374 - - Kempthorne, Captain, 457 - - Kendal, 138-40 - - Keneggy, 478 - - Kenmure, Lord, 13, 15 - - Kennall, Dr., 243 - - Kennedy, Lord, 299 - - Kensington, 312, 326 - - _Kent, The_, loss of, 489-99 - - Kentisbeare, 225 - - Kent's Cavern, Torquay, exploration of, 8 - - Kenwyn, 428 - - Kenyon, Lord, 519, 526 - - Kerrisvean, 634 - - Kew, 410 - - Khorchid Pacha, 513 - - _Kidleywink_, 470 - - Kigilliath, 179 - - Kilkhampton, 182 - - Killefreth, 428 - - Killigrew, 133 - - Killigrew family, the, 133, 140, 500, 544, 553 - -- stage-struck, 544, 552 - - Killigrew, Charles, 547, 552 - - Killigrew, Frances, 140 - - Killigrew, Henry, 544, 547 - - Killigrew, Jane, contrives Spanish murders, 136 - -- protected by Penryn, 135 - -- Spanish murders wrongly attributed to, 137 - - Killigrew, Lady, 729 - - Killigrew, Martin, 134 - - Killigrew, Mary, involved in Spanish murders, 137-140 - - Killigrew, Ralph, 133 - - Killigrew, Robert, 547 - - Killigrew, Simon, 133 - - Killigrew, Sir Henry, 729 - - Killigrew, Sir John, 133, 134 - - Killigrew, Sir Peter, 140 - - Killigrew, Sir Robert, 544 - - Killigrew, Sir William, 136, 544 - - Killigrew, Thomas, answers Louis XIV, 546 - -- at the Restoration, 547, 548 - -- gives good counsel to the king, 549, 550 - -- misbehaviour at Venice, 545 - -- plays of, 547 - -- satirizes Lady Shrewsbury, 552 - - Killigrew, Thomas, jun., 547, 552 - - Killingworth Colliery, 195 - - Kilmar, 84 - - Kilter, William, 587 note - - Kimberley, Earl of, 140 - - Kimmeridge clay, 9 - - King, Lieut. Philip G., Governor of New South Wales, 568 - -- in charge at Norfolk Is., 564-567 - -- voyage to Botany Bay, 569, 561 - - King, Philip, 560 - - King, Rear-Admiral P. Parker, 568 - - King, Sir Peter, 308 - - Kingsand, 269 - - King's Bench, 543 - - King's Bench Prison, 661 - - King's College, Cambridge, 228, 231 - - King's College, London, 89 - - King's House Theatre, 548 - - King Street, Westminster, 542 - - Kingston Bridge, 672 - - Kingston, Duchess of, 289, 294 - - Kingston, Sir Anthony, 589 - - Kirrier, 244 - - Kit-Cat, 315 - - Kittites, the, 523 - - Knatchbull, N. J., 613 - - Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 183, 184 - - Knight, Mr., 327 - - Knill, 171 - - Knill family, 171 - - Knill, John, collector of customs, 170, 171 - -- conditions of his bequest to S. Ives, 173 - -- his monument, 169, 170 - -- suspected of smuggling, 172 - - Knill's Folly, 169 - - Knollys, Sir Robert, 432 - - Knox, Mr., 556 note - - Knyvett, Henry, 133 - - Kolokotroni, 446 - - Koran, 511 - - Kosseir, 460 - - _Kyber_, 67 - - - Labourdonnais, 159 - - _Lady Harriet_, 458 - - _Lady Hobart_, wreck of, 251-263, 267 - - _Lady Penrhyn_, 559 - - Lagos, 130 - - La Hogue, 639 - - Lake, Baron, of Delhi, 251 - - Lake, Capt. the Hon. W., 248 - -- court-martialled, 254-256 - -- leaves Jeffery on Sombrero, 251 - -- takes undue credit for attack on _Albion_, 248, 249 - - Lake family, arms of, 251 - - Lake, Gerard, Viscount, 248 - - Lally, Count de, 159, 161 - - Lamartine, 596 - - Lambesso, 280 - - Lanarth, 370, 374 - - Lanbetherick, 723 - - Lancaster, Duke of, 434 - - Landen, battle of, 12 - - Lander, Benjamin, 272, 273 - - Lander, Richard, 189 - - Landewednack, 244 - - Landguard Fort, 441 - - Landrake, 12 - - Land's End, 19, 21, 60, 67, 143, 425, 500, 502, 537, 621, 633, 675 - - Landulph, 126, 226, 727, 729 - - Laneast, 83 - - Lane End, 120 - - Langdon, Mr., 375 - - Langford, 108 - - Langhorn, 128 - - Lanherne, 661 - - Lanhydrock, 206, 718, 722, 724, 726 - - Lanlivery, 224 - - Lansdown, 183 - - Lansellyn, 528 - - Lanteglos, 298, 424-426 - - Lanyon Quoit, 680 - - Laocoon, 187 - - Lappet, 466 - - _Larvæ of British Butterflies and Moths_, 147 - - _Last Days of Percy Bysshe Shelley, The_, 454 - - Laud, Archbishop, 28, 33, 37, 38, 334 - - Lauderdale, Duke of, 551 - - Lauderdale, Lady, 509, 511 - - Launcells, 156, 205, 223 - - Launceston, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80, 83, 89, 111, 136, 140, 178, 179, 184, - 204, 389, 395, 402, 466, 555, 560, 568, 573, 589, 627, 656, 663, - 670, 671 - - Launceston Assizes, 654 - - Launceston Castle, 659, 661 - - Launceston Gaol, 653, 661 - - Launceston Free School, 73, 80 - - _Launceston Past and Present_, 82 - - Laurence, Dr. Thomas, 299 - - Laurence, Elizabeth, 299 - - Laurence, George, 642 - - Laurence, Major, 162 - - _La Valeur_, 643 - - Lawhadden, 32 - - Laureate, Richard, 405 - - Lazarus II, 729 - - Lean, Miss, 683 - - Lebanon, 597 - - Lee, 300 - - Lee, Amelia, 669 - - Lee, Dr., 81, 82 - - Lee, Francis, 730 - - Lees, 607 - - Leeward Is., 252 - - _Legacy of a Dying Father_, 38, 44, 45 - - Legend of S. Samson, 83 - - Leghorn, 477 - - Leland, 247, 652 - - Lemon, Bill, 575 - - Lemon, Major William, 345 - - Lemon, Sir Charles, 187, 188 - - Lemon, Sir William, 344 - - Lemon, William, his chough, 343 - -- mining ventures of, 342, 343 - -- respect for, 344 - - _Lenox_, 642, 643 - - Lenox, Duke of, 331 - - Lens, Mr. Serjeant, 520 - - Leominster, Baron, 135 - - Lesneuth, 227 - - _L'Esprit de Monsieur Arnaud_, 104 - - Lesser Antilles, 251 - - Le Strange, Hammond, 335 - - Lethbridge, Christopher, 568 - - Lethbridge, Harriet, 568 - - Lethbridge, John King, 83 - - Lethbridge, Mr., 422 - - _Letter to the Rev. Wm. Cockburne_, 328 - - _Levant_, 500 - - Leverrier, 87, 88 - - Lewes, Dr. Richard, 531 - - Lezant, 81, 224, 225, 226 - - Lias, blue, 4 - - Liberation Society, 627 - - Lichfield, 32 - - Lidcott, 83, 89 - - Liége, 372 - - _Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Sir William Courtenay_, 613 - - _Life of Francis Tregian_, 662 - - _Life of King Charles I_, 335 - - _Life of Lord Chancellor Hardwick_, 369 - - _Life of The Prince Consort_, 622 - - _Life of Robert Jeffery_, 257 - - _Life of Samuel Drew_, 346, 363 - - _Life of Vice-Admiral Sir C. V. Penrose_, 514 - - _Life of William Pengelly_, 11 - - Lightfoot, William, 117 - -- confession of, 120 - -- executed, 122 - -- murders Norway, 119 - - Lillo, 619 - - Limelight, discovery of, 203, 205 - - Lincoln, 517 - - Lincoln's Inn, 329, 335 - - Linkinhorne, 81, 91, 95 - - Linley, 378 - - _Lion, The_, 600 - - Lisbon, 458, 463, 661, 662 - - Liskeard, 191, 206, 207, 349, 350, 408, 577, 581 - - _Literary Characters_, 360 - - Litterbury, Robert, 542 - - Little Holland House, 327 - - Little Petherick, 73 - - Littleton, 330 - - _Lively_, 602 - - Liverpool, 198 - - Liverpool, 200, 232, 233, 361, 380, 595, 667 - - _Lives of some Eminent Persons_, 178 - - _Lives of the Engineers_, 198 note - - _Lives of the English Saints_, 555 - - _Lives of the Illustrious_, 363 - - Lizard, The, 59, 60, 173, 370, 372, 407 - - Llenda, 12 - - Lloyd, John, 104, 238 - - Loader, Edmund, 643 - - Loando, 412 - - Lobb, Mr., 535 - - Lockart, Colonel, 47, 48 - - Locke, William, 221, 357 - - Locker, Captain, 648 note - - Lockhart, David, 418, 420 - - Locomotives invented, 193 - - Lodeman, Jane, 99 - - Loe Bar, 59 - - Loe Pool, 59 - - Logan Rock of S. Levan, described, 18, 19 - -- displaced by Goldsmith, 19, 680 - -- replaced, 23 - - Lombard, Rev. Daniel, previous life of, 424 - -- seeks Lanteglos, 425 - -- simplicity of, 425 - - Lombee, 413 - - London, 198, 204, 361, 377, 387, 389, 435, 481, 517, 537, 542, 569, - 599, 602, 609, 617, 620, 625, 628, 661, 707, 721 - - London Bridge, 678 - - Londonderry, Earl of, 318 - - Long Island, 688 - - Long, John, 405 - - Longevity, Rules for, 635 - - Longman, Rees & Co., 346 - - Looe, 5; _see also_ East Looe - - Looe, 247 - - Looe Island, 354 - - Lopes, Sir Manasseh, 515, 521 - - Lopes, bribery at Grampound, 523-4 - - _Lord Nelson_, 250 - - Lord of the Isles, 86 - - Lostwithiel, 503, 525 - - _Loudon's Architectural Magazine_, 570 - - Lourdes, 542 - - Louis XIV, 372, 546 - - Louis XV, 161 - - _Love at First Sight_, 548 - - _Lovers' Vows_, 469 - - Lowell, J. R., 70 - - Lower family, the, 126, 129 - - Lower, Dr. Richard, 129 - - Lower, Elizabeth, 129 - - Lower, John, 126 - - Lower, Lady, 729 - - Lower, Sir Nicholas, 126, 729 - - Lower, Sir William, 126-29 - -- his works, 128 - -- Royalist soldier, 126 - - Lower Tooting, 568 - - Ludgvan, 343, 682, 683 - - Ludlow's account of Peters, 28, 36, 52 - - Luellin, 548 - - Lumley's Horse, 15 - - Luttrell, Narcissus, 100, 403 - - Lydiard, Captain, 60 - - Lyell, Sir Charles, 10 - - Lyme, 36 - - Lyme Regis, 4 - - Lyne, Amye, 408 - - Lyne, Rev. John, 408 - - Lyra, 506 - - Lysons Brothers, 156 - - Lyttleton, Christiana, 319 - - Lyttleton, George, Lord, 319 - - Lyttleton, Lord, 699 note - - - Mabe, 179 - - MacAlister, Dr. Donald, 90 - - Macaulay, T. B., 209, 216, 220, 305 - -- on East India Company, 481, 485 - -- on Hugh Speke, 102 - - MacCartney, General, flight of, 314-15 - -- second to Mohun, 311-15 - - Macclesfield, Earl of, 299, 307-8, 310, 317 - - Mace, 328 - - MacEnery, Rev. J., 8 - - Mackintosh, Brigadier, 13, 15 - - Macklin, 285 - - Maclean, Sir H., 716 - - Maclean, Sir William, 225 - - Madras, 158-9, 161, 164, 479 - -- siege of, 162-4 - - Madron, 620 - - Madura, 164 - - Maharatta War, 251 - - Mahomet Ali, 459, 462 - - Mahomed Usuff Cawn, 164 - - Mahony, Matthew, 281 - - Mahrattas, the, 480, 487 - - Maidment, Mr., 236-7 - - Maidstone Assizes, 602, 611, 613 - - Mail-coaches, 628, 663 - -- introduced, 377 - - Mainwaring, Charlotte, 298 - - Mainwaring, Thomas, 298 - - Maitland, Sir Thomas, 508-9, 511 - - Major, Margery, 406 - - Malabar coast, 479 - - Malaga, 639 - - Malaprop, Mrs., 468 - - Malta, 458, 507, 599 - - Mammoth Bones, 9 - - Manaccan, 500 - - Manacles, The, 370 - - Manby, Captain G. W., 64 - - Mancenille Bay, 248 - - Manchester, 13, 198 - - Manchester, Lord, 724, 725 - - Manila, 123 - - Mansa, 417 - - Mansel, Hon. Robert, 648 - - Mansfield, Lord, 295, 630 - - Mansion House, 620 - - Mantle, Isabel, 614, 616 - - Mantle, Nicholas, 614 - - Manuel, Emperor, 727 - - Mar, Earl of, 515 - - Marazion, 242, 343, 476, 477 - - Marblehead, 252 - - Marcella, 299 - - Margate, 465 - - Margytte, William, 393 - - Mark, Henry, 627 - - Market Street, Falmouth, 632 - - Markham, Clement R., 168 - - Marlborough, Duke of, 309, 372 - - Marmion, Shakerly, 547 - - Marner, Edmund, 393 - - Marsden, 380 - - Marsh, Samuel, 277 - - Marshall, 188 - - Marshalsea, 661 - - Marsham, Hon. Elizabeth, 649 - - Marsham, Sir Robert, 648 - - Martharwyler, Elsota, 614 - - Martharwyler, Meliora, 614-616 - - Martharwyler, Symon, 614 - - Martin, Sir Theodore, 622 - - Martin, Thomas, jun., 584 - - Martin, Tobias, acquires French, 580 - -- in the tin-mines, 579-583 - -- poems of, 579, 585 - -- unjustly accused of falsifying, 583 - - Martinique, 258, 321 - - Martyn, Humphry, 538 - -- visits Anne Jefferies, 532 - - Martyn, Mary, 531 - - _Martyrologie_, 557 - - Marwood, Judge, 655 - - _Mary_, 137 - - Mary-le-bone, 622 - - Mary of Orange, 128 - - Mary, Queen, 30, 516, 518, 524 - - Mary, Queen of Scots, 657 - - Masakka, 416 - - Mashaw, Mrs., 310 - - Massachusetts, 34, 252 - - Massacre of the Huguenots, 653 - - Matthews, Mr., 71 - -- on Incledon, 381 - - Mattock, Mary, 404 - - Mattocks, Mrs., 468 - - Maunder, Mr., 589 - - Maurice, Prince, 41, 722 - - Mauritius, 160 - - Mavrocordato, 446, 448, 449 - - Mayne, Cuthbert, 653 - -- execution of, 658 - -- indicted of treason, 655 - - Mayor of Bodmin, 586-592 - - _Mayor of Garratt, The_, 293 - - Mayow, 591 - - Mawgan, 173, 329 - - Mazapore, 487 - - Mazarin, Cardinal, 47 - - M'Bima, 420 - - McColl Clan, 154 - - McGregor, Sir Duncan, on the burning _Kent_, 490-496 - - McKernow, Mr., 410 - - McTab, Mrs., 468 - - Meares, Nicholas, 608, 610, 611 - - Meares, Mr., 611, 612 - - _Mechanic's Magazine_, 90 - - Melcombe, Lord, 294 - - Melhuc Mouth, 114 - - Melville, Lord, 506 - - _Memoir, a Defence of Hugh Peters_, 53 - - _Memoirs of C. M. Young_, 578 - - _Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow_, 28, 52 - - _Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of George II_, 279 - - _Memoirs of Missionary Priests_, 556 note - - _Memoir on the Indian Surveys_, 168 - - _Memorials of English Affairs_, 52 - - _Memories of Old Friends_, 188 - - Menai Straits Bridge, 678 - - Menheniot, 243 - - Merchant Taylors' School, 98, 424 - - Merthyr Tydvil, 193 - - Merton, 225 - - _Mesoleius Bignellii_, 147 - - Messiah, heralds of the, 596-9 - -- pretended, 606-11 - - Methodism in Cornwall, 59, 360 - - Methodist class meetings, 691 - - Mevagissey, 516 - - Mewton, Paul, 631 - - Mexborough, Lord, 290 - - Michell, Laurence, 615 - - Middlecoat, Mr., 525 - - Middle Temple, 96 - - Middleton, Corporal, 418, 421 - - Middleton, Sir Charles, 166 - - Milehouse, 150 - - Miles, Sir Jonathan, 526 - - Milford, Mr., 519 - - Milk Street, 113 - - Mill family, the, 156, 158 - - Mill, Captain Richard, 542 - - Mill, John, 156 - - Mill, Judith, 157 - - Millais, J. E., 454 - - Millbay, 146 - - Millbrook, 141, 354 - - Millennium expected, 596 - - Miller, A., 275 - - _Miller's Daughter_, 664 - - Millett, Miss, 364 - - Mills, Anne, 398 - - Mills, J., 398 - - Millwood, Constable, 610 - - Milton, John, 45, 207, 209 - - _Minerva_, 408 - - Mining, hardships of, 696 - - _Minor, The_, 291 - - _Mirror_, 198 - - _Miser, The_, 466 - - "Miseries of the Poor," 107 - - Mission to Fuegans, 232-7 - - Mitchell, 517, 518 - -- elections at, 518, 529 - - Mithras, 8 - - Mocha, 482 - - _Modern Geography_, 233 - - Mogford, 90 - - Mogul, Great, 251, 483 - - Mohammed, 728 - - Mohun family, the, 298 - -- Baron John, 298 - - Mohun, Charles, Lord, 318 - -- character of, 306, 307, 308, 310 - -- conspires with Hill for Mountford's murder, 299-304, 306 - -- duel with Lord Hamilton, 310-317 - -- go-between in duels, 309 - -- marriage of, 298, 299 - -- tried for murder, 305-307 - - Mohun, Elizabeth, 298 - - Mohun, Sir Reginald, 298 - - Mohun, Sir William, 298 - - Mohun, Warwick, Lord, 298 - - Mohun, William, 298 - - Mold, 570 - - Molesworth, Rev. W., 121, 125 - - Molesworth, Sir William, 125, 569 - - Mollington, 726 - - Monck, Dorothy, 134 - - Monck, Sir Thomas, 134 - - Monk, General, 28, 481 - - Monmouth, Duke of, 96, 105 - - Monte Cristo, 248 - - Montonère, Viscount de la, 716 - - Moorfields, 552 - - Moravian Brethren, 232 - - Morea, 446, 728 - - Morell, Mary, 34 - - Moreman, Dr., 243 - - Morice Town, 55 - - Morley House, 148 - - _Morning Leader_, 62 note - - _Morning Post_, 578 - - Morocco, 707 - - Morris, J., 662 - - Morris, Mr., 556 note - - Morshead, Captain, 237 - - Morval, 12, 388, 398 - - Morwenstow, 73, 94 - - Mother Bank, 560 - - Mould, Lieutenant R. C., 251 - - Mousehole, 233, 235, 239, 240, 241, 245, 470 - - _Mount Calvary_, 680 - - Mount Charles turnpike gate, 120 - - Mount Edgcumbe, Lord, 573 - - Mount Edgcumbe Terrace, 633 - - Mount Parnassus, 446 - - Mount's Bay, 131, 239, 620 - - Mountain, Bishop of London, 27 - - Mountford, Hill's attack on, 300-304 - -- murder of, 299-304 - - Mountford, Mrs., 300, 304 - - "Mr. Campbell's Pacquet," 72 - - Mudge, Capt. Zachariah, 248, 249 - - Mudge, Mary Ann, 5 - - Mug, Matthew, 294 - - Muley-el-Hassan, 716 - - Muley Spha, 708 - - Muley Suliman, 713 - - Mulgrave, Lord, 377 - - Mullion, 60, 61 - - Munns, Nathaniel, 275 - - Murphy, 288, 295 - - Murray, Captain, 500, 502 - - Murray, John, 11, 514 - - Murray, Lord Charles, 15 - - Murray, Sir Robert, 552 - - Murray's Family Library, 53 - - _Musical Memoirs_, 383 - - Mylor, 178 - - Mynns, Sir Christopher, 637 - - Mysore, 164 - - Mystery Plays, 680 - - - Nairn, Lord, 15 - - "Naked Gospel," 219 - - Namur, siege of, 12 - - Nancarrow, John, 242 - - Nancegollan, 364 - - Nankevill, Thomas, 528 - - Napoleon, 318, 505, 507, 509 - - Narborough, James, 643 - - Narborough, Sir John, 637, 638, 643, 644 - - Nares, Judge, 375 - - _Narrative of the Life of Robert Jeffery_, 257 - - Naseby, 51 - - Nash, 515 - - _Natural History of the County_, 240 - - _Naval History of Great Britain_, 257, 626 - - Naworth, 555, 557 - - Nazarites, 511 - - Negropont, 447, 449 - - Nelson, Lord, 259, 260, 267, 443 - -- the famous signal, 269 - - Nepean, 565 - - Neptune, discovery of, 86 - - _Neota_, 168, 423 - - New, Philip, 328 - - New Brentford, 338 - - New Bond Street, 323 - - New Russell Court, 328 - - New South Wales, 560-8 - - New Theatre, 285 - - Newbury, 722 - - Newcastle, Duke of, 293 - - Newcomen, Thomas, 342 - - Newfoundland, 264, 265 - - Newgate, 272, 275, 276, 277, 389, 390, 392, 395 - - Newgate Prison, 671, 673 - - _Newgate Calendar_, 382 - - Newlyn, 130, 432, 620 - - Newman, Miss, 141 - - Newnham, 607 - - Newport, 518 - - Newport, Mr., 322 - - "New Song on the Wrestling Match between Cann and Polkinghorne," 58 - - _News from Ipswich_, 337 - - _News from Penrin, in Cornwall, 1618_, 615 - - Newton Ferrers, 388, 396 - - Newtown, 554 - - New York, 53, 477, 685, 686 - - Nice, 697 - - Nicely, Mrs., 469 - - Nicholl, H. G., 168, 191 - - Nicolls, Lieutenant Edward, 248, 249 - - Nicholas, Secretary, 129, 207 - - Niger, the, 189 - -- exploration of the, 409 - - "Night I Married Susy, The," 58 - - _Nimble_, H.M.S. cutter, 19 - - Nine Maidens, 693 - - _Nineteenth Century_, 541 note - - Ninnis, Rev. James, 71 - - Nithsdale, Lord, 15 - - Noah, or Noye, 339 - - Noki, 414 - - Nolan, Rev. E., 556 note - - Noles, Mrs. Elizabeth, 342 note - - Nonjurors, 210 - - Norden, 105, 244 - - Norfolk, Duke of, 657 - - Norfolk Island, settlement on, 564-567 - - Norfolk Street, 301 - - Normandy, 373 - - North End, 293 - - North, Lord, 525 - - "North-West Passage, The," 454 - - Northampton, 135 - - Northmore, Mr., 8 - - Northrussell, 388 - - Northumberland, Duke of, 29 - - Norway, 415 - - Norway, Edmund, 122, 124 - -- dreams of his brother's murder, 123 - - Norway, Nevill, 122 - -- murder of, 117-121, 123, 125 - - Norway, William, 117 - - Norwich, Earl of, 39 - - _Notes and Queries_, 556 note - - Nottingham, 434 - - Nottingham, Earl of, 211, 216, 305, 435 - - Nova Scotia, 261 - - Noy, William, 329 - - Noye family, the arms of, 341 - - Noye, Bridgeman, 341 - - Noye, Edward, 329, 338, 340 - - Noye, Hester, 341 - - Noye, Humphrey, 338, 340, 341 - - Noye, Katherine, 341 - - Noye, William, 675 - -- and Jonson, 339 - -- character of, 329, 340 - -- frames ship-money tax, 330-333 - -- invents soap monopoly, 332, 334 - -- M.P. and Attorney-General, 329 - -- on Prynne, 335-337 - -- portrait of, 340 - -- used by Laud, 335 - -- will of, 338 - - Nubia, 460 - - Nursery, the, 312 - - Nye, Philip, 48 - - - Oak-egger, 150 - - _Observations on the West Parts of England_, 405 - - O'Callinghan, Mr., 526 - - _Ocean Queen_, 233, 234 - - Odysseus, 446, 448, 449 - - Okehampton, 298 - - Old Bailey, 275, 305, 671 - - Old Bunger, 620 - - Old Burlington Street, 167 - - Old Curiosity Shop, Burton's, 633, 636 - - Old Sarum, 318 - - _Old Playgoer, The_, 379, 468 - - Oldham, 464 - - Ombersley, 374 - - Omer Pasha, 449 - - _On an Improved Mode of Forming Water Tanks_, 679 - - _On the Construction of Tanks_, 679 - - _On the Divinity of Christ and the Eternal Sonship_, 361 - - _On the self-supporting Reading, Writing, and Agricultural School at - Willingdon in Sussex_, 679 - - Opie, John, 173 - - Opie, jun., Mr., 71 - - Oporto, 267 - - Orange Coffee House, 383 - - _Orators_, 289 - - Orchard family the, 156, 165 - - _Orient_, 122 - - Orion, 84 - - _Orion_, 260 - - Orissa, 160 - - Orleans, Duke of, 318 - - Orlebar, Mr., 311 - - Ormond, Duke of, 309, 639 - - Ormsby, 556 note - - Orthez, 505 - - Oryo, Philip de, 137, 138 - - Osborne, 187 - - Oscott, 662 - - Oswestry, 112 - - Otaheite, 566 - - Othello, 285 - - Otter, Tom, 550 - - Ottery S. Mary, 225, 704 - - Ottey, Mr., 327 - - Owen, Mr., 275, 276 - - Oxburgh, Colonel, 14 - - Oxford, 27, 87, 126, 177, 206, 207, 219, 284, 329, 424, 544, 554, - 557, 675, 722 - - Oxford Street, 326 - - - _Packet of Boston_, 685 - - _Padlock, The_, 375 - - Padstow, 73, 83, 192, 427, 541 - - Page, John, 665 - - Page, Mr., 301, 302, 303 - - Paine, T., 358 - - Painpol, 580 - - Pakenham, Sir Edward, 320 - - _Palace of Architecture_, 570 - - Palamata, 164 - - Paleologus family, the, 727-730 - - Paleologus, Constantine, 727, 728 - - Paleologus, Demetrius, 728 - - Paleologus, Dorothy, 730 - - Paleologus, General Andronicus, 727 - - Paleologus, Theodore, his tombstone, 727 - -- marriage of, 727, 729 - - Pall Mall, 299, 312 - - Palmer, Mr., 377 - - Pancrasweek, 108, 109 - - Panter, Brigadier, 15 - - Papillon, Thomas, 483, 484 - - Paragraph, Peter, 289 - - Parasites, 149, 152 - - Parga, 509 - - Paris, 288, 322, 333, 580, 653 - - Park, Mr. Justice, 603 - - Park, Mungo, 409 - - Parke, Mr., on Incledon, 383, 386 - - Parker, Matthew, 31 - - Parker, Mr., 420 - - Parkes, William, 405 - - Parkinson, 565 - - Parliament House, 40 - - Parliamentarian Army, 39 - - _Parochial History of Cornwall_, 167, 369, 680 - - Parramatta, 568 - - _Parson's Wedding, The_, 547, 548 - - Passages, 504, 506 - - _Passages from the Autobiography of a Man of Kent_, 613 - - Patagonia, 232 - - Paternoster Row, 171, 613 - - Patrick, Simon, 209, 213 - - Patriotic Fund, 250 - - _Patron, The_, 294 - - Pattison, Mr. S. R., on Sir C. Shovel, 644, 651 - - Paul, 241, 244, 245, 622 - - Paul Pier, 247 - - _Paul Pry_, 664 - - Pawlet, Earl, 309 - - Paxo, 449 - - Payhembury, 225 - - Payne, Anthony, burial of, 184 - -- examples of strength, 182 - -- gigantic proportions of, 181, 184 - -- his portrait by Kneller, 183, 184, 185 - -- valour in fight, 182, 183 - - Payne, John, 591 - - "Payne's cast," 182 - - _Peace Pages_, 699 - - Pearce, John, volunteers for Terra del Fuego, 233 - -- dies of privations, 236 - - Pearn, Mr. S., 190 - - Pellow, John, 707 - - Pellow, Sir Edward, 456 - - Pellow, Thomas, escapes to England, 716 - -- is given a wife, 709 - -- military ability of, 712 - -- refuses admission to the Sultan, 708 - -- taken captive by the Moors, 707 - - Pembroke College, Cambridge, 516 - - Pembroke College, Oxford, 676 - - Pencarrow, 117, 120, 569 - - Pendavey Bridge, 118, 120, 121 - - _Pendennis_, 454 - - Pendennis Castle, 133, 135, 139, 244, 366, 498 - - Pendinas Point, 528 - - Pendrea, 329 - - Penfoot, 80 - - Pengelly family, the, 1 - - Pengelly, Hester, 11 - - Pengelly, Richard, becomes a sailor, 3 - - Pengelly, William, advice to geological students, 10 - -- birth of, 1 - -- characteristics of, 10 - -- early escape from fire, 1 - -- explorations of, 7 - -- first geological lesson, 4 - -- his geological finds at Kent's Cavern, 8, 9 - -- his life at sea, 2, 4 - -- library of, 2 - -- starts school at Torquay, 5 - -- visits a mathematical friend, 6 - - Pengersick, 136 - - Penhall, 554 - - Penheale, 184 - - Penlez, Boscawen, arrested for Strand riots, 272, 274, 276, 277 - -- executed, 274, 278 - - Pennance Farm, 632 - - Pennick, Mr. Harry, 646 - - Pennington family, the, 224 - -- arms of, 224 - - Pennington, Bernard, 224, 225 - - Pennington, Christopher, 225, 226 - - Pennington, FitzAnthony, 225 - - Pennington, John, 224, 225, 226 - - Pennington, Robert, 224 - - Pennington, Susanna, 226 - - Pennington, Thomas, 225 - - Pennington, William, 226 - - _Penny Magazine_, 187 - - Penpont, 186, 187, 191 - - Penrose, 170, 172, 682 - - Penrose family, the, 500 - - Penrose, Rev. John, 500, 514 - - Penrose, Sir Charles Vinicombe, gallant action in Spain, 504, 505 - -- hardships at sea, 501 - -- promotions of, 503, 507 - -- slighted by the Admiralty, 507 - -- visits Ali Pasha, 509-13 - - Penryn, 133, 134, 135, 137-40, 179, 478, 518, 614, 619, 677, 707, 717 - -- elections at, 519-21, 529 - -- stocks of, 633 - - Pentillie Castle, 389, 400-1, 403-4, 406 - - Pentreath, Dolly, 622 - -- death and epitaph of, 241-2 - -- last speaker of Cornish, 238-45 - -- personal appearance of, 240 - -- saves a deserter, 245 - - Pentreath, Nicholas, 245 - - Penwarden, Catherine, 467 - - Penweyre, John, 614 - - Penweyre, Thomas, 614 - - Penwith, 244, 340 - - Penzance, 19, 22, 63, 142, 144, 171, 233, 238-9, 241, 342, 349, 368, - 470, 472-3, 480, 516, 620, 675-6, 684, 686 - -- pirates at, 130-2 - - Penzance Natural History Society, 649 - - Penzance Public Library, 143 - - Peppermint, Billy, 630 - - Pepys, Samuel, 50 - -- on Killigrew, 547-8, 551 - -- on Lord Roberts, 726 - - Pequot Indians, 35 - - Perceval, Mr., assassinated, 427-30 - - Percival, Sir John, 113 - - _Perdrix_, 320 - - Père Daniel, 426 - - Pesaro, 727 - - _Pesca Post_, 688 - - Pescott, Sir Thomas, 126 - - Pestalozzian system, 5 - - Peterborough, Dean of, 213 - - Peterson, Lieutenant, 320 - - Peters, Elizabeth, 45 - - Peters, Hugh, accusations against, 51 - -- appropriates moneys, 35, 46 - -- at Dunkirk, 47 - -- at S. Sepulchre's, 27 - - Peters, a Trier, 43 - -- at Worcester, 38 - -- birth and family of, 26 - -- chaplain to Cromwell, 45 - -- chaplain to Parliamentarians, 36 - -- character of, 26, 28, 35, 42, 45, 48 - -- collector for the distressed, 36, 46 - -- commissioner of law, 44 - -- education and conversion, 27 - -- goes to New England, 34 - -- humorous tales of, 48, 49, 50 - -- incites regicide by sermons and personal influence, 40, 41, 43, - 50 - -- intercedes for Dutch, 46, 47 - -- life in Rotterdam, 28, 34 - -- married, 28, 35, 45 - -- rumoured executioner, 42 - -- stormy petrel of rebellion, 36, 37, 38 - -- trial and death of, 51, 52 - -- turns Independent, 34, 37 - - Peters, Mary, 580 - - Peters, Rev. Samuel, 53 - - Peters, Thomas, 26 - - Pethebridge and Dingley, 72 - - Philadelphia, 688 - - Philip and Mary, 524 - - Philip II, 137 - - Philleigh, 225 - - Phillips, Captain Arthur, 559 - - Philpot, Catherine, 594 - - Philpot, Julia, 594 - - Philpott, John, 390, 392, 393 - - _Phoenix_, H.M.S., 486 - - _Phoenix_, 640, 643, 649 - - _Phoenix in Her Flames, The_, 128 - - Piccadilly, 328 - - Piccadilly, Marquis of, 386 - - _Pickle_, 443 - - Pickle, Mrs., 469 - - Piedmont, 46 - - Pigot, Admiral, 377 - - Pigot, Mr., 162 - - Pike family, the, 171 - - Pilchards, 707 - -- prayed for, 178 - - Pilkington, 100 - - Pinkerton, 233 - - _Pioneer_, 232, 234 - - Piracy, Commissioners for, 138 - - _Pirate Trelawny_, 451 note, 454 - - Pirates, 136 - -- Algerian, 332, 333, 507, 715 - - Pirates at Penzance, 130-2 - -- attack the _Windsor Castle_, 623-5 - -- Avery, 173 - -- from Bohelland, 616 - -- methods for repression of, 714 - -- Moroccan, 713, 715 - -- of Tripoli reduced by Shovel, 638 - -- Sallee, 707 - -- Trelawny, _quem vide_ - -- Wahabee, 462 - - Pitreavie, 648 - - Pitt family, the, 318, 319 - - Pitt, J., 257 - - Pitt, John, 542 - - Pitt, Moses, his account of Anne Jefferies, 531-41, 543 - -- publisher and builder, 542 - - Pitt, Robert, 318 - - Pitt, Thomas, 317 - -- discovers diamond, 318 - - Pitt, Thomas, Baron Camelford, 319 - - Pitt, William, 166 - -- Earl of Chatham, 318 - - Pius II, Pope, 728 - - Pius V, 30, 554, 652 - - Pixy seats, 59, 470 - - Place, 26 - - _Plain Statement of the Bullion Question_, 678 - - Plato, 692 - - Playfair, William, 154, 156, 167 - - Playhouse, Drury Lane, 552 - - _Pleasant Historie of Thomas of Reading_, 110 - - Plough, the, 84 - - Plumer and Turner, Messrs., 594 - - Plumtre, Mr., 231 - - Plunket, Francis, 662 - - Plym Bridge, 148 - - Plymouth, 55, 92, 131, 151, 165, 183, 189, 250, 319, 349, 376, 399, - 443, 506, 570, 633, 645, 663, 665, 666, 724 - - Plymouth Institution, 146 - - _Plymouth and Devonport in War and Peace_, 57 note - - Plymouth Dock, 458 - - Plymouth Hoe, 573, 633 - - Plymouth Sound, 400, 506, 669 - - Plympton, 148, 171 - - Pneumatic cure for phthisis, 676 - - Pole, C., 156 - - Pole, Michael de la, 433, 435 - - Pole, Wellesley Long, 528 - - Polgiau, Maud, 614 - - _Political Register_, 257, 521 - - Polkinghorne, James, - -- birth of, 54 - -- death of, 58 - -- wrestles with Cann, 55 - - Polkinghorne, Zechariah, 576 - - Pollard, John, 223, 224, 269 - - Pollard, Commander John, signals at Trafalgar, 269 - - Polpea, 351 - - Polperro, 248, 253, 256 - -- described, 247 - - Polwhele, 340 - - Polwhele, Richard, 91, 346, 360 - -- on Samuel Foote, 283 - -- on Sir C. Hawkins, 517 - - Polwheyrell, Isabel, 614, 615 - - Polwheyrell, James, 614 - - Polwheyrell, Joan, 614, 615 - - Polwheyrell, Margery, 614 - - Polwheyrell, Nichola, 614 - - Polwheyrell, Nicholas, 614 - - Polwheyrell, Richard, 614 - - Pomeroy, Sir Thomas, 588, 589, 592 - - Pomfret, 135 - - Pondicherry, 158, 160, 161 - - Ponsonby, Lady, 509 - - _Poor Soldier, The_, 378 - - Pope, Miss, 468 - - Popjoye, Cavals, 402 - - _Porcupine_, 504, 506 - - Port Jackson, 561 - - Port Mahon, 507 - - Port Wrinkle, 354 - - Porter, Mr. P. E. B., on Ann Glanville, 665 - - Porth, 631 - - Porthellic Cove, 644, 646 - - Porthallow, 370 - - Porthleah, 471 - - Porthleven, 61, 62, 582, 699 - - Porthoustock, 370 - - Portland, Duke of, 166, 323 - - Portman Square, 630 - - Porto Praya, 410 - - _Portraits of Remarkable Persons_, 369 - - Portsmouth, 254, 373, 503, 560, 667 - - Portsmouth, Earl of, 640 - - Portugal, King of, 661 - - Postmaster-General, H. M., 625 - - Potheridge, 134 - - Potomac, 687 - - Poughill, 205 - - Poundstock, 114 - - Powderham Castle, 600, 601 - - Powell, Edward, 557 - - Powell, Mr., 300 - - Pownall, Mr., 525 - - Praed family, The, 524, 580 - - Praed, Florence, 516 - - Praed, James, 516 - - Praed, Mr. William, 171, 172 - - Prayer answered by a vision, 3 - - Prejus, 507 - - Prendergast, Lieutenant, 609, 610 - - Pre-Roman pottery, 9 - - Prescot, 200 - - _President_, 689 - - Prestacott, 156 - - Preston, defence of, 13, 14, 15 - - Previsa, 508, 509 - - Price, Mr., 612 - - Price, Sir Rose, 683 - - Pride, Colonel, 40 - - Prideaux family, The, 701 - - Prideaux-Brune, Chas., 427 - - Prideaux Place, 427 - - _Prince of Army Chaplains, The_, 53 - - _Prince of Orange_, 320 - - _Prince of Wales_, 458, 559 - - Prince of Wales's Coffee-house, 324 - - Princes Street, 301, 345 - - Priske, 60, 65 - - Prisoners in Morocco, 713 - - _Private Journal of John Byrom_, 279 - - Probus, 396, 398, 403, 517, 652 - - Prout, Samuel, 1 - - Prout, Thomas, 361 - - _Proverbial Philosophy_, 692 - - Prussia Cove, 470, 471, 472 - - Prussia, royal family of, 471 - - Prynne, William, 41, 335-337 - - Puddock, 714 - - Puerta Virgin Islands, 250 - - Pulman, Rev. P. T., 82 - - _Punch_, 464 - - _Puritans_, 53 - - Pusey, Dr., 649 - - Putney Hill, 453 - - Pyrenees, 504 - - - Quarry Park, 80 - - _Queen Charlotte_, 259 - - "Queen of Lebanon," 596 - - Quiberon, 130 - - Quick, 381 - - Quickly, Dame, 469 - - Quiller-Couch, T., 651 - - Quin, 286 - - Quirault, 126 - - - Rabat, 714, 715 - - Rabbits and Onions, 573 - - Radnor, Earl of, 539, 726 - - Raleigh, Sir Walter, 134, 554 - - Ralfs, John, botanical studies of, 141-144 - - Ralfs, Samuel, 141 - - Rame Head, 354 - - Ranzzini, 377, 379 - - Rasel, Khyma, 462 - - Ratcliffe, 105 - - _Raw Alley_, 547 - - Rawleigh, 398 - - Raymond, Mr., 384 - - Ray Society, 147 - - Read, Colonel Thomas, 28 - - Read, Edmund, 28 - - Reading, 127 - - _Recollections of Shelley and Byron_, 452, 454 - - _Records of a Girlhood_, 454 - - _Records of Shelley, Byron, and the Author_, 454 - - _Recruit_, H. M. brig, 248, 250, 252 - - Redding, Cyrus, on Bothathan ghost, 72 - - "Red Bull," 551 - - "Red Lion," Boughton, 610, 613 - - "Red Lion," S. Columb Major, 54 - - Redruth, 133, 191, 579, 701, 702 - - Red Sea, chart of, 460, 462 - - Reed, Captain, 609, 610 - - Reeds, 205 - - Reformation riots, 587-592, 652 - - Reform Bill, 464, 530, 678 - - Regattas at Saltash, 664 - - Religion in England after Restoration, 212-221 - -- from Reformation to Restoration, 28-34, 44 - - _Reminiscences of Cambridge_, 231 - -- of Caroline Fox, 86 - - Remonstrance, 39 - - Renegades to Mohammedanism, 715, 716 - - _Resistance_, 320 - - Resprin, 701 - - Restaden, John, 615, 616 - - _Return_, 485 - - _Révolutionaire_, 456 - - Rheims, 662 - - Rhodes, 616 - - Ribble, the, 14 - - Rich, Lady Lucy, 722 - - Rich, Robert, 722 - - Rich, Sir Robert, 17 - - Richard II, 133, 432-9 - - Richardson, Captain, 460 - - Richardson, Judge, 331 - - Richelieu, 332 - - Richmond, Edmund, Earl of, 32 - - Ridgeway, 318 - - Riding Sherborne, 349 - - Ridolphi, 657 - - Riff shore, 713 - - Rigby, Rt. Hon. Richard, 290, 291 - - Riley, 714 - - Rinsey, 478 - - Rio de Janeiro, 560, 563 - - Riot raised by Tom, the pretended Messiah, 607-11 - - Riou, Captain, 319 - - Rivers, John, 390 - - Riviera, 714 - - _Road to Ruin, The_, 469 - - Robbins, Benjamin, 157, 158 - - Robbins, Mr. Alfred, 73, 80, 82 - - Robartes family, the arms of, 726 - -- origin of, 726 - - Robartes, Hon. Russell, 726 - - Robartes, Mary Vere, 726 - - Robert of Arwenack, 133 - - Roberts family, the origin of, 718 - - Roberts, John, 715, 719 - -- money lender, 719, 720 - - Roberts, Matthew, 528 - - Roberts, Mr. Tobias, 61 - - Roberts, Richard, deals in furze, 718 - -- first Baron Truro, 721 - - Roberts, Richard, Lord, at the Restoration, 725 - -- fights as Parliamentarian, 722 - -- resigns his command, 725 - - Roberts, Robert, alters the spelling, 726 - - Robertson, Mr., 523 - - Robespierre, 477 - - Robinson, Dr., 600 - - Robinson, Justice, 179 - - Robinson, Mr. H., 450, 451 - - Robinson, Rev. F., 244 - - Robson, William, on Incledon, 379 - -- on Mrs. Davenport, 468 - - Rochester, Bishop of, 213 - - Rochester, Earl of, 209 - - _Rocket_, 198 - - Rocket apparatus at work, 68 - - Rockets, life-saving, invented, 63-67 - -- need of, 69 - -- results of use of, 70 - - Rodda, Miss, 342 - - Rodney, Lord, 62, 130, 377 - - Rogers family, the, 364 - - Rogers, Anne, dispossessed of Skewis, 365, 366 - - Rogers, Captain, 623, 683 - - Rogers, Captain William, meets with pirates, 623-625 - -- portrait of, 625, 626 - - Rogers, Henry, flight and execution of, 367 - -- takes possession of Skewis, 364-367 - - Rogers, Henry, jun., 368 - - Rogers, Mr., 682 - - Rogers, Mr. John Jope, 171, 172 - - Rogers, Mrs. Henry, 366 - - Rogers, Thomas, 71 - - "Rogue's March, The," 515 - - Roman coins in S. Budock, 632 - - Roman pottery found at Torquay, 9 - - _Romance of the Aristocracy_, 299 - - Rome, 31, 330, 453, 654, 662, 729 - - _Romeo and Juliet_, 468, 695 - - Romney, Baron, 648 - - _Romney_, wreck of the, 640, 642, 647, 650 - - Rooke, Admiral, 372, 639 - - _Rookwood_, 605 - - Rosalind, 467 - - Roscadden, Mr., 176 - - Roscarrock, 554 - - Roscarrock, Nicholas, antiquarian and poet, 554 - -- his _Lives of the Saints_, 555-558 - -- suffers for his faith, 554, 555 - - Roscarrock, Richard, 554 - - Roscarrock, Trewenna, 557 - - Roscoff, 477 - - Rosegger, P., 574 - - Rose Hotel, Canterbury, 599 - - Roseland, 225 - - Rosemorryn, 133 - - Rose Tavern, 311 - - Ross, Major, 567 - - Rosteague, 654 - - Rotterdam, 28, 34 - - Rough Tor, 84, 85 - - Routledge, Messrs., 622 - - Rowley, Admiral Sir Charles, 66 - - Roxhill, 17 - - Roxworthy, 341 - - _Royal Arms_, 640 - - Royal Astronomical Society, 89 - - Royal Bounty Fund, 699 - - Royal College of Surgeons, 141 - - Royal Commissioners in Cornwall, 206 - - _Royal Cornwall Gazette_, 23 - - Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 147, 187 - - Royal Hospital, 269 - - Royal Institution of Cornwall, 168, 185 - - Royal Lifeboat Association, 66 - - Royal Literary Fund, 699 - - Royal Society, 679 - - Royal Standard, 16 - - _Ruby_, H.M.S., 281, 282 - - Rudall, Parson, 82 - - Ruddle, Rev. Dr. John, 82 - -- author of _A Remarkable Passage_, 72, 79, 80 - -- incumbent of Launceston, 73 - -- investigates ghost story, 76 - -- visits Bothathan, 74 - - Ruddle, William, 79 - - Rule, Jane, 694, 697 - - Rummer Tavern, 299 - - Rupert, Prince, 41, 397 - - Ruremonde, 372 - - Rushworth's _Collections_, 53 - - Russell, Captain, 667 - - Russell, execution of, 209 - - Russell, Lord, 96, 485, 588, 589, 592 - - Russell, Lord John, 524 - -- sets Tom free, 603 - - Russell, Warder, 104 - - Ruthin, 112 - - Ruthven, 206 - - Rutland, Earls of, 280 - - Rye House Plot, 97, 485 - - - S. Allen, 704, 705 - - S. Andrew's, Holborn, 170 - - S. Antonine, 392 - - S. Antonio, 412 - - S. Anthony-in-Meneage, 500 - - S. Aubyn, Sir John, 367 - - S. Augustine, 362 - - S. Austell, 92, 346, 347, 349, 351, 356 - - S. Bartholomew's Day, 653 - - S. Bartholomew's Hospital, 469 - - S. Blazey, 347, 723 - - S. Breage, 558, 718 - - S. Breock, 121, 125, 543 - - S. Breward, 226 - - S. Budock, 133, 614, 632 - - S. Cleer, 173, 554 - - S. Clements, 280 - - S. Columb, 123, 341, 593, 631 - - S. Columb Major, 54, 58, 591, 593 - - S. Columba, 557 - - S. David's, 32 - - S. Domingo, 248 - - S. Dominic, 730 - - S. Dunstan's, 277 - - S. Earvin, 558 - - S. Einendar, 558 - - S. Endelion, 554 - - S. Enoder, 280 - - S. Erme, 133 - - S. Erth, 71, 192, 516, 675 - - S. Essye, 558 - - S. Eue, 558 - - S. Faith's, 27 - - S. Gennys, 96, 107 - - _S. George_, 640, 641, 647 - - S. George's, London, 275 - - S. Germain, 310, 545 - - S. Germans, 518, 554 - - S. Giles, Cambridge, 90 - - S. Helena Is., 123, 124 - - S. Helena, 480 - - S. Hilary, 649 - - S. Issey, 224 - - S. Ives, 169, 170, 172, 173, 177, 179, 329, 515, 518, 528-530, 591 - -- elections at, 524, 529 - -- free school at, 528 - -- Knill's bequest to, 173 - - S. Jago, 410 - - S. James's, 310, 316 - - S. James's Park, 552 - - S. John's College, Cambridge, 85, 88, 90 - - S. John's College, Oxford, 424 - - S. John's Hospital, 144 - - S. John's, Newfoundland, 264, 266, 267 - - S. Just, 244, 495 - - S. Just-in-Penwith, 499 - - S. Keverne, 54, 370, 373, 375, 401, 406, 587 note - - S. Kew, 224 - - S. Kitts, 488 - - S. Lawrence, 113 - - S. Levan, 18 - - S. Mabenna, 557 - - S. Mabyn, 224 - - S. Malo, 473 - - S. Martin's-by-Looe, 81 - - S. Martin's, Exeter, 213, 225 - - S. Martin's Islands, 643 - - S. Mary's, Cambridge, 230 - - S. Mary's College, Oscott, 662 - - S. Mary's Is., 646, 647, 649 - - S. Mary Magdalen, Launceston, 73, 467 - - S. Mary's, Penzance, 622 - - S. Mary's, Truro, 280 note - - S. Mary Woolnoth, 114 - - S. Mauban, 558 - - S. Mawes Castle, 139 - - S. Mawes, 518, 623 - - S. Mellion, 388, 401 - - S. Merrine, 558 - - S. Michael, Cornhill, 390, 392 - - S. Michael's Mount, 592 - - S. Milior, 558 - - S. Neot, 94, 370 - - S. Paul's Cathedral, 30, 207, 210, 212 - - S. Paul's Churchyard, 274, 542 - - S. Petersburg, 65 - - S. Que, 558 - - S. Samson, legend of, 83 - - S. Saviour's, Dartmouth, 38 - - S. Sebastian, 137 - - S. Sepulchre, 27, 393 - - S. Teath, 531, 532, 542 - - S. Thomas, 25, 134 - - S. Thomas by Exeter, 588 - - S. Thomas-by-Launceston, 79 - - S. Udy, 126, 224 - - S. Winnow, 126, 206, 701 - - Sabine, General Joseph, 716 - - Sadler, Captain, 365 - - Sagacity, animal, 351-354 - - Saints, Cornish, 557 - - Saintsbury, 35 - - Salem, 34 - - Salisbury, 99, 112, 367, 377 - - _Salisbury_, 645 - - Salisbury, Bishop of, 211 - - Sallakey, 644 - - Sallee, 707, 714 - - Salona, 447, 448 - - Saltash, 85, 144, 147, 153, 206, 258, 402, 518, 663, 665 - -- women of, 663-669 - - Saltpetre, 482 - - _Salvador del Mundo_, 260 - - Sambhajee, 481, 483, 487 - - Sampford Courtenay, 588 - - Samson, 182 - - _Samuel Drew, M.A., the Self-Taught Cornishman_, 363 - - _San Esidero_, 260 - - _San Josef_, 260 - - _San Juan_, 503 - - _San Nicholas_, 260 - - Sanderson, Sir William, 615 - - Sandry, Hugh, 615, 616 - - Sands family, The, 370 - - Sands, John, kindness requited in Normandy, 373 - -- voyage of, 370-372 - - Sands, Sampson, 370 - - Sandys family, arms of, 374 - - Sandys, Eleanor, 374 - - Sandys, George, Lord, 340 - - Sandys, Henry, 340 - - Sandys, Hester, 340 - - Sandys, Lord, 374 - - Sandys, Mr. William, 580 - - Sandys, Rev. Sampson, 374 - - Sandys, William, 374 - - Sanquila, 419 - - _Sans Pareil_, 195, 503 - - Sansom, Captain, 640 - - Santa Lucia, 376 - - Santa Maura, 446 - - _Santa Trinidada_, 260 - - Sapell, Earl of Somerset, 298 - - _Sapphire_, 638 - - Saragossa, 12 - - Saulty, Count Joseph de, 717 - - Savage, Viscount, 338 - - Savoy, the, 271 - - Saxham, 546 - - _Scarborough_, 559, 560, 561 - - Scawen, Mr., 244 - - Scilly Islands, 407, 502, 640, 642, 650 - - Scobell, Mr., 299, 517 - - Scorrier, 427, 429 - - Screech, Mrs. Harriet, 667 - - Seatonian prize poem, 231 - - Secker, Archbishop, 291 - - _Secret Memoirs of the Life of Sir Cloudesley Shovell_, 651 - - Sedgwick, 41 - - Sedley, Sir Charles, 548 - - "See the Conquering Hero Comes," 515 - - Self-denying Ordinance, 725 - - _Self-Help_, 363 - - Selling, 607 - - Sems, Mr., 582 - - Sennen, 238, 500 - - Serpentine, 64 note - - Servia, King of, 729 - - Seven Years' War, 130 - - Shaftesbury, Earl of, 96 - - Shakespeare Jubilee, 292 - - Shakespeare's Company of Players, 27 - - Shamans, 542 - - Sharks' Point, 421 - - Sharp, Dean of Norwich, 212 - - Shays, Dean, 215 - - Sheffield, 189, 464 - - Sheffield, Deliverance, 35, 45 - - Shelburne, Lord, 166 - - Shelley, Mrs., 452, 453 - - Shelley, P. B., and Trelawny, 446, 453, 454 - - Sherborne, 32, 349 - - _Sherborne Mercury_, 349 - - Sheriffs of Cornwall, J. T. Woolley, 406 - -- Mr. Trevanion, 389, 391 - -- Nicholas Glyn, 280 - -- Richard Tregeare, 364 - -- Sir Richard Grenville, 653 - -- Sir R. Mohun, 298 - -- Sir W. Mohun, 298 - -- Thomas Coke, 706 - -- William Lemon, 344 - -- William Williams, 403 - - Shernick, 156, 157, 158 - - _She Stoops to Conquer_, 467 - - Shetland Isles, 501 - - Shield, Mr., 378, 380, 383, 386 - - Ship-money tax, 330, 331 - - _Shipwreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovell_, 648 note, 651 - - Short, Captain John T., 528 - - Shovel, Anne, 648 - - Shovel, Elizabeth, 648 - - Shovel, Lady, 643, 644, 646, 647 - - Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, at Bantry Bay, 638 - -- at Gibraltar, 639 - -- body of, found, 644-7 - -- burials of, 644-8 - -- burns pirate boats at Tripoli, 638 - -- early life of, 637 - -- ignorant of latitude, 642, 650 - -- murder of, 647 - -- promotions of, 639 - -- story of a curse on, 641, 645 - - Shrewsbury, Lady, 552 - - Shute Street, S. Ives, 528 - - Shuter, 287 - - Sibthorpe, Humphrey, 517 - - Siddee, 481, 483 - - Siddons, Mrs., and Incledon, 379 - - Sidmouth, Lord, 680 - - Sidney, Sir Algernon, 96, 485 - - Signal at Trafalgar, 269 - - Sildswick, 607 - - Simmons, Mrs., 324 - - Simpson, Jonathan, reprieved highwayman, 671-4 - -- unhappy marriage of, 670 - - Sion College, 41 - - _Sir Cloudesley Shovell_, 651 - - _Sirius_, 560, 564, 566, 567 - - Sirndia, 416 - - Sithney, 500 - - Sittingbourne, 607 - - "Sketch of the Botany of West Penwith," 143 - - Skewis, 364 - -- the siege of, 365-8 - - Skillibegs, 54 - - Skippon, 724 - - Slanning, Sir Andrew, 531 - - Slate, how worked, 186 - - Smallridge, Rev., 219 - - Smart, Christopher, 231 - - Smeaton's Lighthouse, 633 - - Smiles, Samuel, 193, 194, 198 note, 205, 363 - - Smith, Dr. George, 694 - - Smith, Mr. Jarrit, 281, 282 - - Smith, Professor, 409, 411, 414 - -- dies on the Congo, 417-421 - - Smith, Sir J. E., 143 - - Smithfield, 30 - - Smugglers, defended by Tom, 602 - -- John Carter, 471 - - Smuggling, 172, 173; disastrous, 355 - -- from Bessie's and Prussia Cove, 470-4 - -- prevention of, 16 - - Smyrna, 459 - - Smythe, Mrs., 478 - - Snow and Denne, Messrs., 276 - - Snow, Mr., 375 - - Soap monopoly, 332, 334 - - Society of Antiquaries, 241, 242 - - Society of Arts, 67 - - Soho Square, 648 - - Solander, Dr., 233 - - _Soldier's Tear_, 577 - - Sombrero, 250, 252 - - Somerset, Mohun, Earl of, 298 - - Somerset, Protector, 29, 518, 586 - - Somerset House, 203, 275 - - Sompting, 453 - - Songs, "Black-eyed Susan," 386 - -- "Blow high, blow low," 376 - -- "Heaving of the Lead," 386 - -- "I burn, my brain consumes to ashes," 299 - -- of bell-ringing, 223 - -- of Knill's monument, 174 - -- of "Sir William Courtenay," 604 - -- of Tom Dove, 113 - -- "The bonny, bonny breeze," 299 - -- "The Storm," 379, 386 - -- "Total Eclipse," 378 - -- "When I was a Shepherd's Maid," 375 - - Sophia, Princess, 308, 424 - - Soult, Marshal, 503, 505 - - South Hams, 243 - - South Petherwin, 72, 73, 79, 80, 81 - - South Pool, 666 - - South Street, Exeter, 145 - - Southampton, 141, 377, 387, 642 - - Southampton, Earl of, 305 - - Southern Pennair River, 158 - - Southill, 83, 243 - - Sowerby, James, 143 - - Spalding, Dr., 685 - - Sparrow, Margaret, 178 - - _Speed the Plough_, 469 - - _Speedwell_, 233, 235, 236 - - _Spectator, The_, 2, 3 - -- "the lying book," 3 - - Speeke, Hugh, 99, 100, 102 - -- reports murder of Essex, 99, 103 - - Spence, Captain, 490 - - Spencer, Edward, 250, 255 - - Spithead, 296, 258, 503 - - _Spoiled Child, The_, 469 - - _Sporting Magazine, The_, 58 - - Sprat, Bishop, 213 - - Spriggs, Lydia, 7 - - Stackhouse, Mr. John, 477 - - Staines, 112 - - Stamford Hill, 182 - - Stanhope, Colonel, 447 - - Stanhope, General, 13 - - Stanhope, Lady Hester, 596-599 - - Stanhope, Mr., 275, 276 - - Stanhope, Rt. Hon. William, 317 - - Stanley, R. Fitzroy, 613 - - Stannary towns, 59 - - Stanton, Captain, 376 - - Star Chamber, 33, 334, 337 - - Star, The, 272 - - _State Papers_, 555, 556 note - - Statira, 300 - - Statute of Præmunire, 654 - - Steam blast, invented and utilized by Gurney, 194-202 - - Steam boats on the Delaware, 688 - - Steam carriages, report on, 200, 201 - - Steam engine for thrashing corn, 527 - -- in mines, 677 - - Steam-pump, 342 - - _Steepleglas, The_, 554 - - Steevens, George, 231 - - Stephens family, The, 524 - - Stephens, Mr., 631 - - Stephens, Rev. J., 683 - - Stephenson, George, 193, 194, 195, 197 - -- not inventor of steam-blast, 196, 197 - - Stevens, Alexander, 386 - - Stevens, George, 231 - - Stevens, Mr., 451 - - Stiles, Cornish, 680 - - Stillingfleet, 209, 212 - - Stirling, 28 - - Stirling, Mr., 418 - - Stirling, Mrs., 468 - - St. John, Oliver, 37, 724, 730 - - Stockport, 627 - - Stoke Climsland, 83, 157, 165, 224, 226 - - Stonehouse, 145, 147, 268 - - Stormont, Lord, 293 - - Stourton, Lord, 661 - - Stowe, 181, 182, 184, 653 - - Stowford, 225 - - Strafford, Earl of, 330 - - Strand, London, 275, 277, 328 - -- houses attacked in, 270, 271, 272, 275 - - Stransham, Major, 145 - - Stratford-on-Avon, 292 - - Stratton, 116, 156, 181, 182, 184, 224 - - Straw, Jack, 432 - - Street, John, 366, 367 - - Strickland, 16 - - Strype, on Cornish riots, 592 - - Stubbe, 46 - - Sturgeon, Major, 294 - - Styria, 574 - - _Subaltern_, 504 - - _Succinct History of Ancient and Modern Persecutions_, 426 - - Sudbury, Simon, 557 - - Suett, Richard, 380 - - Suffolk, Earl of, 433, 435 - - Suffolk House Humane Society, 64 - - Suffolk Street, 295 - - Suliotes, 508 - - Sultan of Morocco, 708 - -- barbarities of, 710-713 - - Sumph, Captain, 454 - - _Superb_, 145, 443 - - Superstition concerning origin of fossils, 4 - - _Supply_, 560, 564, 567 - - Surat, 479, 482, 483, 486 - - Surius, 557 - - Surrey Institute, 194, 203 - - Surrey Street, 301 - - Surtees Society, 556 note - - _Survey of Cornwall_, 243, 554, 652 - - Sussex, Duke of, 680 - - Sutton of Salisbury, 112 - - Sutton Pool, 666 - - _Swallow_, 560 - - Swann, Mr., 519, 520 - -- bribes in Penryn, 521 - - Swannacott Wood, 108 - - Swift, Dean, on Mohun's duel, 316 - - Sydney, 564, 568 - - Sydney Cove, 561 - - Symons, Elizabeth, 194 - - Symonds, Colonel, 718 - - Syria, 597 - - - Tagus, 145 - - _Tales and Jests of Hugh Peters_, 48, 50 - - _Tales and Sayings of W. R. Hicks_, 578 - - Talma, 379 - - Tamar Green, 55 - - Tamar, river, 89, 225, 243, 354, 399, 663 - - _Tanks_, 679 - - Tanner family, the, 156 - - Tarifa, 503 - - Tattersall's, 380 - - Tavistock, 572, 665 - - Tavy, river, 663 - - Tea, introduction of, 481 - - Teed, Mr., 523 - - Teignmouth, 200 - - Telford, 678 - - Temple Bar, 273, 277, 286 - - Temple, Major, 446 - - Teneriffe, 560 - - Tenison, Bishop, 213 - - Terence, 282 - - Terra del Fuego, 233 - -- ill-fated expedition to, 232-237 - - Tetuan, 714 - - Thackeray, W. M., 143, 189, 454 - - Theatre Royal, 300 - - Thessaly, 508 - - Thomas, Admiral R. D., enters navy, 258 - -- in battle of Cape St. Vincent, 259, 260 - -- on the burning _Boyne_, 258 - -- promotions of, 258, 261, 267 - -- shipwrecked, 261-267 - - Thomas, Mary, 258 - - Thomas, Mrs., 644 - - Thomas, Charles, 258, 268 - - Thomas, Charles M., 253, 255, 256 - - Thomas, John, 343 - - Thompson, Mr., 327 - - Thomson, Mr., 492 - - Thornburn, Ensign, 484 - - Thorne, 704 - - Thorne, Mrs., 469 - - Thorne, Roger, 704 - - _Three Towns' History_, 663 - - "Three Tuns," 371 - - Throwley, 607 - - _Thunderer_, 376 - - Thuraken, 728 - - Thurloe, John, 47, 53 - - Tickell, Surgeon, 118 - - Tillie family, the, arms of, 402, 405 - - Tillie, Altmira, 404 - - Tillie, John, 401, 406 - - Tillie, Mary Jemima, 401, 406 - - Tillie, Sir James, 406, 407 - -- burial of, 399, 400, 405, 406 - -- will of, 404 - - Tillie, Stephen, 365, 366 - - Tillotson, Bishop, 209, 211, 212, 214, 215, 543 - - Tilly family, the, 407 - - Tilt-yard, 276 - - _Times, The_, 427, 428, 613 - - Tinevelly, 164 - - Tin-mines, 342, 344, 580, 581, 583 - -- peculation at, 704 - - Tin-mining adventurers, 719 - - Tin-shafts near Redruth, 702 - - Tin-smelting, fuel for, 718 - - Tin-stamping mills, 579 - - Tintagel, 109, 185 - - _Titus_, 458 - - Tiverton, 157, 280 - - Tolcarne, 620 - - Toleration Bill, 211, 214 - - Tolver-in-Gulval, 342 - - Tolverne, 136 - - Tom, John Nichols, accused of arson, 594 - -- assumes _alias_ of Sir William Courtenay, 597 - -- authorities for life of, 613 - -- characteristic vanity of, 593 - -- contests Canterbury, 599 - -- expected resurrection of, 612 - -- from attorney to maltster, 594 - -- his battle-song, 604 - -- lunatic at large, 603 - -- pretended Earl of Devon, 600-602 - -- pretended Messiah, 606-611 - -- rival herald of the Messiah, 596-599 - -- shoots Meares, 608, 613 - -- shot as a rioter, 610 - -- tried for perjury, 602 - - Tom, Mrs. Frances, 541 - - Tom, William, 541, 593 - - Tomson, Mr., 242 - - Tonkin, 680 - - Toole, 450 - - _Topographical and Historical Sketches of the Boroughs of East and - West Looe_, 92 - - Torbay, 649 - - Torrington, 179 - - Torquay, 5, 376 - - Tortola, 625 - - Tossing, punishment of, 710 - - "Total Eclipse," 378 - - Totnes, 16, 200 - - Tottell, Richard, 554 - - Totteridge, 301 - - Touchstone, 259 - - Toulon, 130, 267 - - Toulouse, 640 - - Touraine, 580 - - Towednack, 177 - - Tower Hill, 276 - - Tower of London, 16, 30, 73, 96, 555, 592 - - _Traditions and Recollections_, 283 - - Trafalgar, battle of, 267, 269, 443 - - _Transactions of the Devonshire Association_, 1894, 9, 11 - - _Travels in the East_, 596 - - Treassow, 683 - - _Treatise on Railways_, 195 - - _Treatise of the Principall Grounds and Maximes of the Laws of this - Kingdom_, 330 - - Treator, 192 - - Tredea, 675 - - Tredenham, 517 - - Tredenham, Colonel, 300 - - Tree Inn, 181, 184 note - - Tref-an-grouse, 60 - - Treffry, 26 - - Treffry, Deborah, 26 - - Treffry, John, 26 - - Treffry, Martha, 26 - - Trefusis family, the, 500 - - Tregarrick, 652 - - Tregasa, 705, 706 - - Tregeare, 83, 364 - - Tregeare, Richard, 364 - - Tregenna, 173 - - Tregeagle, John, 539, 541, 543 - - Tregeagle's ghost, 628 - - Tregellas, Mr. W. H., 115, 548, 581 - - Tregian family, the, 652 - - Tregian, Francis, conceals a priest, 653, 658 - -- imprisonment of, 660 - -- omen of his fate, 659 - -- trial of, 654, 657, 659 - -- verse of, 660 - - Tregian, Francis, junior, 661 - - Tregian, Mrs., 659 - - Tregolorsick, 280 - - Tregonnan, 654 - - Tregonning Hill, 364 - - Tregony, 518, 522, 524, 527, 529, 659 - -- elections at, 525, 526 - - Tregose, Clement, 177 - - Tregose, John, 177 - - Tregoss family, the, 177 - -- curse on, 176 - - Tregoss, John, 176 - - Tregoss, Thomas, conversion of, 179 - -- early life of, 177 - -- imprisoned for preaching, 179 - -- prays for pilchards, 178 - - Tregoss, Walter, 176 - - Tregothnan, 706 - - _Trelawny of Trelawne_, 72, 247 - - Trelawny, Bishop, 219 - - Trelawny, Charles, 517 - - Trelawny, Charles Brereton, brutal treatment of daughter, 441-3 - - Trelawny, character of, 441 - - Trelawny, Edward John, books of, 452 - -- character of, 445, 449, 452 - -- in Greece, 446 - -- loose life of, 452 - -- misses Trafalgar, 443-5 - -- portrait of, 453, 454 - -- treatment of wife and child, 449 - - Trelawny, General, 517 - - Trelawny, Harry, 441 - - Trelawny, Harry Brereton, 441 - - Trelawny, Henry, shipwrecked, 643, 649-50 - - Trelawny, Lieutenant Harry, 448 - - Trelawny, Sir Jonathan, 649 - - Trelawny, Tersitza Philippa, 450 - - Trelecoeth, Joan, 615 - - Trelecoeth, John, 615 - - Trelecoeth, Marina, 615 - - Trelisseck, 340 note - - Trelowaren, 516 - - Tremaine, Richard, 654 - - Trematon Castle, 185, 429 - - Tremayne, Captain W., 345 - - Tremayne, Mr. Edmund, 139 - - Tremere, 126 - - Tremhayle, Loveday, 516 - - Tremhayle, George, 516 - - Tremoderet, 432 - - Trenaman, William, 405 - - Trengrouse, Anne, 71 - - Trengrouse, Emma, 71 - - Trengrouse, Henry, 205 - -- birth and education of, 59, 60 - -- death of, 67 - -- his lifeboat, 66 - -- inventor of cork jacket, 66 - -- inventor of rockets, 64 - -- invited to Russia, 65 - -- marriage of, 71 - -- monetary sacrifices, 63, 65, 67, 70 - -- witness of wreck, 60, 63 - - Trengrouse, Jane, 71 - - Trengrouse, Mary, 71 - - Trengrouse, Mr. H., 68, 71 - - Trengrouse, Nicholas, 59 - - Trengrouse, Nicholas Trevenen, 71 - - Trenoweth, 654 - - Treraren, 121 - - Trereen-Dinas, 18 - - Trerice, 157, 704, 705 - - Tresco, 643 - - Tresilian, 432 - - Tresilian, Sir Robert, advises Richard II, 434 - -- "appealed" of treason, 435 - -- in disguise, 436-40 - -- Lord Chief Justice, 432 - - Tresize, Nicholas, 620 - - Treslothian, 695, 699 - - Trevanion, Mr., 389, 391, 394, 520 - -- of Tregony, 525 - - Trevanion, Sir Hugh, 389, 395 - - Trevargus, 192 - - Trevelyan, Sir W. C., 8 - - Trevenen, Captain James, 514 - - Trevenen, Miss, 502 - - Trevenor, Isabel, 554 - - Trevenor, Richard, 554 - - Treventy, 126, 129 - - Trevethan Hall, 633 - - Trevetho, 172, 516 - - Trevince, 430 - - Trevithick, Francis, 527 - - Trevithick, Richard, 192, 197, 527 - -- and Gilbert (Giddy), 677 - -- invents locomotive, 193 - - Trevor, Hon. Mr., 375 - - Trevorder, 543 - - Trewarthenick, 424 - - Trewarveneth, 480, 706 - - Trewinnard, 516, 517 - - Trewithen, 443, 516, 517, 520, 527, 529 - - Treworgy, 96, 403, 678 - - _Trial of Charles I and of some of the Regicides_, 53 - - Tricala, 508 - - Triennial Visitation Charge, 213 - - Triers, the, 33, 43, 44 - - _Trigonometry_, Hind's, 6 - - Trinidad, 458 - - Trinity House, 66, 633 - - Trin. Coll. Cam., 27, 556 - - _Trip to Calais, A_, 289, 295 - - Triplicane, 158 - - Tripoli, 637 - - Troon-Moor, 695, 697 - - _Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers_, 556 note, 662 - - Troy Town, 271 - - _True State of the Case of Bosavern Penlez_, 275 - - Truro, 54, 133, 168, 182, 189, 242, 280, 283, 343, 344, 430, 583, - 594, 613, 675, 717, 718, 719, 726 - - Truro, Baron, 718, 721, 722, 726 - - Truro Grammar School, 192, 282, 343 - - Truro Green, 343 - - Truvel, 343 - - Tryarne, John, 615 - - Tryarne, William, 615 - - Trylly, 340 - - Tubby, 367 - - Tucker, Admiral, 185 - - Tucker, Mr., 429 - - Tuckey, Lieutenant, 408, 410 - -- explores the Congo, 413-422 - - Tudor, Mr., 409, 417 - - Tunbridge Wells, 338 - - Tunis, 507, 715 - - Tupper, 692 - - Turner and Plumer, Messrs., 594 - - Turner, William, 103 - - Turnpike Act, 200 - - Tutwork and tribute, 579 - - Twysden, Sir Roger, 140 - - Tyacke, Mr. Richard, 584 - - Tyburn, 592, 672, 674 - - Tyler, Mr., 613 - - Tyler's Rebellion, Wat, 432 - - Tyrell, Captain, 486 - - Tyrrell, Father, 657 - - - Uglow family, the, 156 - - Ulack, Adrian, 128 - - Ulysses, 447 - - _Ulysses_, 253, 254 - - _Undaunted_, 267 - - Under Horse Road, 80 - - Underwood, Lieutenant, 237 - - United Kingdom Alliance, 627 - - University Library, Cambridge, 556 - - Unwin, Mr. Fisher, 708 - - Uranus, 85, 88 - - Ure, Dr., 202 - - Ushant, 642 - - Usk, 453 - - - Vancouver, Captain, 320 - - Vandalone, 159 - - Vane, Margaret, 403, 407 - - Vane, Sir Harry, 37, 401, 403, 407, 724 - - Van Tromp, 46 - - Vauban, 482 - - Veale, Mrs., 79 - - Vellore, 164 - - Venice, 508, 544 - -- Doge of, 545 - - Venloo, 372 - - Vercoe, Mr., 120 - - Verdun, 408 - - Vere, Robert de, 433, 435 - - _Vernon_, 281 - - Versailles, 310, 546 - - Veryan, 280 - - Vibert, Isabella, 342 - - Victoria, Queen, 187, 621, 667 - - _Victory_, 269 - - View Hall, 723 - - Vigo, 639 - - Vigurs, Mr., 684 - - Villiers, Harriet, 318 - - Villiers, Lady Mary, 544 - - Vincent, Walter, 140 - - Vineyard Island, 685 - - Vinni, King of, 419 - - Viper, Dr., 295 - - Vision, Richard Pengelly's, 3 - - Vivian, Colonel, 81, 171, 441 - - Vonke, 416 - - Vosper, Mr., 665 note - - Vouchin-Semnis, 418 - - Vowell, John, 155 - - Vyvyan, Sir Richard, 516 - - - W. A. A., 229 - - Waddon, John, 403 - - Wade, Field-Marshal, 167 - - Wadebridge, 117, 118, 120, 123, 125, 194, 659 - - Wahabee pirates, 462 - - Wakeman, James, 80 - - Waldenses, persecution of, 46 - - Wales, Prince of, 634, 669 - - Walker, Rev. Samuel, 345 - - Walkinghame, 3 - - Waller, Sir William, 36, 133 - - Wallingford, 127 - - Walpole, Horace, 228, 279 - - Walpole, Sir Robert, 344 - -- declares war with Spain, 16 - - Walsingham, Commodore, 376 - - Waltham Cross, 435 - - Wanstead, 97 - - Wansum, 114 - - Ward, Mr., 484, 625 - - Warren, Joseph, wrestler, 495, 499 - - Warren, Sir John Borlase, 456 - - Warren, William, 531 - - Warren, Widow, 469 - - Warring, Anne, 665 - - Warwick, Earl of, 36, 307, 435, 722, 725 - - Warwick, Mr. Philip, 333 - - Washerwoman, the, 292 - - Washington, 584, 686 - - Wastsell Downs, 703 - - Waterloo, 264 - - Waterloo Bridge, 521 - - Watson, Captain, 321 - - Watson, Hon. R., 599 - - Watt's steam engine, 677 - - Waugh, 699 - - Wayte, Anne, 403 - - Wearne, Roger, 172 - - Webb, Mrs., 467 - - Webbe, W., 557 - - _Week at the Land's End_, 143 - - Week, derivation of, 109 - - Weekes, Mr., 188 - - _Weekly Entertainer_, 347, 349 - - _Weekly Miscellany_, 2, 369 - - Week S. Mary, 108, 109, 114, 115 - - Wellington, 6, 7 - - Wellington, Duke of, 504, 505, 518, 529 - - Wells, 32 - - Welsh, Saunders, 276, 277 - - Wendron, 579, 582 - - Wentworth, Sir Thomas, 330 - - Wesley, John, 187, 620 - -- at S. Ives, 179 - - _Wesleyan Methodist Magazine_, 478 - - West, John, 140 - - West Harptree-Tilly, 407 - - _West Indian, The_, 467 - - West Indies, 25, 35, 62, 170, 172 - - West Looe, 92, 518 - - West Newton Ferrers, 388, 396, 398 - - West of England Salvage Company, 62 - - West Penwith, 143 - - _Western Antiquary_, 1887, 20, 25 - - Western Green, 130 - - Westminster Abbey, 17, 296, 547, 552, 648, 730 - - Westminster School, 207 - - Weston, 287 - - Weston, Lord, 332 - - Westwood, 108 - - Wheal Ann, 582 - - Wheal Fortune, 343 - - Wheal Heriot's Foot, 581 - - Wheal Trevenen, 582, 584 - - Wheal Vorah, 584 - - Whitaker, 41 - - Whitaker, Rev. John, 358 - - Whitchurch, 665 - - Whitchurch Down, 572 - - Whitcombe, Mr., 448 - - White, Charles, 281 - - White, Matthew, 337 - - White, Mrs. Buckingham, 465 - - Whiteford, 156, 157, 165, 167 - - Whitehall, 50, 99, 209, 403, 485 - - Whitelocke, B., 42, 45, 52 - - Whiteley in curios, a, 632 - - Whitfeld, Mr., 57 note - -- on Saltash women, 663 - - Whitley, Major, 105 - - Whitley, Mr. H. M., 140 - - Whitsand Bay, 148, 405, 406 - - Whittlesea Mere, 148 - - Whitworth, Charles, Earl of, 251 - - Whitworth, Mr., 311 - - Whytford's _Martyrologie_, 557 - - Wickford, 28 - - Widdrington, Lord, 15 - - Wideslade, "Sir Tristram," 652 - - Wigan, 13 - - Wightwick, George, 570 - - Wilkinson, Edward, 391-393 - - William I, 298 - - William III, 12, 16, 105, 106, 183, 210, 212, 305, 364, 542, 638, 701 - - William IV, 64 note - - _William Eaton_, 686 - - Williams, Dr., 236 - - Williams, Gratiana, 268 - - Williams, John, 516 - -- dreams of Perceval's murder, 427-431 - - Williams, Lieut.-General R., 268 - - Williams, Mary, 59 - - Williams, Michael, 427, 430 - - Williams, Rev. Samuel, 76 - - Williams, William, 403 - - Willingdon, 679 - - Willis, Andrew, 367 - - Wilmot family, the, 619 - - Wills, Anthony, of Gorran, 12 - - Wills, Anthony, of Saltash, 12 - - Wills, Digory, 12 - - Wills, K.B., Sir Charles, death of, 17 - -- family and arms of, 12 - -- his defence of Preston, 13, 14, 15 - -- M.P. for Totnes, 16 - -- promotions of, 13, 15, 16, 17 - -- Sir Charles, serves in Holland and Spain, 12 - - Wills, Mr., 603, 606, 612 - - Wills, Richard, of Acombe, 12 - - Wills, Thomas, 341 - - Willyams, John, 341 - - Wilton, 589 - - Wilson, John, 272, 274 - - Wilson, Mr., 275 - - Winchester, Bishop of, 643, 649 - - Winchester Castle, 37 - - Windmill Hill, Brixham, 7 - - Windsor Castle, 39, 661 - - _Windsor Castle_, 623 - - Windsor, Duke of, 386 - - Wingfield, William, 520 - - Winnington, 207 - - Winthrop, Elizabeth, 28 - - Winton, Lord, 15 - - Woffington, Peg, 286 - - Wolvedon, 652, 653 - - Wolverston, Mary, 133 - - Wolverston, Philip, 133 - - Wood, E. J., 126, 185, 722 - - Wood, Nicholas, 195 - - Wood, Peter, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277 - - Woodstock, 432 - - Woolley, 400, 406 - - Woolley, James Tilley, 406 - - Wool merchants, 108, 109, 110 - -- and Henry VI, 112 - - Woolsten, 366 - - Worcester, 112, 387 - - Worcester College, Oxford, 284 - - Worcester, Marquis of, 39 - -- siege of, 38 - - Worral Hill, 173 - - Worth, Archbishop, 434 - - Worth, Mr. R. N., 140 - - Wortham, 453 - - _Worthies of Armorie, The_, 554 - - Wrecks, at Land's End, 503 - -- of the _Anson_, 60, 71 - -- of the _Association_ with Sir Cloudesley Shovel, 640, 647 - -- of the _Berlin_, 70 - -- of Charles Incledon, 380 - -- of the _Eagle_, _Romney_, _Firebrand_, and _Phoenix_, 640, 643, - 647 - -- of the _Guardian_, 319 - -- of the _Kent_, 497 - -- of the _Kyber_, 67 - -- of the _Lady Hobart_, 261-263, 267 - -- of the _Thunderer_, 376 - - Wren, Mr. Henry, 123 - - Wrestling, Cornish, 54, 495 - -- Devonshire, 54 - - Wrey, Edmund, 397 - - Wrey, Jane, 388, 396, 398 - - Wrey, John, 388, 396, 398 - - Wyatt, Mr., 583 - - Wyndham, William, 319 - - Wyvelscombe, 12 - - - Yonge, Dr. William, his account of Peters, 27, 28 - - York, 331 - - York, Archbishop of, 434, 435 - - York, Duke of, 290, 482, 485 - - York, James, Duke of, 96, 102, 550 - - Young, J. C., 578 - - "Young Men's Club," 555 - - - Zaccaria, Catherine, 729 - - Zagros, 462 - - Zaire, 409 - - Zante, 450, 451 - - Zanzibar, 462 - -[Illustration] - - - - - THE WORKS OF - ANATOLE FRANCE - - -It has long been a reproach to England that only one volume by ANATOLE -FRANCE has been adequately rendered into English; yet outside this -country he shares with TOLSTOI the distinction of being the greatest -and most daring student of humanity now living. - -¶ There have been many difficulties to encounter in completing -arrangements for a uniform edition, though perhaps the chief barrier to -publication here has been the fact that his writings are not for -babes--but for men and the mothers of men. Indeed, some of his Eastern -romances are written with biblical candour. "I have sought truth -strenuously," he tells us, "I have met her boldly. I have never turned -from her even when she wore an unexpected aspect." Still, it is -believed that the day has come for giving English versions of all his -imaginative works, as well as of his monumental study JOAN OF ARC, which -is undoubtedly the most discussed book in the world of letters to-day. - -¶ MR. JOHN LANE has pleasure in announcing that he will commence -publication of the works of M. ANATOLE FRANCE in English, under the -general editorship of MR. FREDERIC CHAPMAN, with the following volumes: - - THE RED LILY - MOTHER OF PEARL - THE GARDEN OF EPICURUS - THE CRIME OF SYLVESTRE BONNARD - JOCASTA AND THE FAMISHED CAT - BALTHASAR - THE WELL OF ST. CLARE - THE ELM TREE ON THE MALL - THE WICKER-WORK WOMAN - AT THE SIGN OF THE QUEEN PÉDAUQUE - THE OPINIONS OF JEROME COIGNARD - MY FRIEND'S BOOK - THE ASPIRATIONS OF JEAN SERVIEN - THAÏS - JOAN OF ARC (2 vols.) - -¶ All the books will be published at 6/- each with the exception of -JOAN OF ARC, which will be 25/- net the two volumes, with eight -Illustrations. - -¶ The format of the volumes leaves little to be desired. The size is -Demy 8vo (9 × 5-3/4 in.), that of this Prospectus, and they will be -printed from Caslon type upon a paper light in weight and strong in -texture, with a cover design in crimson and gold, a gilt top, end-papers -from designs by Aubrey Beardsley and initials by Henry Ospovat. In -short, these are volumes for the bibliophile as well as the lover of -fiction, and form perhaps the cheapest library edition of copyright -novels ever published, for the price is only that of an ordinary novel. - -¶ The translation of these books has been entrusted to such competent -French scholars as MR. ALFRED ALLINSON, HON. MAURICE BARING, MR. -FREDERIC CHAPMAN, MR. ROBERT B. DOUGLAS, MR. A. W. EVANS, MRS. -FARLEY, MR. LAFCADIO HEARN, MRS. JOHN LANE, MRS. NEWMARCH, MR. C. E. -ROCHE, MISS WINIFRED STEPHENS, and MISS M. P. WILLCOCKS. - -¶ As Anatole Thibault, _dit_ Anatole France, is to most English readers -merely a name, it will be well to state that he was born in 1844 in the -picturesque and inspiring surroundings of an old bookshop on the Quai -Voltaire, Paris, kept by his father, Monsieur Thibault, an authority on -eighteenth-century history, from whom the boy caught the passion for the -principles of the Revolution, while from his mother he was learning to -love the ascetic ideals chronicled in the Lives of the Saints. He was -schooled with the lovers of old books, missals and manuscripts; he -matriculated on the Quais with the old Jewish dealers of curios and -_objets d'art_; he graduated in the great university of life and -experience. It will be recognised that all his work is permeated by his -youthful impressions; he is, in fact, a virtuoso at large. - -¶ He has written about thirty volumes of fiction. His first novel was -JOCASTA & THE FAMISHED CAT (1879). THE CRIME OF SYLVESTRE BONNARD -appeared in 1881, and had the distinction of being crowned by the -French Academy, into which he was received in 1896. - -¶ His work is illuminated with style, scholarship, and psychology; but -its outstanding features are the lambent wit, the gay mockery, the -genial irony with which he touches every subject he treats. But the wit -is never malicious, the mockery never derisive, the irony never barbed. -To quote from his own GARDEN OF EPICURUS: "Irony and Pity are both of -good counsel; the first with her smiles makes life agreeable, the other -sanctifies it to us with her tears. The Irony I invoke is no cruel -deity. She mocks neither love nor beauty. She is gentle and kindly -disposed. Her mirth disarms anger and it is she teaches us to laugh at -rogues and fools whom but for her we might be so weak as to hate." - -¶ Often he shows how divine humanity triumphs over mere asceticism, -and with entire reverence; indeed, he might be described as an ascetic -overflowing with humanity, just as he has been termed a "pagan, but a -pagan constantly haunted by the pre-occupation of Christ." He is in -turn--like his own Choulette in THE RED LILY--saintly and Rabelaisian, -yet without incongruity. At all times he is the unrelenting foe of -superstition and hypocrisy. Of himself he once modestly said: "You -will find in my writings perfect sincerity (lying demands a talent I -do not possess), much indulgence, and some natural affection for the -beautiful and good." - -¶ The mere extent of an author's popularity is perhaps a poor argument, -yet it is significant that two books by this author are in their HUNDRED -AND TENTH THOUSAND, and numbers of them well into their SEVENTIETH -THOUSAND, whilst the one which a Frenchman recently described as -"Monsieur France's most arid book" is in its FIFTY-EIGHTH THOUSAND. - -¶ Inasmuch as M. FRANCE'S ONLY contribution to an English periodical -appeared in THE YELLOW BOOK, vol. v., April 1895, together with the -first important English appreciation of his work from the pan of the -Hon. Maurice Baring, it is peculiarly appropriate that the English -edition of his works should be issued from the Bodley Head. - - - ORDER FORM - - __________________________________________ 190 - - _To Mr._ ______________________________________ - _Bookseller_ - - _Please send me the following works of Anatole France - to be issued in June and July:_ - - THE RED LILY - MOTHER OF PEARL - THE GARDEN OF EPICURUS - THE CRIME OF SYLVESTRE BONNARD - - _for which I enclose_ _________________________ - - _Name_ ____________________________________ - - _Address_ _________________________________ - - JOHN LANE, PUBLISHER, THE BODLEY HEAD, VIGO ST. LONDON, W. - - - - - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | DEVONSHIRE CHARACTERS | - | AND STRANGE EVENTS | - | | - | By S. BARING-GOULD, M.A., Author of "Yorkshire Oddities," | - | etc. Demy 8vo, 21s. net. With 58 Reproductions from Unique | - | Portraits, etc. (Uniform with this Volume.) | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | A FEW PRESS OPINIONS. | - | | - | _Daily News._--"A fascinating series ... the whole book | - | is rich in human interest. It is by these personal touches, | - | drawn from tradition and memoirs, that the dead men, | - | surrounded by the curious panoply of their time, are made to | - | live again in Mr. Baring-Gould's pages." | - | | - | _Westminster Gazette._--"Fascinating reading ... a book | - | which is 'cider and cream' to West Country folk, and is | - | extremely interesting to all who are attracted by human | - | documents which are out of the common." | - | | - | _Globe._--"For a Christmas present to a West Countryman | - | Mr. Baring-Gould's book is unsurpassed.... The volume is | - | full of good stories." | - | | - | M. P. WILLCOCKS in _Daily Chronicle_.--"The | - | writing of such a book as 'Devonshire Characters' is a kind | - | of intelligent ancestor worship.... The illustrations are | - | curiously fascinating, and there are fifty-eight of them | - | in the book, which has also an excellent index." | - | | - | _Scotsman._--"Full of out of the way learning, and | - | always brightly written ... an uncommonly interesting and | - | instructive book...." | - | | - | _Times._--"... A more entertaining crew than these | - | Devonshire Characters it would be impossible to find; and | - | the book that perpetuates their memory is excellent reading | - | from cover to cover...." | - | | - | _Pall Mall Gazette._--"... No writer of modern times | - | has so fully breathed the spirit of the West as Mr. | - | Baring-Gould...." | - | | - | _Birmingham Post._--"Mr. S. Baring-Gould shows himself | - | to be very much alive in 'Devonshire Characters,' and we | - | cannot recall a case in which his astonishing literary s | - | energies have been put to more interesting use ... a | - | handsome as well as interesting addition to every | - | library...." | - | | - | _Western Daily Mercury._--"... We can most strenuously | - | advise all Devonshire men and women who have either a love | - | for their county, or a love for a good book, or both, to buy | - | 'Devonshire Characters.' They will never regret it." | - | | - | _Guardian._--"... The eccentric lives and the evil | - | courses of the odd and the profligate have ever afforded | - | more stirring reading than the improving careers of the | - | good, and where we might idly turn the pages of Prince, we | - | must needs follow with keen interest the roads traversed by | - | Mr. Baring-Gould's villains and eccentrics, often to the | - | gallows, or the county gaol, or into the weird old legends | - | of the West...." | - | | - | _Daily Telegraph._--"... His latest work will probably | - | enjoy a longer popularity than anything else that he has | - | done. It is a work that for all West Country folk will have | - | a lasting fascination, dealing as it does with a large | - | number of worthies and unworthies, celebrated people and | - | notorious people, who have been associated with the county." | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | WEST-COUNTRY BOOKS | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF ROBERT STEPHEN HAWKER, sometime | - | Vicar of Morwenstow in Cornwall. Edited by C. E. | - | BYLES. With numerous Illustrations by J. LEY | - | PETHYBRIDGE and others. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net. | - | [_Popular Edition._ | - | | - | FOOTPRINTS OF FORMER MEN IN FAR CORNWALL. By ROBERT | - | STEPHEN HAWKER, of Morwenstow. Edited, with an | - | introduction by C. E. BYLES. With Portraits and | - | many Illustrations by J. LEY PETHYBRIDGE. Crown | - | 8vo. 5s. net. | - | | - | CORNISH BALLADS AND OTHER POEMS. Being the Complete Poetical | - | Works of R. S. HAWKER. With an Introduction and | - | Notes by C. E. BYLES, and numerous Illustrations. | - | Crown 8vo. 5s. net. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | THE KING'S GENERAL IN THE WEST. Being the Life of SIR | - | RICHARD GRENVILLE, Baronet (1600-1659). By ROGER | - | GRANVILLE, M.A., Sub-Dean of Exeter Cathedral. With | - | Illustrations. Demy 8vo (9 × 5-3/4 inches). 10s. 6d. net. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | THE WESSEX OF THOMAS HARDY. By BERTRAM WINDLE. With | - | nearly 100 Illustrations by EDMUND H. NEW. Crown | - | 8vo. 5s. net. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | THE CHRONICLE OF A CORNISH GARDEN. By HARRY | - | ROBERTS. With 7 full-page Illustrations of an Ideal | - | Garden and a Cover-design by F. L. GRIGGS. Crown | - | 8vo. 5s. net. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | CORNISH SAINTS AND SINNERS. By J. H. HARRIS. With | - | numerous Drawings and a Cover-design by L. RAVEN | - | HILL. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | SIR BEVILL: A ROMANCE. By ARTHUR CHRISTOPHER | - | THYNNE. With 7 Illustrations by J. LEY | - | PETHYBRIDGE, and a Portrait of SIR BEVILL | - | GRANVILLE. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | A CHILD OF THE SHORE: A ROMANCE OF CORNWALL. By | - | S. M. FOX. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | NOVELS BY M. P. WILLCOCKS | - | | - | A MAN OF GENIUS. With Illustrations by WINIFRED | - | STORY. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - | | - | THE WINGLESS VICTORY. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - | | - | WIDDICOMBE. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | JOHN LANE: THE BODLEY HEAD, LONDON AND NEW YORK. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - _NOTICE_ - - -_Those who possess old letters, documents, correspondence, MSS., -scraps of autobiography, and also miniatures and portraits, relating -to persons and matters historical, literary, political and social, -should communicate with Mr. John Lane, The Bodley Head, Vigo Street, -London, W., who will at all times be pleased to give his advice and -assistance, either as to their preservation or publication._ - - - - - - LIVING MASTERS OF MUSIC - - - An Illustrated Series of Monographs dealing with Contemporary - Musical Life, and including Representatives of all Branches of the - Art. Edited by ROSA NEWMARCH. Crown 8vo. Cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._ net - each volume. - -HENRY J. WOOD. By ROSA NEWMARCH. - -SIR EDWARD ELGAR. By R. J. BUCKLEY. - -JOSEPH JOACHIM. By J. A. FULLER MAITLAND. - -EDWARD MACDOWELL. By L. GILMAN. - -EDVARD GRIEG. By H. T. FINCK. - -THEODOR LESCHETIZKY. By A. HULLAH. - -GIACOMO PUCCINI. By WAKELING DEY. - -ALFRED BRUNEAU. By ARTHUR HERVEY. - -IGNAZ PADEREWSKI. By E. A. BAUGHAN. - - _The following Volumes are in preparation_: - -RICHARD STRAUSS. By A. KALISCH. - -CLAUDE DEBUSSY. By FRANZ LIEBICH. - - STARS OF THE STAGE - - A Series of Illustrated Biographies of the Leading Actors, - Actresses, and Dramatists. Edited by J. T. GREIN. Crown 8vo. 2_s._ - 6_d._ each net. - -[** asterism] _It was Schiller who said: "Twine no wreath for the -actor, since his work is oral and ephemeral." "Stars of the Stage" may -in some degree remove this reproach. There are hundreds of thousands -of playgoers, and both editor and publisher think it reasonable to -assume that a considerable number of these would like to know -something about actors, actresses, and dramatists, whose work they -nightly applaud. Each volume will be carefully illustrated, and as far -as text, printing, and paper are concerned will be a notable book. -Great care has been taken in selecting the biographers, who in most -cases have already accumulated much appropriate material._ - - - _First Volumes._ - -ELLEN TERRY. By CHRISTOPHER ST. JOHN. - -HERBERT BEERBOHM TREE. By MRS. GEORGE CRAN. - -W. S. GILBERT. By EDITH A. BROWNE. - -CHAS. WYNDHAM. By FLORENCE TEIGNMOUTH SHORE. - -GEORGE BERNARD SHAW. By G. K. CHESTERTON. - - - - - _A CATALOGUE OF - MEMOIRS, BIOGRAPHIES, ETC._ - - _WORKS UPON NAPOLEON_ - - -NAPOLEON & THE INVASION OF ENGLAND: The Story of the Great Terror, -1797-1805. By H. F. B. WHEELER and A. M. BROADLEY. With upwards of 100 -Full-page Illustrations reproduced from Contemporary Portraits, -Prints, etc.; eight in Colour. Two Volumes. 32_s._ net. - - _Outlook._--"The book is not merely one to be ordered from the - library; it should be purchased, kept on an accessible shelf, and - constantly studied by all Englishmen who love England." - - _Westminster Gazette._--"Messrs. Wheeler and Broadley have succeeded - in producing a work on the threatened invasion of England by - Napoleon, which treats of the subject with a fulness of detail and a - completeness of documentary evidence that are unexampled." - - -DUMOURIEZ AND THE DEFENCE OF ENGLAND AGAINST NAPOLEON. By J. HOLLAND -ROSE, Litt.D. (Cantab.), Author of "The Life of Napoleon," and A. M. -BROADLEY, joint-author of "Napoleon and the Invasion of England." -Illustrated with numerous Portraits, Maps, and Facsimiles. Demy 8vo. -21_s._ net. - - -THE FALL OF NAPOLEON. By OSCAR BROWNING, M.A., Author of "The Boyhood -and Youth of Napoleon." With numerous Full-page Illustrations. Demy -8vo. (9 × 5-3/4 inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Spectator._--"Without doubt Mr. Oscar Browning has produced a - book which should have its place in any library of Napoleonic - literature." - - _Truth._--"Mr. Oscar Browning has made not the least, but the most - of the romantic material at his command for the story of the fall - of the greatest figure in history." - - -THE BOYHOOD & YOUTH OF NAPOLEON, 1769-1793. Some Chapters on the early -life of Bonaparte. By OSCAR BROWNING, M.A. With numerous -Illustrations, Portraits, etc. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _Daily News._--"Mr. Browning has with patience, labour, careful - study, and excellent taste given us a very valuable work, which - will add materially to the literature on this most fascinating of - human personalities." - - _Literary World._--"... Mr. Browning has examined all the - available sources of information and carefully weighed his - historical evidence. His discriminating treatment has resulted in - a book that is ... one that arrests attention by the conviction - its reasoned conclusions carry." - - -THE DUKE OF REICHSTADT (NAPOLEON II.) By EDWARD DE WERTHEIMER. -Translated from the German. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. -21_s._ net. (Second Edition.) - - _Times._--"A most careful and interesting work which presents the - first complete and authoritative account of the life of this - unfortunate Prince." - - _Westminster Gazette._--"This book, admirably produced, reinforced - by many additional portraits, is a solid contribution to history - and a monument of patient, well-applied research." - - -NAPOLEON'S CONQUEST OF PRUSSIA, 1806. By _F. Loraine Petre_. With an -Introduction by FIELD-MARSHAL EARL ROBERTS, V.C., K.G., etc. With -Maps, Battle Plans, Portraits, and 16 Full-page Illustrations. Demy -8vo (9 × 5-3/4 inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Scotsman._--"Neither too concise, nor too diffuse, the book is - eminently readable. It is the best work in English on a somewhat - circumscribed subject." - - _Outlook._--"Mr. Petre has visited the battlefields and read - everything, and his monograph is a model of what military history, - handled with enthusiasm and literary ability, can be." - - -NAPOLEON'S CAMPAIGN IN POLAND, 1806-1807. A Military History of -Napoleon's First War with Russia, verified from unpublished official -documents. By F. LORAINE PETRE. With 16 Full-page Illustrations, Maps, -and Plans. New Edition. Demy 8vo (9 × 5-3/4 inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Army and Navy Chronicle._--"We welcome a second edition of this - valuable work.... Mr. Loraine Petre is an authority on the wars of - the great Napoleon, and has brought the greatest care and energy - into his studies of the subject." - - -NAPOLEON AND THE ARCHDUKE CHARLES. A History of the Franco-Austrian -Campaign in the Valley of the Danube in 1809. By F. LORAINE PETRE. -With 8 Illustrations and 6 sheets of Maps and Plans. Demy 8vo. (9 × -5-3/4 inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - -RALPH HEATHCOTE. Letters of a Diplomatist During the Time of Napoleon, -Giving an Account of the Dispute between the Emperor and the Elector -of Hesse. By COUNTESS GÜNTHER GRÖBEN. With Numerous Illustrations. -Demy 8vo (9 × 5-3/4 inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - [** asterism] _Ralph Heathcote, the son of an English father and an - Alsatian mother, was for some time in the English diplomatic service - as first secretary to Mr. Brook Taylor, minister at the Court of - Hesse, and on one occasion found himself very near to making - history. Napoleon became persuaded that Taylor was implicated in a - plot to procure his assassination, and insisted on his dismissal - from the Hessian Court. As Taylor refused to be dismissed, the - incident at one time seemed likely to result to the Elector in the - loss of his throne. Heathcote came into contact with a number of - notable people, including the Miss Berrys, with whom he assures his - mother he is not in love. On the whole, there is much interesting - material for lovers of old letters and journals._ - - -MEMOIRS OF THE COUNT DE CARTRIE. A record of the extraordinary events -in the life of a French Royalist during the war in La Vendée, and of -his flight to Southampton, where he followed the humble occupation of -gardener. With an introduction by FRÉDÉRIC MASSON, Appendices and -Notes by PIERRE AMÉDÉE PICHOT, and other hands, and numerous -Illustrations, including a Photogravure Portrait of the Author. Demy -8vo. 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Daily News._--"We have seldom met with a human document which has - interested us so much." - - _Athenæum._--"As a record of personal suffering and indomitable - perseverance against opposing circumstances the narrative of De - Cartrie's escape to the Eastern frontier, in the disguise of a - master-gunner, could not easily be surpassed." - - -WOMEN OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. Chronicles of the Court of Napoleon III. -By FRÉDÉRIC LOLIÉE. With an introduction by RICHARD WHITEING and 53 -full-page Illustrations, 3 in Photogravure. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - _Standard._--"M. Frédéric Loliée has written a remarkable book, - vivid and pitiless in its description of the intrigue and - dare-devil spirit which flourished unchecked at the French - Court.... Mr. Richard Whiteing's introduction is written with - restraint and dignity." - - _Daily Telegraph._--"It is a really fascinating story, or series - of stories, set forth in this volume.... Here are anecdotes - innumerable of the brilliant women of the Second Empire, so that - in reading the book we are not only dazzled by the beauty and - gorgeousness of everything, but we are entertained by the record - of things said and done, and through all we are conscious of the - coming 'gloom and doom' so soon to overtake the Court. Few novels - possess the fascination of this spirited work, and many readers - will hope that the author will carry out his proposal of giving us - a further series of memories of the 'Women of the Second Empire.'" - - -LOUIS NAPOLEON AND THE GENESIS OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. By F. H. CHEETHAM. -With Numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo (9 × 5-3/4 inches). 16_s._ net. - - -MEMOIRS OF MADEMOISELLE DES ÉCHEROLLES. Translated from the French by -MARIE CLOTHILDE BALFOUR. With an Introduction by G. K. FORTESCUE, -Portraits, etc. 5_s._ net. - - _Liverpool Mercury._--"... this absorbing book.... The work has a - very decided historical value. The translation is excellent, and - quite notable in the preservation of idiom." - - -JANE AUSTEN'S SAILOR BROTHERS. Being the life and Adventures of Sir -Francis Austen, G.C.B., Admiral of the Fleet, and Rear-Admiral Charles -Austen. By J. H. and E. C. HUBBACK. With numerous Illustrations. Demy -8vo. 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Morning Post._--"... May be welcomed as an important addition to - Austeniana ...; it is besides valuable for its glimpses of life in - the Navy, its illustrations of the feelings and sentiments of - naval officers during the period that preceded and that which - followed the great battle of just one century ago, the battle - which won so much but which cost us--Nelson." - - -SOME WOMEN LOVING AND LUCKLESS. By TEODOR DE WYZEWA. Translated from -the French by C. H. JEFFRESON, M.A. With Numerous Illustrations. Demy -8vo (9 × 5-3/4 inches). 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - -POETRY AND PROGRESS IN RUSSIA. By ROSA NEWMARCH. With 6 full-page -Portraits. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Standard._--"Distinctly a book that should be read ... pleasantly - written and well informed." - - -THE LIFE OF PETER ILICH TCHAIKOVSKY (1840-1893). By his Brother, MODESTE -TCHAIKOVSKY. Edited and abridged from the Russian and German Editions by -ROSA NEWMARCH. With Numerous Illustrations and Facsimiles and an -Introduction by the Editor. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. Second edition. - - _The Times._--"A most illuminating commentary on Tchaikovsky's - music." - - _World._--"One of the most fascinating self-revelations by an - artist which has been given to the world. The translation is - excellent, and worth reading for its own sake." - - _Contemporary Review._--"The book's appeal is, of course, - primarily to the music-lover; but there is so much of human and - literary interest in it, such intimate revelation of a singularly - interesting personality, that many who have never come under the - spell of the Pathetic Symphony will be strongly attracted by what - is virtually the spiritual autobiography of its composer. High - praise is due to the translator and editor for the literary skill - with which she has prepared the English version of this - fascinating work.... There have been few collections of letters - published within recent years that give so vivid a portrait of the - writer as that presented to us in these pages." - - -COKE OF NORFOLK AND HIS FRIENDS: The Life of Thomas William Coke, -First Earl of Leicester of the second creation, containing an account -of his Ancestry, Surroundings, Public Services, and Private -Friendships, and including many Unpublished Letters from Noted Men of -his day, English and American. By A. M. W. STIRLING. With 20 -Photogravure and upwards of 40 other Illustrations reproduced from -Contemporary Portraits, Prints, etc. Demy 8vo. 2 vols. 32_s._ net. - - _The Times._--"We thank Mr. Stirling for one of the most - interesting memoirs of recent years." - - _Daily Telegraph._--"A very remarkable literary performance. Mrs. - Stirling has achieved a resurrection. She has fashioned a picture - of a dead and forgotten past and brought before our eyes with the - vividness of breathing existence the life of our English ancestors - of the eighteenth century." - - _Pall Mall Gazette._--"A work of no common interest; in fact, a - work which may almost be called unique." - - _Evening Standard._--"One of the most interesting biographies we - have read for years." - - -THE LIFE OF SIR HALLIDAY MACARTNEY, K.C.M.G., Commander of Li Hung -Chang's trained force in the Taeping Rebellion, founder of the first -Chinese Arsenal, Secretary to the first Chinese Embassy to Europe. -Secretary and Councillor to the Chinese Legation in London for thirty -years. By DEMETRIUS C. BOULGER, Author of the "History of China," the -"Life of Gordon," etc. With Illustrations. Demy 8vo. Price 24_s._ net. - - _Daily Graphic._--"It is safe to say that few readers will be able - to put down the book without feeling the better for having read it - ... not only full of personal interest, but tells us much that we - never knew before on some not unimportant details." - - -DEVONSHIRE CHARACTERS AND STRANGE EVENTS. By S. BARING-GOULD, M.A., -Author of "Yorkshire Oddities," etc. With 58 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. -21_s._ net. - - _Daily News._--"A fascinating series ... the whole book is rich in - human interest. It is by personal touches, drawn from traditions and - memories, that the dead men surrounded by the curious panoply of - their time, are made to live again in Mr. Baring-Gould's pages." - - -CORNISH CHARACTERS AND STRANGE EVENTS. By S. BARING-GOULD. Demy 8vo. -16_s._ net. - - -THE HEART OF GAMBETTA. Translated from the French of FRANCIS LAUR by -VIOLETTE MONTAGU. With an Introduction by JOHN MACDONALD, Portraits -and other Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Daily Telegraph._--"It is Gambetta pouring out his soul to Léonie - Leon, the strange, passionate, masterful demagogue, who wielded - the most persuasive oratory of modern times, acknowledging his - idol, his inspiration, his Egeria." - - -THE MEMOIRS OF ANN, LADY FANSHAWE. Written by Lady Fanshawe. With -Extracts from the Correspondence of Sir Richard Fanshawe. Edited by H. -C. FANSHAWE. With 38 Full-page Illustrations, including four in -Photogravure and one in Colour. Demy 8vo. 16_s._ net. - - [** asterism] _This Edition has been printed direct from the - original manuscript in the possession of the Fanshawe Family, and - Mr. H. C. Fanshawe contributes numerous notes which form a running - commentary on the text. Many famous pictures are reproduced, - including paintings by Velazquez and Van Dyck._ - - -THE DIARY OF A LADY-IN-WAITING. By LADY CHARLOTTE BURY. Being the -Diary Illustrative of the Times of George the Fourth. Interspersed -with original Letters from the late Queen Caroline and from various -other distinguished persons. New edition. Edited, with an -Introduction, by A. FRANCIS STEUART. With numerous portraits. Two -Vols. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - [** asterism] _This book, which appeared anonymously in 1838, - created an enormous sensation, and was fiercely criticised by - Thackeray and in the Reviews of the time. There is no doubt that - it was founded on the diary of Lady Charlotte Bury, daughter of - the 5th Duke of Argyll, and Lady-in-Waiting to the unfortunate - Caroline of Brunswick, when Princess of Wales. It deals, - therefore, with the curious Court of the latter and with the - scandals that occurred there, as well as with the strange vagaries - of the Princess abroad. In this edition names left blank in the - original have been (where possible) filled up, and many notes are - given by the Editor to render it useful to the ever-increasing - number of readers interested in the later Georgian Period._ - - -THE DAUGHTER OF LOUIS XVI.: Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France, -Duchesse D'Angoulême. By G. LENOTRE. With 13 Full-page Illustrations. -Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ net. - - [** asterism] _M. G. Lenotre is perhaps the most widely read of a - group of modern French writers who have succeeded in treating - history from a point of view at once scientific, dramatic and - popular. He has made the Revolution his particular field of - research, and deals not only with the most prominent figures of - that period, but with many minor characters whose life-stories are - quite as thrilling as anything in fiction. The localities in which - these dramas were enacted are vividly brought before us in his - works, for no one has reconstructed 18th century Paris with more - picturesque and accurate detail. "The Daughter of Louis XVI." is - quite equal in interest and literary merit to any of the volumes - which have preceded it, not excepting the famous Drama of - Varennes. As usual, M. Lenotre draws his material largely from - contemporary documents, and among the most remarkable memoirs - reproduced in this book are "The Story of my Visit to the Temple" - by Harmand de la Meuse, and the artless, but profoundly touching - narrative of the unhappy orphaned Princess: "A manuscript written - by Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France upon the captivity of the - Princes and Princesses, her relatives, imprisoned in the Temple." - The illustrations are a feature of the volume and include the - so-called "telescope" portrait of the Princess, sketched from life - by an anonymous artist, stationed at a window opposite her prison - in the tower of the Temple._ - - -THE TRUE STORY OF MY LIFE: an Autobiography by ALICE M. DIEHL, -Novelist, Writer, and Musician. Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Daily Chronicle._--"This work ... has the introspective touch, - intimate and revealing, which autobiography, if it is to be worth - anything, should have. Mrs. Diehl's pages have reality, a living - throb, and so are indeed autobiography." - - -HUBERT AND JOHN VAN EYCK: Their Life and Work. By W. H. JAMES WEALE. -With 41 Photogravure and 95 Black and White Reproductions. Royal 4to. -£5 5_s._ net. - - SIR MARTIN CONWAY'S NOTE. - - _Nearly half a century has passed since Mr. W. H. James Weale, - then resident at Bruges, began that long series of patient - investigations into the history of Netherlandish art which was - destined to earn so rich a harvest. When he began work Memlinc was - still called Hemling, and was fabled to have arrived at Bruges as - a wounded soldier. The van Eycks were little more than legendary - heroes. Roger Van der Weyden was little more than a name. Most of - the other great Netherlandish artists were either wholly forgotten - or named only in connection with paintings with which they had - nothing to do. Mr. Weale discovered Gerard David, and disentangled - his principal works from Memlinc's, with which they were then - confused. During a series of years he published in the "Beffroi," - a magazine issued by himself, the many important records from - ancient archives which threw a flood of light upon the whole - origin and development of the early Netherlandish school. By - universal admission he is hailed all over Europe as the father of - this study. It is due to him in great measure that the - masterpieces of that school, which by neglect were in danger of - perishing fifty years ago, are now recognised as among the most - priceless treasures of the Museums of Europe and the United - States. The publication by him, therefore, in the ripeness of his - years and experience, of the result of his studies on the van - Eycks is a matter of considerable importance to students of art - history. Lately, since the revived interest in the works of the - Early French painters has attracted the attention of untrained - speculators to the superior schools of the Low Countries, a number - of wild theories have been started which cannot stand upright in - the face of recorded facts. A book is now needed which will set - down all those facts in full and accurate form. Fullness and - accuracy are the characteristics of all Mr. Weale's work._ - - -VINCENZO FOPPA OF BRESCIA, FOUNDER OF THE LOMBARD SCHOOL, HIS LIFE AND -WORK. By CONSTANCE JOCELYN FFOULKES and MONSIGNOR RODOLFO MAJOCCHI, -D.D., Rector of the Collegio Borromeo, Pavia. Based on research in the -Archives of Milan, Pavia, Brescia, and Genoa, and on the study of all -his known works. With over 100 Illustrations, many in Photogravure, -and 100 Documents. Royal 4to. £3. 11_s._ 6_d._ net. - - [** asterism] _No complete Life of Vincenco Foppa, one of the - greatest of the North Italian Masters, has ever been written: an - omission which seems almost inexplicable in these days of - over-production in the matter of biographies of painters, and of - subjects relating to the art of Italy. In Milanese territory--the - sphere of Foppa's activity during many years--he was regarded by - his contemporaries as unrivalled in his art, and his right to be - considered the head and founder of the Lombard school is - undoubted. His influence was powerful and far-reaching, extending - eastwards beyond the limits of Brescian territory, and south and - westwards to Liguria and Piedmont. In the Milanese district it was - practically dominant for over a quarter of a century, until the - coming of Leonardo da Vinci thrust Foppa and his followers into - the shade, and induced him to abandon Pavia, which had been his - home for more than thirty years, and to return to Brescia. The - object of the authors of this book has been to present a true - picture of the master's life based upon the testimony of records - in Italian archives; all facts hitherto known relating to him have - been brought together; all statements have been verified; and a - great deal of new and unpublished material has been added. The - authors have unearthed a large amount of new material relating to - Foppa, one of the most interesting facts brought to light being - that he lived for twenty-three years longer than was formerly - supposed. The illustrations will include several pictures by Foppa - hitherto unknown in the history of art, and others which have - never before been published, as well as reproductions of every - existing work by the master at present known._ - - -CÉSAR FRANCK: A Study. Translated from the French of Vincent d'Indy. -And with an Introduction by ROSA NEWMARCH. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - [** asterism] _There is no purer influence in modern music than - that of César Franck, for many years ignored in every capacity - save that of organist of Sainte-Clotilde, in Paris, but now - recognised as the legitimate successor of Bach and Beethoven. His - inspiration "rooted in love and faith" has contributed in a - remarkable degree to the regeneration of the musical art in France - and elsewhere. The now famous "Schola Cantorum," founded in Paris - in 1896, by A. Guilmant, Charles Bordes and Vincent d'Indy, is the - direct outcome of his influence. Among the artists who where in - some sort his disciples were Paul Dukas, Chabrier, Gabriel Fauré - and the great violinist Ysäye. His pupils include such gifted - composers as Benoît, Augusta Holmès, Chausson, Ropartz, and - d'Indy. This book, written with the devotion of a disciple and the - authority of a master, leaves us with a vivid and touching - impression of the saint-like composer of "The Beatitudes."_ - - -JUNIPER HALL: Rendezvous of certain illustrious Personages during the -French Revolution, including Alexander D'Arblay and Fanny Burney. -Compiled by CONSTANCE HILL. With numerous Illustrations by ELLEN G. -HILL, and reproductions from various Contemporary Portraits. Crown -8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _Daily Telegraph._--"... one of the most charming volumes - published within recent years.... Miss Hill has drawn a really - idyllic and graphic picture of the daily life and gossip of the - stately but unfortunate dames and noblemen who found in Juniper - Hall a thoroughly English home." - - _The Times._--"This book makes another on the long and seductive - list of books that take up history just where history proper - leaves off.... We have given but a faint idea of the freshness, - the innocent gaiety of its pages; we can give none at all of the - beauty and interest of the pictures that adorn it." - - _Westminster Gazette._--"Skilfully and charmingly told." - - -JANE AUSTEN: Her Homes and Her Friends. By CONSTANCE HILL. Numerous -Illustrations by ELLEN G. HILL, together with Reproductions from Old -Portraits, etc. Cr. 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _World._--"Miss Constance Hill has given us a thoroughly delightful - book...." - - _Spectator._--"This book is a valuable contribution to Austen lore." - - _Daily Telegraph._--"Miss Constance Hill, the authoress of this - charming book, has laid all devout admirers of Jane Austen and her - inimitable novels under a debt of gratitude." - - -THE HOUSE IN ST. MARTIN'S STREET. Being Chronicles of the Burney Family. -By CONSTANCE HILL, Author of "Jane Austen, Her Home, and Her Friends," -"Juniper Hall," etc. With numerous Illustrations by ELLEN G. HILL, and -reproductions of Contemporary Portraits, etc. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - _World._--"This valuable and very fascinating work.... Charmingly - illustrated.... Those interested in this stirring period of - history and the famous folk who were Fanny Burney's friends should - not fail to add 'The House in St. Martin's Street' to their - collection of books." - - Mr. C. K. SHORTER in _Sphere_.--"Miss Hill has written a charming, - an indispensable book." - - -STORY OF THE PRINCESS DES URSINS IN SPAIN (Camarera-Mayor). By -CONSTANCE HILL. With 12 Illustrations and a Photogravure Frontispiece. -New Edition. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _Truth._--"It is a brilliant study of the brilliant Frenchwoman - who in the early years of the eighteenth century played such a - remarkable part in saving the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. Miss - Hill's narrative is interesting from the first page to the last, - and the value of the book is enhanced by the reproductions of - contemporary portraits with which it is illustrated." - - -NEW LETTERS OF THOMAS CARLYLE. Edited and Annotated by ALEXANDER -CARLYLE, with Notes and an Introduction and numerous Illustrations. In -Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 25_s._ net. - - _Pall Mall Gazette._--"To the portrait of the man, Thomas, these - letters do really add value; we can learn to respect and to like - him the more for the genuine goodness of his personality." - - _Morning Leader._--"These volumes open the very heart of Carlyle." - - _Literary World._--"It is then Carlyle, the nobly filial son, we - see in these letters; Carlyle, the generous and affectionate - brother, the loyal and warm-hearted friend, ... and above all, - Carlyle as the tender and faithful lover of his wife." - - _Daily Telegraph._--"The letters are characteristic enough of the - Carlyle we know: very picturesque and entertaining, full of - extravagant emphasis, written, as a rule, at fever heat, - eloquently rabid and emotional." - - -THE NEMESIS OF FROUDE: a Rejoinder to "My Relations with Carlyle." By -SIR JAMES CRICHTON BROWNE and ALEXANDER CARLYLE. Demy 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._ -net. - - _Glasgow Herald._--"... The book practically accomplishes its task - of reinstating Carlyle; as an attack on Froude it is overwhelming." - - _Public Opinion._--"The main object of the book is to prove that - Froude believed a myth and betrayed his trust. That aim has been - achieved." - - -NEW LETTERS AND MEMORIALS OF JANE WELSH CARLYLE. A Collection of -hitherto Unpublished Letters. Annotated by THOMAS CARLYLE, and Edited -by ALEXANDER CARLYLE, with an Introduction by Sir JAMES CRICHTON -BROWNE, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., numerous Illustrations drawn in -Lithography by T. R. WAY, and Photogravure Portraits from hitherto -unreproduced Originals. In Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 25_s._ net. - - _Westminster Gazette._--"Few letters in the language have in such - perfection the qualities which good letters should possess. Frank, - gay, brilliant, indiscreet, immensely clever, whimsical, and - audacious, they reveal a character which, with whatever alloy of - human infirmity, must endear itself to any reader of understanding." - - _World._--"Throws a deal of new light on the domestic relations of - the Sage of Chelsea. They also contain the full text of Mrs. - Carlyle's fascinating journal, and her own 'humorous and quaintly - candid' narrative of her first love-affair." - - _Daily News._--"Every page ... scintillates with keen thoughts, - biting criticisms, flashing phrases, and touches of bright comedy." - - -ÉMILE ZOLA: NOVELIST AND REFORMER. An Account of his Life, Work, and -Influence. By E. A. VIZETELLY. With numerous Illustrations, Portraits, -etc. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - _Morning Post._--"Mr. Ernest Vizetelly has given ... a very true - insight into the aims, character, and life of the novelist." - - _Athenæum._--"... Exhaustive and interesting." - - _M.A.P._--"... will stand as the classic biography of Zola." - - _Star._--"This 'Life' of Zola is a very fascinating book." - - _Academy._--"It was inevitable that the authoritative life of Emile - Zola should be from the pen of E. A. Vizetelly. No one probably has - the same qualifications, and this bulky volume of nearly six hundred - pages is a worthy tribute to the genius of the master." - - Mr. T. P. O'CONNOR in _T.P.'s Weekly_.--"It is a story of - fascinating interest, and is told admirably by Mr. Vizetelly. I can - promise any one who takes it up that he will find it very difficult - to lay it down again." - - -MEMOIRS OF THE MARTYR KING: being a detailed record of the last two -years of the Reign of His Most Sacred Majesty King Charles the First, -1646-1648-9. Compiled by ALLAN FEA. With upwards of 100 Photogravure -Portraits and other Illustrations, including relics. Royal 4to. -105_s._ net. - - Mr. M. H. SPIELMANN in _The Academy_.--"The volume is a triumph - for the printer and publisher, and a solid contribution to - Carolinian literature." - - _Pall Mall Gazette._--"The present sumptuous volume, a storehouse - of eloquent associations ... comes as near to outward perfection - as anything we could desire." - - -AFTER WORCESTER FIGHT: being the Contemporary Account of King Charles -II.'s escape, not included in "The Flight of the King." By ALLAN FEA. -With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 15_s._ net. - - _Morning Post._--"The work possesses all the interest of a - thrilling historical romance, the scenes of which are described by - the characters themselves, in the language of the time, and forms - a valuable contribution to existing Stuart literature." - - _Western Morning News._--"Mr. Fea has shown great industry in - investigating every possible fact that has any bearing on his - subject, and has succeeded in thoroughly establishing the - incidents of that romantic escape." - - _Standard._--"... throws fresh light on one of the most romantic - episodes in the annals of English History." - - -KING MONMOUTH: being a History of the Career of James Scott, the -Protestant Duke, 1649-1685. By ALLAN FEA. With 14 Photogravure -Portraits, a Folding-plan of the Battle of Sedgemoor, and upwards of -100 black and white Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - _Morning Post._--"The story of Monmouth's career is one of the - most remarkable in the annals of English History, and Mr. Fea's - volume is singularly fascinating. Not only does it supplement and - correct the prejudiced though picturesque pages of Macaulay, but - it seems to make the reader personally acquainted with a large - number of the characters who prominently figured in the - conspiracies and in the intrigues, amorous and political, when - society and politics were seething in strange cauldrons." - - -FRENCH NOVELISTS OF TO-DAY: Maurice Barres, Réné Bazin, Paul Bourget, -Pierre de Coulevain, Anatole France, Pierre Loti, Marcel Prévost, and -Edouard Rod. Biographical, Descriptive, and Critical. By WINIFRED -STEPHENS. With Portraits and Bibliographies. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - [** asterism] _The writer, who has lived much in France, is - thoroughly acquainted with French life and with the principal - currents of French thought. The book is intended to be a guide to - English readers desirous to keep in touch with the best present-day - French fiction. Special attention is given to the ecclesiastical, - social, and intellectual problems of contemporary France and their - influence upon the works of French novelists of to-day._ - - -THE KING'S GENERAL IN THE WEST, being the Life of Sir Richard -Granville, Baronet (1600-1659). By ROGER GRANVILLE, M.A., Sub-Dean of -Exeter Cathedral. With Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Westminster Gazette._--"A distinctly interesting work; it will be - highly appreciated by historical students as well as by ordinary - readers." - - -THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF ROBERT STEPHEN HAWKER, sometime Vicar of -Morwenstow in Cornwall. By C. E. BYLES. With numerous Illustrations by -J. LEY PETHYBRIDGE and others. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Daily Telegraph._--"... As soon as the volume is opened one finds - oneself in the presence of a real original, a man of ability, genius - and eccentricity, of whom one cannot know too much.... No one will - read this fascinating and charmingly produced book without thanks to - Mr. Byles and a desire to visit--or revisit--Morwenstow." - - -THE LIFE OF WILLIAM BLAKE. BY ALEXANDER GILCHRIST. Edited with an -Introduction by W. GRAHAM ROBERTSON. Numerous Reproductions from -Blake's most characteristic and remarkable designs. Demy 8vo. 10_s._ -6_d._ net. New Edition. - - _Birmingham Post._--"Nothing seems at all likely ever to supplant - the Gilchrist biography. Mr. Swinburne praised it magnificently in - his own eloquent essay on Blake, and there should be no need now - to point out its entire sanity, understanding keenness of critical - insight, and masterly literary style. Dealing with one of the most - difficult of subjects, it ranks among the finest things of its - kind that we possess." - - -MEMOIRS OF A ROYAL CHAPLAIN, 1729-63. The correspondence of EDMUND PYLE, -D.D., Domestic Chaplain to George II, with Samuel Kerrich, D.D., Vicar -of Dersingham, and Rector of Wolferton and West Newton. Edited and -Annotated by ALBERT HARTSHORNE. With Portrait. Demy 8vo. 16_s._ net. - - _Truth._--"It is undoubtedly the most important book of the kind - that has been published in recent years, and is certain to disturb - many readers whose minds have not travelled with the time." - - -GEORGE MEREDITH: Some Characteristics. By RICHARD LE GALLIENNE. With a -Bibliography (much enlarged) by JOHN LANE. Portrait, etc. Crown 8vo. -5_s._ net. Fifth Edition. Revised. - - _Punch._--"All Meredithians must possess 'George Meredith; Some - Characteristics,' by Richard Le Gallienne. This book is a complete - and excellent guide to the novelist and the novels, a sort of - Meredithian Bradshaw, with pictures of the traffic superintendent - and the head office at Boxhill. Even Philistines may be won over - by the blandishments of Mr. Le Gallienne." - - -LIFE OF LORD CHESTERFIELD. An account of the Ancestry, Personal -Character, and Public Services of the Fourth Earl of Chesterfield. By -W. H. CRAIG, M.A. Numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Daily Telegraph._--"Mr. Craig has set out to present him (Lord - Chesterfield) as one of the striking figures of a formative period - in our modern history ... and has succeeded in giving us a very - attractive biography of a remarkable man." - - _Times._--"It is the chief point of Mr. Craig's book to show the - sterling qualities which Chesterfield was at too much pains in - concealing, to reject the perishable trivialities of his - character, and to exhibit him as a philosophic statesman, not - inferior to any of his contemporaries, except Walpole at one end - of his life, and Chatham at the other." - - -A QUEEN OF INDISCRETIONS. The Tragedy of Caroline of Brunswick, Queen -of England. From the Italian of G. P. CLERICI. Translated by FREDERIC -CHAPMAN. With numerous Illustrations reproduced from contemporary -Portraits and Prints. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - _The Daily Telegraph._--"It could scarcely be done more thoroughly - or, on the whole, in better taste than is here displayed by - Professor Clerici. Mr. Frederic Chapman himself contributes an - uncommonly interesting and well-informed introduction." - - _Westminster Gazette._--"The volume, scholarly and well-informed - ... forms one long and absorbingly interesting chapter of the - _chronique scandaleuse_ of Court life ... reads like a romance, - except that no romancer would care or dare to pack his pages so - closely with startling effects and fantastic scenes." - - -LETTERS AND JOURNALS OF SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE. Edited by his Daughter -LAURA E. RICHARDS. With Notes and a Preface by F. B. SANBORN, an -Introduction by Mrs. JOHN LANE, and a Portrait. Demy 8vo (9 × 5-3/4 -inches). 16_s._ net. - - _Outlook._--"This deeply interesting record of experience. The - volume is worthily produced and contains a striking portrait of - Howe." - - _Daily News._--"Dr. Howe's book is full of shrewd touches; it seems - to be very much a part of the lively, handsome man of the portrait. - His writing is striking and vivid; it is the writing of a shrewd, - keen observer, intensely interested in the event before him." - - -THE LIFE OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN. Translated from the Italian of an -Unknown Fourteenth-Century Writer by VALENTINA HAWTREY. With an -Introductory Note by VERNON LEE, and 14 Full-page Reproductions from -the Old Masters. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _Daily News._--"Miss Valentina Hawtrey has given a most excellent - English version of this pleasant work." - - _Academy._--"The fourteenth-century fancy plays delightfully - around the meagre details of the Gospel narrative, and presents - the heroine in quite an unconventional light.... In its directness - and artistic simplicity and its wealth of homely detail the story - reads like the work of some Boccaccio of the cloister; and - fourteen illustrations taken from Italian painters happily - illustrate the charming text." - - -MEN AND LETTERS. By HERBERT PAUL, M.P. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. -5_s._ net. - - _Daily News._--"Mr. Herbert Paul has done scholars and the reading - world in general a high service in publishing this collection of - his essays." - - _Punch._--"His fund of good stories is inexhaustible, and his - urbanity never fails. On the whole, this book is one of the very - best examples of literature on literature and life." - -ROBERT BROWNING: Essays and Thoughts. By J. T. NETTLESHIP. With -Portrait. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._ net. (Third Edition.) - - -A LATER PEPYS. The Correspondence of Sir William Weller Pepys, Bart., -Master in Chancery, 1758-1825, with Mrs. Chapone, Mrs. Hartley, Mrs. -Montague, Hannah More, William Franks, Sir James Macdonald, Major -Rennell, Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, and others. Edited, with an -Introduction and Notes, by ALICE C. C. GAUSSEN. With numerous -Illustrations. Demy 8vo. In Two Volumes. 32_s._ net. - - DOUGLAS SLADEN in the _Queen_.--"This is indisputably a most - valuable contribution to the literature of the eighteenth century. - It is a veritable storehouse of society gossip, the art criticism, - and the _mots_ of famous people." - - _Academy and Literature._--"The effect consists in no particular - passages, but in the total impression, the sense of atmosphere, - and the general feeling that we are being introduced into the very - society in which the writer moved." - - _Daily News._--"To Miss Alice Gaussen is due the credit of sorting - out the vast collection of correspondence which is here presented - to the public.... Her industry is indefatigable, and her task has - been carried out with completeness. The notes are full of - interesting items; the introduction is exhaustive; and the - collection of illustrations enhances the value of the book." - - _World._--"Sir William Pepys's correspondence is admirable." - - -ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, AN ELEGY; AND OTHER POEMS, MAINLY PERSONAL. By -RICHARD LE GALLIENNE. Crown 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._ _net._ - - _Daily Chronicle._--"Few, indeed, could be more fit to sing the - dirge of that 'Virgil of Prose' than the poet whose _curiosa - felicitas_ is so close akin to Stevenson's own charm." - - _Globe._--"The opening Elegy on R. L. Stevenson includes some - tender and touching passages, and has throughout the merits of - sincerity and clearness." - - -RUDYARD KIPLING: a Criticism. By RICHARD LE GALLIENNE. With a -Bibliography by JOHN LANE. Crown 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Guardian._--"One of the cleverest pieces of criticism we have - come across for a long time." - - _Scotsman._--"It shows a keen insight into the essential qualities - of literature, and analyses Mr. Kipling's product with the skill - of a craftsman ... the positive and outstanding merits of Mr. - Kipling's contribution to the literature of his time are - marshalled by his critic with quite uncommon skill." - - -POEMS. By EDWARD CRACROFT LEFROY. With a Memoir by W. A. GILL, and a -Reprint of Mr. J. A. SYMONDS' Critical Essay on "Echoes from -Theocritus." Photogravure Portrait. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _The Times._--"... the leading features of the sonnets are the - writer's intense sympathy with human life in general and with - young life in particular; his humour, his music, and, in a word, - the quality which 'leaves a melody afloat upon the brain, a savour - on the mental palate.'" - - _Bookman._--"The Memoir, by Mr. W. A. Gill, is a sympathetic - sketch of an earnest and lovable character; and the critical - estimate, by J. Addington Symonds, is a charmingly-written and - suggestive essay." - - -APOLOGIA DIFFIDENTIS. By W. COMPTON LEITH. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - [** asterism] _The book, which is largely autobiographical, - describes the effect of diffidence upon an individual life, and - contains, with a consideration of the nature of shyness, a plea - for a kindlier judgment of the inveterate case._ - - _Daily Mail._--"Mr. Leith has written a very beautiful book, and - perhaps the publisher's claim that this will be a new classic is - not too bold." - - -BOOKS AND PERSONALITIES: Essays. By H. W. NEVINSON. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ -net. - - _Daily Chronicle._--"It is a remarkable thing and probably unique, - that a writer of such personality as the author of 'Between the - Acts' should not only feel, but boldly put on paper, his homage - and complete subjection to the genius of one after another of - these men. He is entirely free from that one common virtue of - critics, which is superiority to the author criticised." - - -OTIA: Essays. By ARMINE THOMAS KENT. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - -BOOKS AND PLAYS: A Volume of Essays on Meredith, Borrow, Ibsen, and -others. By ALLAN MONKHOUSE. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - -LIBER AMORIS; OR, THE NEW PYGMALION. By WILLIAM HAZLITT. Edited, with -an introduction, by RICHARD LE GALLIENNE. To which is added an exact -transcript of the original MS., Mrs. Hazlitt's Diary in Scotland, and -Letters never before published. Portrait after BEWICK, and facsimile -Letters. 400 copies only. 4to. 364 pp. Buckram. 21_s._ net. - - -TERRORS OF THE LAW: being the Portraits of Three Lawyers--the original -Weir of Hermiston, "Bloody Jeffreys," and "Bluidy Advocate Mackenzie." -By FRANCIS WATT. With 3 Photogravure Portraits. Fcap. 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._ -net. - - _The Literary World._--"The book is altogether entertaining; it is - brisk, lively, and effective. Mr. Watt has already, in his two - series of 'The Law's Lumber Room,' established his place as an - essayist in legal lore, and the present book will increase his - reputation." - - -CHAMPIONS OF THE FLEET. Captains and Men-of-War in the Days that -Helped to make the Empire. By EDWARD FRASER. With 16 Full-page -Illustrations. Crown 8vo. - - [** asterism] _Mr. Fraser takes in the whole range of our Navy's - story. First there is the story of the "Dreadnought," told for the - first time: how the name was originally selected by Elizabeth, why - she chose it, the launch, how under Drake she fought against the - Armada, how her captain was knighted on the quarter-deck in the - presence of the enemy. From this point the name is traced down to - the present leviathan which bears it. This is but one of the - "champions" dealt with in Mr. Fraser's volume, which is - illustrated by some very interesting reproductions._ - - -THE LONDONS OF THE BRITISH FLEET: The Story of Ships bearing the name -of Old Renown in Naval Annals. By EDWARD FRASER. With 8 Illustrations -in colours, and 20 in black and white. - - JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD, VIGO STREET, LONDON, W. - - - - -Transcriber's Notes: - - -Obvious punctuation and spelling errors have been fixed throughout. - -Non-Latin characters have been replaced with the nearest Latin -equivalent for example [oe] (the oe ligature), was replaced with oe. - -Inconsistent hyphenation has been left as in the original text. - -Inconsistent spelling of names has been left as in the original. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cornish Characters, by S. Baring-Gould - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORNISH CHARACTERS *** - -***** This file should be named 41775-8.txt or 41775-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/7/7/41775/ - -Produced by Douglas L. Alley, III, Chris Curnow and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at - www.gutenberg.org/license. - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/41775-8.zip b/41775-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 81ff960..0000000 --- a/41775-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/41775-h.zip b/41775-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index dc660f7..0000000 --- a/41775-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/41775-h/41775-h.htm b/41775-h/41775-h.htm index 3503e33..e112e90 100644 --- a/41775-h/41775-h.htm +++ b/41775-h/41775-h.htm @@ -174,46 +174,7 @@ li.pad { padding-top: 2.0%; } </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cornish Characters, by S. Baring-Gould - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Cornish Characters - and Strange Events - -Author: S. Baring-Gould - -Release Date: January 4, 2013 [EBook #41775] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORNISH CHARACTERS *** - - - - -Produced by Douglas L. Alley, III, Chris Curnow and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41775 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" > <a name="i_cover.jpg" id="i_cover.jpg"></a> @@ -38723,382 +38684,6 @@ in reading the text.</li> </ul></div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cornish Characters, by S. Baring-Gould - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORNISH CHARACTERS *** - -***** This file should be named 41775-h.htm or 41775-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/7/7/41775/ - -Produced by Douglas L. Alley, III, Chris Curnow and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at - www.gutenberg.org/license. - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41775 ***</div> </body> </html> diff --git a/41775.txt b/41775.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 218e8d3..0000000 --- a/41775.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31723 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cornish Characters, by S. Baring-Gould - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Cornish Characters - and Strange Events - -Author: S. Baring-Gould - -Release Date: January 4, 2013 [EBook #41775] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORNISH CHARACTERS *** - - - - -Produced by Douglas L. Alley, III, Chris Curnow and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - CORNISH CHARACTERS - AND STRANGE EVENTS - - - - - BY THE SAME AUTHOR - - UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME - - DEVONSHIRE CHARACTERS - AND STRANGE EVENTS - - With 55 Full-page Illustrations - Reproduced from Old Prints, etc. - -[Illustration: THOMAS PITT, LORD CAMELFORD] - - - - - CORNISH - CHARACTERS - - AND STRANGE EVENTS - - BY S. BARING-GOULD, M.A. - - WITH 62 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS - REPRODUCED FROM OLD PRINTS, ETC. - - - [Illustration: ONE . AND . ALL] - - - "We all are men, - In our own natures frail, and capable - Of our flesh; few are angels." - HENRY VIII (Act V, Sc. 2). - - LONDON: JOHN LANE THE BODLEY HEAD - NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY MCMIX - - - - PLYMOUTH: WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD., PRINTERS - - - - - PREFACE - - -Cornwall, peopled mainly by Celts, but with an infusion of English -blood, stands and always has stood apart from the rest of England, -much, but in a less degree, as has Wales. That which brought it into -more intimate association with English thought, interests, and -progress was the loss of the old Cornish tongue. - -The isolation in which Cornwall had stood has tended to develop in it -much originality of character; and the wildness of the coast has bred -a hardy race of seamen and smugglers; the mineral wealth, moreover, -drew thousands of men underground, and the underground life of the -mines has a peculiar effect on mind and character: it is cramping in -many ways, but it tends to develop a good deal of religious -enthusiasm, that occasionally breaks forth in wild forms of -fanaticism. Cornwall has produced admirable sailors, men who have won -deathless renown in warfare at sea, as "Old Dreadnought" Boscawen, -Pellew, Lord Exmouth, etc., and daring and adventurous smugglers, like -"The King of Prussia," who combined great religious fervour with -entire absence of scruple in the matter of defrauding the king's -revenue. It has produced men of science who have made for themselves a -world-fame, as Adams the astronomer, and Sir Humphry Davy the -chemist; men who have been benefactors to their race, as Henry -Trengrouse, Sir Goldsworthy Gurney, and Trevithick. It has sent forth -at least one notable painter, the miner's boy Opie, and a dramatist, -Samuel Foote, and a great singer in his day, Incledon. But it has not -given to literature a great poet. Minor rhymes have been produced in -great quantities, but none of great worth. Philosophers have issued -from the mines, as Samuel Drew, eccentrics many, as Sir James Tillie, -John Knill, and Daniel Gumb. And Cornwall has contributed a certain -number of rascals--but fewer in number than almost any other county, -if we exclude wreckers and smugglers from the catalogue of rascality. - -Strange superstitions have lingered on, and one very curious story of -a girl fed for years by fairies has been put on record. - -It is somewhat remarkable that Cornwall has produced no musical genius -of any note; and yet the Cornishman is akin to the Welshman and the -Irishman. - -Cornwall has certainly sent up to London and Westminster very able -politicians, as Godolphin, Sir William Molesworth, and Sir John Eliot. -It furnished Tyburn with a victim--Hugh Peters, the chaplain of Oliver -Cromwell, a strange mixture of money-grasping, enthusiasm, and humour. - -It has been the object of the author, not to retell the lives of the -greatest of the sons of Cornwall, for these lives may be read in the -_Dictionary of National Biography_, but to chronicle the stories of -lesser luminaries concerning whom less is known and little is easily -accessible. In this way it serves as a companion volume to -_Devonshire Characters_; and Cornwall in no particular falls short of -Devonshire in the variety of characters it has sent forth, nor are -their stories of less interest. - -The author and publisher have to thank many for kind help: Mr. Percy -Bate, Mr. T. R. Bolitho, Rev. A. T. Boscawen, Mr. J. A. Bridger, Mr. -T. Walter Brimacombe, Mr. A. M. Broadley, Mr. R. P. Chope, Mr. Digby -Collins, Mr. J. B. Cornish, Mrs. Coryton of Pentillie Castle, Miss -Loveday E. Drake, Mr. E. H. W. Dunkin, F.S.A., Mr. J. D. Enys of Enys, -the Rev. Wm. Iago, Mrs. H. Forbes Julian, Mrs. de Lacy Lacy, the Rev. -A. H. Malan, Mr. Lewis Melville, Mr. A. H. Norway, Captain Rogers of -Penrose, Mr. Thomas Seccombe, Mr. Henry Trengrouse, Mr. W. H. K. -Wright, and Mr. Henry Young of Liverpool--and last, but not least, -Miss Windeatt Roberts for her admirable Index to the volume. - -The publisher wishes me to say that he would much like to discover the -whereabouts of a full-length portrait of Sir John Call, with a view of -Bodmin Gaol in the background. - - S. BARING-GOULD. - - - - - CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - WILLIAM PENGELLY, GEOLOGIST 1 - - SIR CHARLES WILLS, K.B. 12 - - LIEUTENANT GOLDSMITH AND THE LOGAN ROCK 18 - - HUGH PETERS, THE REGICIDE 26 - - JAMES POLKINGHORNE, THE WRESTLER 54 - - HENRY TRENGROUSE, INVENTOR 59 - - THE BOTATHAN GHOST 72 - - JOHN COUCH ADAMS, ASTRONOMER 83 - - DANIEL GUMB 91 - - LAURENCE BRADDON 96 - - THOMASINE BONAVENTURA 108 - - THE MURDER OF NEVILL NORWAY 117 - - SIR WILLIAM LOWER, KNT. 126 - - THE PIRATES AT PENZANCE 130 - - DAME KILLIGREW 133 - - TWO NATURALISTS IN CORNWALL 141 - John Ralfs - George Carter Bignell - - SIR JOHN CALL, BART. 154 - - JOHN KNILL 169 - - THOMAS TREGOSS 176 - - ANTHONY PAYNE 181 - - NEVIL NORTHEY BURNARD 186 - - SIR GOLDSWORTHY GURNEY, KNT., INVENTOR 192 - - THE JANES 206 - - THE PENNINGTONS 222 - - DOCTOR GLYNN-CLOBERY 228 - - THREE MEN OF MOUSEHOLE 232 - - DOLLY PENTREATH 238 - - ROBERT JEFFERY OF POLPERRO 247 - - ADMIRAL RICHARD DARTON THOMAS 258 - - COMMANDER JOHN POLLARD 269 - - THE CASE OF BOSAVERN PENLEZ 270 - - SAMUEL FOOTE 280 - - THE LAST LORD MOHUN 298 - - THE LAST LORD CAMELFORD 318 - - WILLIAM NOYE 329 - - WILLIAM LEMON 342 - - SAMUEL DREW 346 - - THE SIEGE OF SKEWIS 364 - - THE VOYAGE OF JOHN SANDS 370 - - CHARLES INCLEDON 375 - - THE MURDER OF RICHARD CORYTON 388 - - SIR JAMES TILLIE, KNT. 399 - - LIEUTENANT JOHN HAWKEY 408 - - DR. DANIEL LOMBARD 424 - - THE DREAM OF MR. WILLIAMS 427 - - SIR ROBERT TRESILIAN 432 - - PIRATE TRELAWNY 441 - - JAMES SILK BUCKINGHAM 455 - - MARY ANN DAVENPORT, ACTRESS 466 - - THE ROYAL FAMILY OF PRUSSIA 470 - - CAPTAIN RICHARD KEIGWIN 479 - - THE LOSS OF THE "KENT" 489 - - VICE-ADMIRAL SIR CHARLES V. PENROSE 500 - - SIR CHRISTOPHER HAWKINS, BART. 515 - - ANNE JEFFERIES 531 - - THOMAS KILLIGREW, THE KING'S JESTER 544 - - NICOLAS ROSCARROCK 554 - - LIEUTENANT PHILIP G. KING 559 - - HICKS OF BODMIN 569 - - CAPTAIN TOBIAS MARTIN 579 - - THE MAYOR OF BODMIN 586 - - JOHN NICHOLS TOM, _ALIAS_ SIR WILLIAM COURTENAY, K.M. 593 - - THE BOHELLAND TRAGEDY 614 - - MARY KELYNACK 620 - - CAPTAIN WILLIAM ROGERS 623 - - JOHN BURTON OF FALMOUTH 627 - - THE FATE OF SIR CLOUDESLEY SHOVEL 637 - - FRANCIS TREGIAN 652 - - ANN GLANVILLE 663 - - JONATHAN SIMPSON, HIGHWAYMAN 670 - - DAVIES GILBERT 675 - - JAMES HOSKIN, FARMER 682 - - JOHN HARRIS, THE MINER POET 692 - - EDWARD CHAPMAN 701 - - JOHN COKE OF TRERICE 704 - - THOMAS PELLOW OF PENRYN 707 - - THE ORIGIN OF THE ROBARTES FAMILY 718 - - THEODORE PALEOLOGUS 727 - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS - - - THOMAS PITT, LORD CAMELFORD _Frontispiece_ - - - TO FACE PAGE - - WILLIAM PENGELLY 2 - - From a painting by A. S. Cope, reproduced by permission of Mrs. H. - Forbes Julian - - LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR CHARLES WILLS 12 - - From an engraving by Simon, after a picture by M. Dahl - - A VIEW OF THE CELEBRATED LOGAN ROCK, NEAR LAND'S END - IN CORNWALL 18 - - Taken after the Rock was displaced on the 8th of April, 1824. From - a lithograph by Vibert, after a drawing by Tonkin - - A VIEW OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF CASTLE TRERYN, SHOWING - THE MACHINERY ERECTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF REPLACING THE - LOGAN ROCK 22 - - From a lithograph by Vibert, after a drawing by Tonkin - - HUGH PETERS 26 - - From an old engraving - - JAMES POLKINGHORNE, THE FAMOUS CORNISH WRESTLER 54 - - From a drawing as he appeared in the Ring at Devonport on Monday, - 23 October, 1826, when he threw Abm. Cann, the Champion of - Devonshire, for a stake of 200 sovereigns - - HENRY TRENGROUSE, THE INVENTOR OF THE ROCKET APPARATUS - FOR SAVING LIFE AT SEA 60 - - From an oil painting by Opie the younger, reproduced by permission - of Mr. H. Trengrouse - - THE WRECK OF THE "ANSON" 66 - - From a sketch by Mr. H. Trengrouse - - "PARSON RUDALL" 72 - - From a painting in the possession of the Rev. S. Baring-Gould - - JOHN COUCH ADAMS 84 - - From a mezzotint by Samuel Cousins, A.R.A., after a picture by - Thomas Mogford. From the collection of Mrs. Lewis Lane - - JOHN COUCH ADAMS 88 - - THE CHEESE-WRING 92 - - From an etching by Letitia Byrne, after a drawing by J. Farington, - R.A. - - NEVILL NORWAY 118 - - From a painting in the possession of Miss A. T. Norway - - SIR WILLIAM LOWER 126 - - THE KILLYGREW CUP 134 - "1633. FROM MAIOR TO MAIOR TO THE TOWNE OF PERMARIN, - WHERE THEY RECEIVED MEE THAT WAS IN GREAT MISERY" - JANE KILLYGREW - - This cup has been recently valued at the sum of L4000. It measures - just two feet in height - - GEORGE CARTER BIGNELL 142 - - From a photograph - - JOHN RALFS 146 - - Reproduced by permission of Miss Loveday E. Drake - - SIR JOHN CALL, BART. 154 - - From a portrait (by A. Hickle) in the possession of his - great-granddaughter, Mrs. de Lacy Lacy - - WHITEFORD--THE RESIDENCE OF SIR JOHN CALL 164 - - From a drawing in the possession of Mrs. de Lacy Lacy - - JOHN KNILL 170 - - After a picture by Opie in the possession of Captain Rogers, of - Penrose - - GLASS INSCRIBED "SUCCESS TO THE EAGLE FRIGATE, JOHN KNILL, - COMMANDER" 172 - - From the collection of Percy Bate, Esq., of Glasgow - - ANTHONY PAYNE 182 - - From a painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller, purchased by Sir Robert - Harvey, High Sheriff of Cornwall, 1901, and presented to the - Institute of Cornwall - - NEVIL NORTHEY BURNARD 186 - - From a bas-relief by the sculptor himself, in the possession of S. - Pearn, Esq., Altarnon - - WESLEY'S HEAD OVER THE OLD MEETING-HOUSE, PENPONT, - ALTARNON. Cut by Burnard when 16 years of age 188 - - TOMBSTONES CUT BY BURNARD 188 - - That on the right is upon the grave of his grandfather in Altarnon - Churchyard, and was cut when the sculptor was only 14 years old; - the one on the left is in Bodmin Churchyard - - TOMBSTONES IN ALTARNON CHURCHYARD. Cut by Burnard 190 - - SIR GOLDSWORTHY GURNEY 192 - - From a lithograph by W. Sharp, after a drawing by S. C. Smith - - DOROTHY PENTREATH OF MOUSEHOLE IN CORNWALL. THE LAST - PERSON WHO COULD CONVERSE IN THE CORNISH LANGUAGE 232 - - From a drawing by R. Scadden - - MONSCHOLE, IN MOUNT'S BAY, FROM THE ISLAND 238 - - From a drawing by Captain Tremenhere - - SAMUEL FOOTE 280 - - THE LAST LORD MOHUN 298 - - From a mezzotint by I. Faber, after a picture by Sir Godfrey - Kneller - - THE DUEL BETWEEN LORD MOHUN AND THE DUKE OF HAMILTON 312 - - From a contemporary mezzotint in the British Museum - - SIR WILLIAM NOYE, ATTORNEY-GENERAL TO KING CHARLES THE - FIRST 330 - - SIR WILLIAM LEMON, BART., M.P. FOR CORNWALL 342 - - From an engraving by J. H. Meyer - - SAMUEL DREW 346 - - From an engraving by R. Hicks, after a painting by F. Moore - - HENRY ROGERS, PEWTERER 364 - - CHARLES INCLEDON, AS MACHEATH 376 - - From an engraving by J. Thomson, after a painting by Singleton - - SIR JAMES TILLIE, KNT. 400 - - SIR JAMES TILLIE'S MONUMENT AT PENTILLIE 406 - - EDWARD JOHN TRELAWNY 442 - - From a drawing by D. Lucas - - JAMES SILK BUCKINGHAM 456 - - MRS. DAVENPORT, IN THE CHARACTER OF MRS. GRUNDY 466 - - From an engraving by Ridley, after a picture by De Wilde - - AT PRUSSIA COVE. "BESSY'S" COVE FROM BATTERY POINT 470 - - From a drawing in the possession of J. B. Cornish, Esq. - - JOHN CARTER'S HOUSE AT PRUSSIA COVE. (DEMOLISHED IN 1906) 476 - - From a photograph by Gibson & Sons, Penzance - - VICE-ADMIRAL SIR CHARLES V. PENROSE, K.C.B. 500 - - From a picture by Allingham - - THOMAS KILLIGREW, GROOM OF THE BEDCHAMBER TO KING - CHARLES THE SECOND 544 - - From an engraving by I. Vander vaart, after a picture by W. - Wissens - - LIEUTENANT PHILIP GIDLEY KING 560 - - From an engraving by W. Skelton, after a drawing by J. Wright - - WILLIAM R. HICKS 570 - - WILLIAM R. HICKS OF BODMIN 576 - - From a Caricature - - JOHN THOMAS, OTHERWISE SIR WILLIAM COURTENAY, WHO SHOT - LIEUTENANT BENNET IN BASENDEN WOOD, BOUGHTON, NEAR - CANTERBURY, AND THE CONSTABLE MEARS, ON THURSDAY, - MAY 31ST, 1838. 594 - - PERCY HONEYWOOD COURTENAY, KNIGHT OF MALTA, ETC. ETC., - AS HE APPEARED AT THE ELECTION IN 1832 608 - - MARY KELYNACK 620 - - CAPTAIN W. ROGERS 624 - - From an engraving by Ridley and Blood, after a picture by Drummond - - JOHN BURTON OF FALMOUTH 628 - - SIR CLOUDESLEY SHOVEL 638 - - ANN GLANVILLE 664 - - DAVIES GILBERT 676 - - From a mezzotint by Samuel Cousins, A.R.A., after a picture by - Henry Howard, R.A. From the collection of Mrs. Lewis Lane - - JOHN HARRIS, THE MINER POET 692 - - THE RIGHT HON. JOHN EARL OF RADNOR: BARON ROBERTS OF - TRURO 718 - - After Sir Godfrey Kneller - - MEMORIAL BRASS IN THE CHURCH OF LANDULPH. 728 - - Reproduced by permission of E. H. W. Dunkin, Esq., F.S.A., from - his book on Cornish Brasses - - - - - CORNISH CHARACTERS - AND STRANGE EVENTS - - - - - CORNISH - CHARACTERS - AND STRANGE EVENTS - - - WILLIAM PENGELLY, GEOLOGIST - -William Pengelly was born at East Looe on January 12th, 1812, and was -the son of the captain of a small coasting vessel and nephew of a -notorious smuggler. The Pengellys had, in fact, been connected with -the sea for several generations. His mother was a Prout of the same -family as the famous water-colour artist. - -As a child his career was almost cut short by fire. An aunt came to -stay with the Pengellys, arriving a day before she was expected. Early -on the following morning, when sitting in her bedroom window, wrapped -in a thick woollen shawl, she saw her little nephew William rush out -of the house enveloped in flames. She hurried after him, and managed -to smother the fire with her woollen garment, and thus saved the -child's life, though she was herself so badly burnt that she carried -the scars to her dying day. The little boy had risen early, and had -kindled a fire so that he might go on with his lessons before any one -else was astir in the house, with the result that he set light to his -clothes, and except for the premature arrival of his aunt, must -certainly have been burnt to death. - -At the age of twelve he went to sea. He says:-- - -"Our voyages were short. I do not remember an instance of being at sea -more than three consecutive days; so that, except when windbound, we -were almost always taking in or taking out cargo. The work was hard, -but the food was abundant, and on the whole the life, though rough, -was not unpleasant. - -"To me--thinking nothing of the pecuniary aspects of the question--the -most enjoyable occasions were those which fierce contrary winds brought -us, when we had to seek some harbour of refuge. These were by no means -necessarily holidays, for, if the weather were dry, advantage was taken -of the enforced leisure to give our craft a thorough cleaning, or to -repair her rigging, or to make up the books. Moreover, the crew employed -me to write letters to their wives from their dictation. These epistles -were generally of a remarkable character, and some of them remain firmly -fixed in my memory. The foregoing labours disposed of, and foul winds -still prevailing, we had a washing day, or, better than all, a bout of -tailoring, which did not generally get beyond repairing, though -occasionally the ambitious flight of making a pair of trousers was -attempted. On tailoring days it was understood that my clothes should be -repaired for me, in order that I might read aloud for the general -benefit. We assembled in our little cabin, where the stitching and -smoking went on simultaneously, and with great vigour. My poor library -consisted of a Bible, the eighth volume of the _Spectator_, Johnson's -_English Dictionary_, a volume of the _Weekly Miscellany_, the _History -of John Gilpin_, _Baron Munchausen's Travels_, Walkinghame's -_Arithmetic_, and a book of songs. My hearers were not very fastidious, -but allowed me to read pretty much what I pleased, though, truth to -tell, the _Spectator_ was not a favourite; some portions of it were held -to be nonsensical, and others were considered to be so lacking in -truthfulness that it was generally termed the 'lying book.' This ill -repute was largely due to the story of Fadlallah (No. 578). Walkinghame -was by no means unpopular. I occasionally read some of the questions, -and my shipmates endeavoured to solve them mentally; and as the answers -were all given by the author, I had to declare who had made the nearest -guess, for it was very often but little more. Of all the questions, none -excited so much interest as that which asks, What will be the cost of -shoeing a horse at a farthing for the first nail, two for the second, -and so on in geometrical progression for thirty-two nails, and which -gives for the answer a sum but little short of four and a half million -pounds sterling. This was so utterly unexpected that it went far to -confer on Walkinghame the same name that Fadlallah had given to the -_Spectator_." - -[Illustration: A. S. Cope, pinxt. - -_Reproduced by permission of Mrs. H. Forbes Julian_] - -William Pengelly tells a curious story of his father, Richard -Pengelly:-- - -"After completing his fifteenth year he was thinking of going to sea. -When he was sixteen, his father, who was a sailor, was drowned almost -within sight of his home. The effect on the boy was to make him pause, -and on his friends, to urge him to give up the idea. For some months -these influences kept him quiet, but at length his restlessness -returned so strongly, that he would have gone to sea at once, had he -felt satisfied that his father would have approved the step. To -ascertain this point he prayed frequently and earnestly that his -father's spirit might be allowed to appear to him, with a pleasing or -frowning aspect, according as he might approve or disapprove. At -length he believed his prayer to have been answered, and that when in -the field ploughing he saw his father, who passed by looking intently -and smilingly at him. This decided him. He became a sailor at -seventeen, and as such died at a good old age." - -One bitterly cold night at sea, young Pengelly and some other of his -shipmates having closed the cabin door, lit a charcoal fire, and -speedily fell asleep, succumbing to the fumes of carbonic acid. -Happily one of the crew who had been on deck entered the cabin. He -found the greatest difficulty in awakening his comrades to sufficient -consciousness to enable them to stumble up the ladder to get a breath -of fresh air, for their sleep had well-nigh become that of death. The -strong and hardy seamen soon recovered, but the boy was so seriously -affected that, long after he had been carried upon deck, he could not -be roused, and was only restored to consciousness by means of -prolonged exertions on the part of his shipmates. His earliest -geological experience was made when a sailor-boy weather-bound on the -Dorsetshire coast, and he was wont to relate it thus:-- - -"I received my first lesson in geology at Lyme Regis, very soon after -I had entered my teens. A labourer, whom I was observing, accidentally -broke a large stone of blue lias and thus disclosed a fine ammonite ---the first fossil of any kind that I had ever seen or heard of. - -"In reply to my exclamation, 'What's that?' the workman said, with a -sneer, 'If you had read your Bible you'd know what 'tis.' 'I _have_ -read my Bible. But what has that to do with it?' - -"'In the Bible we're told there was once a flood that covered all the -world. At that time all the rocks were mud, and the different things -that were drowned were buried in it, and there's a snake that was -buried that way. There are lots of 'em, and other things besides, in -the rocks and stones hereabouts.' - -"'A snake! But where's his head?' - -"'You must read the Bible, I tell 'ee, and then you'll find out why -'tis that some of the snakes in the rocks ain't got no heads. We're -told there, that the seed of the woman shall bruise the serpent's -head, that's how 'tis.'" - -When in his sixteenth year William Pengelly lost his younger brother, -and after that his mother would not suffer him to go to sea. Some -years were spent at Looe in self-education. - -While still quite young he was induced by a relative of his mother to -settle at Torquay, at that time a small place, but rapidly growing and -attracting residents to it. Here he opened a small day-school on the -Pestalozzian system, and was one of the first to introduce the use of -the blackboard and chalk. The school opened with six scholars, but -rapidly increased to about seventy. - -It was now that scientific studies began to occupy Pengelly's -attention, and above all, geology. - -In 1837 he married Mary Anne Mudge, whose health was always delicate. - -Little by little his renown as a geologist spread, and he did not -confine himself to the deposits in Devonshire, but travelled to -Scotland and elsewhere to examine the rocks, and to meet and consult -with eminent scientists. - -In 1846 his private pupils had grown so numerous that he was able to -give up his school altogether and become a tutor of mathematics and -the natural sciences. He tells a very amusing story of a visit made -during holiday time to an old friend. - -"I one day learned that my road lay within a couple of miles of the -rectory of my old mathematical friend D----. We had been great friends -when he was a curate in a distant part of the country, but had not met -for several years, during which he had been advanced from a curacy of -about L80 to a rectory of L200 per year, and a residence, in a very -secluded district. My time was very short, but for 'auld lang syne' I -decided to sacrifice a few hours. On reaching the house Mr. and Mrs. -D---- were fortunately at home, and received me with their wonted -kindness. - -"The salutations were barely over, when I said-- - -"'It is now six o'clock; I must reach Wellington tonight, and as it is -said to be fully eight miles off, and I am utterly unacquainted with -the road, and with the town when I reach it, I cannot remain with you -one minute after eight o'clock.' - -"'Oh, very well,' said D----, 'then we must improve the shining hour. -Jane, my dear, be so good as to order tea.' - -"Having said this he left the room. In a few minutes he returned with -a book under his arm and his hands filled with writing materials, -which he placed on the table. Opening the book, he said-- - -"'This is Hind's _Trigonometry_, and here's a lot of examples for -practice. Let us see which can do the greatest number of them by eight -o'clock. I did most of them many years ago, but I have not looked at -them since. Suppose we begin at this one'--which he pointed out--'and -take them as they come. We can drink our tea as we work, so as to lose -no time.' - -"'All right,' said I; though it was certainly not the object for which -I had come out of my road. - -"Accordingly we set to work. No words passed between us; the servant -brought in the tray, Mrs. D---- handed us our tea, which we drank now -and then, and the time flew on rapidly. At length, finding it to be a -quarter to eight-- - -"'We must stop,' said I, 'for in a quarter of an hour I must be on my -road.' - -"'Very well. Let us see how our answers agree with those of the author.' - -"It proved that he had correctly solved one more than I had. This -point settled, I said 'Good-bye.' - -"'Good-bye. Do come again as soon as you can. The farmers know nothing -whatever about Trigonometry.' - -"We parted at the rectory door, and have never met since; nor shall we -ever do so more, as his decease occurred several years ago. During my -long walk to Wellington my mind was chiefly occupied with the mental -isolation of a rural clergyman." - -In 1851 he lost his wife, and some years after both his children by her. - -In 1853 he married a Lydia Spriggs, a Quakeress. - -William Pengelly's scientific explorations may be divided under three -heads. The first was his minute and accurate examination of the -deposits that form Bovey Heathfield, where there are layers of clay, -sand, and lignite. He was able to extract numerous fossil plants, and -thereby to determine the approximate age of the beds. - -Next he took up the exploration of ossiferous caves; and he began this -work with that of Brixham, in Windmill Hill. - -The floor of this cavern was excavated in successive stages or layers, -starting from the entrance. Bones were found in the stalagmite and in -the first, third, and fourth beds, and worked flints in the third and -fourth beds only; but where the third bed filled the cavern up to the -rock, its upper portion contained neither bones nor flints. The bones -were those of the mammoth, the rhinoceros, the urus, hyaena, cave lion -and cave bear, etc. - -But by far the most laborious scientific undertaking of Pengelly's -life was the exploration of Kent's Cavern, near Torquay. This cave was -known as far back as 1824, when a Mr. Northmore, of Cleve, near -Exeter, made a superficial examination of it to ascertain whether it -had been a temple of Mithras, and quite satisfied himself on this -point. He was followed by Sir W. C. Trevelyan and by the Rev. J. -MacEnery. But it was not till 1865 that a complete, scientific, and -exhaustive exploration was undertaken by the British Association, -which made a grant of L100 for the purpose. Mr. Pengelly was appointed -secretary and reporter to the committee for the examination of the -cave and its deposits. - -It was found that the floor of the cave exhibited the following -succession: (1) Blocks of limestone sometimes large, clearly fallen -from the roof. (2) A layer of black mould ranging from a few inches to -upwards of a foot in depth. (3) Beneath this came a floor of granular -stalagmite, about a foot in thickness, formed by the drip of water -from the roof. (4) A red loam containing a number of limestone -fragments. (5) A breccia of angular fragments of limestone and pebbles -and sandstone embedded in a reddish sandy calcareous paste. - -On June 19th, 1880, the exploration of Kent's Hole was brought to an -end. It was the most complete and systematic investigation of a cavern -that had ever been undertaken, and on a much greater scale than that -at Brixham. A task of this kind is peculiarly exacting. It cannot be -entrusted to workmen; it cannot be left to a committee whose members -pay but intermittent visits: it demands the constant oversight of one -man; and this superintendence was given to Pengelly. The total amount -spent on this exploration was L2000. Pengelly states in one of his -papers that in the fifteen and a quarter years during which the -excavation was in progress he visited Kent's Hole almost daily, and -spent over the work, on an average, five hours a day. - -"Above the stalagmite, and principally in the black mould, have been -found a number of relics belonging to different periods, such as -socketed celts, and a socketed knife of bronze, and some small fragments -of roughly smelted copper, about four hundred flint flakes, cores, and -chips, a polishing stone, a ring (made of Kimmeridge clay), numerous -spindle whorls, bone instruments terminating in comb-like ends, pottery, -marine shells, numerous mammalian bones of existing species, and some -human bones, on which it has been thought there are traces indicative of -cannibalism. Some of the pottery is distinctly Roman in character; but -many of the objects belong, no doubt, to pre-Roman times." - -What was found beneath the stalagmite belonged to a long anterior -period, where it had lain sealed up for, at the very least, two thousand -years. In this deposit of the cave earth were found a large number of -chips, flakes, and implements of flint and chert, stones that had served -as pounders, and some pins, needles, and harpoons of bone. - -Some mammoth bones were found in Kent's Cavern, and those of the cave -lion, the sabre-toothed tiger, the glutton, cave bear, woolly -rhinoceros, horse, reindeer, and beaver. - -Mr. W. Pengelly died on March 17th, 1894. - -A writer in the _Transactions of the Devonshire Association_ for 1894 -says: "For science he lived, and for science he laboured, even long -after the age when the average man seeks rest and quiet. Starting out in -original lines of thought, and untrammelled by traditions of years long -ago, he met with many rebuffs, and the conclusions which he derived from -his investigations and minute and patient inquiry were almost laughed to -scorn. But he adhered to his work and clung to his beliefs, with -enthusiastic devotion, and in the end he lived to see even those who had -originally stoutly opposed his views convinced of their verity, and -their inestimable value to archaeological and geological science." - -Pengelly himself left this piece of advice to the student:-- - -"Be careful in scientific inquiries that you get a sufficient number -of perfectly trustworthy facts; that you interpret them with the aid -of a rigorous logic; that on suitable occasions you have courage -enough to avow your convictions; and don't be impatient, or annoyed, -if your friends don't receive all your conclusions, or even if they -call you bad names." - -It must be remembered that Pengelly and Sir Charles Lyell were those -who startled English minds with the revelation of the enormous period -of time in which man had lived on the earth, and of the slow -progression of man through vast ages in the development of -civilization. How that he began with the rudest flint implements, and -progressed but very slowly to the perfection of these stone tools; how -that only in comparatively recent times did he discover the use of -metals and pottery; how of metals he first employed bronze, and not -till long after acquired the art of smelting iron and fashioning tools -and weapons of iron. All this startled the world, and men were very -unwilling to accept the doctrine propounded and to acknowledge the -facts on which this doctrine was based. - -The _Life of William Pengelly_ was written by his daughter Hester -Pengelly, and published by Murray, 1897. Reference has been made as -well to the obituary notice in the _Transactions of the Devonshire -Association_ for 1894. - - - - - SIR CHARLES WILLS, K.B. - - -Sir Charles Wills belonged to a very ancient and widely ramified family -in Cornwall. The first, however, of whom anything authentic is known was -Anthony Wills, of Saltash, who died in 1576. They were settled at -Landrake, at Morval, Botusfleming, Wyvelscombe, Exeter, and Gorran. - -Anthony Wills, of Gorran, youngest son of Digory Wills, of Botusfleming, -had a son, Anthony Wills, who was the father of the Right Hon. Sir -Charles Wills, K.B., general of His Majesty's forces, baptized at Gorran -23rd October, 1666. Sir Charles had two brothers, Richard, of Acombe, in -the county of York, and Anthony, of the Inner Temple, who died in -Ireland 1689. The arms of the family are, _arg_. three griffins passant, -in pale, _sa._, within a bordure engrailed of the last _besantee_. - -Sir Charles was a subaltern in 1693, when serving in the Low Countries -under William III. The King went to Holland at the end of March in that -year, and returned on the last day of October, when the armies went into -winter quarters. Wills was in the battle of Landen and at the siege of -Namur. On the 13th October, 1705, he was appointed colonel of the 30th -Regiment, and sailed with it to Spain. He acted as quartermaster-general -to the troops in that country, was present at Llenda, Almanza, and -Saragossa, and was made prisoner in 1711 with the army under General -Stanhope, but was released at the end of the war. - -[Illustration: _Lieutenant General Wills Commander of his Maj.^{ties} -Forces in the Action against the Rebells at Preston in Lancashire._] - -He had been appointed brigadier-general in 1707, major-general on 1st -January, 1709, and lieutenant-general 16th November, 1710. After the -peace of 1715, being in command of the troops in the Midland district, -he marched northwards to meet the rebels from Scotland, and he and -General Carpenter met them at Preston. Preston was a town both Jacobite -and Roman Catholic; and in it was the army of the Pretender, composed of -Scottish Highlanders and Lancashire gentry and their retainers. - -General Carpenter, who had been marching into Scotland, turned back -into Northumberland, and by forced marches had reached Durham, where -he combined with General Wills, who had been sent some time before -into the north to quell the many riots that preluded the insurrection. - -Wills concentrated six regiments of cavalry, for the most part newly -raised, but commanded by experienced officers, at Manchester, whence -he moved to Wigan. There it was arranged that Wills should march -straight upon Preston, while Carpenter, advancing in another -direction, should take the insurgents in flank. As the Hanoverians -approached, General Forster, who commanded the Jacobites, gave -satisfactory evidence that he was no soldier; he fell into a fright -and confusion, and betook himself to bed. But Lord Kenmure roused him, -and in a hurried council, where all the gentlemen had a voice, and -where those spoke loudest who knew least of war, a plan of defending -Preston was adopted. But the plan, at least as executed, consisted -merely in throwing up some barricades in the streets and in posting -some men in defence of them. Brigadier Mackintosh either knew not the -ground or his better judgment was overruled; for Preston offered many -advantages as a defensive position which were altogether neglected. In -front of the town was a bridge over the Ribble, that might have been -held by a handful of men, and from the bridge to the town, for a -distance of a mile, the road ran through a hollow between steep banks -for a mile. But river, bridge, and road were all left undefended. When -Wills rode up to the bridge and saw that it was unprotected he could -hardly believe his eyes; and then he concluded that the insurgents -must have abandoned Preston and begun their retreat into Scotland, so -that there would be no fighting that day. - -But as he came to the outskirts of the town, he heard a tumultuous -noise within, and saw the barricades that Forster had thrown up, and -was saluted by a shower of bullets. He ordered his dragoons to -dismount and attack two of the barricades. This service was gallantly -performed; but the regulars were sorely galled by a fire from the -houses as well as from the barricades. - -As night was falling Wills withdrew his men, after they had suffered -considerable loss. Early on the following morning General Carpenter -came up with a part of his cavalry; and then Forster, who had scarcely -lost a man, and whose force more than doubled that of the regular -troops, lost heart entirely, and without consulting his friends, sent -Colonel Oxburgh to propose a capitulation. - -General Wills, irritated at the loss he had sustained on the preceding -evening, seemed at first disposed to reject the proposition altogether; -but at last he agreed "that, if the rebels would lay down their arms and -surrender at discretion, he would protect them from being cut to pieces -by the soldiers, until further orders from the Government." - -When Oxburgh's mission was known in the town, and the result of it, -the more warlike portion of the insurgents were indignant and railed -against the coward Forster; and so incensed were they against him -that, according to an eye-witness, if he had ventured into the street, -he would infallibly have been torn to pieces. - -The brave Highlanders, seeing that nothing was to be expected from the -Lancastrian boors who had joined them, proposed rushing with sword in -hand and cutting their way through the King's troops. But their -leaders thought this too hazardous a proceeding and counselled -surrender. They gave up Lord Derwentwater and Colonel Mackintosh as -hostages, and induced the clans to lay down their arms and submit. -Including English and Scotch, only seventeen men had been killed in -the defence of Preston. - -The Lancastrian peasants got away out of the town, but fourteen -hundred men were made prisoners by a thousand, or at the outside -twelve hundred English horse. Among those captured were Lords -Derwentwater, Widdrington, Nithsdale, Winton, Carnwark, Kenmure, -Nairn, and Charles Murray. There were others, members of ancient and -honourable families of the north, of Scotland, and of Lancashire. - -The invasion of England by the Jacobites had thus ended ingloriously. -The noblemen and gentlemen of rank and influence who were taken were -sent to London in charge of Brigadier Panter and a hundred men of -Lumley's Horse. - -On January 5th, 1716, Wills was appointed to the colonelcy of the 3rd -Regiment of the line, and on the death of Lord Cadogan was transferred -in August, 1726, to that of the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards. - -It was customary at all times for the King's company of the 1st -Guards to fly the Royal Standard, which was carried by that company on -all state occasions. It was of crimson silk throughout, with the -King's cypher and crown in the middle and the arms of the three -kingdoms quartered in the four corners. The staff of this standard was -also more ornamented than that of the other twenty-seven companies. -The lieutenant-colonel's colours were also of crimson silk throughout. -These colours were renewed every seven years. - -In 1723 the King went to Hanover, when a camp was formed in Hyde Park -under the command of Lieut.-Colonel Wills. He had been elected M.P. -for Totnes in 1714, and he represented that borough till 1741. In 1725 -he was made Knight of the Bath and Privy Councillor. - -In 1733, in consequence of the increase of smuggling carried on even -in London, Strickland, Secretary for War, addressed a letter in the -form of a warrant to the Governor of the Tower and to the officers in -command of the Guards, authorizing them to furnish detachments of men -to assist in securing contraband goods; and in consequence of the -increase of the duties to be performed by the men of the Foot Guards, -their establishment was raised in 1739 by ten men per company. - -In 1740, as the political horizon on the Continent was threatening, -Walpole had to choose between declaring war with Spain and resigning. He -disapproved of war, but rather than resign declared it. The people of -London were delighted and rang the bells in the steeples. "Ah!" said -Walpole; "they are ringing the bells now; they soon will be wringing -their hands." Camps, in anticipation of hostilities, were ordered to be -formed in various parts of England. In March orders were conveyed to Sir -Charles Wills and others to direct their officers to provide themselves -with tents and everything needful for encamping, and those troops under -Sir Charles were to occupy Hounslow. He superintended the formation of -the camp where the whole of the Horse and Foot Guards were to assemble, -and previous to departing they paraded in Hyde Park, on June 15th, under -Sir Charles, who had a lieutenant-general and a major-general on the -staff with him. Thence he proceeded to the encampment on the Heath -marked out for the purpose. - -The twenty-four companies of the 1st Guards under the command of -Colonel Richard Ingoldsby, second major of the regiment, remained -encamped on Hounslow from June 16th for several months--in fact, till -the middle of October. - -Sir Charles Wills was now filling the post of General Commander of the -King's forces, but had been failing in health and strength, and soon -became quite unable to take any active work; and he died on December -25th, Christmas Day, 1741, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. - -He had never been married. He had purchased land at Claxton, and this -and all he had he bequeathed to Field-Marshal Sir Robert Rich, Bart., -of Roxhill, in Suffolk, Governor of Chelsea Hospital. - - - - - LIEUTENANT GOLDSMITH AND THE - LOGAN ROCK - - -In the parish of S. Levan is a promontory running out into the sea, -once cut off by embankments on the land side, and converted into a -cliff castle, that bears the name of Trereen-Dinas. The headland -presents a succession of natural piles of granite tors, the first of -which, rising perpendicularly, is crowned by the far-famed Logan Rock, -a mass weighing about ninety tons, and so exactly poised upon one -point that any one, by applying his shoulder to it, could make the -whole mass rock sensibly. Not only so, but in a high wind it could be -seen rolling on its pivot. - -Doctor Borlase, in his _Antiquities of Cornwall_, 1754, says: "In the -parish of S. Levan, Cornwall, there is a promontory called Castle -Treryn. This cape consists of three distinct groupes of rocks. On the -western side of the middle groupe, near the top, lies a very large -stone, so evenly poised, that any hand may move it to and fro; but the -extremities of its base are at such a distance from each other, and so -well secured by their nearness to the stone which it stretches itself -upon, that it is morally impossible that any lever, or indeed force -(however applied in a mechanical way), can remove it from its present -situation." - -This overbold statement, added to the persistence of the people of the -neighbourhood, that no man could throw the Logan Rock from its -balance, stirred up a silly young lieutenant, Hugh Colvill Goldsmith, -of H.M.S. cutter _Nimble_, on the preventive service, lying off the -Land's End on the look-out for smugglers, to attempt to do what the -popular voice declared to be impossible. Lieut. Goldsmith was a nephew -of the famous Oliver Goldsmith, and had consequently some flighty -Irish blood in his veins. - -[Illustration: A VIEW OF THE CELEBRATED LOGAN ROCK, NEAR LAND'S END IN -CORNWALL - -_Taken after the Rock was displaced on the 8th of April_, 1824] - -"On April 8, 1824," says the _Gentleman's Magazine_, "a party of -sailors belonging to H.M. cutter _Nimble_, commanded by Lieut. -Goldsmith, came on shore for the purpose of removing from its -situation that great curiosity the Logging (rocking) Stone; and which -object they were unfortunately enabled to accomplish. This mass of -granite, which is nearly 100 tons weight, was one of the three objects -that excited the curiosity of every visitor to the west part of -Cornwall. It stood on the summit of a mass of rocks at the Land's End, -and was so poised on a natural pivot, that the force which a man could -exert was sufficient to cause it to vibrate. In this situation it -remained from a period anterior to our authentic records, as it is -noticed by our earliest writers, until the _barbarian_ above -mentioned, in sheer wantonness, removed it from its place. This act of -vandalism has excited the greatest indignation at Penzance, as it will -in every part of Cornwall, and throughout the kingdom. It appears that -Lieut. Goldsmith landed at the head of fourteen of his men, and with -the assistance of handspikes and a handscrew, called by the sailors -jack-in-the-box, with much labour and perseverance threw over the -stone. What renders the act most atrocious is, that two poor families, -who derived a subsistence from attending visitors to the stone, are -now deprived of the means of support." - -It was found that the handspikes and jack were of no avail. Accordingly -Goldsmith made his fourteen men put their shoulders to the stone and -bring it into such violent oscillation that at last it toppled over. - -The Logan Stone, thus displaced, would have rolled down from the tor -on which it had rested and have shot into the sea, had it not happily -been arrested by a cleft in the rock. - -The indignation of the people was great, so that the life of Lieut. -Goldsmith was threatened by the sturdy fishermen, should he land. But -the desire to land was taken from him, for the whole county was -roused, and a gathering of the magistrates was summoned to consider -what could be done, and to memorialize the Admiralty against the -perpetrator of this wanton act of mischief. - -Happily Mr. Davies Gilbert was at the time in London, and he at once -proceeded to the Admiralty and complained of the vandalism perpetrated, -and requested that the lieutenant should be ordered to replace the block -as found, and that the proper apparatus, capstan, blocks, chains, etc., -should be furnished by the dockyard at Devonport. - -This was undertaken, and orders were despatched to Lieut. Goldsmith -that he must either restore the Logan Rock to its old position, at his -own cost, or forfeit his commission. As the expense would be wholly -beyond his means, Mr. Davies Gilbert very liberally subscribed L150 -for the purpose. - -A writer, Lieut. L. Edye, in the _Western Antiquary_ for 1887, says: -"In his trouble he appealed to my grandfather (Mr. William Edye) for -advice and assistance, stating that the Admiralty had called upon him -either to replace the stone or forfeit his commission. My grandfather, -ever ready to render assistance to any one in trouble, readily -assisted, and having travelled into Cornwall (as a friend) and seen -the damage done, applied to the Admiralty for the loan of plant and -men. Their Lordships complied with the request, but stipulated that -the cost must be entirely defrayed by Lieut. Goldsmith." - -We will now see what Goldsmith had to say for himself. The following -is an extract from a letter written by him to his mother, dated April -24th, 1824:-- - -"The facts in question, my dear mother, are these: On the 8th of this -month we were off the Land's End, near the spot where the Rock stood. -Our boats were creeping along shore beneath it for some goods which, we -suspected, might be sunk in the sands near it. I took the opportunity of -landing to look at the Logan Rock with my mate; and hearing that it was -not in the power of men to remove it, I took it into my head to try my -skill, and, at this time (half-past four o'clock p.m.), the boats having -finished what they had to do, and it blowing too fresh for them to creep -any longer, I took them and their crew with me, and, having landed at -the foot of the rocks, we all scrambled up the precipice. We had with -us, at first, three handspikes, with which we tried to move the Rock, -but could not do it." By move the rock he really means--displace it. A -child could move it on its pivot. "The handspikes were then laid aside, -and the nine men who were with me took hold of the Rock by the edge, and -with great difficulty set it in a rocking motion, which became so great, -that I was fearful of bidding them try to stop it lest it should fall -back upon us, and away it went unfortunately, clean over upon its side, -where it now rests. There was not an instrument of any kind or -description near the Rock when thrown over, except one handspike, and -that I held in my hand, but which was of no use in upsetting the Rock; -and this is the truth, and nothing but the truth, as I hope for -salvation. - -"For my part, I had no intention, or the most distant thought, of -doing mischief, even had I thrown the Rock into the sea. I was -innocently, as my God knows, employed, as far as any bad design about -me. I knew not that the Rock was so idolized in this neighbourhood, -and you may imagine my astonishment when I found all Penzance in an -uproar. I was to be transported at least; the newspapers have traduced -me, and made me worse than a murderer, and the base falsehoods in them -are more than wicked. But here I am, my dear mother, still holding up -my head, boldly conscious of having only committed an act of -inadvertency. Be not uneasy--my character is yet safe; and you have -nothing on that score to make you uneasy. I have many friends in -Penzance: among them the persons most interested in the Rock, and many -who were most violent now see the thing in its true light. I intend -putting the bauble in its place again, and hope to get as much credit -as I have anger for throwing it down."[1] - -[Illustration: A VIEW OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF CASTLE TRERYN, SHEWING -THE MACHINERY ERECTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF REPLACING THE LOGAN ROCK] - -The letter is disingenuous, and is the composition of a man impudent -and conceited. He knew the estimation in which the Logan Rock was -held, and it was because Borlase had pronounced it impossible of -displacement that he resolved to displace it. He pretends that he -tried to "move" it, whereas from the context it is clear that he -intended to throw it down, and for this purpose had brought the -handspikes. He boasts vaingloriously of his intention of replacing it -and gaining glory thereby, and never says a word about his having -been given by the Admiralty the alternative of doing that or losing -his commission. Nor does he mention the generous help he received from -Mr. Gilbert and his kinsman Mr. Edye. - -On November 2nd, in the presence of vast crowds, ladies waving their -handkerchiefs, and men firing _feux de joie_, the block was raised, Mr. -Goldsmith, his natural conceit overcoming his sense of vexation, -superintending the operation. But, although replaced, it was no longer -so perfectly balanced as before. As one wrote who was present at the -time, "it rocked differently, though well enough to satisfy the people." - -An account of the feat, written in the true style of the penny-a-liner, -appeared in the _Royal Cornwall Gazette_ of the 6th November:-- - -"The Logan Rock is in its place, and _logs_ again. Lieut. Goldsmith -has nobly repaired the error of a moment by a long trial of skill and -energy and courage. I say courage, for it was a work of great peril; -and wherever danger was, there he was always foremost--under the -weight of the mass of machinery, and on the edge of the precipice.... -I shall content myself with barely observing, as a proof of the skill -of applying the complicated machinery employed, that many engineers -had their doubts whether it could be so applied, and even when -erected, they doubted whether it would be efficient. - -"The moment, therefore (on Friday last), when the men took their -stations at the capstans was an anxious one, and when, after twenty -minutes' toil, Lieut. Goldsmith announced from the stage, 'It moves, -thank God!' a shout of applause burst from all who beheld it. -Endeavour to conceive a group of rocks of the most grand and romantic -appearance, forming an amphitheatre, with multitudes seated on the -irregular masses, or clinging to its precipices: conceive a huge -platform carried across an abyss from rock to rock, and upon it three -capstans manned by British seamen. Imagine the lofty masts which are -seen rearing their heads, from which ropes are connected with chains -in many a fold and of massive strength. A flag waves over all: the -huge stone is in the midst. Every eye is directed to the monstrous -bulk. Will it break its chains? Will it fall and spread ruin? Or will -it defy the power that attempts to stir it? Will all the skill and -energy, and strength and hardihood, have been exerted in vain? We -shall soon know: expectation sits breathless; and at last it moves. - -"All's well. Such was the first half-hour. In two hours it was -suspended in the air, and vibrated; but art was triumphant, and held -the huge leviathan fast. - -"I will not detail the labour of two successive days; but come to the -last moment. At twenty minutes past four on Tuesday afternoon a signal -was given that the rock was in its place and that it logged again. -This was announced by a spectator. But where was Lieut. Goldsmith? Why -does not he announce it? He has called his men around him: his own and -their hats are off: he is addressing them first, and calling upon them -to return thanks to God, through whose aid alone the work had been -done--a work of great peril and hazard--and by His blessing without -loss of life or limb. - -"After this appropriate and solemn act, he called upon them to join in -the British sailors' testimony of joy, three cheers; and then turned -with all his gallant men to receive the re-echoing cheers of the -assembled multitude. That Lieut. Goldsmith, whose character--like the -rock--is replaced on a firm basis, may have an opportunity of -exerting his great talents and brave spirit in the service of his -profession, is the sincere wish of all this neighbourhood." - -Lieut. L. Edye, in his communication to the _Western Antiquary_ above -quoted, says: "The result of this foolhardy act was that Lieut. -Goldsmith was pecuniarily ruined, whilst the natives of the locality -reaped a rich harvest by pointing out the fallen stone to visitors." - -The Cornish are a forgiving people, and it was actually proposed after -the re-erection of the stone to give to Lieut. Goldsmith a dinner and -a silver cup. - -Lieut. Hugh Colvill Goldsmith had been born at St. Andrew's, New -Brunswick, 2nd April, 1789, so that he was aged thirty-five when he -performed this prank. He died at sea off S. Thomas, in the West -Indies, 8th October, 1841, without having obtained advancement. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[1] The letter is given in _Household Words_, 1852, p. 234. - - - - - HUGH PETERS, THE REGICIDE - - -The life and character of this man present unusual difficulties. On -one side he was unduly lauded, he was represented, especially by -himself, as a paragon of all virtues; on the other he was decried with -virulence, his past life raked over, and every scandal brought to the -surface and exposed to public view, and we cannot be at all sure that -all these scandals laid to his charge were true. - -We do not know much about his origin, and why he was named Peters; he -was the son of a Thomas Dickwood, _alias_ Peters, and Martha, daughter -of John Treffry of Treffry. This Dickwood, _alias_ Peters, is said to -have been a merchant of Fowey, descended from Dutch ancestors who had -escaped from Antwerp for their adherence to the Reformed religion; and -Hugh Peters was born in 1599. But Dickwood is not a Flemish or Dutch -name. Henry Peters, M.P. for Fowey, who died in 1619, married Deborah, -daughter of John Treffry of Place, in 1610, and had one son, Thomas, -who was thrown into prison by Cromwell for his loyalty to King -Charles. Neither Hugh Peters nor his father with the _alias_ appears -in the well-authenticated pedigree of the family of Peters of Harlyn. -It may be suspected that the father of Hugh Peters was a bastard of -one of the Peters family. - -Be that as it may, Hugh Peters was sent to Trinity College, -Cambridge, at the age of fourteen--his elder brother at the time was a -student at Oxford--and he took his degree of B.A. in 1616. For a time -he led a rather wild life and joined a party of comedians. Dr. William -Yonge says that "he joined a common society of players: when, after -venting his frothy inventions, he had a greater call to a higher -promotion, namely, to be a jester, or rather a fool, in Shakespeare's -Company of Players." Shakespeare died in 1616, so this must have been -his company continuing to bear his name. He, however, became converted -by a sermon he heard at S. Faith's, and "deserted his companions and -employments, and returning to his chamber near Fleet Conduit, -continued between hope and despair a year or more." - -[Illustration: HUGH PETERS - -_From an old engraving_] - -He was ordained deacon 23rd December, 1621, and priest 8th June, 1623, -by Mountain, Bishop of London, and took his M.A. degree in 1622. He -was licensed to preach at S. Sepulchre's. He says of himself:-- - -"To Sepulchre's I was brought by a very strange providence; for -preaching before at another place, and a young man receiving some good, -would not be satisfied, but I must preach at Sepulchre's, once monthly, -for the good of his friends, in which he got his end (if I might not -show vanity), and he allowed thirty pounds per _ann._ to that lecture, -but his person unknown to me. He was a chandler, and died a good man, -and Member of Parliament. At this lecture the resort grew so great, that -it contracted envy and anger; though I believe above a hundred every -week were persuaded from sin to Christ; there were six or seven thousand -hearers, and the circumstances fit for such good work." - -How six or seven thousand persons could be got into St. Sepulchre's -Church passes one's comprehension. According to his own account, he -got into trouble through Nonconformity. Ludlow, in his _Memoirs_, says -that Peters "had been a minister in England for many years, till he -was forced to leave his native country by the persecution set on foot, -in the time of Archbishop Laud, against all those who refused to -comply with the innovations and superstitions which were then -introduced into the public worship." - -There is, however, another and less creditable explanation. He is said -to have become entangled in an intrigue with a butcher's wife. But how -far this is true, and whether it be malicious scandal, we have no -means of judging. - -He had, however, married the widow of Edmund Read, of Wickford, Essex, -and mother of Colonel Thomas Read, afterwards Governor of Stirling, -and a partisan of Monk at the Restoration. Mrs. Edmund Read also had a -daughter, Elizabeth, who in 1635 married the younger Winthrop, -Governor of Connecticut. - -From London Peters went to Rotterdam, where, if Yonge may be trusted, -he paid such court to and attempted such familiarities with a Mrs. -Franklyn, that she complained to her husband, whereupon Mr. Franklyn -"entertains Peters with crab-tree sauce." - -At Rotterdam he became preacher in the English chapel. What had become -of his wife, whether she remained in England or accompanied him to -Holland, we are not informed. - -It will be well here to say a few words on the condition of religion -in England at the time. - -The plan of Henry VIII had been to make the Church of England -independent of the Pope, but to remain Catholic. At his death the -Protector and the Duke of Northumberland, after the fall of Somerset, -had encouraged the ultra-Protestants. The churches had been plundered, -chantries and colleges robbed, the Mass interdicted, and the wildest -fanaticism encouraged. As Froude says: "Three-quarters of the English -people were Catholics; that is, they were attached to the hereditary -and traditionary doctrines of the Church. They detested, as cordially -as the Protestants, the interference of a foreign power, whether -secular or spiritual, with English liberty." - -A more disgraceful page of history has never been written than that -regarding the two protectorates during the minority of Edward VI. The -currency was debased, peculation was rife. "Amidst the wreck of -ancient institutions," says Froude, "the misery of the people, and the -moral and social anarchy by which the nation was disintegrated, -thoughtful persons in England could not fail to be asking themselves -what they had gained by the Reformation. - -"The movement commenced by Henry VIII, judged by its present results, -had brought the country at last into the hands of mere adventurers. -The people had exchanged a superstition which, in its grossest abuses, -prescribed some shadow of respect for obedience, for a superstition -which merged obedience in speculative belief; and under that baneful -influence, not only the higher virtues of self-sacrifice, but the -commonest duties of probity and morality, were disappearing. Private -life was infected with impurity to which the licentiousness of the -Catholic clergy appeared like innocence. The Government was corrupt, -the courts of law were venal. The trading classes cared only to grow -rich. The multitude were mutineers from oppression.... The better -order of commonplace men, who had a conscience, but no special depth -of insight--who had small sense of spiritual things, but a strong -perception of human rascality--looked on in a stern and growing -indignation, and, judging the tree by its fruits, waited their -opportunity for action." - -When Mary came to the throne there was an immense outburst of -enthusiasm, the time of the Protestant protectorates was looked back -on as a bad dream. In spite of the fact that England was under an -interdict, the Mass was restored, and no rector or vicar cared a straw -for the Papal bull, nor indeed did Mary, who heard Mass in the chapel -of the Tower, and afterwards in S. Paul's. - -If Mary had only accepted the advice tendered to her by Charles V, she -would have reigned as a popular monarch, and have settled the -condition of the Church of England on lines that commended themselves -to nobles, commons, and clergy alike, Catholic but not Papal. But she -had looked too long to the see of Peter as her support, and she -managed completely to alienate the affections of her people. The fires -of Smithfield brought the fanatics who had been discredited in the -former reign into favour once more; and when Elizabeth came to the -throne, and had been deposed by Pope Pius V, and her subjects released -from allegiance to her, and plots formed for her assassination, under -favour of the Pope, the religious sentiment in England was cleft as -with a hatchet--some who loved the religion of their fathers were -constrained against their will and consciences to become Papists, and -others became wild and reckless fanatics in a Puritan direction. -Between these two parties sat the vast bulk of the English people, -looking this way, that way, and deeming all religion foolishness, and -self-interest the only thing to be sought after. All the foundations -of the religious world were out of course. The _via media_ is all very -well in theory and when well trodden, but when it is experimental, -and one road to the right leads to Rome and that to the left to -Geneva, the _via media_ may be taken to lead nowhere, and those who -tread it have to do so uncertainly. A session between two stools is -precarious, and the Church of England had been forced by the folly of -Mary to adopt this position. The consequence was that in the reigns of -Elizabeth and James and Charles I there was no enthusiasm in the -clergy of the Church. The bishops were grasping, self-seeking -worldlings. Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, was the best -among an ignoble crew. When he died, says Froude, "he left behind him -enormous wealth, which had been accumulated, as is proved from a -statement in the handwriting of his successor, by the same -unscrupulous practices which had brought about the first revolt -against the Church. No Catholic prelate in the old easy times had so -flagrantly abused the dispensation system. Every year he made profits -by admitting children to the cure of souls, for money. He used a -graduated scale in which the price for inducting an infant into a -benefice varied with the age, children under fourteen not being -inadmissible, if the adequate fees were forthcoming."[2] - -The great majority of the nobility and gentry of England clung to the -doctrine and ceremonies of the ancient Church, and yet were united in -determination to oppose the Papal claims. Benefices in their -presentation were held by priests who said the Communion Service, -which was but the Mass in English, with the ancient vestments and -ritual; and others, next door, were held by men who could hardly be -compelled to wear even the surplice, and who celebrated the Eucharist -but once in the year. - -The Church was a hodgepodge of conflicting doctrines and ceremonial. -As Froude says:-- - -"So long as a single turn of the wheel, a violent revolution, or the -Queen's death, might place a Catholic (Papist) on the throne, the -Established Church held a merely conditional existence. It had no root -in the nation, for every earnest man who was not a Puritan was a -Catholic; and its officers, for the most part, regarded their tenures -as an opportunity for enriching themselves, which would probably be -short, and should in prudence be made use of while it remained. -Benefices were appropriated to laymen, sold, or accumulated upon -favourites. Churches in many places were left unserved, and cobblers -and tailors were voted by the congregations into the pulpits. 'The -bishops,' said Cecil, 'had no credit either for learning, good living, -or hospitality.' The Archbishop of York had scandalized his province -by being found in bed with the wife of an innkeeper at Doncaster. -Other prelates had bestowed ordination 'on men of lewd life and -corrupt behaviour.' The Bishop of Lichfield had made seventy 'lewd and -unlearned ministers, for money,' in one day."[3] - -Bishop Barlow, of S. David's, had torn the lead roof off his palace -and the castle at Lawhadden to provide dowers for his daughters, and -would have unroofed his cathedral had he not been prevented by -Elizabeth, because in it was the monument of Edmund, Earl of Richmond, -the father of Henry VII. When translated to Bath and Wells he -destroyed the lady chapel, the finest Perpendicular building in the -West of England, surpassing even Sherborne and Bath, and sold -it--lead, roof, stones, and all. Some of the clergy were mere -temporizers, without convictions, taking their colour from their -patrons, and ready to believe or pretend to believe this or that, as -suited their pockets. The majority were indifferent--ignorant--not -knowing where they stood. Many had thrust their way into Holy Orders -for the sake of the loaves and fishes that might be obtained in the -Established Church, with no work to do, without education, without -zeal, without convictions, and consequently totally without the least -enthusiasm, without any fixed principles. - -Laud and the Star Chamber sought to produce conformity by cutting off -ears and slitting noses. But what Laud failed to see was that the only -men in religious England who knew their minds, who had any fixed -principles in religion, were the Papists and the Puritans. What they -should have done, but what probably they could not do, was to inspire -the clergy of the Church with zeal and enthusiasm. But the clergy -could not catch the fire from off the altar; they had entered Orders -for the sake of a rectory, a glebe and tithe, and cared for nothing -else. If one half--nay, one quarter--of the charges brought against -them by the Tryers be true, they were a most unworthy set. In -Elizabeth's reign there had been a difficulty in filling the -benefices, and any Jack and Tom who could gratify the bishop and could -read was ordained and appointed to a benefice. And these were the men -to maintain the doctrine of the Universal Church and Apostolic -tradition against fiery enthusiasts on one side who took their own -reading of Scripture for divine inspiration, and on the other against -the Papists who set their back against the Rock of Peter. - -With churches picked bare, with sermons without fire, services -performed without dignity, often with indecorum, without religious -instruction from teachers who did not know what to teach, it is no -wonder that the people turned away to hot-gospellers and tub-thumpers -who, if they could not kindle in them love and charity, could set them -on fire with self-righteousness and religious animosities. - -At Rotterdam Peters threw over creed and liturgy of the Church of -England, and leaving the English chapel, became co-pastor with Dr. -William Ames of an Independent meeting-house at Rotterdam, and Ames -died there in his arms. In Holland Peters made the acquaintance of -John Forbes, Professor of Divinity in the University of Aberdeen, a -great Hebraist. In a pamphlet published by Peters in 1646 he says: "I -lived about six years near that famous Scotsman, Mr. John Forbes, with -whom I travelled into Germany, and enjoyed his society in much love -and sweetness constantly; from whom I received nothing but -encouragement, though we differed in the way of our 'churches.'" - -After Peters had spent six years in the United Provinces, he suddenly -threw up his pastoral charge and departed for New England, with five -hundred pounds in his pocket, which his friends furnished, and a young -waiting-maid, Mary Morell, whom he shortly after married to one Peter -Folger. - -"In this year (1635)," says one account, "came over that famous -servant of Christ, Mr. Hugh Peters. He was called to office by the -Church of Christ at Salem, their former pastor, the Rev. Mr. -Higginson, having ended his labours resting in the Lord." - -Salem had been planted but a few years before, the first colonists in -Massachusetts having settled there in 1628. Here he remained for over -seven years, combining his duties as a minister of religion and -trading, so that he was spoken of as "the father of our commerce and -the founder of our trade." - -He was also a militant Christian, and was present in the fighting -against the Pequot Indians. Concerning the prisoners taken, Hugh -Peters wrote:-- - - "SIR,--Mr. Endicott and myself salute you in the Lord Jesus, etc. - [_sic_]. We have heard of a divisioning of women and children in the - Bay, and would be glad of a share, viz. a young woman or girl, and a - boy if you think good. I wrote to you for some boys to Bermuda. - - "HUGH PETERS." - -These prisoners were used as slaves, and sold just as were the negroes -later. Peters, we are informed, was not friendly to the notion of -converting the Indians to Christianity. He would entertain compunction -about enslaving them should they embrace the gospel. However, money -was sent over from England for this purpose, and--at the suggestion of -Peters. In the _Colonial State Papers_ (Saintsbury, America and West -Indies, 1661-8, p. 86), is this passage: "Through the motion of Hugh -Peters, England contributed nine hundred pounds per annum to -Christianize the Indians of New England; which money found its way -into private men's purses, and was a cheat of Hugh Peters." - -In New England Peters married a second wife, in 1639, another widow, -by name Deliverance Sheffield. - -In 1641 he left for England, deputed by the colony to act as ambassador -at the Court of Charles I, to endeavour to procure some mitigation of -the excise and customs duties, which weighed heavily on the colonists. - -But on reaching England he found that the Crown and the Parliament -were at variance, and he did not care to return to America and to his -wife whom he had left there, but elected to be the stormy petrel of -the rebellion, flying over the land, and, as Ludlow says, advising the -people everywhere to take arms in the cause of the Parliament. - -He was appointed chaplain to a brigade of troops sent into Ireland -against the rebels, and he had no hesitation in wielding the sword as -well as the tongue, the latter to animate the soldiers, the former to -extirpate the Baal-worshippers. - -Then he hastened to Holland, where he collected thirty thousand pounds -for the relief of the Protestants of Ireland,[4] who had been -plundered and burnt out of their homes by the rebels. - -When Peters had effected his various purposes in Ireland, he returned -to England, and made his report of the condition of affairs there to -Sir Thomas Fairfax and Cromwell. - -In 1643 he was appointed, or thrust himself forward, to minister to -Chaloner on the scaffold, as that man had been condemned to death for -participation in Waller's plot. So again in 1644 he was on the -scaffold haranguing and praying for and at Sir John Hotham, who -probably would have preferred to die in quiet. - -Peters was now engaged as chaplain to the Parliamentary forces, and -especially as a conveyer of despatches, for all which he received -liberal payment. He was with the Earl of Warwick at the taking of -Lyme, and was despatched by that nobleman to London to give an account -of the affair in Parliament. On another occasion he was entrusted with -letters from Sir Thomas Fairfax relating to the capture of Bridgwater, -on which occasion he was voted a sum of L100. In the same year, 1645, -he was commissioned by Sir Thomas to report the taking of Bristol. In -March of that year Hugh Peters was with the army in Cornwall, and -harangued at Bodmin against the Crown and the Church, and exhorted all -good men and true to adhere to the cause of the Parliament. - -Peters had uniformly, since he had been in the Low Countries, postured -as an Independent hot and strong. Hitherto the Presbyterians had the -prevailing party in Parliament, and among the discontents in the -country, but now the Independents began to assert themselves and assume -predominance. Their numbers were greatly increased by the return of the -more fiery spirits who had, like Peters, abandoned England during the -supremacy of Laud. Many of these, coming back from New England, had -carried the doctrines of Puritanism to the very verge of extravagance, -and not the least fiery and extravagant of these was Hugh Peters. These -men rejected all ecclesiastical establishments, would admit of no -spiritual authority in one man above another, and allowed of no -interposition of the magistrate in religious matters. Each congregation, -voluntarily united, was an integral and independent church, to exercise -its own jurisdiction. The political system of the Independents was one -of pure republicanism. They aspired to a total abolition of monarchy, -even of the aristocracy, and projected a commonwealth in which all men -should be equal. Sir Harry Vane, Oliver Cromwell, Nathaniel Fiennes, and -Oliver St. John, the Solicitor-General, were regarded as their leaders, -and Hugh Peters as their prophet. - -Peters brought the news to Parliament of the capture of Winchester -Castle, for which service he was paid L50. When Dartmouth was taken, -he hastened thence to London, laden with crucifixes, vestments, -papers, and sundry church ornaments, of which he had despoiled the -beautiful church of S. Saviour's; and received in recompense from the -Parliament an estate of which the House had deprived Lord Craven. - -When the city of Worcester was besieged in the year 1646 by the -Parliamentary forces, the governor consented to surrender on condition -that passes were given to the soldiers and to the principal -inhabitants. Peters negotiated the surrender. - -A Mr. Habingdon, who wrote an account of the siege at the time, and -who died in the ensuing year, relates that on the 23rd July, 1646, -many gentlemen went to six o'clock prayers at the cathedral to take -the last sad farewell of the church services, the organs having been -removed three days before, and that at ten o'clock in the morning the -several regiments marched forth, and all the gentlemen with the -baggage; and that at one o'clock Peters brought them their passes, and -importuned every one individually to pass his word not again to bear -arms against the Parliament. - -Hugh Peters was now such a favourite with the Parliament that they -made an order for L100 a year to himself and his heirs for ever; later -an additional L200 per annum was voted to him, and all this in -addition to his pay as preacher, and to sundry grants as bearer of -news from the army. He was also accorded Archbishop Laud's library. -Nevertheless, as he lamented in his _Legacy of a Dying Father_, he -found it impossible to keep out of debt. - -There is this in Peters' favour to be urged, that he opposed the -execution of Archbishop Laud, and urged that instead he should be sent -to New England. So he begged the life of Lord George Goring, Earl of -Norwich, and of the Marquis of Hamilton, and again of the Marquis of -Worcester. - -The Presbyterians were in force in the House of Commons, but the army -was composed mainly of Independents, worked up to enthusiasm by their -preachers. It had been six months in the field in the summer of 1648, -engaged against the Cavaliers and Scots. The soldiers were thoroughly -incensed against the King, and they had no respect for the -Presbyterians. Their officers resolved on assuming the sovereign power -in their own hands, and bringing the King to justice, and converting -the Government into a commonwealth. - -To accomplish this they presented a remonstrance to the Parliament by -six of their council on November 20th, demanding: (1) that the King be -brought to trial for high treason; (2) that a day be set for the -Prince of Wales and the Duke of York to surrender themselves, or to be -declared incapable of government, and that in future no king should be -admitted but by the free election of the people. - -The Commons were struck with dismay, and deferred debate on the -remonstrance for ten days. But the officers despatched Colonel Ewes to -the Isle of Wight with a party of horse to secure the King's person, -and to bring him to Windsor, in order to his trial. The officers then, -on November 30th, sent a declaration to the House to enforce their -late remonstrance, and requiring the majority in the House to exclude -from their councils such as would obstruct the King's trial. - -On December 2nd Fairfax arrived in London at the head of the army, and -the House of Commons found itself cornered by the armed force. -Nevertheless, they had the courage to vote that the seizure of the -King, and the conveying him a prisoner to Hurst Castle, had been done -without their advice and consent. - -The officers were resolved to carry their point. A regiment of horse and -another of foot were placed at the door of the Parliament House, and -Colonel Pride entered and took into custody about forty of the members -who were disposed to obstruct the cause the army sought to pursue, and -denied entrance to about a hundred more; others were ordered to leave; -and the number of those present was thus thinned down to a hundred and -fifty or two hundred, most of them officers of the army. - -The secluded members published a protestation against all these -proceedings as null and void till they were restored to their places; -but the Lords and Commons who remained in the House voted their -protestation false, scandalous, and seditious. - -The army, having vanquished all opposition, went on to change the -whole form of government; and to make way for it determined to impeach -the King of high treason, as having been the cause of all the blood -that had been spilt in the late war. - -There was commotion in the House and in town and the country. In the -House some declared that there was no need to bring the King to trial; -others said that there existed no law by which he could be tried; but -all this was overruled. - -Meanwhile Hugh Peters was not idle. In a sermon addressed to the -members of the two Houses a few days before the King's trial he said: -"My Lords, and you noble Gentlemen,--It is you we chiefly look for -justice from. Do you prefer the great Barabbas, Murderer, Tyrant, and -Traitor, before these poor hearts (pointing to the red coats) and the -army who are our saviour?" - -In another sermon before Cromwell and Bradshaw he said: "There is a -great discourse and talk in the world, What, will ye cut off the head -of a Protestant Prince? Turn to your Bibles, and ye shall find it -there, Whosoever sheds man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed. I -see neither King Charles, Prince Charles, Prince Rupert, nor Prince -Maurice, nor any of that rabble excepted out of it." - -Evelyn in his _Diary_, under date 17th January, 1648-9, says: "I heard -the rebel Peters invite the rebel powers met in the Painted Chamber to -destroy his Majesty." Bishop Burnet says: "That he (Peters) had been -outrageous in pressing the King's death with the cruelty and rudeness -of an inquisitor." - -Prynne, one of the secluded members, published "A brief memento to the -present unparliamentary junto, touching their present intentions and -proceedings to depose and execute Charles Stuart, their lawful King of -England." - -The officers now decided to gain the approval of the -ministers--Presbyterian--in London, or at least persuade them to -remain neutral. - -Hugh Peters was selected for the purpose, and he went among them, but -all his efforts were fruitless. They declared unanimously for the -release of the King. He then invited several of them, Calamy, -Whitaker, Sedgwick, etc., to a conference with some of the officers; -but instead of attending, the ministers assembled in Sion College and -drew up "A serious and faithful representation of the judgment of the -ministers of the Gospel within the province of London," dated 18th -January, 1648-9. In this they protested against the coercive measures -adopted toward the Parliament, and bade them beware of proceeding to -extremities. "Examine your consciences, if any number of persons of -different principles from yourselves had invaded the rights of -Parliament, imprisoned the King, and carried him about from place to -place, and attempted the dissolution of the whole government, whether -you would not have charged them with the highest crimes." - -This was subscribed by forty-seven ministers. - -A second paper, "A vindication of the London ministers from the unjust -aspersions ... as if they had promoted the bringing of the King to -capital punishment," appeared shortly after, signed by fifty-seven -ministers. - -Even the Independent preachers shrank from approving the proceedings of -the council of officers in the trial of the King, with the exception of -Hugh Peters and John Goodwin. Some of the Independent ministers in the -country joined the Presbyterians in protesting against them. - -But it was all in vain. The King was tried and sentenced to death, and -executed on 30th January, 1649. Rumour had it that the masked -executioner was none other than Peters himself. This he denied, -asserting that on the day of the King's death he was ill in bed. He -had certainly been about and preaching not many days before. - -Who the executioner was, was never discovered, and Peters was not -charged as such when tried for his life in 1660. - -In _Epulae Thyestae_, printed in 1649, Peters is accused of having been -the executioner of King Charles:-- - - There's Peters, the Denyer, (nay 'tis sad) - He that, disguised, cut off his Master's head; - That godly pigeon of Apostacy - Does buz about his Ante-Monarchy, - His scaffold Doctrines. - -But there was an element of kindness in Hugh Peters that induced him -to do gracious acts even to those whom he hated. Whitelocke assures us -that "at a conference between him (Peters) and the King, the King -desired one of his own chaplains might be permitted to come to him" on -the occasion of his execution; he had refused the ministrations of the -Presbyterian divines, "and thereupon the Bishop of London was ordered -to go to his Majesty." - -On a former occasion a message from the Queen was allowed to be -transmitted to the King through the instrumentality of Peters. - -In his letter to his daughter Peters says: "I had access to the -King--he used me civilly, I, in requital, offered my poor thoughts -three times for his safety." It was an impertinence in the man to -approach the King, when he had stirred up the army to demand his -death, and had raced about London endeavouring to get the approval of -the sentence from the ministers. Although we cannot believe that Hugh -Peters was the executioner of Charles, yet he cannot be acquitted of -being a regicide, on the same principle as the trumpeter in the fable -was condemned to be hanged. His plea that he had not drawn a sword in -the battle was not held to justify him--he had sounded the charge and -summoned to the battle. - -Peters was one of the Triers appointed by Cromwell to test the -parochial clergy, and to eject from their livings such as did not -approve themselves to their judgment as fitting pastors to the flock -either by their morals or theological opinions. - -Every parishioner who bore a grudge against his pastor was invited to -lay his grievances before the Grand Committee. Lord Clarendon says: -"Petitions presented by many parishioners against their pastors, with -articles of their misdemeanours and behaviours ... were read with -great delight and promptly referred to the Committee about Religion." -The matter of these accusations was for the most part, as Clarendon -informs us, "bowing at the name of Jesus, and obliging the -communicants to the altar, i.e. to the rails which enclosed the -Communion table, to receive the sacrament." What the Puritans desired -was that the minister should walk about the church distributing to the -people in the pews. The observance of all holy days except Sundays had -already been forbidden. A priest who said service on Christmas Day or -Good Friday was certain of deprivation. But the great question put to -each rector or vicar was, "whether he had any experience of a work of -grace" in his heart, and the answer to this determined whether he -should be allowed to hold his cure or be thrust out, apart from all -question of moral fitness. That there were a host of lukewarm, -indifferent men in the ministry, caring little for religion and -knowing little, without fixed convictions, cannot be wondered at, -after the swaying of the pendulum of belief during the last reigns, -and these would be precisely the men who would be able volubly to -assert their experience of divine grace, and abandon doctrines they -never sincerely held and ceremonies about which they cared nothing. -There were vicars of Bray everywhere. - -Butler hits off the work of the Triers in _Hudibras_:-- - - Whose business is, by cunning sight, - To cast a figure for men's light; - To find in lines of Beard and Face - The Physiognomy of Grace; - And by the Sound and Twang of Nose, - If all the sound within disclose; - Free from a crack or flaw of sinning, - As men try pipkins by the ringing. - -Peters was next appointed a commissioner for the amending of the laws, -though he had no knowledge of law. He said himself, in his _Legacy_: -"When I was a trier of others, I went to hear and gain experience, -rather than to judge; when I was called to mend laws, I rather was there -to pray than to mend laws." Whitelocke says: "I was often advised with -by some of this committee, and none of them was more active in this -business than Mr. Hugh Peters, the minister, who understood little of -the law, but was very opinionative, and would frequently mention some -proceedings of law in Holland, wherein he was altogether mistaken." - -Peters was chaplain to the Protector, and certainly in one way or -another made a good deal of money. Dr. Barwick in his Life says:[5] -"The wild prophecies uttered by his (Hugh Peters') impure mouth were -still received by the people with the same veneration as if they had -been oracles; though he was known to be infamous for more than one -kind of wickedness. A fact which Milton himself did not dare to deny -when he purposely wrote his Apology, for this very end, to defend even -by name, as far as possible, the very blackest of the conspirators, -and Hugh Peters among the chief of them, who were by name accused of -manifest impieties by their adversaries." Bishop Burnet says as well: -"He was a very vicious man." - -Peters by his wife--his second wife, Deliverance, the widow of a Mr. -Sheffield--became the father of the Elizabeth Peters to whom he -addressed his _Dying Father's Last Legacy_. - -The Dutch having been disconcerted by the defeats of their fleets by -Admiral Blake, and the messengers they had sent to England having -failed to satisfy Cromwell, in the beginning of the year 1653 they -commissioned Colonel Doleman and others to learn the sentiments of the -leading men in Parliament, and to gain over to the cause of peace Hugh -Peters, as Cromwell's influential chaplain. Peters had always -entertained a tenderness for the Dutch, and he interceded on their -behalf, and the Dutch gave him L300,000 wherewith to bribe and -purchase the amity of Parliament and the Protector. That a good share -of this gold adhered to Peters' fingers we may be pretty confident; -and indeed it was intended that it should do so. The attempt, however, -did not succeed, and when the negotiations were broken off, the Dutch -fitted out another fleet under Van Tromp, De Witt, and De Ruyter, and -appointed four other deputies to go upon another embassy to England. -These men arrived on July 2nd, 1658, and "all joined in one petition -for a common audience, praying thrice humbly that they should have a -favourable answer, and beseeching the God of Peace to co-operate."[6] - -These ambassadors, like the foregoing, sought out Peters and engaged his -services. After several interviews, peace was at last concluded 2nd May, -1654. In the _Justification of the War_, by Stubbe, is an engraving that -represents the four deputies presenting their humble petition to Peters. - -In 1655 feeling in England was greatly stirred by the account that -reached the country of the persecution of the Waldenses in the valleys -of Piedmont. Cromwell at once ordered a collection for the sufferers -to be made throughout the kingdom, and it amounted to upwards of -L38,000. In this Peters took an active part. Ludlow says: "He was a -diligent and earnest solicitor for the distressed Protestants of the -valleys of Piedmont." - -Soon after the affair of the persecuted Waldenses was concluded the -Protector formed an alliance, offensive and defensive, with the -French, in which it was agreed that Dunkirk should be delivered up to -him. In consequence of this agreement six thousand men were sent over -to join the French army, and Peters received a commission to attend -them thither. The town of Dunkirk, in consequence of this league, was -taken from the Spaniards, and on the 26th of June, 1658, was delivered -to Colonel Lockart, Cromwell's ambassador at the French Court. - -Lockart wrote the following letter to Secretary Thurloe:-- - - - "DUNKIRK, _July_ 8-18_th_, 1658. - - "May it please your Lordship, - - "I could not suffer my worthy friend, Mr. Peters, to come away - from Dunkirk without a testimony of the great benefits we have all - received from him in this place, where he hath laid himself forth - in great charity and goodness in sermons, prayers, and - exhortations, in visiting and relieving the sick and wounded; and, - in all these, profitably applying the singular talent God hath - bestowed upon him to the chief ends, proper for an auditory. For - he hath not only showed the soldiers their duty to God, and - pressed it home upon them, I hope with good advantage, but hath - likewise acquainted them with their obligations of obedience to - his Highness's government and affection to his person. He hath - laboured amongst us here with such goodwill, and seems to enlarge - his heart towards us, and care of us for many other things, the - effects whereof I design to leave upon that Providence which has - brought us hither.... Mr. Peters hath taken leave at least three - or four times, but still something falls out which hinders his - return to England. He hath been twice at Bergh, and hath spoke - with the Cardinal (Mazarin) three or four times; I kept myself by, - and had a care that he did not importune him with too long - speeches. He returns, loaden with an account of all things here, - and hath undertaken every man's business. I must give him that - testimony, that he gave us three or four very honest sermons; and - if it were possible to get him to mind preaching, and to forbear - the troubling himself with other things, he would certainly prove - a very fit minister for soldiers. I hope he cometh well satisfied - from this place. He hath often insinuated to me his desire to stay - here, if he had a call. Some of the officers also have been with - me to that purpose; but I have shifted him so handsomely as, I - hope, he will not be displeased. For I have told him that the - greatest service he can do us is to go to England and carry on his - propositions, and to own us in all other interests, which he hath - undertaken with much zeal." - -This letter lets us see what were some of Peters' weaknesses. He was -vastly loquacious, so that Colonel Lockart had to see to it that he -did not "importune the Cardinal with too long speeches," and he was -conceited, self-opinionated, and meddlesome, interfering in matters -beyond his province, so that the Colonel was heartily glad to be rid -of him from Dunkirk. - -That there was humour in Hugh Peters, not unfrequently running into -profanity, would appear from a work, "The Tales and Jests of Mr. Hugh -Peters, collected into one volume; published by one that hath formerly -been conversant with the Author in his lifetime; dedicated to Mr. John -Goodwin and Mr. Philip Nye." London, 1660. - -These appeared in the same year under a different title--"Hugh Peters, -his figaries, or his merry tales and witty jests both in city, town, -and country." It was reprinted by James Caulfield in 1807. - -A few of these will suffice. - -Peters had preached for two hours; the sands in the hour-glass had -run out. He observed it, and turning it over, said to his hearers: -"Come, let us have another glass!" - -Once he preached: "Beware, young men, of the three W's--Wine, Women, -and Tobacco. Now Tobacco, you will say, does not begin with a W. But -what is Tobacco but a weed?" - -Another of his jests in the pulpit was, "England will never prosper -till one hundred and fifty are taken away." The explanation is L L -L--Lords, Lawyers, and Levites. - -Preaching on the devils entering into the swine (S. Mark v. 23), he -said that the miracle illustrated three English proverbs:-- - -1. That the devil will rather play at small game than sit out. - -2. That those must needs go forward whom the devil drives. - -3. That at last he brought his hogs to a fair market. - -It was a favourite saying of Peters that in Christendom there were -neither scholars enough, gentlemen enough, nor Jews enough; for, said -he, if there were more scholars there would not be so many pluralists -in the Church; if there were more gentry, so many born would not be -reckoned among them; if there were more Jews, so many Christians would -not practise usury. - -One rainy day Oliver Cromwell offered Peters his greatcoat. "No, thank -you," replied his chaplain; "I would not be in your coat for a -thousand pounds." - -Discoursing one day on the advantage Christians had in having the -Gospel preached to them--"Verily," said he, "the Word hath a free -passage amongst you, for it goes in at one ear and out at the other." - -Preaching on the subject of duties, he said:-- - -"Observe the three fools in the Gospel, who, being bid to the wedding -supper, every one had his excuse-- - -"1. He that had hired a farm and must go see it. Had he not been a -fool, he would have seen it before hiring it. - -"2. He that had bought a yoke of oxen and must go try them. He also -was a fool, because he did not try them before he bought them. - -"3. He that married a wife, and without complement said he could not -come. He too was a fool, for he showed that one woman drew him away, -more than a whole yoke of oxen did the former." - -Peters, invited to dinner at a friend's house, knowing him to be very -wealthy and his wife very fat, said at table to his host, "Truly, sir, -you have the world and the flesh, but pray God you get not the devil -in the end." - -The copy of the _Tales and Jests of Hugh Peters_ in the British Museum -has notes to some of them, showing that the writer regarded a certain -number as genuine anecdotes of Peters. Most of the others are either -older stories, or else have little or no wit in them. - -The above anecdotes are some of those thus noted. - -That Hugh Peters was a wag Pepys lets us know, for he speaks of a -Scottish chaplain at Whitehall, after the Restoration, a Dr. -Creighton, whose humour reminded the diarist of Peters: "the most -comical man that ever I heard; just such a man as Hugh Peters." - -At the Restoration he was executed as a regicide. He was not directly -implicated in the King's death, and all that he could be accused of -was using words incentive to regicide. That he had been the -executioner was not charged against him. There was no evidence. The -accusations Hugh Peters had to meet were that he had encouraged the -soldiers to cry out for the blood of the King, whom he had likened to -Barabbas; that he had preached against him; that he had accused the -Levites, Lords, and Lawyers--the three L's, or the Hundred and Fifty, -in allusion to the numerical value of the numbers--as men who should -be swept out of the Commonwealth; that he had declared the King to be -a tyrant, and that the office of King was useless and dangerous. - -Peters pleaded that he had been living fourteen years out of England, -and that when he came home he found that the Civil War had already -begun; that he had not been at Edgehill or Naseby; that he had looked -after three things only--the introduction into the country of what he -considered to be sound religion, the maintenance of learning, and the -relief of the poor. He further stated that on coming to England he had -considered it his duty to side with the Parliament, and that he had -acted without malice, avarice, or ambition. - -The jury, with very little consultation, returned a verdict of guilty, -and he was sentenced to death. - -On the 16th October Coke, the solicitor for the people of England who -had acted against the King at his trial, and Hugh Peters, who had -stood and preached that no mercy should be shown him, were to die. - -On the hurdle which carried Coke was placed the head of Harrison, who -had been executed the day before--a piece of needless brutality, which -the people who lined the streets indignantly resented. On the scaffold -Coke declared that for the part he had borne in the trial of Charles I -he in no way repented of what he had done. Hugh Peters was made to -witness all the horrible details of Coke's execution, the hanging, the -disembowelling. He sat within the rails which surrounded the scaffold. -According to Ludlow: "When this victim (Coke) was cut down and brought -to be quartered, one Colonel Turner called to the sheriff's men to bring -Mr. Peters to see what was doing; which being done, the executioner came -to him, and rubbing his bloody hands together, asked him how he liked -that work. He told him he was not at all terrified, and that he might do -his worst, and when he was on the ladder he said to the sheriff, 'Sir, -you have butchered one of the servants of God before my eyes, and have -forced me to see it, in order to terrify and discourage me; but God has -permitted it for my support and encouragement.'" - -A man upbraided Peters with the King's death. "Friend," said Peters, -"you do not well to trample upon a dying man: you are greatly -mistaken; I had nothing to do in the death of the King." - -As he was going to the gallows, he looked about him and espied a man -with whom he was acquainted, and to him he gave a piece of money, -having first bent it; and he desired the man to carry that piece of -gold to his daughter as a token, and to assure her that his heart was -full of comfort, and that before that piece would reach her hand he -would be with God in glory. Then the old preacher, who had lived in -storms and whirlwinds, died with a quiet smile on his countenance. - -That a considerable portion of the community regarded the execution of -the regicides as a crime, and those who suffered as martyrs, would -appear from the pains taken to vilify their memory when dead, and -attempts made to justify their execution. - -The authorities for the life of Hugh Peters are mainly: _Memoirs of -Edmund Ludlow_, 1771; B. Whitelocke's _Memorials of English Affairs_, -1732; Rushworth's _Collections_, 1692; Bishop Burnet's _History of His -Own Time_, 1724; John Thurloe's _Collection of State Papers_, 1742; J. -B. Felt's _Ecclesiastical History of New England_, 1855; Benjamin -Brooke's _Puritans_, 1813, Vol. III; _The Trial of Charles I and of Some -of the Regicides_, in Murray's Family Library, 1832; the Rev. Samuel -Peters' _A History of the Rev. Hugh Peters_, New York, 1807; _An -Historical and Critical Account of Hugh Peters_ (with portrait), London, -1751, reprinted 1818; Felt (Joseph B.), _Memoir, a Defence of Hugh -Peters_, Boston, 1857; Colomb (Colonel), _The Prince of Army Chaplains_, -London, 1899; also Gardiner's (S. R.) _History of the Commonwealth_, and -the _Dictionary of National Biography, passim_. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[2] Froude, _Hist. of England_, X, p. 410. - -[3] _Ibid._, XI, 471-2. - -[4] We have only Peters' own word for this sum. It was probably much -less. - -[5] _Vita_, J. Barwick, London, 1721. - -[6] Stubbe, _Justification of the War_, 1673, pt. ii. p. 83. - - - - - JAMES POLKINGHORNE, - THE WRESTLER - - -James Polkinghorne, the noted champion wrestler of Cornwall, was the -son of James Polkinghorne, who died at Creed, 18th March, 1836. The -wrestler James was born at S. Keverne in 1788, but there is no entry -of his baptism in the parish register. - -Cornish wrestling was very different from that in Devon--it was less -brutal, as no kicking was allowed. The Devon wrestlers wore boots soaked -in bullock's blood and indurated at the fire, and with these hacked the -shins of their opponents, who wore as a protection _skillibegs_, or -bands of hay twisted and wrapped round their legs below the knee. - -I have so fully described the wrestling in my _Devonshire Characters -and Strange Events_, that it is unnecessary here to go over the same -ground more than cannot be helped. - -There was a Cornish jingle that ran as follows:-- - - Chacewater boobies up in a tree, - Looking as whish'd as ever could be, - Truro men, strong as oak, - Knock 'em down at every stroke-- - -that had reference to the wrestling matches. - -In 1816 Polkinghorne, who had become the innkeeper of the "Red Lion," -S. Columb Major, wrestled with Flower, a Devonshire man of gigantic -stature, and threw him. Then Jackman, another Devonian, challenged -Polkinghorne, and he was cast over the head of the Cornishman, -describing the "flying mare." But the most notable contest in which -Polkinghorne was engaged was with Abraham Cann, the Devonshire -champion. The match was for L200 a side, for the best of three -back-falls; and it took place on October 23rd, 1826, on Tamar Green, -Morice Town, Plymouth, in the presence of seventeen thousand -spectators. I have quoted the account already in my _Devonshire -Characters_, but cannot omit it here. - -[Illustration: JAMES POLKINHORN, THE FAMOUS CORNISH WRESTLER - -_From a drawing as he appeared in the Ring at Devonport on Monday,_ 23 -_October_, 1826, _when he threw Abm. Cann, the Champion of Devonshire, -for a stake of_ 200 _sovereigns_] - -"Tamar Green, Devonport, was chosen for the purpose, and the West was -alive with speculation when it was known that the backers meant -business. On the evening before the contest the town was inundated, -and the resources of its hotels and inns were taxed to the utmost. -Truculent and redoubtable gladiators flocked to the scene--kickers -from Dartmoor, the recruiting-ground of the Devonshire system, and -bearlike huggers from the land of Tre, Pol, and Pen--a wonderful -company of tried and stalwart experts. Ten thousand persons bought -tickets at a premium for seats, and the hills around swarmed with -spectators. The excitement was at the highest possible pitch, and -overwhelming volumes of cheering relieved the tension as the rivals -entered the ring--Polkinghorne in his stockings, and Cann with a -monstrous pair of shoes whose toes had been baked into flints. As the -men peeled for action such a shout ascended as awed the nerves of all -present. Polkinghorne had been discounted as fat and unwieldy, but the -Devonians were dismayed to find that, great as was his girth, his arms -were longer, and his shoulders immensely powerful. Three stone lighter -in weight, Cann displayed a more sinewy form, and his figure was knit -for strength, and as statuesquely proportioned. His grip, like -Polkinghorne's, was well known. No man had ever shaken it off when -once he had clinched; and each enjoyed a reputation for presence of -mind and resource in extremity beyond those of other masters of the -art. The match was for the best of three back-falls, the men to catch -what hold they could; and two experts from each county were selected -as sticklers. The feeling was in favour of Cann at the outset, but it -receded as the Cornishman impressed the multitude with his muscular -superiority. Repeatedly shifting their positions, the combatants -sought their favourite 'holds.' As soon as Cann caught his adversary -by the collar, after a contending display of shifty and evasive form, -Polkinghorne released himself by a feint; and, amid 'terrible shouts -from the Cornishmen,' he drove his foe to his knees. - -"Nothing daunted, the Devonian accepted the Cornish hug, and the efforts -of the rivals were superb. Cann depended on his science to save him, but -Polkinghorne gathered his head under his arm, and lifting him from the -ground, threw him clean over his shoulder, and planted him on his back. -The very earth groaned with the uproar that followed; the Cornishmen -jumped by hundreds into the ring; there they embraced their champion -till he begged to be released; and, amid cheers and execrations, the -fall was announced to have complied with the conditions. Bets to the -amount of hundreds of pounds were decided by this event. - -"Polkinghorne now went to work with caution, and Cann was conscious that -he had an awkward customer to tackle. After heavy kicking and attempted -hugging, the Cornishman tried once more to lift his opponent; but Cann -caught his opponent's leg in his descent, and threw him to the ground -first. In the ensuing rounds both men played for wind. Polkinghorne was -the more distressed, his knees quite raw with punishment, and the -betting veered in Cann's favour. Then the play changed, and Cann was -apparently at the mercy of his foe, when he upset Polkinghorne's balance -by a consummate effort, and threw him on his back by sheer strength--the -first that the sticklers allowed him. Cann next kicked tremendously; but -although the Cornishman suffered severely, he remained 'dead game,' and -twice saved himself by falling on his chest. - -"Disputes now disturbed the umpires, and their number was reduced to -two. In the eighth round Polkinghorne's strength began to fail, and a -dispute was improvised which occasioned another hour's delay. With -wind regained and strength revived, the tenth round was contested with -absolute fury; and, taking kicking with fine contempt, Polkinghorne -gripped Cann with leonine majesty, lifted him from the earth in his -arms, turned him over his head, and dashed him to the ground with -stunning force. As the Cornishman dropped on his knee the fall was -disputed, and the turn was disallowed. Polkinghorne then left the ring -amid a mighty clamour, and by reason of his default the stakes were -awarded to Cann. The victor emerged from the terrific hug of his -opponent with a mass of bruises, which proved that kicking was only -one degree more effective than hugging. - -"A more unsatisfactory issue could hardly have been conceived, and the -rival backers forthwith endeavoured to arrange another encounter. -Polkinghorne refused to meet Cann, however, unless he discarded his -shoes."[7] - -Various devices were attempted to bring them together again, but they -failed. Each had a wholesome dread of the other. - -An account of the contest was written as a ballad and was entitled "A -New Song on the Wrestling Match between Cann and Polkinghorne," that -was to be sung to the tune "The Night I Married Susy," or else to "The -Coronation." - -Full accounts are to be found in _The Sporting Magazine_, London, -LXVII, 165-6; LXIX, 55-6, 215, 314-16, 344. In the _Annual Register_, -chronicle 1826, 157-8. - -Polkinghorne died at S. Columb, on September 15th, 1854, at the age of -seventy-six, twenty-eight years after his match with Cann. He was -buried on September 17th. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[7] Whitfeld, _Plymouth and Devonport in War and Peace_, Plymouth, 1900. - - - - - HENRY TRENGROUSE, INVENTOR - - -Helston is a quaint old town, once of far more importance than at -present. It possessed an old castle, that has now disappeared. It was -one of the six stannary towns, and prior to 1832 returned two members -to Parliament. It still glories in its "Furry Day," when the whole -town goes mad, dancing, in spite of Methodism. It has on some of its -old house-gables pixy seats, and it had a grammar school that has had -notable masters, as Derwent Coleridge, and notable scholars, as Henry -Trengrouse. It is the key and capital to that wonderful district, rich -in geological and botanic and antiquarian interest, the Lizard. - -The great natural curiosity of Helston is Loe Pool, formed by the -Comber, a small river, penned back by Loe Bar, a pebble-and-sand ridge -thrown up by the sea. The sheet of water lying between wooded hills -abounds in trout, and white swans float dreamily over the still water. -The banks are rich with fern, and yellow, white, and pink -mesembryanthemum. Formerly the pool rose till it overflowed the lower -parts of the town; now a culvert has been driven through the rocks to -let off the water as soon as it has attained a certain height. - -Henry Trengrouse was born at Helston, 18th March, 1772, the son of -Nicholas Trengrouse (1739-1814), and of Mary, his wife, who was a -Williams. - -The family had been long among the freeholders of Helston, and -possessed as well a small estate, Priske, in the parish of Mullion; -but the family name is taken from Tref-an-grouse, the House by the -Cross, in the same parish. - -Henry was educated in Helston Grammar School, and became, by trade, a -cabinet-maker. - -On 29th December, 1807, when he was aged thirty-five, a rumour spread -through the little town that a large frigate, H.M.S. _Anson_, had been -driven ashore on Loe Bar, about three miles distant. Mr. Trengrouse -and many others hastened to the coast and reached the bar. - -The _Anson_, forty-four guns, under the command of Captain Lydiard, -had left Falmouth on Christmas Eve for her station off Brest as a -look-out ship for the Channel Fleet. - -A gale from the W.S.W. sprang up, and after being buffeted about till -the 28th, with the wind increasing, the captain determined to run to -port. The first land they made was the Land's End, which they mistook -for the Lizard, and only discovered their mistake when the cry of -"Breakers ahead!" was heard from the man on the look-out. They were -now embayed, and in face of the terrible storm it was impossible to -work off, so both cables were let go. The _Anson_ rode to these till -the early morning of the 29th, when they parted, and the captain, in -order to save as many lives as possible, decided to beach her on the -sand off Loe Pool. A tremendous sea was running, and as she took the -beach only sixty yards from the bar, she was dashed broadside on, and -happily for the poor fellows on board, heeled landwards. Seas -mountains high rolled over her, sweeping everything before them. Then -her masts went by the board, her main mast forming a floating raft -from the ship almost to the shore, and over this scrambled through -the maddened waves most of those who were saved. - -[Illustration: HENRY TRENGROUSE, THE INVENTOR OF THE ROCKET APPARATUS -FOR SAVING LIFE AT SEA - -_From an oil painting by Opie the younger, reproduced by permission of -Mr. H. Trengrouse_] - -It was a terrible sight to witness for the hundreds of spectators who -had by this time collected on the beach, but it was almost impossible -for them to render any assistance. - -At last, when all hands seemed to have left the ship, two -stout-hearted Methodist local preachers--Mr. Tobias Roberts, of -Helston, and Mr. Foxwell, of Mullion--made an attempt to reach her, so -as to see if any one remained on board. They succeeded, and were soon -followed by others, who found several people, including two women and -as many children. The women and some of the men were safely conveyed -ashore, but the children were drowned. There were altogether upwards -of a hundred drowned, including the captain, who stood by the frigate -to the last. The exact number was never known, as many of the soldiers -deserted on reaching the shore. - -The survivors salved a good deal from the wreck, amongst which were -watches, jewellery, and many articles of considerable value. They were -placed all together in a bedroom of the old inn at Porthleven, with a -soldier with drawn sword on guard. One of the beams that bent under -such an unusual weight may be seen bowed to this day. A local militia -sergeant was soon afterwards sent to Helston in charge of a wagon-load -of these valuable goods, and when half-way to his destination was -accosted by a Jew, who offered him L50 in exchange for his load. "Here -is my answer," said the sergeant, presenting a loaded pistol at his -head, and the fellow hurriedly took his departure. - -Much indignation was raised at the time by the way in which the victims -of the disaster were buried. They were bundled in heaps into large pits -dug in the cliff above, without any burial service being performed over -them. It was customary everywhere at that time for all bodies washed -ashore to be interred by the finder at the nearest convenient spot. But -as a result of the indecent methods of burial of the _Anson_ victims, an -Act of Parliament was framed by Mr. Davies Gilbert, and passed on 18th -June, 1808, providing "suitable interment in churchyards and parochial -burying-grounds" for all bodies cast up by the sea. - -The _Anson_ was a sixty-four gun frigate cut down to a forty-four, and -had seen much service. Among many fights, she figured in Lord Rodney's -action on 12th April, 1782, formed part of the fleet which repulsed -the French squadron in an attempt to land in Ireland in 1796, helped -in the seizure of the French West Indies in 1803, and in 1807 took -part in the capture of Curacao from the Dutch. It was not long after -her return from this latter place that she left Falmouth for the -cruise on which she met her fate.[8] - -In 1902 the hull of the _Anson_, after having been submerged for -ninety-five years, came to light again. She was found by Captain -Anderson of the West of England Salvage Company, whose attention had -been directed to the wreck by a Porthleven fisherman. Unfortunately at -the time the weather was so stormy that Captain Anderson could not -proceed with any efforts of salvage, and with the exception of one -visit of inspection the interesting relic was left untouched. But in -April, 1903, with a bright sky and a light breeze from the north-east, -he proceeded to the spot and inspected the remains. The hull of the -vessel was not intact, and several guns were lying alongside. One of -these, about 10 ft. 6 in. long, Captain Anderson secured and hoisted -on to the deck of the _Green Castle_ by means of a winch, and -afterwards conveyed it to Penzance. It was much encrusted. Amongst the -mass of _debris_ also raised were several cannon-balls. - -But to return to Henry Trengrouse, who had stood on the beach watching -the wreck, the rescue of some and the perishing of others. - -Drenched with rain and spray, and sick at heart, Henry Trengrouse -returned to his home, and was confined to his bed for nearly a week, -having contracted a severe cold. The terrible scene had made an -indelible impression on his mind, and he could not, even if he had -wished it, drive the thought away. Night and day he mused on the means -whereby some assistance could be given to the shipwrecked, some -communication be established between the vessel and the shore. - -He was a great friend of Samuel Drew, whose life was devoted to -metaphysics, and it was perhaps the contrast in the two minds that -made them friends--one an idealist, the other practical. - -Trengrouse had a small competence, besides his trade, and he devoted -every penny that he could spare to experiments, first in the -construction of a lifeboat, but without satisfactory results. - -The King's birthday was celebrated at Helston with fireworks on the -green; and as Henry Trengrouse looked up at the streak of fire rushing -into the darkness above and scattering a shower of stars, it occurred to -him, Why should not a rocket, instead of wasting itself in an exhibition -of fireworks, do service and become a means of carrying a rope to a -vessel among the breakers? When a communication has been established -between the wreck and the shore, above the waves, it may become an -aerial passage along which those in distress may pass to safety. - -Something of the same idea had already occurred to Lieutenant John Bell -in 1791, but his proposal was that a shot with a chain attached to it -should be discharged from a mortar. Captain George William Manby had his -attention drawn to this in February, 1807, and in August of the same -year exhibited some experiments with his improved life-preserving mortar -to the members of the Suffolk House Humane Society. By the discharge of -the mortar a barbed shot was to be flung on to the wreck, with a line -attached to the shot. By means of this line a hawser could be drawn from -the shore to the ship, and along it would be run a cradle in which the -shipwrecked persons could be drawn to land. - -Manby's mortar was soon abandoned as cumbrous and dangerous; men were -killed during tests; notwithstanding which he was awarded, L2000. The -great merit of Trengrouse's invention was that the rocket was much -lighter than a shot from a mortar, and was, moreover, more portable, -and there was a special line manufactured for it that would not kink, -nor would it snap, because the velocity of the rocket increased -gradually, whereas that from a discharge of a mortar was sudden and so -great that the cord was frequently ruptured. - -The distinctive feature of Trengrouse's apparatus consisted of "a -section of a cylinder, which is fitted to the barrel of a musket by a -bayonet socket; a rocket with a line attached to its stick is so -placed on it that its priming receives fire immediately from the -barrel";[9] whereas a metal mortar could not be conveyed to the cliff -or shore opposite the scene of disaster without being drawn in a -conveyance by horses, and where there was no road with the utmost -difficulty dragged over hedges and ploughed fields by men. Not only -so, but a shot discharged by Captain Manby's mortar was liable to -endanger life. Wrecks generally happened in the dark, and then the -shot would not be visible to those on the wreck. But Trengrouse's -rocket would indicate its track by the trail of fire by which it was -impelled, and could be fired from either the ship or the shore. - -Trengrouse expended L3000 on his experiments, and sacrificed to this -one object--that of saving life--his capital, his business, and his -health. He cut off the entail on Priske, which had belonged to the -family for several generations, and sold it to enable him to pursue -his experiments. There was much that was pathetic in his life: there -were the long and frequent journeys to London from Helston, four days -by coach, sometimes in mid-winter and in snowstorms, with the object -of inducing successive Governments to adopt the rocket apparatus, -meeting only with discouragement. Nor was this all. After all his own -means had been exhausted, he received a legacy of L500 under a -brother's will, and this sum he at once devoted to further endeavours -with H.M. Government for the general adoption of his rocket apparatus. - -The Russian ambassador now stepped forward and invited Trengrouse to -S. Petersburg, where he assured him that, instead of rebuffs, he would -experience only the consideration due to him for his inventions. But -Trengrouse's reply was, "My country first"; and that country allowed -him, after the signal services he had rendered to humanity--to die -penniless. - -His original design was to supply every ship with a rocket apparatus; -as vessels were almost invariably wrecked _before_ the wind, the line -might the more easily be fired from a ship than from the shore. - -Trengrouse once met Sir William Congreve, who also claimed to be the -inventor of the war-rocket; and Trengrouse said to him in the course -of their discussion, "As far as I can see, Sir William, your rocket is -designed to _destroy_ life; mine is to save life; and I do claim to be -the first that ever thought of utilizing a rocket for the saving of -human lives."[10] - -Trengrouse moreover invented the cork jacket or "life preserver." This -was a success, and has never been improved on. It has been the means -of saving many hundreds of lives. He also built a model of a lifeboat, -that could not be sunk, and was equal to the present lifeboats of the -Royal Lifeboat Association in all respects except the "self-righting" -principle. It was not until February 28th, 1818, after many journeys -to London, and much ignorant and prejudiced objection that he had to -contend against, such as is found so usual among Government officials, -that Trengrouse was able to exhibit his apparatus before Admiral Sir -Charles Rowley. A committee was appointed, and on March 5th it -reported favourably on the scheme. - -In the same year the Committee of the Elder Brethren of Trinity House -reported in high terms on the invention, and recommended that "no -vessel should be without it." - -Thereupon Government began to move slowly; in the House the matter was -discussed and haggled over. One speaker exclaimed: "You are guilty of -sinful negligence in this matter, for while you are parleying over -this invention and this important subject, thousands of our fellow-men -are losing their lives." - -[Illustration: THE WRECK OF THE "ANSON" - -_From a sketch by H. Trengrouse_] - -At last Government ordered twenty sets of the life-preserving rockets, -but afterwards resolved on making the apparatus itself, and paid -Trengrouse the sum of L50, the supposed amount of profit he would have -made on the order. Fifty pounds was all his ungrateful country could -afford to give him. In 1821, however, the Society of Arts pronounced -favourably on his apparatus, and presented Trengrouse with their -silver medal and a grant of thirty guineas. - -Through the Russian ambassador, the then Czar sent him a diamond ring, -in consideration of the great advantage his apparatus had proved in -shipwrecks on the Baltic and the Black Sea. Even this he was constrained -to pledge, that he might devote the money to his darling project. - -With these acknowledgments of his services he had to rest contented; -but ever the news of lives having been saved through his invention was -a solace to an even and contented mind. - -Henry Trengrouse died at Helston on February 19th, 1854. - -As he lay on his death-bed with his face to the wall, he turned about, -and with one of his bright, hopeful smiles said to his son, "If you live -to be as old as I am, you will find my rocket apparatus all along our -shores." They were his last words; in a few minutes he had passed away. - -The rocket apparatus is along the shores at 300 stations, but not, as -he had hoped, on board the vessels. He had despaired of obtaining -that, yet that is what he aimed at principally. - -In April, 1905, owing to the loss of the _Kyber_ on the Land's End -coast, questions were asked in the House of Commons relative to -wireless telegraphy between the lighthouses and the coast. On that -occasion one of the most valuable suggestions was made by a shipping -expert, who considered that the Board of Trade should make it -compulsory that a light rocket apparatus should be carried by all -vessels, so that, when in distress, if near the coast, the crew could -send a rocket ashore. This marine engineer said: "On shore the rockets -must be fired by practised men, such as coastguards, because they have -to strike a small object; but on a vessel they have only to hit the -land, and if people are about, the line will quickly be seized and -made fast. At present, too, horses and wagons have to be used, and -sometimes it is difficult to find a road leading down to the spot from -which help must be rendered. Probably for twenty pounds an appliance -could be kept on board a vessel which would send a line ashore in less -time and with more certainty than at present. When a vessel is being -blown ashore, I have seen rockets fired from the land return like a -boomerang to the cliff on account of the strength of the gale. In my -judgment, mariners should assist in their own salvation." - -On this Mr. H. Trengrouse, grandson of the inventor, wrote to the -_Cornishman_, 24th April, 1905:-- - -"Your suggestion in the _Cornishman_ of the 15th instant ... that all -vessels should be compelled by the Board of Trade to carry this -apparatus, is very practical, and should, and I trust may, be soon -adopted. - -"It may interest your readers to learn that the inventor, my -grandfather, the late Mr. Henry Trengrouse, of Helston, urged this -upon successive Governments without any encouragement whatever, and I -on two occasions have also suggested it to the principals of the -Marine Department of the Board of Trade, who have informed me of a -strong opinion always entertained, that on the occasion of wreck, -there would probably not be any one on board possessing sufficient -knowledge of the use of the apparatus to render it of any value; which -seems very strange indeed, and might be readily obviated by, at least, -the captain and officers of vessels being instructed in its -use--surely simple enough. My grandfather devoted much time to make it -so; and the advantage of an appliance for use on board is so palpable, -and the loss of life during many years by its absence so considerable, -that it is extremely gratifying to observe a renewed and increasing -interest in the subject, which I hope, Sir, as you state, being so -important, may now be kept to the fore. - - "I am, Sir, - "Your obedient servant, - "H. TRENGROUSE." - -That this admirable letter to the _Cornishman_ should at the time -produce no effect on the Board of Trade is what every one who has had -any dealings with that Board would predicate. - -At length, however, some goading has roused that obstructive, inert body -into inquiring into this matter. I read in the _Daily Express_ of 27th -January, 1908: "The question whether the carrying of rockets for -projecting lifelines should be made compulsory on all British ships is -being investigated by a special committee appointed by the Board of -Trade. One witness before the committee said that he had seen fifty men -drowned within sixty yards of the shore in a gale, and that all might -have been saved had the vessel been equipped with line-throwing guns." - -So--after the lapse of eighty-six or seven years, and the loss of -thousands of lives that might have been saved had not the Board of -Trade been too inert to move in the matter--an inquiry has once more -been instituted. Let us hope that after this inquiry the matter may -not be allowed to fall again into neglect. - -That the rocket _fired from the shore_ has been already the means of -saving lives, the following report on it made to the Board of Trade, -for the year ending 30th June, 1907, will testify:-- - -"During the year ended as above, 268 lives were saved by means of the -life-saving apparatus, that is to say, 127 more than the number saved -by the same means during the previous year, and 67 more than the -average for the previous ten years. The total number of lives saved by -the life-saving apparatus since 1870 is 8924. This number does not -include the large number of lives saved by means of ropes and other -assistance from the shore." - -After the loss of the _Berlin_, belonging to the Great Eastern -Company, in 1907, the attention of the Dutch Government was called to -the advantage of having the rocket apparatus _on board ship_, and -legal instructions were drafted, making it obligatory upon all vessels -of over two hundred tons gross to carry rocket apparatus. - -Henry Trengrouse's noble life was a failure in so far as that it -brought him no pecuniary results--covered him with disappointment, -reduced him to poverty. He received, in all, for his life's work, and -the sacrifice of fortune and the landed estate of his ancestors, L50 -from Government, L31 10_s._ from the Society of Arts, and a diamond -ring that in his time of need he was constrained to pawn, and which he -was never able to redeem. - -Russell Lowell puts these lines into the mouth of Cromwell, in his -_Glance behind the Curtain_:-- - - My God, when I read o'er the bitter lives - Of men whose eager hearts are quite too great - To beat beneath the cramp'd mode of the day, - And see them mocked at by the world they love, - Haggling with prejudice for pennyworths - Of that reform which this hard toil will make - The common birthright of the age to come-- - When I see _this_, spite of my faith in God, - I marvel how their hearts bear up so long; - Nor could they, but for this same prophecy, - This inward feeling of the glorious end. - -Henry Trengrouse married Mary, daughter of Samuel and Mary Jenken, -19th November, 1795. She was born at S. Erth, 9th September, 1772, and -died at Helston, 27th March, 1863. By her he had one son only who -reached manhood, Nicholas Trevenen Trengrouse, who died at the age of -seventy-four; and one daughter, Jane, who married Thomas Rogers, -solicitor, of Helston; Emma, who married a Mr. Matthews; and two, Mary -and Anne, who died unmarried, the first at the age of eighty, the -latter at that of ninety-four. - -To Mr. Henry Trengrouse, the son of Mr. Nicholas T. Trengrouse, I am -indebted for much information relative to his grandfather, as also to -a lecture, never published, delivered in 1894 by the Rev. James -Ninnis, who says in a letter to Mr. H. Trengrouse, junior: "Most of -the detail I have taken from notes of my father, dated 1878; he got -them from conversation with your respected father." - -Mr. J. Ninnis' grandfather had stood on the beach by the side of Henry -Trengrouse, watching the wreck of the _Anson_. - -A portrait of the inventor, by Opie the younger, is in the possession -of the family at Helston, as is also the picture of the wreck of the -_Anson_ sketched at the time by Mr. Trengrouse. For permission to -reproduce both I am indebted to the courtesy of the grandson of the -inventor. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[8] _Morning Leader_, 29th October, 1902. - -[9] There is an engraving of it in the _Annual Report of the Society -of Arts_ for 1821. The life-preserving rocket was exhibited on the -Serpentine before the Duke of Clarence, afterwards King William IV, on -May 28th, 1819. People looked on as at some firework display, and -nothing came of it. - -[10] Trengrouse's apparatus fitted into a case 4 ft. 3 in. long by 1 -ft. 6 in. wide. - - - - - THE BOTATHAN GHOST - - -IN April, 1720, Daniel Defoe published his _History of the Life and -Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell_. In August a second edition was -called for, of which some copies included a pamphlet that had been -printed in June: "Mr. Campbell's Pacquet, for the Entertainment of -Gentlemen and Ladies," and this "Pacquet" contains "A Remarkable -Passage of an Apparition, related by the Rev. Dr. Ruddle, of -Launceston, in Cornwall, in the year 1665." - -It has been assumed that this ghost story was a bit of invention of -the lively imagination of Defoe. Mrs. Bray in her _Trelawny of -Trelawne_ stated that the story could not be true, as no such a name -as Dingley, which was that of the ghost, was known in Launceston. As -it happened, James Dingley had been instituted to the vicarage of the -very parish of South Petherwin, in which the ghost appeared, in the -same reign in which the apparition occurred, and he assisted Ruddle in -his ministrations in Launceston, and the name occurs to this day in -the town and neighbourhood. In fact, Dingley, Pethebridge, and Dingley -are bankers there. - -In the same heedless fashion Cyrus Redding wrote in 1842 that the -story was "told with so much simplicity of truth that it is difficult -to believe that the tale is not, as novel writers say, 'founded on -fact.'" And he goes on to state: "No clergyman of the name of Ruddle -had been incumbent in Launceston for two hundred years past, at least -in S. Mary's Church." Yet the monument of Parson Ruddle is in the -church, and he occupied the living from 1663 to his death in 1699. - -[Illustration: "PARSON RUDALL" - -_From a painting in the possession of the Rev. S. Baring Gould_] - -Again, Samuel Drew, in his _History of Cornwall_, blunders as to the -locality, making the apparition appear in the parish of Little -Petherick, near Padstow. - -Next Mr. Hawker, of Morwenstow, fabricated a "Diurnall" of Ruddle, -which adopted Drew's error, and by altering the date made the story as -given by him disagree with the facts as they stand upon record. - -The "Remarkable Passage of an Apparition" was no invention of Defoe; -it was a genuine narrative written by the hand of John Ruddle himself. -This has been conclusively demonstrated by the late Mr. Alfred Robbins -in the _Cornish Magazine_, 1898. - -John Ruddle, M.A. of Caius College, Cambridge, was instituted to the -vicarage of Altarnon on May 24th, 1662; and the incumbency of S. Mary -Magdalen, Launceston, becoming vacant by the ejection of the -Independent intrusive pastor, Ruddle was appointed to it, and "began -his ministry at Launceston on y^e Feast of Our Saviour's Nativity, -1663." At the same time he received the appointment to the Launceston -Free School as master. - -Now it so fell out that he was invited on the 20th June, 1665, to -preach a funeral sermon on the occasion of the burial of John Eliot at -South Petherwin. John was the son of Edward Eliot, of Trebursey, who -was the third son of Sir John Eliot, who died in the Tower of London. - -After the conclusion of the service, Parson Ruddle was leaving the -church, when an "ancient gentleman" addressed him, and, Ruddle says, -"With an unusual importunity almost forced against my humour to see -his house that night; nor could I have rescued myself from his -kindness, had not Mr. Eliot interposed and pleaded title to me for -the whole of the day." However, Ruddle promised to call on the old -gentleman, whose name was Bligh, and whose house was Botathan. - -The Blighs were an ancient family, well connected and owning a good -estate, but Botathan was not a house of any pretence, and it is now -the dwelling of a farmer, and has not the appearance of having been -the residence of a county family. - -On the following Monday John Ruddle went to Botathan, where he partook -of an early dinner, and a neighbouring parson had been invited to meet -him. - -"After dinner this brother of the coat undertook to show me the -gardens, when, as I was walking, he gave me the first discovery of -what was mainly intended in all this treat and compliment. First he -began to tell the infortunity of the family in general, and then gave -an instance in the youngest son. He related what a hopeful, sprightly -lad he lately was, and how melancholic and sottish he was now grown. -Then did he with much passion lament that his ill-humour should so -incredibly subdue his reason; for, says he, the poor boy believes -himself to be haunted with ghosts, and is confident that he meets with -an evil spirit in a certain field about half a mile from this place as -often as he goes that way to school. - -"In the midst of our twaddle the old gentleman and his lady came up to -us. Upon their approach, and pointing me to the arbour, the parson -renews the relation to me; and they (the parents of the youth) -confirmed what he said, and added many minute circumstances. In fine, -they all three desired my thoughts and advice in the affair." - -Neither the parents nor the parson who made this communication -believed that the boy saw anything; they shrewdly suspected that he -was lazy, and made the apparition an excuse for not going to school. - -Ruddle, however, saw the boy, and was convinced of his sincerity. "He -told me with all naked freedom, and a flood of tears, that his friends -were unkind and unjust to him, neither to believe nor pity him; and -that if any man (making a bow to me) would but go with him to the -place, he might be convinced that the thing was real. - -"'This woman which appears to me,' saith he, 'lived a neighbour here -to my father, and died about eight years since; her name, Dorothy -Dingley. She never speaks to me, but passeth by hastily, and always -leaves the footpath to me, and she commonly meets me twice or three -times in the breadth of the field. - -"'It was about two months before I took notice of it, and though the -shape of the face was in my memory, yet I did not recall the name of -the person, but I did suppose it was some woman who lived there about, -and had frequent occasion that way. Nor did I imagine anything to the -contrary before she began to meet me constantly, morning and evening, -and always in the same field (the Higher Brown Quartils), and -sometimes twice or thrice in the breadth of it. - -"'The first time I took notice of her was about a year since, and when -I first began to suspect it to be a ghost, I had courage enough not to -be afraid, but kept it to myself a good while, and only wondered very -much about it. I did often speak to it, but never had a word in -answer. Then I changed my way, and went to school the under Horse -Road, and then she always met me in the narrow lane, between the -Quarry Park and the Nursery, which was worse. At length I began to be -terrified at it, and prayed continually that God would either free me -from it or let me know the meaning of it. Night and day, sleeping and -waking, the shape was ever running in my mind, when, by degrees, I -grew pensive, inasmuch that it was taken notice of by all our family; -whereupon, being urged to it, I told my brother William of it, and he -privately acquainted my father and mother, and they kept it to -themselves for some time. - -"'The success of this discovery was only this: they did sometimes -laugh at me, sometimes chide me, but still commanded me to keep to my -school, and put such fopperies out of my head. I did accordingly go to -school often, but always met the woman by the way.'" - -When Parson Ruddle had heard this story he promised the boy to go with -him next morning to the field, and went with the lad to the hall, -whither the parents and the parson, the Rev. Samuel Williams, came to -meet them from the parlour. They began at once to importune Ruddle -about the interview and to pass remarks on the boy, who fled from them -to his own room. The vicar of Launceston begged them to restrain their -curiosity till he had made further investigation into the matter. - -"The next morning, before five o'clock, the lad was in my chambers, -and very brisk. I arose and went with him. The field he led me to I -guessed to be twenty acres, in an open country, and about three -furlongs from any house. We went into the field, and had not gone -above a third part before the spectrum, in the shape of a woman, with -all the circumstances he had described her to me the day before, met -us and passed by. I was a little surprised at it, and though I had -taken up a firm resolution to speak to it, yet I had not the power, -nor indeed durst I look back; yet I took care not to show any fear to -my pupil and guide, and therefore telling him that I was satisfied in -the truth of his complaint, we walked to the end of the field and -returned, nor did the ghost meet us that time above once. - -"At our return the gentlewoman watched to speak with me. I gave her a -convenience, and told her that my opinion was that her son's complaint -was not to be slighted, yet that my judgment in his case was not -settled. I gave her caution that the thing might not take wind, lest -the whole country should ring with what we had yet no assurance of. - -"In this juncture of time I had business which would admit no delay, -wherefore I went to Launceston that evening, but promised to see them -again next week. Yet I was prevented by an occasion which pleaded a -sufficient excuse. However, my mind was upon the adventure. I studied -the case, and about three weeks after went again, resolving, by the -help of God, to see the utmost. - -"The next morning, the 27th day of July, 1665, I went to the haunted -field by myself, and walked the breadth of the field without any -encounter. I returned and took the other walk, and then the spectrum -appeared to me, much about the same place where I saw it before, when -the young gentleman was with me. In my thoughts it moved swifter than -the time before, and about ten feet distant from me on my right hand, -insomuch that I had not time to speak, as I had determined with myself -beforehand. - -"The evening of this day, the parents, the son, and myself being in -the chamber where I lay, I propounded to them our going all together -to the place next morning, and after some asseveration that there was -no danger in it, we all resolved upon it. The morning being come, lest -we should alarm the servants, they went under the pretence of seeing a -field of wheat, and I took my horse and fetched a compass another -way, and so met at the stile we had appointed. - -"Thence we all four walked leisurely into the Quartils, and had passed -above half the field before the ghost made appearance. It then came -over the stile just before us, and moved with that swiftness that by -the time we had gone six or seven steps it passed by. I immediately -turned head and ran after it, with the young man by my side; we saw it -pass over the stile by which we entered, but no farther. I stepped -upon the hedge at one place, he at another, but could discern nothing; -whereas I dare aver that the swiftest horse in England could not have -conveyed himself out of sight in that short space of time. Two things -I observed in this day's appearance. (1) That a spaniel dog, who -followed the company unregarded, did bark and run away as the spectrum -passed by; whence it is easy to conclude that it was not our fear or -fancy which made the apparition. (2) That the motion of the spectrum -was not by steps and moving of the feet, but a kind of gliding, as -children upon ice or a boat down a swift river. - -"But to proceed. This ocular evidence clearly convinced, but strangely -frightened, the old gentleman and his wife, who knew this Dorothy -Dingley in her lifetime, were at her burial, and now plainly saw her -features in this present apparition. - -"The next morning, being Thursday, I went out very early by myself, and -walked for about an hour's space in meditation and prayer in the field -next adjoining the Quartils. Soon after five I stepped over the stile -into the disturbed field, and had not gone above thirty or forty paces -before the ghost appeared at the farther stile. I spake to it with a -loud voice, whereupon it approached, but slowly, and when I came near -it moved not. I spake again, and it answered, in a voice neither very -audible nor intelligible. I was not in the least terrified, and -therefore persisted until it spake again and gave me satisfaction. But -the work could not be finished at this time; wherefore the same evening, -an hour after sunset, it met me again near the same place, and after a -few words on each side it quickly vanished, and neither doth appear -since, nor ever will more to any man's disturbance. The discourse in the -morning lasted about a quarter of an hour. - -"These things are true, and I know them to be so, with as much -certainty as eyes and ears can give me; and until I can be persuaded -that my senses do deceive me about their proper object, and by that -persuasion deprive myself of the strongest inducement to believe the -Christian religion, I must and will assert that these things in this -paper are true." - -It must be noted that Defoe in his printed account omits the names of -the family of Bligh, and that he changes Dorothy Dingley into Mrs. -Veale. Parson Ruddle's original MS. is not in existence; it was -probably given to Defoe; but a copy is preserved made by the son of -the Rev. John Ruddle. Defoe was in Launceston acting as a spy for the -minister Harley in August, 1705, and at that time he must have got -hold of the MS. After the signature "John Ruddle" at the end of the -narrative and the date is the sentence: "This is a copy of w^t I found -written by my father and signed John Ruddle. Taken by me, William -Ruddle," who had become vicar of South Petherwin in 1695, and who -became subsequently incumbent also of S. Thomas-by-Launceston. This -copy bears the following attestation: "The readers may observe y^t I -borrowed the remarkable passage of y^e grandson of John Ruddle who had -it from his Uncle William Ruddle. I think I'm exact in its -transcription. I well know the s^d John Ruddle to have had (and I -daresay deserved) the character of a learned and eminent Divine, and I -also knew his son y^e sayd William Ruddle, a Divine whose character -was so bright y^t I have no room to add to its lustre, and I hereby -certify y^t I copyed this from y^e very hand-writing of the sayd -William Ruddle. _Quinto die Februarii Anno Dni_, 1730. James Wakeman." - -As Mr. Robbins says: "The completeness of the body of proof of the -Ruddle authorship leaves nothing therefore to be desired." - -Parson John Ruddle eventually became prebend of Exeter, and held the -vicarage of Altarnon along with that of Launceston to his death. - -Ruddle does not state that the boy Bligh was his pupil at Launceston -Free School, but one does not see to what other school he can have -gone, and the readiness with which the lad opened his heart to him -leads to the notion that they had some previous acquaintance. His way -to Launceston would be over the common, on which stand three barrows, -to the road at Penfoot, where he would strike the road. When he -endeavoured to avoid the ghost he took the Under Horse Road between -Quarry Park and the Nursery. The Quarry is still visible with a pool -in it, and a stream flowing into it that rises on the moor where he -saw the ghost, and Under Horse Road still bears its name. The lad -endeavoured to take a short cut, though not as short as across the -Higher Brown Quartils, to reach the Launceston road without having to -go through South Petherwin village. - -Parson Ruddle does not give the Christian name of the boy who saw the -ghost, and we are thrown into perplexity at once. - -The "ancient gentleman" may have been Thomas Bligh of Botathan, Esq., -but he was aged no more than fifty-three. Colonel Vivian's pedigree of -the Blighs in his _Visitation of Cornwall_ is most unsatisfactory. - -Thomas Bligh was buried at South Petherwin, April 10th, 1692. There is -no entry in Vivian's pedigree of Walter Bligh, gentleman, who was -buried January 29th, 1667-8. Besides, there are many entries of an -Edmund Bligh and Katherine, his wife, and their children. Thomas Bligh -seems to have lived at one time at S. Martin's-by-Looe. Dr. Lee in his -_Glimpses of the Supernatural_ calls Dorothy Dingley, Dorothy Durant; -but on what authority I do not know. There is an entry in the South -Petherwin register of the burial of Dorothy Durant, widow, 1st May, -1677, but according to the story of the boy, Dorothy Dingley died in -or about 1657. Unfortunately the South Petherwin registers do not go -back beyond August, 1656, but there is no entry in them in 1656 or -1657 of the burial of Dorothy Dingley. - -The Dingleys had been settled in Lezant and Linkinhorne from 1577, and -owned the place Hall in the latter parish; but they had connections in -Worcestershire; and Dorothy was the youngest daughter of Francis -Dingley, baptized at Cropthorne, in the latter county, in 1596. She -married Richard, son of George Durant, of Blockly, Worcestershire. As -no further trace of her can be found in the register there, it is not -unfair to suppose that having kinsfolk in Cornwall she may have -journeyed there, and both were buried at South Petherwin, Dorothy -Durant, as already stated, in 1677. She was then aged eighty-seven. -She cannot have been the ghost. But was the ghost that of her mother, -a Dorothy, who came to South Petherwin with her, and died there about -the year 1655? We cannot tell, as we do not know her mother's -Christian name. Dr. Lee clearly confused the Dorothy Durant with the -Dorothy Dingley, the ghost. - -The Rev. P. T. Pulman, vicar of South Petherwin, writes to me: "In -December, 1896, a labourer died here, aged seventy-two. For upwards of -forty years he had worked at Botathan. He told me that one of the -fields was called the Higher Brown Park (he did not know the name of -Quartells) until the field was ploughed up. He told me there was a -little path in it which they called old Dorothy Dinglet's [_sic_] -path, and that they used to frighten the farm apprentices with stories -about her, but he had never met her himself. The farm has been sold of -recent years. There is a part of the old house left used for a cider -cellar. They call it Dorothy Dingley's chamber." - -The Rev. James Dingley was vicar of South Petherwin from 1682 until -1695. He was born 1655, just ten years before the apparition was seen -by young Bligh. - -Authorities: A. Robbins, "A Cornish Ghost Story," in the _Cornish -Magazine_, 1898; A. Robbins, _Launceston Past and Present_, 1889. The -portrait of the Rev. John Ruddle is in my possession. The descendants -of Parson Ruddle or Rudall are still on the land, but are in a humble -condition. - - - - - JOHN COUCH ADAMS, - ASTRONOMER - -Thomas Adams was a small tenant farmer in the parish of Laneast, at -Lidcott, renting under John King Lethbridge, Esq., of Tregeare, in -Laneast. He married Tabitha Knill Grylls, of Stoke Climsland, who -inherited a very little land in this latter parish. - -Laneast lies on the Inny River--that is to say, the village with its -church occupies the southern slope of Laneast Down that falls to this -beautiful stream. But Lidcott lies on the north side of the down, that -rises to eight hundred feet above the sea, one long swelling mass of -moor brown with heather, save when in August it blushes like a modest -girl, the heather all a-rose with flower. - -For three miles the highway from Camelford to Launceston crosses this -moor, one white strip drawn through a mass of umber. At night the -sheep that grazed on the down would lie on the warm road, and many a -time have the coach-horses stumbled over them in the night. - -On this road, about the year 546, S. Samson was pursuing his way from -Padstow, where he had landed, to Southill. He had with him a wagon -drawn by horses he had brought with him from Ireland, and as he -proceeded over the down he was aware of music and dancing on the -left-hand side of the road in the direction of Tregeare, and he found -that the heathen people were having a festival about a rude upright -stone. He stopped, harangued them, condemned their idolatrous -practice, and with his own hand cut a cross upon the stone. - -It is possible that this is the very rude stone cross that still -stands on the slope of the moor above Lidcott. - -John Couch, son of Thomas Adams and Tabitha, was born at Lidcott on -5th January, 1819, but no notice of his baptism occurs in the parish -register at Laneast. Possibly he may have been taken to Egloskerry. - -He received his early education at a dame's school in his native -parish; but was early employed by his father to tend the sheep on -Laneast Down. It was then and there, on that great upland stretch of -moor, with a vast horizon about him, that, lying in the heather and -looking up into the sky, the mystery of the heavenly firmament laid -hold of him. He soon learned to distinguish the planets from the fixed -stars; he watched the rising and the setting of the constellations, -Charles's Wain revolving nightly about the extremest star in what he -called the tail of the Plough; Orion with his twinkling belt and -curved sword, "louting on one knee." - -To the west and south stood up against the evening glow the ridge of -the Bodmin Moors, Brown Willy, Rough Tor, Kilmar, and Caradon. To the -north nothing interrupted the view, for there lay the vast Atlantic; -and on stormy nights the boom of its waves might be heard from that -highway over the down. To the east and south-east the far-off range of -Dartmoor, blue as a vein in a girl's temple, on a summer day. - -Many a chiding did John Couch get from his father for being out late -at night upon the moor; the old farmer was unable to understand what -the attraction was which drew the lad from home and from his -supper, to be out, either lying on the road or leaning against the -old granite cross, star-gazing. Happily Mrs. Adams had a simple book -on astronomy that had belonged to her father, and this her son Jack -devoured, and now he began to understand something of the motions of -the heavenly bodies. He established a sundial on the window-sill of -the parlour, and constructed out of cardboard an apparatus for taking -the altitude of the sun. - -[Illustration: I C ADAMS A M - -_From the collection of Mrs. Lewis Lane_] - -His father, finding that his inclinations were not for farm work, sent -him to study with a relative of his mother, the Rev. P. Couch Grylls, -who had a school at Devonport, but later moved to Saltash. All his -spare time John Couch spent in reading astronomical works, which he -obtained from the library of the Mechanics' Institute; he drew maps of -constellations and computed celestial phenomena. A day long to be -remembered by him as one of the happiest in his life was that in which -he obtained a look through a telescope at the moon. "Why," he -exclaimed, "they have Brown Willy and Rough Tor up there!" - -His account of a solar eclipse viewed at Devonport through a small -spyglass got into print in a London paper. After three weeks' watching -he caught sight of Halley's Comet on 16th October, 1839. - -His father now with considerable effort arranged to send him to the -University of Cambridge, and he entered S. John's College as a poor -sizar in October, 1839; he graduated as Senior Wrangler in 1843, and -was first Smith's prizeman, and soon elected Fellow and appointed -tutor of his college. - -At the age of twenty-two he was struck with the disturbance in the -course of the planet Uranus, and he perceived that this must be due to -the attraction possessed by some other planet, as yet unseen and -unsuspected, that produced these perturbations. How this led to the -discovery of the planet Neptune shall be told from the _Reminiscences_ -of Caroline Fox:-- - -"1847, October 7th.--Dined at Carclew, and spent a very interesting -evening. We met Professor Adams, the Bullers, the Lord of the Isles, -and others. Adams is a quiet-looking man, with a broad forehead, a -mild face, and an amiable and expressive mouth. I sat by him at -dinner, and by general and dainty approaches got at the subject on -which one most wished to hear him speak. He began very blushingly, but -went on to talk in most delightful fashion, with large and luminous -simplicity, of some of the vast mathematical facts with which he is so -conversant. The idea of the reversed method of reasoning, from an -unknown to a known, with reference to astronomical problems dawned on -him when an undergraduate, with neither time nor mathematics to work -it out. The opposite system had always before been adopted. He, in -common with many others, conceived that there must be a planet to -account for the disturbances of Uranus; and when he had time he set to -work at the process, in deep, quiet faith that the fact was there, and -that his hitherto untried mathematical path was the one which must -reach it; that there were no anomalies in the universe, but that, even -here, and now, they could be explained and included in a higher law. -The delight of working it out was far more than any notoriety could -give, for his love of pure truth is evidently intense, an inward -necessity, unaffected by all the penny trumpets of the world. Well, at -length he fixed his point in space, and sent his mathematical evidence -to Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who locked the papers up in his desk, -partly from carelessness, partly from incredulity, for it seemed to -him impossible that a man whose name was unknown to him should strike -out a new path in mathematical science with any success. Moreover, -his theory was, that if there were a planet, it would not be -discovered for one hundred and sixty years; that is, until two -revolutions of Uranus had been accomplished. Then came Leverrier's -equally original, though many months younger, demonstration; Gull's -immediate verification of it by observation; and then the other -astronomers were all astir. Professor Adams speaks of those about whom -the English scientific world is so indignant in a spirit of Christian -philosophy, exactly in keeping with the mind of a man who has -discovered a planet. He speaks with warmest admiration of Leverrier, -specially of his exhaustive method of making out the orbits of the -comets, imagining and disproving all tracks but the right one--a work -of infinite labour. If the observer could make out distinctly but a -very small part of a comet's orbit, the mathematician would be able to -prove what its course had been through all time. They enjoyed being a -good deal together at the British Association Meeting at Oxford, -though it was unfortunate for the intercourse of the fellow-workers -that one could not speak French nor the other English. He had met with -very little mathematical sympathy, except from Challis, of the -Cambridge Observatory; but when his result was announced there was -noise enough and to spare. He was always fond of star-gazing and -speculation, and is already on the watch for another planet. Burnard -told us that when Professor Adams came from Cambridge to visit his -relatives in Cornwall he was employed to sell sheep for his father at -a fair. He is a most good son and neighbour, and watchful in the -performance of small acts of thoughtful kindness." - -"1863, July 2nd.--Have just returned from a visit to Professor Adams at -Cambridge. He is so delightful in the intervals of business, enjoying -all things, large and small, with a boyish zest. He showed and -explained the calculating machine (French, not Babbage's), which saves -him much in time and brain, as it can multiply or divide ten figures -accurately. We came upon an admirable portrait of him at S. John's -College, before he accepted a Pembroke Fellowship and migrated thither." - -The first mention of the name of Adams as the discoverer of Neptune was -by Sir John Herschel, in the _Athenaeum_, on October 3rd, 1845. And a -letter from Professor Challis to that journal on 17th October described -in detail the transactions between Adams, Airy, and himself. Naturally -enough the French were highly incensed at the notion that an obscure -Englishman had forestalled Leverrier in the discovery, and Airy himself -was annoyed at his own negligence in not looking into the memoir by -Adams, and took up the matter with some personal feeling. It was -certainly startling to realize that the Astronomer Royal had had in his -possession data that would have enabled the planet to be discovered -nearly a year before Leverrier had, by a different course of argument -and calculation, arrived at the conclusion that there existed a planet -which was the disturbing element in the orbit of Uranus. As to Adams -himself, he had not a particle of conceit and pride in him; he did not -care to have his name proclaimed as the discoverer. Forty years later, -he said simply and characteristically that all he had wished for was -that English astronomers to whom he had communicated the result of his -calculations, pointing out the precise spot in the sky where a planet -was to be found, would have taken the trouble to turn their telescopes -upon that point and discover the planet, so that England might have had -the full credit of the discovery. - -[Illustration: EX.LIBRIS - -JOHANNIS COUCH ADAMS] - -His long-suppressed investigation was not laid before the Royal -Astronomical Society till November 13th, 1846. - -The publication, of course, stirred up much controversy, and the -scientific world was divided into Adamite and anti-Adamite factions. - -Adams refused knighthood in 1847, and declined the office of -Astronomer Royal on Airy's retirement in 1881. - -John Couch had a brother, William Grylls, also a man of some eminence -in the scientific world. He was born at Lidcott 12th February, 1836, -and became Professor of Natural Philosophy and of Astronomy in King's -College, London. - -I was wont, when at Cambridge, to meet John Couch Adams at Professor -Challis', and also at the house of the Rev. Harvey Goodwin, afterwards -Bishop of Carlisle. Professor Adams took some notice of me, as coming -from his neighbourhood, though not on the Cornish side of the Tamar. He -was a small man, as simple as a child in many things. Indeed, he struck -me forcibly by his great modesty and sweetness of manner. He loved a -joke, and would laugh heartily over the very smallest. He loved -children, and would play with them in their little games with infinite -zest. Professor Glaisher, whom I also knew, wrote of him: "Adams was a -man of learning as well as a man of science. He was an omnivorous -reader, and his memory was exact and retentive. There were few subjects -upon which he was not possessed of accurate information. Botany, -geology, history, and divinity, all had their share of his care and -attention." - -He was always happy to return to his humble father's farm; and after -he was a noted man, on one of these occasions the old man sent him -into Launceston with a drove of sheep to sell them in the market. He -complied cheerfully, but how he succeeded in selling them I have not -heard. This is the incident alluded to by Caroline Fox given above. - -"The honours showered upon him," wrote Dr. Donald MacAlister, "left -him as they found him--modest, gentle, and sincere." He was not a man -who ever asserted himself. - -He married in 1863 Eliza, daughter of Haliday Bruce, of Dublin. He -died of a sudden illness on January 21st, 1892, and was buried in S. -Giles' Churchyard, Cambridge. - -Portraits were taken of him by Mogford in 1851, and by Herkomer in 1888; -both are in the Combination-room of St. John's College, Cambridge. - -A biographical notice of him was prefixed by Professor Glaisher to his -scientific works, edited by W. G. Adams, in 1896-8. - -See also A. De Morgan's _Budget of Paradoxes_, 1872, and the -_Mechanics' Magazine_, 1846. - - - - - DANIEL GUMB - - -All that is really known of this eccentric character is found in a -letter of J. B. to Richard Polwhele, dated September, 1814. His -correspondent says:-- - -"Daniel Gumb was born in the parish of Linkinhorne, in Cornwall, about -the commencement of the last century, and was bred a stone-cutter. In -the early part of his life he was remarkable for his love of reading -and a degree of reserve even exceeding what is observable in persons -of studious habits. By close application Daniel acquired, even in his -youth, a considerable stock of mathematical knowledge, and, in -consequence, became celebrated throughout the adjoining parishes. -Called by his occupation to hew blocks of granite on the neighbouring -commons, and especially in the vicinity of that great natural -curiosity called the Cheesewring, he discovered near this spot an -immense block, whose upper surface was an inclined plane. This, it -struck him, might be made the roof of a habitation such as he desired; -sufficiently secluded from the busy haunts of men to enable him to -pursue his studies without interruption, whilst it was contiguous to -the scene of his daily labour. Immediately Daniel went to work, and -cautiously excavating the earth underneath, to nearly the extent of -the stone above, he obtained a habitation which he thought -sufficiently commodious. The sides he lined with stone, cemented with -lime, whilst a chimney was made by perforating the earth at one side -of the roof. From the elevated spot on which stood this extraordinary -dwelling could be seen Dartmoor and Exmoor on the east, Hartland on -the north, the sea and the port of Plymouth on the south, and S. -Austell and Bodmin Hills on the west, with all the intermediate -beautiful scenery. The top of the rock which roofed his house served -Daniel for an observatory, where at every favourable opportunity he -watched the motions of the heavenly bodies, and on the surface of -which, with his chisel, he carved a variety of diagrams, illustrative -of the most difficult problems of Euclid, etc. These he left behind -him as evidences of the patience and ingenuity with which he -surmounted the obstacles that his station in life had placed in the -way of his mental improvement. - -"But the choice of his house and the mode in which he pursued his -studies were not his only eccentricities. His house became his chapel -also; and he was never known to descend from the craggy mountain on -which it stood, to attend his parish church or any other place of -worship. - -"Death, which alike seizes on the philosopher and the fool, at length -found out the retreat of Daniel Gumb, and lodged him in a house more -narrow than that which he had dug for himself." - -Bond in his _Topographical and Historical Sketches of the Boroughs of -East and West Looe_, 1873, describes the habitation of Daniel Gumb as -seen by him in 1802:-- - -"When we reached Cheesewring--our guide first led us to the house of -Daniel Gumb (a stone-cutter), cut by him out of a solid rock of granite. -This artificial cavern may be about twelve feet deep and not quite so -broad; the roof consists of one flat stone of many tons weight; -supported by the natural rock on one side, and by pillars of small -stones on the other. How Gumb formed this last support is not easily -conceived. We entered with hesitation lest the covering should be our -gravestone. On the right-hand side of the door is 'D. Gumb,' with a date -engraved 1735 (or 3). On the upper part of the covering stone, channels -are cut to carry off the rain, probably to cause it to fall into a -bucket for his use; there is also engraved on it some geometrical device -formed by Gumb, as the guide told us, who also said that Gumb was -accounted a pretty sensible man. I have no hesitation in saying he must -have been a pretty eccentric character to have fixed on this place for -his habitation; but here he dwelt for several years with his wife and -children, several of whom were born and died here. His calling was that -of a stone-cutter, and he fixed himself on a spot where materials could -be met with to employ a thousand men for a thousand years." - -[Illustration: _J. Farington, R.A., del. Letitia Byrne, sculp._ - -THE CHEESE-WRING] - -The Rev. Robert S. Hawker wrote an account of Daniel Gumb for _All the -Year Round_ in 1866, and this has been reprinted in _Footsteps of -Former Men in Cornwall_. - -He pretends that when he visited the Cheesewring in 183-, there still -existed fragments of Daniel Gumb's "thoughts and studies still -treasured up in the existing families of himself and his wife." And he -gives transcripts from these, and also from what must have been a -diary. But Mr. Hawker embroidered facts with so much detail drawn from -his own fancy, that his statements have to be taken with a very large -pinch of salt. - -It must be remembered, in his justification, that his stories of -Cornish Characters were intended as magazine articles to amuse, but -without any purpose of having them regarded as strictly biographical -and historical. They were brief historical romances, and were not -intended to be taken seriously. - -I will give but one quotation, and the reader can judge for himself -therefrom whether it does not look like an extract "made in -Morwenstow." Mr. Hawker says:-- - -"On the fly-leaves of an old account book the following strange -statement appears: 'June 23rd, 1764. To-day, at bright noon, I looked -up and saw all at once a stranger standing on the turf, just above my -block. He was dressed like an old picture I remember in the windows of -S. Neot's Church, in a long brown garment, with a girdle; and his head -was uncovered and grizzled with long hair. He spoke to me, and he said -in a low, clear voice, "Daniel, that work is hard!" I wondered that he -should know my name, and I answered, "Yes, sir; but I am used to it -and don't mind it, for the sake of the faces at home." Then he said, -sounding his words like a psalm, "Man goeth forth to his work and to -his labour until the evening. When will it be night with Daniel Gumb?" -I began to feel queer; it seemed to me that there was something awful -about the unknown man. I even shook. Then he said again, "Fear -nothing. The happiest man in all the earth is he that wins his daily -bread by his daily sweat, if he will but fear God and do man no -wrong." I bent down my head like any one dumbfounded, and I greatly -wondered who this strange appearance could be. He was not like a -preacher, for he looked me full in the face; nor a bit like a parson, -for he seemed very meek and kind. I began to think it was a spirit, -only such ones always come by night, and here was I at noonday and at -work. So I made up my mind to drop my hammer and step up and ask his -name right out. But when I looked up he was gone, and that clear out -of my sight, on the bare, wide moor, suddenly.'" - -Now, in the first place, no trace or tidings of these notes so -treasured up by the family are to be found in the parish of -Linkinhorne, to which Gumb and his wife belonged. - -In the second place, Mr. Hawker makes Daniel remark that his -mysterious visitant was not like a Dissenting preacher because he -looked him straight in the face, and this is significantly like a -remark Hawker often made with regard to these gentry. - -Another of these pretended notes refers to the finding of a fossil -fish embedded in granite. This alone suffices to wake suspicion that -the extracts are not genuine. Fossils never have been found in -granite, and never will be. But Hawker himself did not know this, as -he was totally ignorant of the first principles of geology. - - - - - LAURENCE BRADDON - - -Laurence Braddon, second son of Captain William Braddon, of Treworgy, -in S. Gennys, was called to the bar of the Middle Temple, and worked -at his profession diligently. He entered Parliament in 1651, but did -not attract special notice till the occasion of the suicide of the -Earl of Essex in the Tower, in 1683. - -The people of England had been, and still were, greatly troubled about -the succession to the throne, in the event of the death of Charles II. -They had no mind to have the throne occupied by a Popish prince, and -several plots were hatched to prevent such a contingency. Monmouth, -with Lord Essex, Shaftesbury, Lord Howard of Escrick, Russell, -Algernon Sidney, and John Hampden, held meetings to found an -association to agitate and compel the King to assemble Parliament, to -take measures to secure a Protestant succession and the exclusion of -the Duke of York. On other points they disagreed. Monmouth hoped to -have his legitimacy established and to secure the crown for his own -brows. Sidney and Essex were for the establishment of a commonwealth. -Russell and Hampden intended only the exclusion of the Duke. As to -Lord Howard, he was a man of no principle, and his sole desire was to -fish in troubled waters and get out of them what he could. - -More desperate spirits schemed plans of assassination, and a plot was -formed for murdering Charles and the Duke of York as they passed the -Rye House on the road from London to Newmarket, but there is no evidence -that the noble schemers had any knowledge of the Rye House Plot. - -Both projects were betrayed, and though they were wholly distinct from -one another, the cruel ingenuity of the Crown lawyers blended them -into one. - -The Earl of Shaftesbury fled to the Continent; Monmouth absconded; -Russell was committed to the Tower; Howard, who had concealed himself in -a chimney, was drawn forth by the heels, and to secure his neck betrayed -Essex, Sidney, and Hampden, who were all committed to the Tower. - -Several of the conspirators in the Rye House Plot were sentenced to -death and at once executed. From their confessions it appeared that -the conspiracy had wide ramifications, and that a scheme of -insurrection throughout the country had been formed, and that steps -had been taken to organize it. - -On the day upon which Lord Russell was brought to trial the Earl of -Essex was found in the closet of his chamber with his throat cut, and -this but just after a visit to the Tower by the King with the Duke of -York. - -An inquest was at once held, at which it was shown that Lord Essex was -a man of a despondent temper, that he had been lately in a lugubrious -mood, and in the depths of melancholy; and evidence was conclusive -that he had cut his own throat with a razor. The jury accordingly -found a verdict of _felo de se_. - -Now it so fell out that on the following Sunday Laurence Braddon went -to visit a Mr. Evans, of the Custom House, at his country house at -Wanstead, in Essex, where was also a Mr. Halstead, and Evans was -telling Halstead that he had heard from a kinsman of his named -Edwards, also in the Customs, that his boy had been in the Tower yard -on the morning of the death of Lord Essex, and that he had seen a hand -thrust out of that nobleman's window, and a razor stained with blood -thrown down on the pavement of the yard. Next moment a maid-servant -wearing a white hood had run out, secured the razor and carried it -within, and that he had heard cries from within of "Murder! Murder!" - -Braddon listened, walking up and down the room, as Evans told this -story. He was greatly excited by it, and thought that it pointed to a -murder having been committed, and that probably at the instigation of -the Duke of York. - -Accordingly Braddon went next day to the quay and got Evans and -Edwards to meet him at the "Star" public-house and repeat the story. -It seemed that Edwards had two boys who were in Merchant Taylors' -School, and that one of their sisters was married and living in the -Tower. On the morning of the death of Lord Essex the lads were on -their way to school, when, passing the Tower, they heard that the King -and the Duke of York were in it, whereupon the younger, an urchin of -twelve or thirteen, gave his brother the slip, and ran in to see the -King and the Duke. After they had departed he remained in the yard -playing chuck-farthing with other boys, when he saw a hand thrust -forth from a window and throw a bloody razor into the court, and after -that a maid or woman in a white hood and stuff coat took it up and -went in, and then he heard a noise as of "Murder!" cried out. Braddon -then went to the house of Edwards to question the boy, who -prevaricated. Braddon believed that the child's mother and sister had -been at him, telling him that he was likely to get them all into -trouble if he persisted in his tale, and urged by them, professed that -he had told a lie. - -The matter became common talk on the quay and the purlieus of the -Tower. - -Braddon had no great difficulty in finding a little girl named Jane -Lodeman, aged thirteen, who was in the same tale. This is what he took -down:-- - -"Jane Lodeman was in the Tower on Friday morning, 13th July last, and -standing almost over against the late Earl of Essex's lodging window, -she saw a hand cast a razor out of my lord's window, and immediately -upon this she heard shrieks, and that there was a soldier by my lord's -door, who cried out to those within the house that somebody should -come and take up a razor which was thrown out of the window, whereupon -there came a maid with a white hood out of the house, but who took up -the razor she can't tell." - -Dated 8th August, 1683. - -On July 20th Braddon had gone to Whitehall before he had obtained this -corroborative evidence, and had laid information before the King and -Council, and produced a written deposition as to what the boy Edwards -had said he had seen; but the boy's sister deposed that Mr. Laurence -Braddon had forced her brother to sign it. Soon after Braddon had -taken this step, he heard a rumour that the fact of the violent death -of the Earl of Essex had been known and discussed in Frome Selwood the -same day, and he hurried off to make inquiries into this. But on -reaching Salisbury he was arrested, thrown into prison, and brought -back to London. Another gentleman, a Mr. Speeke, had also been -spreading the report that Lord Essex had been foully murdered, and it -was hinted that the Duke of York, if not the King, had ordered the -assassination. Speeke also was arrested. - -Narcissus Luttrell's account of the death of Essex is as follows:-- - -1683, 13th July.--"About nine in the morning, the Earl of Essex, -prisoner in the Tower of London, upon account of this new plott, did -most barbarously cut his own throat from one ear to the other with a -razor. What occasioned it is doubtfull: some say, the sense of his -guilt; others, the shame for being accused of such a crime, when his -father, the Lord Capell, died for his loyalty to the late King; however, -the coroner's jury have satt on his body, and found him _felo de se_, -tho' some stick not to say 'tis impossible he should murther himself in -so barbarous a manner; and his Majesty hath been pleased to give his -goods, which were forfeited by his killing himself, to his son." - -On November 6th he says: "Mr. Speak was brought to the Court of King's -Bench, and charged with two informations: the 1st, for saying the King -was as great a Papist as the Duke of York; that the Duke durst not doe -what he did but that the King did animate him; that what Pilkington -had formerly said of the Duke of York was true; with much other such -scandalous stuff; and 2nd was for sayeing that the Earl of Essex was -killed and murdered by those that attended on him in the Tower; to -both these he pleaded Not Guilty." - -1683-4, February 7th.--"Mr. Lawrence Braddon and Mr. Hugh Speke were -tried at the Court of King's Bench, by a jury of Middlesex, upon an -information reciting the commitment of the late Earl of Essex to the -Tower for treason in conspiring the death of the King, etc., and that -the 13th July last he cut his own throat, and was found _felo de se_ -by the coroner's inquisition; the said Braddon and Speke did conspire -by writing and otherwise, to spread a false and scandalous report, -that the said Earl was murdered by some persons about him, and -endeavoured to suborn witnesses to testifye the same. The evidence for -the King, was first, the warder of the Tower, who testified as to his -Lordship's commitment; then the coroner, and the inquisition taken -before him, whereby his Lordship was found _felo de se_, was read; -then the particular evidence against Mr. Braddon was, by severall -persons, how busy and sollicitous he was to take persons' -informations, and to examine a little child about ten years old, about -a discourse that ran through the town that a bloody razor was thrown -out of his Lordship's window; and that the cry of Murder was heard; -and that a servant maid came presently out of the house of the Lord of -Essex, and took up the razor, and carried it in; and that then it was -said the Lord of Essex had killed himself. Then the severall -informations Braddon had taken in writing relating to this matter were -read, and some of the informants themselves examined, whose testimony -much differ'd from their informations, then severall testified the -confident and strange discourse this Braddon frequently us'd -concerning the matter. The evidence against Mr. Speke was only a -letter writt by him to Sir Robert Atkins th' elder, and carried by Mr. -Braddon, but was seized about him when he was going thither, which -contained severall expressions in commendation of Mr. Braddon and his -zeale, with reflexions on this matter; then the evidence was given of -his Lordship's cutting his own throat with a razor, which was proved -by his own servant, a Frenchman; by the warder, by the centinell, and -by Capt. Hawley. The defendants' proof was, first, Braddon pretended -he did nothing but out of zeale to have the truth come out: then he -call'd some witnesses to prove that there was a discourse of the Lord -of Essex's being killed, and a razor thrown out, before he concern'd -himself in it. Speke had little to say against the letter, but own'd -it to be his hand; so that the jury, after a little while, agreed of -their verdict, and found the defendant Braddon guilty of all that was -laid in the information, and the defendant Speke guilty of all except -the conspiring to suborn witnesses. - -"'Twas strange any man should concern himself in an affair of this -moment on the information of a boy ten years old, who had denied all -after he had confess'd it, and did at his tryall, and make all this -rent that was about it." - -April 21st, 1684.--"Mr. Laurence Braddon and Mr. Hugh Speke, convicted -last term upon an endeavour to lay the murder of the late Earl of -Essex upon the Government, were brought to the Court of King's Bench -to receive their judgments; which was, that Braddon should pay a fine -of L2000, and Speke L1000 to the King; that they find sureties for -their good behaviour during their lives, and be committed to the -King's Bench prison till they doe so." - -Hugh Speke, who was tried along with Laurence Braddon, was an -inveterate plotter. Macaulay thus describes him: "Hugh Speke (was) a -young man of good family, but of a singularly base and depraved -nature. His love of mischief and of dark and crooked ways amounted -almost to madness. To cause confusion without being found out was his -business and his pastime; and he had a rare skill in using honest -enthusiasts as the instruments of his cold-blooded malice." - -Referring to the case of Braddon, Macaulay adds: "He had attempted, by -means of one of his puppets, to fasten on Charles and James the crime -of murdering Essex in the Tower. On this occasion the agency of Speke -had been traced; and though he succeeded in throwing the greater part -of the blame on his dupe, he had not escaped with impunity." - -He was certainly a clever scoundrel, for he managed to cover up most -of his traces in the affair of the charge of the murder of Essex. - -Braddon was sincere, while Speke was not. Braddon was convinced that a -murder had been committed, and he had not a well-balanced mind to -weigh evidence. Speke cared nothing whether crime had been committed -or not so long as he could disturb men's minds with a suspicion that -one had been committed, and that by the King's brother and heir -presumptive to the Crown. - -The evidence produced by Laurence Braddon was practically worthless. He -had but the word of two little children, and the boy had retracted and -acknowledged that he had told lies. As to the fact of the death of Lord -Essex being known at Frome on the 13th, showing that the murder had been -premeditated and was part of a widely ramified scheme of the Papists, it -was shown that nothing was known there of it till many days later. - -The evidence for the King was Bomeny, the valet de chambre of Lord -Essex. He stated that the Earl had long nails, and that morning had -asked for a penknife so as to pare them. Bomeny had commissioned a -footman, William Turner, to get one, and bring it along with some -provisions ordered for the Earl's breakfast. Turner brought the -provisions, but had forgotten about the penknife, whereupon Lord Essex -began to cut his nails with his razor, and the footman was again -despatched for a penknife. Just then the King and the Duke of York -arrived at the Tower, and there was great bustle in the yard, and Bomeny -left the Earl's room. When he met the footman with the knife he -returned, but not finding Lord Essex in his chamber, he tried to open -the closet door, when he found that there was an obstruction. Somewhat -alarmed, he ran to Russell, the warder, whose door was almost opposite -on the same staircase, and both went to the closet, and found Lord Essex -lying in it with his throat cut and his feet against the door. - -Russell corroborated this evidence, and added that no one could -possibly ascend the stair and enter Lord Essex's chamber without his -knowledge. The soldier, Lloyd, who acted as sentinel at the entrance -to the Earl's quarters, testified that there was no truth in the -children's tale about the razor, and that no maid had issued from the -door to pick one up. - -It was further established that the closet window did not look into -the main yard, and was so arranged that a hand could not be passed out -of it. - -Judge Jeffreys conducted the investigation, and that in a most -unseemly manner. Apparently he was drunk at the time, and was so -confused that he was not able to follow the evidence. He browbeat the -witnesses in the most offensive way. - -On November 6th, 1684, a French Protestant refugee, named Borleau, was -indicted for selling a scandalous book called _L'Esprit de Monsieur -Arnaud_, in which he declared that the Earl of Essex had not cut his -own throat, but had been foully murdered. He pleaded guilty, and the -King graciously allowed him to be fined only 6s. 8d., and to be -discharged without paying his fees. There was most certainly fish made -of one and fowl of another. - -Again, in December of the same year a book appeared entitled _An -Enquiry about the Barbarous Murder of the Earl of Essex_, that was -vended surreptitiously, and a broadside written by Colonel Danvers, -giving the evidence that he was murdered, was thrown in at open doors -and distributed in the streets of London. A hundred pounds was offered -for the apprehension of Danvers. As to the book, it was from the pen -of Laurence Braddon, and was later, when it could be done safely, -acknowledged by him. On January 23rd, 1684-5, a Mr. Henry Baker -pleaded guilty to an information for using scandalous words about the -Duke of York, and at the same time a printer, Norden, did the same to -an indictment for publishing the "scandalous libell in vindication of -the lord of Essex." And on February 3rd one of the jury at the -inquest, Launcelot Colston by name, was had up before King's Bench on -a charge of having said that he did not believe that the Earl had cut -his throat, for he could not have done so himself in the way in which -he was found. Norden was sentenced to pay 200 marks, and to stand in -the pillory at Ratcliffe, and to be bound to his good behaviour for -seven years, and be committed to prison till this was done. - -In 1685, on the landing of the Duke of Monmouth, in the Proclamation -he published, he charged King James with the murder of Essex, with his -own hand. - -In January, 1689, a Captain Hawley, Major Whitley, and some two or -three more were imprisoned for maintaining that Essex had not -committed suicide. But this was at the moment when all power was -slipping out of the hands of King James II; the Prince of Orange came -to the throne, and on February 23rd a Captain Holland was arrested and -thrown into prison on the charge of having been concerned in the -murder of the Earl, and this was followed by numerous other arrests. -But the prison-doors were thrown open for Laurence Braddon to issue -forth and recommence his accusations of murder. He republished the -"Enquiry into and Detection of the Barbarous Murther of the late Earl -of Essex; or a Vindication of that Noble Person from the Guilt and -Infamy of having Destroyed himself." - -Even before the throne, vacated by King James, had been filled by the -Prince of Orange, the Lords had appointed a committee to examine into -the truth of the frightful stories circulated relative to the death of -Essex. The committee, which consisted wholly of zealous Whigs, -continued its inquiries till all reasonable men were convinced that he -had fallen by his own hand, and till Lady Essex, his brother, and his -most intimate friends requested that the investigation might be -pursued no further. That under Judge Jeffreys had been open to -suspicion, this could not. But nothing would alter the persuasion of -Braddon that this was a case of murder. - -Next year, 1690, he came out with a fresh pamphlet, "Essex's Innocency -and Honour Vindicated, or Murther, Subornation, Perjury, and -Oppression, justly charged on the Murtherers of that Noble and True -Patriot Arthur (late) Earl of Essex," etc. - -It had become a matter of party feeling, and it was held by all true -Protestants to be their duty to believe in the murder, so as to -blacken the character of James II. The evidence, however, was too poor -to convince a cool-minded man like Bishop Burnet, and in his _History -of His Own Times_ he spoke of Essex having cut his own throat. -Thereupon Laurence Braddon resumed his pen and published an attack on -the Bishop: "Bishop Burnet's History charged with great partiality and -misrepresentations, to make the present and future ages believe that -Arthur, Earl of Essex, in 1683, murdered himselfe, with observations -upon the suppos'd poysoning of King Charles the Second," 1724. - -In 1695 Braddon was appointed solicitor to the wine-licensing office, -with a salary of L100 per annum. - -In one point Braddon showed great perspicuity and good feeling. In 1717 -he published a pamphlet entitled "The Miseries of the Poor, a National -Sin and Shame"; and when his scheme for the relief of the poor had been -animadverted upon unfavourably, in 1722, he answered these objections in -another tractate: "Particular answers to the most material objections -made to the proposal humbly presented to His Majesty for relieving, -reforming, and employing all the poor of Great Britain," 1722. - -Laurence Braddon died on Sunday, 29th November, 1724. - -The Braddons must have been a family of some consequence in S. Gennys, -although their arms and pedigree are not recorded in the Heralds' -Visitations. At the trial of Laurence, it was stated that his father's -income from his property was fully L800 per annum. Laurence derived -his fiery Protestantism from his father, who had been a -Parliamentarian officer of some distinction in the Civil War. His -father is buried in the chancel of S. Gennys, and some verses are -inscribed on the ledgerstone, beginning:-- - - In war and peace I bore command, - Both gun and sword I wore. - -The arms borne by the family are: _Sable_, a bend lozengy, _arg._--arms -that in their beautiful simplicity proclaim their antiquity. - -The old mansion of the Braddons in S. Gennys has been pulled down and -a modern farm-house erected on the site. - - - - - THOMASINE BONAVENTURA - - -Week S. Mary stands in a treeless wind-swept situation, 530 feet above -the sea, near the source of two small streams rising in the desolate -downs to the south, which unite their waters at Langford, and have -sawn for themselves deep clefts that are well wooded. At a remote -period this district must have been the scene of contests, for it is -studded with earthworks. There was a castle at Week, but camps also -crowning a height in Westwood and in Swannacott Wood; and Week S. Mary -with its castle stood aloft, defended by one of these on each side. -Formerly there was not so much enclosed land as there is at present; -but it was precisely the moorland that extended over so large a -portion of the parish that constituted its wealth, for on this waste -pastured vast flocks of sheep, whose fleeces were in request at a time -when wool was the staple industry in the West of England. - -The ridge of bare, uplifted, carboniferous rock and clay, cold and -bleak, was formerly scantily provided with roads, and with homesteads -few and far between; and to guide the traveller through the waste, -certain churches with lofty towers were erected on high -ground--Pancrasweek, Holsworthy, Bridgerule, Week S. Mary--to enable him -to make his way across country from one to the other. A farm or a -manor-house nestled in a combe, sheltered from the wind, from the sea, -and the driving rain; but farmer and squire drew their wealth from the -sheep on the uplands, which were moreover strewn, as they still are, -with barrows, under which lie the dead of the Bronze and Stone ages. - -Davies Gilbert absurdly derives the name of the place from the -Cornish, and makes it signify "sweet." No more unsuitable epithet -could have been applied. It signifies _vicus_, a village or hamlet, -and is found also at Pancrasweek, Germansweek, and elsewhere. - -In the village are still to be seen the remains of the old school and -chantry founded by Thomasine Bonaventura, a shepherd girl, native of -the place, whose story is told by Carew and by Hall; and from them we -take it. - -Thomasine was born about the year 1450, in the reign of Henry VI, and -her father was a small farmer who had his flock of sheep pasturing on -the wild waste common-lands. Thomasine watched it, and spun from her -distaff. Above the desolate moors to the south-west stood up blue -against the sky the rugged height of Brown Willy, crowned by its -mighty cairns; to the west and south-west stretched the Atlantic, into -which the evening sun went down in a blaze of glory. - -One day a London merchant, a dealer in wool, came riding over the -moor; probably from Tintagel or Forrabury, and making direct for Week -S. Mary tower, when he passed a barrow on which sat the shepherd girl -spinning, the breeze from the sea blowing her dark hair about, singing -some old ballad, but ever keeping her eye on her father's sheep. -Behind him trailed a line of horses laden with the packs of wool that -he had purchased, led by his men. He halted to speak to the girl, -probably to learn from her where he might best ford the stream in the -valley below. She answered, and he was pleased with her intelligence, -and not less with her beauty. He inquired who she was, what was her -name, and what the circumstances of her parents. To all these -questions she gave prompt and direct answers. Then, still more taken -with her, he asked Thomasine whether she would accompany him to -London, to be servant to his wife, and he offered her good wages and -kind treatment. She replied, with caution, that she was under the -guardianship of her father and mother, and that she could not accept -his proposal without their consent. - -Thereupon the merchant rode on, and upon reaching Week S. Mary -inquired for the house of the parents of Thomasine and laid his offer -before them. When they hesitated, he referred them to his customers. - -The parents, no doubt, were highly elated at being able to get their -daughter into a situation in London, where all the streets were paved -with gold. But it may well be doubted whether they dreamt of what was -in store for her. - -So she parted from her parents, certainly with many tears on her part, -and earnest injunctions from father and mother to conduct herself in a -modest and obedient manner. - -Now these wool merchants and clothiers were men of mighty repute and -good substance in the land. In Thomas Deloney's delightful _Pleasant -Historie of Thomas of Reading_, 1600, we read: "Among all crafts this -was the onely chiefe, for that it was the chiefest merchandize, by the -which our Country became famous throwout all Nations. And it was -verily thought that the one halfe of the people in the land lived in -those dayes thereby, and in such good sort, that in the Commonwealth -there were few or no beggars at all: poore people, whom God lightly -blessed with most children, did by meanes of this occupation so order -them, that by the time that they were come to be sixe or seven yeares -of age, they were able to get their owne bread. Idlenesse was then -banished our coast, so that it was a rare thing to heare of a thiefe -in those dayes. Therefore it was not without cause that Clothiers were -then both honoured and loved." - -Doubtless so soon as the merchant reached Launceston he placed all the -wool he purchased on carts, to convey it to town through Exeter. Deloney -tells an amusing story of how King Henry was riding forth west with one -of his sons and some of his nobility, when "he met with a great number -of waines loaden with cloth coming to London, and seeing them still -drive one after another so many together, demanded whose they were. The -wainemen answered in this sort: Coles of Reading, quoth they. Then, by -and by, the King asked another, saying: Whose cloth is all this? Old -Coles, quoth he. And againe anon after he asked the same questions to -others, and still they answered, Old Coles. And it is to be remembered -that the King met them in such a place so narrow and streight, that hee -with the rest of his traine were faine to stand as close to the hedge, -whilest the carts passed by, the which at that time being in number -above two hundred, was neere hand an hour ere the King could get room to -be gone; so that by his long stay, he began to be displeased, although -the admiration of that sight did much qualify his furie; but breaking -out in discontent, by reason of his stay, he said, I thought Old Cole -had got a commission for all the carts in the country to carry his -cloth. And how if he have (quoth one of the wainemen) doth that grieve -you, good Sir? Yes, good Sir, said our King. What say you to that? The -fellow, seeing the King (in asking the question) to bend his browes, -though he knew not what he was, yet being abasht, he answered thus: Why, -Sir, if you be angry, nobody can hinder you; for possibly, Sir, you have -anger at commandment. The King, seeing him in uttering of his words to -quiver and quake, laughed heartily at him ... and by the time he came -within a mile of Staines, he met another company of waines, in like sort -laden with cloth, whereby the King was driven into a further admiration; -and demanding whose they were, answere was made in this sort: They bee -goodman Sutton's of Salisbury, good Sir. And by that time a score of -them were past; he asked againe, saying, Whose are these? Sutton's of -Salisbury, quoth they, and so still, so often as the King asked that -question, they answered, Sutton's of Salisbury. God send me such more -Suttons, said the King. And thus the further he travelled westward, more -waines and more he met continually: upon which occasion he said to his -nobles, that it would never grieve a King to die for the defence of a -fertile country and faithful subjects. I alwayes thought (quoth he) that -England's valor was more than her wealth, yet now I see her wealth -sufficient to maintaine her valour, which I will seek to cherish in all -I may, and with my sword keepe myselfe in possession of that I have." - -Judging by what Deloney says, these clothiers were a merry set, and the -journey to town was one long picnic. They were--or some were--of good -family. Grey, the clothier of Gloucester, was of the noble race of Grey -de Ruthyn, and FitzAllen, of Worcester, came of the Fitzallens, "that -famous family whose patrimony lay about the town of Oswestrie, which -towne his predecessors had inclosed with stately walls of stone." - -The most famous wool merchant in the West was Tom Dove, of Exeter, -concerning whom this song was sung:-- - - Welcome to town, Tom Dove, Tom Dove, - The merriest man alive. - Thy company still we love, we love, - God grant thee well to thrive. - And never will we depart from thee, - For better, for worse, my joy! - For thou shalt still have our good will, - God's blessing on my sweet boy! - -In London Thomasine comported herself well, was cheerful and obliging. -How the mercer's wife relished her introduction into the house we are -not informed. But this good lady shortly after sickened and died, and -the widower offered Thomasine his hand and his heart, which she -accepted. - -After three years Richard Bunsby, the mercer, died and left all he had -to Thomasine, so that she, who had gone up to town as a serving girl, -was now a rich widow, and withal young and pretty and attractive. She -soon drew suitors about her, and her choice fell on "that worshipful -merchant adventurer, Master John Gall, of S. Lawrence, Milk Street." -He as well was wealthy and uxorious, and he allowed his wife to make -donations for the relief of the poor of her native village, for which -she ever retained a lingering attachment. - -After the lapse of five years Thomasine was again a widow, and her -second husband had followed the example of the first in leaving to her -all his possessions. - -She had not to wait long before fresh suitors buzzed about her like -flies around a treacle barrel, and now, in the year 1497, she gave her -hand to Sir John Percival, who in the following year became Lord Mayor -of London. In memory of this event, she is traditionally held to have -constructed a good road--as good roads went in those days--from Week -S. Mary down to the coast, probably that over Week ford and through -Poundstock, to either Wansum or Melhuc Mouth. - -She long survived her third husband, and is supposed to have returned -to end her days as the Lady Bountiful in her native village. By her -will, made in 1510, she left goodly sums of money to Week S. Mary. - -But both she and Sir John Percival had been already benefactors in -London. Sir John had founded a chantry in S. Mary Woolnoth, and in -1539 is found an entry in the churchwardens' accounts of that parish -recording that Dame Thomasine Percival had left money for the -maintenance of the "beme light" in the church, i.e. the lamp before -the rood. She had also left money to supply candles to burn about the -sepulchre in the church on Easter Day, and he had bequeathed moneys -for the repair of the ornaments of the church, for bell-ringing, for -singers "for keeping the anthem," at his and her obits, and last but -not least, "for a potation to the neighbours at the said obit." - -Carew says: "And to show that virtue as well bare a part in the desert, -as fortune in the means of her preferment, she employed the whole -residue of her life and last widowhood to works no less bountiful than -charitable, namely, repairing of highways, building of bridges, endowing -of maidens, relieving of prisoners, feeding and apparelling the poor, -etc. Among the rest, at this S. Mary Wike she founded a chantry and -free-school, together with fair lodgings for the schoolmasters, -scholars, and officers, and added L20 of yearly revenue for supporting -the incident charges: wherein, as the bent of her desire was holy, so -God blessed the same with all wished success; for divers of the best -gentlemen's sons of Devon and Cornwall were there virtuously trained up, -in both kinds of divine and human learning, under one Cholwel, an honest -and religious teacher, which caused the neighbours so much the rather -and the more to rue, that a petty smack only of Popery opened the gap to -the oppression of the whole, by the statute made in Edward VI's reign, -touching the suppression of chantries." - -This disaster befell it in 1550, when all colleges, chantries, free -chapels, fraternities, and guilds throughout the kingdom, with their -lands and endowments, were alienated to the King--not because there -was a "petty smack of Popery" in them, but because of the rapacity of -the courtiers who desired to gather the lands and benefactions into -their own soiled hands. - -Mr. W. H. Tregellas says: "There are still to be seen in the remote -and quiet little village of Week S. Mary, some five or six miles south -of Bude, in the northern corner of Cornwall, the substantial remains -of the good Thomasine's college and chantry, which she founded for the -instruction of the youth of her native place. - -"The buildings lie about a hundred yards east of the church (from the -summit of whose grotesquely ornamented tower six-and-twenty parish -churches may be discerned), and built into the modern wall of a -cottage which stands inside the battlemented enclosure is a large -carved granite stone (evidently one of two which once formed the -tympanum of a doorway), on which the letter T stands out in bold -relief. Probably it is the initial of the Christian name of our -Thomasine; at any rate, it is pleasant to think it may be such." - -The church and its stately tower were probably built by Thomasine, or, -at all events, she would have largely contributed towards the -building. That church is now, internally, a ghastly sight. At its -"restoration" it was gutted, and is as bare as a railway station--a -shell, and nothing more. But that it was not so in Dame Thomasine's -time we may be well assured. A gorgeous screen extended across its -nave and aisles, richly sculptured and coloured and gilt, the windows -were filled with stained glass, and the bench ends were of carved oak. -All this has been swept away. - -In the Stratton churchwardens' accounts for 1513 we find that on the -day upon which "My Lady Parcyvale's Meneday" came round--i.e. the day -on which her death was called to mind--prayer was to be made for the -repose of her soul, and two shillings and two pence paid to two -priests, and for bread and ale. - - - - - THE MURDER OF NEVILL NORWAY - - -Mr. Nevill Norway was a timber and general merchant, residing at -Wadebridge. He was the second son of William Norway, of Court Place, -Egloshayle, who died in 1819, and Nevill was baptized at Egloshayle -Church on November 5th, 1801. - -In the course of his business he travelled about the country and -especially attended markets, and he went to one at Bodmin on the 8th -of February, 1840, on horseback. - -About four o'clock in the afternoon he was transacting some little -affair in the market-place, and had his purse in his hand, opened it and -turned out some gold and silver, and from the sum picked out what he -wanted and paid the man with whom he was doing business. Standing close -by and watching him was a young man named William Lightfoot, who lived -at Burlorn, in Egloshayle, and whom he knew well enough by sight. - -Mr. Norway did not leave Bodmin till shortly before ten o'clock, and he -had got about nine miles to ride before he would reach his house. The -road was lonely and led past the Dunmeer Woods and that of Pencarrow. - -He was riding a grey horse, and he had a companion, who proceeded with -him along the road for three miles and then took his leave and -branched off in another direction. - -A farmer returning from market somewhat later to Wadebridge saw a grey -horse in the road, saddled and bridled, but without a rider. He tried at -first to overtake it, but the horse struck into a gallop and he gave up -the chase; his curiosity was, however, excited, and upon meeting some -men on the road, and making inquiry, they told him that they thought -that the grey horse that had just gone by them belonged to Mr. Norway. -This induced him to call at the house of that gentleman, and he found -the grey steed standing at the stable gate. The servants were called -out, and spots of blood were found upon the saddle. A surgeon was -immediately summoned, and two of the domestics sallied forth on the -Bodmin road, in quest of their master. The search was not successful -that night, but later, one of the searchers perceiving something white -in the little stream of water that runs beside the highway and enters -the river Allen at Pendavey Bridge, they examined it, and found the body -of their unfortunate master, lying on his back in the stream, with his -feet towards the road, and what they had seen glimmering in the -uncertain light was his shirt frill. He was quite dead. - -The body was at once placed on the horse and conveyed home, where the -surgeon, named Tickell, proceeded to examine it. He found that the -deceased had received injuries about the face and head, produced by -heavy and repeated blows from some blunt instrument, which had -undoubtedly been the cause of death. A wound was discovered under the -chin, into which it appeared as if some powder had been carried; and -the bones of the nose, the forehead, the left side of the head and the -back of the skull were frightfully fractured. - -An immediate examination of the spot ensued when the body had been -found, and on the left-hand side of the road was seen a pool of -blood, from which to the rivulet opposite was a track produced by the -drawing of a heavy body across the way, and footsteps were observed as -of more than one person in the mud, and it was further noticed that -the boots of those there impressed must have been heavy. There had -apparently been a desperate scuffle before Mr. Norway had been killed. - -[Illustration: NEVILL NORWAY - -_From a painting in the possession of Miss A. T. Norway_] - -There was further evidence. Two sets of footmarks could be traced of -men pacing up and down behind a hedge in an orchard attached to an -uninhabited house hard by; apparently men on the watch for their -intended victim. - -At a short distance from the pool of blood was found the hammer of a -pistol that had been but recently broken off. - -Upon the pockets of the deceased being examined, it became obvious -that robbery had been the object of the attack made upon him, for his -purse and a tablet and bunch of keys had been carried off. - -Every exertion was made to discover the perpetrators of the crime, and -large rewards were offered for evidence that should tend to point them -out. Jackson, a constable from London, was sent for, and mainly by his -exertions the murderers were tracked down. A man named Harris, a -shoemaker, deposed that he had seen the two brothers, James and -William Lightfoot, of Burlorn, in Egloshayle, loitering about the -deserted cottage late at night after the Bodmin fair; and a man named -Ayres, who lived next door to James Lightfoot, stated that he had -heard his neighbour enter his cottage at a very late hour on the night -in question, and say something to his wife and child, upon which they -began to weep. What he had said he could not hear, though the -partition between the cottages was thin. - -This led to an examination of the house of James Lightfoot on February -14th, when a pistol was found, without a lock, concealed in a hole in -a beam that ran across the ceiling. As the manner of Lightfoot was -suspicious, he was taken into custody. - -On the 17th his brother William was arrested in consequence of a -remark to a man named Vercoe that he was in it as well as James. He -was examined before a magistrate, and made the following confession:-- - -"I went to Bodmin last Saturday week, the 8th instant, and on -returning I met my brother James just at the head of Dunmeer Hill. It -was just come dim-like. My brother had been to Burlorn, Egloshayle, to -buy potatoes. Something had been said about meeting; but I was not -certain about that. My brother was not in Bodmin on that day. Mr. -Vercoe overtook us between Mount Charles Turnpike Gate at the top of -Dunmeer Hill and a place called Lane End. We came on the turnpike road -all the way till we came to the house near the spot where the murder -was committed. We did not go into the house, but hid ourselves in a -field. My brother knocked Mr. Norway down; he snapped a pistol at him -twice, and it did not go off. Then he knocked him down with the -pistol. He was struck whilst on horseback. It was on the turnpike road -between Pencarrow Mill and the directing-post towards Wadebridge. I -cannot say at what time of the night it was. We left the body in the -water on the left side of the road coming to Wadebridge. We took money -in a purse, but I do not know how much it was. It was a brownish -purse. There were some papers, which my brother took and pitched away -in a field on the left-hand side of the road, into some browse or -furze. The purse was hid by me in my garden, and afterwards I threw it -over Pendavey Bridge. My brother drew the body across the road to the -water. We did not know whom we stopped till when my brother snapped -the pistol at him. Mr. Norway said, 'I know what you are about. I see -you.' We went home across the fields. We were not disturbed by any -one. The pistol belonged to my brother. I don't know whether it was -broken; I never saw it afterwards; and I do not know what became of -it. I don't know whether it was soiled with blood. I did not see any -blood on my brother's clothes. We returned together, crossing the -river at Pendavey Bridge and the Treraren fields to Burlorn village. -My brother then went to his house and I to mine. I think it was handy -about eleven o'clock. I saw my brother again on the Sunday morning. He -came to my house. There was nobody there but my own family. He said, -'Dear me, Mr. Norway is killed.' I did not make any reply." - -The prisoner upon this was remanded to Bodmin gaol, where his brother -was already confined, and on the way he pointed out the furze bush in -which the tablet and the keys of the deceased were to be found. James -Lightfoot, in the meantime, had also made a confession, in which he -threw the guilt of the murder upon his brother William. - -This latter, when in prison, admitted that his confession had not been -altogether true. He and his brother had met by appointment, with full -purpose to rob the Rev. W. Molesworth, of S. Breock, returning from -Bodmin market, and when James had snapped his pistol twice at Mr. -Norway, he, William, had struck him with a stick on the back of his -head and felled him from his horse, whereupon James had battered his -head and face with the pistol. - -The two wretched men were tried at Bodmin on March 30th, 1840, before -Mr. Justice Coltman, and the jury returned a verdict of "Guilty"; -they were accordingly both sentenced to death, and received the -sentence with great stolidity. - -Up to this time the brothers had been allowed no opportunity for -communication, and the discrepancy in their stories distinctly enough -showed that the object of each was to screen himself and to secure the -conviction of the other. - -After the passing of the sentence on them, they were conveyed to the -same cell, and were now, for the first time, allowed to approach each -other. They had scarcely met before, in the most hardened manner, they -broke out into mutual recrimination, using the most horrible and -abusive language of each other, and, not content with this, they flew -at each other's throat, so that the gaolers were obliged to interfere -and separate them and confine them in separate apartments. - -On April 7th their families were admitted to bid them farewell, and -the scene was most distressing. On Monday morning, April 13th, they -were both executed, and it was said that upwards of ten thousand -persons had assembled to witness their end. - -As Mr. Norway's family was left in most straitened circumstances, a -collection was made for them in Cornwall, and the sum of L3500 was -raised on their behalf. - -William Lightfoot was aged thirty-six and James thirty-three when -hanged at Bodmin. - -There is a monument to the memory of Mr. Norway in Egloshayle Church. - -In the _Cornwall Gazette_, 17th April, 1840, the portraits of the -murderers were given. Mention is made of the tragedy in C. Carlyon's -_Early Years_, 1843. He gives the following story. At the time of the -murder, Edmund Norway, the brother of Nevill, was in command of a -merchant vessel, the _Orient_, on his voyage from Manilla to Cadiz. -He wrote on the same day as the murder:-- - - - "Ship _Orient_, from Manilla to Cadiz, - - "_Feb._ 8th, 1840. - - "About 7.30 p.m. the island of S. Helena, N.N.W., distant about - seven miles, shortened sail and rounded to, with the ship's head to - the eastward; at eight, set the watch and went below--wrote a letter - to my brother, Nevell Norway. About twenty minutes or a quarter - before ten o'clock went to bed--fell asleep, and dreamt I saw two - men attack my brother and murder him. One caught the horse by the - bridle and snapped a pistol twice, but I heard no report; he then - struck him a blow, and he fell off the horse. They struck him - several blows, and dragged him by the shoulders across the road and - left him. In my dream there was a house on the left-hand side of the - road. At five o'clock I was called, and went on deck to take charge - of the ship. I told the second officer, Mr. Henry Wren, that I had - had a dreadful dream, and dreamt that my brother Nevell was murdered - by two men on the road from S. Columb to Wadebridge; but I was sure - it could not be there, as the house there would have been on the - right-hand side of the road, but it must have been somewhere else. - He replied, 'Don't think anything about it; you West-country people - are superstitious; you will make yourself miserable the remainder of - the passage. He then left the general orders and went below. It was - one continued dream from the time I fell asleep until I was called, - at five o'clock in the morning. - - "EDMUND NORWAY, - "Chief Officer, Ship _Orient_." - -There are some difficulties about this account. It is dated, as may -be seen, February 8th, but it must have been written on February 9th, -after Mr. Norway had had the dream, and the date must refer to the -letter written to his brother and to the dream, and not to the time -when the account was penned. - -From the Cape of Good Hope to S. Helena the course would be about -N.N.W., and with a fair wind the ship would cover about eighty or -ninety miles in eight hours. So that at noon of the day February 8th -she would be about one hundred miles S.S.E. of S. Helena, i.e. in -about 5 deg. W. longitude, as nearly as possible. The ship's clock would -then be set, and they would keep that time for letter-writing -purposes, meals, ship routine, etc. - - Ship, long. 5 deg. 0' 0" W. - Bodmin " 4 deg. 40' 0" W. - --------- - Difference 20' 0" - -The difference would be twenty minutes of longitude, and the -difference in time between the two places one degree apart is four -minutes. Reduce this to seconds:-- - - 4 x 60 x 20 - ----------- = 80 sec., i.e. 1 min. 20 sec. - 60 - -Therefore, if the murder was committed, say, at 10h. 30m. p.m. Bodmin -time, the time on the ship's clock would be 10h. 28m. 40s. p.m. An -inconsiderable difference. - -The log-book of Edmund Norway is said to be still in existence. - -One very remarkable point deserves notice. In his dream Mr. Edmund -Norway saw the house on the right hand of the road, and as he -remembered, on waking, that the cottage was on the left hand, he -consoled himself with the thought that if the dream was incorrect in -one point it might be in the whole. But he was unaware that during -his absence from England the road from Bodmin to Wadebridge had been -altered, and that it had been carried so that the position of the -house was precisely as he saw it in his dream, and the reverse of what -he had remembered it to be. - -Another point to be mentioned is that one of the murderers wore on -that occasion a coat which Mr. Norway had given him a few weeks -before, out of charity. - -Both brothers protested that they had not purposed the murder of Mr. -Norway but of the Rev. Mr. Molesworth, parson of S. Breock, who they -supposed was returning with tithe in his pocket. This, however, did -not agree with the evidence that William Lightfoot had watched him -counting his money at Bodmin, and then had made off. - -On the occasion of the discovery of the murder, Sir William Molesworth -sent his bloodhounds to track the murderers, but because they ran in a -direction opposed to that which the constables supposed was the right -one they were recalled. The hounds were right, the constables wrong. - - - - - SIR WILLIAM LOWER, KNT. - - -Sir William Lower was the only son of John Lower, and was born at -Tremere, in S. Tudy, about the year 1600. - -The Lowers were a very ancient family in Cornwall, seated in S. Winnow -parish, and at Clifton, in Landulph, at which latter place lived Sir -Nicholas Lower, the brother of John, whilst the eldest brother, Sir -William, settled at Treventy, in Carmarthen, having married the -daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas Pescott, of that place. John had -two other brothers knights, Sir Francis and Sir Thomas. - -William was not educated at Oxford, but, as Wood says, "spent some -time in Oxon, in the condition of _hospes_, for the sake of the public -library and scholastical company." He exhibited a "gay fancy," and a -mighty aversion from the dry and crabbed studies of logic and -philosophy. - -Leaving Oxford, he spent some time in France, where he became a master -of the French tongue, and acquired a great admiration for the dramatic -compositions of Corneille, Quirault, and Ceriziers, and in after years -amused himself with translating some of their plays. - -When the troubles broke out in England he took the King's side, and in -1640 was a lieutenant in Sir Jacob Ashley's regiment in Northumberland's -army against the Scotch Covenanters, and was then appointed captain, but -lost his company, that proved mutinous and deserted. "It was a -marvellous thing," says a writer of the time, "to observe the -averseness of the common soldiers to this war. Though commanders and -gentlemen of great quality, in pure obedience to the King, seemed not at -all to dispute the cause or consequence of this war, the common soldiers -would not be satisfied, questioning, in a mutinous manner, whether their -captains were papists or not, and in many places were not appeased till -they saw them receive the sacrament; laying violent hands on divers of -their commanders, and killing some, uttering in bold speeches their -distaste of the cause, to the astonishment of many, that common people -should be sensible of public interest and religion, when lords and -gentlemen seemed not to be." - -[Illustration: S^r W^m Lower-- - -Pub May 21 1800 by W Richardson N^o 31 Strond] - -In June, 1644, being a lieutenant-colonel in Thomas Blague's regiment -and lieutenant-governor of Wallingford, Lower received orders from the -King to raise L50 a week from the town of Reading. Lower at once laid -hands on the mayor and carried him to Wallingford as a hostage; he -then plied the corporation with demands for the money, without which -their head would not be restored to them. The corporation, however, -did not value their mayor so highly that they were disposed to pay L50 -per week for the privilege of having him restored to them. Lower was -taken prisoner by the garrison of Abingdon on 19th January, 1645-6, -and Charles rewarded him for his zeal by conferring on him knighthood. - -He remained in England for nearly ten more years and saw the ruin of -the Royal cause, which he did care for, and of the Church, for which -he cared not a rush. In 1655 he quitted England and went to Cologne, -which was full of refugees, and there he was cheered with the tidings -that Oliver Cromwell was failing in health and had not long to live. -Leaving Cologne, after a brief residence there, he "took sanctuary in -Holland, where in peace and privacy he enjoyed the society of the -Muses," says Langhorn. - -His _The Phoenix in Her Flames_, a tragedy in four acts, had been -published in 1639. _The Innocent Lady, or the Illustrious Innocence_, -translated from the French of R. de Ceriziers, was published in 1654. -Now in Holland he worked hard at other translations, and he was the -more able to do this at ease, as the Princess Royal Mary of Orange -seems to have taken him into her retinue at the Hague. If the Court -was anything like what it was when James Howell was there, it must -have been vastly dull for the lively and dissolute Sir William Lower. -But his stay was enlivened by the arrival of Charles and the intrigues -there carried on with the well-affected in England. - -At the Hague he issued a thin royal folio, with many plates, entitled -"A relation in form of Journal of the voiage and residence which the -most excellent and most mighty Prince, Charles the II, King of Great -Britain, etc., hath made in Holland, from the 25th of May to the 2nd -of June, 1660, rendered into English from the original French. By Sir -W. Lower, Knt. Printed by Adrian Ulack." This was published in Dutch, -French, and English, and at the end of the volume Sir W. Lower -inserted his poems, and an apology for the "tardive appearance (of the -book) due to those men who grave the plates." - -Such "poems" as he has given as his own show conclusively enough that -he was not a poet, but a mere hammerer together of rhymes. - -In June, 1660, calculating on his services rendered to Charles I and to -the sumptuous book on the residence in Holland of Charles II that he had -brought out, Lower appealed to Secretary Nicholas from The Hague to -obtain for him some place in the King's service. But the death of his -cousin Thomas, only son of Sir William Lower, of Treventy, who died on -5th February, 1661, by which he became sole heir, executor, and chief -representative of the family, recalled him to England. He did not, -however, enjoy ease long, for he died in the ensuing year, 1662, leaving -an only child, Elizabeth, who probably died early, for nothing further -is known of her than that she was in existence when her father died. Who -the wife of Sir William Lower was is not known. - -His cousin, Dr. Richard Lower, of S. Paul's, Covent Garden, who gave -Wood information relative to his kinsman, described him as "an ill -poet and a worse man." - -His long residence abroad, his dissociation from Cornwall for all his -life save his early boyhood, his separation from his kinsmen, had -broken all the ties that linked him to his family and county; and when -he inherited the estates and was in a position to assist his kinsmen -who had been greatly reduced by the civil wars, "he did not, but -followed the vices of poets." - - - - - THE PIRATES AT PENZANCE - - -An event occurred at Penzance in the year 1760 that deserves to be -remembered. Great Britain had been engaged in the Seven Years War; and -notwithstanding the successes of 1759, when Rodney bombarded Havre, -Boscawen had routed and dispersed the Toulon fleet off Lagos, and Hawke -had defeated the fleet of De Conflans near Quiberon, there was still a -certain amount of alarm in the country, a dread of predatory incursions, -and if this fear existed inland, it was most acute upon the coast. - -On the night of the 29-30th September Penzance was alarmed by the firing -of guns, and soon after by the intelligence that a large ship of a -strange appearance had run ashore near Newlyn. Half Penzance poured out -in that direction in the grey of early morning. But on reaching the -strand they were panic-stricken to see on the ship, and drawn up on the -beach, a number of ferocious-looking individuals with baggy trousers, -and red fezes on their heads, and each armed with a scimitar, and with -brass-mounted pistols stuck in their girdles. Thereupon the half of -Penzance that had turned out now turned tail and made the best of their -way back to the town, crying out that the Turks had landed and were -intent on massacring the inhabitants of Penzance, plundering their -houses, and carrying away their wives and children into captivity to -become galley-slaves or to fill the harems of these Moslem monsters. - -A volunteer company was called out, the drum beat to arms, and marched -to the beach, where they found 172 men, who were surrounded, deprived -of their weapons, and marched to a spacious building called "The -Folly," that stood on the Western Green. As there were some of the -captives who could speak the _lingua franca_, and there was here and -there to be found a magistrate or an officer who had a limited -knowledge of French, it was at last elicited from these men that they -were the crew of an Algerine corsair, carrying twenty-four guns, from -nine to six pounders. The captain, believing himself to be in the -Atlantic, somewhere about the latitude of Cadiz, had cheerily in the -dark run his vessel into Mount's Bay, and was vastly surprised when -she struck, and still more so when he found himself surrounded by -Cornishmen and not by Spaniards. He had lost eight men, drowned. - -No sooner was this bruited about than a second panic set in, and the -good citizens of Penzance went into hysterics of fear lest these -Algerine pirates should have brought with them an invasion of the -plague. - -A cordon of volunteers was accordingly drawn up round "The Folly" to -prevent all intercourse, intelligence was conveyed to the Government, -and orders were issued for troops to march from Plymouth so as to -surround the whole district. However, the local authorities recovered -from their terror or apprehension in time to send off information that -there was no cause for such a measure, and the orders were -countermanded. - -After some days, when no case of plague had revealed itself among the -captives, the people of the town and neighbourhood were suffered to -approach and contemplate the strangers. Their Oriental dress, their -long beards and moustaches, the dark complexion and glittering eyes -of the piratical band, made them objects of curiosity. But they still -inspired so much fear that few ventured to approach near to them. - -Upon the whole, they were kindly treated, and finally, as their vessel -was a complete wreck, a man-of-war was despatched to take all the men -on board and convey them back to Algiers. - - - - - DAME KILLIGREW - - -The Killigrew family is one of the most ancient in Cornwall. It takes -its name from Killigrew in the parish of S. Erme. Here stands the old -nest of the family beside the high road from Truro that falls into -that from Redruth to Bodmin at Casland. It is now represented by a -couple of insignificant cottages, without old trees surrounding it, -and the only hint that it was once the seat of a distinguished family -is found in the remains of the deerpark. - -The genuine pedigree of the family goes back to Ralph Killigrew of -Killigrew, in the reign of Henry III. In that of Richard II, Simon -Killigrew married Jane, daughter and heiress of Robert of Arwenack, -near Penryn, and he quitted the ancestral mansion to move to his -wife's house that was planted in a less bleak situation and was on the -estuary of the Fal. - -In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Sir John Killigrew of Arwenack, was -Captain in Command of Pendennis Castle. He married Mary, daughter of -Philip Wolverston and widow of Henry Knyvett of an Eastern counties -family, but her son by Henry Knyvett settled in Cornwall, at -Rosemorryn in S. Budoc. Sir John pulled down the greater portion of -the ancient house and built himself another, very stately in the style -of the times--but, alas! this also has disappeared, for when Sir -William Waller approached Pendennis, to besiege it on behalf of the -Parliament, the Governor of the Castle set fire to Arwenack lest it -should give harbour to the enemy. - -Sir John had a son, also called John, who married Dorothy, daughter of -the impecunious Sir Thomas Monck, Knt., of Potheridge, which Sir -Thomas died in the debtors' gaol at S. Thomas', by Exeter. John and -Dorothy had a son, Sir John Killigrew, aged twenty-two on his father's -death in 1605. - -Now it fell out that Sir Walter Raleigh on his homeward voyage from -Guiana put into Falmouth harbour, and found there, where the town now -stands, only a fisherman's cottage. Killigrew, however, hospitably -entertained Sir Walter, who expressed his surprise that so fine a -harbour should have no accommodation for sailors sheltering there, and -when he went to town memorialized King James on the subject. He had -fired the imagination of his host, Sir John, and he also petitioned -the King to grant him a royal licence to build four houses, where now -stands Falmouth, for the convenience of sailors. This roused the wrath -of the people of Penryn further up the river, who saw that four houses -would bring in their wake many more, and would draw away the trade, -and cut off the prosperity of Penryn. Accordingly they used every -possible endeavour to obstruct the project. Sir John made several -journeys to London, but it was only by spending a great deal of money -in fees and bribery of officials that he was able to obtain the -licence; and by so doing he incurred the implacable resentment of the -inhabitants of Penryn. - -We will now let Martin Killigrew continue the story. He wrote a -history of the family in 1737 or 1738. We will somewhat simplify the -reading by giving "the" for "y^e." - -"The last Sir John Killigrew was hardly got over this difficulty, -when he fell under a much greater affliction, the prostitution of his -wife, who caused herself to be called, or unaccountably was known by the -name of Lady Jane." He has already stated, "Sir John Killigrew, a sober, -good man, to his utter undoing, married the daughter of an ancient and -honourable family, new in the peerage, in respect to whom I forbear the -name; making herself infamous, and first debauched by the Governor of -Pendennis Castle." This lady was Jane, daughter of Sir George Fermon, of -Northampton. Sir William, his brother, was created Baron Leominster in -1622, whose son was given the earldom of Pomfret in 1721. - -[Illustration: THE KILLYGREW CUP - -"1633. FROM MAIOR TO MAIOR TO THE TOWNE OF PERMARIN, WHERE THEY -RECEIVED MEE THAT WAS IN GREAT MISERY" - - JANE KILLYGREW - -_This Cup has been recently valued at the sum of L4,000. It measures -just two feet in height_] - -"Arrived to that shameful degree, Sir John, in point of honour and for -quietness of mind, found himself under a necessity to prosecute a -divorce from her in the Archbishop's Court, which lasted so many years -and [was] so very expensive, as quite ruined his estate, to the degree -of his being often put to very hard shifts to get home from London -upon the frequent recesses in the process, but at length obtained the -divorce in all its formal extent. This woman in such long contest was -in no degree protected by her family, but supported and cherished by -the town of Penryn, from their jealousy and hatred of Arwenack, as -specially appears to this day, by plate by her given to the Mayor and -Corporation of Penryn, when she came into her jointure, as an -acknowledgment for such protection.[11] Sir John did not long outlive -such his divorce, dying in 1632." - -Hals says: "Jane Killigrew, widow of Sir John Killigrew, Knt., in the -Spanish wars in the latter end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, went on -board two Dutch ships of the Hans Towns (always free traders in times of -war) driven into Falmouth harbour by cross winds, laden with -merchandise, on account (as was said) of Spaniards, and with a numerous -party of ruffians, murdered the two Spanish merchants or factors on -board these ships, and took from them two barrels or hogsheads of -Spanish pieces of eight, and converted them to her own use." - -"Now, though Fleta (lib. i. c. iii., temp. Edward II) tells us that it -is no murder except it be proved that the party slain was English, and -no stranger, yet afterwards by the statute 4 Edward III, the killing -any foreigner under the King's protection, out of evil design or -malice, is murder; upon which statute these offenders were tried and -found guilty at Launceston of wilful murder, both by the grand and -petty juries, and had sentence of death passed accordingly upon them, -and were all executed, except the said Lady Killigrew, the principal -agent and contriver of the barbarous fact, who, by the interest and -favour of Sir John Arundell, of Tolverne, Knt., and his son-in-law, -Sir Nicholas Hals, of Pengersick, Knt., obtained of Queen Elizabeth a -pardon or reprieve for the said lady, which was seasonably put into -the Sheriff of Cornwall's hands. - -"At the news whereof the other condemned wretches aforesaid at the -gallows lamented nothing more than that they had not the company of -that old Jezebel Killigrew at that place as in justice they ought to -be (to use their own words), and begged Almighty God that some -remarkable judgment might befall her and her posterity, nay, and all -those that were instrumental in procuring her freedom, and observed -hereupon it was, that her grandson Sir William Killigrew spent the -whole paternal estate of his ancestors, as did Sir Thomas Arundell, -Knt., son of Sir John Arundell, aforesaid, and John Hals, Esq., son of -Sir Nicolas Hals, Knt., in their own times, but alas, several and -public revolutions of this kind; and all other in worldly affairs are -carried on by the judgment and providence of God, not the -determination of men, especially such barbarous ruffians as these -criminals, though these things happened according to the malefactors' -direful imprecations in some sense." - -Hals in the above account makes several blunders. The affair to which -he alludes took place in January, 1583, and the Dame Killigrew who was -involved in it was Mary, wife of Sir John, the grandfather of the Sir -John who divorced his wife Jane. Another mistake is that the ship was -not one of the Hanseatic town merchant vessels, but was Spanish. -Moreover, Hals is wrong in saying that the two Spanish merchants were -murdered. On the contrary, Lady Killigrew's ruffians threw overboard -and drowned the whole ship's crew, with the exception of the two -merchants, who were on shore and so escaped. - -The facts are as follows:-- - -The _Mary_ of S. Sebastian, a Spanish ship of 144 tons burden, owned -by two merchants, John de Chavis and Philip de Oryo, the latter being -as well the captain, arrived in Falmouth harbour on January 1st, -1582-3, and cast anchor within the bar, just under Sir John -Killigrew's house of Arwenack. Here for lack of wind it remained, and -the owners went on shore and took up their quarters in an inn at -Penryn, awaiting a favourable breeze. At this time there was no open -breach of peace between England and Spain. It was not till 1585 that -Elizabeth sent over an army into the Netherlands to oppose the forces -of Philip II, and despatched a fleet under Sir Francis Drake into the -West Indies to molest the Spanish galleons and colonies there. - -Lady Killigrew seems to have formed a scheme for robbing the merchant -vessel and massacring the crew and the owners, and several efforts -were made to induce the two merchants to quit their inn at Penryn and -return on board, so that the whole of those on the vessel and the -merchants might be got rid of, and not a witness left. However, this -failed; Chavis and Oryo did not return to their ship. - -About midnight on 7th January a boatload of men boarded the Spanish -vessel and overpowered the sailors, raised the anchors, and set sail. -The Spaniards were all either butchered or thrown into the sea. The -ship was then taken to Ireland, where she was plundered and the spoil -divided. But before this was done, two of Lady Killigrew's servants, -named Kendal and Hawkins, were sent back to Arwenack with sundry bolts -of Hollands and leather, as the share of Lady Killigrew, her -kinswoman, Mrs. Killigrew, and the maids and servants in the house. - -Lady Killigrew was highly incensed at being put off with so little, -but fume as she might she could do nothing, for the ship was on its -way to Ireland. What she did accordingly was to keep all that was sent -on shore for herself, and distribute none of it among her household. - -The two merchants now stirred, and laid formal complaint before the -Commissioners for Piracy in Cornwall. Among these was Sir John -Killigrew, the husband of the lady who had contrived or abetted the -act. A meeting was held at Penryn, and sufficient evidence was -produced to implicate Hawkins and Kendal; but this they were able to -rebut by the testimony of Elizabeth Bowden, who kept a small tavern -at Penryn, and who swore that up to the time that the act of piracy -was committed the two men Hawkins and Kendal were drinking in her inn. -The jury returned an open verdict that the ship had certainly been -stolen, but by whom there was no evidence to show. - -Chavis and De Oryo were not men disposed to let the matter rest thus, -and having procured a safe conduct to London from the Commissioners, -they proceeded thither, and laid their complaint before the higher -authorities, with the result that the Earl of Bedford instructed Sir -Richard Grenville and Mr. Edmund Tremayne to make a searching -investigation into the affair. - -As might be anticipated, this inquiry was more thorough-going and real -than the other, and the truth was at last elicited from witnesses very -reluctant to speak what they knew. The result arrived at was this:-- - -The whole plot had been contrived by Dame Killigrew, who on the Sunday -in question ordered Hawkins and Kendal to board the Spaniard, along -with a party of sailors and fishermen got together for the purpose. -Moreover, she sent a messenger by boat to the Governor of St. Mawes -Castle, to inform him that the Spanish merchants proposed to sail that -night, and to request him not to hinder them from so doing. The other -castle, that of Pendennis, commanding the entrance to the haven, had -Sir John Killigrew as Governor, and in it all day were harboured the -boarding-party destined to carry off the merchantman. - -Hawkins, who was the ringleader, had been sworn to strict secrecy by -Lady Killigrew, who desired to keep the whole transaction from the -knowledge of her husband. The leather that fell to her share was placed -in a cask and buried in the garden at Arwenack. Hawkins and Kendal were -hanged at Launceston, but Lady Killigrew escaped as Hals relates. Sir -John died next year; when Lady Killigrew died is not known. - -On the death of the later Sir John in 1633, Arwenack passed to his -nephew, as he left no issue, and that nephew, Sir Peter Killigrew, -married Frances, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Roger Twysden. He had -two daughters, and a son George who came to an untimely end. - -He was killed in a drunken brawl in a tavern at Penryn by Walter -Vincent, barrister-at-law, "who," says Hals, "was tried for his life -at Launceston for the fact, and acquitted by the petty jury, through -bribery and indiscreet acts and practices, as was generally said; yet -this Mr. Vincent, through anguish and horror at this accident (as it -was said), within two years after wasted of an extreme atrophy of his -flesh and spirits, that at length at the table whereby he was sitting, -in the Bishop of Exeter's palace, in the presence of divers gentlemen, -he instantly fell back against the wall and died." - -Frances, the eldest daughter of Sir Peter Killigrew, married Richard -Erisey, and had a daughter who became the wife of John West, of Bury S. -Edmunds, and by him had a daughter Frances, who married the Hon. Charles -Berkeley, and through their descent the estates, or such as remained of -the old family of Killigrew, passed to the Earl of Kimberley. - -The history of the Killigrew family, by Martin Killigrew, was -published in part by Mr. R. N. Worth in the _Journal of the Royal -Institution of Cornwall_, Vol. III (1868-70), and the story of the -seizure of the Spanish vessel by Dame Killigrew was investigated by -Mr. H. M. Whitley, in the _Journal_, Vol. VII (1881-3). - -FOOTNOTE: - -[11] The cup is still in the possession of the Corporation of Penryn. -It is of silver, will hold about three quarts, and is inscribed: "From -Mayor to Mayor of the town of Penryn, where they received me in great -misery. Jane Killygrew, 1613." - - - - - TWO NATURALISTS IN CORNWALL - - -The two men of science of whom a sketch is about to be given here were -neither of them Cornishmen by birth and parentage, but, inasmuch as a -long stretch of the life of each was spent in the delectable duchy, and -as both were well known in it and made it the principal field of their -labours, they deserve a place in this collection. These two men are John -Ralfs, the botanist, and George Carter Bignell, the entomologist. - -John Ralfs was born September 13, 1807, at Millbrook, near -Southampton. His father, Samuel Ralfs, died when he was a year old, -and to his mother was entrusted his early training. From an early age -he manifested a passionate love of flowers, and as he grew older an -interest in chemistry. Probably on this latter account he decided on -the medical profession, and whilst studying medicine he prosecuted -botanical research, so that on passing his final examination the -President of the Royal College of Surgeons complimented him on his -botanical knowledge, and predicted that the world would one day hear a -good deal of this then "beardless boy." - -He married a Miss Newman, and by her had a son, but they were in every -way an ill-suited pair, and after a while they agreed to part, and she -went to reside in France, taking her son with her. - -Fortunately for science, Ralfs' health would not stand the arduous and -anxious life of a village doctor, and he threw up his profession and -wandered about in the south of England, a friendless, reserved, and -taciturn man, devoting all his time and attention to botany. He -settled finally in Penzance, in the year 1837, and became a familiar -personality in the west of Cornwall, rambling over the moors, creeping -into bogs, often on hands and knees, searching for rare plants; "a -terror to timid ladies, who would scuttle away like frightened rabbits -at the sight of this dark, strange man hanging over some deep pool, -peering with his short-sighted eyes into what was to him a paradise, -and perhaps calling out aloud, forgetful that he and nature were not -alone, 'I see him! I've got him!' And often he would be seen resting -on a stile, weary with his wanderings, his hat and coat almost as -green as the grass on one of his favourite bogs, the marks of his last -fray fresh upon them, his collar disappearing, apparently, in vain -search of his cravat; gazing absently into the distance, where he saw, -doubtless, beautiful and rare specimens of his Algae and Diatomaceae." - -Mr. Ralfs was never so happy as when alone; he did not care for -society, least of all that of women, and grievous deafness made it -difficult for him to engage in conversation. Even with men of science -like himself he did not care to associate, except through written -correspondence. At Penzance he was generally regarded as "a bit -total," a little, perhaps not a little, off his head; but no one could -have other than a kind word to say of him, for he never injured any -one. Occasionally his son came from France to pay his father a visit; -but such visits were brief; their tastes were not the same, and their -outlook into life was different. - -Mr. Ralfs wrote a good deal. He contributed to the proceedings of -many learned societies, but especially the Edinburgh Botanical -Society. He was the author of the botanical chapter in the _Guide to -Ilfracombe_, and of the "Sketch of the Botany of West Penwith" in Mr. -J. S. Courtney's _Guide to Penzance_. Mr. J. T. Blight also was -assisted by him in his _Week at the Land's End_. He helped as well in -_English Botany_, by Sir James E. Smith, the figures by James Sowerby. -He composed, moreover, a _Flora of West Cornwall_ that remains in MS. -in the Penzance Public Library. - -[Illustration: GEORGE CARTER BIGNELL. - -_From a photograph_] - -Late in life he formed a tender attachment for a little child, who had -somehow hitched herself on to him as a companion in his rambles. "The -first overtures were entirely on her own side, and it was some time -before this acquaintance ripened into friendship. She was a delicate -child, and her playfellow--for such he became--prescribed Fresh Air -and no Lessons; and so off they would go for long country walks, much -to the benefit of her health, but to the detriment of her clothes. Of -the mustard poultice that sometimes these excursions rendered -necessary, and which could not be endured unless he submitted to a -similar infliction; of the delightful dolls' tea parties; of the fairy -tales, translated solely for her amusement from the French and German; -of his selections from Thackeray and Dickens, whose characters were -thus made living people to her; of the wonders that awaited her on S. -Valentine's Day, when, through his skilful management, twenty or -thirty valentines were to arrive for her from different parts of the -country; of the choice variety of sweets he purchased for her stocking -at Christmas; of all this, I wish I could discourse at greater length. -It is sufficient to say that this friendship, thus begun, lasted to -the end of his life, and was the means of relieving to a large extent -that solitude which had before surrounded him. - -"On Midsummer Day, when the custom is to wear wreaths of flowers, he -would give free permission to the children to pick all the flowers in -his garden, on condition that they would come to him flower-crowned in -the evening, when he would entertain them royally with fruit and -sweetmeats. On Corpus Christi Pleasure Fair (a red-letter day for -little Cornish children) he would be seen with a small crowd of boys -and girls around him, whom he would treat to all the various shows, -waiting patiently, until their curiosity was satisfied, outside." - -One great delight of Mr. Ralfs was the naturalizing of strange plants -in the neighbourhood of Penzance, amongst others the large-flowered -butterwort, and very much amused was he when some local paper with a -flourish of trumpets announced the discovery of the Pinguicula by a -botanical tourist, and a claim put forward that it was indigenous to -Cornwall. - -John Ralfs died 14 July, 1890, and was buried at Penzance. - - * * * * * - -The second naturalist, Mr. George Carter Bignell, is happily still -alive and in full intellectual vigour, and resides in Saltash. He is a -native of Exeter, having been born in that city in 1826. He was -educated at S. John's Hospital in his native town, but had to leave it -at the age of twelve, when he was placed in a booking-office for -receiving parcels and booking passengers for the carriers who made the -"Black Lion" their head-quarters when in Exeter. These carriers came -from many small towns from twenty to fifty miles away. The yard and -stabling were connected with the "Black Lion" and the Commercial Inn, -South Street, and opposite was the office. Mr. Bignell says: "Often -have I seen these lumbering wagons with twenty magnificent horses -attached to them start from the office, the driver riding a cob by the -side. Very often such a wagon would be conveying gold from the ships -in Falmouth to the Bank of England, and in that case the wagon was -attended by a guard carrying a blunderbuss." - -In this office Mr. Bignell remained till he was sixteen, and in 1842 -he joined the Royal Marines at Stonehouse. He saw some foreign -service, and was on board the _Superb_ during the civil war in Spain -in 1847, and was employed on the coasts of Spain and Portugal. He was -in the squadron which succeeded in capturing a division of the rebel -army of Count Das Anton, consisting of about three thousand men. -Boats' crews put off from the ships of the squadron, and under a heavy -fire from the forts boarded and captured every vessel. The prisoners -were conveyed up the river Tagus to Fort S. Julian, where, after being -deprived of arms and ammunition, they were safely lodged. - -A guard, consisting of half the complement of marines from each ship, -was placed over them, the whole body under the command of Major -Stransham. - -A few days after the capture it was discovered that ammunition was -being surreptitiously conveyed into the fort by friends of the rebels, -and investigation disclosed that a plot had been hatched to blow up -the fort. - -Count Das Anton pretended to be wholly ignorant of the conspiracy. The -rebels were paraded, each man searched, and every nook and cranny in -the fort thoroughly overhauled. A large quantity of gunpowder was -found, and this was promptly wheeled to the parapets in barrows and -thrown into the Tagus. - -The guard placed over this large body of prisoners was small, and to -overawe the prisoners all the marines from the ships were landed every -evening at sunset and marched with fixed bayonets to the fort, with -orders to make as much noise and clatter as they could; and then at -night, when all was still, they stole silently away from the fort and -returned on board. So well was the ruse practised every day that the -prisoners were under the impression that they were guarded by a large -body, and never suspected the truth. The time at the fort was not very -pleasant to the marines on guard, as the place was filthy and -literally swarmed with fleas, and their white drill suits were so -covered with these detestable insects that the marines appeared to be -dressed in brown instead of white clothing. - -This was Mr. Bignell's only taste of active service. When the _Superb_ -was paid off he was employed in several offices in the barracks, first -as commanding officer's clerk, and afterwards he was appointed to the -barracks at Millbay as barrack sergeant, and he held this appointment -for seven years. By the end of this time he had served twenty-two -years. Throughout all this time he had been a keen and close observer -of nature. From his boyhood up natural history had exercised a great -attraction for him, and as he grew up, and studied, the subject became -more and more interesting. During his last seven years of service he -made considerable progress, for as a barrack sergeant he had little -work to do, and so had plenty of time to devote to his hobby. - -After being discharged he became a member of the Plymouth Institution, -with the object of finding out the names of some of the insects he had -captured, and was surprised to find that it had nothing like them in -its collection, nor could anybody tell him what they were. - -[Illustration: JOHN RALFS - -_Reproduced by permission of Miss Loveday E. Drake_] - -Mr. Bignell had barely retired from the service ere he was appointed -Registrar of Births and Deaths for the Stonehouse district and also -Poor Law Officer to the Stonehouse Board of Guardians; but his -residence is in Saltash. All his spare time has for many years been -given up to scientific pursuits, the branch of science to which he is -most partial being entomology; but since his residence in Saltash he -has been a profound student in marine flora. It is not only in the -study of the known and hitherto unregistered insects that Mr. Bignell -has acquired a world-wide fame; he has specially taken up the subject, -hitherto almost untouched, of the parasites that live on insects. - -To grasp what has been done by him an examination must be made of the -entomological journals for the last forty years, for there he is -generally in evidence. In the proceedings of the Entomological Society -of London Mr. Bignell's name is quoted as being the discoverer of -fifty-one parasites, nineteen being new to science and thirty-two new to -Britain. In recognition of this work, one of the new species has been -named after him _Mesoleius Bignellii_. The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic -Society have awarded him three of their medals, a bronze one for "land -and fresh water shells," a silver one for a "collection of British -moths," and a second silver medal for "butterflies and moths." - -In the publications of the Ray Society on the _Larvae of British -Butterflies and Moths_, at the end of each volume we find a list of -parasites preying on these beautiful insects, "kindly prepared by Mr. -G. C. Bignell, F.E.S." - -One of the most extraordinary features of Mr. Bignell's work is the -infinite delicacy wherewith even now at an advanced age he is able to -draw and colour his specimens. The miniature painter of a beautiful -girl's face a century ago did not take more pains to delineate the -object of his admiring study than does Mr. Bignell to obtain a -"counterfeit presentment" of some disgusting caterpillar or parasitic -insect. - -The hunting for specimens would be an exhausting toil were it not a -labour of love. On one occasion Mr. Bignell obtained one hundred and -forty-one caterpillars of a certain moth in Whitsand Bay, under Fort -Tregantle. They were feeding on henbane, and as he did not know where -else to get the right sort of food for them, he had to go out two or -three times a week for the food, walking in all a hundred miles. But, -alas for the ingratitude of the caterpillars, not a single moth -rewarded all this devotion! Yet even this was outdone by a hundred and -thirty-five mile walk in the dark to attempt to capture one sort of -moth, which perhaps deserves to be mentioned for its elusive ways. It -is called the _Dasycampa rubiginea_, and has to live up to its name. -Plym Bridge was supposed to be its haunt, and its time of taking its -walks or flutter abroad, night, and that also in midwinter. So night -after night in November and December it was stalked, till one night, -between the 6th and 7th December, the moth was spotted leisurely -sipping honey from the flowers of the ivy growing on one of the -pillars of the old gateway leading into Cann Wood between Plym Bridge -and Plympton, just as the clock at Morley House was striking twelve. - -A pathetic interest attaches to the large copper butterfly. This -splendid species was first discovered in Wales by the celebrated -botanist Hudson. It was subsequently captured in considerable numbers -about Whittlesea Mere, in Huntingdonshire. Now, alas! it is extinct, -and a specimen such as one possessed by Mr. Bignell is worth some -pounds. The last secured was in 1847. Greedy collectors and dealers -from London, after its discovery, were waiting for it, and offered the -country yokels five shillings for every caterpillar secured. Now it is -as extinct as the dodo and the great auk. - -There would seem to be no living creature that is not a home and -feeding ground for parasites; even the butterflies are infested with -them, and probably these parasites also have others infinitely small -that attack them. - - Great fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bite 'em, - And little fleas have lesser fleas--and so _ad infinitum_. - -One of the most interesting discoveries made by Mr. Bignell is that a -creature like a scorpion--but all claw--that is found upon the common -house-fly is not a true parasite. It likes a ride, and to do it cheap. -And when a fly comes within reach, it lays hold of it with its -disproportionately huge claws, clings, and has a ride, free, gratis -and for nothing. When it has seen enough of the world and is tired, it -lets go and drops off. - -Says Mr. Bignell: "The Blossom Underwing is a moth that was very -abundant on the male flowers of the great sallow on April 13th, 1866. -Previously this moth was very scarce; but on this night I saw at least a -thousand; they were all in pairs, and each pair occupied a flower, a -sight never to be forgotten. The fine flowering scrubby oaks were -swarming with the larvae. A friend of mine who kept birds in a very large -cage, seeing the abundance of the caterpillars, decided to give his -birds a treat; he accordingly gathered about a pint of them, carried -them home, and instead of giving the birds two or three at a time, he -incautiously put the tin into the cage and removed the lid. At once the -caterpillars began to escape, and the seething mass of black and yellow -wriggling over the floor, crawling about the wires, so frightened the -birds that it caused the death of two of three, which beat themselves -against the cage in vain hope to escape from these uncanny horrors." - -As may be well imagined, Mr. Bignell with his lantern stealing up the -side of a hedge in the night often enough routed the poachers and sent -them flying, thinking they were being watched by a policeman. On one -occasion he scared an owl. "I was enjoying myself, on my knees, -hunting over the contents of my net that I had used for sweeping the -low foliage, to see what captures I had made. My nose and bull's-eye -lantern were thrust close to the ground, to prevent anything escaping -observation. In the midst of this occupation an owl swooped down to -see what was up, when I turned my lantern on him, and away he flew in -a mighty hurry, bringing the back of his wings together with great -force, like a man clapping his hands. He was evidently in great alarm, -and uttered an unearthly scream. It certainly gave me also a turn, it -was so sudden." - -All moths with highly pectinated antennae, that is to say with their -feelers comb-like at the extremities, have the most extraordinary -power of scenting a female moth at a great distance, even two or three -miles, with a favourable wind. - -Mr. Bignell says: "I once had a virgin female of the Oak-egger moth, -and was desirous of getting some males. I started off with the lady in -a tin box, with a perforated zinc top, to give her air and allow her -perfume to escape. I walked through the fields towards Milehouse to -where was a turnstile; and at this spot lighted on a weary policeman -resting. As it was a dull day, without any token of the sun breaking -out, to attract butterflies for their usual gambols, the policeman -jeeringly remarked that I had missed the right day. I replied that I -thought not, and that I could collect as many as I desired, in fact, I -could make them come to me. He laughed incredulously. I then took out -my tin box and placed it on the wall, and, magician-like, whistled and -waved my hand. The policeman stared, and thought I was befooling him. -But lo, in two or three minutes one male alighted close to the box, -soon followed by others, and in a quarter of an hour I had at least -fifty, and so tame that I picked them up with my fingers and -distributed them among about a dozen people who had gathered to see -what I was about. The policeman stared with open eyes and mouth, quite -satisfied that my whistle and mysterious signs in the air with my hand -had called the insects to me. Satisfied with what I had got I waved -again and bade the moths depart, and clapped the box in my pocket. -Next day I took the empty box out with me into the country. I had -several males following me, and some actually penetrated into my -pocket where was the empty box, proving that the perfume still -remained in it, though wholly imperceptible to myself." - -On one occasion Mr. Bignell and a friend set out at night to find the -beautiful moth _Heliophobus hispidus_, knowing its haunts, between the -south side of the Plymouth citadel and the sea, where it is to be -found in September or October resting on the grass. - -Accordingly, each furnished with a bull's-eye lantern, they visited -the locality, but it was some time before one was discerned, and that -was on a blade of grass overhanging the cliff and out of reach, a -sheer drop of twenty feet at least into the sea fretting and moaning -below. Loath to miss it, as its eyes shone like two rubies--in fact, -both saw those glistening eyes before they observed that they were in -the head of the moth--they arranged that one should lie flat on his -stomach, and that Mr. Bignell should sit down, dig the heels of his -boots into the turf, then take his friend by the legs and thrust him -over the edge of the cliff, so far as to enable him to box the moth, -whilst holding the handle of his lantern between his teeth. This was -done, and the _Heliophobus_ was secured. - -But, after all, it is in the direction of parasites living upon -insects that Mr. Bignell has made the greatest research. He is the -possessor of a unique collection of the parasites that live on the -aphis, and also of the hyper-parasite which preys upon that parasite. -The life-history of this insect was unknown till Mr. Bignell detected -a hyper-parasite pierce the aphis which was itself a parasite. The -specimen was secured, and from it was bred the hyper-parasite itself. - -The life-story of the aphis, that tiny green pest that infests the -roses, has been unrolled by this enthusiastic student, and is full of -surprises. The ichneumon fly as well has been watched, and all its -wicked acts recorded. - -Caterpillars, so fat and fleshy, form a delightful feeding ground for -the deposit of eggs, and serve as luscious food for the young to -pasture upon. We human beings, in common with all mammals, have the -obligation imposed on us of nourishing our own young, and with some of -us we go on sustaining them till we are exhausted in the process, but -the ichneumonidae are more clever than we. They make others, notably -the caterpillars, maintain their young, and the frivolous mothers, -after having once deposited their eggs, gad about and enjoy themselves -as having no concern for their future well-being. It is a comfort to -reflect that the insects thus preyed upon do not seem to suffer much, -if at all, and it may almost be said that they exhibit a maternal -regard for the young bred out of their bodies. - -With his wonderful microscopes Mr. Bignell can explore far down the -ladder of life, but whether to its lowest rung may well be doubted. -There is always some living being to be found preying on the last of -the minutest creature last seen. - -After a visit to Mr. Bignell's house in Saltash with a friend, I -turned to him and said: "I came here believing myself to be an -Individual. I leave knowing myself to be a Community." - - - - - SIR JOHN CALL, BART. - - -The _Dictionary of National Biography_ says of Sir John Call that he -was "descended from an old family which, it is said, once owned -considerable property in Devon and Cornwall." That proviso "it is -said" is conveniently inserted. Anything may be said, as that the cow -jumped over the moon, but that a saying may be believed we must know -who uttered it. Now the originator of this saying was probably William -Playfair, in his _British Family Antiquity_, 1809. In that the -following interesting statement occurs: "From papers in the possession -of the family, partly fabulous, though partly true, it appears that -the family of the Calls, consisting of three brothers, came into -England from Saxony towards the end of the eighth century. One of -these brothers settled in Scotland, from whom is descended the clan of -the McColls; the second in Norfolk, where the family continued until -the beginning of the last (eighteenth) century; and the third settled -in Cornwall, from whence the present family derives its origin. This -very ancient, but latterly not very opulent family, was formerly -possessed of considerable landed property both in Devonshire and -Cornwall, which was first reduced by the civil wars in the time of -Henry VII, and afterwards nearly annihilated, in consequence of the -loyal attachment of some of its individuals to the royal cause during -the civil wars in the reign of Charles I." - -[Illustration: SIR JOHN CALL, BART. - -_From a portrait (by A. Hickle) in the possession of his -great-granddaughter, Mrs. de Lacy Lacy_] - -Why was the eighth century fixed on for the advent of the Calls upon -the scene? Presumably because the first Norsemen arrived in 787. -Conceive the Calls coming over in a dragon ship, filled with berserker -rage, to ravage England and glut themselves with our blood. - -But we shall look for Calls in vain among the records of the past. As -it happens, Saxons and Northmen had no family, only personal names. -The story is as absurd as that also put forth that Callington derived -its name from the Calls, who only settled near it in 1770. - -But these "family papers" are not so ancient as Sir John Call, who -would have been above such a pretence. As a matter of fact, the -account supplied to Playfair shows a surprising ignorance in the -writer as to the existence of Heralds' Visitations, Inquisitiones post -mortem, Wills, Royalist Composition Papers, Parish Registers, and all -the material at hand to confirm or disprove reckless genealogical -assertions. Playfair does admit that the story contained in the -"family papers" is "partly fabulous." He might have said that it was -fabulous from beginning to end. - -The Calls had no right whatever to bear arms, till a grant was made to -them--after reading the above flourish not inappropriate--of three -trumpets. - -The MS. "Names of Gentlemen in Devonshire and Cornwall with their -Arms," drawn up by John Hooker, _alias_ Vowell, in 1599, is the only -armoury of the West that gives the name of Call with arms: Party per -pale or and gules; upon a chief az. 3 geese sable. But he gives no -indication of place where such a gentleman possessed land--and that, -before this "opulent family" had been ruined by the civil wars. Hooker -probably included the name, because, at the time, there was some -gentleman Call from another part of England living in Exeter. That -the Calls of Whiteford had no claim to his arms, nor could exhibit -descent from him, is shown by their not adopting his coat. In a MS. -armoury of all England dating from 1632, that belonged to C. Pole, the -name and arms of Call do not occur. - -According to Foster's _Baronetage_, the Calls hailed from Prestacott, -in Launcells. - -Actually the great-grandfather of Sir John was of Grove, in Stratton, -a tenant farmer. A good many Calls appear in the register of the -parish, never with _gent._ appended to the name, or even with Mr. -preceding it, a title generally accorded to a yeoman or a well-to-do -tradesman; and one in 1735 is buried as a pauper. Their marriages also -show to what class they belonged, with the Uglows, Tanners, and the -Jewells, in a humble walk of life. - -John Call, described as of Prestacott, in Launcells, was born in 1680, -and in 1702 married Sarah Jewell, and died in 1730. - -Prestacott consisted of three very small farms on the right-hand side -of the old road from Stratton to Holsworthy. Of late years the -ramshackle buildings have been pulled down and the lands thrown -together and constituted one farm, and a new house has been built. It -belonged at the time that John Call rented one of these little -holdings to the Orchards of Hartland Abbey. John Call had two sons, -John and Richard. John was born 1st March, 1704-5, and married Jane, -daughter of John Mill, of Launcells, "the descendant of a respectable -family, which had considerable possessions there, as well as in -Middlesex," says Playfair. He might have added with equal truth that -they possessed castles in the air. As it happens, the Visitations of -Cornwall and Lysons knew nothing of the family of Mill. The Mills were -of Shernick, a farm in Launcells, which they rented of the Arundels -of Trerice. Their ledger-stones are in the parish church, but they are -never described as _gents._ Mrs. Judith Mill was buried on October -14th, 1723, and Mr. John Mill on December 1st in the same year, and -Mr. Richard Mill on July 11th, 1766. - -Sarah Call, widow of John Call (without even Mr. and Mrs. prefixed), -was buried on February 1st, 1747-8. Shernick is now the property of -Sir C. T. Acland, Bart., inherited through an heiress in the -nineteenth century of the Arundels. - -John Call, who married Jane Mill, had a son, the subject of this -memoir. Afterwards, when this son was rich, he set up a tablet to the -memory of his father in Launcells Church, on which he gives him the -title of "gent." - - In Memory of John Call gent of Shernick - in this parish, and of Whiteford in Stoke Climsland. - He was interred in this church 3 Jan. 1767, - aged 63. Also of Jane Call his widow, who - was interred 9 Nov. 1781, aged 70. - Also of Jane Jones their daughter, wife of - the Rev^d Cadwalader Jones, minister of this parish, - who was here interred 2 April, 1790, aged - 50, and of their two children, etc. - -Concerning Mrs. Cadwalader Jones, more hereafter. The old gentleman, -John Call, had died on December 31st, 1766, going out with the old year. - -John, the younger, was born June 30th, 1732, at Fenny Park, near -Tiverton, and was educated at a private school. For some reason or -other, not known, his mother disliked him, and when aged seventeen, -and he had been recommended to the notice of Benjamin Robbins, who was -going out to India, she refused to furnish him with the money required -for his outfit and passage to India, so that his more distant -relatives, probably the Mill family of Shernick, supplied the money. - -Benjamin Robbins had composed a treatise on the principles of gunnery -and the price of gunpowder, that was not as yet published, and also an -account of Lord Anson's voyages. He was a mathematician, and had been -appointed chief engineer and captain-general in the East India -Company's service, and he was looking about for commercial clerks who -would serve on a small pay, when Call was recommended to him as a -shrewd lad. John Call was glad of the chance of seeing something of -the world and of escaping from a mother who flouted him, and he -embraced the offer with gladness. Robbins quitted England in 1749, and -arrived with his clerks at Fort William in July, 1750. - -Call had been given by Robbins his treatise on explosives to -transcribe for the press, and this interested the young man in the -subject, and he pursued the theme, and made considerable improvements -in rifling barrels. He also introduced one that enabled shells to be -discharged from long guns. When Robbins landed he had with him eight -young clerks, of whom Call was one. Robbins died in July, 1751, and -Call then became the leading engineer. - -War broke out among the native princes, backed up upon one side by the -French, on the other by the English, and Call was employed to carry -out the erection of defensive works at Fort S. David. This was an -English settlement near the mouth of the Southern Pennair River, and -was only twelve miles from Pondicherry, the French head-quarters. - -Madras, at the mouth of the Triplicane, consisted of the native or -black city and of Fort S. George, which lay on the sea, and was almost -engirdled by the North River that with the Triplicane formed an -island crossed by the main road from Chinglapett and Vandalone. - -The French, whilst in possession of Fort S. George, after it had been -taken by Labourdonnais in 1746, had made several improvements and -additions to the slight works they found, which, nevertheless, rendered -the fort little capable of long resistance against the regular -approaches of a European enemy; nor had they given any attention to the -internal area, which did not exceed fifteen acres of ground. -Nevertheless, the English let the place remain in the same state after -its recovery from the French in 1751 till the beginning of the year -1756, when the expectation of another war with that nation, and the -reports of the great preparations making in France against India, -dictated the necessity of rendering it completely defensible; and Call -was employed in the extension and perfecting of the work, that had -received the consideration of Robbins before his decease. Accordingly -all the coolies, labourers, and tank diggers whom the adjacent country -could supply were from this time constantly employed on the -fortifications: their daily number generally amounted to four thousand -men, women, and children. The river channel was diverted, and the old -channel was filled up; very extensive bastions and outworks were -erected; and it was due to this undertaking that Fort S. George was able -to stand successfully against the siege by the Count de Lally in 1759. - -In the beginning of the year 1752 Call accompanied Captain (afterwards -Lord) Clive in an expedition against the French, who had possessed -themselves of the province of Arcot, and were plundering up to the -very gates of Madras; and he was with him in his occupation and -subsequent defence of Arcot, during a fifty days' siege. Clive had -marched from Madras with two hundred English soldiers and three -hundred sepoys. He had with him eight English officers, but of these -only two had smelt powder, whilst four, Call among them, were only -commercial clerks forced by Clive's example to draw the sword. The -battle of Coverplank, near Arcot, gained by Captain Clive in the -February of 1752, in which the French lost all their artillery and -were totally dispersed, cleared the province of their influence and -established the English in the garrison of that capital. From Arcot -the victorious army, consisting of about five hundred Europeans and -one thousand natives, marched through the country back to Fort S. -David, when Mr. Call was appointed chief engineer at Madras, and -eventually of all the Coromandel coast. - -In 1753 the French under Bussy and Dupleix were full of schemes to -retrieve the honour of their arms, and to obtain the absolute empire -of the Deccan and the south. In that year, the cession of five -important provinces had made them masters of the sea-coast of -Coromandel and Orissa for an uninterrupted line of six hundred miles, -and also furnished the convenient means of receiving reinforcements of -men and military stores from Pondicherry and Mauritius. But neither -the Court of Versailles nor the French India Company at home had -approved the grand projects of Bussy and Dupleix. The Court questioned -the propriety of these wars with the English in a time of peace, and -the Company was impatient at the cost of these wars, and doubted -whether the territorial acquisitions could be maintained profitably to -themselves. The English Company also was impatient at the heavy -outlay, and was willing to leave the French in possession of the -Northern Circars; but Dupleix was not to be restrained. He saw further -into the future than did the merchants of Paris; he perceived that an -unrivalled opportunity was open to him to make all India tributary to -France, and he was determined to seize it. But to do so he must expel -the English. He claimed to be Nabob of the Carnatic, and unless his -authority as such were recognized by the English, he would make no -terms whatever with them. But Dupleix had had his day. His protectors -and admirers were now out of office, and he was recalled to France. - -As soon as war had been declared in Europe, the Government of Louis XV -commenced preparations on a large scale for an expedition to the East, -and the arrival of a great armament was daily expected at Pondicherry. - -It was not, however, until 28th April, 1758, that a squadron of twelve -vessels reached the coast. These ships had on board a regiment of -infantry eleven hundred strong, a corps of artillery, and a number of -officers, all under the command of the Count de Lally, a veteran -officer of Irish extraction, who had been all his life in the service -of France. He had been appointed Governor-General of the French -possessions in India. He was a man of great ability and ambition, and -was animated by intense and passionate hatred of England. Had he been -supported from home, he would almost certainly have made France -predominant in the peninsula. No sooner was he landed than he -organized an expedition against Fort S. David, and in June, 1758, he -captured it. He then prepared to take Madras as a preliminary to an -advance on Bengal, and he hoped to drive the English out of Calcutta. -But he was without resources; there was no money to be had at -Pondicherry. At last he raised a small sum, chiefly out of his own -funds, and began the march to Madras; his officers preferring to risk -death before the walls of Madras to certain starvation within the -walls of Pondicherry. Lally reached Madras on the 12th December, 1758, -and at once took possession of the black or native town, commanded by -Fort S. George, and began the siege of that fort with vigour. Call was -within. It was due to him that the defences were in such a condition -that the garrison could look with confidence to withstand a siege. We -hear, indeed, nothing of any active part taken by him during the -progress of the siege, but undoubtedly his knowledge and talent had -much to do with rendering the defence effective. The real command was -with Major Laurence and Mr. Pigot. The total force collected was 1758 -Europeans and 2220 sepoys. On the other side Lally had an army of 2700 -Europeans and 4000 native troops. - -On 14th December the French took possession of the black town, which -was open and defenceless; and there the soldiers, breaking open some -arrack stores, got drunk and mad, and committed great disorders. - -Taking advantage of this, a sortie was resolved upon, and six hundred -chosen men, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Draper and Major -Brereton, with two field-pieces, rushed into the streets of the black -town. Unluckily the drummers, who were all little black boys, struck -up the "Grenadiers' March" too soon and gave warning to the French, -who left off their drinking and plundering, and, running to their -arms, drew up at a point where the narrow streets crossed at right -angles. Those who were drunk were joined by those who were sober, till -the whole number far exceeded that of the English detachment. If -Bussy, who was at hand, had made one of the bold and rapid movements -which he had been accustomed to make when acting on his own -responsibility, he might have taken the English in rear. But he was -sulky, and jealous of Lally, and remained inert. When Draper saw that -he must retreat, he found that all his drummer-boys who should sound -the recall had run away. He, however, managed to bring off his troops, -leaving two field-pieces behind, and having lost or killed, wounded -and prisoners, about two hundred men. - -The siege dragged on. Most of Lally's heavy artillery was still at -sea, and a corps of sepoys captured and spiked his only 13-inch -mortar, which was coming by land. All his warlike means were as -deficient as those of the garrison were perfect, and dissensions and -ill-will against him increased among his officers. - -For six weeks the French were without any pay, and during the last -fifteen days they had no provisions except rice and butter. Then the -ammunition of the besiegers failed. On the 15th February, 1759, he -resolved on raising the siege. He had thrown away his last bomb three -weeks before, and he had blazed away nearly all his gunpowder. Pouring -forth invectives and blaming every one but himself, Lally decamped on -the night of the 17th as secretly and expeditiously as he could. - -In March, 1760, Call was employed in reducing Karikal, and at the -latter end of the year and in the beginning of 1761 he was employed as -chief engineer under Sir Eyre Coote in the reduction of Pondicherry, -which, after it had been battered furiously during two days, -surrendered at discretion. Then the town and fortifications were -levelled with the ground. A few weeks after the strong hill-fortress -of Gingi surrendered, and the military power of the French in the -Carnatic was brought to an end. - -In 1762 Call had the good fortune, when serving under General -Cailland, to effect the reduction of the strong fortress of Vellore, -one hundred miles west of Madras, which has since been the _point -d'appui_ of the English power in the Carnatic. - -In July, 1763, Mahomed Usuff Cawn, a native of great military talent, -employed in the service of the English, for usurping the government of -Madura and Tinnevelly, the two southernmost provinces of the -peninsula, had to be dealt with summarily. A considerable force -marched against him, under the command of Colonel Monson, of His -Majesty's 69th Regiment. Call acted as chief engineer under him, till -the heavy rains in October obliged the English army to retire from -before Madura. Eventually that place and Palamata were reduced, and -Mahomed Usuff Cawn was taken and hanged. - -At the latter end of 1764 Call went into the Travancore country to -settle with the Rajah for the arrears of tribute due to the Nabob of -Arcot. Having satisfactorily accomplished that business and other -concerns with southern princes, he returned to Madras in January, -1765, and took his seat at the Civil Council, to which he was entitled -by rotation, and he obtained the rank of colonel. - -During a great part of the war with Hyder Ali in 1767 and 1768 Call -accompanied the army into the Mysore country, and whilst he was there -the Company advanced him to the third seat in the Council, and he was -strongly recommended by Lord Clive to succeed to the government of -Madras on the first vacancy. But news reached him of the death of his -father, and he made up his mind to return to England. He had -managed to scrape together a very considerable fortune, and he desired -to spend the rest of his days in the enjoyment of it. He embarked on -February 8th, 1770, after a service of nearly twenty years, and he -landed at Plymouth on July 26th. - -[Illustration: WHITEFORD. THE RESIDENCE OF SIR JOHN CALL - -_From a drawing in the possession of Mrs. de Lacy Lacy_] - -He bought Whiteford, in the parish of Stoke Climsland, and greatly -enlarged the house. In 1771 he was appointed Sheriff of Cornwall, and -in March, 1772, he married Philadelphia, third daughter of Wm. Battye, -M.D., a somewhat distinguished physician living in Bloomsbury. - -From this period till the autumn of 1782 he lived in retirement at -Whiteford. - -Whilst in India, Call had not forgotten his parents and sister at -home, and had sent to his mother priceless Indian shawls, which she, -not knowing their value, cut up and turned into under-petticoats for -herself and daughter and maids. A pipe of Madeira sent to the father -was also as little appreciated. It was distributed among the -farm-labourers during harvest time to economize the cider. - -Now that he was in England and wealthy, he resolved on doing something -for his sister. She had married Cadwalader Jones, the vicar of the -parish, and the vicarage was a small, mean building, so Cadwalader -Jones had taken the manor house that was near the church on a long -lease from the Orchards, who were lords of the manor. This house had -been a cell of Hartland Abbey, but at the Restoration had been given -to the Chammonds. That family had died out, and now it had come to the -Orchards, owners of Hartland Abbey. Call rebuilt the house, or, to be -more exact, built on a modern house to the old, and installed -Cadwalader and his sister in the new mansion; he also made for them a -large walled garden. When he did this, he was under the impression -that the property belonged to Cadwalader, and not till he had -completed his building did he learn that Mr. Jones had only a lease of -it. Moreover, Mrs. Jones did not live to enjoy the new house very -long, as she died in 1780, and then Cadwalader married again. In -course of time Cadwalader went to join his ancestors, and thereupon -Mr. Hawkey saw and loved the widow and the mansion, and married her. -Thus it came about that the manor house built for Mrs. Jane Jones -passed into other hands. But thus it happens also that through Miss -Charlotte Hawkey we have some account of Sir John Call. - -Lord Shelburne, when Prime Minister, being desirous of investigating -some of the existing abuses and reforming some of the public -departments, fixed on Call and engaged him along with Mr. Arthur -Holdsworth, of Dartmouth, to inquire into the state and management of -Crown lands, woods, and forests, which had long been neglected; Call -had seen this with regard to the Duchy property at his doors, and had -drawn attention to it. In November, 1782, they made their first -report; but a change of Ministry taking place soon after, their -proceedings were interrupted till the Duke of Portland, then First -Lord of the Treasury, authorized them to continue their investigation. -Before they had gone far another change took place in the Ministry, -and Pitt became Prime Minister. These frequent interruptions -interfered with the progress of the investigation, and to obviate -that, in 1785-6 Sir Charles Middleton, Call, and Holdsworth were -appointed permanent Parliamentary Commissioners. - -Call became a banker, a manufacturer of plate-glass, and a -copper-smelter. He designed and saw to the execution of the Bodmin -gaol in 1779. He was elected M. P. for Callington in 1784, and -retained his seat till 1801. On July 28th, 1791, he was created a -baronet, and granted as his arms, _gules_, _three trumpets fessewise -in pale, or_; as crest, a _demi-lion ramp. holding between the paws a -trumpet erect, or_. - -By his wife he had six children. In 1785 he purchased the famous house -of Field-Marshal Wade, in Old Burlington Street. He became totally blind -in 1795, and died of apoplexy at his residence in town on March 1st, -1801, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, William Pratt Call, -who died in 1851, leaving a son, William Berkeley Call, the third -baronet, who died in 1864, and with the son of this latter, Sir William -George Montague Call, the fourth baronet, the title became extinct. It -will be noticed that the two last affected aristocratic Christian names, -Berkeley and Montague. Whiteford was sold to the Duchy of Cornwall, and -all the noble trees in the park were cut down and turned into money, and -the mansion converted into an office for the Duchy. Davies Gilbert, in -his _Parochial History of Cornwall_, tells a couple of anecdotes of Sir -John, but they are too pointless to merit repetition. - -Call was one of those admirable, self-made men who have been -empire-makers in the East, and, better than that, have been makers of -the English name as synonymous with all that is powerful and true and -just. He well deserved the title accorded to him. He was a man of whom -Cornwall may be proud, and it needed no trumpets in his arms and -fictions about the origin of his family to make the name honourable. - -As Dr. Johnson said, "There are some families like potatoes, whose -only good parts are underground." - -The authorities for the life of Sir John Call are Playfair's _British -Family Antiquity_, 1809; Clement R. Markham's _Memoir on the Indian -Surveys_, 1878; H. G. Nicholl's _Forest of Dean_; and _Neota_, by -Charlotte Hawkey, 1871. - -The grant of the baronetcy to Sir John Call, dated 1795, is now in the -Museum of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, at Truro. - - - - - JOHN KNILL - - -In August, 1853, appeared the following account in the _Gentleman's -Magazine_:-- - -"An eccentric old gentleman of the name Knill, a private secretary some -fifty or sixty years ago to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, becoming -afterwards collector of the port of S. Ives, built a three-sided pyramid -of granite on the top of a high hill, near the town of S. Ives. The -pyramid is represented as a pocket edition of an Egyptian one, and in it -this gentleman caused a chamber to be built, with a stone coffin, giving -out his intention to be buried there, and leaving a charge on an estate -to the corporation of S. Ives for the maintenance and repair, etc., of -the pyramid. He, however, died in London; and by his latest will, so far -from perpetuating the ostentatious idea, desired that his body should be -given up to the surgeons for dissection, a penance, it is supposed, for -past follies, after which the remains were buried in London. The -pyramid, however, still stands as a landmark. On one side, in raised -letters in granite, appear the words 'Hic jacet nil.' It was understood -that the 'K' and another 'l' would be added when the projector should be -placed within; and on the other side, 'Ex nihilo nil fit,' to be filled -up in like manner, Knill. The mausoleum obtained then, and still bears -the name of Knill's Folly." - -This account, full of inaccuracies, called forth a letter to the -editor from a relative of John Knill, at Penrose, by Helston, dated -October, 1853, which appeared in the November issue of the same -magazine. He stated that John Knill was educated for the law, but did -not adopt it as a profession. He preferred to accept the office of -collector of customs at S. Ives. After a while he was sent as -Inspector-General of Customs to the West Indies, whence he returned to -his duties at S. Ives, after having discharged his office of -inspectorship. In 1777 the Earl of Buckinghamshire, who was recorder -of S. Ives, invited Mr. Knill to accompany him to Ireland as his -private secretary, when he, the earl, had been made lord-lieutenant. -The offer was accepted. - -In 1782, thirty years before his death, he erected the mausoleum, -partly actuated by a philanthropic motive as affording a landmark to -ships approaching the port, and partly by a wish to find employment -for men at a time of considerable distress, having also a desire to be -buried there, if the ground could be consecrated. This intention was -afterwards abandoned. - -Mr. Knill resided for some years previous to his death in Gray's Inn, -and was a bencher of that society. He died there in 1811, and was -buried in the vaults of S. Andrew's, Holborn. On one side of the -monument is the word "Resurgam." On the second side, "I know that my -Redeemer liveth," and on the third is no inscription at all, and the -silly puns given by the informant of the _Gentleman's Magazine_ had no -existence save in the imagination of the correspondent. - -The same writer adds: "Though he had a wide circle of acquaintances -and he was highly esteemed by all who knew him, he resisted every -invitation to dine in private society, and for many years past -dined at Dolly's Coffee House, Paternoster Row, walking through the -chief avenues of the town in the course of the day, in order to meet -his friends and to preserve his health by moderate exercise." - -[Illustration: JOHN KNILL - -_After a picture by Opie in the possession of Captain Rogers of -Penrose_] - -We are able to supplement this scanty record from a memoir of him by Mr. -John Jope Rogers, of Penrose, published in 1871 by Cunnack, of Helston. - -John Knill was born at Callington on January 1st, 1733. His mother was -a Pike of Plympton, and her mother was an Edgcumbe of Edgcumbe, it is -stated in the memoir, but no entry of any such marriage is in the -pedigree of the Edgcumbes in Vivian's _Heralds' Visitations of Devon_. - -Mr. Knill was very desirous to trace a descent from the family of -Knill of Knill, in Hereford, but entirely failed to do so. - -John Knill's mother, one of the seven daughters of Mr. Pike, married -secondly Mr. Jope, and it is thus that the portrait of the subject of -this memoir came into the possession of Mr. John Jope Rogers, of -Penrose, author of the memoir. - -John Knill, according to Davies Gilbert, "served his clerkship as an -attorney in Penzance, and from thence removed to the office of a London -attorney, where, having distinguished himself by application and -intelligence, he was recommended to the Earl of Buckinghamshire, who, at -that time, held the political interests of S. Ives, to be his local -agent." In the year 1762 he was appointed collector of customs at S. -Ives, in Cornwall, and held it during twenty years, at the end of which -time he wrote to Mr. William Praed, March 30th, 1782: "I purpose to be -in London in May, in order to resign my office of collector, which I -shall finally quit at the end of next midsummer quarter." - -In November, 1767, he was chosen mayor of S. Ives, and lived in a -red-brick house facing the beach, in Fore Street. Although mayor and -collector of customs, it was strongly believed that he was in league -with smugglers and wreckers. - -One day, during the latter half of the eighteenth century, a strange -vessel ran on the rocks on the Hayle side of Carrick Gladden, and the -crew escaped to land and disappeared. The ship, now a derelict, had -apparently no owner, and next day a number of people boarded her, and -found her full of chinaware and other smuggled goods. The ship's -papers could not be found; they had been carried off when the crew -deserted her, and it was strongly supposed that they were destroyed, -as implicating Knill and Praed, of Trevetho. The customs officer, -Roger Wearne, went on board and stuffed his clothes full of china; -having a pair of trousers on with a very ample and baggy seat, he -thought he could not do better than stow away some of the choicest -pieces of porcelain there. But as he was getting down the side of the -ship into the boat, very leisurely, so as not to injure his spoils, a -comrade, getting impatient, struck him on the posteriors with the -blade of his oar, shouting to him, "Look out sharp, Wearne!" and was -startled at the cracking noise that ensued, and the howl of Wearne -when the broken splinters of china entered his flesh. - -In 1773 the Government sent him to Jamaica to inspect the ports there; -he remained in the West Indies one year, and used his eyes and ears, -for in 1779 he wrote an account of the religion of the Coromandel -negroes for Bryant Edwards' _History of the West Indies_, from -information he then and there gathered. For his services he received -from the Board of Customs the substantial sum of L1500. He returned to -his duties at S. Ives in 1774. In 1777 he became private secretary -to the Earl of Buckinghamshire, in Dublin, but he returned to S. Ives -after six months in Ireland. In 1779 he speculated in a bootless -search for treasure, which the notorious pirate, Captain John Avery, -was supposed, on his return from Madagascar, to have secreted near the -Lizard. But, as none of the Lives of that freebooter gave any hint of -his having done so, the attempt was not the least likely to lead to -satisfactory results. Davies Gilbert says that Knill equipped some -small vessels to act as privateers against smugglers, but if local -tradition may be relied on, these vessels were only nominally for this -purpose, and were actually engaged in running contraband goods; but -this is highly improbable. - -[Illustration: GLASS INSCRIBED "SUCCESS TO THE EAGLE FRIGATE, JOHN -KNILL COMMANDER" - -_From the Collection of Percy Bate, Esq. of Glasgow_] - -In 1782 he was employed in the service of the customs as inspector of -some of the western ports, making occasional visits to London, where -he settled for the rest of his days. In 1784 he purchased chambers in -Gray's Inn Square, where he died on March 29th, 1811, at the age of -seventy-seven. He was painted by Opie in 1779, dressed in a plain suit -of blue, with frilled shirt and ruffles. He made his half-brother, the -Rev. John Jope, of S. Cleer, his sole executor. - -It was in the year 1782 that John Knill erected his mausoleum on Worral -Hill, on land purchased from Henry, Lord Arundell, for five guineas. The -total cost of the monument was L226 1s. 6d. Sixpence a year is paid to -the owner of Tregenna for a right of way to the obelisk. By a deed dated -May 29th, 1797, Knill settled upon the mayor and capital burgesses of S. -Ives, and their successors for ever, an annuity of L10 as a rent-charge, -to be paid out of the manor of Glivian, in Mawgan, which sum is annually -to be put into a chest which is not to be opened except at the end of -every five years. Then, out of the accumulated sum, a dinner was to be -given to the mayor, collector of customs, and vicar of S. Ives, and two -friends to be invited by each of them, and L15 to be equally divided -among ten girls, natives of S. Ives, under ten years old, who should, -between 10 a.m. and noon on S. James the Apostle's Day, dance and sing -round the mausoleum, to the fiddling of a man who was to receive a pound -for so doing and for fiddling as the procession of girls went to the -obelisk and returned. One pound was to be laid out in white ribbons for -the damsels and a cockade for the fiddler. Some of the money was to go -to keep the mausoleum in repair, and there were certain benefactions -also recorded. - -The first Knillian celebration took place in July, 1801, when, -according to the will of the founder, a band of little girls, all -dressed in white, with two widows and a company of musicians, marched -in procession to the top of the hill, where they danced about the -monument, then, as Knill desired, sang the Hundredth Psalm to its old -melody, and after that returned in the same order to S. Ives. The -ceremony still takes place every fifth year. - -In dancing the children sing the following in chorus:-- - - Shun the bustle of the bay, - Hasten, virgins, come away; - Hasten to the mountain's brow, - Leave, O leave, S. Ives below. - Haste to breathe a purer air, - Virgins fair, and pure as fair; - Fly S. Ives and all her treasures, - Fly her soft voluptuous pleasures; - Fly her sons and all their wiles, - Lushing in their wanton smiles; - Fly the splendid midnight halls; - Fly the revels of her balls; - Fly, O fly the chosen seat, - Where vanity and fashion meet. - Hither hasten from the ring, - Round the tomb in chorus sing, - And on the lofty mountain's brow, aptly dight, - Just as we should be, all in white, - Leave all our troubles and our cares below. - - - - - THOMAS TREGOSS - - -A certain Roscadden going on a pilgrimage in the days before the -Reformation, and being absent some years, was surprised on his return to -find that his wife had borne one if not more children. Very much and -very naturally put out, he consulted with one John Tregoss, who advised -him to settle his estate upon some friend whom he could trust, for the -use and benefit of his children whom he would own, and for the wife not -to be left absolutely destitute in the event of his death. Mr. Roscadden -approved of this counsel, and constituted John Tregoss his heir -absolutely, but always with the understanding that the said Tregoss -should administer his estate according to the wishes and instructions of -Roscadden. But this gentleman dying soon after, John Tregoss entered on -possession of the estate, "turned the wife and children out of doors, -who for some time were fain to lye in an hog-stye, and every morning -went forth to the Dung-hill, and there upon their faces imprecated and -prayed that the vengeance of God might fall upon Tregoss and his -posterity for this so perfidious and merciless deed. - -"And after this, God's severe but righteous judgments fell upon -Tregoss's family. For his son Walter, one day riding upon a Horse in a -fair way, the horse threw him, and broke his neck: and some of his -issue came to untimely ends, and it is observed that a curse hath -remained ever since: and this Mr. Tregoss of whom we write was so -sensible of it, that it cost him many fervent prayers to God for the -removal of that dreadful curse, as himself assured a bosom -friend"--but it does not seem to have occurred to him to give up the -heritage to the Roscaddens--that is, if he were the possessor. - -The family of Tregose, or Tregosse, was one of the oldest in the -neighbourhood of S. Ives. The names of Clement and John Tregose of S. -Ives appear in the Subsidy Roll of 1327. In the list of _circa_ 1520, -Thomas Tregoos' lands in Towednack were assessed at the yearly value of -13s. 4d., and those of John Tregoz, in the parish of S. Ives, at 11s.; -but Thomas also had lands at S. Ives, valued the same as those of John. - -In 1641, William Tregose, gent., had at S. Ives goods to the annual -value of L3. - -Thomas Tregoss, the subject of this notice, was the son of William -Tregoss of S. Ives. His parents were strong Puritans and very austere, -and they hedged about their son with restrictions, not suffering him -to partake in games or any childish relaxations from the strain of -study or the contemplation of religious themes. At first he seemed to -be of poor capacity, but at the age of seven years he began to show -that he had a quick apprehension and a retentive memory. Cut off from -all worldly distractions, he was allowed but one direction in which -his faculties and his ambitions could stretch and expand. He had not -the force of character and strength of will to revolt against the -numbing restraints that bound him in. His only play as a boy was -standing on a chair and preaching to his fellow pupils. - -He was sent to Oxford and admitted into Exeter College, and after a -few years spent there, returned to S. Ives; and as the Parliamentary -Commissioners had ejected the vicar, he was thrust in as Puritan -preacher in 1657, and he then married a Margaret Sparrow of the same -way of thinking. - -The life of Thomas Tregoss, as given by Samuel Clark in his _Lives of -Some Eminent Persons_, 1683, is interspersed with Remarkable -Providences and Extraordinary Judgments, but for the most part they -are neither remarkable nor interesting. - -The following is, perhaps, an exception:-- - -Shortly after his arrival at S. Ives, in the summer, the greater -portion of the fishing season had passed without the pilchards -appearing, and this to the great distress of the people. By the advice -of Tregoss a day was set apart for humiliation and prayer, and next -day a shoal of pilchards arrived. - -In the ensuing summer the fishermen, having taken a great number of -fishes on the Saturday, wanted to spread and dry their nets on the -Sunday. Tregoss learning this, came forth and rebuked and denounced -God's judgment on them if they should profane the "Sabbath" in this -manner. They did not hearken to him, observing that their nets must be -dried or would rot. From that day no more pilchards visited the bay -during that season. - -From S. Ives Tregoss was transferred to Mylor in October, 1659, but -was ejected from the living on August 24th, 1660, as not ordained, and -unwilling to receive ordination, and to subscribe to the articles and -confirm to the liturgy. However, he continued to preach to a privately -assembled number of puritanically minded people, and he was proceeded -against and committed to the custody of the marshal in Launceston -gaol, where he remained for three months, and was then released by -order of the Deputy Lieutenant. - -In September, 1663, he removed to Kigilliath, near Penryn. On October -1st, 1664, whilst he and his wife were lying awake in bed, they -experienced an earthquake shock, and this he held to be "a symbolick -image of that trembling Heartquake which he shortly felt in his -conversion." - -On January 1st ensuing, he fell into deep despondency and the spirit of -bondage--his liver being probably out of order--till he fancied himself -relieved by receiving the spirit of adoption. He had been converted half -a dozen times before, but never before preceded by an earthquake, so -that there could be no mistake about its reality this time. - -Fired with new zeal, he broke into Mabe church at the head of a number -of his adherents, mounted the pulpit, and harangued his congregation. -For this he was arrested and imprisoned again in Launceston gaol, but -was shortly released, July 29th, 1665; and he had the pleasing -satisfaction of knowing that a bull had gored Justice Thomas Robinson, -who had sent him to prison. - -Undeterred by what he had gone through, he again invaded Mabe church, -and was again committed to gaol on September 18th, but was once more -released, on December 14th. - -On February 4th, 1666, he once more broke into the parish church of -Mabe at the head of a body of Puritans, and was again arrested and -sent to the marshal at Bodmin, but by the order of the King was at -once set free. - -In 1669 he was at Great Torrington, where he preached, and was sent to -Exeter gaol, but was at once bailed out. He died at Penryn in January, -1672. - -On September 4th, 1775, John Wesley preached at S. Ives "in the little -meadow above the town." He wrote in his diary that "the people in -general here (excepting the rich) seem almost persuaded to be -Christians. Perhaps the prayer of their old pastor, Mr. Tregoss, is -answered even to the fourth generation." - - - - - ANTHONY PAYNE - - -Anthony Payne, the "Falstaff of the West," was born in the manor -house, Stratton, the son of a tenant farmer, under the Grenvilles of -Stowe. The registers do not go back sufficiently far to record the -date of his birth. The Tree Inn is the ancient manor house in which -the giant first saw the light. He rapidly shot up to preternatural -size and strength. So vast were his proportions as a boy, that his -schoolmates were accustomed to work out their arithmetic lessons in -chalk on his back, and sometimes even thereon to delineate a map of -the world, so that he might return home, like Atlas, carrying the -world on his shoulders for his father with a stick to dust out. - -It was his delight to tuck two urchins under his arms, one on each side, -and climb, so encumbered with "his kittens," as he called them, to a -height overhanging the sea, to their infinite terror, and this he would -call "showing them the world." A proverb still extant in Cornwall, -expressive of some unusual length, is "As long as Tony Payne's foot." - -At the age of twenty-one he was taken into the establishment at Stowe. -He then measured seven feet two inches in height without his shoes, -and he afterwards grew two inches higher. He was not tall and lanky, -but stout and well proportioned in every way. The original mansion of -the Grenvilles at Stowe still in part remains as a farmhouse. The -splendid house of Stowe, built by the first Earl of Bath, was pulled -down shortly after 1711, and it was said that men lived who had seen -the stately palace raised and also levelled with the dust. This was at -a little distance further inland than the old Stowe that remains. The -Grenvilles had also a picturesque house at Broom Hill, near Bude, with -fine Elizabethan plaster-work ceilings, now converted into labourers' -cottages. - -At Stowe Anthony Payne delighted in exhibiting his strength. In the -hurling-ground a rough block of stone is still pointed out as "Payne's -cast," lying full ten paces beyond the reach whereat the ordinary -player could "put the stone." - -It is said that one Christmas Eve the fire languished in the hall. A -boy with an ass had been sent into the wood for faggots. Payne went to -hurry him back, and caught up the ass and his burden, flung them over -his shoulder, and brought both into the hall and cast them down by the -side of the fire. - -On another occasion, being defied to perform the feat, he carried a -bacon-hog from Kilkhampton to Stowe. Then came the Civil War, when -Charles I and his Parliament sought to settle their differences on the -battlefield. Cornwall went for the King, and Anthony Payne had the -drilling and manoeuvring of the recruits from Kilkhampton and -Stratton. At one time Sir Beville Grenville had his head-quarters at -Truro, but the great battle of Stamford Hill, May 16th, 1643, was -fought but eight miles from Stowe, and on the night preceding it Sir -Beville Grenville slept in his house at Broom Hill. The battle was -desperate, the Royalist soldiers being outnumbered, and attacked; -amidst them was Anthony Payne, mounted on his sturdy cob Samson, -rallying his troopers and terrorizing the enemy, who fled. At the -next pitched battle at Lansdown, near Bath, the forces of the King -were defeated and Sir Beville was killed. Anthony Payne, having -mounted John Grenville, then a youth of sixteen, on his father's -horse, had led on the Grenville troops to the fight. The Rev. R. S. -Hawker gives a letter from the giant to Lady Grace Grenville, -conveying to her the news of the death of her husband; but it is more -than doubtful whether this be genuine. He says of it: "It still -survives. It breathes, in the quaint language of the day, a noble -strain of sympathy and homage." It does not exist except in Mr. -Hawker's book, and is almost certainly a fabrication by him. - -[Illustration: ANTONY PAYNE - -_From the picture by Sir Godfrey Kneller_] - -At the Restoration, Sir John Grenville was created Earl of Bath, and -was made governor of the garrison of Plymouth, and he then appointed -Payne halberdier of the guns. The King, who held Payne in great -favour, made him a yeoman of his guards, and Sir Godfrey Kneller, the -Court artist, was employed to paint his portrait. - -Whilst in Plymouth garrison an incident occurred that has been -recorded by Hawker. At the mess-table of the regiment, during the -reign of William and Mary, on the anniversary of the day when Charles -I had been beheaded, a sub-officer of Payne's own rank had ordered a -calf's head to be served up. This was a coarse and common annual -mockery of the beheaded king indulged in by the remnants of the old -fanatical Puritan party. When Payne entered the room his comrades -pointed out the dish to him. Anthony flared up, and flung the plate -and its contents out of the window. A quarrel and a challenge ensued, -and at break of day Payne and his antagonist fought with swords on the -ramparts, and Anthony ran the offender through the swordarm and -disabled him, as he shouted, "There's sauce for thy calf's head." - -Hawker, who tells the story, supposed that the incident occurred -during the reign of George I. But Anthony died at an age little short -of eighty, and was buried at Stratton July 13th, 1691, and William of -Orange did not die till 1702. - -After his death at Stratton, which took place in the house where he -was born, neither door nor stairs would afford egress for the large -coffined corpse. The joists had to be sawn through, and the floor -lowered with rope and pulley, to enable the giant to pass out to his -last resting-place, under the south wall of Stratton Church.[12] - -The history of the vicissitudes through which went the painting by -Kneller is peculiarly interesting. - -When Stowe was dismantled, on the death of the Earl of Bath, the -picture was removed to Penheale, another Cornish residence of the -Grenville family. - -But here the portrait of him who had done so much for the house was -not valued, and was soon forgotten. Gilbert, the Cornish historian, in -one of his rambles, whilst staying at an old inn in Launceston, was -informed that this painting was still extant, and he went to Penheale, -where the farmer's wife occupying the house said that she did indeed -possess "a carpet with the effigy of a large man on it," that had been -given to her husband by the steward on the estate. It was rolled up, -and in a bad and dirty condition. She gladly sold it to C. S. Gilbert -for L8. On Gilbert's death his effects were sold at Devonport, and a -stranger bought it for L42. In London it was recognized as the work of -Kneller, and was resold for the sum of L800. It next appeared amongst -the effects of the late Admiral Tucker, at Trematon Castle; and when -the sale took place this picture was bought by a gentleman in Devon. -Finally Mr. (now Sir) Robert Harvey purchased it, and most generously -presented it to the Royal Institution of Cornwall. - -The authorities for Anthony Payne are Hawker's _Footprints of Former -Men in Cornwall_; the _Journal of the R. Inst. of Cornwall_, Vol. X, -1890-1; Wood (E. J.), _Giants and Dwarfs_, 1868. - -Next in size to Anthony Payne among big Cornishmen was Charles Chilcott, -of Tintagel, who measured 6 feet 4 inches high, and round the breast 6 -feet 9 inches, and who weighed 460 pounds. He was almost constantly -occupied in smoking, three pounds of tobacco being his weekly allowance. -His pipe was two inches long. One of his stockings would contain six -gallons of wheat. He was much gratified when strangers came to visit -him, and to them his usual address was, "Come under my arm, little -fellow." He died in his sixtieth year, 5th April, 1815. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[12] The hole is still shown in the Tree Inn, Stratton. - - - - - NEVIL NORTHEY BURNARD - - -Was the son of George Burnard, a stonemason, who lived at Penpont, -Altarnon, in a house with mullioned windows and a newel staircase, -said to have been the old manor house of Penpont. He was born in 1818, -and was baptized on November 1st in that year. - -The only education Nevil received was from his mother, who kept a -dame's school and made straw bonnets in her spare time. - -He was mortar-boy to his father, and would often slip away and cut -figures of men and animals on an old oak door, getting many a "lacing" -for not minding his proper work. His earliest tools were nails, which -he sharpened on a grinding-stone, before he had any chisels. - -There was at that time no machinery for facing slate slabs; so he used -an old French "burr"--i.e. part of a French millstone. Such millstones -were constructed in four parts, cemented together. This "burr" he put -into a rough frame of wood, and used it like a plane over the face of -the slate, which was laid on a bench, or "horse." The existing examples -of slabs worked in this way are most excellent, in flatness and in -smoothness. - -The Delabole slate had been employed for many centuries for tombstones -and monuments, and lent itself surprisingly to being sculptured. In -the North Cornish churches are numerous examples of monuments -richly sculptured with heraldic figures of the sixteenth and -seventeenth centuries, all on slate, and sharp to this day as when -they left the workshop. - -[Illustration: NEVIL NORTHEY BURNARD - -_From a bas-relief by the sculptor himself, in the possession of S. -Pearn, Esq., Altarnon_] - -At the age of fourteen Nevil cut a tombstone to his grandfather; that -is now in Altarnon churchyard, and affords evidence of skill, artistic -sense, and fineness of detail. There are other stones of his in the -same churchyard; also one or two by his brother George. An old man is -still alive in Altarnon who used to sharpen the nails on a grindstone -for Burnard, with which he did his carving on slate. - -At fifteen he left Altarnon. Wesley's head, over the porch of the old -Meeting-house, Penpont, was cut by him when he was sixteen. - -From Altarnon he went to Fowey, and the late Sir Charles Lemon, of -Carclew, took him by the hand. At the age of sixteen he carved in -slate the group of Laocoon, sent in 1834 to the Exhibition of the -Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society at Falmouth. This carving in -bass-relief, executed by a boy from a wild moorland village, without -instruction, copied from a wood-cut in the _Penny Magazine_, and with -tools of his own making, was considered so very remarkable a -production that the Society awarded him a silver medal. Nevil was sent -to London, and through Sir Charles Lemon's influence was presented to -the Queen and Prince Consort, and he was allowed to cut a profile of -the Prince of Wales, then a boy, and this portrait was sent to -Osborne, and was approved by the Royal parents. Sir Charles Lemon -further introduced the lad to Chantrey, who secured for him employment -as a carver in one of the most celebrated ateliers in London. - -Burnard reproduced his profile of the Prince of Wales in marble for -the Public Hall at Falmouth, and the general opinion expressed upon it -was that it amply sustained the early expectation which had been -formed of his talents. - -Thus fairly launched in his profession as a carver in London, he found -employment in the studios of the best sculptors of the day, as Bailey, -Marshall, and Foley; and there was no lack of work, and no falling -short of pay. - -Caroline Fox, in her _Memories of Old Friends_, says:-- - -"1847, October 4th.--Burnard, our Cornish sculptor, dined with us. He -is a great, powerful, pugilistic-looking fellow at twenty-nine; a -great deal of face, with all the features massed in the centre; mouth -open, and all sorts of simplicities flowing out of it. He liked -talking of himself and his early experiences. His father, a -stonemason, once allowed him to carve the letters on a little cousin's -tombstone which would be hidden in the grass; this was his first -attempt, and instead of digging in the letters he dug around them, and -made each stand out in relief. His stories of Chantrey very odd: on -his death Lady Chantrey came into the studio with a hammer and knocked -off the noses of many completed busts, so that they might not be too -common--a singular attention to her departed lord. Described his own -distress when waiting for Sir Charles Lemon to take him to Court: he -felt very warm, and went into a shop for some ginger-beer; the woman -pointed the bottle at him, and he was drenched. After wiping himself -as well as he could he went out to dry in the sun. He went first to -London without his parents knowing anything about it, because he -wished to spare them anxiety, and let them know nothing until he could -announce that he was regularly employed by Mr. Weekes. He showed us -his bust of the Prince of Wales--a beautiful thing, very intellectual, -with a strong likeness to the Queen--which he was exhibiting at the -Polytechnic, where it will remain." - -[Illustration: WESLEY'S HEAD OVER THE OLD MEETING-HOUSE, PENPONT, -ALTARNON - -_Cut by Burnard when_ 16 _years of age_] - -[Illustration: TOMBSTONES CUT BY BURNARD - -_That on the right is upon the grave of his grandfather in Altarnon -Churchyard, and was cut when the sculptor was only_ 14 _years old; the -one on the left is in Bodmin Churchyard_] - -"1849, March 1st.--Found a kindly note from Thomas Carlyle. He has -seen 'my gigantic countryman,' Burnard, and conceives that there is -real faculty in him; he gave him advice, and says he is the sort of -person whom he will gladly help if he can. Burnard forwarded to me, in -great triumph, the following note he had received from Carlyle with -reference to a projected bust of Charles Buller: '_February_ 25th, -1849.... Nay, if the conditions _never_ mend, and you cannot get that -Bust to do at all, you may find yet (as often turns out in life) that -it was _better_ for you you did not. Courage! Persist in your career -with wise strength, with silent resolution, with manful, patient, -unconquerable endeavour; and if there lie a talent in you (as I think -there does), the gods will permit you to develop it yet.--Believe me, -yours very sincerely, T. Carlyle.'" - -On the return of Richard Lander from Africa, after having traced the -Niger through a great part of its course, Burnard was commissioned to -execute a statue of the explorer for the column erected in Lander's -honour at Truro. His only other public work of any consequence was the -statue of Ebenezer Elliott, the Corn-law Rhymer, for the market-place -of Sheffield; but he was employed in executing portrait busts of many -men of importance, as General Gough, Professor John Couch Adams, his -fellow-Cornishman, Professor Ed. Forbes, and one of Makepeace -Thackeray, which Burnard gave as a present to the Cottonian Library at -Plymouth, where it now stands above the door. - -He exhibited in the Royal Academy in 1855, 1858, 1866, and 1867. He -married in London, but lost his wife, and then took to drink. The -boys, as he said, jeered at him, and called him "Old Burnard." - -As a man, he was tall and big, with an enormous head which no -ordinary hat would fit; so that his hats had to be made for him. - -Eventually he went "on tramp," paying periodical visits to old friends -at Altarnon. He would make sketches, draw portraits, at farms and in -public-houses; was ready to write an article for a newspaper, or to -make an election squib, for either side; and was, in fact, as clever -with his pen and pencil as he was with chisel. - -He was a most entertaining companion, and able to converse on any -subject. - -Thus he lived by his wits, mixing with the highest, but by preference -with the lowest. The last time he visited Altarnon was in 1877, three -years before his death; he remained there on that occasion for a week, -with hardly any clothes to his back, and was boarded by his old -playmate, Mr. S. Pearn, and slept in the common lodging-house, -Five-lanes. After having been fitted out with fresh clothes by some -friends he proceeded to the west of the county. - -During this last visit at Altarnon he drew some large pencil heads, -which show a firm and delicate hand, but he delighted in minute -execution. There is also evidence that his mind at this time was as -steady as his hand, for he composed a poem on the death of Mr. F. -Herring, one or two verses of which may be given. - - I stood beside the spot where late you laid him, - The spot to each of us most hallowed ground; - After the angels had in white array'd him, - And his smooth brows with flowers immortal crown'd. - - * * * * * - - Who in the wilderness would wish to wander, - Whose feet have trodden once the promised land? - Believe that all is well, nor pause to ponder - On things that mortals cannot understand. - He is most bless'd that is the firmest trusting, - Believing One that's wiser far than he,-- - Is, for his good, the balance still adjusting; - So--tell my parents not to mourn for me. - I now can see what might have been my story, - Had I remained through man's allotted day: - (Sorrow for joy, dark age for youth and glory:) - And bless the love that hastened me away. - And wafted me across the mystic river, - Where all discords and elements agree, - Calmed by His word, that can from death deliver, - So tell my loved ones not to mourn for me. - -[Illustration: TOMBSTONES IN ALTARNON CHURCHYARD CUT BY BURNARD] - -He was equally ready to lampoon any one, whether friend or foe; -probably accommodating his muse to the humour of those with whom he -happened to be. - -One day he had been making a sketch of a farmer called Nicoll, and -resorted to the public-house in Liskeard with his patron. Whilst there -he scribbled on a piece of paper and handed to his friend Nicoll:-- - - Cash is scarce, and fortune's fickle; - I should like to draw some silver now, - As I've all day been drawing nickel. - -There is at Penpont House, Altarnon, a small profile head of Burnard -executed by himself. It is a cameo in plaster of Paris. He is said to -have sketched his face by looking in a mirror, and then cut an -intaglio in slate from his drawing. - -Nevil N. Burnard died in the Union, Redruth, of heart and kidney -complaint, 27th November, 1878. - - - - - SIR GOLDSWORTHY GURNEY, KNT., - INVENTOR - - -This man of remarkable versatility and genius was the fourth son of John -Gurney, of Trevargus; he was born at Treator, near Padstow, on February -14th, 1793, and was baptized at Padstow on the ensuing 26th June. - -He was named after his godmother, a daughter of General Goldsworthy -and a maid of honour to Queen Charlotte. He was educated at the Truro -Grammar School, and during part of his holidays was wont to stay with -a relative, the rector of S. Erth, in which parish lived Mr. Davies -Giddy (who afterwards changed his name, and was better known as Mr. -Davies Gilbert, President of the Royal Society), in whose house he -very frequently met Richard Trevithick, a plain, unpretending man, of -great genius, connected with the neighbouring copper mines, who lived -near, and who often consulted Mr. Giddy on mathematical calculations -connected with the steam-engine and his mechanical inventions. -Although so young, Mr. Gurney, whose natural bent was for these -subjects, soon formed an acquaintance with this singularly original -and talented man, and he continued during the period of his medical -studies in correspondence with him. - -Mr. Gurney saw Trevithick's first steam-carriage in 1804, and followed -closely his improvements and experiments on locomotion, and he -remembered, moreover, the contemptuous treatment this gifted man -received at the hands of the engineers of the day. - -[Illustration: _S. C. Smith, del._ _W. Sharp, lithog._ - -SIR GOLDSWORTHY GURNEY] - -His views were described as "wild theories," and his plans were -scoffed at. But Mr. Giddy or Gilbert encouraged Trevithick to go on -and not be discouraged, and Richard Trevithick became the inventor of -the locomotive as well as of the high-pressure engine. His first -locomotive was constructed to travel on common roads; he afterwards -modified it and set it to run on rails at Merthyr Tydvil. The trial -was made there on February 4th, 1804. In the year 1813 he exhibited -his locomotive on a temporary railway, laid for the purpose near -Euston Square, and showed the great speed it was capable of attaining. -This speed, however, was only maintained while the accumulated steam -in the boiler was worked off, but his experiment showed that, if a -sufficient quantity of steam could be "kept up," as he termed it, the -speed might be maintained for any distance and any length of time. But -how was this to be effected? That was the difficulty, and that -difficulty arose out of another--how was a sufficient draught to be -created to keep the fire in the furnace at full activity? As the -locomotive moved it created a draught the reverse of that required for -the fire, and unless a strong and steady draught into the furnace -could be created, sufficient heat could not be generated to produce a -sufficient and continuous amount of steam. - -Trevithick in his first locomotive had discharged the steam up the -funnel to get rid of it, but without any idea of creating a vacuum by -means of which a draught could be caused. Stephenson did the same. Mr. -Smiles has claimed that the "steam-jet" was invented by Stephenson, -but this was not the case. The steam used in Trevithick's and -Stephenson's engines was waste or exhaust steam, discharging itself -through the funnel indeed, but not filling it, so that it created no -perceptible draught. - -Mr. Smiles says: "The steam after performing its duty in the cylinders -was at first allowed to escape into the open atmosphere with a hissing -blast, to the terror of horses and cattle. It was complained of as a -nuisance, and a neighbouring squire threatened to commence an action -against the colliery lessees unless it was put a stop to." - -Accordingly the steam was introduced into the funnel about half-way up -at the side so as to get rid of it and obviate the objection of the -noise. But the evidence that Stephenson had discovered that it could -be employed to create a draught is inconclusive. - -Goldsworthy Gurney had been placed at Wadebridge with Dr. Avery as a -medical pupil, and there he married Elizabeth Symons in 1814. He -settled down at Wadebridge as a surgeon, but his active mind would not -let him rest as a small country practitioner; he felt that he had -powers and visions that would bring him before the public as an -inventor and a benefactor. Accordingly he moved to London in 1820, -where he made the acquaintance of several able physicians, and was -called to deliver a course of lectures on the elements of chemical -science at the Surrey Institute. It was in 1823 that he began his -experiments with steam and on locomotion, and he abandoned the medical -profession in order to devote himself to these researches. His desire -was to construct an engine that would travel on common roads, and -travel at a more rapid pace than horses. - -Now Stephenson, in his evidence before a Parliamentary Committee, -stated that the rate at which his locomotive travelled was "from 3 to -5 or 6 miles an hour." - -"_Q._ So that these hypothetical cases of 12 miles an hour do not fall -within your general experience? - -"_A._ They do not. - -"_Q._ Laying aside the 12 miles an hour, I think the rate at which -these experiments were made was about 6-3/4 miles to 7? - -"_A._ I think the average was 6-1/2 miles." - -In the first edition of Nicholas Wood's _Treatise on Railways_, 1829, -occurs this passage: "It is far from my wish to promulgate to the -world that the ridiculous expectations, or rather professions, of the -enthusiastic specialist, will be realized, and that we shall see them -travelling at the rate of 12, 16, 18, or 20 miles an hour. Nothing -could do more harm towards their adoption or general improvement than -the promulgation of such nonsense." - -Before a second edition appeared, Mr. Gurney's steam-jet had -revolutionized the engine, and it blew this absurd passage out of the -book and the disbelief out of Wood's head. - -Nicholas Wood was a viewer at Killingworth Colliery, and assisted -George Stephenson in his experiments, and he first saw the steam-blast -in Mr. Hackworth's _Sans Pareil_ in 1829, so that gentleman had -adopted it on Mr. Gurney's recommendation and according to his plan. - -Wood thus describes what he then saw: "Mr. Hackworth had, it appears, -in his engine, resorted to the use of the waste steam in a more -forcible manner than before used, throwing it up in a jet, and which, -when the engine moved at a rapid rate, and the steam thereby almost -constantly issued from the pipe, had a most powerful effect. The -consequence was, that when the engine began to travel at the rate of -twelve or fifteen miles an hour, the draught was so great that it -actually threw the coke out of the chimney." - -Here then is the first sight of the steam-blast to Nicholas Wood, -fellow-worker with George Stephenson. He knew nothing of it before. - -But Goldsworthy Gurney's steam-blast had been adopted before this on -steamboats. It was first applied to the _Alligator_ in 1824; then to -the _Duchess of Clarence_, and other steamboats. It had made its way -into France. - -In the Lords' Committee Report of 1849 on "Accidents in Mines," a Mr. -Keene, engineer of Bayonne, was examined. - -"_Q._ Have you ever seen Mr. Gurney's plan used on the Continent? - -"_A._ It has been used on the Continent for producing draughts in -furnace-chimneys. - -"_Q._ Furnace-chimneys--for what purpose? - -"_A._ Where the draught has been sluggish; I used it to get a stronger -draught on board a steamboat in 1830, to enable me to stem the strong -currents of the Garonne. - -"_Q._ Have you any knowledge of some experiments made by Mr. Gurney in -the year 1826 with respect to the power of the steam-jet? - -"_A._ I saw frequent experiments made by Mr. Gurney in 1826 to produce -draught by the action of high-pressure steam, exactly in the same way -as it is now employed for producing ventilation in the collieries; -that is, there were a number of jets of about a quarter to -three-eighths of an inch diameter, communicating directly with a -high-pressure boiler; the cock being open, the full steam from the -boiler was brought upon those jets, and a draught was produced by -their action in the chimney-shaft. - -"_Q._ In the chimney-shaft of a locomotive engine? - -"_A._ In the chimney-shaft of a locomotive and in the shaft of a -factory; the experiments were tried in various ways. I saw these -experiments frequently; many other persons saw them at the same time; -and I employed the same myself shortly afterwards for a like purpose -abroad." - -Mr. Keene in his evidence further stated, in answer to the question -whether Mr. Gurney's experiments were open to the public:-- - -"Many persons visited the place daily, and the carriage went out into -the road, and into the barracks, and was often surrounded by a group -of persons. It was understood and known how this draught was procured, -because the passage of the steam was heard up the chimney when the -carriage was still, and the great draught of the furnace was the -occasion of remark by everybody who was around it; they were quite -surprised how such a great current could be produced with so small a -height of chimney: it was a very remarkable thing, and drew attention -from everybody around at that time." - -The principle of the action of the steam-blast was simple enough. It was -to fill the funnel with high-pressure steam, which would act much as the -sucker in a pump, exhaust the air and draw up air through the furnace, -as the cone of steam escaped out of the funnel. To act thus, the steam -must completely fill the chimney, allowing of no down draught. - -This was what had entirely escaped Trevithick and Stephenson. Up to -the discovery of the steam-jet by Gurney, the waste steam, as has been -stated, was uselessly dispersed through the chimney. - -In 1827, Gurney took a steam-carriage he had constructed to Cyfarthfa, -at the request of Mr. Crawshay, and while there applied his steam-jet -to the blast-furnaces. This gave a great impetus to the manufacture of -iron. - -Stephenson now adopted it, and employed it for his locomotive the -_Rocket_, that ran on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in October, -1829. Previously on one occasion Stephenson had run his engine -continuously for fifty-three minutes doing twelve miles. But now, with -the adoption of the steam-blast, it attained a velocity of twenty-nine -miles an hour. - -"It is not too much to say that the success of the locomotive depended -upon the adoption of the steam-blast. Without that, by which the -intensity of combustion, and the consequent evolution of steam, were -maintained at the highest point, high rates of speed could not have -been kept up, the advantages of the multitubular boiler afterwards -invented could never have been fairly tested, and locomotives might -still have been dragging themselves unwieldily along at little more -than five or six miles an hour."[13] - -It had been in July of the same year that Gurney had made a journey in -his steam-coach from London to Bath and back again, on the main road, -at the rate of fifteen miles an hour. This journey, undertaken at the -request of the quartermaster-general of the army, was the first long -journey at a maintained speed ever made by any locomotive on road or -rail. - -Mr. Gurney's steam-coach was, of course, provided with the steam-jet. - -The _Mirror_ of December 15th, 1827, says: "Mr. Goldsworthy Gurney, -whose name is familiar to most of our readers, after a variety of -experiments during the last two years, has completed a steam-carriage on -a new principle. We have accordingly introduced the annexed engraving, -which will enable our readers to enter into the details of the -machinery. First as to its safety, upon which point the public are most -sceptical. In the present invention it is stated that even from the -bursting of the boiler there is not the most distant chance of mischief -to the passengers. The boiler is tubular, and upon a plan totally -distinct from anything previously in use.... The weight of the carriage -and its apparatus is estimated at 1-1/2 tons, and its wear and tear of -the road, as compared with a carriage drawn by four horses, is as one to -six. When the carriage is in progress the machinery is not heard. The -engine has a 12-horse power, but may be increased to 16; while the -actual horse-power in use, except in ascending a hill, is but eight -horses.... Mr. Gurney has already secured a patent for his invention; -but he has our best wishes for permanent success." - -Sir Charles Dance in 1831 ran a steam-coach of Gurney's make between -Gloucester and Cheltenham five times a day for four months, and during -this time carried three thousand passengers some four thousand miles, -without a single accident occurring. - -There seemed to be every prospect of the steam-carriage superseding -the mail-coach, and indeed of private gentlemen setting up their -Gurney steam-carriages, as now they run their motors. But trustees of -roads, coach-proprietors, coachmen, and other interested persons -formed a strong body of opposition. How violent this was may be judged -from the fact that on one occasion a pile of stones eighteen inches -high was thrown across the road, and in struggling through it the axle -of the coach was broken. - -But prejudice and dullness are mighty powers. - - How little, mark! that portion of the ball, - Where, faint at best, the beams of Science fall; - Soon as they dawn, from Hyperborean skies - Embody'd dark, what clouds of Vandals rise! - -Parliament interfered. Tolls on highways were raised to a prohibitive -rate, so that the running of steam-conveyances was brought to a -standstill. A committee of the House of Commons, appointed in 1831 to -inquire into the matter, reported "that the steam-carriage was one of -the most important improvements in the means of internal communication -ever introduced; that its practicability had been fully established; -and that the prohibitory clauses against its use ought to be -immediately repealed." The committee recommended that the Turnpike Act -should be repealed. It ascertained that upon the Liverpool and Prescot -road Mr. Gurney would be charged L2 8s., while a loaded stage-coach -would have to pay 4s. On the Bath road the same carriage would be -charged L1 7s. 1d., while a coach drawn by four horses would pay 5s. -On the Ashburton and Totnes road Mr. Gurney would have to pay L2, -while a coach drawn by four horses would be charged only 3s. On the -Teignmouth and Dawlish road the proportion was 12s. to 2s. - -The Report of the Committee on Steam-Carriages, ordered to be printed -by the House of Commons, 12th October, 1831, was reasonable and just. -It reported:-- - -"Besides the carriages already mentioned, 'twenty or forty others are -being built by different persons, all of which have been occasioned by -his (Mr. Gurney's) decided journey in 1829.' - -"The committee have great pleasure in drawing the attention of the House -to the evidence of Mr. Farey. He states that he has no doubt whatever -but that a steady perseverance in such trials will lead to the general -adoption of steam-carriages; and again, that what has been done proves -the practicability of impelling stage-coaches by steam on good common -roads, without horses, at a speed of eight or ten miles an hour. - -"Much, of course, must remain to be done in improving their efficacy; -yet Mr. Gurney states that he has kept up steadily the rate of twelve -miles per hour; that the extreme rate at which he has run is between -twenty and thirty miles per hour. - -"The several witnesses have estimated the probable saving of expense -to the public, from the substitution of steam power for that of -horses, at from one-half to two-thirds. Mr. Farey gives, as his -opinion, that steam-coaches will very soon after their establishment -be run for one-third of the cost of the present stage-coaches. - -"Sufficient evidence has been adduced to convince your committee-- - -"That carriages can be propelled by steam on common roads at an -average rate of ten miles per hour. - -"That they can ascend and descend hills of considerable inclination -with facility and safety. - -"That they are perfectly safe for passengers. - -"That they are not nuisances to the public. - -"That they will become a speedier and cheaper mode of conveyance than -carriages drawn by horses. - -"That such carriages will cause less wear of roads than coaches drawn -by horses. - -"That rates of toll have been imposed on steam-carriages, which would -prohibit their being used on several lines of road, were such charges -permitted to remain unaltered." - -But the House of Commons would not listen to the recommendations of -its committee, and the employment of motors as means of locomotion on -roads was postponed till the present age, when again dullness did its -best to impede the adoption and to drive the manufacture out of -England to France. - -Mr. Goldsworthy Gurney was in advance of his time, and had to suffer -accordingly. The committee had suggested that as the prohibition of -steam-coaches on roads was a ruinous blow to Gurney, he should be -indemnified with a grant of L16,000. But the Chancellor of the -Exchequer refused the grant, and the Bill, after passing the Commons, -was thrown out by the Lords. - -So the unfortunate Goldsworthy Gurney, after having abandoned his -profession, in which he was rapidly gaining a large practice, and after -spending L30,000 and five years of toil to perfect his invention, was -ruined. - -Another of his inventions was the Bude light, at first intended for -lighthouses. For this he obtained a patent in 1838. In its first form it -consisted of a common Argand oil lamp of rather narrow circular bore and -the introduction into the centre of the flame of a jet of oxygen. This -was not, however, an original discovery, for it had been employed by Dr. -Ure in Glasgow in 1806 or 1807. But it was found to be too expensive for -use in lighthouses, nor was the brilliancy of the flame sufficiently -heightened to lead the Masters of Trinity House to adopt it. - -Mr. Gurney was not discouraged. It had long been known that by -dissecting a flame of the compound jet of hydrogen and oxygen upon a -bit of clay a most vivid illumination was set forth. But Mr. Gurney -substituted lime for clay as less liable to disintegration by heat; -and he adopted the Argand lamp with an improvement such as had been -suggested and adopted from Fresnel. This consisted in a lamp composed -of a series of four, five, or six concentric wicks on the same plane, -supplied with oil from a fountain below by means of a pump; and he -obtained a second patent in 1839. He next applied his principle to -gas, purified in a peculiar manner, and burned in compound Argand -lamps, consisting of two or more concentric rings perforated with rows -of holes in their upper surfaces, having intervals between the rings -for the admission of an upward rush of air to maintain a high -incandescence. The intensity and whiteness of the light thus produced -by the combustion of coal-gas surpassed anything hitherto discovered -till the production of the mantle-burner. - -It was he, moreover, who proposed the flash-light for lighthouses, as -a means by which seamen might identify lighthouses. He proposed that a -powerful light should be made by periodic flashes to correspond with -the number of the lighthouse, and that every lighthouse along the -coast should have a registered number, so that the number of flashes -per minute should represent the lighthouse. - -Gurney was present at Sir W. Snow Harris's experiment on Somerset -House terrace with wire for ships' lightning-conductors. Turning to -Sir Anthony Carlisle, in reference to the magnetic needle which, as he -observed, made starts on meeting the poles of a galvanic battery, he -said with the inspiration of genius, "Here is an element which may, -and I foresee will, be made the means of intelligible communication." - -Whilst engaged at the Surrey Institution he invented the oxyhydrogen -blow-pipe. Before this was introduced the risk of accident was so -great that recourse was seldom had to oxyhydrogen. - -Gurney applied his steam-jet to other purposes than propelling -locomotives and exciting the ardour of furnaces in ironworks. By its -means he extinguished the fire of a burning coal-mine at Astley, in -Lancashire, and in 1849 another at Clackmannan, where the bed of coal -had been burning for over thirty years. He also employed it for -expelling noxious gases from sewers, and planned and superintended in -1849 the ventilation by this means of the pestilential sewer in Friar -Street, London, which resisted all other efforts to cleanse it; and he -suggested to the metropolitan commissioner of sewers that a steam-jet -apparatus should be placed at the mouth of every sewer emptying into -the great main sewer by the Thames river-side. - -He was employed on the lighting, heating, and ventilation of the old -House of Commons, and he held the appointment of superintendent of -these functions from 1854 to 1863. - -He had remarked that the flame of hydrogen gas caused vibrations that -produced musical tones, and in 1823 wrote on "the analogy between -chemical and musical combinations." He suggested "an improved -finger-keyed musical instrument, in the use of which a performer is -enabled to hold or prolong the notes, and to increase or modify the tone -at pleasure." In 1825 and 1833 he proposed "certain improvements in -musical instruments." He invented a stove, and saw and advocated the -advantage of the employment of circulation of hot water for the heating -of a building. He advocated the employment of concrete for foundations -where there was no rock, and to show that it was possible to build a -house upon the sand, he reared the castle at Bude upon concrete floated -into the shifting sand above high-water mark. He again was the first to -point out and insist on the necessity for there being two shafts to -every colliery, so as to maintain a circulation of air. - -For several years Mr. Gurney resided at Hanacott Manor, near Launceston, -but he had also a house at Reeds, in Poughill by Bude, and the castle -at the latter place, which is usually let. He was knighted in 1863--a -tardy acknowledgment of his great services and extraordinary ability. -The honour came too late to really advantage him. That same year he was -stricken with paralysis, and therefore could do nothing in the way of -scientific research and invention. He was attended till his death by his -only child, a daughter, Miss Anna D. Gurney. He expired at Reeds on the -28th February, 1875, and was buried at Launcells in the graveyard just -under the south wall of the nave. - -Like Henry Trengrouse, so with Sir Goldsworthy Gurney--a man of genius -and perseverance, and one who benefited mankind, received no adequate -recognition in his lifetime. May posterity do for him, as for -Trengrouse, what his contemporaries denied him. Mr. Smiles vainly -endeavoured to refuse to credit him with the invention of the -steam-blast; but the writer of his life in the _Dictionary of National -Biography_ afforded him tardy justice. "One soweth and another reapeth" -is true of all inventors with few exceptions. How much do we owe to Sir -Goldsworthy! He was the pioneer of locomotion by motors on our roads, -the salvation of many lives by the ventilation of coal-mines; he -invented the system of heating mansions by hot water, the flash-light -for lighthouses, the steam-blast revolutionizing locomotion by steam; he -showed that houses could be built on concrete foundations; he discovered -the limelight, the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe: and he was repaid with a -barren knighthood when about to be struck down by paralysis. - - For his bounty, - There was no winter in't; an autumn 'twas, - That grew the more by reaping. - _Antony and Cleopatra_, v. 2. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[13] Smiles (S.), _Lives of the Engineers_, Vol. III, p. 100. London, -1862. - - - - - THE JANES - - -The family of Jane, descended from the ancient family of Janes of -Worcestershire, was settled in Cornwall at an early date. It bore as its -arms, arg. a lion rampant az. between 3 escallops gules. It was settled -in S. Winnow early in the sixteenth century, and at the beginning of the -following century was at Lanhydrock and at Liskeard, at which latter -place Thomas Jane was mayor in 1621. His son Joseph Jane was M.P. for -Liskeard in 1625 and 1640, and was mayor in 1631, 1635, and 1636. He -married Loveday, daughter of William Kekewich, in 1633. He was a -whole-hearted Royalist, and when the King was at Oxford, in 1643, he -attended him there. In the following year he was one of the Royal -Commissioners in Cornwall, and when Charles I came to Cornwall, in 1644, -he entertained him in August in his house at Liskeard. - -During 1645 and 1646 he carried on a correspondence with Edward Hyde, -afterwards Earl of Clarendon, on the condition of the Royalist cause in -Cornwall. Liskeard had fallen into the hands of the Parliamentarians, -but Sir Ralph Hopton defeated Ruthven on Braddock Down on January 19th, -1643, and recovered Liskeard for the King. Ruthven fled to Saltash, -which he fortified with much expedition. - -When the Royal cause was lost the vengeance of the Parliament fell on -Joseph Jane, and he was nearly ruined by the heavy composition he was -forced to pay. In 1650, and again in 1654, he was named Clerk of the -Royal Council, but it was an empty honour; Charles II could pay -nothing, and the Council could only grumble and plot. - -Jane attempted to answer Milton's [Greek: Eikonoklastes] in a work, -[Greek: Eikon aklastos] the Unbroken Image, but it was a poor -performance. It was published in 1651; Hyde says, however, in a letter -to Secretary Nicholas, "the King hath a singular good esteem both of -Joseph Jane and of his book." - -He had a son, William Jane, baptized at Liskeard, 22nd October, 1645, -who was educated at Westminster School, elected student of Christ -Church, Oxford, 1660, and graduated B.A. in 1664, and M.A. in 1667, -and D.D. in 1674. After his ordination he was appointed lecturer at -Carfax. He attracted the attention of Henry Compton, who became Canon -of Christ Church in 1669, by his sturdy loyalty and orthodoxy; and -when Compton became Bishop of Oxford, he chose Jane to preach the -sermon at his consecration, and he appointed him one of his chaplains. - -In 1670 he became Canon of Christ Church, and was given the living of -Winnington in Essex. In 1679 he received a prebendal stall in S. Paul's -Cathedral and the archdeaconry of Middlesex. In May, 1680, he was -appointed Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford. This rapid promotion -was due in part to the staunch loyalty of his father and the losses of -his family on that account, but also to his cool, businesslike -abilities, and to his learning, which though not profound was good. - -In July, 1683, he framed the Oxford declaration in favour of Passive -Obedience, and committed the University to an opinion which subsequent -events were calculated to stultify. - -As Green says: "The Cavaliers who had shouted for the King's return, -had shouted also for the return of a free Parliament. The very Chief -Justice who asserted at the trial of the Regicides, the general -freedom of the King from any responsibility to the Nation, asserted -just as strongly that doctrine of ministerial responsibility, against -which Charles the First had struggled. It was the desire of every -royalist to blot out the very memory of the troubles in which monarchy -and freedom had alike disappeared, to take up again, as if it had -never been broken, the thread of our political history. But the point -at which even royalists took it up was not at the moment of the -Tyranny, but at the moment of the Long Parliament's first triumph, -when that Tyranny had been utterly undone. In his wish to revive this -older claim of the Crown, which the Long Parliament had for ever set -aside, the young King found himself alone. His closest adherents, his -warmest friends, were constitutional royalists of the temper of -Falkland and Culpepper. Partisans of an absolute monarchy, of such a -monarchy as his grandfather had dreamed of and his father had for a -few years carried into practice, there now were none." - -The clergy in advocating passive obedience were actuated by the sense -of the miseries through which England had passed during the Great -Rebellion--better to submit under protest than to fly to arms again, -better certainly to submit even to what was deemed an injustice or -inexpedient, when the Crown was hedged about with restrictions, and -when the ministers of the Crown were responsible to the nation. There -was, however, a noisy and vehement party that went much beyond this, -and one Filmer had worked the theory of Divine Right of the Sovereign -into a system, that was accepted by the more crazy and immoderate of -the old Tory party, mainly among the clergy; and the Oxford -declaration went a long way in this direction. Men were beating about -for a theory on which to base Government by a King, they had not -grasped the truth that the King represents the people, just as does a -President in a Republic, but with the superaddition of Divine -ratification and imparted grace for the task of ruling, by unction and -coronation. That the Kings of England had ever been elected, and that -coronation was the confirmation by God, through the Church, of the -choice of the people, had been forgotten through the prevalence of -feudal ideas in the Middle Ages. Filmer propounded his doctrine that -the Divine Right rested in primogeniture, and the rabid Tories, -looking out for a theory, snatched at this for want of a better. - -On the very day on which Russell was put to death, the University of -Oxford adopted by a solemn public act, drawn up by Jane, this strange -doctrine, and ordered the political works of Buchanan, Milton, and -Baxter to be publicly burned in the court of the schools. - -James II, in hopes of winning the Earl of Rochester to join the Papal -Church, desired a disputation between some Roman divines and some of -the Church of England, making no doubt that the former would be able -to confound the latter. The King bade Rochester to choose English -divines, excluding two only, Tillotson and Stillingfleet, dreading the -latter as a consummate master of all controversial weapons. Rochester -selected Simon Patrick and Jane. The conference took place at -Whitehall on November 13th, 1686, but no auditor was suffered to be -present save the King. - -"The subject discussed," says Macaulay, "was the Real Presence. The -Roman Catholic divines took on themselves the burden of the proof. -Patrick and Jane said little, nor was it necessary that they should -say much; for the Earl himself undertook to defend the doctrine of his -Church, and, as was his habit, soon warmed with the conflict, lost his -temper, and asked with great vehemence whether it was expected that he -should change his religion on such frivolous grounds." - -In 1685 Jane had been appointed to the deanery of Gloucester. He -resigned the archdeaconry of Middlesex in 1686, but retained the -canonries of Christ Church and S. Paul's till his death. - -In 1688 James II had fled the kingdom, and the English nation and -Parliament had accepted William and Mary as King and Queen of England. - -The whole fabric of Divine Right had crumbled to the ground. James had -reduced the theory to a _reductio ad impossibile_. This even the lay -cavaliers had recognized. "A man convinced against his will is of the -same opinion still," and it was so with the more fanatical Tories -among the clergy. They refused to take the oath of allegiance to -William and Mary, and were thrust out of their cathedral thrones and -stalls and livings, and joined the sect of the Nonjurors. - -But Jane was not one of them. He had the good sense to acknowledge -that the theory he had taken up with some ardour was as impracticable -as it was absurd. It was cast in his teeth that he changed his opinion -because he desired to retain his benefices. One need not take this -view of his conduct. He sought William of Orange at Hungerford, and -assured him of the adhesion of the University of Oxford. His enemies -said that he hinted at the same time his readiness to accept the -vacant bishopric in return for his services in securing this sign of -devotion. But nothing is more easy than to make such an accusation, -and there is no proof that he did this. However, the fact that the -framer of the Oxford declaration should have thrown over the -principles advocated therein, laid him open to attack, and a shower of -epigrams fell on him. His name Jane gave good opportunity to the wits -to liken him to Janus, who looked two ways at once. But he showed no -further desire to court the favour of William, and he opposed the -projects for Comprehension favoured by the latitudinarians, Tillotson -and Burnet. In 1689 two Bills had been introduced into Parliament, a -Toleration and a Comprehension Bill. The former was to grant -facilities of worship to the Puritans and other Dissenters; the other -was a Bill for altering the creed and the formulas and ceremonies of -the Church, removing from them whatever might be distasteful to the -Dissenters, so that all excuse might be taken from them for separating -themselves from the Church. Both the King and Tillotson, who all knew -was destined by the King to be Archbishop of Canterbury, and Burnet, -Bishop of Salisbury, were eager to get both passed. Tillotson was so -latitudinarian that his churchmanship was nebulous. Burnet was the son -of a Covenanter who had been hanged, had been brought up in -Presbyterianism, had found satisfaction in the ministry of Calvanist -pastors in Holland, and had not the faintest conception of the -principles of the Church or of its true organization. - -The Earl of Nottingham advocated the Comprehension Bill and drafted -both. The Toleration Bill passed both Houses with little debate. But it -was otherwise with the Comprehension Bill. The first clause in this -dispensed all the ministers in the Church from the necessity of -subscribing the Thirty-nine Articles. Then it was provided that any -minister who had been ordained after the Presbyterian fashion might be -eligible to any benefice in the Church without ordination by the bishop. - -Then followed clauses providing that a clergyman might wear the -surplice or not as he thought fit; it left the sign of the cross -optional in baptism; and provided that the Eucharist need not be -received kneeling. The concluding clause was drawn in the form of a -petition; it was proposed that the two Houses should request the King -and the Queen to issue a commission empowering thirty divines of the -Church of England to revise the liturgy, the canons, and the -constitution of the ecclesiastical courts, and to recommend such -alterations as might seem to them desirable. - -But this Bill roused serious opposition. It was felt by all who had any -respect and feeling for the Church, as one in all times from the -Apostolic period, who regarded her claim to maintain the same faith, the -same Apostolic constitution and the same sacraments, as from the -earliest age of the Church, that this Comprehension Bill if it became -law must of necessity alienate them from such a body--drenched with -Protestantism, till scarcely a tinge of the old wine of Catholicism -remained in her; and would leave them no other course open than to shake -off the dust of their feet against her and join the Church of Rome, or -the Church of the Nonjurors. Most of the bishops who had taken the oaths -to William and Mary were placed on the Commission; and with them were -joined twenty priests of note. Of these twenty, Tillotson was the most -important as expressing the mind and wishes of the King. He was a -latitudinarian, without a spark of feeling for historic Christianity. -With him went Stillingfleet, Dean of S. Paul's, Sharp, Dean of Norwich, -Patrick, Dean of Peterborough, Tenison, Rector of S. Martin's, and -Fowler. But conspicuous on the other side were Aldrich, Dean of Christ -Church, and Jane, Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford. - -Early in October, 1689, the commissioners assembled in the Jerusalem -Chamber. But hardly had they met before Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, -started up and denied that the Commission was legal. There was a sharp -altercation, violent words were flung about, and Sprat, Jane, and -Aldrich withdrew. The strength of the Catholic party was broken, and -the rest agreed to sanction nearly all the changes advocated by those -who desired to entirely alter the character of the Church. - -"They had before them," Burnet tells us, "all the exceptions that -either the Puritans before the war, or the Nonconformists since the -Restoration, had made to any part of the Church service; they had also -many propositions and advices that had been offered, at several times, -by many of our bishops and divines upon those heads; matters were well -considered and freely and calmly debated; and all digested into an -entire correction of everything that seemed liable to any just -objection." To guide them, as Burnet admits in his Triennial -Visitation Charge of 1704, they were furnished with a great collection -of the books and papers in which the Dissenters had at different times -set forth their demands. The Commission was prepared to surrender -everything. The chanting of psalms, even in cathedrals, was to be done -away with. The lessons from the Apocrypha were to be abolished. The -Saints' days omitted from the Calendar, the form of absolution -altered, remission of sins to be removed from it "as not very -intelligible." The cross in baptism, the use of god-parents, the -wearing of the surplice were to be optional. Episcopal ordination was -not to be required of the Ministry. Kneeling to receive the Holy -Communion was left to the choice of the Communicant; the collects, as -too concise, were to be blown out with pious bombast. - -It is possible that, as Calamy asserts, such alterations as these -would have brought over two-thirds of the English Dissenters to the -Established Church; but it is certain that it would have driven -two-thirds of the members of the Church, lay and clerical, out of her, -as having forfeited her claim to be a branch of the Catholic Church, -and they would probably have swelled the ranks of the Nonjurors, and -made of that communion a body that would have really represented the -Church in England. - -Owing to the secession of the Nonjurors, sees and benefices had been -filled with men who were in sympathy with the views of Tillotson and -Burnet, or who were only solicitous to live in the smiles of William. -Little resistance, if any, was to be expected from the episcopal bench. - -When the Commission had concluded its labours, writs were issued -summoning the Convocation of the Province of Canterbury. The clergy -were in a ferment throughout England. They thought that the heritage -of faith was going to be taken from them. The Toleration Act had -removed the disabilities of the Dissenters; they might build their -conventicles and preach what and when they liked; why, then, open the -doors of the Church to admit them as a flood to swamp the faithful? - -When the Declaration of Toleration had been issued by James II, in -1687, removing all disabilities from the Dissenters, on the sole -understanding that they should abstain from attacking the Churches of -Rome and England, their preachers found that they had nothing to say. -They preferred to be under disabilities rather than give up assaults -on the Scarlet Woman, Babylon, the Beast, and Prelacy, its shadow. - -When Convocation was elected, it became evident to all that the bulk of -the priests were against all watering down of the formulas of the -Church, her faith, her ritual. The most important office in Convocation -was that of Prolocutor of the Lower House. The Prolocutor was to be -chosen by the members; Tillotson was proposed by the Protestant party as -one whom the King delighted to honour, and who it was well known would -be appointed to the Archbishopric of Canterbury when vacant. - -On November 20th, Convocation met in Henry VII's Chapel at -Westminster. "Compton was in the chair. On the right and left those -suffragans of Canterbury who had taken the oath were ranged in -gorgeous vestments of scarlet and miniver. Below the table was -assembled the crowd of presbyters. Beveridge preached a Latin sermon, -in which he warmly eulogized the existing system, and yet declared -himself favourable to a moderate reform." In a word, he blew hot and -cold with the same breath. - -The Lower House listened, unstirred, cold and resolute. Dean Shays, -put forward by the members favourable to Comprehension, proposed -Tillotson; Jane was proposed on the other side. After an animated -discussion, Jane was elected by fifty-five votes to twenty-eight. - -The Prolocutor was then formally presented to the Bishop of London, -and made, according to ancient usage, a Latin oration, in which he -eulogized the Church in England as maintaining the faith as delivered -to the saints, and as preserving all the marks of the Catholic Church -throughout all ages and all the world; and he very plainly declared -that no alteration in a downward direction would be tolerated; and he -concluded with the significant and well-known words, "Nolumus leges -Angliae mutari." - -It soon became evident that the Lower House was absolutely determined -not to have the proposed alterations made; but the plan they adopted -was to shun the discussion of the recommendations made by the -Commissioners, so as not directly to reject what they knew lay very -near to the King's heart. With this object they adopted a system of -tactics that in the end answered their purpose. - -"The law," says Macaulay, "as it had been interpreted during a long -course of years, prohibited Convocation from even deliberating on any -ecclesiastical ordinance without a previous warrant from the Crown. -Such a warrant, sealed with the Great Seal, was brought in form to -Henry the Seventh's Chapel by Nottingham. He at the same time -delivered a message from the King. His Majesty exhorted the assembly -to consider calmly and without prejudice the recommendations of the -Commission, and declared that he had nothing in view but the honour -and advantage of the Protestant religion in general and of the Church -of England in particular. - -"The bishops speedily agreed on an address of thanks for the royal -message, and requested the concurrence of the Lower House. Jane and -his adherents raised objection after objection. First they claimed the -privilege of presenting a separate address. When they were forced to -waive this claim, they refused to agree to any expressions which -implied that the Church of England had any fellowship with any other -Protestant community. Amendments and reasons were sent backward and -forward. Conferences were held at which Burnet on one side and Jane -on the other were the chief speakers. At last, with great difficulty, -a compromise was made; and an address, cold and ungracious compared -with that which the bishops had framed, was presented to the King in -the Banqueting House. He dissembled his vexation, returned a kind -answer, and intimated a hope that the assembly would now at length -proceed to consider the great question of Comprehension." But this was -precisely what they were resolute not to consider. They had made up -their minds on the subject already, but they were unwilling to fly too -openly in the face of the King. As for trusting the bishops to stand -firm on any principle, the Lower House knew that this was not to be -expected. When had the bishops of the Established Church, since the -Reformation, ever shown firmness and united action on any principle, -except once, and that was to oppose general Toleration? - -So soon as the clergy were again assembled, a fresh difficulty was -started. It was mooted that the Nonjuring bishops had not been -summoned, and they were to be regarded as bishops of the Catholic -Church quite as certainly as were those nominees of the King who had -been intruded into their vacated thrones. - -Then it was complained that scurrilous pamphlets were hawked about the -streets, and the people were being worked into a temper of opposition -to Convocation. It was asked why Convocation should be called together -to emasculate the Church, if it was to be suffered to be jeered at by -pamphleteers. - -Thus passed week after week. Christmas drew nigh. The bishops -proposed, during the recess, to have a committee to sit and prepare -business. The Lower House rejected the proposal; and it became plain -to every one that it was determined not to consider one of the -suggested concessions to Protestant prejudice. - -Moreover, it soon became evident that the Dissenters themselves did -not desire Comprehension. Their ministers were petted and made much of -by the well-to-do yeomen and the rich merchants in country and town. -They lived on the fat of the land, snapped up wealthy widows and -bought broad acres. Whereas the needy country parson was hard pressed -to wring the tithes from his parishioners. While the walls of -exclusion of Jericho stood, the rams' horns brayed against them daily, -and seven times on the Sabbath; but so soon as the walls were -prostrate, and every man could go up into the city and take up his -quarters there where he liked, the rams' horns would have to be laid -aside as superfluous lumber. - -The King was disappointed and offended. What he did was to prorogue -Convocation for six weeks, and when those six weeks had expired, to -prorogue it again, and many years elapsed before it was again suffered -to assemble. - -That Convocation of 1689 saved the Church of England from dissolution -into a formless, gelatinous, and invertebrate mass. - -Burnet himself, though disappointed at the time, felt afterwards that -the determination of the Lower House had saved the Church at a time of -crisis. "There was," he says, "a very happy direction of the -providence of God observed in this matter. The Jacobite clergy who -were then under suspension were designing to make a schism in the -Church, whensoever they should be turned out and their places should -be filled up by others. They saw it would not be easy to make a -separation upon a private and personal account; they therefore wished -to be furnished with more specious pretences, and if we had made -alterations in the Rubrics and other parts of the Common Prayer, they -would have pretended that they still stuck to the ancient Church of -England, in opposition to those who were altering it and setting up -new models. And, as I do firmly believe that there is a wise -providence that watches upon human affairs, and directs them--so I -have observed this in many instances relating to the Revolution ... by -all the judgments we could afterwards make, if we had carried a -majority in the Convocation for alterations, they would have done us -more hurt than good." - -Burnet was morally and intellectually incapable of seeing that it was -a case of conscience, of _stantis vel cadentis ecclesiae_, and he -attributed the motives of the recalcitrant clergy to political -prejudice. - -On Jane's return to Oxford, he found another opportunity of defending -the Church, by framing the decree of 1690, which condemned the "Naked -Gospel" of Arthur Burge. - -Jane had no hopes whatever of preferment from William, if he cared for -it. In 1696 it was even rumoured that the King meditated turning him -out of his professorship, because he had not signed the "Association -for King William." But on Anne's accession, all his fears were at an -end. It would appear from a letter of Atterbury that at Oxford the -University desired to get rid of him, because he neglected giving -lectures on Divinity, and left the work to be discharged by a -subordinate named Smallridge. - -In 1703 Bishop Trelawny appointed him to the Chancellorship of Exeter -Cathedral, which he exchanged for the precentorship in 1704, but he -retained his Regius professorship to the end. Undoubtedly it was a -great pleasure to him in the decline of his life to be back in the -West Country. - -He resigned the precentorship of Exeter in 1706, and died on the 23rd -February, 1707, at Oxford, and was buried in Christ Church. - -The writer of his life in the _Dictionary of National Biography_ sums -up his career with these words: "Jane was a clerical politician of a -low type; Calamy says of him, 'Though fond of the rites and ceremonies -of the Church, he was a Calvinist in the respect of doctrine,' and the -pleasantest thing recorded of him is his kindness shown at Oxford to -the ejected Presbyterian, Thomas Gilbert." - -Calamy, as a Dissenter, was prejudiced against Jane; and I do not see -that he was of a low type of polemical cleric--because when he saw -that the theory of government he had embraced would not bear the test -of experience, he had the courage to reject it. Every man is liable to -make mistakes; it is only the brave man who can acknowledge that he -has been mistaken. - -Nor was Jane alone. Compton, Bishop of London, and several other -bishops, had appealed to William of Orange to come over and help the -people and the Church of England to be free from a tyrannous and -subversive despotism. The Earl of Danby, under whose administration, and -with his sanction, a law had been proposed, which, if it had passed, -would have excluded from Parliament and office all who refused to -declare on oath that they thought resistance to the King in every case -unlawful--he had seen the mistake as well, and had invited William over. - -As Macaulay says: "This theory (of passive obedience) at first -presented itself to the Cavalier as the very opposite of slavish. Its -tendency was to make him not a slave, but a free man and a master. It -exalted him by exalting one whom he regarded as his protector, as his -friend, as the head of his beloved party, and of his more beloved -Church. When Republicans were dominant the Royalist had endured wrongs -and insults which the restoration of the legitimate government had -enabled him to retaliate. Rebellion was therefore associated in his -imagination with subjection and degradation, and monarchical authority -with liberty and ascendancy. It had never crossed his imagination that -a time might come when a King, a Stuart, could prosecute the most -loyal of the clergy and gentry with more than the animosity of the -Rump or the Protector. That time had however arrived. Oppression -speedily did what philosophy and eloquence would have failed to do. -The system of Filmer might have survived the attacks of Locke; but it -never recovered from the death-blow given by James." - -Jane changed his opinion indeed, but so did nearly the whole of the -Tory party and of the clergy of the Church. - - - - - THE PENNINGTONS - - -About seven years ago I attended the baptism of some bells for a new -church at Chateaulin, in Brittany. The ceremony was quaint, archaic, -and grotesque. The bells were suspended in the chancel "all of a row," -dressed in white frocks with pink sashes round their waists. To each -was given god-parents who had to answer for them, and each was -actually baptized, after which each was made to speak for itself. The -ceremony evidently dates from a period when the bell was regarded as -anything but an inanimate object--it had its responsibilities, it did -its duties, it spoke in sonorous tones. The very inscriptions on them -to the present day prescribe something of this character--invest each -bell with a personality, as these:-- - - I sweetly tolling men do call - To taste of meats to feed the soul. - -Also:-- - - I sound to bid the sick repent, - In hope of life when breath is spent. - -As late as last century we find these:-- - - Both day and night I measure time for all, - To mirth and grief, to church I call. - -And this in 1864:-- - - I toll the funeral knell, - I ring the festal day, - I mark the fleeting hours, - And chime the church to pray. - -In the Western Counties bell-ringing was a favourite and delightful -pastime. Parties of ringers went about from parish to parish and rang -on the church bells, very generally for a prize--"a hat laced with -gold." At Launcells, where the bells are of superior sweetness, the -ringers who rang for the accession of George III rang for that of -George IV, there not having been a gap caused by death among them in -sixty years. No songs are so popular and well remembered at -bell-ringers' feasts as those that record the achievements of some who -went before them in the same office. I give one that has never before -been printed, that can be traced back to 1810, but is certainly older. -It relates to the ringers of Egloshayle. - - 1. Come all you ringers good and grave, - Come listen to my peal, - I'll tell you of five ringers brave - That lived in Egloshayle. - They bear the sway in ring array, - Where'er they chance to go; - Good music of melodious bells, - 'Tis their delight to show. - - 2. The foreman gives the sigan-al, - He steps long with the toe, - He casts his eyes about them all, - And gives the sign to go. - Away they pull, with courage full, - The heart it do revive, - To hear them swing, and music ring, - One, two, three, four, and five. - - 3. There's Craddock the cordwainer first, - That rings the treble bell; - The second is John Ellery, - And none may him excel; - The third is Pollard, carpenter; - The fourth is Thomas Cleave; - Goodfellow is the tenor man, - That rings them round so brave. - - 4. They went up to Lanlivery, - They brought away the prize; - And then they went to San-Tudy, - And there they did likewise. - There's Stratton men, S. Mabyn men, - S. Issey and S. Kew, - But we five lads of Egloshayle - Can all the rest outdo. - - 5. Now, to conclude my merry task, - I' th' Sovereign's health we join; - Stand every man and pass the flask, - And drink his health in wine. - And here's to Craddock, Ellery, - And here's to Thomas Cleave, - To Pollard and the tenor man - That rings them round so brave. - -Humphry Craddock died in 1839; John Ellery in 1845, aged 85 years; -John Pollard in 1825, aged 71; Thomas Cleave in 1821, aged 78; John -Goodfellow in 1846, aged 80. - -But for bell-ringers there must be bells; and who cast those that have -been in past years and are still pealed so merrily? A great many were -cast by the Penningtons of Lezant, and latterly at Stoke Climsland. -The Penningtons were an ancient family in Bodmin, resident there in -the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Perhaps because not being landed gentry, -perhaps because they could not establish the right, they did not -record their arms or give their pedigree in the Heralds' Visitations. -But the coat they bore or assumed was a goodly one and simple, and -therefore ancient--_or_, in fesse five lozenges _azure_. Robert -Pennington, of Bodmin, had two sons--John, baptized in 1595, and -Bernard two years later. John married at Bodmin, and had seven sons -baptized there, one of whom was probably the progenitor of the -Penningtons of Lezant and Stoke Climsland. The pedigree of the Exeter -bell-founders of the family has not been made out; but that they -belonged to the stock that sprang up at Bodmin cannot be doubted. - -Bernard Pennington, baptized in 1605, was Mayor of Bodmin in 1666, and -was a bell-founder. He died in 1674. His son Christopher Pennington, -baptized 1631, was also a bell-founder. He died in 1696. Christopher's -son of the same name was Mayor of Bodmin in 1726, 1727, and 1733. He -died in 1749. The Penningtons seem to have abandoned the bell-casting -business at the beginning of the nineteenth century; but, as Sir -William Maclean says, "between 1702 and 1818 these popular founders -cast nearly five hundred bells in the county of Devon, and, it is -believed, as many in Cornwall."[14] - -There are sixty-six in Devon cast by John Pennington, of Exeter. The -earliest that is dated is at Payhembury, 1635, and the latest 1690 at -Kentisbeare. In 1669 T. P. and I. P. appear together on a bell at -Merton, as if they were partners; and ninety-five bear the trade-mark of -Thomas and John Pennington--large Roman initials with a bell in outline -between. The earliest is found at Eggesford, 1618. Sometimes they -impressed the coin then current. At Ottery S. Mary, 1671, and at S. -Martin's, Exeter, 1675, they used a satirical medal representing a pope -and a king under one face, another representing a cardinal and a bishop. - -Besides two generations of Penningtons in Exeter, there was, as -already stated, Christopher Pennington, who cast a bell at Stowford -dated 1710, and one at Philleigh, in Roseland, with C. P. and the -skeleton of a bell between, as did the other Pennington. But his -earliest known is at Fremington, 1702. He was succeeded by FitzAnthony -Pennington, of Lezant, who in 1768, whilst crossing the Tamar in the -Antony ferry with a bell he had cast to be set up at Landulph, was -drowned. He is buried in the tower of Landulph, and on a mural tablet, -beside his age, which was thirty-eight, and the date of his death, -April 30th, 1768, are these lines:-- - - Tho' boisterous winds and billows sore - Hath toss'd me to and fro, - By God's decree, in spite of both, - I rest now here below. - -After his death we have the initials of the three brothers, John, -Christopher, and William. From their head-quarters, first at Lezant -and then at Stoke Climsland, they itinerated through Cornwall and -Devon, casting bells wherever they could find deep clay, and -sufficient bell-metal was provided by the parish that desired to have -a bell in its tower, and generally the bell was cast near the church -for which it was intended.[15] - -There are as many as 480 bells by this Cornish family from 1710-1818; -their latest are at Bridgerule and Bovey Tracey, at this last date. - -William Pennington, son of the second Christopher, entered Holy Orders -and became vicar of Davidstowe. His progenitors had furnished the -voices calling to church from the village towers, and now this member -sounded within the church also calling to prayer and praise. His son, -William Pennington, purchased the site of the Priory, Bodmin, in 1788, -having rebuilt the house some twenty years previously under a lease. -He was mayor of Bodmin 1764, 1774, 1787, and died without issue in -1789, bequeathing his possessions to his niece Nancy Hosken, daughter -of his sister Susanna, who had married Anthony Hosken, vicar of -Bodmin and rector of Lesneuth. Nancy married Walter Raleigh Gilbert, -one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber, and descended from the ancient -Devonshire family of Compton Castle. As Mr. Gilbert died without -issue, the Priory passed to his brother, and, consequently, wholly -away from the Penningtons. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[14] _Deanery of Trigg Minor_, I, p. 301. - -[15] At S. Breward the bells were cast in a small garden outside the -churchyard fence, since called "Bell garden." - - - - - DOCTOR GLYNN-CLOBERY - - -This amiable and good man was born at Helland, 5th August, 1719, and was -the son of Robert Glynn, by Lucy, fourth daughter of John Clobery, of -Bradstone, in Devon. A singular fatality attended this ancient family, -that possessed a very interesting Elizabethan mansion. John Clobery had -eight daughters and only one son and heir, and that son died without -issue, and only three of the daughters married. Lucy had but the one -son, Robert Glynn, and the fifth daughter, Mary, also only a son; and as -these sons died unmarried, the estate passed to remote connections. - -Robert Glynn assumed his mother's name and succeeded to the estates on -the death of his uncle, William Clobery. Robert Glynn was an M.D. and -a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, where he resided. He was a -simple-minded man, and was completely taken in by the Chatterton -forgeries, and for some time strenuously defended them. On which -account Horace Walpole speaks of him with great contempt as "an old -doting physician and Chattertonian at Cambridge." "I neither answer -Dr. Glynn, nor a _poissarde_. Twenty years ago I might have laughed at -both, but they are too small fry, and I am too old to take notice of -them. Besides, when leviathans and crocodiles and alligators tempest -and infest the ocean, I shall not go a-privateering in a cockboat -against a smuggling pinnace." That was in August, 1792. - -Dr. Glynn was very fond of seeing young gownsmen at his rooms, and had -tea for them and conversed with them; but he never drank tea himself. -C. Carlyon says: "His custom was to walk about the room and talk most -agreeably upon such topics as he thought likely to interest his -company, which did not often consist of more than two or three -persons. As soon as the tea-table was set in order, and the boiling -water ready for making the infusion, the fragrant herb was taken, not -from an ordinary tea-caddy, but from a packet, consisting of several -envelopes curiously put together, in the centre of which was the tea. -Of this he used, at first, as much as would make a good cup for each -of the party; and, to meet fresh demands, I observed that he -invariably put an additional teaspoonful in the teapot; the excellence -of the beverage, thus prepared, ensuring him custom. He had likewise a -superior knack of supplying each cup with sugar from a considerable -distance, by a jerk of the hand which discharged it from the -sugar-tongs into the cup with unerring certainty, as he continued his -walk around the table, scarcely seeming to stop whilst he performed -these and other requisite evolutions of the entertainment." - -Dr. Glynn or Clobery would only eat when his appetite summoned him -imperiously for a meal. A faithful old servant was in constant -attendance upon him, and, whenever his master called out for food, he -was prepared to set before him some plain dish and a pewter of porter. - -Nothing would induce the doctor to believe that gout was hereditary. -He once took occasion to mark this with peculiar emphasis, when a -writer signing himself W. A. A. consulted him in his first attack, -then in his nineteenth year. He observed, "My young friend, you call -this gout! Pooh, pooh! You have not yet earned the costly privilege; -you must drink your double hogshead first." - -"But my father, sir; it is in my blood by right of inheritance." - -His reply was, "You talk nonsense. You may as well tell me you have a -broken leg in your veins by inheritance." - -One Sunday morning he met an undergraduate of his acquaintance on his -way to S. Mary's Church, and said to him-- - -"Well, my master, and whither are you going?" - -"I am going to S. Mary's," replied the young gownsman. - -"And who is the preacher to-day?" - -"I don't know." - -"Not know who is the preacher? Then, upon my word, you have no small -merit in taking pot-luck at S. Mary's." - -During a long illness the good old doctor attended a poor man, of -whose family party a pert, talkative magpie made one; and as the -patient observed that Dr. Glynn always, when paying a visit, had some -joke with the bird, he thought that perhaps the doctor might like to -possess it. Accordingly, when the poor man was well again, with -overflowing gratitude, but with no money to pay a bill, he thought he -could do no better than make his kind friend a present of the magpie; -and sure enough the prisoner in its cage was conveyed to his rooms in -King's College. There the bearer met with a very kind reception, but -was desired to carry back the bird with him. "I cannot," said the -doctor, "take so good care of it as can you; but I shall consider it -mine, and I entrust it to you to keep for me; and, as long as it -lives, I will pay you half-a-crown weekly for its maintenance." - -The anecdote was turned into verse by Mr. Plumtre, and is given in -Gunning's _Reminiscences of Cambridge_. When Dr. Glynn assumed the -name of Clobery he assumed also the Clobery arms--three bats; and no -animal could better symbolize the man, with his curious blindness to -what was obvious to most--that the Chatterton papers were forgeries. -He went down to Bristol on purpose to examine the chest with its MS. -contents. The fact that in one of them the invention of heraldry was -ascribed to Hengest, and that of painted glass to an unknown monk in -the reign of King Edmund, did not disturb his faith. He entered into -vehement controversy with George Steevens, in his endeavour to -establish their genuineness. He waxed hot over it, and it took a good -deal to put Glynn-Clobery out of his usual placidity and coolness. - -He set up to be a poet. His Seatonian prize poem on the "Day of -Judgment" was thought much of at the time. Previously Christopher -Smart had won the prize over and over again. Glynn wrested the laurels -from him. This is not saying much; his poem was not much better, and -not at all worse, than the general run of these prize poems. But it -had the advantage of pleasing, and has been repeatedly republished, -and has even obtained for the old doctor a niche in the temple of -Poesy--a notice in a _Biographical Dictionary of Poets_. - -He died at Cambridge on February 8th, 1800, and at his own desire was -buried at midnight in King's College Chapel. - - - - - THREE MEN OF MOUSEHOLE - - -In the year 1849, Captain Allen Gardiner, an intrepid sailor and a -religious enthusiast, formed the plan of converting the natives of -Terra del Fuego and of Patagonia. He knew nothing of their language or -habits, nothing indeed of their land. He was, however, possessed with -the idea that he was called to be an apostle of those bleak and -fog-wrapped regions. Of all inhabited spots on the earth, the Terra -del Fuego is the most miserable. Cold, whirlwinds and tempests of snow -and hail, frozen fogs with but rare glimpses of sunshine, form its -climate; and the natives are utterly barbarous, apparently the -refugees from the Continent, driven out of the somewhat less desolate -peninsula of Patagonia by the giants that now possess it, and in their -misery sinking to the lowest depths to which man can descend. - -During a year or more Captain Gardiner's efforts to rouse interest in -his scheme, sufficient interest to make the money flow, had met with no -success. He applied to the Moravian Brethren to take up the mission; -they declined. Then he placed the matter before the Scottish -Establishment, but the canny Scotchmen would nae think ov it. At last a -lady at Cheltenham furnished him with L700, and this, with L300 from his -own private purse, formed all the resources on which he acted. As he -could not afford to charter a schooner, he had four open boats built for -him at Liverpool. Two of these were launches of considerable size, to -which he gave the names of the _Speedwell_ and the _Pioneer_; the other -two were small dinghies, to be used as tenders or luggage boats. - -[Illustration: DOROTHY PENTREATH of MOUSEHOLE in CORNWALL - -_the last Person who could converse in the Cornish language?_] - -Captain Gardiner now looked about him for enthusiasts like himself to -share the perils and the possible glories of spreading the gospel over -Terra del Fuego, in which not a cross had been planted nor the Word of -God proclaimed. - -He secured the services of a surgeon, a missionary, and from -Mousehole, near Penzance, drew three sturdy Cornish sailors, or -fishermen--John Pearce, John Badcock, and John Davy Bryant--who little -knew what risks they ran. - -The party left England on September 27th, 1850, in the ship _Ocean -Queen_, bound from Liverpool to California, taking with them their -boats and six months' provisions. They were landed on the inhospitable -foreign shore on the 5th December. - -Pinkerton, in his _Modern Geography_, thus graphically describes the -scene of their projected labours:-- - -"A broken series of wintry islands, called Terra del Fuego, from two -or more volcanoes which vomit flames amidst the dreary wastes of ice. -Terra del Fuego is divided by narrow straits into eleven islands of -considerable size. In their zeal for Natural History, Sir Joseph Banks -and Doctor Solander had nearly perished amid the snows of this -horrible land; but they found a considerable variety of plants. The -natives are of a middle stature, with broad flat faces, high cheeks, -and flat noses, and they are clothed in the skins of seals. The -villages consist of miserable huts in the form of a sugar loaf, and -the only food seems to be shell-fish." - -The lack of common prudence, of common sense, exhibited by Captain -Gardiner is astounding. Here was he, with a party whom he had -beguiled to attend him, dropped in this barren country wrapped in snow -and fog, without an interpreter, and consequently without the means of -communication with the inhabitants should they come across them. From -the moment that the sails of the _Ocean Queen_ disappeared behind the -rocks on her way to double Cape Horn, the eye of no civilized man ever -saw these brave sailors and missionaries alive. All that is known of -them has been gathered from the papers subsequently found. - -Seven men in all, with four open boats, were left on the most -inhospitable coast that could be found, where there is little food to -be got, where vegetation is scarce. Their resolution was heroic, but -the whole enterprise was madness. - -They soon found that the _Pioneer_ leaked. In several short voyages from -island to island and from shore to shore they encountered numberless -mishaps. The natives were by no means friendly, and as they approached -their villages, brandished their weapons and drove them away. At other -times the Fuegians simulated friendship, so as to get at the stores and -plunder them. During a storm both of the dinghies were lost with all -their contents, on which they relied for support for six months. Next -they found that they had no gunpowder; it had been left inadvertently in -the _Ocean Queen_, so that they had no means of shooting birds or other -animals. Then their anchors and spare timber were carried away. As far -as we can judge, they seem to have been curiously helpless persons. With -clubs they might have killed the sea-elephants, whose flesh would have -sustained them and their skins clothed them. - -Thus wore away the month of January, 1851, and not the first step had -been taken towards acquiring the confidence of the natives. All the -time had been spent in a struggle for the maintenance of their own -lives. On February 1st the _Pioneer_ was shattered in a storm, and now -they had only the _Speedwell_ to voyage in, a vessel whose name mocked -their misery. - -They all saw now, even the enthusiast Gardiner, that they had embarked -on an impossible task, and without further thought of spreading a -knowledge of Christianity among the dirty, treacherous, flat-nosed and -stupid natives, their only consideration was how they might get away. - -Arrangements had been made before starting for sending out to them -fresh supplies, but by various unfortunate mischances this had not -been done. They turned their eyes vainly eastward; not a sail was seen -to raise their hopes. - -Some of the men became ill with scurvy, and the boats were used as -hospitals, the men that were sound retiring to caverns. A few fish and -fowl were caught, and eggs were procured. So March and April dragged -along; and then the Antarctic winter began, adding snow and ice to their -other troubles. What herbs to gather, how the natives protected -themselves against scurvy, does not seem to have occurred to these -unfortunates. They sat and shivered and lamented their fate and lost all -hope. From the middle of May they were all put on short allowance, owing -to the rapid disappearance of the supply of food they had brought -ashore. At the end of June, Badcock, one of the Mousehole men, died, -worn out with scurvy. There is an entry in Gardiner's diary, about the -end of June, enumerating the provisions still left, and among them were -"six mice," concerning which he wrote: "The mention of this last item in -our list of provisions may startle some of our friends should it ever -reach their ears; but circumstanced as we are, we partake of them with -a relish; they are very tender, and taste like rabbit." A solitary -penguin, a dead fox, a half-devoured fish thrown up on the shore--all -were welcomed by the half-starved men. When August came, the strength of -the entire party was well-nigh at an end. A few garden-seeds were made -into a soup, and mussel-broth was served out to the invalids. Captain -Gardiner himself lived on mussels for a fortnight, and then, as this -disagreed with him, was compelled to give up the diet. He would have -lain down and died of starvation had he not found a vegetable that he -could eat, and on this he rallied for a while. - -On the 23rd, Erwin, a boatman, died, exhausted by hunger and disease. -On the 26th, Bryant, the second Mousehole man, expired. Pearce, the -remaining boatman, went nearly mad at the loss of his companions and -the hopelessness of the outlook. Mr. Maidment, the missionary, had -just strength sufficient to dig a grave in which to bury the two poor -fellows. He then made a pair of crutches with two sticks, on which -Captain Gardiner might lean when walking. He lived in the cavern, and -tried to hobble down to those who were in the _Speedwell_, but his -strength was not equal to the task, and he had to retire to his cave. - -Maidment was the next to succumb, on September 2nd. Pearce, and -Williams the surgeon, were in the _Speedwell_, and it was as much as -they could do to obtain a few shell-fish for themselves; but they soon -lay down and died. When Gardiner also yielded up the ghost is not -known, but he had strength to make an entry in his diary on the 6th; -there is none on the 7th. - -On the 21st January, 1852, H.M.S. _Dido_ arrived at Terra del Fuego -and found the remains of this unhappy party of religious enthusiasts. -The first thing seen was a direction scrawled on a rock; then a boat -lying on the beach of a small river; then the unburied bodies of -Captain Gardiner and the missionary Maidment; then a packet of papers -and books; then the scattered remains of another boat, with part of -her gear and various articles of clothing; then two more corpses; and -lastly the graves of the rest of the party. - -"Their remains," wrote Captain Morshead, of the _Dido_, "were collected -together and buried close to the spot, and the funeral service read by -Lieutenant Underwood. A short inscription was placed on the rock near -his own text; the colours of the boats and ships were struck half-mast, -and three volleys of musketry were the only tribute of respect I could -pay to the lofty-minded man and his devoted companions." - - - - - DOLLY PENTREATH - - -Much has been written about Dolly Pentreath, but little is known of -her uneventful life. That little may be summed up in few words. - -Her maiden name was Jeffery, and when she was a child her parents and -all about her spoke the Cornish language. Drew, in his _History of -Cornwall_, quoting Daines Barrington, says: "She does indeed talk -Cornish as readily as others do English, being bred up from a child to -know no other language; nor could she (if we may believe her) talk a -word of English before she was past twenty years of age." - -In the year 1768 the Hon. Daines Barrington, brother of Captain, -afterwards Admiral, Barrington, went into Cornwall to ascertain whether -the Cornish language had entirely ceased to be spoken, or not, and in a -letter written to John Lloyd, F.S.A., a few years after, viz. on March -31, 1773, he gives the following as the result of his journey:-- - -"I set out from Penzance, with the landlord of the principal inn for -my guide, towards Sennen, or the most western point; and when I -approached the village I said that there must probably be some remains -of the language in those parts if anywhere, as the village was in the -road to no place whatever, and the only ale-house announced itself to -be the last in England. - -"My guide, however, told me that I should be disappointed, but that if I -would ride about ten miles about on my return to Penzance he would -conduct me to a village called Mousehole, on the western side of Mount's -Bay, where there was an old woman, called Dolly Pentreath, who could -speak Cornish fluently. While we were travelling together towards -Mousehole I inquired how he knew that this woman spoke Cornish; when he -informed me that he frequently went from Penzance to Mousehole to buy -fish, which were sold by her; and that when he did not offer her a price -that was satisfactory, she grumbled to some other old women in an -unknown tongue, which he concluded, therefore, to be Cornish. - -[Illustration: MONSCHOLE, IN MOUNT'S BAY, FROM THE ISLAND - -_From a drawing by Captain Tremenhere_] - -"When we reached Mousehole I desired to be introduced as a person who -had laid a wager that there was not one who could converse in Cornish; -upon which Dolly Pentreath spoke in an angry tone for two or three -minutes, and in a language which sounded very like Welsh. The hut in -which she lived was in a very narrow lane, opposite to two rather better -houses, at the doors of which two other women stood, who were advanced -in years, and who I observed were laughing at what Dolly said to me. - -"Upon this I asked them whether she had not been abusing me; to which -they answered, 'Very heartily,' and because I had supposed she could -not speak Cornish. - -"I then said that they must be able to talk the language; to which they -answered that they could not speak it readily, but that they understood -it, being only ten or twelve years younger than Dolly Pentreath. - -"I continued nine or ten days in Cornwall after this, but found that -my friends whom I had left to the eastward continued as incredulous -almost as they were before about these last remains of the Cornish -language, because, among other reasons, Dr. Borlase had supposed, in -his _Natural History of the County_, that it had entirely ceased to be -spoken. It was also urged that, as he lived within four or five miles -of the old woman at Mousehole, he consequently must have heard of so -singular a thing as her continuing to use the vernacular tongue. - -"I had scarcely said or thought anything more about this matter till -last summer (1772), having mentioned it to some Cornish people, I -found that they could not credit that any person had existed within -these few years who could speak their native language; and therefore, -though I imagined there was but a small chance of Dolly Pentreath -continuing to live, yet I wrote to the President, then in Devonshire, -to desire that he would make some inquiry with regard to her; and he -was so obliging as to procure me information from a gentleman whose -house was within three miles of Mousehole, a considerable part of -whose letter I subjoin. - -"'Dolly Pentreath is short of stature, and bends very much with old -age, being in her eighty-seventh year, so lusty, however, as to walk -hither to Castle Horneck, about three miles, in bad weather, in the -morning and back again. She is somewhat deaf, but her intellect -seemingly not impaired; has a memory so good, that she remembers -perfectly well, that about four or five years ago at Mousehole, where -she lives, she was sent for by a gentleman, who, being a stranger, had -a curiosity to hear the Cornish language, which she was famed for -retaining and speaking fluently, and that the innkeeper where the -gentleman came from attended him. - -("This gentleman," says Daines Barrington, "was myself; however, I did -not presume to send for her, but waited upon her.") - -"'She does, indeed, talk Cornish as readily as others do English, -being bred up from a child to know no other language; nor could she -(if we may believe her) talk a word of English before she was past -twenty years of age, as, her father being a fisherman, she was sent -with fish to Penzance at twelve years old, and sold them in the -Cornish language, which the inhabitants in general, even the gentry, -did then well understand. She is positive, however, that there is -neither in Mousehole, nor in any other part of the county, any other -person who knows anything of it, or, at least, can converse in it. She -is poor, and maintained partly by the parish, and partly by -fortune-telling and gabbling Cornish.' - -"I have thus," continued Mr. Barrington, "thought it right to lay before -the Society (the Society of Antiquaries) this account of the last sparks -of the Cornish tongue, and cannot but think that a linguist who -understands Welsh might still pick up a more complete vocabulary of the -Cornish than we are yet possessed of, especially as the two neighbours -of this old woman (Dolly Pentreath), whom I had occasion to mention, are -not now above seventy-seven or seventy-eight years of age, and were -healthy when I saw them; so that the whole does not depend on the life -of this Cornish sybil, as she is willing to insinuate." - -It is matter of profound regret that no Welshman did visit Dolly, who -lived for four years after Mr. Barrington's letter, which was written -in 1773, for she died December 26th, 1777. - -Drew says: "She was buried in the churchyard of the parish of Paul, in -which parish, Mousehole, the place of her residence, is situated. Her -epitaph is both in Cornish and English." - - Coth Doll Pentreath cans ha Deau; - Marow ha kledyz ed Paul plea:-- - Na ed an Egloz, gan pobel bras, - Bes ed Egloz-hay coth Dolly es. - - Old Doll Pentreath, one hundred aged and two, - Deceased, and buried in Paul parish too:-- - Not in the Church, with people great and high, - But in the Churchyard doth old Dolly lie! - -This epitaph, written by Mr. Tomson, of Truro, was never inscribed on -her tombstone, for no tombstone was set up to her memory at the time -of her death. The stone now erected, and standing in the churchyard -wall and not near her grave, was set up by Prince Louis Lucien -Bonaparte in 1860, and contains two errors. It runs: "Here lieth -interred Dorothy Pentreath, who died in 1778." In the first place she -does not lie where is the stone, and in the second place she died -1777, on December 26th, and was buried on the following day. - -In 1776 Mr. Barrington presented a letter to the Royal Society of -Antiquaries written in Cornish and in English, by William Bodener, a -fisherman of Mousehole. This man asserted that at that date there were -still four or five persons in Mousehole who could talk Cornish. - -In 1777, the year of Dolly's death, Mr. Barrington found another -Cornishman named John Nancarrow, of Marazion, aged forty-five years, -able to speak Cornish. John Nancarrow said that "in his youth he had -learned the language from the country people, and could thus hold a -conversation in it; and that another, a native of Truro, was at that -time also acquainted with the Cornish language, and like himself was -able to converse in it." - -This last is supposed to be the Mr. Tomson who wrote the epitaph for -Dolly Pentreath which was never set up. - -In Hitchens' and Drew's _History of Cornwall_, it is said: "The -Cornish language was current in a part of the South Hams in the time -of Edward I (1272-1307). Long after this it was common on the banks of -the Tamar, and in Cornwall it was universally spoken. - -"But it was not till towards the conclusion of the reign of Henry VIII -(1509-47) that the English language had found its way into any of the -Cornish churches. Before this time the Cornish language was the -established vehicle of communication. - -"Dr. Moreman, a native of Southill, but vicar of Menheniot, was the -first who taught the inhabitants of this parish the Lord's Prayer, the -Creed, and the Ten Commandments in the English tongue; and this was -not done till just about the time that Henry VIII closed his reign. -From this fact one inference is obvious, which is, that if the -inhabitants of Menheniot knew nothing more of the English than what -was thus learnt from the vicar of the parish, the Cornish must have -prevailed among them at that time ... and as the English language in -its progress travelled from east to west, we may reasonably conclude -that about this time it had not penetrated far into the county, as -Menheniot lies towards its eastern quarter. - -"From the time the liturgy was established in the Cornish churches in -the English language, the Cornish tongue rapidly declined. - -"Hence Mr. Carew, who published his _Survey of Cornwall_ in 1602, -notices the almost total extirpation of the language in his days. He -says, 'The principal love and knowledge of this language liveth in Dr. -Kennall the civilian, and with him lyeth buried; for the English speech -doth still encroach upon it and hath driven the same into the uttermost -skirts of the shire. Most of the inhabitants can speak no word of -Cornish; but few are ignorant of the English; and yet some so affect -their airs, as to a stranger they will not speak it; for if meeting them -by chance you inquire the way, or any such matter, your answer shall be, -"_Meea naurdua cowzasourzneck?_" (I can speak no Saxonage).' - -"Carew's _Survey_ was soon followed by that of Norden, by whom we are -informed that the Cornish language was chiefly confined to the western -hundreds of the county, particularly to Penwith and Kirrier, and yet -(which is to be marveyled) though the husband and wife, parents and -children, masters and servants, etc., naturally communicate in their -native language, yet there is none of them in a manner but is able to -converse with a stranger in the English tongue, unless it be some -obscure people who seldom confer with the better sort. But it seemeth, -however, that in a few years the Cornish will be by little and little -abandoned." - -The Cornish was, however, so well spoken in the parish of Feock by the -old inhabitants till about the year 1640, "that Mr. William Jackman, -the then vicar, and chaplain also of Pendennis Castle, at the siege -thereof by the Parliament army, was forced for divers years to -administer the sacrament to the communicants in the Cornish tongue, -because the aged people did not well understand the English, as he -himself often told me," says Hals. - -So late as 1650 the Cornish language was currently spoken in the -parishes of Paul and S. Just; the fisherwomen and market-women in the -former, and the tinner in the latter, for the most part conversing in -their old vernacular tongue; and Mr. Scawen says that in 1678 the Rev. -F. Robinson, rector of Landewednack, "preached a sermon to his -parishioners in the Cornish language only." - -Had the Bible been translated, had even the English Prayer-book been -rendered into Cornish, the language would have lived on. It is due to -a large extent to this--the translation into Welsh--that in Wales -their ancient language has maintained itself. - -The editors of the _Bibliotheca Cornubiensis_ state that Dorothy -Jeffery, daughter of Nicolas Pentreath, was baptized at Paul 17th May, -1714; and they conclude that she was the Dolly Pentreath who died in -1777, and that her age accordingly was sixty-three and not one hundred -and two. - -But this is a mistake. Dolly was a Jeffery by birth and married a -Pentreath. - -A story is told of Dolly in Mr. J. Henry Harris's _Cornish Saints and -Sinners_, "as current in Mousehole, but whether true or well conceived -it is not possible for me to say." - -It is to this effect: that on one occasion a deserter from a man-of-war -fled to her house for refuge, and as there was a cavity in her chimney -large enough to contain a man, she thrust him into it, and threw a -bundle of dry furze on the fire, and filled the crock with water. Into -the middle of the kitchen she drew a "keeve," which she used for -washing, and when the naval officer and his men in pursuit burst into -her house, Dolly was sitting on a stool, her legs bare and her feet -ready to be immersed in the keeve. She screamed out on their entry that -she was about to wash her feet, and only waiting for the water to get -hot enough. The officer persisted in searching, and she gave tongue in -strong and forcible Cornish. She rushed to the door and screamed to the -good people of Mousehole, that the lieutenant and his men had invaded -her house without leave, and were impudent and audacious enough to -ransack every other cottage in the place. The officer and his men -withdrew without having seen and secured their man; and that night a -fishing lugger stole out of Mousehole with the deserter on board and -made for Guernsey, which in those days was a sort of dumping-ground for -all kinds of rascals who were "wanted" at home. - - - - - ROBERT JEFFERY OF POLPERRO - - -Mrs. Bray, in her novel _Trelawny of Trelawne_, written in 1834, thus -describes Polperro as it was at that time. It has lost much but not -all of its picturesqueness. Many of the old fishermen's cottages have -been pulled down, and their places taken by ugly modern houses. - -"Looe," says she, "beautiful as it is, is not to be compared to -Polperro, two miles distant from Trelawne. The descent to it is so -steep, that I, who was not accustomed to the path, could only get down -by clinging to Mr. Bray's arm for support; it was slippery, and so -rocky that in some places there were steps cut in the road for the -convenience of the passenger. The view of the little port, the old -town in the bottom (if town it can be called), the cliffs, and the -spiked rocks that start up in the wildest and most abrupt manner, -breaking the direct sweep of the waves towards the harbour, altogether -produced such a combination of magnificent coast scenery as may truly -be called sublime." - -Long before this, in the reign of Henry VIII, Leland, who visited it, -wrote: "By est, the haven of Fowey upon a iiii miles of--ys a smawle -creke cawled Paul _Pier_, and a symple and poore village upon the est -side of the same, of fisharmen, and the boetes ther fishing by [be] -saved by a _Peere_ or key." - -Robert Jeffery was the son of John Jeffery, bargeman at Fowey, -afterwards a publican at Polperro. John Jeffery died in 1802, and his -widow remarried Benjamin Coad, blacksmith. - -Robert was baptized at Fowey, 22nd January, 1790. He was impressed for -the Royal Navy, and was placed on board H.M. brig _Recruit_, under -Captain the Hon. Warwick Lake, in 1807. - -Warwick Lake was the third son of Gerard, first Viscount Lake, so -created in 1807, and he eventually succeeded as third Viscount in -1836. His career in the Navy had not been particularly creditable. In -November, 1803, he had been lieutenant on board the frigate _Blanche_, -Captain Zachariah Mudge, lying at anchor off the entrance of -Mancenille Bay, Isle of S. Domingo. In the harbour lay the French -cutter _Albion_, armed with two 4-pounders, six swivels, and twenty -muskets, and manned by forty-three officers and men, lying under the -guns of the fort of Monte Christo. A night attack was determined upon, -and Lieutenant Edward Nicolls, of the Marines, volunteered, with one -boat, to attempt cutting out the vessel. His offer was accepted; and -on the evening of the 4th November, the red cutter, with thirteen men, -including himself, pushed off from the frigate. Shortly after Captain -Mudge despatched the barge, with twenty-two men, under the Hon. -Warwick Lake, to follow the red cutter and supersede Nicolls in the -command. As the barge approached the cutter, Nicolls hailed her and -demanded a united attack. But Lake feared that the hazards were too -great, and instead of following he moved away to the north-west side -of the bay, leaving Lieutenant Nicolls to attack unassisted. The red -cutter, thus deserted, proceeded dauntlessly on her way, and as soon -as she arrived within pistol-shot was hailed. Replying with three -hearty cheers the boat proceeded, and received in quick succession two -volleys of musketry. The first passed over the heads of the British; -but the second severely wounded the coxswain, the man at the bow-oar, -and a marine. Before the French cutter could fire a third time, -Nicolls, at the head of his little party, sprang on board of her. The -French captain fired at the lieutenant, and the ball passed round his -body in the flesh, and lodged in his right arm. At the same moment the -French captain was shot. After this, little resistance was offered. -The French officers and crew were driven below, with the loss, beside -the captain, of five men wounded. - -So far the battery had not fired, and Nicolls ordered that the -_Albion_ should be got under sail, and the cable was cut. - -At this moment up came the barge, commanded by Lieutenant the Hon. -Warwick Lake. He took command of the prize captured by Nicolls, and with -two boats towing her soon ran her out of gunshot of the battery, which -had now at last opened fire, and joined the frigate in the offing. - -Captain Mudge, in his report to the Admiralty, wrote: "Having gained -intelligence that there was a large coppered cutter full of bullocks -for the Cape laying close under the guns of Monte Christi (four -24-pounders and three field-pieces), notwithstanding her situation, I -was convinced we could bring her off; and at two this morning _she was -masterly and gallantly attacked by Lieutenant Lake in the cutter_, and -Lieutenant Nicolls, of the Marines, in the barge, who cut her out. She -is ninety-two tons burden, etc. This affair lost me two men killed, -and two wounded." - -As will be seen, this was a gross misstatement of facts. The Hon. -Warwick Lake was in the barge, and did nothing till the _Albion_ had -been captured by Lieutenant Nicolls in the cutter. Nor was this all. -Among the two wounded, Lieutenant Nicolls, the hero of the action, was -not named. His wound was not a scratch, but a hole on each side of his -body and a ball in his arm, that sent him bleeding to the cock-pit of -the _Blanche_. - -The Patriotic Fund presented to Lieutenant Lake "for his gallantry" a -sword valued at L50, and he did not blush to receive it, whereas -Lieutenant Nicolls received one valued at L30. Not till much later was -it discovered who had been the hero of the action, and who the sneak -who flourished the plumes due to another. - -In 1807 Lake was captain of the _Recruit_, an 18-gun brig-sloop. - -Jeffery, at the age of eighteen, had entered in 1807 on board the _Lord -Nelson_ privateer of Plymouth; but eight days after, when the privateer -had put into Falmouth, was pressed by an officer of the _Recruit_, which -soon after sailed for the West Indies. Jeffery was a skulking, -ill-conditioned fellow, who was caught stealing a bottle of rum and was -punished for it, and by his own acknowledgment, on December 10th, went -to the spruce-beer cask and drew off about two quarts. A shipmate saw -and informed against Jeffery, and Captain Lake ordered the sergeant of -marines to "put him in the black list," and he had the word _Thief_ -painted on a bit of canvas and affixed to his back. - -Edward Spencer, master, told his captain that the fellow was no good -on board, and that the best thing that could be done with him was to -put him on shore. - -On the 13th December the _Recruit_ was passing the island of Sombrero, -that lies between the islet of Anyada in the Puerta Virgin Islands and -that of Anguella in the Lesser Antilles group. It was towards evening -between five and six of the afternoon. Captain Lake then ordered Jeffery -to be brought on deck, and saying that he would not keep such a -worthless scoundrel on the ship, gave orders to Lieutenant Mould to have -out the boat and convey Jeffery on shore. Neither the captain nor any of -the crew knew that the island was desert and waterless. They believed -that it was inhabited by a few fishermen, and in the evening light -mistook some rocks on shore for houses. Accordingly, a little before 6 -p.m., Jeffery was placed in a boat along with the second lieutenant of -the brig, Richard Cotten Mould, a midshipman, and four sailors, and -landed on Sombrero, without shoes to his feet, or any other clothes than -those on his back, and without even a biscuit for food. - -Lieutenant Mould, seeing that the lad's feet were cut and bleeding by -stepping on the sharp-pointed rocks, begged a pair of shoes for him from -one of the seamen, and gave him his knife and a couple of handkerchiefs, -to be made use of as signals, and advised him to keep a sharp look-out -for passing vessels. Then he pulled back to the _Recruit_. - -Captain Lake was possibly suffering from what would now be termed a -"swollen head." His father, a gallant officer, but of no great -descent, for his services in the Maharatta war had been created Baron -Lake of Delhi and of Aston Clinton, Bucks, in 1804, and had received -thanks for his services by both Houses of Parliament. His elder -brother had married the sister of Charles, Earl of Whitworth, and his -father had been granted an augmentation of arms, a fish naiant in -fesse, to represent the fish of the Great Mogul, pierced with shafts. - -Lake was a hot-headed man, and he had just dined. That he intended to -commit an act of barbarity is far from the truth. Jeffery was a -nuisance of which he desired to free the ship, and the opportunity -offered, and he took advantage of it without stopping to inquire what -was the nature of the island on which he left the young man. - -On reaching the Leeward Islands, where Sir Alexander Cochrane was in -command of the squadron, that officer heard of what Lake had done, -promptly reprimanded him, and ordered him to return to Sombrero and -fetch off Jeffery. - -On February 11th, 1809, the _Recruit_ anchored off the island, and her -officers landed and searched it over, but neither Jeffery nor his body -could be found. A pair of trousers and a tomahawk handle were the only -vestiges of humanity discoverable. The island, however, abounded in -turtle and wild birds and their eggs, but the water was brackish. - -For eight days, in fact, Jeffery had wandered over the hump of rock -and sand that constituted the islet of Sombrero, and lived on limpets -and eggs, and drunk the water collected in fissures of the rock. He -does not seem to have been given flint and steel, and the means of -making a fire, so that he could not feast on turtle and puffins; but, -indeed, there were no trees, consequently hardly any fuel available -for cooking a dinner. - -He saw several vessels pass, and indeed Sombrero was in the track of -merchant vessels, but he failed to make them observe his signals. At -length, on the morning of the ninth day, the schooner _Adams_, of -Marblehead, Massachusetts, John Dennis master, came to the island and -took the fellow off, and landed him at Marblehead, where he worked at -a forge. Little conscious that he was like to be made political -capital of and to become of consequence, he did not even trouble to -write home to Polperro to announce his safety and his whereabouts. - -Sir A. Cochrane was satisfied that the man could not have died on -Sombrero, as his body was not discovered, nor was he likely to die on -an island abounding in turtles and eggs; he concluded that he had been -carried away by one of the many ships that passed. He convinced -himself that Captain Lake had been guilty of an illegal act, but had -not desired to do one that was cruel, and he hoped that the matter -would be forgotten after he had administered a reprimand. - -But the story got about. It reached England. A busybody, Charles M. -Thomas, who had been purser on board H.M. sloop _Demarara_, but had -been imprisoned on suspicion that he had defrauded the Government, -wrote home to Mr. C. Bathurst, brother of the M.P. for Bristol, to -this effect: "I deem it a duty I owe to humanity, to inform you that -Captain Lake, when commander of the _Recruit_, set a man belonging to -that vessel on shore at Sombrero, an uninhabited island in the -Atlantic Archipelago, where he died through hunger, or otherwise, for -more was never heard of him. This was known to Sir A. Cochrane, who -suffered this _titled murderer_ to escape, and he is now in command of -the _Ulysses_." The letter was dated March 24th, 1809, more than a -year after Jeffery had been left on Sombrero. Its purport was obvious -enough. Thomas wanted to be revenged on Cochrane for looking into the -matter of his alleged frauds. - -The fat was now in the fire. Sir Francis Burdett took the matter up, -the Radicals throughout the country made immense capital out of the -starving to death of a poor seaman by a member of a noble family. The -case was kept perseveringly before the public, so that the Government -was constrained to issue orders for a strict inquiry to be made as to -whether Jeffery was still alive or dead. - -Presently an account was received, purporting to be by Jeffery, giving -information relative to his rescue and his condition in America; but -as to this was appended a cross for his signature, whereas Jeffery was -known to have been able to write, the public were led to suspect that -this was a fabrication contrived by Lake's relatives and friends. - -To settle the matter finally, a ship was despatched to bring Jeffery -home, and he arrived at Portsmouth in October, 1810, three years after -his adventure in Sombrero, and to find himself the hero of a party. On -October 22nd he attended at the Admiralty, where he received his -discharge, and had the "R" taken off his name, by which he became -entitled to all arrears of pay. The family of Captain Lake made him -liberal compensation for the very slight hardships he had undergone, -but which in Jeffery's own account and in that of his partisans were -magnified enormously. - -On the 5th and 6th of February, 1810, a court-martial assembled on -board the _Gladiator_ at Portsmouth to try Captain Lake for having -abandoned a seaman on a desert and uninhabited island. Captain Lake -complained that the witnesses whom he might have summoned to speak for -him were away in various ships in different parts of the world. He -produced a letter signed by all the officers of the _Ulysses_, the -vessel he then commanded, protesting that he was humane and incapable -of doing an act of wanton cruelty. - -At this time it was not known whether Jeffery was alive or dead. -Captain Lake made a manly defence. "You will be pleased to recollect -the evidence of Mr. Spencer, the chief witness on the part of the -prosecution, on this point. He himself advised me to get the man out -of the ship, and I declare that, by landing him, I thought he would be -made more sensible of his want of conduct, and reform in future. I was -persuaded at the time that the island was inhabited; in addition to -which, I cannot but suppose it within your knowledge that the island -is not out of reach of human assistance. I need not state that it is -within the track of vessels on particular destinations, and which -frequently pass within hail of the island. Jeffery found this to be -the case, and there is no reason to doubt but that he was taken off -the island; for on a search being made for him there afterwards, one -of the witnesses states expressly that not a trace of him was to be -found, which I cannot conceive could have been the case if he had -perished there, as is most unwarrantably asserted by Thomas. -Gentlemen, I have no doubt he was conveyed to America in perfect -safety. I myself verily believe he is in England at this moment, -consigned (as it were) to the merchants who, perhaps, are keeping him -concealed till the edict of the court-martial is known, and then he -may be let loose upon me, to seek a compensation in damages by an -action at law. The place of his concealment, however, has hitherto -eluded the diligence of my agents." - -He appealed to the official report made to the Admiralty at the time -by Sir A. Cochrane: "Be pleased to consider attentively the statement -made by this official communication; contrast it with the letter of -Thomas, and then decide whether he was warranted in asserting that -Robert Jeffery had perished through the inhumanity of one whom he has -thought proper to describe as a 'titled murderer.'" - -The court-martial pronounced sentence: "Pursuant to an order from the -Right Honourable Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, dated 3rd -February instant, and directed to the President, setting forth that a -letter had been addressed to their Lordships by the Right Hon. Charles -Bathurst, enclosing a letter to him from Mr. Charles Morgan Thomas, -dated 24th March, 1809 ... and having heard evidence produced in -support of the charge, and by the said Hon. Warwick Lake in his -Defence ... the Court is of opinion, That the charge has been proved -against the said Hon. Warwick Lake, and doth adjudge him to be -dismissed from His Majesty's service; and the said Hon. Warwick Lake -is hereby dismissed from His Majesty's service." - -In 1836 the Hon. Warwick Lake succeeded to the viscounty, and died in -1848, leaving behind him only two daughters, one unmarried, the other -married to a Gloag. He was certainly very hardly treated, and as -certainly an utterly worthless scoundrel was exalted into a hero. -Jeffery returned to Polperro, where he was received with curiosity. -There his antecedents were well known, and the value of his statements -of terrible privation taken for what they were worth. Elsewhere he -received an enthusiastic ovation. He hired himself out to be "run" by -speculators at some of the minor theatres in London as "Jeffery the -Sailor." After a few months he returned to Polperro with money enough -in his pocket to enable him to purchase a small schooner for the -coasting trade. - -The speculation did not answer his expectations. He fell into -consumption, and died in 1820, leaving a wife and daughter in great -penury. He was a mean, not to say a despicable creature, who was used -for political purposes, and when he had served these was allowed to -drop into his proper insignificance. - -Authorities are a _Life of Robert Jeffery_, published by B. Crosby, -1811. An _Account of R. Jeffery_, published by J. Pitt, 1811. - -_A Narrative of the Life of Robert Jeffery_, with portrait, 1810. - -Couch, J.: _History of Polperro_, edited by J. Q. Couch, 1870. - -James's _Naval History_, 1876, Vol. IV. - -Cobbett's _Political Register_, 1810, pp. 396-415, 459-464. - -Cobbett gives a report of the courts-martial. - -The story was also given in Chambers's _Edinburgh Journal_, 1848, pp. -147-51. - - - - - ADMIRAL RICHARD DARTON - THOMAS - - -Richard Darton Thomas was born at Saltash on 2nd June, 1777, son of -Charles and Mary Thomas of that place. Drinking in the sea air, living -in the midst of sailors and fisher-folk, he early took a fancy for the -sea, and entered as an able-bodied seaman in the Royal Navy, in 1790, -at the age of thirteen. His intelligence, his pleasant manners, won -the regard of his officers and he was raised to be midshipman in 1792, -and became master's mate in the ensuing year. He was in the _Boyne_ -under Sir John Jervis when Martinique was captured, and on the return -of the _Boyne_ to England, he was on board when that vessel was burnt -at Spithead, 1st May, 1795. The marines had been exercising and firing -on the windward side, and it is supposed that some ignited paper of -the cartridges flew through the quarter-galley into the admiral's -cabin and communicated with the papers lying about on the table. It -was at 11 a.m. that the fire broke out, the flames bursting through -the poop before the fire was discovered, and it spread so rapidly that -in less than half an hour this fine ship, in spite of every exertion -of the officers and crew, was in a blaze fore and aft. As soon as the -fire was discovered by the fleet, all the boats of the ships proceeded -to the assistance of the _Boyne_, and the whole of the numerous crew, -except eleven, were saved. - -The _Boyne's_ guns being loaded went off as they became heated, -discharging their shot among the shipping, whereby two men were killed -and one wounded on board the _Queen Charlotte_. At about half-past one -the _Boyne_ burnt from her cables and drifted to the east with a -streamer of fire and smoke pouring from her; she then grounded and -continued to burn till six o'clock, when the fire reached her magazine -and she blew up. This, as Captain Brenton wrote, "offered one of the -most magnificent sights that can be conceived. The afternoon was -perfectly calm and the sky clear; the flames which darted from her in -a perpendicular column of great height were terminated by an opaque -white cloud like a round cap, while the air was filled with fragments -of wreck in every direction, and the stump of the foremast was seen -above the smoke descending to the water." - -We next find Thomas serving as lieutenant on board the _Excellent_, -commanded by Captain Collingwood, in the battle off Cape S. Vincent. It -was intended that the Spanish fleet should join that of Brest, if this -latter could get out, then if joined by the Dutch fleet, cover the -transports that would convey an invading army to England. But, as -Touchstone wisely said, there is "much virtue in _If_." Sir John Jervis -fell in with the Spanish fleet of twenty-seven sail of the line, on -February 14th, 1797, as it had just issued from Cadiz. The English had -only fifteen men-of-war; but the greater part of the Spanish crew were -about equally destitute of seamanship and spirit, and Nelson had said -just before the breaking out of the war with Spain, that if her fleet -were no better now than when it acted in alliance with us it would "soon -be done for." By breaking the line, by battering and boarding, four -Spanish ships of the line, including one of 112 guns, were taken; and -all the rest were driven into Cadiz and there blockaded. - -During the action the _Excellent_, on which Richard Thomas was -lieutenant, was acknowledged by Nelson to have taken a very -distinguished share, and to have rendered him the most effectual support -in the hottest part of the battle, as will be seen by the following note -which he addressed to her commander, and an extract from his own account -of the transactions in which he himself was personally engaged. - -His note ran: "Dear Collingwood,--A friend in need is a friend indeed." - -Nelson's account of the assistance he received from the _Excellent_ -runs thus:-- - -"At this time (about 2.15 p.m.) the _Salvador del Mundo_ and _San -Esidero_ dropped astern, and were fired into, in a masterly style, by -the _Excellent_, Captain Collingwood, who compelled the _San Esidero_ -to hoist English colours; and I thought the large ship, the _Salvador -del Mundo_, had also struck, but Captain Collingwood, disdaining the -parade of taking possession of a vanquished enemy, most gallantly -pushed up, with every sail set, to save his old friend and messmate, -who was to appearance in a critical state, the _Blenheim_ being ahead, -the _Culloden_ crippled and astern. The _Excellent_ ranged up within -two feet of the _San Nicholas_, giving a most tremendous fire. The -_San Nicholas_ luffing up, the _San Josef_ fell on board her; and the -_Excellent_ passing on for the _Santa Trinidada_, the Captain resumed -her station abreast of these, and close alongside." - -The _Excellent_, in fact, succeeded in getting close under the lee of -the _Santissima Trinidada_, mounting 130 guns, and engaged her for -nearly an hour, assisted by the _Orion_, the _Irresistible_, and the -_Blenheim_. The huge vessel was compelled to haul down her colours, but -the approach of thirteen other Spanish ships prevented her opponents -from profiting by the advantage they had gained. The total loss on the -_Excellent_ amounted to eleven men killed and a dozen wounded. - -We need not follow Richard D. Thomas through his various changes of -ships. He was mainly with Collingwood, whose flag, as Rear-Admiral of -the White, was flying on board the _Barfleur_, of ninety-eight guns. -With him he remained on Channel service till the suspension of -hostilities in 1802. He was given the rank of commander in 1803, when -in the _Chichester_ off Halifax. - -Returning from Nova Scotia, as a passenger on board the packet _Lady -Hobart_, commanded by Captain Fellowes, he experienced shipwreck and -terrible hardships, by the vessel running on an iceberg. - -After giving an account of his sailing from Halifax, June 22nd, 1803, -and the capture of a French schooner laden with salt fish on the 26th, -Captain Fellowes says:-- - -"_Tuesday, 28th June._--Blowing hard from the westward, with a heavy -sea and hazy weather, with intervals of thick fog. About 1 a.m. the -ship, then going by the log at the rate of seven miles an hour, struck -against an island of ice with such violence that several of the crew -were pitched out of their hammocks. Being roused out of my sleep by -the suddenness of the shock, I instantly ran upon the deck. The helm -being put hard aport, the ship struck again about the chest-tree, then -swung round on her keel, her stern-post being stove in, and her rudder -carried away before we could succeed in an attempt to haul her off. At -this time the island of ice appeared to hang quite over the ship, -possessing a high peak, which must have been at least twice the -height of our masthead; and we suppose the length of the island to -have been from a quarter to half a mile. - -"The sea was now breaking over the ice in a dreadful manner, the water -rushing in so fast as to fill the hold in a few minutes. Hove the guns -overboard, cut away the anchors from the bows, got two sails under the -ship's bottom, kept both pumps going, and baling with buckets at the -main hatchway, in the hope of preventing her from sinking; but in less -than a quarter of an hour she settled down in her forechains in the -water. - -"Our situation was now become most perilous. Aware of the danger of a -moment's delay in hoisting out the boats, I consulted Captain Thomas -of the Navy, and Mr. Bargus, my master, as to the propriety of making -any further attempts to save the ship." - -Both declared that nothing effectual could be done to the vessel -herself, and that, as every moment was precious, the boats should be -got out and manned. Of these there were two, the cutter and the -jolly-boat, and the ladies were placed in the former. - -Captain Fellowes expressed himself afterwards warmly of the ability -and readiness with which Captain Thomas aided him. In bringing the -ladies into the cutter, one of them, Miss Cottenham, was so terrified -that she sprang from the wreck and pitched in the bottom of the boat -with considerable violence. This accident might have been serious, but -happily she was not injured. - -"The few provisions which had been saved from the men's berths were -then put into the boats. By this time the main deck forward was under -water, and nothing but the quarter-deck appeared; I then ordered my -men into the boats. - -"The ship was sinking fast, and I called to the men to haul up and -receive me, intending to drop into the cutter from the end of the -trysail boom. - -"The sea was running so high at the time we hoisted out the boats that -I scarcely flattered myself we should get them out safely; and, -indeed, nothing but the steady and orderly conduct of the crew could -have enabled us to effect so difficult and hazardous an undertaking; -it is a justice to them to observe that not a man in the ship -attempted to make use of the liquor, which every one had in his power. - -"We had scarce quitted the ship when she suddenly gave a heavy lurch -to port, and then went down foremost. I cannot attempt to describe my -own feelings, or the sensations of my people, exposed as we were, in -two small open boats, upon the great Atlantic Ocean, bereft of all -assistance but that which our own exertions, under Providence, could -afford us, we narrowly escaped being swallowed up in the vortex. - -"We rigged the foremast, and prepared to shape our course in the best -manner that circumstances would admit of, the wind blowing from the -precise point on which it was necessary to sail to reach the nearest -land. An hour had scarcely elapsed from the time the ship struck till -she foundered. The distribution of the crew had already been made in -the following order, which we afterwards preserved:-- - -"In the cutter were embarked three ladies and myself, Captain Richard -Thomas; the French commander of the schooner; the master's mate, -gunner, steward, carpenter, and eight seamen; in all eighteen people, -whose weight, together with the provisions, brought the boat's gunwale -down to within six or seven inches of the water. From this confined -space some idea may be formed of our crowded state; but it is -scarcely possible for the imagination to conceive the extent of our -sufferings in consequence. - -"In the jolly-boat were embarked Mr. Samuel Bargus, master; -Lieut.-Colonel George Cocks, of the 1st Regiment of Guards;[16] the -boatswain, sailmaker, and seven seamen--in all eleven persons. - -"The only provisions, etc., we were enabled to save consisted of -between forty and fifty pounds of biscuits, one vessel containing five -gallons of water, a small jug of the same, and part of a small barrel -of spruce beer; one demi-john of rum, a few bottles of port wine, with -two compasses, a quadrant, a spy-glass, a small tin mug, and a -wine-glass. The deck lantern, which had a few spare candles in it, had -been likewise thrown into the boat; and the cook having had the -precaution to secure the tinder-box and some matches that were kept in -a bladder, we were afterwards enabled to steer by night. - -"The wind was now blowing strong from the westward, with a heavy sea, -and the day just dawned. Estimating ourselves to be at the distance of -350 miles from S. John's, Newfoundland, with a prospect of a -continuance of westerly winds, it became necessary to use the -strictest economy. I represented to my companions in distress that our -resolution, once made, ought on no account to be changed, and that we -must begin by suffering privations, which I foresaw would be greater -than I ventured to explain. To each person, therefore, were served out -half a biscuit and a glass of wine, which was the only allowance for -the ensuing twenty-four hours, all agreeing to leave the water -untouched as long as possible." - -On the following day even this small allowance had to be contracted, -in consequence of the biscuit being much damaged by salt water during -the night. "Soon after daylight we made sail, with the jolly-boat in -tow, and stood close-hauled to the northward and westward, in the hope -of reaching the coast of Newfoundland or of being picked up by some -vessel. Passed two islands of ice. We now said prayers, and returned -thanks to God for our deliverance." - -It was now the 4th July. The sufferings of those in the boats became -excessive. The commander of the French schooner that had been captured -went mad, and threw himself overboard. One of the French prisoners -became so outrageous that it was found necessary to lash him to the -bottom of the boat. - -At last, on this same day, the 4th July, after seven days of dreadful -privation and incessant storm, they reached Conception Bay, in the -Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. They had been reduced to a quarter of -a biscuit per diem and a wine-glass of port wine and spirit, and then -of water. - -Captain Fellowes says: "Overpowered by my own feelings, and impressed -with the recollections of our sufferings and the sight of so many -deplorable objects, I promised to offer up our solemn thanks to heaven -for our miraculous deliverance. Every one cheerfully assented, and as -soon as I opened the Prayer-book there was an universal silence. A -spirit of devotion was singularly manifested on this occasion, and to -the benefits of a religious sense in uncultivated minds must be -ascribed that discipline, good order, and exertion, which even the -sight of land could scarcely produce. - -"The wind having blown with great violence from off the coast, we did -not reach the landing-place at Island Cove till four o'clock in the -evening. All the women and children in the village, with two or three -fishermen (the rest of the men being absent), came down to the beach, -and appearing deeply affected at our wretched situation, assisted in -carrying us up the craggy rocks, over which we were obliged to pass to -get to their habitations. - -"The small village afforded neither medical aid nor fresh provisions, -of which we stood so much in need, potatoes and salt fish being the -only food of the inhabitants. I determined, therefore, to lose no time -in proceeding to S. John's, having hired a small schooner for that -purpose. On the 7th July we embarked in three divisions, placing the -most infirm in the schooner, the master's mate being in charge of the -cutter, and the boatswain of the jolly-boat; but such was the -exhausted state of nearly the whole party, that the day was -considerably advanced before we could get under way. - -"Towards dusk it came on to blow hard in squalls off the land, when we -lost sight of the cutter, and were obliged to come to anchor outside S. -John's Harbour. We were under great apprehensions for the cutter's -safety, as she had no grapnel, and lest she should be driven out to sea, -but at daylight we perceived her and the schooner entering the harbour. - -"The ladies, Colonel Cooke, Captain Thomas, and myself, having left -the schooner when she anchored, notwithstanding the badness as well as -extreme darkness of the night, reached the shore about midnight. We -wandered for some time about the streets, there being no house open at -that late hour, but were at length admitted into a small tenement, -where we passed the remainder of the night on chairs, there being but -one miserable bed for the ladies. Early on the following day, our -circumstances being made known, hundreds of people crowded down to the -landing-place. Nothing could exceed their surprise on seeing the -boats that had carried twenty-nine persons such a distance over a -boisterous sea, and when they beheld so many miserable objects, they -could not conceal their emotions of pity and concern." - -It was found that the greatest circumspection had to be used in -administering nourishment to those who came on shore. They were so much -frost-bitten, moreover, as to require constant surgical assistance. Many -had lost their toes, and they were constrained to remain at S. John's -till they were in a fit state to be removed to Halifax. - -On the 11th July Captain Fellowes, with Captain Thomas, and -Lieutenant-Colonel Cooke, engaged the cabin of a small vessel, bound -for Oporto, so as to return to England. - -When Captain Fellowes sent in his report on the loss of the _Lady -Hobart_, he added a postscript: "I regret that, in the hurry of -drawing up this narrative, I should have omitted to make particular -mention of Captain Richard Thomas, R.N., from whose great professional -skill and advice throughout our perilous voyage I derived the greatest -assistance." - -In December, 1803, Captain Thomas commissioned the _AEtna_ bomb, and -soon after joined the fleet under Lord Nelson in the Mediterranean -station, where he was very actively employed up to the battle of -Trafalgar. After that he served as flag-captain under his old friend -and patron, Lord Collingwood. - -In February, 1811, he was appointed to the _Undaunted_, employed in -co-operation with the Spanish patriots off the coast of Catalonia. He -was subsequently employed in command of a squadron stationed in the Gulf -of Lyons, blockading Toulon. He was made Vice-Admiral of the Blue in -1848; Admiral of the Blue, 1854; Admiral of the White, 1857, in which -year he died, and was buried at Stonehouse, 27th August. He married, in -1827, Gratiana, daughter of Lieutenant-General Richard Williams, R.N. - -His brother, Charles Thomas, M.D., was for some time physician to the -Devonport Dispensary. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[16] Afterwards Sir George Cocks, K.C.B., who lost an arm at Waterloo. - - - - - COMMANDER JOHN POLLARD - - -Little did John Pollard as signal midshipman of the _Victory_ in the -battle of Trafalgar suppose that he was running up a message to the -fleet from Nelson that would never be forgotten so long as the English -name lasts, and the Englishman maintains the character which has ever -belonged to him. - -He was the son of John Pollard, and entered the Navy on November 1st, -1797. Before the battle commenced Nelson dictated the signal, "England -_confides_ that every man will do his duty." Pollard, to whom the -order was given, remarked that the word _confides_ was not in the -code, and suggested in its stead the term _expects_, which Nelson at -once accepted. Napoleon so much admired this last order of Nelson's -that he caused it to be printed, with a difference, of France for -England, and commanded that a copy should be given to each of the -officers of the navy. "It is the best of lessons," he said. - -Pollard was born at Kingsand, Cornwall, on 27th July, 1787, so that he -was aged but eighteen when he suggested the alteration in Nelson's -famous message, and saw it signalled to the fleet. He died in the -Royal Hospital, Greenwich, 22nd April, 1868, at the advanced age of -eighty-one. He did nothing further that was remarkable, and is -remembered only in connection with Nelson's signal, an instance of:-- - - Unregarded age in corners thrown - - - - - THE CASE OF BOSAVERN PENLEZ - - -At the end of June, 1749, a sailor was robbed in a low, disreputable -house in the Strand. He stormed and demanded the restoration of his -purse, but could obtain no redress; he was laughed at and ejected from -the place. He at once returned to his vessel and narrated his wrongs, -and so roused the resentment of his comrades that they promised to -accompany him to the Strand and work retribution on the thieves. - -Accordingly on July 1st a body of them marched down the Strand, and -reaching the house broke in the door and "levell'd their rage against -the house and goods of the caitif, whom they looked on as the author -of the villainy exercised on their brother Tar. Accordingly they went -to work as if they were breaking up a ship, and in a trice unrigg'd -the house from top to bottom. The movables were thrown out of the -windows or doors to their comrades in the street, where, a bonfire -being made, they were burnt, but with so much decency and order, so -little confusion, that notwithstanding the crowd gather'd together on -this occasion, a child of five years old might have crossed the street -in the thickest of them without the least danger. - -"The neighbours, too, though their houses were not absolutely free from -danger of fire by the sparks flying from the bonfire, were so little -alarm'd at this riot that they stood at their doors, and look'd out of -their windows, with as little concern, and perhaps more glee and mirth, -than if they had been at a droll in Bartholomew Fair, seeing the painted -scene of the renoun'd Troy Town in flames." After the house had been -completely gutted, and not before, the guards came from the Savoy, -which, by the way, was not above a good stone's throw from the scene of -action, whereupon the sailors withdrew, unarrested and unpursued. If -matters had remained here it would have been well, but unhappily this -first performance whetted the appetites of the sailors for another, and -they resolved on sacking another house a few doors from that they had -gutted, which also did not bear a good character. - -Accordingly next evening, being Sunday, they returned, and proceeded -to treat this second house in the same manner as the first "without so -much as the least interruption, till they had full timely notice to -get off before the guards arrived, who came, as before, too late, that -one would have been tempted to imagine they came too late on purpose. - -"A regular bonfire then having been made as before, all the goods of -the house were triumphantly convey'd into it; and if the finding of -bundles and effects of any of the actors would have aggravated their -guilt, numbers might have been seized with the goods upon them, -between the house and the bonfire, where they were all carefully -destroy'd, to avoid any slur or suspicion of pillage for private use. -This was carry'd to such an exactness that a little boy, who perhaps -thought no great harm to save a gilt cage out of the fire for his bird -at home, was discover'd carrying it off, when the leaders of the mob -took it from him and threw it into the fire, and his age alone -protected him from severe punishment. Nothing, in short, was imbezzled -or diverted, except an old gown or petticoat, thrown at a hackney -coachman's head as a reward for a dutiful Huzza, as he drove by. - -"As to the neighbours, who were at their doors and windows seeing the -whole without the least concern or alarm, there was not probably one -of those who, though as good and as loyal subjects as any his Majesty -has, and as well affected to the peace and quiet of his government, -imagin'd or dream'd there was any spirit of sedition or riotous -designs in these proceedings beyond the open and expressed intention -of destroying these obnoxious houses; and tho' the coolest and -sensiblest doubtless thought the joke was going too far, and wished -even that the Government had interposed sooner, and less faintly, yet -they had not the least notion of any such extraordinary measure of -guilt in their proceedings as would affect life or limb." - -The sailors had now gathered about them, some as lookers on, some as -assistants, a large number of men and boys, and these now moved up the -street in a body, with a bell ringing before them, to the house of one -Peter Wood, a hairdresser, but in bad odour, as keeping a disorderly -house, under the sign of the Star. - -Into this house the mob broke, although Peter Wood offered money if -only they would spare him and its contents. But they were deaf to his -entreaties, and his house was only saved by the arrival of the guards, -who at once proceeded to arrest several persons. Among those they -secured was Bosavern Penlez, or Penlees, son of a clergyman in -Cornwall, who had been put apprentice to a wig-maker in town. - -With him were secured John Wilson, Benjamin Lander, and another, who -shortly after died of gaol-fever in Newgate. All these four, not one -of whom was a sailor, were locked up in prison, and kept there till -the September Sessions, when they were indicted "for that they, -together with divers other persons, to the number of forty and -upwards, being feloniously and riotously assembled, to the -disturbance of the public peace, did begin to demolish the house of -Peter Wood against the form of the statute in that case made and -provided, July the 3rd." - -Against Lander, Peter Wood swore that "he was in the passage of his -house, assisting to break the partition; that that was the first time -of his seeing him; that he broke the window of the bar with his stick; -that he (Lander) was taken upstairs." - -On a cross-examination he averred that he did not see Lander at the -first coming up of the mob to his house; but he asserted that he stuck -fast to him when he saw him in the passage, which was half an hour -before the arrival of the guards. - -Peter Wood's wife swore that Lander had knocked her down, and had -beaten her almost to a jelly. - -Lander, in his defence, proved that between twelve and one o'clock -that night he was going home to his lodgings, when he heard that there -was a riot in the Strand; and that meeting with a soldier who had been -ordered with his detachment to disperse the mob in the Strand, he -persuaded him to enter with him into a public-house and have a drink. -The soldier consented, and then left, and Lander followed to see the -fun, and found the mob retreating to Temple Bar, driven forward by the -guards. Thereupon, according to his own account, he went into Peter -Wood's house to see what mischief had been done, when Wood laid hold -of him, under the notion that he was a straggler left behind of those -who had begun to wreck the house. Happily at that moment in came the -soldier whom Lander had treated to a pint of beer. The evidence of -this soldier was conclusive, and Lander was discharged, after having -suffered imprisonment for over two months. - -It appears evident that Peter Wood's testimony was false; not perhaps -purposely so, but erroneous through his mistaking one man for another -in the excitement of the partial destruction of his house. - -The evidence he gave against John Wilson was that the man knocked him -down, and that Wilson, stooping over him, asked, "You dog, are you not -dead yet?" and that he caught hold of Wilson's hand and kissed it and -prayed for mercy. Moreover, Mrs. Wood testified that she also had -entreated him to stay his hand, and had "held him by the face, and -stroked him." The waiting-man clinched the testimony by swearing that -he also had seen Wilson in the parlour as the settee-bed was being -thrown out of the window, and that he (Wilson) helped to throw the bed -out. John Wilson earnestly protested that a mistake had been made, and -that he was not the man who had done that of which he was accused. He -brought numerous testimonies to his good character; but these availed -not, and he was condemned to death. - -Bosavern Penlez admitted that he had been in Peter Wood's house; he -had been rather tipsy at the time, and had been drawn in to follow the -mob, but he had done no mischief, neither had he joined the rabble -with any evil intent. This availed not; he also was condemned to -death. At the last moment Wilson was reprieved and finally pardoned; -but poor Bosavern was hanged at Tyburn on the 18th October, 1749, at -the age of twenty-three. - -Much feeling had been roused in favour of Penlez, and a petition had -been got up, numerously signed, requesting that he might be pardoned; -but it availed nothing. Then a pamphlet appeared, entitled, _The Case -of the Unfortunate Bosavern Penlez_, published by T. Clement, S. -Paul's Churchyard, 1749. - -As this was widely disseminated, and comments were passed that a -grievous injustice had been committed, Henry Fielding, the magistrate, -published an answer, entitled _A True State of the Case of Bosavern -Penlez_. A. Miller, Strand, 1749. - -According to this, on July 1st the house of one Owen, in the Strand, -had been attacked. Nathaniel Munns, beadle, had tried to stop it, and -two rioters were taken by the constables and conveyed to the prison of -the Duchy of Lancaster Liberty. On Sunday, July 2nd, there was a -recurrence of the riot, outside the beadle's house; the windows were -broken, the bars wrenched away, and the prisoners were released, and -doors and windows of the watch-house were smashed. - -John Carter, constable, gave evidence as to July 1st, that two -wagon-loads of goods had been consumed by fire outside Owen's house. -He appealed to General Campbell, at Somerset House, for assistance, -and the General sent twelve of the Guards, when the rioters retreated, -and began an attack on the house of one Stanhope, throwing stones, -breaking windows, and pelting the soldiers, so that soon forty men of -the Guards had to be despatched to disperse the rioters. - -On Sunday, July 2nd, according to the constable, the mob again -assembled in front of Stanhope's house and demolished its contents. -Mr. Wilson, a woollen draper, and Mr. Actor, of the same trade, -applied for protection, as their shops adjoined the house of Stanhope, -and again soldiers were sent for, who dispersed the mob. - -James Cecil, Constable of St. George's parish, deposed that on Monday, -July 3rd, he was attending prisoners in a coach to Newgate, and he had -difficulty in making his way through the mob; and he saw the rioters -engaged in smashing the windows of a house near the Old Bailey. - -Saunders Welsh, gent., High Constable of Holborn, deposed that on -Sunday, July 2nd, he had received information from Stanhope, as to the -wrecking of Owen's house on the previous night, and of his fears for -his own. On returning that same evening through Fleet Street, he -perceived a great fire in the Strand, upon which he proceeded to the -house of Peter Wood, who informed him that the rioters had demolished -the house of Stanhope, burning his furniture and goods, and that they -threatened to deal in the same manner with his house. Whereupon, he, -Mr. Saunders Welsh, applied at the Tilt-yard for a military force, -which he could only obtain with much difficulty, as he could produce -no order from a Justice of the Peace. At length he procured such -order, and then an officer and forty men were sent to the scene of the -riot. On reaching Cecil Street, he ordered that the drum should be -beaten. When he came up to Peter Wood's house, he found that the mob -had already in part demolished it, and had thrown a great part of its -contents into the street, and were debating about burning them. Had -they done so, the deponent said, it would infallibly have set fire to -the houses on both sides of the street, which at that point was very -narrow, and opposite Wood's house was the bank of Messrs. Snow and -Denne. Hearing, however, the rattle of the drum, and the tramp of the -advancing soldiers, the mob retreated, and it was whilst so retreating -that Bosavern Penlez was arrested, carrying off with him some of the -goods of Peter Wood. - -Penlez and others were brought before Henry Fielding, J. P. for -Middlesex, and were committed to Newgate. This was on Monday. But the -same evening there was a recrudescence of the riots, and four thousand -sailors assembled on Tower Hill with the resolution to march to -Temple Bar. To obviate all future danger, a larger party of soldiers -was called out, and these, along with the peace officers, patrolled -the Strand all night. - -Samuel Marsh, watchman of St. Dunstan's, had apprehended Bosavern -Penlez, as he was making off with a bundle of linen, which he -pretended belonged to his wife. Before he was arrested, the watchman -saw him thrusting divers lace objects into his bosom and pockets, but -he let fall a lace cap. When apprehended, he protested that he was -conveying his wife's property, who had pawned all his clothes, and -that he was retaliating by taking her articles to pawn. - -There were other witnesses against Penlez, and although the evidence -of Peter Wood was worthless, that of the beadles and watchmen sufficed -to show that he had been collecting and making into a bundle various -articles from Wood's house, with the object of purloining them. The -question of Penlez having been in Wood's house was not gone into. -Bosavern in vain called for witnesses to his character. His master, -the peruke maker, declined to put in an appearance and give favourable -testimony; for, in fact, Penlez had been leading a dissipated and -disorderly life. Henry Fielding, in conclusion, says: "The first and -second day of the riot, no magistrate, nor any other higher -peace-officer than a petty constable (save only Mr. Welsh) interfered -in it. On the third day only one magistrate took on him to act. When -the prisoners were committed to Newgate, no public prosecution was for -some time ordered against them; and when it was ordered, it was -carried on so mildly, that one of the prisoners (Wilson) being not in -prison, was, though contrary to the laws, at the desire of a noble -person in great power, bailed out, when a capital indictment was then -found against him. At the trial, neither an Attorney nor -Solicitor-General, nor even one of the King's Council, appeared -against the prisoners. Lastly, when two were convicted, one only was -executed; and I doubt very much whether even he would have suffered, -had it not appeared that a capital indictment for burglary was -likewise found by the Grand Jury against him, and upon such evidence -as I think every impartial man must allow would have convicted him -(had he been tried) for felony at least." - -There had been found on Penlez ten lace caps, four laced -handkerchiefs, three pairs of laced ruffles, two laced clouts, five -plain handkerchiefs, five plain aprons, one laced apron, all the -property of the wife of Peter Wood. It was altogether false that -Penlez was married. Fielding says: "I hope I have said enough to prove -that the man who was made an example of deserved his fate. Which, if -he did, I think it will follow that more hath been said and done in -his favour than ought to have been; and that the clamour of severity -against the Government hath been in the highest degree unjustifiable. -To say the truth, it would be more difficult to justify the lenity -used on this occasion." - -The case of Bosavern Penlez was the more hard and open to criticism, in -that, in the very same year, there was a serious riot in the Haymarket -Theatre, when the Duke of Cumberland, a prince of the blood, had drawn -his sword, and leaping upon the stage, had called on everybody to follow -him. The people, ripe for mischief, were too loyal to decline a prince's -invitation. The seats were smashed, the scenery torn down, and the -wreckage carried into the street, where a bonfire was made of it; and -but for the timely appearance of the authorities the building itself -would have been added to the fuel. For this, no one was hanged. What -was sauce for the goose was not sauce for the gander. - -Reference is made to the case of Bosavern Penlez in Walpole's _Memoirs -of the Last Ten Years of George II_, I, p. 11, and in the _Private -Journal of John Byrom_, published by the Chetham Society, as also in -the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1749. - - - - - SAMUEL FOOTE - - -This dramatic author and player was born at Truro in the year -1721.[17] His father, John Foote, was a magistrate of the county of -Cornwall and commissioner of the Prize office and Fine contract. He -was well descended, deriving from the family of Foote of Trelogorsick, -in Veryan, afterwards of Lambesso, in S. Clements, acquired by bequest -in the reign of Charles II. The arms of the family were, _vert_ a -chevron between three doves _argent_--the doves singularly -inappropriate as the cognizance of Samuel, as that bird was deemed to -be without gall. Bodannan, in S. Enoder, was acquired by the Footes of -Lambesso by purchase. The family did not register its arms and -establish its pedigree at the visitation of the Heralds in 1620, but -that it was gentle admits of no dispute. As no pedigree of the family -has been recorded, it is unknown who was the grandfather of Samuel -Foote, but possibly he may have been the Samuel Foote of Tiverton -whose daughter Elizabeth married, 1691, Dennis Glyn of Cardinham, son -of Nicolas Glyn of Cardinham, M.P. for Bodmin and Sheriff of Cornwall. -Samuel's mother, descended in the female line from the Earls of -Rutland, was daughter of Sir Edward Goodere, Bart., who had two -surviving brothers out of six--Sir John Dinely Goodere, Bart., and -Samuel Goodere, captain of His Majesty's ship _Ruby_. A -disagreement having arisen between the two brothers, Sir John cut off -the entail of his estates and settled them on his sister's family. -This widened the breach, and the brothers had not spoken for years. - -[Illustration: S. Foote] - -Matters were in this train when, by accident, both brothers met in -Bristol in the January of 1741. Samuel was then in command of his -ship, lying in the roads. Sir John was invited to dine with Mr. Jarrit -Smith, an attorney living on College Green, and the captain called on -this gentleman and requested permission to be admitted to his table to -meet his brother, whom he had not seen for a very long time. Mr. Smith -readily acceded to this proposal, and was glad to have the opportunity -of apparently reconciling the brothers. After dinner he left the room -for an hour in order to afford them a better opportunity of completing -the reconciliation. On his return he found them on the most friendly -terms. In this manner they parted at six o'clock in the evening, the -captain taking his leave first. When some half an hour later Sir John -quitted the house, as he was passing the College Green Coffee-house, -on his way to his lodgings, he was fallen upon by a party of the -sailors of the _Ruby_ and the _Vernon_ privateer, with Captain Goodere -at their head; a cloak was thrown over his head to muffle his cries -for help, and he was hurried to a boat, awaiting them in the river, -and conveyed thence on board the _Ruby_. When there, they got him into -the purser's cabin, and the captain, by promises of ample reward, -induced two of his sailors, Matthew Mahony and Charles White, to -strangle him. In order to effect this the captain cut the cord that -attached his escritoire to the floor of the cabin, and himself passed -it round his brother's neck. Then, drawing his sword, he stood -sentinel at the door and bade the two ruffians do their duty. Owing to -the struggles of Sir John and the nervousness of the men, half an -hour elapsed before the baronet was dead. At last, when all was over, -the captain deliberately walked to his brother's body, held a candle -over it to assure himself that he was dead, and exclaimed, "Aye, this -will do; his business is now done." - -Next day the circumstance of a gentleman having been kidnapped on -College Green induced Mr. Smith to make inquiries; when, finding that -the description of the gentleman answered to the person of Sir John -Dinely Goodere, he entertained strong suspicions of foul play shown by -his brother, and he applied to the mayor of Bristol for a warrant to -search the _Ruby_. This was granted, and there the baronet was found -strangled in the purser's cabin, and the captain already secured by -the first lieutenant and two of the men, who had overheard the -conference relative to the murder. - -Captain Samuel Goodere and his two associates were tried at the next -assizes at Bristol on March 26th, 1741, were found guilty of "wilful -murder," and were hanged. - -Thus Mrs. Foote, deriving under the will of her brother Sir John, -became heiress to his estates. - -John Foote had two sons by this lady, Samuel and Edward. The first, -the subject of this memoir, was designed for the Bar; the second for -the Church. This latter was a feeble-minded man, who never obtained -preferment, dribbled away his fortune, and was latterly in great -distress, supported by the liberality of his brother. - -Foote was sent to school as a boy under the worthy Mr. Conon, -head-master of Truro Grammar School. There he was initiated into -Terence's plays, and in acting his part excelled all his -schoolfellows, and it was in consequence of his success within this -little circle that he caught his first inspiration for the stage. - -One of the earliest instances of his jocularity, as practised on his -own father, is related by R. Polwhele in his _Traditions and -Recollections_. Imitating the voice of Mr. Nicholas Donnithorne, from -an inner apartment where his father had supposed that gentleman was -sitting, he drew his father into conversation on the subject of a -family transaction between the two old gentlemen, and thus possessed -himself of a secret, which, whilst it displayed his power of mimicry, -justly incurred his parent's displeasure. - -Mr. Polwhele says: "Those (of the inhabitants of Truro) are gone who -used in his presence to arise trembling with their mirth. Conscious of -some oddnesses in their appearance or character, they shrunk from his -sly observation. They knew that every civility, every hospitable -attention, could not save them from his satire; and, after such -experience, they naturally avoided his company instead of courting it. -Foote, indeed, had no restraint upon himself, with respect either to -his conversation or his conduct. He was, in every sense of the word, a -libertine.... He was certainly a very unamiable character. Polly -Hicks, a pretty, silly, simpering girl, was dazzled by his wit. She -had some property; he therefore made her his wife, but never treated -her as such." - -The father died soon after the establishment of his sons in their -several professions; but the mother lived to the advanced age of -eighty-four. W. Cooke says of her:-- - -"We had the pleasure of dining with her, in company with a granddaughter -of hers, at a barrister's chambers in Gray's Inn, when she was at the -age of seventy-nine; and although she had full sixty steps to ascend -before she reached the drawing-room, she did it without the help of a -cane, and with all the activity of a woman of forty. - -"Her manners and conversation were of the same cast--witty, humorous, -and convivial; and though her remarks occasionally (considering her -age and sex) rather strayed beyond the limits of becoming mirth, she, -on the whole, delighted everybody, and was confessedly the heroine of -that day's party. - -"She was likewise in face and person the very model of her son -Samuel--short, fat, and flabby, with an eye that eternally gave the -signal for mirth and good humour; in short, she resembled him so much -in all her movements, and so strongly identified his person and -manners, that by changing habits they might be thought to have -interchanged sexes." - -After leaving school Samuel Foote received his education at Worcester -College, Oxford, formerly Gloucester Hall, which owed its refoundation -and change of name to Sir Thomas Cooke, Bart., a second cousin of -Samuel. - -The church connected with the college fronted a lane, where cattle -were sometimes turned out to graze during the night, and the bell-rope -hung very low in the middle of the outside porch. Foote one night made -a loop in the cord and inserted a wisp of hay. One of the cows -smelling this seized it, and by tugging at the rope made the bell -ring, and continue to ring at jerky intervals till the hay was -consumed. This produced consternation in the neighbourhood; people ran -out of their houses thinking that there must be a fire somewhere. The -same happened next and the following nights, and it was concluded that -the church was haunted. But Dr. Gower, the then provost, and the -sexton sat up one night and watched, and discovered that this was a -prank of one of the scholars. - -From the University Foote was removed to the Temple, but the dryness -of the law was not to his taste, and he turned to the stage. - -His first appearance was in the part of Othello at the Haymarket -Theatre, February 6th, 1747. But as Macklin said on this occasion, "it -was little better than a total failure. Neither his figure, voice, nor -manners corresponded with the character; and in those mixed passages -of tenderness and rage the former was expressed so whiningly, and the -latter in a tone so sharp and inharmonious, that the audience could -scarcely refrain from laughing." - -Probably he speedily saw that his genius did not lie in the direction of -tragedy, and he soon struck out into a new and untrodden path, in which -he at once attained the two great ends of affording entertainment to the -people and gaining emolument for himself. He opened the Haymarket -Theatre in the spring of 1747 with a piece of his own writing, entitled -_The Diversions of the Morning_. This consisted of a mimicry of the -best-known men of the day--actors, doctors, lawyers, statesmen. Had he -contented himself with this he might not have been interfered with, but -to the piece of mimicry he added the performance of popular farces--and -he had failed to procure a licence. To evade this difficulty he -announced his entertainment as a Concert of Music, after which would be -given _gratis_ his _Diversions_ and a play. - -The managers of the patent houses could not tolerate such an -infringement of their rights. They appealed to the Westminster -magistrates, and on the second night the constables entered the -theatre and dispersed the audience. - -But Foote was not so easily put down. The very next morning he -published the following statement in the _General Advertiser_: "On -Saturday afternoon, exactly at twelve o'clock, at the New Theatre in -the Haymarket, Mr. Foote begs the favour of his friends to come and -drink a dish of chocolate with him, and 'tis hoped there will be a -great deal of company and some joyous spirits. He will endeavour to -make the morning as diverting as possible. Tickets to be had for this -entertainment at George's Coffee House, Temple Bar, without which no -one will be admitted. N.B.--Sir Dilbury Diddle will be there, and Lady -Betty Frisk has absolutely promised." No one knew what this -advertisement meant, and a crowded house was the natural result. When -the curtain rose Foote came forward and informed the audience that "as -he was training some young performers for the stage, he would, with -their permission, whilst chocolate was getting ready, proceed with his -instructions before them." Then some young people, engaged for the -purpose, were brought upon the stage, and under the pretence of -instructing them in the art of acting, he introduced his imitations. - -As he was not interfered with, he changed the hour to the evening and -substituted tea for chocolate. - -He mimicked Quin as a watchman, with deep, sonorous voice calling out, -"Past twelve o'clock, and a cloudy morning"; Delane as a one-eyed -beggar; Peg Woffington as an orange girl, and imitated the unpleasant -squealing tone of her voice; Garrick in his dying scenes, on which he -prided himself. - -As may well be supposed, actors, who are peculiarly sensitive to -ridicule, were offended. When they appeared in a grave play, as for -instance, when Garrick was dying on the stage, the audience laughed, -recalling what they had witnessed at the Haymarket. They complained, -"What is fun to you is death to us," but Foote paid no regard to their -remonstrances; he laughed and pursued his course. He was perfectly -unscrupulous, wholly devoid of delicacy of feeling, and would turn -his best friend and benefactor into ridicule in public. But when, -later, Weston took him off, he was highly incensed, and bided his time -to be revenged on him. - -Next year Foote called his performance "An Auction of Pictures." Here -is one of his advertisements: "At the forty-ninth day's sale at his -auction rooms in the Haymarket Mr. Foote will exhibit a choice -collection of pictures--some new lots, consisting of a poet, a beau, a -Frenchman, a miser, a taylor, a sot, two young gentlemen, and a ghost. -Two of which are originals, the rest copies from the best masters." In -this several well-known characters were mimicked--Sir Thomas Deveil, -then the acting magistrate for Westminster, Cook, the auctioneer, and -orator Henley. To the attractions of his "Auction," in ridicule of the -Italian Opera, he gave a "Cat Concert." The principal performer in -this was a man well known at the time by the name of Cat Harris. -Harris had attended several rehearsals, where his _mewing_ gave great -satisfaction to the manager and performers. However, on the last -rehearsal Harris was missing, and as nobody knew where he lived, -Shuter was deputed to find him, if possible. He inquired in vain for -some time; at last he was informed that he lived in a certain court in -the Minories, but at which house he could not exactly learn. Shuter -entered the court and set up a cat solo, which instantly roused his -brother musician in his garret, who answered him in the same tune. -"Ho, ho! Are you there, my friend?" said Shuter. "Come along; the -stage waits for you." - -Fashion, as usual, flocked to the Haymarket to hear and see its tastes -turned into ridicule. - -At the close of the season (1748) Foote was left a considerable -fortune by a relative of his mother, which enabled him to move in all -that luxury of dissipation which was so congenial to his temper. Then -he departed suddenly for Paris and communicated with none of his -friends. Some supposed him to have been killed in a duel, some that he -had been hanged, some that he had drunk himself to death. But he -reappeared in London at the close of the season of 1752, having -dissipated the fortune left him, but having enriched his mind with -studies made in France. He brought with him a play he had composed, -_The Englishman in Paris_, which was brought out at Covent Garden -Theatre on March 24th, 1753, and it proved a success; so much so, that -Murphy, the dramatic author, wrote a sequel to it, _The Englishman -returned from Paris_, which he had the frankness to show to Foote, who -was his friend. Foote, without a word, without asking leave, -appropriated the plot and characters, and turned out a farce with the -same title before Murphy had placed his. Murphy was, naturally, highly -offended, and produced his play in another theatre, but without great -success, as Foote's play had already taken with the public. - -In the season of 1757 Foote produced at Drury Lane his comedy of _The -Author_, that principally turns on the distresses incident to a writer -dependent on his pen for his daily bread, and on the caricature of a -gentleman of family and fortune, whom he entitled Cadwalader, who -appears ambitious to be thought a patron of the arts and sciences, of -which he is profoundly ignorant. Cadwalader was a caricature of one of -his most intimate friends, a Mr. Ap Rice, a man of fortune and -education, and allied to many families of distinction. At his table, -where Foote was hospitably received, in open and unguarded familiar -discourse, Ap Rice had laid himself open to ridicule. The Welsh -gentleman was stout, had a broad, unmeaning stare, a loud voice, and -boisterous manner, and as he spoke his head was continually turning to -his left shoulder. The farce was performed for several nights to -crowded audiences before Mr. Ap Rice felt the keenness of the satire. -At last the joke became so serious, that whenever he went abroad, in -the park, the coffee-house, or the assembly, he heard himself spoken -of as Cadwalader, and pointed at with suppressed laughter, or heard -quotations from his part in the play: "This is Becky, my dear Becky." -Mightily offended, and really hurt, he applied to Foote to have the -piece suppressed. But this Foote would not hear of--it was drawing -crowded houses. Then Ap Rice applied to the Lord Chamberlain and -obtained an injunction to restrain the performance. - -Dr. Johnson was informed by a mutual friend that Foote was going to -produce an impersonation of him on the stage. "What is the price of a -cane?" asked the doctor. "Sixpence." "Then," said he, "here is a -shilling; go and fetch me the stoutest you can purchase, and tell Mr. -Foote that at his first performance I shall visit the theatre, go on -the stage, and thrash him soundly." - -This was repeated to the mimic, and he deemed it advisable to desist -from _this_ impersonation. - -In _A Trip to Calais_ he threatened to ridicule the notorious Duchess of -Kingston unless bought off. The audacity of his personalities was -astounding, where he thought he could use his gift of mimicry without -being subject to chastisement. In the _Orators_, 1762, he personated, -under the name of Peter Paragraph, a noted printer and publisher and -alderman of Dublin, known as One-legged Faulkener. The imitation was -perfect. The Irishman brought an action for libel against him, and a -trial ensued. But Nemesis of another sort fell on him four years later. -In 1766 he was on a visit to Lord Mexborough, where he met the Duke of -York, Lord Delaval, and others, when some of the party, wishing to have -a little fun with Foote, drew him into conversation on horsemanship, and -the comedian boasted "that although he generally preferred the luxury of -a post-chaise, he could ride as well as most men he knew." He was urged -to join that morning in the chase, and was mounted on a high-spirited, -mettlesome horse belonging to the Duke of York, that flung him as soon -as he was in the saddle, and his leg was so fractured that it had to be -amputated, and its place supplied by one of cork. - -The Duke of York was not a little concerned at the part he had taken -in this practical joke, and to make what amends he could obtained for -him a royal patent to erect a theatre in the city and liberties of -Westminster, from the 14th May to the 14th September, during the term -of his natural life. This was giving him a fortune at one stroke, and -Foote immediately purchased the old premises in the Haymarket and -erected a new theatre on the same ground, which was opened in the May -following, 1767. He made considerable profits, and lodged twelve -hundred pounds at his banker's and kept five hundred in cash. - -But his usual demon of extravagance haunted him. He went to Bath and -fell in with a nest of gamblers, who rapidly swindled him, not only -out of his five hundred, but also out of the sum he had placed with -his banker. Several of the frequenters of the rooms saw that he was -being cheated, and the Right Hon. Richard Rigby, Paymaster of the -Forces, took an opportunity of telling him that he was being -plundered, "that from his careless manner of playing and betting, and -his habit of telling stories when he should be minding his game, he -must in the long run be ruined." Foote, instead of taking this hint in -good part, answered angrily and so insultingly that Rigby withdrew. - -When he had money he spent it in play and profligacy. Three fortunes -had been left him, and he threw all away, and adopted as his motto, -"Iterum, iterum, iterumque." - -His mother, as has been said, had inherited a large fortune, but she -had squandered it and was locked up in the Fleet Prison for debt. -Thence she wrote to her son:-- - - "DEAR SAM, - - "I am in prison for debt; come and assist your loving mother, - - "E. FOOTE." - -To this brief note he replied:-- - - "DEAR MOTHER, - - "So am I; which prevents his duty being paid to his loving mother - by her affectionate son, - - "SAM. FOOTE." - -When bringing out his comedy of _The Minor_ considerable objections were -started to its being licensed, and among other objectors was Secker, -Archbishop of Canterbury. Foote offered to submit the play to him for -revision, with permission to strike out whatever he deemed -objectionable. But the prelate was not to be trapped thus. He knew well -that had he done this, Foote would have advertised its performance "as -altered and amended by his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury." - -Having made a trip to Ireland, he was asked on his return what -impression was made on him by the Irish peasantry, and replied that -they gave him great satisfaction, as they settled a question that had -long agitated his mind, and that was, what became of the cast clothes -of English beggars. - -One evening at the coffee-house he was asked if he had attended the -funeral of a very intimate friend, the son of a baker. "Oh yes, -certainly," said he; "just seen him shoved into the family oven." - -Although he had on more than one occasion applied to Garrick for loans -of a few hundred pounds, this did not deter him from mimicking -Garrick, and when the Shakespeare Jubilee took place at -Stratford-on-Avon, under the superintendence of this latter, Foote was -so jealous and envious of its success, that he schemed bringing out a -mock procession in imitation of it, with a man dressed to resemble -Garrick in the character of the Steward of the Jubilee, with his wand, -white-topped gloves, and Shakespeare medal; whilst some ragamuffin was -to address him in the lines of the Jubilee poet-laureate-- - - A nation's taste depends on you, - Perhaps a nation's virtue too; - -to which the mimic Garrick was to reply by clapping his arms, like the -wings of a cock, and crowing-- - - Cock-a-doodle-doo! - -It was with difficulty that Foote could be deterred from carrying his -scheme into effect. - -But, indeed, he spared no one. He had been separated practically, though -not legally, from his wife, whom to his friends and acquaintances he -spoke of as "the Washerwoman." She was a quiet, inoffensive, worthy -woman; and his friends induced him after a while to allow her to return -to his house. As it chanced, her conveyance was upset on the way, and -she was thrown out and much cut and bruised in her face and person. -Instead of sympathizing with her, he turned the matter into joke with -his boon companions, and said, "If you want to see a map of the world, -go and look at my wife's face. There is the Black Sea in her eye, the -Red Sea in her gashes, and the Yellow Sea in all her bruises." - -Dining once with Earl Kelly at his house at North End in the early part -of the spring, his lordship, who was a _bon vivant_ and had a very red -face, apologized during dinner that he was unable to give the party -cucumbers that day, as none were ripe. "Your own fault, my lord," said -Foote. "Why didn't you thrust your nose into the hot-house?" - -On another occasion, Foote calling on the elder Colman, the dramatist, -heard him complain of want of sleep. "Read one of your own plays," -said Foote. - -Dining one day with Lord Stormont, he noticed the diminutive size of -the decanters and glasses. His lordship boasted of the age of his -wine. "Dear me," said Foote. "It is very little, considering its age." - -A young parson was on his honeymoon. "I'll give you a text for your next -sermon," said Foote: "Grant us thy peace so long as the moon endureth." - -Some one asked Dr. Johnson whether he did not think that Foote had a -singular talent for exhibiting character. "No, sir," replied the -doctor. "It is not a talent, it is a vice. It is what others abstain -from. His imitations are not like. He gives you something different -from himself, without going into other people. He is like a painter -who can draw the portrait of a man who has a wen on his face. He can -give you the wen, but not the man." - -In _The Mayor of Garratt_ Foote took off and held up to derision the -old Duke of Newcastle, under the name of Matthew Mug. Of the Duke he -was wont to say that he always appeared as if he had lost an hour in -the morning and was looking for it all day. In _The Patron_ he -satirized Lord Melcombe, but indeed there were few with any -peculiarity of manner or taste or appearance, whom he was able to -study, whom he did not hold up to public ridicule. - -The first time that George II attended the Haymarket _The Mayor of -Garratt_ was on the stage. When His Majesty arrived at the theatre, -Foote, as manager, hobbled to the stage door to receive him; but, as -he played in the first piece, instead of wearing the court dress usual -on these occasions, he was equipped in the immense cocked hat, -cumbrous boots, and all the other military paraphernalia of Major -Sturgeon. The moment the King cast his eyes on this extraordinary -figure, as he stood bowing, stumping, and wriggling with his wooden -leg, George II receded in astonishment, exclaiming to his attendants, -"Look! Vat is dat man--and to vat regiment does he belong?" Even -Samuel's not very bright brother came in for his sneers. Edward Foote -was fond of hanging about the theatre, and frequented the green-room. -Some one asked Samuel who that man was. "He?" replied Foote. "He's my -barber." Somewhat later the relationship came out, and the same person -remarked to him on his having spoken so contemptuously of Edward. -"Why," said Samuel, "I could not in conscience say he was a -brother-wit, so I set him down as a brother-shaver." - -Retribution came on him at last. - -The reason why Foote did not produce his "take-off" of the Duchess of -Kingston as Lady Kitty Crocodile has never transpired. According to one -account, he had threatened to caricature her in the hopes of levying -blackmail on her to stop the production; according to another, he -received threats that made him fear for his life, or at least a public -horse-whipping, if he proceeded, and he altered the character. But he -was very angry, and to be revenged he produced a piece, _The Capuchin_, -which was the original _Trip to Calais_ altered, but his satire was -transferred from the Duchess to her chaplain, named Jackson, whom he -held up to public scorn as Doctor Viper. - -Jackson was furious, and trumped up a vile charge against Foote, by -the aid of a coachman whom the actor had discharged from his service -for misconduct. Foote had made so many enemies that those whom he had -wounded and mortified found the money for a prosecution; and the case -was tried at King's Bench before Lord Mansfield and a special jury. -But it broke down completely, and Foote was acquitted. - -As soon as the trial was over, his fellow dramatist Murphy took a -coach and drove to Foote's house in Suffolk Street, Charing Cross, to -be the first messenger of the good tidings. - -Foote had been looking out of the window in anxious expectation of -such a message. Murphy, as soon as he perceived him, waved his hat in -token of victory, and jumping out of the coach, ran upstairs, to find -Foote extended on the floor, in hysterics. In this condition he -continued for nearly an hour before he could be recovered to any kind -of recollection of himself. - -The charge, and the anxiety of the trial, broke his heart; he never -thoroughly rallied after it, and sold his patent in the Haymarket -Theatre to George Colman on January 16th, 1777. By the terms of this -agreement Colman obliged himself to pay Foote an annuity of sixteen -hundred pounds. - -Having in some degree recovered his health, he was advised by his -physician to try the south of France during the winter; and with this -intent he reached Dover on the 20th October, 1777, on his way to Calais. - -Whilst at Dover, he went into the kitchen of the inn to order a -particular dish for dinner, and the cook, understanding that he was -about to embark for France, began to brag of her powers, and defy him to -find any better _cuisine_ abroad, though, for her part, she said, she -had never crossed the water. "Why cookey," said Foote, "that cannot be, -for above stairs they informed me you have been several times _all over -grease_ (Greece)." "They may say what they like," retorted she, "but I -was never ten miles from Dover in all my life." "Nay, now," said Foote, -"that must be a fib, for I myself have seen you at _Spit-head_." - -This was his last joke. Next morning he was seized with a shivering fit -whilst at breakfast, which increasing, he was put to bed. Another fit -succeeded that lasted three hours. He then seemed inclined to sleep, and -presently with a deep sigh expired on October 21st, 1777, in the -fifty-seventh year of his age. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. - -The authors of the _Biographica Dramatica_ say of his farces "Mr. -Foote's dramatic works are all to be ranked among the _petites pieces_ -of the theatre, as he never attempted anything which attained the bulk -of the more perfect drama. In the execution of them they are sometimes -loose, negligent, and unfinished, seeming rather to be the hasty -productions of a man of genius, whose Pegasus, though endued with fire, -has no inclination for fatigue, than the laboured finishings of a -professed dramatist aiming at immortality. His plots are somewhat -irregular, and their catastrophes not always conclusive or perfectly -wound up. Yet, with all these little deficiencies, it must be confessed -that they contain more of one essential property of comedy, viz. strong -character, than the writings of any other of our modern authors." - -FOOTNOTE: - -[17] Baptized S. Mary's, Truro, Jan. 27th, 1720-1. - - - - - THE LAST LORD MOHUN - - -The first of the family of Mohun known to history came over with the -Conqueror from Normandy, and received the name and title of Sapell, -Earl of Somerset. How the earldom lapsed we do not know, but a Mohun -next appears as Baron of Dunster. Apparently, but not certainly, the -earldom was taken from them by Henry III, for siding against him with -the Barons in 1297. A branch of the family settled at Boconnoc early -in the fifteenth century. In the church of Lanteglos by Fowey is a -brass of William Mohun, who died in 1508. Sir Reginald Mohun, Knt., -was sheriff of Cornwall in 1553 and 1560. He was squire of the body to -Queen Elizabeth, and his son, Sir William Mohun, was sheriff in 1572 -and 1578. His son, Sir Reginald, was created baronet in 1612, and his -grandson John was raised to be Baron Mohun of Okehampton in 1628. -Warwick, the second Lord Mohun, died in 1665, leaving a son, Charles, -third Baron, who married Lady Philippa Annesley, daughter of the Earl -of Anglesea, and by her had a son Charles, fourth Baron, and a -daughter Elizabeth, who died unmarried. He acted as second to Lord -Candish in a duel, where he was wounded in the belly and died soon -after; he was buried October 20th, 1677. - -Charles, fourth Baron Mohun of Okehampton, was married in the first -place to Charlotte, daughter of Thomas Mainwaring. With her he lived -unhappily and was separated from her, nor would he acknowledge the -daughter born to her as being his own child. He had the good fortune, -however, to be rid of her at last, as she was drowned on a passage to -Ireland with one of her gallants. He married secondly Elizabeth, -daughter of Dr. Thomas Laurence, physician to Queen Anne, and widow of -Colonel Edward Griffith. - -[Illustration: _Charles Mohun Lord Mohun._] - -Fitton Gerrard, Earl of Macclesfield, maternal uncle of his first -wife, to make him some amends for his bad bargain, left to Lord Mohun -a good part of his estate. - -Charles, fourth Baron Mohun, was of a contentious nature, and was -involved in several duels. He fought Lord Kennedy on December 7th, 1692. -On October 7th, 1694, a Mr. Scobell, a Cornish M.P., interfered with -Lord Mohun, who was attempting to kill a coachman in Pall Mall. Mohun, -furious at being interfered with, cut Mr. Scobell over the head, and -afterwards challenged him. He was also engaged in a duel with a Captain -Bingham on April 7th, 1697, when he was wounded in the hand. He was next -engaged in a quarrel with a Captain Hill of the Foot Guards, at the -Rummer Tavern on September 14th, 1697; he managed to kill Hill. - -The story of the murder of Mountford the actor by Captain Hill, in -which Lord Mohun was involved as abetter, is given very fully by Sir -Bernard Burke, in his _Romance of the Aristocracy_, 1855, and I will -here condense his account. - -Mrs. Bracegirdle was at the time a very charming actress, with a -delicious voice of remarkable flexibility, and her singing of such a -song as Eccles' "The bonny, bonny breeze" brought down the house; but -the mad song, "I burn, my brain consumes to ashes," as sung by her in -the character of Marcella in _Don Quixote_, was considered one of her -masterpieces. Cibber says that all the extravagance and frantic -passion of Lee's _Alexander the Great_ were excusable when Mrs. -Bracegirdle played Statira; that scarcely an audience saw her that -were not half her lovers without a suspected favourite among them. In -an age of general dissoluteness she bore an immaculate reputation, and -the licentious men about town knew perfectly well that she was beyond -the reach of their solicitations. Mrs. Bracegirdle had a friend, "a -miracle of fine acting," Mrs. Mountford, also a performer at the -Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and became intimate with her. Some of the -malicious, who could ill believe that an actress was virtuous, -supposed that Mrs. Bracegirdle favoured that lady's husband, who was a -good actor of heroic tragedy. - -Among the many admirers of Mrs. Bracegirdle was a Captain Richard -Hill. So infatuated was he with her charms, that he proposed to marry -her; but, when she rejected his offer, he regarded this as an insult, -and supposed that she had been persuaded by Mountford to refuse him. -Hill, in ungovernable wrath, vowed that he would kill the actor who -had dared to tender advice to the beautiful Mrs. Bracegirdle to reject -his offer, and also to carry off his mistress by force. - -At a supper, where were Lord Mohun, Captain Hill, Colonel Tredenham, -and a Mr. Powell, Hill spoke openly of his purpose, and turning to -Powell said, "I am resolved to have the blood of Mountford." Powell, -who was a friend to both parties, took alarm at these words, and -replied that he should certainly inform Mountford of the threat and -caution him to be on his guard. Captain Hill then drew off from him, -and approached Lord Mohun, whom he speedily discovered to be ready to -act as his ally. - -Along with Mohun, Hill now seriously set about the requisite -preparations for carrying out his purpose, which they agreed should -take place the following night. With this view, their first care was -to order a coach to be in waiting for them at nine o'clock in Drury -Lane, near the theatre; but, so as not to attract particular notice, -with two horses only, while a reserve of four more was to be held in -readiness at the stables, to convey Hill and Mrs. Bracegirdle to -Totteridge. That they expected a serious resistance was apparent, for -they not only provided themselves with pistols, but had bribed a party -of soldiers to assist them in the enterprise. - -During the day the confederates dined together at a tavern in Covent -Garden, and talked openly of their intention, before several other -persons who were present. But strangely enough, not a syllable reached -those interested, to give them timely warning. Yet the conversation -was of a nature to excite attention; they discussed the scheme -unreservedly, and Lord Mohun remarked that the affair would cost at -least fifty pounds; to which Hill replied, "If that villain Mountford -resist I will stab him." "And I will stand your friend if you do," -observed Lord Mohun. - -It so happened, however, that Mrs. Bracegirdle did not play that -night, and the confederates learned the fact, as also that she was -supping at the house of a Mr. Page in Princes Street hard by, and -thither, accordingly, they repaired, planting themselves with the -soldiers over against a house occupied by Lord Craven. - -Nine o'clock struck, and still no signs of her for whom they were -watching. They began to think that they must have been misinformed and -ordered the coachman to drive to Howard Street, where Mrs. Bracegirdle -lodged, in the house of a Mrs. Browne. Howard Street is a cross-way -leading from Arundel Street, through Norfolk Street, to Surrey Street, -in the former of which lived Mountford, so that it was not possible for -the actor on his return from the theatre to fail coming upon them. Here, -however, they did not remain long, their suspicions having been excited -by the appearance of several individuals pacing up and down in front of -the lady's lodgings, and these they thought must be spies set to watch -their proceedings. They accordingly returned to their former station by -the house of Mr. Page. At ten o'clock the door opened and that gentleman -issued forth along with Mrs. Bracegirdle, her mother and brother, and -volunteered to accompany them home, an offer they declined, as they said -that they needed no further protection; however, he attended them part -of the way. On coming up Drury Lane they were surprised to see a crowd -about a coach drawn up before the house of Lord Craven, with the steps -down. In this Lord Mohun was seated, with several cases of pistols near -him. Before they had time to inquire into the meaning of this, two of -the soldiers rushed forward, forced Mrs. Bracegirdle away from Page, and -would have dragged her to the coach but that her mother clung about her -neck, in spite of some rough handling by the ruffians. Thereupon up ran -Hill, and he struck at both Page and the old lady with his drawn sword; -but some of the crowd looking on interfered so effectually that he found -himself obliged to withdraw. However, he rallied, and pretending that -there was a disturbance and that the lady was in danger and that she -required safe conduct, he so persuaded Mrs. Bracegirdle that he had no -part in the matter that she allowed him to escort her and her mother to -their home, and Lord Mohun and the soldiers followed as though in -pursuit, Hill occasionally facing round as though to dare them to -approach. - -Upon reaching Howard Street the soldiers were dismissed, as being no -longer required, as it was now deemed impossible to carry out the -original plan of a forcible abduction. - -Just as Hill was about to withdraw, he plucked Page by the sleeve, and -intimated to him that he had a desire to speak with him in private; -but that gentleman, who was eager to be back at his own house, replied -hastily that "another time would do; to-morrow would serve." - -However, no sooner was Mrs. Bracegirdle safe within the house, than -the others, fearing that evil might befall Page, laid hold of him and -drew him within, and closed the door in the face of Captain Hill. - -Instead of having his ardour cooled by his rebuff, the captain became -more wroth, and determined to revenge himself on Mountford; and in -conjunction with Lord Mohun, he continued pacing up and down the -street for two mortal hours with his sword drawn. - -Those within the house being greatly alarmed at their proceedings, -sent Mrs. Browne out to inquire the reason of this. To this they -replied, with the utmost frankness, that they were awaiting the -arrival of Mr. Mountford. As evidence that the besiegers had no -intention of withdrawing, they sent for a couple of bottles of wine, -when the watch came up and asked what they were doing in the streets -at such an hour of the night with drawn swords in their hands. - -These inquiries were cut short at once by Lord Mohun saying, "I am a -peer of the realm; touch me if you dare!" a reply that so staggered -the watch that they slunk away without further question. They had, -however, observed the waiter who brought the wine and they followed -him to the tavern to draw from him an explanation they did not venture -to demand from a nobleman. - -Whilst the besiegers were tipping off their wine, the besieged found -an opportunity for sending a messenger to warn Mrs. Mountford of the -danger threatening her husband and to bid her communicate with him. -Nor was this the only one, a second and perhaps a third were also -despatched to caution him. But unhappily every one of these messengers -failed to reach him, and at midnight he came along the street on his -way homeward without entertaining the least apprehension. - -Lord Mohun was the first to meet and salute the unhappy man, when the -latter expressed his surprise at finding his lordship there at such an -hour. - -"I suppose you have been sent for?" was the curt reply. Mountford -said, No--he was there on his way home from the playhouse. - -"You know all about the lady, I imagine," said Lord Mohun. - -Mountford not understanding the drift of his words said, "I hope that -my wife has given you no offence." - -"You mistake me," said Lord Mohun; "it is Mrs. Bracegirdle that I mean." - -"Mrs. Bracegirdle is no concern of mine," replied Mountford; "but I -hope your lordship does not countenance any ill action of Mr. Hill." - -The conversation was interrupted by the impatient captain, who -suddenly started forward, and exclaiming, "This is no longer the time -for such discourses!" struck Mountford with his left hand, and -immediately ran him through the body. The wounded man did not fall to -the ground at once; he had still, for a moment, sufficient strength -left to draw his sword, though not to use it, when, exhausted by the -effort, he sank upon the ground. - -A cry of murder arose, Hill fled, and the watch came up now from the -tavern where they had been questioning the drawer and imbibing. -Mountford was carried to his own lodgings, where he died, about one -o'clock in the afternoon of the same day, for it was some time after -midnight when the affair took place. - -"The grand jury of Middlesex," says Macaulay, "consisting of gentlemen -of note, found a bill of murder against Hill and Mohun. Hill escaped. -Mohun was taken. His mother threw herself at King William's feet, but -in vain. 'It was a cruel act,' said the King. 'I shall leave it to the -law.' - -"The trial came on in the Court of the Lord High Steward, and, as -Parliament happened to be sitting, the culprit had the advantage of -being judged by the whole body of the peerage. There was then no -lawyer in the Upper House. It therefore became necessary, for the -first time since Buckhurst had pronounced sentence on Essex and -Southampton, that a peer who had never made jurisprudence his special -study should preside over that grave tribunal. Caermarthen, who, as -Lord President, took precedence of all the nobility, was appointed -Lord High Steward. A full report of the proceedings has come down to -us. No person, who carefully examines that report, and attends to the -opinion unanimously given by the judges in answer to a question which -Nottingham drew up, and in which the facts brought out by the evidence -are stated with perfect fairness, can doubt that the crime of murder -was fully brought home to the prisoner. Such was the opinion of the -King, who was present during the trial; and such was the almost -unanimous opinion of the public. Had the issue been tried by Holt and -twelve plain men at the Old Bailey, there can be no doubt that a -verdict of Guilty would have been returned. The Peers, however, by -sixty-nine votes to fourteen, acquitted their accused brother. One -great nobleman was so brutal and stupid as to say, 'After all, the -fellow was but a player; and players are rogues.' All the newspapers, -all the coffee-house orators complained that the blood of the poor was -shed with impunity by the great. Wits remarked that the only fair -thing about the trial was the show of ladies in the galleries. Letters -and journals are still extant in which men of all shades of opinion, -Whigs, Tories, Non-jurors, condemn the partiality of the tribunal." - -On the one hand, the words of the dying man exculpated Mohun from any -share in the actual murder; on the other hand, it is clear from the -uncontradicted testimony of more than one witness, that he was fully -cognizant of Hill's intentions, and that he did not hesitate to -encourage him by his presence through the whole affair. According to -the Attorney-General, his first question, when he surrendered himself, -was, "Has Mr. Hill escaped?" and, upon being answered in the -affirmative, he exclaimed, "I am glad of it! I should not care if I -were hanged for him," his only regret being that Hill had escaped with -very little money about him. He confessed, moreover, to the watch, -that he had changed coats with his friend; the object, of course, was -to throw out the pursuers as much as possible by this slight disguise. - -This is Lord Mohun's portrait as drawn by a not unfavourable hand: -"Charles, Lord Mohun, is the representative of a very ancient family, -but he had the misfortune to come to the title young, while the estate -was in decay; his quality introduced him into the best company, but his -wants very often led him into bad; so that he became one of the -arrantest rakes in town, and, indeed, a scandal to the peerage; was -generally a sharer in all riots; and before he was twenty years old was -tried twice for murder by the House of Peers. On his being acquitted at -the last trial, he expressed his contrition for the scandal he brought -upon his degree as peer by his behaviour, in very handsome terms, and -promised to behave himself so, for the future, as not to give further -scandal; and he has been as good as his word; for now he applies himself -in good earnest to the knowledge of the constitution of his country, and -to serve it; and having a good deal of fine and good sense, turned this -way, makes him very considerable in the House. He is brave in his -person, bold in his expressions, and rectifies, as fast as he can, the -slips of his youth, by acts of honesty, which he now glories in more -than he was formerly extravagant. He was married, when very young, to a -niece of my Lord Macclesfield, who, dying without issue, left him a -considerable estate,[18] which he well improves. The Queen continues him -colonel of a regiment of foot. He is of middle stature, inclining to -fat, not thirty years old." - -However much he may have intended to amend, Lord Mohun was again -involved in a murder, that of a Mr. Coote, a few years later, in -conjunction with the Earl of Warwick; he was, however, pronounced -innocent by the unanimous suffrage of the Peers. - -After this last affair only was it that he amended his ways, and the -author of _The History of Queen Anne_, March 11th, London, 1713, gives -a favourable account of him. "After this last misfortune my Lord Mohun -did wonderfully reclaim; and what by his reading, what by his -conversation with the ablest statesmen, so well improved his natural -parts, that he became a great ornament to the peerage and a strenuous -asserter of the cause of Liberty, and the late Revolution: which last, -however, could not but raise him many enemies; and is, I doubt, the -only reason why his memory is so unfairly, so barbarously treated. -'Tis true, my Lord Mohun, like most men in our cold climate, still -lov'd a merry glass of wine with his friends. But in this he was a -happy reverse to some men, who owe all their bright parts in the -management of affairs to the fumes of Burgundy and Champaign: for he -was exemplarily temperate when he had any business of moment to -attend. He behaved himself so discretely at the Court of Hanover, -whither he accompanyed the late Earl of Macclesfield, whose niece he -had married, that he left an excellent character behind him with the -most serene Elector, and the Princess Sophia, his mother, two allow'd -judges of merit; and when his Highness was to be install'd Knight of -the Garter he appointed the Lord Mohun to be his proxy."[19] - -Party feeling strongly coloured the descriptions given of the -character of Lord Mohun. He was a Whig and zealous advocate of the -claims of the Elector of Hanover, and was consequently obnoxious to -the Tories and Jacobites. In the _Examiner_ he is represented in the -worst light; and is even accused of cowardice; but Bishop Burnet was -able to say no more of him than this: "I am sorry I cannot say so much -good of him as I wish; and I had too much kindness for him, to say any -evil unnecessarily." - -In 1711 the attention of the legislature was drawn to the subject of -duels by Sir Peter King; and after dwelling on the alarming increase -of the practice, obtained leave to bring in a Bill for the prevention -and punishment of duelling. It was read a first time on May 11th, and -was ordered for a second reading in the ensuing week. - -About the same time the attention of the Upper House was also drawn -to the subject in a painful manner. In a debate in the Lords upon the -conduct of the Duke of Ormond in refusing to hazard a general -engagement with the enemy, Earl Pawlet remarked that nobody could -doubt the courage of the Duke. "He was not like a certain general, who -led troops to the slaughter, to cause great numbers of officers to be -knocked on the head in a battle, or against stone walls, in order to -fill his pockets by disposing of their commissions." - -That this was levelled at the Duke of Marlborough no one doubted, but he -remained silent, though evidently suffering in mind. Soon after the -House broke up, the Earl Pawlet received a visit from Lord Mohun, who -told him that the Duke of Marlborough desired some explanation of the -words he had used, as certain expressions employed by his lordship were -greatly offensive to him. He would accordingly be very glad to meet him, -and for that purpose desired him "to take a little air in the country." - -Earl Pawlet did not affect to misunderstand the hint, but asked Lord -Mohun in plain terms whether he brought a challenge from the Duke. -Lord Mohun answered that he considered what he had said needed no -elucidation, and that he himself would accompany the Duke of -Marlborough as second. - -He then took his leave, and Earl Pawlet returned home and confided to -his lady that he was going to fight a duel with the Duke of Marlborough. -The Countess, greatly alarmed for her lord's safety, gave notice of his -intention to the Earl of Dartmouth, who immediately, in the Queen's -name, sent for the Duke of Marlborough and commanded him not to stir -abroad. He also caused Earl Pawlet's house to be guarded by two -sentinels; and having taken these precautions, informed the Queen of -the whole affair. Her Majesty sent at once for the Duke, expressed her -abhorrence of the custom of duelling, and required his word of honour -that he would proceed no further. The Duke pledged his word accordingly, -and the affair terminated, much, doubtless, to the disappointment of -Lord Mohun, who took a delight in these passages of arms. - -We come now to the last duel of Lord Mohun, in which he lost his life -and his title expired. The reader will recall the description given of -it in _Esmond_. - -The Duke of Hamilton, a shuffling Jacobite, had been in constant -correspondence with the Court of S. Germain's, and with the numerous -agents of the Pretender kept scattered about in various parts of the -Continent and in England. Even before Mrs. Masham and Harley had -undermined the Whig ministry, Hamilton had been an acceptable visitor -at the Court of S. James's; but since the Tory party had got the upper -hand, he had been closeted far more frequently with the Queen than -before; and now he was appointed to represent Queen Anne at the French -Court. Burnet says: "The Duke of Hamilton being now appointed to go to -the Court of France gave melancholy speculation to those who thought -him much in the Pretender's interest; he was considered, not only in -Scotland, but here in England, as the head of his party." A few days -before he left for Versailles, his career was cut short. He had been -engaged in some law-suits with Lord Mohun over the succession to the -estates of the Earl of Macclesfield, and this, together with political -animosity, inflamed both these noblemen with deadly hatred towards -each other. Mohun took an occasion that offered of publicly insulting -the Duke, in the hope of making him the challenger. His Grace, -however, had too much contempt for the known character of the man to -enter into an idle dispute with him, especially at a time when he was -invested with the sacred character of ambassador. He relied on his own -reputation with the world to bear him out in declining to notice such -an affront, offered at such a time, and committed, as the Tories -asserted, under the influence of drink. - -The circumstances of the insult were these. On Thursday, November 13th, -a party was assembled at the chambers of Mr. Orlebar, a master in -Chancery, when the Duke made some reflections on Mr. Whitworth, father -of the Queen's late ambassador to the Czar; whereat Lord Mohun roared -out that the Duke had neither truth nor justice in him. "Indeed, he has -just as much truth in him as your Grace!" The Duke of Hamilton made no -reply; and both parties remained at the table for half an hour after -this outbreak; and at parting Hamilton made a low bow to Mohun, who -returned the civility, so that none of those there present suspected any -consequence from what had passed between the two peers. - -But Lord Mohun had determined to fight his private and political -adversary, and although he was the offender he next day sent a -challenge to the Duke by the hand of a friend, General Maccartney. In -the evening of the 14th the Duke, accompanied by Colonel John -Hamilton, went to meet General Maccartney at the Rose Tavern, in one -room, whilst in the adjoining Lord Mohun awaited Colonel Hamilton. -Then and there the time and place of the duel were agreed upon. On -Sunday morning, November 15th, at seven o'clock, Lord Mohun with his -second, General Maccartney, went in a hackney-coach to the lodge of -Hyde Park, where they alighted, and were soon after met by the Duke -of Hamilton and his second, Colonel Hamilton. They all jumped over a -ditch into a place called the Nursery. It is said that Lord Mohun did -not wish that the seconds should bear a part in the engagement, but -the Duke insisted, saying that "Mr. Maccartney should have a share in -the dance." But the spirit of party so completely seized hold of the -subject as to make it difficult to ascertain what were the real facts. - -It is said on one side that the Duke was from the first very unwilling -to fight, and even at the last moment would have consented to a -reconciliation. According to the evidence given by Colonel Hamilton at -the inquiry on November 25th, early in the morning of the 15th, before -he was half dressed, the Duke called at his house and hurried him into -his chariot "so soon that he finished the buttoning of his waistcoat -there. By the time they had got into Pall Mall the Duke observed that -the Colonel had left his sword behind him; whereupon he stopt his -chariot and gave the footman a bunch of keys and orders to fetch a -mourning sword out of such a closet. At the return of the footman they -drove on to Hyde Park, where the coachman stopt, and the Duke ordered -him to drive on to Kensington. When they came to the lodge they saw a -hackney-coach at a distance, on which his Grace said, 'There was some -body he must speak with'; but driving up to it and seeing nobody he -asked the coachman, 'Where the gentlemen were whom he had brought?' he -answered 'A little before.' The Duke and the Colonel got out in the -bottom and walked over the pond's head, where they saw the Lord Mohun -and General Maccartney before them. As soon as the Duke came within -hearing he said, 'He hop'd he was come time enough,' and Maccartney -answered, 'In very good time, my Lord.' After this they all jumped over -the ditch into the Nursery, and the Duke turned to Maccartney and -told him, 'Sir, you are the cause of this, let the event be what it -will.' Maccartney said, 'We'll have our share.' Then the Duke answered, -'There is my friend then, he will take his share in my dance.'" - -[Illustration: THE DUEL BETWEEN LORD MOHUN AND THE DUKE OF HAMILTON - -_From a contemporary mezzotint in the British Museum_] - -The Duke is said to have looked about him and remarked to his second, -"How grey and cold London looks this morning, and yet the sky is -almost cloudless." To which the Colonel replied, "It is through lack -of London smoke. London is nothing without its smoke." - -The combat then commenced between the principals, and at a little -distance from them between the seconds. - -The combat between the former was carried on with fury, and the clash of -steel called to the spot the keepers of the Park and a few stragglers -who were abroad there at this early hour--in all about nine or ten. None -of them interfered; they looked on as they might at a cock-fight. - -In a short time the Duke was wounded in both legs, and his sword pierced -his antagonist through the groin, through the arm, and in sundry other -parts of the body. If they had thought little enough before of attending -to self-defence, they now seemed to abandon the idea altogether. Each at -the same moment made a desperate lunge at the other; and the Duke's -weapon passed right through his adversary's body up to the hilt. The -latter, according to one account, shortening his sword, plunged it into -the upper part of the Duke's left breast, the blade running downwards -into his belly. But there is another version of the story. - -Meanwhile the seconds had been engaged, and Colonel Hamilton deposed: -"Maccartney had made a full pass at him, which he, parrying down with -great force, wounded himself in the instep; however, he took that -opportunity to close with and disarm Maccartney, which being done, he -turn'd his head, and seeing my Lord Mohun fall, and the Duke upon him, -he ran to the Duke's assistance; and that he might with the more ease -help him, he flung down both swords; and as he was raising my Lord Duke -up, he saw Maccartney make a push at his Grace"--this was explained to -be over his shoulder--and "he immediately look'd to see if he had -wounded him; but seeing no blood, he took up his sword, expecting -Maccartney would attack him again; but he walked off. Just as he was -gone came up the keepers and others, to the number of nine or ten, among -the rest Ferguson, my Lord Duke's steward, who had brought Bassiere's -man with him; who opening his Grace's breast, soon discovered a wound on -the left side, which came in between the left shoulder and pap, and went -slantingly down through the midriff into his belly. This wound is -thought impracticable for my Lord Mohun to give him." - -Maccartney now took to his heels and fled, and tarried not till he was -secure in Holland. - -Colonel Hamilton remained on the field, and surrendered himself to -arrest. - -An attempt was made to remove the Duke to the Cake House, but he -expired on the grass. Lord Mohun also died on the spot. - -In _The Examiner_, the Tory mouthpiece, the story is thus given: "The -affront was wholly given by Mohun, which the Duke, knowing him to be -drunk, did not resent. But the bravo Maccartney, who depended for his -support on the Lord Mohun, finding his pupil's reputation very much -blasted by those tame submissions, which his Lordship, mistaking his -man, had lately paid to Mr. D'Avenant, judg'd there was no way to set -him right in the coffee houses and the Kit-Cat but by a new quarrel, -and made choice of the Duke, a person of fifty-five, and very much -weaken'd by frequent attacks of gout. Maccartney was forc'd to keep up -his patron's courage with wine, till within a few hours of their -meeting in the field. And the mortal wound which the Duke receiv'd, -after his adversary was run thro' the heart, as it is probably -conjectured, could not be given by any but Maccartney. At least, -nothing can be charged on him which his character is not able to bear. -'Tis known enough, that he made an offer to the late King to murder a -certain person who was under his Majesty's displeasure; but that -Prince disdain'd the motion, and abhorred the proposer ever after. -However it be, the general opinion is that some very black -circumstances will appear in this tragedy, if a strict examination be -made; neither is it easy to account for three great wounds in the -Duke's legs, if he had fair play." - -The sum of L800 was offered by the Government for the apprehension of -Maccartney. - -Such would seem to be the facts, but the Colonel's statement, when -brought before the Council, was somewhat rambling. In the excitement -of the encounter he was not in a condition to judge accurately what -took place. Cunningham, a Whig, says that Hamilton, "being challenged -to a duel by the Lord Mohun, killed his antagonist; but was himself -also killed, as was supposed, by General Maccartney, Mohun's second." -Although the large sum mentioned was offered for the apprehension of -the General, he was safe in the Low Countries. However, some years -later he returned to England and was tried, but the jury gave a -verdict of "Manslaughter" against him. - -A prodigious ferment was occasioned by the duel, and party -recriminations ran high. The stabbing of the Duke to the heart rested -mainly on the allegation of Colonel Hamilton, but at the trial he -prevaricated, and several persons who had seen the combat at a -distance directly contradicted some material points of his testimony. - -Swift, in a letter to Mrs. Dingley on the day of the duel, says: "This -morning, at eight, my man brought me word that the Duke Hamilton had -fought with Lord Mohun and killed him, and was brought home wounded. I -immediately sent him to the Duke's house, in S. James's Square; but -the porter could hardly answer him for tears, and a great rabble was -about the house. In short, they fought at seven this morning. The dog -Mohun was killed on the spot; but while the Duke was over him, Mohun, -shortening his sword, stabbed him in at the shoulder to the heart. The -Duke was helped towards the Cake House by the Ring in Hyde Park (where -they fought), and died on the grass, before he could reach the house; -and was brought home in his coach by eight, while the poor Duchess was -asleep. I am told that a footman of Lord Mohun's stabbed Duke -Hamilton; and some say, Maccartney did so too. Mohun gave the affront, -and yet sent the challenge. I am infinitely concerned for the poor -Duke, who was a frank, honest, good-natured man. I loved him very -well; and I think he loved me better.... They have removed the poor -Duchess to a lodging in the neighbourhood, where I have been with her -two hours, and am just come away. I never saw so melancholy a scene, -for indeed all reasons of real grief belong to her; nor is it possible -for any one to be a greater loser in all regards. She has moved my -very soul. The lodging was inconvenient; and they would have removed -her to another; but I would not suffer it, because it had no room -backwards, and she must have been tortured with the noise of the Grub -Street screamers, singing her husband's murder in her ears." - -But in his _History of the Four Last Years of the Queen_, written in -1713, Swift says: "The Duke was preparing for his journey, when he was -challenged to a duel by the Lord Mohun, a person of infamous -character. He killed his adversary on the spot, though he himself -received a wound; and, weakened by the loss of blood, as he was -leaning in the arms of his second, was most barbarously stabbed in the -breast by Lieutenant-General Maccartney. He died a few minutes after -in the field, and the murderer made his escape." - -It is accordingly very doubtful whether the _coup de grace_ was dealt -by Lord Mohun or by his second. With Lord Mohun, the barony of Mohun -of Okehampton became extinct; but the estate of Gawsworth, in -Cheshire, which he had inherited from Lord Macclesfield, was vested by -his will in his widow, and eventually passed to her second daughter by -her first husband, Anne Griffith, wife of the Right Honourable William -Stanhope, from whom it passed to the Earls of Harrington. - -Boconnoc and the Devon and Cornish estates were sold in 1717 for -L54,000 to Thomas Pitt, commonly called Governor Pitt. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[18] The earl died on November 5th, 1701. - -[19] _History of the Reign of Queen Anne_, Vol. XII, pp. 305-6 (1713). - - - - - THE LAST LORD CAMELFORD - - -Thomas Pitt was the son of a tradesman at Brentford, and he went to push -his fortunes in India as a merchant adventurer. There he obtained a -diamond, thought to be the finest known, and with it returned to -England, where he offered it for sale to Queen Anne, and ultimately sold -it to the Regent Duke of Orleans, for the French nation, for L135,000. - -The Regent and his two successors in the government of France set this -diamond as an ornament in their hats on occasions of state. It was -stolen during the disturbances of the Revolution, but was recovered, -and Napoleon had it placed between the teeth of a crocodile, forming -the handle of his sword. - -With about half the large sum obtained by the sale of the gem, Pitt -purchased the property of the last Lord Mohun in Cornwall, and settled -at Boconnoc. He also bought burgess tenures, giving the right of -franchise at Old Sarum, and represented that place in Parliament. He -had two sons, Robert and Thomas, and Robert succeeded his father at -Boconnoc. He married Harriet Villiers, third sister of John, Earl -Grandison, and died in May, 1727, leaving two sons, Thomas Pitt, and -William, who was afterwards created Earl of Chatham. Thomas Pitt, his -brother, was created Earl of Londonderry, in consequence of his -marrying the heiress of Ridgeway, in which family was the earldom. - -Thomas Pitt, the eldest son of Robert, engaged in political intrigue, -and supported the party of Frederick, Prince of Wales. He married -Christiana, sister of George, first Lord Lyttleton, by whom he had one -son, Thomas, who was created Baron Camelford in 1784, when his first -cousin William Pitt rose to be Prime Minister. Thomas Pitt was aged -twenty-five when he became Baron Camelford, and he died in January, -1793, leaving a son, Thomas Pitt, the second and last Lord Camelford, -and a daughter, married to William Wyndham, Lord Grenville. Thomas -Pitt, son of the first baron, became an object of attention in -Cornwall almost from his birth. - -On the event of his christening, in 1775, Boconnoc was thrown open to -the public, with general feasting and revelries and wrestling. A -silver bowl worth fifteen guineas was the prize of the best wrestler, -and about fifty pounds were distributed among the disappointed and -defeated competitors. - -The education of Thomas Pitt was conducted at Boconnoc under a private -tutor, but having paid a visit to Plymouth at a time when naval -preparations were in full activity, he acquired a desire to go to sea. -However, he was sent to Berne to learn French and German, and then to -the Charter House. As he still manifested a strong desire for the sea, -he was admitted to the Royal Navy as a midshipman, at the age of -fourteen; and he sailed in the _Guardian_ frigate, commanded by Captain -Riou, laden with stores for the colony of convicts at Botany Bay. The -vessel became a wreck, and the commander gave permission to such of the -crew as chose to avail themselves of it to take to the boats and leave -her. But Lord Camelford, together with about ninety, resolved on abiding -with the vessel, with the captain, patching her up and navigating her. - -After a perilous passage in the vessel to the Cape of Good Hope, Lord -Camelford, in September, 1790, arrived at Harwich in the _Prince of -Orange_ packet. - -Undaunted by the privations and hardships he had undergone, he -solicited an appointment on the voyage of discovery conducted by -Captain Vancouver. He accompanied that officer, in the ship -_Discovery_, during part of his circumnavigation, but proved so -troublesome, headstrong, and disobedient to orders as to put Captain -Vancouver under the necessity of placing him under arrest. - -He accordingly quitted the _Discovery_ in the Indian Seas, and entered -on board the _Resistance_, commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham, by whom -he was appointed lieutenant. - -During his absence at sea his father had died, and when he returned to -England it was to succeed to the title and family estates. In October, -1796, he sent a challenge to Captain Vancouver, who replied with -dignity that he had acted according to his duty, to check -insubordination and to preserve discipline. He was, however, perfectly -willing to submit his conduct to the judgment of any flag officer in -His Majesty's Navy, and if the latter considered that he had -overstepped the bounds of what was right, then he would be prepared to -give Lord Camelford the satisfaction he desired. But this proposal did -not at all meet Lord Camelford's views, and he wrote threatening the -captain with personal chastisement. Shortly after, encountering him in -Bond Street, he would have struck him had not his brother interfered. - -Having attained the rank of master and commander, Lord Camelford was -nominated to the command of the _Favourite_, a sloop. That vessel and -the _Perdrix_ were lying in harbour at Antigua on January 13th, 1790, -when Captain Fahil, of the _Perdrix_, was absent on shore, and had -left the charge of the ship to the first lieutenant, Mr. Peterson. - -Lord Camelford then issued an order which Mr. Peterson refused to -obey, conceiving that his lordship was exceeding his authority in -giving a command to the representative of a senior officer. - -The two ships were hauled alongside of each other in the dockyard to -be repaired, and the companies of each vessel collected round their -respective officers on the quay. High words ensued. Then twelve of the -crew of the _Perdrix_ arrived on the spot, armed. Mr. Peterson drew -them up in line, and placed himself at their head, with his sword -brandished in his hand. Lord Camelford at once called out his marines, -and, rushing off, borrowed a pistol from an officer of the dockyard, -and returning, in a threatening voice, asked Mr. Peterson if he still -refused obedience. "I do persist," replied the lieutenant. "You have -no right to issue the order." Thereupon Lord Camelford shot him -through the head, and he expired instantly. Lord Camelford at once -surrendered himself to Captain Watson, of the _Beaver_, sloop. In this -vessel Lord Camelford was conveyed to Fort Royal, Martinique, where a -court-martial assembled on board the _Invincible_. The court continued -to sit from the 20th to the 25th January, when they came to the -decision "that the very extraordinary and manifest disobedience of -Lieutenant Peterson to the lawful commands of Lord Camelford, the -senior officer at English Harbour at that time, and the violent -measures taken by Lieutenant Peterson to resist the same, by arming -the _Perdrix's_ ship's company, were acts of mutiny highly injurious -to his Majesty's service; the Court do therefore unanimously adjudge -that the said Lord Camelford be honourably acquitted, and he is -hereby unanimously and honourably acquitted accordingly." - -After this his lordship reassumed the command of his ship, but for a -short while only, for he threw up his appointment and quitted the -naval profession. His personal appearance while in the service was -marked with eccentricity. His dress consisted of a lieutenant's plain -coat, without shoulder knots, and the buttons green with verdigris. -His head was closely shaved, and he wore no wig over it, only an -enormous gold-laced cocked hat. - -Not long after his return to England, a crazy notion entered the head -of Lord Camelford, that he would go to Paris and assassinate some, if -not all, of the Directory. Accordingly, on the night of Friday, 18th -January, 1799, he proceeded by coach to Dover, where he arrived on the -following morning, and put up at the City of London Inn. After -breakfast he walked on the pier, and engaged a boat to convey him to -Deal. He came to terms with a boatman named Adams, and then confided -to him that he desired to be conveyed not to Deal but to Calais, where -he purposed disposing of some watches and other trinkets, and finally -bargained with him to be put across for twelve guineas. But his -lordship's conduct and manner of speech were so odd, that Adams deemed -it advisable to speak of the matter to Mr. Newport, the collector. -Newport advised that Adams and his brother should keep the -appointment, which was for six o'clock that evening, when he would be -there and investigate the affair. Accordingly, when Lord Camelford -entered the boat, he was arrested, and required to go with Newport to -the Secretary of State's office in London. They found on him, when -taken, a brace of pistols and a long, two-edged dagger. On Saturday, -the 18th January, at eleven at night, he was put in a post-chaise, -and escorted by Newport and the two Adamses to the Duke of Portland's -office, where he was recognized. A Privy Council was at once summoned, -and Mr. Pitt despatched a messenger to Lord Camelford's -brother-in-law, Lord Grenville, to come at once to town. His lordship -was examined along with Newport and the two Adamses, and the Council, -satisfied that he was crazy, discharged him. - -Not long after this, he brought notice upon himself in another sort of -matter. On the night of the 2nd April, 1799, during the representation -of the farce _The Devil to Pay_, at Drury Lane Theatre, a riot took -place in the box-lobby, occasioned by the entrance of some gentlemen -in a state of intoxication, who began to demolish the chandeliers, -when Lord Camelford, as one of the ringleaders, was taken into -custody, charged by a Mr. Humphries with having knocked him down -repeatedly and nearly beaten out one of his eyes. For this he was sued -at the Court of King's Bench, and was condemned to pay L500. - -In town Lord Camelford was incessantly embroiled with the watchmen, -and was either had up before the magistrates, or else obliged to bribe -the constables to let him off. He was a terror and a nuisance to quiet -citizens passing through the streets at night. - -In 1801, when the return of peace was celebrated by a general -illumination, no persuasions of his landlord, a grocer in New Bond -Street, could induce him to have lights placed in the windows of his -apartments. - -Consequently the mob assailed the house and smashed every pane of -glass in his windows. Whereupon his lordship sallied forth, armed with -a cudgel, and fell on the rabble, and was severely mauled by it, -rolled in the kennel, much beaten, and his clothes torn off his back. -As the illuminations were to be continued on succeeding nights, he -hired a party of sailors to defend his house. - -One evening he entered a coffee-house in Conduit Street in shabby -costume, and sat down to peruse the paper. Shortly after a buck of the -first water came up, threw himself into the box opposite, and shouted -to the waiter to bring him a pint of Madeira and a couple of wax -candles. Till these arrived he coolly took to himself Lord Camelford's -candle, set himself to read. - -Lord Camelford shouted to the waiter to fetch him a pair of snuffers, -and then walking into the fop's box extinguished his candle. - -Boiling with rage, the indignant beau roared out, "Waiter! waiter! who -the deuce is that fellow who has insulted me?" - -The waiter, coming up with the pint of Madeira and the desired -candles, replied, "Lord Camelford, sir." - -"Lord Camelford!" shouted the dandy, jumped up, threw down his money, -and bolted without having tasted his Madeira. - -For some time Lord Camelford had been acquainted with a Mrs. Simmons, -who had formerly lived under the protection of a Mr. Best, a friend of -his lordship. Some mutual acquaintance told him that Best had said -something slighting of him to this woman. This so exasperated Lord -Camelford that on March 6th, 1804, meeting Mr. Best in the Prince of -Wales's Coffee-house, he went up to him and said in threatening tones: -"I find, sir, that you have spoken of me in most unwarrantable terms." -Mr. Best replied that he was quite unconscious of having done so. Lord -Camelford, then speaking loud enough for every one present to hear, -declared that he knew well enough what Best had said to Mrs. Simmons, -and that he esteemed him, Best, to be "a scoundrel, a liar, and a -ruffian." - -Best could do no other than send him a challenge, but with it an -assurance that his lordship had been misinformed, as no such words had -ever passed his lips. He expected, accordingly, that Lord Camelford -would acknowledge his mistake, and then all would be as before. But -Lord Camelford would listen to no explanation, and a meeting was -appointed to take place the following morning. - -Lord Camelford went to his lodgings in Bond Street, and there wrote -his will, and added to it the following declaration: "There are many -other matters, which at another time I might be inclined to mention, -but I will say nothing more at present than that in the present -contest I am fully and entirely the aggressor, as well in the spirit -as in the letter of the word. Should I, therefore, lose my life in a -contest of my own seeking, I most solemnly forbid any of my friends or -relations, let them be of whatsoever description they may, from -instituting any vexatious proceedings against my antagonist; and -should, notwithstanding the above declaration on my part, the laws of -the land be put in force against him, I desire that this part of my -will may be made known to the King, in order that his royal heart may -be moved to extend his mercy towards him." - -From this it would appear that Lord Camelford was convinced that he -had made a mistake, and no longer believed that Best had used the -expressions attributed to him. At the same time he was too proud to -admit that he had been mistaken, and submit to make a public apology. - -His lordship quitted his lodgings between one and two on the morning -of Wednesday, the 7th March, and slept at a tavern, with a view to -avoid the officers of the police, should they get wind of the proposed -meeting and prevent it. - -Agreeably to the appointment made by the seconds, Lord Camelford and -Mr. Best met early in the morning at a coffee-house in Oxford Street, -and here again Mr. Best made an attempt at a reconciliation, and -renewed the assurance that he never had uttered the words reported to -have been said by him. "Camelford," said he, "we have been friends, -and I know the unsuspecting generosity of your nature. Upon my honour, -you have been imposed upon by a strumpet. Do not insist on prosecuting -a quarrel in which one of us must fall." - -To this Lord Camelford replied, "Best, this is child's play! the thing -must go on." - -Mr. Best was esteemed the best shot in England, and his lordship -dreaded, should he retract the offensive words used by himself at the -coffee-house, that malicious folk might say he did it out of fear. -Accordingly his lordship and Mr. Best, on horseback, took the road to -Kensington, followed by a post-chaise, in which were the two seconds. -On their arrival at the "Horse and Groom," about a quarter to eight, -the parties dismounted, and proceeded along the path leading to the -fields behind Holland House. The seconds measured the ground, and they -took their station at the distance of thirty paces. Lord Camelford -fired first, but missed his aim. A space of some seconds intervened, -and then Best fired; whereupon Lord Camelford fell. - -The seconds, together with Mr. Best, at once ran to his assistance, -when he is said to have grasped the hand of his antagonist, and to -have said, "Best, I am a dead man; you have killed me, but I freely -forgive you." - -The report of the pistols had attracted attention, and several persons -were seen running up, whereupon Best and his second got into the -post-chaise and drove off at a gallop. - -One of Lord Holland's gardeners now approached, and Lord Camelford's -second ran to summon a surgeon, Mr. Thompson, of Kensington, and bring -him to the spot. - -Meanwhile the gardener hallooed to his fellows to stop the -post-chaise; but the dying man interposed, saying "that he did not -wish them to be arrested; he was himself the aggressor, and he forgave -the gentleman as he trusted that God would forgive him." - -Meanwhile a sedan-chair was procured, and his lordship was conveyed to -Little Holland House, the residence of a Mr. Ottey, and a messenger -was despatched to the Rev. W. Cockburne, Lord Camelford's cousin, to -inform him as to what had taken place. That gentleman at once -communicated with the police, and then hurried to his noble relative. -By this time others had arrived, Mr. Knight, the domestic surgeon of -his lordship, and his most intimate friend, Captain Barrie. The wound -was examined, and was pronounced to be mortal. - -Lord Camelford continued in agonies of pain during the whole day, when -laudanum was administered, and he was able to obtain some sleep during -the night, so that in the morning he felt easier. - -During the second day his spirits revived, and he conversed with those -about his bed. The surgeons, however, could not give the smallest hope -of recovery. To the Rev. W. Cockburne, who remained with him till he -expired, his lordship expressed his confidence in the mercy of God; -and he said that he received much comfort from the reflection that he -felt no ill-will against any man. In the moments of his greatest pain -he cried out that he trusted the sufferings he endured might be -accepted as some expiation for the crimes of his life. - -He lingered, free from acute pain, from Thursday till Saturday -evening, about half-past eight, when mortification set in and he -breathed his last. - -On the evening of his decease an inquest was held on the body, and a -verdict of wilful murder returned against "some person or persons -unknown." - -Thereupon a bill of indictment was preferred against Mr. Best and his -second, but this was ignored by the grand jury. - -As Thomas, the second Baron Camelford, died without issue, Boconnoc -passed to his sister, Lady Grenville. - -A life of Lord Camelford, with portrait, was published in London -(Mace, New Russell Court, Strand), 1804. - -The Rev. W. Cockburne also wrote _An Authentic Account of the late -Unfortunate Death of Lord Camelford_, London (J. Hatchard), 1804. As -in this he animadverted on the negligence of the magistrates in not -preventing the duel, Mr. Cockburne was answered by one of them, Philip -New, in _A Letter to the Rev. Wm. Cockburne_, London (J. Ginger, -Piccadilly), 1804. - - - - - WILLIAM NOYE - - -Cornwall has no great cause to boast of William Noye as her son. He -was undoubtedly a shrewd, subtle, and learned lawyer; but he was -wholly without principle and consistency. - -He was the son of Edward Noye, of Carnanton, in Mawgan parish, and -grandson of William Noy, or Noye, of Pendrea, in Buryan. He was born at -this latter place, it is asserted, in 1577. In 1593 he entered Exeter -College, Oxford, and thence removed to Lincoln's Inn to study common -law. He represented Grampound in Parliament 1603-14, Fowey 1623-5, S. -Ives 1625-7, Helston 1627-31. In Parliament he proved himself an able -and determined opponent to the encroachment of the Royal prerogative. -Hals says: "In the beginning of the reyne of King Charles I he was -specially famous for beinge one of the boldest and stoutest champions of -the subjects' liberty in Parliament that the western parts of England -afforded; which beinge observed by the Court party, Kinge Charles was -advised by his Cabinet Councill that it wold be a prudent course to -divert the force and power of Noye's skill, logick, and rhetorique -another waye, by givinge him som Court preferment. Whereupon Kinge -Charles made him his Attorney-General, 1631, by which expedient he was -soon metamorphized from an asserter of the subjects' liberty and -property to a most zealous and violent promoter of the despotick and -arbitrary prerogative or monarchy of his Prince; soe that like the -image of Janus at Rome, he looked forward and backward, and by means -thereof greatly enriched himself.--Amongst other things, he is reflected -upon by our chronologers for beinge the principal contriver of the -ship-money tax, layd by Kinge Charles upon his subjects for settinge -forth a navye, or fleet of shipps at sea, without the consent of Lords -or Commons in Parliament, which moneys were raysed by writt of the -sheriffs of all countys and commissioners, and for a long tyme brought -into the exchequer twenty thousand pound per mensem, to the greate -distast of the Parliament, the layety, and clergye, who declard against -it as an unlawfull tax." - -Noye's appointment as Attorney-General was on October 27th, 1631. He was -not the only one who was a turncoat. Sir Thomas Wentworth, afterwards -created Earl of Strafford, Sir Dudley Digges, and Littleton also -apostatized. Wentworth, the most renowned of the set, after being one of -the sturdiest of the reformers and boldest declaimers in the House of -Commons--after suffering imprisonment for refusing to contribute to the -forced loan--this eminent person, a gentleman of Yorkshire, who boasted -his descent, by bastardy, from the royal line of the Plantagenets, out -of a very ignoble rivalry and an ambition for rank and title (even his -friends could discover no purer motives), sold himself body and soul to -the Court. Sir Dudley Digges, though a spirited debater and a man of -talent, had been known for some time to be without principle, and, upon -being offered the post of Master of the Rolls, he closed at once with -the bargain and turned round upon his former friends. - -Noye and Littleton were both distinguished lawyers. Noye's _Treatise -of the Principall Grounds and Maximes_ _of the Laws of this -Kingdom_ has gone through numerous editions down to 1870. His -_Compleat Lawyer_ has also been republished frequently. Noye as -Attorney-General, and Littleton as Solicitor-General, now used their -wits and their knowledge to explain and stretch the prerogative, and -they did this apparently without a blush at the recollection of their -previous conduct when they had combated for the rights of Parliament -and the liberties of the people. - -[Illustration: SIR WILLIAM NOYE, ATTORNEY GENERAL TO KING CHARLES THE -FIRST] - -Among Howell's _Familiar Letters_ is one to Sir Arthur Ingram at York. -"Our greatest news here now is, that we have a new Attorney-General, -which is news indeed, considering the humour of the man, how he hath -been always ready to entertain any cause whereby he might clash with -the Prerogative: but now Judg Richardson told him, his head full of -Proclamations and Decrees, how to bring money into the Exchequer. He -hath lately found out amongst the old records of the Tower some -precedents for raising a tax called Ship-Money in all the Port-Towns -when the kingdom is in danger. Whether we are in danger or no, at -present 'twere presumption in me to judg." - -That England needed a fleet to protect her could not be disputed. -Howell admits as much. "One with half an eye may see we cannot be -secure while such large fleets of men-of-war, both Spanish, French, -Dutch, and Dunkirkers, some of them laden with ammunition, men, arms, -and armies, do daily sail on our seas and confront the King's chambers -(guns), while we have only three or four ships abroad to guard our -coast and kingdom, and to preserve the fairest flower of the crown, -the dominion of the Narrow Sea, which I hear the French Cardinal -begins to question, and the Hollander lately would not vail to one of -His Majesties ships that brought over the Duke of Lenox and my Lord -Weston from Bullen (Boulogne); and indeed we are jeer'd abroad that we -send no more ships to guard our seas."[20] - -Dunkirk was peculiarly obnoxious, as it was a nest of pirates that fell -on our small trading vessels, and even Algerines came with impunity to -our coasts and carried off captives as slaves in Africa. The Dutch, -taking advantage of the domestic broils in England, had greatly advanced -their commerce, and were prepared to dispute with England the command of -the Channel. They excluded English vessels from the northern fisheries, -and went so far as to claim and to exercise the right of fishing along -the English coasts. The Navy of France, moreover, was also rapidly -augmented, under the fostering care of Richelieu. - -Hitherto the ports on the coast had contributed towards the defence of -the land and the protection of our shipping, but the inland towns had -been exempted. This was not reasonable, and Charles resolved on -imposing a general tax to provide England with a fleet. He had -recourse to Noye instead of placing the matter before Parliament. - -Noye, says Clarendon, "was wrought upon by degrees by the great -persons that steered the public affairs to be an instrument in all -their designs, turning his learning and industry to the discovery of -sources of revenue, and to the justifying them when found--thinking -that he could not give a clearer testimony that his knowledge of the -law was greater than all other men's, than by making that law which -all other men believed to be not so. So he moulded, framed, and -pursued the odious and crying project of soap, and with his own hand -drew and prepared the writ for ship-money, both which will be lasting -monuments of his fame." - -About the soap monopoly presently. - -The first writ was issued by the Lords of the Council "for the -assessing and levying of the ship-money against this next spring," on -the 20th October, 1634. It was signed by the King, and was addressed -to the mayor, commonalty and citizens of London, and to the sheriffs -and good men in the said city and in the liberties thereof. They were -commanded by the 1st March to provide one ship of war of 900 tons with -350 men at the least, one other ship of war of 800 tons and 260 men at -the least, four other ships of war of 500 tons with 200 men in each, -and another ship of war of 300 tons with 150 men. They were further -ordered to supply those ships with guns, powder, and all necessary -arms, with double tackling, provisions, and stores; as also to defray -at their charges the men's wages for twenty-six weeks. The Common -Council remonstrated, declaring that by their ancient liberties they -ought to be free from any such burden; but the Privy Council rejected -the remonstrance, and compelled submission. - -At the beginning of the following year, 1635, the writs, after having -been served along the sea-board, were sent to the inland counties, but -from them money was asked in lieu of ships at the rate of L3300 for -every ship, and the local magistrates were empowered to assess all the -inhabitants for a contribution. - -In spite of the resistance offered to the exaction of this tax in 1635 -and the following year a fleet was raised, the Dutch fishing vessels -were driven from the coast, and a number of English slaves were -rescued from Moorish pirates. - -Howell wrote to Mr. Philip Warwick in Paris:[21] "The greatest news we -have here is that we have a gallant Fleet Royal ready to set to sea for -the security of our Coasts and Commerce, and for the sovereignty of our -seas. Hans (the Hanseatic League) said the King of England was asleep -all the while, but now he is awake. Nor, do I hear, doth your French -Cardinal tamper any longer with our King's title and right to the -dominion of the Narrow Seas. These are brave fruits of the Ship-Money." - -The King was still in great straits for money, and he turned for help -to Noye. The Parliament had insisted on the suppression of monopolies, -but Charles revived them by Noye's advice; and for the sum of L10,000 -which they paid for their patent, and for a duty of L8 upon every ton -of soap they should make, he granted to a company a charter according -to it the exclusive privilege to make and to sell soap. The patent had -a proviso in it permitting every soap-boiler then exercising his trade -in England to become a member of the chartered company; and that -precious turncoat, Noye, who devised the project, considered that in -this way he had evaded the letter of the law, as the Act of Parliament -forbidding monopolies had been directed against individuals and -against some two or three monopolists favoured by the Court. These -incorporated soap-boilers, as part of their bargains, received powers -to appoint searchers; and they exercised a sort of inquisition over -the trade. Such dealers as resisted their interference, or tried to -make soap on their own account, were handed over to the tender mercies -of the Star Chamber. - -This precedent was followed by the creation of a similar company of -starch-makers. - -The King and Laud, who had been promised the primacy on the death of -Archbishop Abbot, were embarked together on an evil course. Laud -believed in the Divine Right of Kings, and he was a man totally devoid -of suavity of manner and of breadth of mind. He would compel all men to -think as he thought, and act as he chose. That wheat and tares should -grow together till the harvest was a doctrine of the Gospel he could not -comprehend, and his energies and power were directed towards the -forcible uprooting of the tares in the field of the Church, and the -tares were the heterodox Puritans. Between him and the King they would -allow no liberty to men either in their bodies and goods, or in their -souls and consciences. That there should be crabbed and crooked sticks -Laud would not allow; all must be clean and straight as willow wands. To -the civil despotism alone as exercised by Charles, the English people -might possibly have submitted for some time longer, for the ship-money -had produced the desired effect; but the scourge of Laud lashed them to -fury. And Noye was the scourge Laud employed in the Star Chamber. Hammon -Le Strange, in his _Life of King Charles I_, says that Noye became so -servilely addicted to the King's prerogative, by ferreting out old penal -statutes and devising new exactions, that he was the most pestilential -vexation of the subject that the age produced. - -When William Prynne, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, was brought (1634) -before the Star Chamber to answer for his book _Histrio-Mastix, or the -Players' Scourge_, it was Noye who filed information against him. -Prynne attacked all plays, masques, and dances. The offence charged -against him was this: "Although he knew that His Majesty's royal -Queen, the Lords of the Council, etc. were in festivals oftentimes -present spectators of some masques and dances, and many recreations -that were tolerable and in themselves sinless, and so declared to be -by a book printed in the time of His Majesty's royal father; yet Mr. -Prynne, in his book, hath railed not only against stage-plays, -comedies, dancings, and all other exercises of the people, and against -all such as frequent or behold them; but further, in particular, -against hunting, public festivals, Christmas-keeping, bond-fires, and -May-poles; nay, even against the dressing up of houses with green -ivy." He was further accused of directly casting aspersions upon the -Queen, and of stirring up the people to discontent against the King, -whom he had spoken of in "terms unfit for so sacred a person." - -The whole tenor of the book, according to Noye, was not less against -the Church of England than against these amusements, and their Sacred -Majesties for countenancing them. "The music in the Church," said the -Attorney-General, "the charitable terms he giveth it is, not to be a -noise of men, but rather a bleating of bruit beasts; choristers bellow -the tenor as it were oxen, bark a counter-point as a kennel of dogs, -roar out a treble like a sort of bulls, grunt out a bass as it were a -number of hogs ... also his general censure of all the bishops and of -all the clergy; they scorn to feed the poor--these silk and satin -divines. Very charitable terms upon those of the Church. Christmas, as -it is kept, is a devil's Christmas--nay, he doth bestow a great number -of pages to make men affect the name of Puritan, as though Christ were -a Puritan, and so he saith in his Index." - -The fact was Prynne was a narrow-minded, cantankerous fanatic, whose -only idea of religion was of an acrid nature, and who looked upon all -entertainments as wicked. He complained that forty thousand playbooks -had been sold in London, and that there was no keen demand for printed -sermons; that Ben Jonson's plays and poems had been published on -better paper than Bibles. - -Instead of treating Prynne, as a religious maniac, with good-humoured -contempt, he was sentenced by the Star Chamber to pay L10,000, be -branded on the forehead, have his nostril slit, and his ears cropped. -This infamous sentence was executed, and then Prynne was sent to the -Fleet, where he was to endure imprisonment till he retracted and -apologized. So far from apologizing, he sent from the Fleet to Laud a -stinging letter about the Star Chamber sentences, which letter Laud -showed to the King, and then, by the King's command, showed it to -Noye. Noye had Prynne forthwith brought to his chamber, exhibited the -letter, and asked him whether he acknowledged his handwriting. Prynne -replied that he could not tell unless he were allowed a close -inspection of it. The letter being then placed in his hands, and Mr. -Attorney Noye having retired to his closet for a pressing necessity, -Prynne, when his back was turned, tore it to shreds and threw the -scraps out of the window. Noye then brought Prynne again before the -Star Chamber, but Laud now interfered, and urged that the matter of -the insulting letter might not be pressed against him. - -In 1636, as soon as he could get hold of ink and paper, this -incorrigible pamphleteer published fresh attacks on the bishops, among -others _News from Ipswich_, under the name of Matthew White. He was -again dragged before the Star Chamber, and was fined L5000 and ordered -to lose the rest of his ears, to be branded on both cheeks with "S. -L." for "Seditious Libeller." Noye, however, had no part in this final -persecution; nor did he live to see the results to the King of the -course he had recommended and which had been pursued. - -His health began to fail, and he went to Tunbridge Wells to drink the -waters. They, however, did him no good, and he died on the 9th August, -1635, at the Wells, and was buried in New Brentford Church on the -ensuing 11th August. - -Howell, in a letter to Viscount Savage dated 1st October, 1635, wrote: -"The old steward of your Courts, Master Attorney-General Noy, is -lately dead, nor could Tunbridge Waters do him any good. Though he had -good matter in his brain, he had, it seems, ill materials in his body, -for his heart was shrivelled like a leather penny-purse when he was -dissected, nor were his lungs found. - -"Being such a Clerk in the Law, all the world wonders he left such an -odd will, which is short and in Latin. The substance of it is, that he -having bequeathed a few Legacies, and left his second son one hundred -marks a year, and nine hundred pounds in money, enough to bring him up -in his Father's Profession, he concludes: _Reliqua meorum omnia -primogenito meo Edwardo, dissipanda nec melius unquam (speravi) lego_: -I leave the rest of my goods to my firstborn Edward (mistake for -Humphry), to be consum'd or scattered (for I never hoped better). A -strange, and scarce a Christian Will, in my opinion, for it argues -uncharitableness. Nor doth the world wonder lesse, that he should -leave no Legacy to some of your Lordship's children, considering what -deep obligations he had to your Lordship; for I am confident he had -never bin Attorney-General else." - -Hals tells this story of Noye: "The Attorney-General on a day havinge -King Charles I and the principal officers and nobilitie of his court, -at a dinner at his house in London, at which tyme the arch poet Ben -Jonson, and others being at an inne, on the other side the street; -and wantinge both meate and money for their subsistance, at that -exigent resolved to trye an expedient, to gett his dinner from the -Attorney-General's table, in order to which, by the landlord of the -inne aforesaid, he sent a white timber plate or trencher to him, when -the King was sate downe to table, whereon was inscribed these words:-- - - When the world was drown'd - Nor deer was found, - Because there was noe park; - And here I sitt, - Without e're a bitt, - Cause Noah hath all in his Arke. - -Which plate beinge presented by the Attorney-Generall to the Kinge, -produced this effect; that Jonson had a good dish of venison sent him -back by the bearer to his great content and satisfaction, on which -aforesaid plate, by the King's direction, Jonson's rhymes were thus -inverted or contradicted:-- - - When the world was drown'd - There deer was found, - Although there was noe park; - I send thee a bitt, - To quicken thy witt, - Which com' from Noya's Ark. - -William Noye anagram, I Moyle in law. He was the blowcoal incendiary -or stirrer up of the occasion of the civill wars between Kinge Charles -and his Parliament, by assertinge and setting up the King's -prerogative to the highest pitch, as King James I had done before, -beyond the laws of the land as aforesaid. And as counsill for the -Kinge he prosecuted for Kinge Charles I the imprisoned members of the -House of Commons, 1628, viz. Sir John Ellyot, Mr. Coryton and others." - -Noye died in 1638. Hals adds: "He had the principal hand in the most -oppressive expedients for raising money for the King, and seems not to -have had the least notion of public spirit. He was, in a word, a man -of an enlarged head and a contracted heart." - -His portrait, formerly possessed by Davies Gilbert,[22] has been -engraved in Polwhele's _Biographical Sketches in Cornwall_. The eldest -son, Edward, was killed in a duel by Captain Byron in France in 1636, -and then Carnanton passed to his brother Humphrey, a colonel in King -Charles' army, and Commissioner of the Peace for the County of -Cornwall. He married Hester, daughter of Henry Sandys, and sister and -coheiress of George Lord Sandys of the Vine. He was as worthless a -fellow as his elder brother Edward, and William Noye, the father, -foresaw the ruin of the family estates to whichever of his sons they -fell; for, in default of male issue, they were to go to Humphrey Noye, -not Edward as Howell states. Humphrey by his bad conduct, riot and -excess, lost all the estate left him by his father except Carnanton, -and for many years lived on the charity of his friends and on -dishonest tricks; for being a magistrate and generally chairman at the -sessions, he took bribes to pervert judgment; acquitting felons, etc., -till at last he was detected and struck out of the Commission. Hals -says: "After which growinge scandalous for these and other -misdemeanours, he was slighted by his former friends, and put to great -hardships to get a subsistance necessary for the life of man (his -creditors beinge upon mortgages in possession of his whole estate). -However, it happened some time before his death, that upon puttinge -his hand and seale with his creditors for conveying the manor of Amell -and Trylly in Penwith to his son-in-lawe, Mr. Davies, on marrying -with his daughter Katherine, he had by them pay'd him in cash L100 in -consideration thereof. Soon after the receipt of which money he -sicken'd and dyed at Thomas Wills' house in S. Colomb Towne, and left -L80 in cash, about the yeare 1683; which was more money than he was -possest of at one tyme for about twenty yeares before; and the last -words that he was heard to speake, as his soule passed out of this -life, was: 'Lord, where am I goinge now?'" - -Humphrey Noye had two sons, but both predeceased him and died without -issue. His daughter Hester married Henry Davies, of Buryan, and had by -him a son, William, who left issue two daughters only. - -Catherine, the second daughter, married in 1679 William Davies, of -Bosworgy, who by her left issue John Davies of Ednovean, whose -daughter Catherine married the Rev. Edward Giddy, whose son Davies -Giddy assumed the name and arms of Gilbert. - -The third daughter, Bridgeman, married John Willyams, of Roxworthy, -but died childless. After her death Willyams married Dorothy, daughter -of Peter Daye, gent., and by her had issue, and the family of Willyams -to this day possesses Carnanton. - -The arms of Noye are _azure_, three crosses crosslets, in bend, -_argent_. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[20] _Familiar Letters_, ed. 1678, p. 233. - -[21] _Familiar Letters_, p. 239. It is wrongly dated, June, 1634, in -place of 1636. The dates to the letters were in many cases arbitrarily -assigned by the publisher. - -[22] Now by Carew Davies Gilbert, Esq., of Trelisseck. - - - - - WILLIAM LEMON - - -William Lemon was the son of a William Lemon, of Germoe, in humble -circumstances; he was baptized at Breage, 15th November, 1696; his -mother's maiden name was Rodda. As a lad he obtained a smattering of -knowledge at a village school, sufficient to enable him to enter an -office as clerk to a Mr. Coster. The story was told of him that as a -boy he had formed one link of a living chain, which, connected only by -the grasp of their hands, extended itself into a tremendous surf, and -rescued several persons who had been shipwrecked. - -Whilst still young he became manager of a tin-smelting house at -Chiandower, near Penzance, and speedily acquired a great knowledge of -mining in Cornwall. In 1724 he married Isabella Vibert, of -Tolver-in-Gulval, and with her received a sufficient fortune[23] to -enable him to indulge in speculations in mines, and these turned out -so happily that he embarked still further in mining ventures. He was -the first who conceived the project of working the mines upon a grand -scale, and not of running them by small bands of adventurers. A new -era in mining opened with the introduction of the steam-pump, and the -first, invented by Newcomen, of Dartmouth, was used in the Great Work -at Breage. William Lemon associated with himself George Blewett, of -Marazion, and a Mr. Dewin, and these three commenced working a mine on -a farm called Truvel, in Ludgvan, the property of Lord Godolphin, and -named Wheal Fortune, where the second steam-engine was employed. - -[Illustration: _Engraved by J M Meys_ - -_To Sir William Lemon Bart. M.P. for Cornwalle_ - -_This Plate of his_ Grand-Father - -William Lemon Esq^r. - -is inscribed by R. POLWHELE] - -Mr. Lemon is said to have realized L10,000 out of Wheal Fortune, and -this enabled him to extend his operations. He removed to Truro, and -commenced working the great Gwennap Mines on a scale unprecedented in -Cornwall. Carnan Adit was either actually commenced, or at least was -effectively prosecuted, by Mr. Lemon; and as his means increased he -soon became the principal merchant and tin-smelter in Cornwall. - -But he was keenly alive to his deficient education. He was shrewd, -could calculate, but had no knowledge of English literature, and his -spelling was remarkable. However, he set vigorously to work to correct -his defects, and late in life placed himself under the tuition of Mr. -Conon, master of the Truro Grammar School, and even acquired a -certain--not, certainly, very extensive--knowledge of Latin. - -Mr. Lemon had a favourite tame Cornish chough that would always obey -his call. If he were walking on Truro Green, or through the streets, -the chough would fly to him instantly at his whistle, though it had -been associating with other birds or perched on a house-top. - -It so happened that John Thomas, afterwards the Warden of the -Stannaries, but then a boy at Conon's school, taking his gun, contrary -to the rules of the school, and going out shooting, unluckily killed the -chough. This produced a great outcry, and when he was told that this was -Mr. Lemon's favourite bird, he strongly suspected that the least -punishment he would receive would be a flogging from his schoolmaster -and a hiding as well from Mr. Lemon. But Thomas took courage, went to -Mr. Lemon's house, knocked at the door, was admitted to Mr. Lemon, and -trembling and in tears confessed what he had done. Mr. Lemon paused a -moment, and then said that he was sorry for the poor bird, but freely -forgave the little delinquent on account of his candour in acknowledging -his fault, and more than that, he promised to keep it a secret, and if -it should reach Conon's ears, would intercede for him. - -In 1742 he was Sheriff for the county. He became one of the Truro -magistrates, and might, had he cared for it, have been elected as a -member for one or other of the Cornish boroughs. - -He was author of a lucid argument written to Sir Robert Walpole to -obtain the withdrawal of a tax levied on coals, and which acted -prejudicially on the Cornish mines. The presentation of this memorial -is thought to have been instrumental in obtaining for him, from -Frederick, Prince of Wales, a grant of all minerals found in Cornwall, -with the exception of tin; and the Prince likewise sent him a present -of silver plate. - -He bought Carclew in 1749, and died at Truro, 25th March, 1760, in the -sixty-third year of his life. - -He and his wife had one son only, William Lemon, junior, who died some -years before his father, leaving two sons and a daughter. The elder, -Sir William Lemon, Bart.,[24] represented the county of Cornwall in -Parliament during fifty years. - -As an instance of the respect paid to the genius, and above all the -wealth of Mr. Lemon, the people of Truro are said to have drawn back -from their doors and windows as he passed through the street, and the -Rev. Samuel Walker, when exhorting children at catechizing to be -circumspect in the presence of Almighty God, said: "Only think, dear -children, how careful you would be if Mr. Lemon were looking upon you." - -Sir William's eldest son, Major William Lemon, shot himself at Princes -Street, Hanover Square, London, early in 1799, when a young man of -only twenty-five. - -The baronetcy is now extinct, and Carclew is the residence and -property of Captain W. Tremayne. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[23] It came to her by bequest of her godmother, Mrs. Elizabeth Noles, -who had acquired a fortune by business at Chiandower. - -[24] Created Baronet 3rd May, 1774. - - - - - SAMUEL DREW - - -The life of Samuel Drew was written by his eldest son, and published -by Longman, Rees, and Co. in 1834. It is a volume of 534 pages, and -probably few would be disposed to wade through it. Of his early days -by far the brighter account is that furnished by himself to Mr. R. -Polwhele; but the son supplies some anecdotes that may be quoted. - -"I was born on the 3rd March, 1765, in an obscure cottage in the -parish of S. Austell, about a mile and a half distant from the town. -My father was a common labourer, and had through mere dint of manual -labour to provide for himself, a wife, and four children, of whom I -was the second. One child died in infancy, and at the age of nine -years[25] I had the misfortune to lose my mother." Rather more than a -year before the death of Mrs. Drew, Samuel was set to work at a -neighbouring stamping-mill as a _buddle-boy_, and for his services his -father received three-halfpence a day, but this was raised later to -twopence, the largest sum Samuel realized in that employment, though -he continued to work at it for more than two years. - -[Illustration: SAMUEL DREW] - -Not long after the death of his wife, Samuel's father took a woman named -Bate into the house, to act as housekeeper; and in the second year of -his widowhood he married her, to the disgust of his children. When -she was entertaining her friends and gossips at tea after the wedding, -Samuel discharged a syringeful of water over the party. This was more -than she could put up with, and Samuel had to be sent away and -apprenticed to a shoemaker named Baker, in the parish of S. Blazey. - -He says himself: "My father, being exceedingly poor, felt much -embarrassment in finding a premium to give to my master, with whom, at -the age of ten years and a half, I was bound an apprentice for nine -years, which length of time, together with five pounds five shillings, -was considered by my master as a suitable bargain. It was at this tender -age that I bid adieu to my father's habitation, and as a place of -residence have never entered it since. The little knowledge of writing -which I had acquired from my father was almost entirely lost during my -apprenticeship; I had, however, an opportunity at intervals of perusing -Goadby's _Weekly Entertainer_, and used to puzzle my little head about -riddles and enigmas, and felt much pleasure in perusing the anecdotes -which were occasionally interspersed through the pages." - -Whilst at the shoemaker's a curious incident occurred: "There were -several of us, boys and men, out about twelve o'clock on a bright -moonlight night. I think we were poaching. The party were in a field -adjoining the road leading from my master's to S. Austell, and I was -stationed outside the hedge to watch and give the alarm if any -intruder should appear. While thus occupied I heard what appeared to -be the sound of a horse approaching from the town, and I gave a -signal. My companions paused and came to the hedge where I was, to see -the passenger. They looked through the bushes, and I drew myself close -to the hedge, that I might not be observed. The sound increased, and -the supposed horseman seemed drawing near. The clatter of the hoofs -became more and more distinct. We all looked to see who and what it -was, and I was seized with a strange, indefinable feeling of dread; -when, instead of a horse, there appeared coming towards us, at an easy -pace, but with the same sound which first caught my ear, a creature -about the height of a large dog. It went close by me, and as it -passed, it turned upon me and my companions huge fiery eyes that -struck terror to all our hearts. The road where I stood branched off -in two directions, in one of which there was a gate across. Towards -the gate it moved, and, without any apparent obstruction, went on at -its regular trot, which we heard several minutes after it had -disappeared. Whatever it was, it put an end to our occupation, and we -made the best of our way home. - -"I have often endeavoured in later years, but without success, to -account, on natural principles, for what I then heard and saw. As to the -facts, I am sure there was no deception. It was a night of unusual -brightness, occasioned by a cloudless full moon. The creature was unlike -any animal I had then seen, but from my present recollections it had -much the appearance of a bear, with a dark shaggy coat. Had it not been -for the unearthly lustre of its eyes, and its passing through the gate -as it did, there would be no reason to suppose it anything more than an -animal perhaps escaped from some menagerie. That it did pass through the -gate without pause or hesitation I am perfectly clear. Indeed, we all -saw it, and saw that the gate was shut, from which we were not distant -more than twenty or thirty yards. The bars were too close to admit the -passage of an animal of half its apparent bulk; yet this creature went -through without effort or variation of its pace." - -He was roughly and cruelly treated by his master, who would beat him -with the last, and at one time for a while maimed him. At length he -felt that he could endure the bondage no more, and with sixteen-pence -ha'penny in his pocket he ran away with the intention of going to -Plymouth and seeking a berth on board a man-of-war. - -At this time Sam's father was in somewhat better circumstances. He was -chiefly employed in what was called _riding Sherborne_. There was at -that time scarcely a bookseller in Cornwall; and the only newspaper -known among the common people was the _Sherborne Mercury_, published -weekly by Goadby and Co., who also issued the _Weekly Entertainer_. -The papers were not sent by post, but by private messengers, who were -termed _Sherborne men_. Drew, senior, was one of these. Between -Plymouth and Penzance were two stages on the main road, each about -forty miles; and there were branch riders, in different directions, -who held regular communication with each other and with the -establishment at Sherborne. Their business was to deliver the -newspapers, _Entertainers_, and any books that had been ordered, to -collect the money, and to take fresh orders. Mr. Drew's stage was from -S. Austell to Plymouth. He always set off on his journey early on -Monday morning and returned on Wednesday. - -When Samuel Drew had made up his mind to run away, he did not choose -the direct road for fear of encountering his father, but took that by -Liskeard. - -"I went on through the night, and feeling fatigued, went into a -hay-field and slept. My luggage was no encumbrance; as the whole of my -property, besides the clothes I wore, was contained in a small -handkerchief. Not knowing how long I should have to depend on my -slender stock of cash, I found it necessary to use the most rigid -economy. Having to pass over either a ferry or toll-bridge, for which -I had to pay a halfpenny, feeling my present situation, and knowing -nothing of my future prospects, this small call upon my funds -distressed me, I wept as I went on my way. The exertion of walking and -the fresh morning air gave me a keener appetite than I thought it -prudent to indulge. I, however, bought a penny loaf, and with a -halfpenny-worth of milk in a farmer's house ate half of my loaf for -breakfast. In passing through Liskeard my attention was attracted by a -shoemaker's shop, in the door of which a respectable-looking man, whom -I supposed to be the master, was standing. Without any intention of -seeking employment in this place, I asked him if he could give me -work; and he, taking compassion, I suppose, on my sorry appearance, -promised to employ me the next morning. Before I could go to work -tools were necessary; and I was obliged to lay out a shilling on -these. Dinner, under such circumstances, was out of the question; for -supper I bought another halfpenny-worth of milk, ate the remainder of -my loaf, and for a lodging again had recourse to the fields. The next -morning I purchased another penny loaf and renewed my labour. My -employer soon found that I was a miserable tool, yet he treated me -kindly. I had now but one penny left, and this I wished to husband -till my labour brought a supply; so for dinner I tied my apron-strings -tighter and went on with my work. My abstinence subjected me to the -jeers of my shopmates. One of them said to another, 'Where does our -shopmate dine?' and the response was, 'Oh! he always dines at the sign -of the Mouth.' Half of the penny loaf which I took with me in the -morning I had allotted for my supper; but before night came I had -pinched it nearly all away in mouthfuls through mere hunger. Very -reluctantly I laid out my last penny, and with no enviable feelings -sought my former lodging in the open air." - -But on the following day Samuel's father, having learned where he was, -came to remove him and take him back to S. Austell. Compensation was -made to Baker, his indenture was cancelled, and he remained at Polpea, -where Mr. Drew now had a little farm, for about four months. - -Drew, the father, not only was occupied as a Sherborne rider, but he was -also a contractor for carrying the mail between S. Austell and Bodmin, -and he chiefly employed his eldest son, Jabez, in carrying the mails. - -"At one time in the depth of winter I was borrowed to supply my -brother's place, and I had to travel in the darkness of night through -frost and snow a dreary journey, out and home, of more than twenty -miles. Being overpowered with fatigue, I fell asleep on the horse's -neck, and when I awoke discovered that I had lost my hat. The wind was -keen and piercing, and I was bitterly cold. I stopped the horse and -endeavoured to find out where I was; but it was so dark that I could -scarcely distinguish the hedges on each side of the road, and I had no -means of ascertaining how long I had been asleep or how far I had -travelled. I then dismounted and looked around for my hat; but seeing -nothing of it, I turned back, leading the horse, determined to find it -if possible; for the loss of a hat was to me of serious consequence. -Shivering with cold, I pursued my solitary way, scrutinizing the road -at every step, until I had walked about two miles, and was on the -point of giving up the search, when I came to a receiving house, where -I ought to have delivered a packet of letters, but had passed it when -asleep. To this place the post usually came about one o'clock in the -morning, and it was customary to leave a window unfastened, except by -a large stone outside, that the family might not be disturbed at so -unseasonable an hour. I immediately put the letter-bag through the -window, and having replaced the stone, was turning round to my horse, -when I perceived my hat lying close to my feet. I suppose that the -horse, knowing the place, must have stopped at the window for me to -deliver my charge; but having waited until his patience was exhausted, -had pursued his way to the next place. My hat must have been shaken -off by his impatient movements." - -The remarkable thing about this incident is that the horse was quite -blind, yet it could go its accustomed road, and stop at accustomed -places, without seeing. By all the family this sagacious animal was -much prized, but Samuel's father felt for it a special regard; and the -attachment between the master and his faithful servant was, to all -appearance, mutual. Many years before, the poor beast, in a wretched -condition from starvation and ill-usage, had been turned out on a -common to die. The owner willingly sold it for little more than the -value of the hide; and his new possessor, having by care and kindness -restored it to health and strength, soon found that he had made a most -advantageous bargain. For more than twenty years he and his blind -companion travelled the road together. After the horse was past labour -it was kept in the orchard and tended with almost parental care. -Latterly it became unable to bite the grass, and the old man regularly -fed it with bread sopped in milk. In the morning it would put its head -over the orchard railing, towards its master's bedroom, and give its -accustomed neigh, whereupon old Mr. Drew would jump out of bed, open -the window, and call to the horse, "My poor old fellow, I will be -with thee soon." And when the animal died, he would not allow the skin -or shoes to be taken off, but had the carcase buried entire. - -Samuel tells another story of instinct in brute beasts:-- - -"Our dairy was under a room which was used occasionally as a barn and -apple-chamber, into which the fowls sometimes found their way, and, in -scratching among the chaff, scattered the dust on the pans of milk -below, to the great annoyance of my mother-in-law. In this a favourite -cock of hers was the chief transgressor. One day in harvest she went -into the dairy, followed by her little dog, and finding dust again -thrown on the milk-pans, she exclaimed, 'I wish that cock were dead!' -Not long after, she being with us in the harvest field, we observed -the little dog dragging along the cock, just killed, which with an air -of triumph he laid at my mother-in-law's feet. She was dreadfully -exasperated at the literal fulfilment of her hastily uttered wish, -and, snatching a stick from the hedge, attempted to give the luckless -dog a beating. The dog, seeing the reception he was likely to meet -with, where he expected marks of approbation, left the bird and ran -off, she brandishing her stick and saying in a loud, angry tone, 'I'll -pay thee for this by and by.' In the evening she was about to put her -threat into execution, when she found the little dog established in a -corner of the room and a large one standing before it. Endeavouring to -fulfil her intention by first driving off the large dog, he gave her -plainly to understand that he was not at all disposed to relinquish -his post. She then sought to get at the small dog behind the other, -but the threatening gesture and fiercer growl of the large one -sufficiently indicated that the attempt would be not a little -perilous. The result was that she was obliged to abandon her design. -In killing the cock I can scarcely think the dog understood the -precise import of my stepmother's wish, as his immediate execution of -it would seem to imply. The cock was a more recent favourite, and had -received some attentions which had been previously bestowed upon -himself. This, I think, had led him to entertain a feeling of -hostility to the bird, which he did not presume to indulge until my -mother's tone and manner indicated that the cock was no longer under -her protection. In the power of communicating with each other which -these dogs evidently possessed, and which, in some instances, has been -displayed by this species of animal, a faculty seems to be developed -of which we know very little. On the whole, I never remember to have -met with a case in which, to human appearance, there was a nearer -approach to moral perception than in that of my father's two dogs." - -Samuel Drew remained with his father's family from midsummer, 1782, -till the autumn of the same year, and then took a situation in a -shoemaker's shop at Millbrook, on the Cornish side of the estuary of -the Tamar. After having been there for a year he moved to Cawsand and -then to Crafthole, where he got mixed up in smuggling ventures. - -Port Wrinkle, which Crafthole adjoins, lies about the middle of the -extensive bay reaching from Looe Island to the Rame Head. It is little -more than a fissure among the rocks which guard the long line of -coast; and being exposed to the uncontrolled violence of the -prevailing winds, affords a very precarious shelter. - -Notice was given through Crafthole one evening, about the month of -December, 1784, that a vessel laden with contraband goods was on the -coast, and would be ready to discharge her cargo. At nightfall Samuel -Drew, with the rest of the male population, made towards the port. One -party remained on the rocks to make signals and dispose of the goods -when landed; the other, of which he was one, manned the boats. The -night was intensely dark; and but little progress had been made in -discharging the vessel's cargo when the wind freshened, with a heavy -sea. To prevent the ship being driven on to the rocks it was found -expedient to stand off from the port; but this greatly increased the -risk to those in the boats. Unfavourable as these circumstances were, -all seemed resolved to persevere; and several trips were made between -the vessel and the shore. The wind continuing to increase, one of the -men in the boat with Drew had his hat blown off, and in leaning over -the gunwale in his attempt to secure it, upset the boat, and three of -the men were drowned. Samuel and two others clung to the keel for a -time, but finding that they were drifting out to sea, they were -constrained to let go and sustain themselves by swimming. But the -night was pitch dark, and immersed in the waters they knew not in -which direction to swim. Samuel had given himself up as lost, when he -laid hold of a tangled mass of floating seaweed, and was able to -sustain himself on that. At length he approached some rocks near the -shore, upon which he and two other men, the only survivors of seven, -managed to crawl; but they were so benumbed with cold and so much -exhausted by their exertions that the utmost they could do was to -cling to the rocks and let the sea wash over them. When a little -recovered, they shouted for help, but the other boatmen were concerned -in transporting their lading of kegs on shore, and not till the vessel -had discharged all her cargo did they make any attempt to rescue the -half-drowned men. Eventually they removed them to a farmhouse, where a -blazing fire was kindled on the hearth and fresh faggots piled on it, -while the half-drowned men, who were placed in a recess of the -chimney, unable to relieve themselves, were compelled to endure the -excessive heat which their companions thought was necessary to restore -animation. The result was that they were half roasted. Samuel Drew -says: "My first sensation was that of extreme cold. It was a long time -before I felt the fire, though its effects are still visible on my -legs, which are burnt in several places. The wounds continued open -more than two years, and the marks I shall carry to my grave." - -The death of his elder brother Jabez produced a profound impression on -Samuel, and he became a Methodist. - -"For the space of about four or five years I travelled through different -parts of Cornwall, working whenever I could obtain employment; and -during this period, waded through scenes of domestic distress, which can -be interesting only to myself. _Literature_ was a term to which I could -annex no idea. _Grammar_ I knew not the meaning of. An opportunity, -however, now offering one an advance in wages at S. Austell, I embraced -it, and came hither to work with rather an eccentric character. My -master was by trade a saddler, had acquired some knowledge of -book-binding, and hired me to carry on the shoe-making for him. My -master was one of those men who will live anywhere, but get rich -nowhere. His shop was frequented by persons of a more respectable class -than those with whom I had previously associated; and various topics -became alternately the subjects of conversation. I listened with all -that attention which my labour and good manners would permit me, and -obtained among them some little knowledge. About this time disputes ran -high in S. Austell between the Calvinists and Arminians, and our shop -afforded a considerable scene of action. In cases of uncertain issue, I -was sometimes appealed to to decide upon a doubtful point. This, -perhaps, flattering my vanity, became a new stimulus to action. I -listened with attention, examined dictionaries, picked up many words, -and, from an attachment which I felt to books that were occasionally -brought to his shop to bind, I began to have some view of the various -theories with which they abounded. The more, however, I read, the more I -felt my own ignorance; and the more I felt my own ignorance, the more -invincible became my energy to surmount it; and every leisure moment was -now employed in reading one thing or other.... After having worked with -this master about three years, I well recollect, a neighbouring -gentleman brought _Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding_ to be -bound. I had never seen or heard of these books before. I took an -occasion to look into them, when I thought his mode of reasoning very -pretty and his arguments exceedingly strong. I watched all opportunities -of reading for myself, and would willingly have laboured a fortnight to -have had the books. They, however, were soon carried away, and with them -all my future improvement by their means. I never saw his essay again -for many years, yet the early impression was not forgotten, and it is -from this accidental circumstance that I received my first bias for -abstruse subjects. - -"My master growing inattentive to his shoe-making trade, many of my -friends advised me to commence business for myself, and offered me -money for that purpose. I accepted the offer, started accordingly, -and by mere dint of application, in about one year discharged my debts -and stood alone. My leisure hours I now employed in reading, or -scribbling anything which happened to pass my mind." - -Thus he went on till 1798, when he laid the foundation of an _Essay on -the Immortality of the Soul_. Whilst engaged upon this he had T. -Paine's _Age of Reason_ put into his hands. He read it, but saw the -fallacy of many of his arguments, and he wrote his remarks on the -book, and published them in pamphlet form at S. Austell in 1799. - -Through this tract he obtained acquaintance with the Rev. John -Whitaker, to whom he showed his MS. on _The Immortality of the Soul_, -and was encouraged to revise, continue, and complete the essay, and it -was published in November, 1802. - -"During these literary pursuits I regularly and constantly attended on -my business, and do not recollect that ever one customer has been -disappointed by me through these means. While attending to my trade, I -sometimes catch the fibres of an argument, which I endeavour to note -the prominent features of, and keep a pen and ink by me for the -purpose. In this state, what I can collect through the day remains on -any paper which I have at hand till the business of the day is -dispatched and my shop shut up, when, in the midst of my family, I -endeavour to analyze, in the evening, such thoughts as had crossed my -mind during the day." - -At one time the bent of Drew's mind was towards astronomy, but when he -considered how impossible it was for him, without means, to purchase a -powerful telescope, to make any progress in the study of the stars, he -abandoned the thought and devoted himself to metaphysics--perhaps one -of the most unprofitable of all studies. His works were, however, -read by some when they issued from the press, and are now no longer -even looked into. - -A friend one day remarked to him, "Mr. Drew, more than once I have -heard you quote the line-- - - 'Where ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise.' - -How do you make that out?" - -"I will tell you by my own experience," replied Drew. "When I began -business I was a great politician. For the first year I had too much -to think about to indulge my propensity for politics; but, getting a -little ahead in the world, I began to dip into these matters again, -and entered into newspaper argument as if my livelihood depended on -it; my shop was filled with loungers, who came to canvass public -measures. This encroached on my time, and I found it necessary -sometimes to work till midnight to make up for the hours I lost. One -night, after my shutters were closed, and I was busily employed, some -little urchin who was passing put his mouth to the keyhole of the -door, and with a shrill pipe called out, 'Shoemaker! Shoemaker! Work -by night and run about by day!' Had a pistol been fired off at my ear -I could not have been more confounded. From that time I turned over a -new leaf. I ceased to venture on the restless sea of politics, or -trouble myself about matters which did not concern me. The bliss of -ignorance on political topics I often experienced in after life--the -folly of being wise my early history shows." - -His sister kept house for him. One market-day a country-woman entered -his shop, and having completed her purchases, remarked that she -thought he would be more comfortable if he had a wife. Drew assented, -but said, "I don't know any one who would have me." "Oh! that's easily -settled," said the woman, and left. Next market-day she returned, -bringing her buxom, apple-cheeked daughter with her. "There, Mr. -Drew," said she; "I brought this maid, who will make 'ee a good wife." - -Samuel demurred; he neither knew the family nor the qualities and -character of the wench. - -"Lor' bless 'ee!" said the woman, when he made these objections, "take -her. The trial of the pudding is in the eating." - -He declined the proposal, however; but this incident turned his mind -to matrimony, and on April 17th, 1791, when in his twenty-seventh -year, he married Honor Halls, and by her had five sons and three -daughters. His wife's immediate fortune was L10, a sum of great -importance at that time to him. Three years after it was increased by -a legacy of L50. - -Having made a certain amount of success with his _Essay on the -Immortality of the Soul_, Drew next undertook one on _The Identity and -Resurrection of the Human Body_, and this was published in 1809. - -Into a controversy he was engaged in with Mr. Polwhele in 1800 on -Methodism we need not enter, but it made no breach of friendly feeling -between Mr. Polwhele and him, and it was at the request of the former -that Drew wrote the little account of his life that appeared in -Polwhele's _Literary Characters_, 1803. - -Having experienced his own great difficulties in acquiring the -principles of the English grammar, in 1804 he gave a course of -lectures on that subject. These lectures, which occupied about two -hours, were delivered on four evenings of the week, two being allotted -to each sex separately. A year completed the course of instruction, -and for this each pupil paid thirty shillings. He was able to -illustrate his lectures very happily with anecdote and from his own -experience, so as to render the barren study of grammar interesting -and entertaining. Though never able to write first-class English, and -often clumsy in diction, yet he was studiously correct in grammar, if -often awkward in construction of a sentence. - -In the year 1805 he gave up his cobbling business and devoted himself -entirely to his pen. Seeing his value as a polemic writer in favour of -the fundamental doctrines of Christianity, several of the clergy of -Cornwall were anxious that he should join the Church; but his early -association with Dissent, and his ignorance of Catholic doctrine, -induced him to remain where he was in the Methodist Connection. - -He next wrote an _Essay on the Being and Attributes of the Deity_, and -a reply to Thomas Prout, _On the Divinity of Christ and the Eternal -Sonship_. All this was very well in its way at the time, but is now so -much waste paper, used only for covering jampots. - -In 1814 Samuel Drew undertook his most voluminous work, the _History -of Cornwall_, one which he was wholly unqualified to undertake, as he -had no familiarity with the MS. material on which that history should -be based; and it was a mere compilation from already printed matter. - -In 1819 Samuel Drew removed to Liverpool, where he acted as local -preacher in the Methodist meeting-houses. To this period belongs the -epigram written on him by Dr. Clarke:-- - - Long was the man, and long was his hair, - And long was the coat which this long man did wear. - -He became editor of the _Imperial Magazine_, and after a short while -in Liverpool, migrated to London. - -In 1828 he lost his wife. "When my wife died," he was wont to say, "my -earthly sun set for ever." - -In 1833 he returned to Cornwall, and died at Helston on March 29th, at -the age of sixty-eight. - -Slender in form, with a head remarkably small for the length of his -limbs, his stature exceeded the common height. He had a searching and -intelligent eye, was somewhat uncouth in his movements, but was full -of energy of mind and body. He sometimes wrote verses, which only a -very partial biographer would call poetry. But what he prided himself -on being was not a poet, but a metaphysician. - -The story goes that S. Augustine was walking one day by the seashore, -musing on the attributes of God and on the demonstration of the Divine -nature, when he saw a child digging a hole in the sand, and then with -a fan-shell ladling the sea-water into the hole it had made. - -S. Augustine paused and asked, "My child, what are you about?" - -"I am going to empty the sea into this hole," replied the child. - -Then S. Augustine entered into himself and thought: "Can a man with -the limited capacity of his brain embrace the infinity of the Divine -nature and perfections? Is it not like emptying the sea into a tiny -hole to try to effect this?" - -Drew's life labours were just doing this. There was a certain amount -of intellectual ingenuity in his arguments, but that was all. Not a -leaf that he wrote is of any permanent value, but that it was of value -at the time when he wrote I should be the last to deny. - -There is abundant material for a life of Samuel Drew. Not only may it -be found in the life by his son mentioned at the head of this article, -and in his own biographical memoir given by R. Polwhele, but his son -J. H. Drew also published a second memoir, under the title _Samuel -Drew, M. A., the Self-Taught Cornishman; A Life Lesson_, published in -1861; also in _Lives of the Illustrious_, by J. P. Edwards, 1852; and -Mr. Smiles has devoted some pages to him in _Self-Help_, 1866. The -portrait of Samuel Drew is given as frontispiece to the first volume -of _The Imperial Magazine_, 1819, and also to the _Life_ by his son. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[25] Samuel Drew says at the age of five, but this was a slip of his -pen or a mistake of the printer; his mother died in 1774. - - - - - THE SIEGE OF SKEWIS - - -Skewis is a small, not very interesting farmhouse in itself, on the -high road from Camborne to Helston, near the station of Nancegollan. -Although at a distance of five miles from Tregonning Hill, that height -crowned by a stone camp, and with two camps on its slopes, seems to -dominate it. The country around is bleak and treeless except in dips, -and where are the grounds of Clowance. To the north is the camp of -Tregeare, where was once seated an ancient family of the same name, -which died out in the reign of William of Orange with Richard -Tregeare, sheriff of Cornwall. Skewis had been for some time the -patrimony of a succession of yeoman proprietors of the name of Rogers. - -In 1734 there were two brothers of that name sons of the owner of -Skewis. On their father's death the eldest succeeded to the property, -and the younger, Henry, carried on the trade of pewterer in Helston. -Both were married, but the elder had no children, whereas Henry had -several. - -On the death of the elder brother, his widow, whose maiden name had -been Millett, produced a will whereby her late husband had bequeathed -all his freehold property to her. This greatly exasperated Henry, who -considered that as Skewis had belonged to the Rogers family for many -generations, he was entitled to it, and he averred that the will had -been wrung from his dying brother by the importunity of the wife when -he was feeble in mind as well as body. Forthwith, in place of -disputing the will when proved, he took forcible possession of the -house, and turned out of it some female servants left in charge of it -whilst his sister-in-law was from home. - -[Illustration: HENRY ROGERS: PEWTERER] - -The whole neighbourhood was satisfied that great wrong had been done -to Henry Rogers, and was loud in its condemnation of the widow. - -When Mrs. Rogers found herself forcibly dispossessed she appealed to -the law, and judgment was given against Henry. - -Stephen Tillie was under-sheriff, and he received orders to eject -Rogers, and place Anne, the widow, in possession. On June 18th, 1734, he -accordingly went to Skewis to serve the summons. But Henry stood at an -upper window armed with a gun, and dared the under-sheriff to approach. -Tillie shouted to him that he had the King's writ and must have -possession, but assured him that he would not meddle with his person. - -By this time a crowd of some two or three hundred persons had -assembled, all sympathizers with Henry Rogers, and murmuring their -disapproval of the ejectment. - -Henry, from his window, called out that the Lord Chancellor had made -an unjust decree. - -Tillie replied that Henry Rogers might appeal against the decision, -but surrender the house he must. - -Rogers, in reply, fired, and, as the under-sheriff stated, "burned his -wig and singed his face." - -This so frightened Tillie that he withdrew, and sent to Helston for -some soldiers; and Captain Sadler, then in charge of the military -there, despatched some to his aid. - -So reinforced, on the morrow Tillie went again to Skewis, and found -the door shut, and a hole cut in it, with a gun-barrel protruding. - -Again the under-sheriff demanded admittance, and for reply the gun was -fired, and a bailiff named William Carpenter was mortally wounded. -Another gun was then discharged, and Hatch, the under-sheriff's servant, -was struck. Anne Rogers, the plaintiff, was in the rear animating the -soldiers against the occupants of the house. Mrs. Henry Rogers was -within, loading and serving out the guns to her husband and to his -servant John Street. A soldier was shot in the groin, and two other men -were wounded. Thereupon the soldiers fired upon the house, and though -the bullets flew in at the window, none of those within were hurt. - -Woolsten, the soldier shot in the groin, was taken to the rear, where he -died. A bullet whizzed through Stephen Tillie's hat. Discretion is the -better part of valour. Accordingly the under-sheriff gave orders to beat -a retreat, and like the King of France's men who marched up a hill and -then marched down again, Tillie and his posse of bailiffs and military -retired from the battlefield, carrying their dead and wounded, without -having effected an entry. In a kindly spirit Rogers offered Tillie a -dram, but the under-sheriff's courage was too much quailed to allow him -to draw near enough to accept the hospitable offer. - -Indeed, it took Mr. Tillie nine months to gather up sufficient courage -to resume the attack, and then not till he had ordered up cannon from -Pendennis Castle. On the former occasion there had been at least ten -soldiers under the command of an officer. Within the house were only -Henry Rogers, his wife, his small children, and his servant-man. - -On March 16th, in the year following, another party was sent to -apprehend Rogers and take possession of the house. On this occasion, -apparently Mr. Stephen Tillie did not put in his appearance, but left -the duty to be discharged by the constables. Henry Rogers was prepared -for them, and fired, when one named Andrew Willis, alias Tubby, was -shot dead. Rogers then, with the utmost coolness, came out of the door -and walked round the man he had shot, and again on this occasion -offered the besiegers a drink. The besiegers then retired, but not -till a second man had been shot. - -During the night Henry Rogers effected his escape. He travelled on foot -to Salisbury, with the intention of making his case known to the King. - -Sir John S. Aubyn, of Clowance, now took an active part in -endeavouring to secure the fugitive, and handbills descriptive of -Rogers were circulated along the road to London, whither it was known -he was making his way. Near Salisbury a postboy, driving homewards a -return post-chaise, was accosted by a stout man walking with a gun in -his hand, who requested to be given a lift. The boy drove him to the -inn, where he procured a bed; but the circumstances and description -had excited strong suspicion, and he was secured in his sleep. The -prisoner was removed to Cornwall. He and his man Street were tried at -the assizes at Launceston on August 1st, 1735, were both found guilty -of murder, and were both hanged. - -It is not possible to withhold sympathy from both men, especially -Street, who acted on the belief that it was his duty to be true to his -master, and to defend him and his property to the utmost. - -Mr. Davies Gilbert gives the minutes of an interesting conversation he -had with the son of Henry Rogers who was hanged. - -"On the 30th October, 1812, I called on Mr. Henry Rogers, formerly a -saddler at Penzance, but then residing there in great poverty, being -supported by a small allowance from a club, and by half a crown a week -given him by the Corporation, nominally for yielding up the possession -of a house, but in truth to prevent his becoming a common pauper. - -"Mr. Henry Rogers was then eighty-four years of age and remembered the -unfortunate transactions at Skewis perfectly well; he was between -seven and eight years old at the time. He recollected going out with -his father into the court after there had been some firing. His father -had a gun in his hand, and inquired what they wanted. On this his -father was fired at, and had a snuff-box and powder-horn broken in his -pocket by a ball, whilst he stood on the other side. - -"He recollected that whilst he was in bed, several balls came in -through the windows of the room, and after striking the wall rolled -about on the floor. - -"One brother and a sister, who were in the house, went out to inquire -what was wanted of their father, and they were not permitted to return. - -"On the last night, no one remained in the house but his father, -himself, and the servant-maid. In the middle of the night they all -went out, and got some distance from the house. In crossing a field, -however, they were met by two soldiers, who inquired their business. -The maid answered that they were looking for a cow, when they were -permitted to proceed. The soldiers had their arms, and his father had -his gun. The maid and himself were left at a farmhouse in the -neighbourhood, and Mr. Rogers proceeded on his way towards London." - -The authorities for the story of the siege of Skewis are: Richard -Hooker's _Weekly Miscellany_, 9 August, 1735; George Harris's _Life of -Lord Chancellor Hardwick_, I, pp. 295-303; Caulfield's _Portraits of -Remarkable Persons_, 1813; and Davies Gilbert's _Parochial History of -Cornwall_. - - - - - THE VOYAGE OF JOHN SANDS - - -Lanarth, in the parish of S. Keverne, in the Lizard district, was for -many generations the residence of the family of Sands. The family was -not represented at the Heralds' Visitation of 1620, and did not record -its arms and pedigree, but was nevertheless regarded in the eighteenth -century as "gentle," and was united to other families of respectability. - -Sampson Sands, who died in 1696, was married to Jane, daughter of John -Coode, of Breage, but he died without issue and left his estate to his -brother's son, John Sands, married to a daughter of Hamley, of S. Neot. - -This John Sands, one afternoon in January, 1702-3, and seven other -persons, men and women, of S. Keverne, were returning from Falmouth in -a fishing boat of about five tons burden, without deck or covering, -after having done their marketing at a fair there. - -When they had got to sea, about a league from the mouth of the Fal and -about two leagues off S. Keverne, suddenly there rose a storm of wind -from the west, and the sea rising and rolling in great crested waves -round the terrible points of the Manacles, the rowers were unable to -make headway against it. If they could not reach Porthoustock, for which -they were bound, they hoped at least to run into Porthallow. But even -this they were unable to effect. The fury of the blast and the great -masses of water heaved against the little boat made progress impossible, -and they resolved on running back into Falmouth harbour. Accordingly the -vessel was turned, but the raging wind and sea and the tide setting out -from the land swept them from the coast. Moreover, the short winter day -was closing in. The sun went down behind a wild and inky bank of cloud, -and speedily night set in dark and terrible. The unfortunate boatload of -marketers could do no more than invoke God's protection, and bail out -the water as fast as it poured over the gunwale. The oars were shipped, -and the boatmen declared that there was nothing to be done but to let -loose the helm and allow the boat to drive. - -The night was cold as well as tempestuous. On the blast of the wind -came down torrents of rain. The men and women alike laboured hard to -cast out of the boat the water that poured in. For sixteen hours -darkness lasted. How may each have said with Gonzalo: "Now would I -give a thousand furlongs of sea for an acre of barren ground, long -heath, brown furze, anything. I would fain die a dry death." At length -there rose a raw light in the south-east, against which the billows -stood up black as ink. As the light grew, those in the boat found -themselves encircled with sea, out of sight of land, and with the -clouds scudding overhead, as if running a race. The storm continued -all that day and the night following. Not only so, but also the third -day and night the battle with the influx of water continued. There was -no sleep for any; all had to fight the water for their lives. Happily -they were not starving, for Mr. Sands had taken over to Falmouth in -the boat a woman, the taverner's wife of the "Three Tuns," who had -brought with her from Falmouth a shilling's worth of bread and three -or four gallons of brandy. On this they subsisted. - -On the fourth day in the morning, the gale abated, and at ten o'clock -land was descried. Forthwith the rowers bent to their oars and steered -towards it. When the whole party landed they discovered that they had -been wafted over to the coast of Normandy; and they found themselves -on French soil at the time that Queen Anne was engaged in war with -Louis XIV. Marlborough had been in the Netherlands, and had reduced -Venloo, Ruremonde, and the citadel of Liege. At sea Rooke had captured -six vessels and sunk thirteen at Vigo, and Admiral Benbow had done -wonders against a French fleet in the West Indies. The French were -sore and irritated. So soon as Mr. Sands and his little party stepped -on shore they were encountered by several men armed, who demanded who -they were. They replied that they were English. One of the party -stopping them understood our language, and inquired the occasion of -these visitors landing on the enemy's shores, and by what expedient -they had come over. They replied, and gave an account of their -perilous voyage of three nights and four days. - -Upon this a gentleman of the company asked Mr. Sands from what part of -England he came, and when he replied that they were all from Cornwall, -the same gentleman inquired further whether the leader of the party -was named Sands; to this he replied, in some surprise, that he was. - -"Then, monsieur," said the Frenchman, "I know you, and I can well -remember your kindness and hospitality when I was wrecked off the -Lizard some years ago. Then you received me into your house, and -entertained me most generously." - -This was an unexpected and welcome encounter. The gentleman then -required the party to surrender what arms and money they had with -them, and Mr. Sands handed over forty guineas that he had received at -Falmouth for pilchards just before he was driven out to sea in the -boat. He and his companions were required to yield themselves -prisoners of war; and Mr. Sands was received into the gentleman's -home. All next day were brought before a magistrate and examined, and -orders were given that they should not be kept in custody as prisoners -of war, but should be permitted to go about at liberty, and beg alms -of the people. And the kind-hearted Normandy peasants and gentlemen -showed them great favour, and supplied all their pressing wants. - -The news of the event not only flew over the country, but reached the -ears of the King, who thereupon ordered that the whole party should be -sent back to England by the first transport ship for prisoners of war; -which happened soon after. - -Mr. Sands took leave of his kind host in whose house he had been -hospitably entertained, and begged him to accept the forty guineas as -some acknowledgment of his kindness. This, however, the gentleman -refused to do, saying that he would take nothing at his hands, since God -in such a wonderful manner had preserved him and his companions from the -perils of the deep. Then Mr. Sands pressed five guineas on the wife of -his host, begging her with that sum to purchase something which might -remind her of him and his party; and this she reluctantly received. - -So they parted, and all went on board a transport ship and were safely -landed at Portsmouth; and in eight weeks after their departure from -England returned to S. Keverne, to the great joy and surprise of -their friends and relations, who had concluded that all of them had -been drowned. - -The Rev. Sampson Sandys was grandson of the gentleman who was carried -over to France, as described. He lived at Lanarth to a great age. His -daughter Eleanor married Admiral James Kempthorne, R.N. He was -succeeded at Lanarth by his nephew, William Sandys, a colonel in the -army of the East India Company, who rebuilt the house. It must be -added that the original name of the family was not Sandys but Sands, -and that it assumed the former name as more euphonious and as -supposing a connection which, however, has not been proved to exist, -with Lord Sandys of The Vine, and Ombersley, Worcestershire, and the -Cumberland family of Graythwaite. At the same time, it assumed the -arms of the same distinguished family, _or_, a fesse dancette between -three crosses crosslet fichee _gules_. - - - - - CHARLES INCLEDON - - -This, one of the sweetest tenor singers England has produced, was born -at S. Keverne in Cornwall, in 1764, and was the son of a petty local -surgeon and apothecary practising there. - -At the age of seven he was introduced by Mr. Snow, one of the minor -canons of Exeter Cathedral, to the organist, then named Langdon, and he -afterwards became the pupil of William Jackson the composer, who was for -many years organist of the cathedral. Jackson took great notice of the -boy, and made him sing his own compositions at concerts in the city. On -one occasion, when the assizes were on at Exeter, Judge Nares attended -in state at the morning service in the cathedral, when Incledon sang the -solo "Let my soul love," in the anthem, "Let my complaint come before -Thee, O Lord," with such effect and beauty that the tears rolled down -the judge's cheeks, and at the conclusion of Divine service he sent for -the boy and presented him with five guineas. - -Incledon was wont, on summer evenings, to seat himself on a rail in -the cathedral close and sing, to the delight of an audience that -always collected as soon as his bird-like voice was heard. On one such -occasion he was singing the song "When I was a shepherd's maid," from -_The Padlock_, when a gentleman in regimentals stepped forward and -asked his name. Next day this officer, the Hon. Mr. Trevor, called on -Jackson and asked permission to take the lad with him to Torquay, -where he was going to visit Commodore Walsingham of the _Thunderer_, -and he desired to give his friend and all on board ship the pleasure -of hearing Incledon sing. Permission was accorded, and the boy was on -board the vessel for three days, and sang several nautical and other -songs, beginning with "Blow high, blow low." The Commodore was so -delighted that he wrote to Incledon's parents and asked that the lad -might be placed under him in the vessel; but the mother declined, and -well was it that she did, for the _Thunderer_ went down in a storm in -the West Indies, and all hands on board were lost. - -The kind reception accorded to Charles Incledon on board induced him -to harbour the resolution to become a sailor, and accompanied by a -fellow chorister, and carrying a bundle of linen, he ran away, hoping -to reach Plymouth; but he was overtaken and brought back, and as a -punishment was not allowed to wear his surplice in choir for a week. - -But when his voice broke, then he was allowed to follow his bent, and he -embarked on board the _Formidable_ under Captain Stanton, and remained -in her two years, till, disabled by a wound, he was left at Plymouth, -and on his recovery was placed in a vessel commanded by Lord Harvey, -afterwards Earl of Bristol. With this nobleman he sailed to Sta. Lucia, -where the whole fleet was at anchor. Whilst there, Lord Harvey gave a -dinner on board to his fellow commanders and other officers. At the same -time the sailors before the mast enjoyed themselves with grog and songs. -When Incledon sang, the lieutenant on deck ran to the cabin where the -officers were regaling themselves, and told them that they had a -nightingale on board, and would do well to hear it sing. Lord Harvey at -once proceeded to the quarter-deck, heard Incledon sing the fine old -traditional ballad, "'Twas Thursday in the Morn," and was so impressed -that he bade him at once change his apparel and come to the state cabin. -He did so and sang there "The Fight of the Monmouth and Foudroyant," -"Rule Britannia," and some of Jackson's favourite canzonets. The -officers applauded enthusiastically, and jocularly appointed him Singer -to the British Fleet. He was released from the performance of manual -duty, and sent for to assist at every entertainment that succeeded. He -rose high in the favour of Admiral Pigot, the Commander-in-Chief, and -made numerous friends and patrons. - -[Illustration: - - Singleton pinx. J. Thomson Sculp. - - M^r. Incledon, as Macheath - - But now again, my spirits sink, - I'll raise them high with wine. [Drinks] - Beggars Opera Act 3 Scene 3 - - Engraved for the Theatrical Inquisitor - - London Published Nov^r. 1^{st}. 1816, by C. Chapple Pall Mall. -] - -In 1782 Incledon was in the engagement between the English fleet under -Admiral Sir George Bridges, afterwards Lord Rodney, and the French -fleet commanded by the Count de Grasse, when the former gained a -complete victory. - -At the expiration of the war Incledon was discharged at Chatham and -proceeded to London, with strong recommendations from Lord Mulgrave -and others to Mr. Colman of the Haymarket Theatre. Colman received him -coldly, and gave him no hopes of an engagement. Then he went to -Southampton, where he obtained an engagement at ten shillings and -sixpence a week. But soon after, owing to some dispute, he left the -company and went to Salisbury with a travelling company, and fell into -great poverty and misery. However, he succeeded in obtaining an -engagement at Bath with Mr. Palmer, the well-known theatrical manager, -and the man who introduced mail-coaches into England. Here he received -thirty shillings a week. He attracted the attention of Ranzzini, the -arbiter of the musical entertainments at Bath; and this able man gave -him valuable instruction in scientific singing. One evening, hearing -Incledon sing Handel's "Total Eclipse," the Italian was so delighted -that, catching hold of his hand, he left the piano, and leading him to -the front of the platform exclaimed, "Ladies an jentleman, dis is my -scholar!" - -Thomas Harris, hearing him at Bath, proposed that he should sing and -act at Covent Garden Theatre, and engaged him for three years at six, -seven, and eight pounds a week. Hardly was this agreement made, when -Linley, of Drury Lane, offered him twelve pounds a week, and to retain -him for five years. But, although only a verbal agreement had been -entered into with Harris, Incledon, to his honour, rejected the offer -of Linley. It was unfortunate in more ways than one, as he would have -profited by Linley's exquisite taste and instruction, as well as have -earned nearly double what Harris offered. Moreover, he was very badly -treated at Covent Garden, and often not given parts in which he could -do himself justice. In 1809 came a rupture, and the managers dismissed -him, and Incledon quitted London on a provincial tour. After two years -he was re-engaged by Harris, at a salary of seventeen pounds a week, -for a term of five years; but he stipulated that he should be given -such roles as suited him. This engagement was not fulfilled, and a -fresh quarrel ensued that led to a final rupture at the end of three -years, and he quitted Covent Garden for ever, refusing even to sing in -the Oratorios performed there during Lent. - -He had made his first appearance at Covent Garden in October, 1790, as -Dermont in _The Poor Soldier_, by Shield. His vocal endowments were -certainly great; he had a voice of uncommon power and sweetness, both -in the natural and falsetto. The former was from A to G, a compass of -about fourteen notes; the latter he could use from D to E or even F, -or about ten notes. His natural voice was full and open, and of such -ductility, that when he sang _pianissimo_ it retained its original -quality. His falsetto was rich, sweet, and brilliant, and totally -unlike the other. He could use it with facility, and execute in it -ornaments of a certain class with volubility and sweetness. His shake -was good, and his intonation much more correct than is common to -singers so imperfectly educated. But he never quite got over his -West-country pronunciation. His strong point was the ballad, and that -not the modern sentimental composition, but of the robust old school. -When Ranzzini first heard him at Bath, rolling his voice upwards like -a surge of the sea, till, touching the top note, it expired in -sweetness, he exclaimed in rapture, "_Corpo di Dio!_ it was ver' lucky -dere vas some roof above or you would be heard by de angels in Heaven, -and make dem jealous." - -Incledon himself used to tell a story of the effect he produced upon -Mrs. Siddons: "She paid me one of the finest compliments I ever -received. I sang 'The Storm' after dinner; she cried and sobbed like a -child. Taking both my hands, she said: 'All that I and my brother ever -did is nothing to the effect you produce.'" - -"I remember," says William Robson, in _The Old Playgoer_, "when the -elite of taste and science and literature were assembled to pay the -well-deserved compliment of a dinner to John Kemble, and to present -him with a handsome piece of plate on his retirement, Incledon sang, -when requested, his best song, 'The Storm.' The effect was sublime, -the silence holy, the feeling intense; and while Talma was recovering -from his astonishment, Kemble placed his hand on the arm of the great -French actor, and said in an agitated, emphatic, and proud tone, -'_That_ is an English singer.'" Marsden adds that Talma jumped up from -his seat and embraced him. - -Incledon sang with great feeling, and in "The Storm" he was able to -throw his whole heart into the ballad, for not only had he encountered -many a storm at sea, but he had been shipwrecked on a passage from -Liverpool to Dublin, on the bar. Some of those on board were lost, but -he saved himself and his wife by drawing her up to the round-top and -lashing her and himself to it. From this perilous position, after a -duration of several hours, they were rescued by some fishermen who saw -the wreck from the shore. - -Incledon belonged in town to "The Glee Club," composed of Shield, -Bannister, Dignum, himself, and one or two others. It met on Sunday -evenings during the season at the Garrick Coffee House, in Bow Street, -once a fortnight. At one of these little gatherings Incledon was -amusingly hoaxed. Though an admirable singer, he was a shockingly bad -actor. When he came in one of the party informed him that an intended -musical performance for a charitable purpose, in which he, Incledon, -was to sing, had been abandoned, on account of the Bishop of London -objecting to an actor performing in church. Incledon, who was an -extremely irritable man, broke out in a violent strain, conceiving the -word _actor_ to have been employed as a term of reproach, and -addressing himself to Bannister, said with great vehemence, "There, -Charles, do you hear that?" "Why," said Bannister, "if I were you, I'd -make his lordship _prove his words_." - -Incledon one day was at Tattersall's, when Suett, the actor, also -happened to be there, and asked him whether he had come to buy a -horse. "Yes," said Charles, "I have. I must ride, it is good for my -health. But why are you here, Dickey? Do you think that you know the -difference between a horse and an ass?" - -"Oh, yes," replied the comedian. "If you were among a thousand horses, -I would know you immediately." - -There was a public-house in Bow Street called "The Brown Bear," which -was famous for a compound liquor, a mixture of beer, eggs, sugar, and -brandy. Incledon and Jack Johnstone were partial to this, and -frequently indulged themselves with it during the evening at the -theatre, and, as a jest, occasionally obtained it in the following -manner. When there happened to be several ladies of the theatre in the -green-room, they took that opportunity to represent to them the hard -case of the widow of a provincial actor, left with her children in -great distress, and to solicit from them a few shillings to enable -them to purchase some _flannel_ during that inclement season. Having -obtained contributions, they despatched the dresser to "The Brown -Bear" for a quart of egg-hot, and had the modesty not to drink it all -themselves, but to present a glass to each of the females who had -subscribed, requesting them to drink to the health of the widow and -the flannel. When Incledon and Johnstone had practised this trick -several times, Quick, the comedian of the same theatre, bribed the -dresser to infuse into the mixture a dose of ipecacuanha, and that -brought the joke to an end. But the mixture thenceforth, without the -last ingredient, was popularly called Flannel. - -Incledon was a notoriously vain man. Vanity was his besetting sin. "In -pronouncing his own name," says Mr. Matthews, "he believed he -described all that was admirable in human nature. It would happen, -however, that this perpetual veneration of self laid him open to many -effects which, to any man less securely locked and bolted in his own -conceit, would have opened the door to his understanding. But he had -no room there for other than what it naturally contained; and the bump -of content was all-sufficient to fill the otherwise aching void. -Incledon called himself the 'English Ballad Singer' _per se_; a -distinction he would not have exchanged for the highest in the realm -of talent. Among many self-deceptions arising out of his one great -foible, he was impressed with the belief that he was a reading man." - -One day Matthews found him in his house deep in study. Incledon looked -up at his visitor, and said, "My dear Matthews, I'm improving my mind. -I'm reading a book that should be in the hands of every father and -husband." - -"What is it, Charles?" asked Matthews, and leaning over him saw that -it was a volume of the _Newgate Calendar_! - -It had become a habit, during a fagging run of a new opera at Covent -Garden Theatre one season, for certain performers to club a batch or so -of Madeira, of which they took a glass to their dressing-rooms. Incledon -was continually finding fault with the quality, and praising up his own -private stock of the same wine. At the close of the season, his brother -actors had become weary of Incledon's grumbling over the Madeira, which -they knew to be excellent. One night a fellow-actor, seeing a large key -lying upon Incledon's dressing-table, labelled "_Cellar_," and Incledon -happening at the time to be engaged on the stage till the end of the -opera, despatched the dresser to Brompton Crescent with the key, with a -request to Mrs. Incledon from her husband that she would send one dozen -of his best Madeira by the bearer. Mrs. Incledon, wholly unsuspicious -of any trick, did so. When Incledon left the stage, the confederates -told him that they had got fresh and very first-rate Madeira now, as he -had disliked what had been provided before. Incledon took a glass, made -a wry face, took another, and said, "Beastly stuff! Never in my life -tasted such cheap, vile stuff." - -"Sorry, Incledon, you do not appreciate _your own_ Madeira." - -Incledon drank pretty heavily, but did not get drunk. Here is a bill -for a slight evening collation at the Orange Coffee House, for him and -two friends: - - L _s._ _d._ - Mr. Shield, Welsh Rabbit 0 1 0 - " 2 glasses of Brandy and water 0 2 0 - Mr. Parke, Welsh Rabbit 0 1 0 - " 2 glasses of Brandy and water 0 2 0 - Mr. Incledon, Welsh Rabbit 0 1 0 - " 2 bottles of Madeira 1 4 0 - -Parke, in his _Musical Memoirs_, relates an instance of Incledon's -selfishness. He says of him that he was a singular compound of -contrarieties, amongst which frugality and extravagance were -conspicuous. "Mr. Shield the composer, Incledon, and I, lived for many -years a good deal together. On one occasion Shield and myself dined -with Incledon at his house in Brompton in the month of February. When -I had arrived there, Incledon said to me, 'Bill, do you like ducks?' -Conceiving, from the snow lying on the ground, that he meant wild -ones, I replied, 'Yes, I like a good wild duck very well.' 'D---- wild -ducks!' said he: 'I mean tame ducks, my boy'; adding, 'I bought a -couple in town for which I gave eighteen shillings.' Soon afterwards a -letter arrived, announcing that Mr. Raymond, the stage-manager of -Drury Lane Theatre, who was to have been of the party, could not come; -in consequence of which, I presume, only one duck was placed on the -dinner table, with some roast beef, etc. When Mrs. Incledon (who, as -well as her husband, was fond of good living) had carved the duck, -like a good wife she helped her husband to the breast part and to one -of the wings, taking at the same time the other wing to herself, -reserving for Shield and me the two legs and the back. Shield, who -looked a little awkward at this specimen of selfishness and -ill-manners, at first refused the limb offered to him, and I had -declined taking the other: there appeared to be but a poor prospect of -the legs walking off, till Shield relented and took one, and Incledon -the other, so that they were speedily out of sight. The back, however, -remained behind, and afforded a titbit for the servants." - -On another occasion he was giving a dinner party, and a dish was -brought to table heaped up, apparently, with fresh herrings. All the -company, except Incledon and his wife, partook of these fish; some -were helped a second time. When the herrings had been cleared away, -there appeared beneath one fine white fish. "My dear," said Incledon, -"what can that be?" "I believe it is a John Dory, Charles." - -Some of the John Dory was offered to the company, but they had eaten -enough fish, and so Incledon and his wife ate the John Dory between -them. - -Incledon, whilst very willing to hoax others, was easily taken in -himself. As his dependence was entirely on his voice, he was very -apprehensive of catching cold, which, in consequence, rendered him the -occasional dupe of quackery. - -During Mr. Kemble's management of Covent Garden Theatre, one of the -wags among his fellow-actors informed him that a patent lozenge had just -been invented and sold only at a jeweller's in Bond Street, which was an -infallible cure for hoarseness. In order that he might the more readily -take the bait, he was told that Kemble made frequent use of it. Incledon -immediately inquired of the great actor, who very gravely answered, "Oh, -yes, Charles; the patent lozenge is an admirable thing. I have derived -the greatest benefit from it, when I kept it in my mouth all night." - -Incledon accordingly went to Bond Street to purchase the valuable -lozenge, and the man, who had been previously instructed, gave him a -small pebble in a pill-box. Incledon arrived at the theatre next day -with the stone in his mouth and spitting frequently. He was, of -course, asked if the patent lozenge did him any good. "Yes," replied -he, spitting; "I kept it in my mouth (spitting) all night, and -(spitting again) it has this remarkable property, that it does not -dissolve," and he spat again. The wag requested to see it, and the -production of the pebble provoked a general laugh. - -"Why, Charles," said Kemble, "this is a stone! I meant a patent -lozenge. You should have gone to an apothecary's and not to a -jeweller's for it." - -Incledon, when he found that he was hoaxed, was full of wrath; his -anger, however, soon subsided. - -"Well," said he, "I can't grumble, for an apothecary who pretended to -have supplied the jeweller with the lozenge, and who has received from -me a letter belauding the nostrum, has undertaken in return to dispose -of forty pounds' worth of tickets for my benefit." - -On the occasion of this, or some other benefit, he could not refrain -from going every morning to the box-office to see how many places -were taken; and a week before the last, observing the names to be few -besides those of his own private friends, he said to the box-keeper, -Brandon, "D---- it, Jem, if the nobility don't come forward, I shall -cut but a poor figure this time." - -"Don't be afraid," said Brandon; "I dare say we shall do a good deal -for you to-day." - -"I hope so," replied Incledon, "and as I go home to dinner I will look -in again." - -Incledon, who was not very familiar with _Debrett's Peerage_, returning -at five o'clock in the afternoon, hastened to the book, and read aloud -the following fictitious names, which Brandon, by way of a joke, had put -down in his absence: "The Marquis of Piccadilly," "The Duke of Windsor." - -"Ah, ha!" exclaimed Incledon, "that must be one of the Royal Family." - -"Lord Highgate"--"The Bishop of Gravesend." "Well," said he to -Brandon, quite delighted, "if we get on as well to-morrow as we have -to-day, I shall have a number of distinguished titles present." - -Parke says of him: "Amongst other singularities, Incledon was -restless, and could not stay long in a place. Having, with his wife, -dined at my house, in the evening, whilst the party were engaged at -cards, he absented himself for a considerable time; and, Mrs. Incledon -noticing it particularly, I was induced to go and look for him. -Tracing him by his voice, I found him in the kitchen, helping the -maids to pick parsley, which was preparing for supper." - -Parke adds: "As a ballad singer he was unrivalled, and his manner of -singing sea songs, particularly Gay's 'Black-eyed Susan,' 'The Storm,' -by Alexander Stevens, and Shield's 'Heaving of the Lead,' can only be -appreciated by those who have heard him. - -"Though he evinced a strong propensity to wine, he never appeared to -be intoxicated by it. Dining with a party at his house, where he had -just recovered from a very severe indisposition, and was, as he said, -advised by his physician to be very abstemious, he sometimes after -dinner, while his friends were drinking port wine, had a second black -bottle placed before him, which I conceived to contain some very light -beverage suited to his case, till he said to me in an under tone, -'Bill, take a glass of this,' pointing to his black bottle, which I -did, and found it to be Madeira." - -During the summer Incledon made provincial tours, giving entertainments -moulded on those of Dibdin, and these were very successful financially. - -After quitting Covent Garden he performed at concerts and in minor -theatres. In 1817 he sailed for America, where he was received with -great enthusiasm, and realized handsome profits. - -His last appearance in London was under Ellison at Drury Lane in 1820, -and his last appearance on any stage was at Southampton, where he had -first appeared behind the footlights. This was on October 20th in the -same year. He resided towards the end of his days at Brighton, where -he was afflicted with a slight paralytic affliction, from the effects -of which he recovered; and in February, 1826, being at Worcester, he -experienced a second attack, which proved fatal, and he died on -February 14th in the sixty-eighth year of his age. His remains were -conveyed from Worcester to Highgate, where they were interred. - - - - - THE MURDER OF RICHARD - CORYTON - - -Richard Coryton, eldest son of Peter Coryton of West Newton Ferrers, -in the parish of S. Mellion, had married Ann, daughter of Richard -Coode, of Morval, and by her had three sons, Peter, Richard, and John. - -Peter, the grandfather, died on 24th March, 1551, but his son Richard -died a violent death in a tragic manner in 1565. Peter, the younger -and heir apparent, was intent on marrying Jane, the daughter of John -Wrey, of Northrussell, but for some reason unexplained his father -Richard took a violent dislike to the proposed daughter-in-law, and -when his son persisted in desiring to have her as his wife, the father -flew into a violent passion and swore that if he took her he would -disinherit him of all the lands he could, and would give to him only a -younger son's portion, constituting Richard head of the family. - -Peter remained firm--he was then in London at the Court, and the -father at once made ready to leave Newton Ferrers and take his journey -to London and disinherit his son if he found that the marriage was -still insisted on. But on the eve of his starting, as he was walking -in the grounds of Newton Ferrers, he was suddenly fallen upon by two -scoundrels named Bartlett and Baseley, who owed him a grudge over some -matter that is not mentioned, and they cut his throat. - -Bartlett and Baseley were apprehended and brought to Launceston before -the sheriff, Mr. Trevanion, and were found guilty; but he could not -believe that they were revenging some private wrong, and as the matter -of dispute between father and son was well known, and it was known as -well that Richard was about to disinherit his eldest son, a strong -suspicion was entertained by Trevanion that the murder had been -committed at the instigation of the son, and he gave the men hopes of -a reprieve--if not of a pardon--if they would reveal the name of the -man who had urged them to commit this dreadful crime. He behaved, it -must be seen, in a most unfair manner, hinting his suspicions to the -two wretches and giving them no peace till they declared that they had -been set on by Mr. Peter Coryton to murder his father. - -As Peter Coryton was in town, the two criminals were sent to Newgate -to be confronted with him there. Whether he was arrested on the charge -of having instigated the murder of his father does not appear, but it -is probable. - -However, if that were the case, his detention was not for long, as -both murderers recanted when in London. The following curious deed of -"Evidence concerning the murder of Mr. Coryton" is preserved in -Pentillie Castle. - -"To all true Xtian people to whom this present writing shall come, or -shall see, hear or read, Sir Richard Champion, Knt., Lord Mayor, and -the Aldermen of the City of London send greeting in our Lord God -everlasting. - -"Forasmuch as among other, the great and manifold deeds and works of -piety and charity, the witnessing and declaration of the truth of all -matters in question, ambiguity or doubt is not to be accounted the -least, but rather as a choice virtue and means whereby the truth, tho' -many times suppressed for a season, doth the rather appear brought -forth into the sight and knowledge of men is with the choicest to be -embraced, extolled, and commended. - -"We therefore, the said Lord Mayor and Aldermen, do signify and -declare unto all your honours and worships, unto whom it shall -appertain, and to every of the same, that the days of the date of -these presents hereunder written, there did appear and come personally -before us, the said Mayor and Aldermen, in the Queen's Majesty's -Court, holden before the said Lord Mayor and Aldermen, in the outer -chamber of the Guildhall of the said City, the Deponents hereunder -named, who, upon their own free will, without any manner of coercion -and constraint, upon their corporate oaths upon the holy evangelists -of Almighty God, then and there severally before us taken and made and -exactly examined by one of the clerks of the said Court, said and -deposed in all things as hereafter word for word ensueth. - -"_John Philpott_, clerk, Parson of S. Michael in Cornhill of London, -aged 29 years or thereabout, deposed, sworn and examined, the day -hereunder written, saith and deposeth upon his oath that on the ninth -of November last, upon a Saturday, about four of the clock in the -afternoon, but what day of the week it was he doth not now -remember--this examinate was required by Mr. Howes, one of the -Sheriffs of London, and in the name of the other sheriff,[26] that he -would go unto Newgate, and there to examine one Rafe Bartlett, -prisoner within the same place, who was then very sick and like to -die, to the intent to understand of him whether one Peter Curryngton, -whom before he had accused for the murder of his own father, were -culpable therein or no. Whereupon this examinate went to the said gaol -of Newgate, and by the way he did meet with two ministers, the one -named Edward Wilkinson, and the other John Brown, whom he desired to -go with him, who went with him accordingly, and coming to the -aforesaid gaol of Newgate, he desired the keeper that they might talk -with the said Bartlett, and the said keeper went down with them into -the prison, and brought them unto him, and there finding him very sore -sick, persuaded with him, for that he was more like to die than live, -in discharge of his conscience, as he would answer before God, to -declare unto them whether that the aforesaid Peter Curryngton, whom he -had accused to be privy and procurer of him and one Baseley to do the -same murder were true Yea or No. - -"Whereupon he confessed and said that he had most untruly accused the -said Peter Curryngton, for he was never privy, nor knew of it, but -that it was he himself and the said Baseley, without the knowledge of -any other, and declared the cause why they had so accused him was, for -that after they were found guilty for the same matter, the Sheriff of -Cornwall did examine them if there were any other privy or procuring -to the same murder; and they agreed together to the intent to preserve -their lives, or at the least to prolong the same, falsely to accuse -the said Peter Curryngton; and the same Bartlett showed himself very -sorry and repentant for his said accusation, saying, 'Think you that -Mr. Curryngton will forgive me?' - -"And this examinate answered him, 'There is no doubt he will, for -otherwise he is not of God.' Wherewith he seemed to be satisfied. And -this examinate saith that the said Bartlett died within two or three -days after; and going from him up the stairs, he, the examinate and the -others were brought unto the aforesaid Baseley, who confessed and -declared unto them in everything the innocency of the said Peter -Curryngton, concerning the same murder, and that it was he and the said -Bartlett that committed the same without the knowledge or consent of any -other; and that they did accuse him for the purpose afore alleged, by -the said Bartlett, and more in effect this examinate cannot say. - -"_Edward Wilkinson_ of London, Clerk, Parson of the parish church of -S. Antonine in London, aged 33 years or thereabout, deposed, sworn and -examined, the said day and year hereunder written, saith and deposeth -upon his oath, about November last, the exact time the examinate -remembereth not, he did meet one Mr. Philpott, parson of S. Michael in -Cornhill, in Cheapside, who desired this examinate that he would go -back with him to Newgate, who did so, and by the way as they went, -they met with Master Brown, a minister, who likewise went with them to -Newgate, and the deposition of the foresaid Mr. Philpott, being unto -him read, and he, well perusing and understanding the same, saith and -deposeth that all the matter declared and spoken by the said Bartlett, -as it is contained in the deposition of the said Master Philpott, is -very true in all things, and was spoken in the presence and hearing of -this examinate, and further, this examinate saith that the words -likewise spoken and declared by the said Baseley, named in the said -deposition of the said Master Philpott, are likewise very true, and -were in the presence and hearing of this examinate. And further, this -examinate saith that he did persuade and exhort the said Baseley, -saying unto him, 'Take good heed that you do not lie. You have already -murdered one, you have falsely accused another, and you seem to -slander the Sheriff (of Cornwall).' And the said Baseley answered, -'The truth is, Master Sheriff bade me devise some way to save myself, -and I said I could not tell how,--and he said the way (to do so) was -to accuse some other. And he examined me whether there was any one -privy or procuring the said murder, beside ourselves, saying unto me, -"You could not do it alone. There be divers of the Curryngtons. Was -there none of them privy or consenting to the same? You are best to -advise and consider yourself, for the telling the truth in accusation -of others, might be the way to save their (i.e. your own) lives." -Whereupon I returned to the said Bartlett and conferred with him, and -we did agree together falsely to accuse Peter Curryngton, for the -saving of our own lives'; which accusation was untrue, and that the -said Peter Curryngton was very ignorant and innocent of the same -murder; and that he was sorry and did repent that he had accused him -untruly. And more he cannot say. - -"_Edmund Marner_, citizen of London and keeper of the Gaol of Newgate, -aged forty-five years or thereabout, deposed, etc. ... saith and -deposeth upon his oath that the 15th day of November last past, being -Saturday, John Philpott, clerk, etc., Edward Wilkinson and John Brown, -ministers, came to the gaol of Newgate from the Sheriff of London, by -a token, to this examinate, to speak with one Rafe Bartlett, prisoner -there, being very sore sick." - -The deposition of the gaoler was merely a confirmation of what had -been deposed by the two previous witnesses. - -"_William Margytte_, of London, Clerk, Reader of the Morning Prayer in -the Parish of S. Sepulchre, and Ordinary for the Bishop of London, of -the gaol of Newgate, aged forty years, deposed, sworn, and examined, -etc., that about September last past, one Richard Baseley, then being -prisoner in Newgate, and very sore sick, and like to die, did send for -this examinate, to speak with him, and this examinate coming unto him, -he said, 'This is the cause that I send for you. I am very sore sick, -and more like to die than to live, and I think I shall not escape this -sicknesse, and if I do, yet I must die for the law, for I and one of -my neighbours did murder Master Curryngton, which I do not much -repent. But the very cause that I sent for you is to be a means to -Peter Curryngton, his son, whom I have accused to be privy and -procuring of the same murder, that he would forgive me, for I have -falsely accused him. For as I trust to be saved by Christ, he is -utterly ignorant of the same murder, and there was none privy to the -same but he, the said Baseley himself, and the said Bartlett, who -committed the same.' And this examinate demanded of him why he did -accuse Peter Curryngton. And he said that the cause was that after -they were found guilty of the murder, Mr. Trevannyon, Sheriff of -Cornwall, came unto and examined him, as to who was privy to the -murder more than they; saying that they being so simple would not do -the same without assistance; saying further that if he would confess -the truth as to who helped or procured them to do the same, he would -cause his chain to be stricken off, and carry him home with him at -night, and would save his life, though it cost him (sum illegible), -and thereupon in hope of life he did accuse the said Peter Curryngton -falsely and wrongfully; and thereupon he said he would take his death. -And the examinate, persuading him and advising him to repent and be -sorry for the murder of the said Curryngton, calling to God heartily -for mercy and forgiveness of the same. Which in the end with much ado -he seemed to be sorry for ... and also the examinate went into the -same gaol at Newgate, to speak to Roll Bartlett, to understand whether -it were true what the said Baseley had confessed; who declared unto -the examinate, as he should answer before God, that Peter Curryngton -was never privy nor of consent to the murder of his father, and that -there was none privy or knew it but only he and the said Baseley; and -the cause why they did kill him was for that he had misused them many -ways, and also, they thought no man would be sorry for his death. And -this examinate demanded of him the cause wherefore he did accuse the -said Peter Curryngton, he answered, 'The fair promises of the Sheriff, -and to the interest to preserve their lives, or, at least, to prolong -them, was the only cause,' etc. - -"In faith and testimony whereof we the said Mayor and Aldermen,--the -common seal of our office of Mayoralty of the said city, to these -presents, have caused to be put, written at the said city of London on -the 23rd day of May, 1566, in the eighth year of the reign of our most -gracious and benign Sovereign Lady Elizabeth, etc., etc." - -It would appear that the murdered man had been not only a dragon in -his house, but also in the entire neighbourhood, oppressing his -tenants and disliked by the gentry. It is hard not to suspect that Sir -Hugh Trevanion of Carhayes, who was then Sheriff of Cornwall, bore a -personal grudge against Peter Coryton. - -Peter, all obstacle to his marriage being removed, married the lady of -his choice, and by her had three sons and six daughters. He died the -13th August, 1603. - -The murderer Baseley died in Newgate, but Bartlett was sent back to -Launceston and there hanged. - -But this is not the "end of this shocking affair," for eighty years -after the murder, John Coryton, of Probus, laid claim to the estates -of the then John Coryton, of Newton Ferrers, on the plea that Peter -had forfeited all rights to the inheritance because he had murdered -his father. - - "To the Right Hon. Houses of Parliament, now sitting at Westminster. - - The Humble Petition of John Coryton of the parish of Probus, in the - County of Cornwall, gent., a great sufferer for and in his Majesty's - cause. - -Humbly sheweth-- - -That yo^r petitioner was and is the son of Scipio Coryton, and Scipio -was son of John, and John was son of Richard Coryton, Esq., of West -Newton Ferrers in the said county of Cornwall, who about eighty years -since was most barbarously murdered by two fellows who were maintained -by the said Richard Coryton, without any cause or hurt to them, and -that the said Richard having three sons, viz. Peter, the firstborn, -Richard the second, John the third, your petitioner's grandfather. The -said Peter his firstborn would have married with one Mr. Wrey's -daughter, to w^h his father would not consent, but threatened his said -son that if he should marry with her that he w^d disinherit him of all -the lands he could. And that he, the said Peter, his firstborn, should -have but a younger son's portion. The said Peter, his firstborn, -insisted in the same match by continuing his suit to her. Being at the -Court in London, his said father purposing his journey for London the -Thursday following, to effect his said purpose of disinheriting his -said son. The said Mr. Wrey living about those parts of West Newton -Ferrers. The Tuesday before walking in part of his said barton of -West Newton, was set upon by these two fellows (their names were -Bartley and Baselly) and cruelly murdered by cutting of his throat. -The fellows were taken and the one died in prison, or was made away -with, the other was brought to Launceston and there hanged without any -confession of who set them on. One of the said Mr. Wrey's sons (viz.) -Edmund, was seen at the place of execution with a black box under his -arm in the sight of the malefactor, who was cast down without any -confession. These murderers being gone, the said Peter married the -said Mr. Wrey's daughter, and entered as heir on his father's estate -with about L2000 per annum, his said brothers having nothing; he gave -a living to Richard, his said brother, during his life. But your -petitioner's grandfather, knowing of the wrong done him, would not -take his brother's small pittance, for he always said that he had -right to a greater part of the estate than he would give him. Your -petitioner's grandfather marrying a gentlewoman who had a small -fortune, went to law with his said brother for his part of the estate, -but being not able to contend with him by reason of his small ability -and the other's greatness, was forced to give over. And he continually -keeped all the estate to the impoverishing of your petitioner's -grandfather, and they that defended him. And your petitioner's father -being not able to contend with him by reason of his poverty, leaving -me, his son, in like case, being not able any other way to seek his -right, but by petitioning to your Honours; your petitioner being -impoverished and brought very low by following his Majesty's service -all along the war in England and Ireland, and with His Highness Prince -Rupert in France also, and other parts where your petitioner received -many cruel wounds and many imprisonments, which I forbare to relate -for burden and trouble to your Honours, your petitioner and his wife -being no longer able to subsist. - -"These premises considered, your poor petitioner humbly begs your -Honours that you will be pleased to call John Coryton, Esq., of West -Newton Ferrers, the possessor of the said estates, before your -Honours; or where your Honours shall think fit, to show cause why your -petitioner hath not an inheritance of his said father's estate, which -hath been so long kept from him, and his said father, and your -petitioner shall pray, etc." - -The pedigree was as follows:-- - - Richard Coryton = Anne, dau. of Rich^d - murdered 1565. | Coode of Morval. - +---------------+---------------+ - | | | - Jane = Peter Coryton. Richard C. John C. - da. of John | d. 13 Aug., 2nd son. 3rd son. - Wrey, d. 1618. | 1602. | - | | - | | - William C. = Eliz. dau. of Sir Scipio C. - | John Chichester | - | of Rawleigh. | - | | - +----------+ | - | | - Sir John Coryton = Anne, da. of J. Mills John Coryton - bp. July 24, 1621; | of Colebrook. of Probus. - bur. Aug. 23, 1680. | bp. 29 Nov., 1620; - Bart. 1661. | m. 27 Dec., 1643; - | d. 27 Sept., 1677. - V - -One little incident may be noted: Richard Coryton, who was murdered, -was one of twenty-four children. - -John Coryton of Probus got nothing by his application. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[26] John Rivers and James Howes were sheriffs. - - - - - SIR JAMES TILLIE, KNT. - - -High above the Tamar where it is most tortuous, and commanding loop upon -loop of this beautiful river, with the blue bank of Dartmoor standing up -in the east as a rising thundercloud, stands a red-brick tower upon an -elevated platform, that is reached by a flight of stone steps. - -On the east side of this tower is a recess in the thickness of the wall, -with stone benches, and at the back, high up, is a little window formed -of two slits, through which the interior can be seen only by putting one -foot on the bench and the other on a projecting corbel in the wall. What -is then revealed is an interior open to the sky, and with a statue of a -seated man, life size, opposite, in wig and lace steenkirk, one hand -resting on his knee and the other on the arm of his chair. - -There is no door of admission into the tower; a doorway has been -bricked up. Formerly the tower consisted of two storeys, with a floor -above the square chamber in which is the statue, and a roof over the -upper apartment. But roof and floor have gone. - -In the summer of 1907 the walled-up doorway had to be opened, so that -a large tree might be cut down that had grown in the midst of the -tower and threatened it with injury. No sooner was it bruited about -that access to the interior was to be had than crowds of visitors came -out from Plymouth and Devonport, expecting to be able to find within -some relics of Sir James Tillie, Bart., whose burial-place was the -lower chamber, where now is only to be seen his statue. - -Hals says, the spelling modernized: "About the year 1712 Sir James -Tillie died, and, as I am informed, by his last will and testament -obliged his adopted heir, one Woolley, his sister's son, not only to -assume his name (having no legitimate issue), but that he should not -inter his body after death in the earth, but fasten it in the chair -where he died with wire--his hat, wig, rings, gloves, and best apparel -on, shoes and stockings, and surround the same with an oak chest, box, -or coffin, in which his books and papers should be laid, with pen and -ink also--and build for the reception thereof, in a certain field of -his lands, a walled vault or grot, to be arched with moorstone, in -which repository it should be laid without Christian burial; for that, -as he said but an hour before he died, in two years space he would be -at Pentillie again; over this vault his heir likewise was obliged to -build a fine chamber, and set up therein the picture of him, his lady, -and adopted heir, for ever; and at the end of this vault and chamber -to erect a spire or lofty monument of stone, from thence for -spectators to overlook the contiguous country, Plymouth Sound and -Harbour; all which, as I am told, is accordingly performed by his -heir, whose successors are obliged to repair the same for ever out of -his lands and rents, under penalty of losing both. - -"However, I hear lately, notwithstanding this his promise of returning -in two years to Pentillie, that Sir James's body is eaten out with -worms, and his bones or skeleton fallen down to the ground from the -chair wherein it was seated, about four years after it was set up; his -wig, books, wearing apparel, also rotten in the box or chair where it -was first laid." - -[Illustration: SIR JAMES TILLIE, KNT.] - -The lower chamber, not underground, in which Sir James was seated was -not vaulted over as he directed. The portraits in the upper chamber -have been removed to Pentillie Castle, where they may now be seen. - -But, as already intimated, the statue was erected where the body was, -and beneath it is the inscription:-- - - This Monument is erected - In Memory - of - S^{ir} James Tillie kn^t who dyed - 15 of Nov^r - Anno Domini 1713 - And in y^e 67^{th} year of his Age. - -It is thought--but no evidence exists to show that it was so--that the -bones of Sir James were collected by Mary Jemima, the last of the -Tillie family and the heiress who carried Pentillie to the Coryton -family about 1770, and transferred to the churchyard of S. Mellion. -When the chamber was entered recently and the tree cut down and -eradicated, no traces of the dead man could be found. - -Hals, in his MS. _History of Cornwall_, says: "Pentyley a hous and -church built by one Mr. James Tyley, son of ... in ye parish of S. -Keverne, labourer as I am inform'd." The father's name was John. "And -was placed by him a servant or horseman to S^{ir} John Coryton, Bart., -the Elder, who afterwards by his assistance learning the inferiour -practice of the Lawe under an Atturney, became his Steward, in which -caracter by his Care and Industry he soon grew Rich, soe that he -marryed Sir Henry Vane's daughter; by whome he had a good fortune or -estate, but noe issue; at Length after the Death of his Master (1680) -he became a Guardian in Trust for his younger children, and Steward -to their elder Brother, Sir John, that marryed Chiverton, whereby he -augmented his wealth and fame to a greater pitch. When, soon after, -King James II came to the Crown, this gentleman by a great sume of -money and false representation of himselfe obtained the favour of -knighthood at his hands, but that Kinge some short while after beinge -inform'd that Mr. Tyley was at first but a Groome or Horseman to Sir -John Coryton, that he was no Gentleman of Blood or armes, and yet gave -for his Coat-armour the armes of Count Tillye of Germany, ordered the -Heraulds to enquire into this matter; who findinge this information -trew, by the King's order entered his Chamber at London, tooke downe -those arms, tore others in pieces, and fastened them all to Horse -tayles and drew them through the streets of London, to his perpetuall -Disgrace, and disgraced him from the dignity of that beinge, and -impos'd a fyne of L500 upon him for so doing, as I am inform'd--but -alas, maugre all those proceedings, after the death of his then -Master, Sir John Coryton the Younger, not without suspicion of being -poysoned, he soon marryed his Lady, with whome Common fame said he was -too familiar before, soe that he became possest of her goods and -chattels, and a great Joynture. Whereby he liveth in much pleasure and -comfort in this place, honour'd of some, lov'd of none; admiring -himself for the Bulk of his Riches and the Arts and Contrivances by -which he gott it--some of which were altogether unlawfull, witness his -steward, Mr. Elliott, being credited for a mint and coyning false -money for his use; who on notice thereof forsooke this Land, and fled -beyond the Seas, though the other Agent and Confederate, Cavals -Popjoye, indicted for the same crime of High Treason committed at -Saltash, was taken, tryed and found guilty and executed at Lanceston, -1695, at which tyme the writer of these Lynes was one of the Grand -Jury for the body of this County, that found those Bills--when William -Williams of Treworgy in Probus Esq. was sheriff, and John Waddon, -Esq., foreman of the Jury." - -After this, written at a later date, comes the passage relative to the -burial arrangements of Sir James, already quoted. - -With regard to the above statement, a few remarks may be made. Sir -John Coryton died in 1680, just after he had obtained a licence for -concluding a second marriage with Anne Wayte, of Acton, widow. - -His son, Sir John, married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Sir -Richard Chiverton, Kt., Lord Mayor of London, and a wealthy skinner. -Sir James Tillie's first wife was Margaret, daughter of Sir Harry -Vane, the Parliamentarian, who was executed in 1662. Tillie was -knighted at Whitehall, 14th January, 1686-7, and he built Pentillie -Castle. In one of the quadrangles of the castle is a leaden statue of -the knight with flowing wig, a roll of papers in one hand like the -baton of a field-marshal, and with preternaturally short legs. - -In Luttrell's _Brief Relation of State Affairs_ there is some mention -of the affair of the assumed arms. He says, under date November 26th, -1687: "Sir James Tillie of Cornwall was brought up upon an habeas -corpus, being committed by the Court of Chivalry for refusing to find -bail there, and was remanded. - -"January 19th, 1687-8. The Court of Chivalry satt, and fined Sir James -Tilly L200 for his crime." - -Hals, accordingly, was wrong in saying that he was fined L500. - -Hals thinks (he does no more) that Sir James was mixed up in the -coining business. If he got rich by nefarious practices, it was -probably by filling his pockets out of the Coryton estates, of which -he was steward under two of the baronets. - -Sir James Tillie's will by no means carries with it the character of -impiety attributed to it by Hals. It is headed: "Dei voluntas fiat, et -mei hac performet." In it he mentions the date of his birth, November -16th, 1645. It is a very long will, and in it he laboured in every -conceivable way to found a family. As he had no children of his own, -he made his eldest nephew heir, but in the event of his dying without -issue, then his estates passed to his second, and so on. At the end he -wrote: "I desire my Body may have a private interment at and in such a -place in Pentillie Castle as I have acquainted my dearest wife, the -Lady Elizabeth Tillie, with, and to have such monument erected and -inscription thereon made as I have desired my said wife." - -The paper of instructions left with her is still extant; of that more -presently. He proceeds: "Although I have made a provision for my said -wife out of my Lands, yet in regard to her kindness to me whilst -living, and that tenderness to my memory which I know she will have -after my death, for the uses hereinafter mentioned, I give and -bequeath unto my said wife all her Paraphaanalia [_sic_], apparell, -jewells and ornaments of her Person, all the Books, China, Portraits -and Toyes in her Closett at Pentillie Castle, my Coach, Chariott, -Calash and set of six horses with two such of my other Horses and -Cowes as shall please her to elect, and also a Hundred Guineas in -money for her life and then for her grandchildren. - -"To Altmira Tillie go the L500 payable on the day of marriage with -either one of my said nephews. But on her marriage with any other my -will is that she shall have only L250. - -"To my Cousin Mary Mattock L50 to be paid on her marriage Day with -any other than William Parkes, but on her marriage with him this -legacy is to be void. - -"_Then_ I give unto my said Wife fifty pounds for my ffunerall desireing -four of my ancientest workmen may lay me in my grave, unto whom I give -fforty shillings apiece. And to William Trenaman ten pounds. And to my -honest Richard Lawreate in Meate and Drink for his owne person to the -value of Two shillings and sixpence per weeke at Pentillie during his -Life. To my domestique servants living with me at my Death fforty -shillings each, To Samuel Holman his Tooles, and to John Long a joynt of -Mutton weekly during his Life, as I have done. In witness thereof I have -hereunto sett my hand and seal this 22nd day of March, 1703/4, etc." - -One very curious and most unusual feature in the proving of this will -was that the original was handed over to James Tillie, the nephew, in -place of an attested copy, and only a copy retained in the Consistory -Court. - -As Sir James had no right to bear arms, his nephew, James Tillie, -obtained a grant from the Heralds' College, November 1st, 1733. The -arms given him were as follows: _Arg., a cross fleury gules, in chief -three eagles' heads couped, sable_; and as a crest, on a wreath of the -colours, _a demi-phoenix rising out of flames ppr. and charged on the -breast with a cross fleury sa_. - -The memorandum referred to by Sir James in his will, containing -instructions as to his burial, is still extant, and it is by no means -as extravagant as represented by Hals. - -Gilpin, in his _Observations on the West Parts of England_, 1798, gave -currency to the story as amplified by tradition, and thenceforth it -was generally accepted and obtained currency. - -Gough, in his Camden's _Britannia_, 1789, says: "In the rocks of -Whitsand Bay, Tilly, Esq., who died about fifty years ago, remarkable -for the freedom of his principles and life, was inclosed by his own -order, dressed in his clothes, sitting, his face to the door of a -summer-house at Pentelly, the key put under the door, and his figure -in wax, in the same dress and attitude in the room below." - -Gough makes several mistakes. Pentillie is a great many miles from -Whitsand Bay, and he was placed not among rocks, but on the summit of -a hill called Ararat. The figure carved in the attitude in which -placed to rest is in sandstone, and not in wax; and finally it is not -in a summer-house, but in a lofty brick tower, erected after his -death, the bill for the erection of which is still in existence. - -Notwithstanding all his schemes to found a family, his posterity failed -in the male line, and the castle and Tillie lands passed as follows:-- - - John Tillie, - labourer, S. Kevern. - | - +--------+-------------+ - | | - (2) Elizab. = (1) Margaret = Sir James Tillie. da. = Woolley. - da. Sir R. da. of Sir b. Nov. 16, 1645. | - Chiverton and H. Vane. | - wid. of Sir | - John Coryton. | - | - +------------------+ - | - Wm. Goodall = Elizabeth, James Tillie Woolley = Esther .... - | da. Sir John als. Tillie, Sheriff | - | Coryton. of Cornwall, 1734. | - | | - +---------+ +----------+ - | | - John Goodall = Margery Major. James Tillie = Mary .... - | | - +------+ | - | | - Peter Goodall = .... | - d. 1756. | +------------------------+ - | | - John Coryton = Mary Jemima Tillie. - | - +-----+ - | - John Tillie Coryton, - b. 1773; d. 1843. - -[Illustration: SIR JAMES TILLIE'S MONUMENT AT PENTILLIE] - -There was an illustrious and ancient family of Tilly, or Tylly, at -Cannington, in Somersetshire, deriving from a De Tilly in the reign of -Henry II, and the parish of West Harptree in the same county is -divided into two manors, one of which is West Harptree-Tilly. The arms -of this Tilly family were only a dragon erect, _sable_, and as such -appear in glass in the windows of Cannington Church. - -That Sir James Tillie could claim no descent from this family is -evident from his not assuming their arms. Had the Heralds been able to -trace any connection whatever, they would have given to the nephew a -coat resembling the Tilly arms of Cannington but not identical. - -It must be borne in mind that the possession of a surname of a noble -or gentle family by no means indicates that the bearer had a drop of -that family's blood in his veins; for it was quite a common thing when -surnames began to be acquired for the domestic servants in a house to -be called after their master, or that they should assume their -patronymics, much as in _High Life Below Stairs_ the menial servants -assume the titles of their masters as well as their names. This -practice was so common that always in the neighbourhood of a great -house, that has lived on through many centuries, will be found among -the villagers in a very humble walk of life persons bearing the -surname of the illustrious family in the castle, the hall, or the -manor. How a dependent of the Tilly family of Cannington drifted down -to the Lizard is not easily explained; it may be that this Tilly was -descended from one of the regiments that Charles I sent down to the -Scilly Isles, and which was left there and forgotten. - - - - - LIEUTENANT JOHN HAWKEY - - -Joseph Hawkey, of Liskeard, and his wife Amye, daughter of the Rev. John -Lyne, had a numerous family. John was the eldest son, born at Liskeard -in 1780; the other sons were William, Joseph, Richard, and Charles. -There was also a daughter Charlotte, born at Liskeard 10th May, 1799. - -Lieutenant Joseph Hawkey, R.N., born at Liskeard in 1786, was killed -in action while commanding a successful attack on a Russian flotilla -in the Gulf of Finland in 1809. - -John also entered the navy, as midshipman in the _Minerva_. A few -months after the renewal of the war in 1803 he was taken prisoner -whilst gallantly defending that ship, when she was unfortunately run -by the pilot, during a dense fog, on the west point of the stone dyke -of Cherbourg. Hawkey remained in captivity at Verdun for eleven years, -till 1814. - -A commission of lieutenant had been sent out to him by mistake to the -West Indies, which being dated previous to his capture was not -cancelled, but forwarded to him in France, and was thus the means in -some degree of alleviating the evils of captivity. Whilst at Verdun he -made the acquaintance of Lieutenant Tuckey, R.N., a person like himself -a prisoner, and like him of fine taste and considerable talents. - -His prospects had been cruelly clouded by his long detention in -captivity, and on the conclusion of peace he at once joined the -_Cyrus_, sloop of war; but when the Government proposed to send out -an expedition to explore the Zaire or Congo, and appointed Tuckey in -command, Lieutenant Hawkey eagerly accepted the invitation of his -friend to join him and act as second in command. - -At this time little was known of the Congo and the Niger. Hitherto -what was known was due to Arabian writers of the Middle Ages, and to -what leaked out from the Portuguese; but these latter, who carried on -an extensive slave trade thence, did their utmost to keep their -knowledge of these rivers to themselves. But even they were not well -acquainted with the rivers far up from their mouths. Mungo Park was -preparing for his second expedition to explore the Niger, and it was -even supposed that the Congo or Zaire that flows into the South -Atlantic was an outlet of the Niger, and not an independent river; and -this opinion was warmly expounded by Park in a memoir addressed to -Lord Camden previous to his departure from England, and he added that, -if this should turn out to be a fact, "considered in a commercial -point of view, it is second only to the discovery of the Cape of Good -Hope; and, in a geographical point of view, it is certainly the -greatest discovery that remains to be made in this world." - -On March 19th, 1816, the _Congo_, accompanied by the _Dorothy_ -transport, sailed on a voyage of exploration to the Zaire. The _Congo_ -was about ninety tons, schooner rigged, and drew five feet of water. -She was fitted up entirely for the accommodation of officers and men, -and for the reception of the objects of natural history which might be -collected on her progress up the river. The gentlemen engaged on the -expedition, in the scientific department, were: Professor Smith, of -Christiania, botanist and geologist; Mr. Tudor, comparative anatomist; -Mr. Cranch, collector of objects of natural history; and a gardener -to gather plants and seeds for Kew; also Mr. Galway, a gentleman -volunteer. There were two negroes, who would serve as interpreters, -one of whom came from eight hundred miles up the Zaire. The officers -were: Captain Tuckey, Lieutenant Hawkey, Mr. Fitzmaurice, master and -surveyor, Mr. McKernow, assistant surgeon, two master's mates, and a -purser. In addition to the _Congo_, the transport took out two double -whale-boats, so fitted as to be able to carry eighteen to twenty men, -with three months' provisions. - -Lieutenant Hawkey was an excellent draughtsman; he sketched in a bold -and artistic manner, and to a general knowledge of natural history he -united the talent of painting the minutest sea and land animals with -great spirit and accuracy. - -Although the vessels sailed from Deptford on February 16th, they were -detained in the Channel and at Falmouth by westerly gales till March -19th. On April 9th they reached the Cape de Verd Islands, whence he -wrote home to his sister Charlotte:-- - - "PORTO PRAYA, S. JAGO, _August 11th, 1816_. - -"My Angel,--I am just able to hold my pen and tell you that I am alive, -after being as near death as ever mortal being was. The day before -yesterday we arrived here. Captain Tuckey and myself went to wait on the -governor, the commissary, and captain of the transport, to procure -refreshments. We were graciously received--saluted by his black -guards--took a walk in the country--returned, intending to go on board -to dinner. There is a heavy surf on the beach, and squalls are very -frequent from the mountains; one of which, when we were about a cable's -length from the shore, upset our boat. I intended swimming composedly on -shore, but something or some person caught my leg, and I could not by -any exertion get my head above water. It instantly struck me that some -one who could not swim had seized me, hoping to save himself; and I swam -in what I conceived to be the direction of the shore, under water. My -senses I preserved as fully as at present. O Lord, methought, what pain -it was to drown! What dreadful noise of water in my ears! I thought my -last hour was come. Still I struggled violently, but finding it -impossible to retain my breath longer, I took off my hat and held it -above the water. A black boy, who had swam off with several other, got -hold of it, and then of me. From that moment all recollection ceased -until I found myself with my stomach on an empty cask on the beach, -surrounded by my own party and blacks. My sufferings were very acute; -the absolute pain of dying--which ceremony I completely underwent--was -nothing in comparison. The different means prescribed for the recovery -of drowned persons were used; and as soon as possible I was conveyed on -board. A determination of blood to the head and lungs took place; all -night I was in danger; but it is now going fast off, but I am in a state -of absolute debility. Captain Tuckey says I was more than five minutes -under water--a longer time than the most experienced divers can remain. -Note, I was in full uniform--boots, sword--and my pockets full of stones -and shells I had picked up on shore. Captain Tuckey lost his sword; his -watch and mine are both spoiled." - -Cape Padrone, at the mouth of the Congo, was reached on July 6th. The -transport was left a little way up, and the party of exploration -pushed on up the river. The mouth of the Congo was found to be about -fifteen miles wide. Far inland were seen naked hills of sand. -Professor Smith wrote in his diary:-- - -"July 7th.--Early this morning the mafock, or governor, came on board -in two canoes, with his retinue. At first his pretensions were very -lofty. He insisted on being saluted with a discharge of cannon, and on -observing us going to breakfast declared that he expected to be placed -at the same table with the captain, and endeavoured to make his words -sufficiently impressive by haughty gesticulations. Sitting on the -quarter-deck in a chair covered with a flag, his dress consisting of a -laced velvet cloak, a red cap, a piece of stuff round his waist, -otherwise naked, with an umbrella over his head, though the weather -was cold and cloudy, he represented the best caricature I ever saw. He -soon became more moderate on being informed that the vessels were not -belonging to slave merchants, but to the King of England, and that our -object was to trade. In order to give him a proof of our goodwill -towards him, a gun was discharged and a merchant flag hoisted." - -A good many negroes after this came on board. They were nearly all -nominally Christians. Among them was a Catholic priest, who had been -ordained at Loando. He had been baptized two years before his -ordination at S. Antonio. - -"The barefooted black apostle, however, had no fewer than five wives. -A few crosses on the necks of the negroes, some Portuguese prayers, -and a few lessons taught by heart, are the only fruits that remain of -the labours (of the Portuguese missionaries) of three hundred years." - -Proceeding up the river, threading a tangle of islands and sandbanks, -the vessels stood off Embonna, where they came across an American -slaver flying Swedish colours. Here there had been several Portuguese -slave-dealing ships, but on hearing of the arrival in the river of -the English vessels during the night they slipped away. - -On July 25th they came to the Fetiche Rock, a mass of micaceous granite -rising perpendicularly out of the river, with eddies and whirlpools at -its feet. The surface of the rock is covered with sculptured figures, -which Lieutenant Hawkey drew, and which he managed to interpret. - -On July 26th Captain Tuckey and others landed at Lombee, a village of -a hundred huts, and the king's market, and here they went to visit the -chenoo, or king. - -"Having seated myself," wrote Tuckey, "the chenoo made his appearance -from behind a mat-screen, his costume conveying the idea of Punch in a -puppet show, being composed of a crimson plush jacket with curious -gilt buttons, a lower garment in the native style in red velvet, his -legs muffled in pink sarsenet, and a pair of red morocco half-boots. -On his head an immense high-crowned hat embroidered with gold, and -surmounted by a kind of coronet of European artificial flowers. Having -seated himself on the right, a master of the ceremonies with a long -staff in his hand inquired into the rank of the gentlemen, and seated -them accordingly. - -"All being seated, I explained to the chenoo, by the interpreter, the -motives of my mission--stating that 'the King of England being equally -good as he was powerful, and having conquered all his enemies and made -peace in all Europe, he now sent his ships to all parts of the world to -do good to all people, and to see what they wanted and what they had to -exchange; that for this purpose I was going up the river, and that, on -my return to England, English trading vessels would bring them the -objects necessary to them, and teach them to build houses and make -clothes.' These benevolent intentions were, however, far beyond their -comprehension; and as little could they be made to understand that -curiosity was also one of the motives of our visit, or that a ship could -come such a distance for any other purpose but to trade or fight; and -for two hours they rung the changes on the questions, Are you come to -trade? and Are you come to make war? At last, however, they appeared to -be convinced that I came for neither purpose; and on my assuring them -that though I did not trade myself I should not meddle with the slave -traders of any nation, they expressed their satisfaction. - -"The keg of spiced rum which I had brought as part of my present to the -chenoo was now produced, together with an English white earthen washhand -basin covered with dirt, into which some of the liquor was poured and -distributed to the company, the king saying he drank only wine, and -retiring to order dinner. The moment he disappeared, the company began -to scramble for a sup of the rum; and one fellow, dropping his dirty cap -into the basin, as if by accident, contrived to snatch it out again well -soaked, and sucked it with great satisfaction." - -Here Captain Tuckey learned that the traders carried off on an average -two thousand slaves every year. - -Hence, on August 5th, Captain Tuckey, Lieutenant Hawkey, and the -scientific gentlemen proceeded up the river in the double boat, the -transport's longboat, two gigs, and a punt. In addition to those -already mentioned were some of the sailors and the interpreters. - -On August 10th the expedition reached Noki, where the river was rapid -and difficult, running between high bluffs, and Professor Smith -likened it to one of the torrent streams of Norway. On reaching Caran -Yellatu progress was arrested by cataracts, and the party was forced -to quit the boats and push on by land. Here one of the interpreters -deserted, carrying away with him four of the best porters who had been -engaged at Embonna. - -"Every man I have conversed with," says Tuckey, "acknowledges that if -the white man did not come for slaves the practice of kidnapping would -no longer exist, and the wars which nine times out of ten result from -the European slave trade would be proportionately less frequent. The -people at large most assuredly desire the cessation of a trade in -which, on the contrary, all the great men, deriving a large portion of -their revenue from the presents it produces, as well as the slave -merchants, are interested in its continuance." - -At Juga the river again widened, and this was made a basis for -excursions by land up the river. - -On the 10th September Captain Tuckey found it impossible to proceed -further; sickness and death were making terrible ravages among the -party, and it became absolutely necessary to relinquish the enterprise -and endeavour to make their way back to the vessels. On the following -day Captain Tuckey's journal records that they "had a terrible -march--worse to us than the retreat from Moscow." - -Of this return journey we have an account from Lieutenant Hawkey's -diary. When Sir John Barrow published an account of the expedition -from the journals of Captain Tuckey and Professor Smith the diary of -Hawkey was not obtainable; it had been lost, and was not recovered for -some years; and then, when given for publication, was again lost, and -only the concluding pages were to be found. It shall be given, -somewhat curtailed. - -"September 9th.--Our Ultima Thule. Sketched by the setting sun the -appearance of the river, a thousand ideas rushing into my mind: the -singularity of my situation, its contrast with my captivity, and -equally so with my wishes. Here, probably, my travels are to end; but -Heaven knows for what I am destined, and I resign myself. Passed a -sleepless night, and wandered on the beach, wishing, but in vain, for -sleep. Captain Tuckey ill all night. - -"September 10th.--A fine grey morning. Packing up for our return--a -great assemblage of natives, one with a gay red cap. Bought six fowls -for an umbrella. Dr. Smith sketched our last view of the mighty Zaire. -Set out and soon found Dawson very sick; obliged to give his arms and -knapsack to others, and to lead him and give him wine occasionally. -Halted at Vonke, where I got into a scrape by touching Amaza's -fetiche, for which, it being ruined, he wanted a fathom of chintz, -which I gave him. It is forbidden to touch a fetiche or to carry fowls -with their heads downwards. Bought a goat for an umbrella. Bargaining -for a canoe for the sick and luggage; procured one, and embarked poor -Dawson. Tuckey ill; at Masakka had a specimen of African hospitality: -Tuckey, fainting and ill, could not obtain a drop of palm wine until -it was paid for exorbitantly. Peter gave the cap from his head, and -Tuckey his handkerchief and the last beads. To his being faint they -paid not the least regard. About two miles from Sirndia all our guides -abandoned us. However, we found our way, and on our arrival the tent -and luggage, just landed. - -"September 11th.--Hazy, cloudy; feel a little ill. Canoes assembling; -bargained for two for six fathoms and four handkerchiefs. A world of -trouble with them--three strokes of the paddle and stop; wanted to -land us above the rapid; obliged to threaten to put them to death. At -last got them to a rapid that stopped us, where we landed and again -grumbled on. One fellow attempted to snatch the piece from Captain -Tuckey's hand. Met here with some of our old friends, and bargained -with the man whose canoe was stove on the 7th to take us to Juga. The -bearers are to have two fathoms each, and himself a dress. Encamped at -Bemba Ganga. Broached our last bottle of wine. - -"September 12th.--A grey morning. Bought four fowls for two empty -bottles, and four more for some beads. Embarked in a canoe and set -off. About ten arrived at Ganga and had to wait for a canoe; -atmosphere much changed. Hitherto we had found the blacks honest -enough, but here they gave us specimens of being as great thieves as -they were cowards. The canoe in which the sick men came down was -robbed of some check and baft (coarse cloth). One fellow attempted to -steal a carbine. Ben (the black interpreter) lost his greatcoat, which -the fellow he trusted with it ran away with, and our barometer was -stolen in the night. Dr. Smith was taken ill here. We encamped in the -valley of Demba, where we were assailed by ants in myriads, and got no -sleep. After dusk we were informed that the men whom we had hired at -Bemba as canoe men had run away. - -"September 13th.--From 7 a.m. until 6 p.m. no refreshments excepting -earth-nuts, palm-wine, and water. However, we persevered, and at dusk -reached Juga, where we found Butler sick, and had the misery of being -told that poor Tudor and Cranch were no more, Galway despaired of, and -many of the crew sick. Melancholy enough, God knows, but hold on. -Mansa, the slave, has deserted with poor Galway's knapsack. - -"September 14th.--Mizzling rain; melancholy morning. The captain and -Dr. Smith sick. Packing up for ship. Hodder sets out with ten men and an -advanced guard. Dr. Smith worse; decide on removing him to-day; -difficulty in getting bearers; prepared hammocks for the sick. At noon -both the captain and Dr. Smith better; Dawson rather worse; get Butler -into a house. Corporal Middleton arrives with the sad news of Galway's -death, that of poor Stirling and Berry, and a long list of sick. Here I -am in the tent. Poor Tuckey ill, asleep, or perhaps feigning it to avoid -conversation. Dr. Smith groaning under a rheumatic fever, and his trusty -David Lockhart attending him. My ideas are wandering round the world, -and the only consolation is that perhaps it may be the means of my -seeing my dear European friends sooner than I had expected. Five only of -the _Congo's_ are capable of duty, except the warrant officers. Saturday -night. God bless you all, my dear, dear friends! - -"September 15th.--Broke up at Juga, and such a scene I never before -witnessed, and hope never to witness again. As soon as Tuckey was -gone, the natives rushed in upon us like so many furies, each taking -what he could get hold of; the things we were obliged to abandon. A -part of our guides and bearers ran away with the things they were to -carry, and poor Butler was obliged to come away with only two bearers, -who tottered under him, and who were mocked by their compassionate -countrymen. I left him near the ravine of Bonde, and passed on to -Dawson, who was coming on pretty well, as he had four bearers and was -not very heavy. Not far from Vouchin-semnis we were assailed with -horrid shrieks and cries, and soon saw a dozen women, or rather -furies, holding their idols towards us, rolling their eyes, foaming at -the mouth, and making the most violent contortions. They had lost -some manioc, and were exorcising the thieves. I believe the gangam -(priest) had accused us of the robbery. We continued our march, rather -a forced one, to Noki. Far different was the night, and far different -our feelings, on the 23rd of last month! I was colder than charity, -and it rained very hard for more than two hours. - -"September 16th.--Started from Juga. Captain and party on foot, and Dr. -Smith in a hammock. Dr. Smith very weak; obliged to take him out of his -hammock, and William Burton, a marine, carried him on his back, up -almost precipices, to Banza, where we had great difficulty in getting a -little water, which was only obtained by the double influence of a -threat to shoot them and a present of some powder. Arrived at the beach, -where we found all in confusion. No canoes to be had, in consequence of -a taboo from the King of Vinni, who had not received his dues from -Sanquila, who says, on his side, it is in consequence of the commanding -officer of the _Congo_ having threatened to put some one in irons. -Seized the man who appeared to be the chief cause of the opposition, and -at the same time fired at, brought to, and seized five fishing-canoes, -and shortly after obtained two larger from a creek, when we liberated -three of the fishermen's canoes and the head-man. - -"September 17th.--Preparing for embarkation. Finding no paddlers come, -pressed two men and set out, crossing over to the south shore to avoid -the whirlpools. When we left men were assembling fast on the hills, and -told us we had killed a man last night. Beached the canoes and ate some -goat's flesh. So returned on board and reached the _Congo_. Found our -vessel in a horrid state of confusion and filth; stuffed with parrots, -monkeys, puppies, pigeons, etc. The carpenter cutting up the last plank -to make coffins. The deck lumbered as when we left her, and not a -wind-sail up! No stock on board; the sick in double boats and tents -pitched on shore. My cabin filthy as a hog-stye. Passed a sleepless -night. Dr. Smith very unwell, and Captain Tuckey very little better. - -"September 18th.--A little after daylight, Captain Tuckey, Dr. Smith, -and myself left the _Congo_. Passed M'Bima. The river is very much -risen; eagles hovering over us all the way down. Arrived on board the -_Dorothy_ at 3 p.m. Got Dr. Smith to bed; refreshed ourselves, and -thought the air here quite reviving, and a clean ship the greatest of -luxuries. All on board the _Dorothy_ had been well, except the -carpenter, who was convalescent, and a boy who had been up in the -longboat, and was in the same state. - -"September 19th.--Sloop's boat arrived with the sick, and Johnson -dead. Went on shore with Captain Gunther and some of the transport's -people, and buried him--so putrid that I was obliged to bury him in -his cot, with all his bedding. - -"September 20th.--Sick improving generally; transport getting ready -for sea. _Congo_ not in sight. Sent skiff to _Congo_. At 6 p.m. Garth -dies. Skiff returns; has left _Congo_ near Augsberg Island. Parrots -prevent all possibility of sleeping to the sick. - -"September 21st.--Hazy morning. _Congo_ not in sight at nine. An order -for all parrots to be before the fore-hatchway. Buried Garth. Durnford -and Burton attacked with fever; Lockhart unwell, and Ben. Two of -transport's people ill. Jefferies, fever; Ben wishes to remain at -M'Bima. At 6 p.m. _Congo_ and schooner anchored here. Dr. Smith -appears to be in a stupor. - -"September 22nd.--Close morning. Getting stores, etc., from _Congo_; -cleaning her decks; preparing to get her water-tanks filled. Dr. Smith -still in a stupor. Sick generally better, except the captain and -Parker. Weighed with _Dorothy_ and sloop; beat down with sea-breeze. -Dr. Smith, poor fellow, dies, quite worn out; in some measure from his -own imprudent treatment of himself, constantly refusing to follow the -doctor's advice or to take any medicine; cold water was his only -specific. He died without a groan. Mild, affable, and learned, it was -his greatest pleasure to communicate information, and to receive it. -He had conciliated the affections of all his fellow-passengers, and -even of all the crews of both vessels. Anchored at dark, sloop not in -sight. Hoisted a light, to be kept up all night. - -"September 23rd.--At night buried the mortal remains of Dr. Smith, as -silently as possible. No sloop in sight; very uneasy on account of the -sick. Hot weather; sprinkled with vinegar; Tuckey much better. Sloop -arrives; reason of not joining before, does not beat well. - -"September 24th.--Cloudy morning; small rain. _Dorothy_ sets up her -rigging. Set sail on _Dorothy_, but she could not stem the current, -which is very strong. The corporal, Middleton, is the only man out of -the sick list. - -"September 25th.--Cloudy morning; land breeze until noon. Two bottles -of wine were stolen from the sick last night. _Congo_ in sight, and -schooner, the latter coming up the river; anchored here. Removed all -the sick from the sloop to the _Dorothy_. - -"September 26th.--Grey morning. Paid our blacks, and as soon as we -weighed turned them adrift in the large canoe. Weighed and worked -round Sharks' Point; felt quite happy when to the westward of it. On -the 5th July we entered the _Congo_, and since then thirteen of our -party have died and one has been drowned. Sick generally better; -seventeen on the list. Tuckey hailed for assistance previous to our -weighing; talks of giving up charge." - -On September 30th Lieutenant Hawkey enters the death of Lethbridge and -of Eyre. - -On October 1st enters: "Taken very unwell myself--universal debility -and slight headache. - -"October 2nd.--Cloudy. Standing to the west all day. Very unwell. - -"October 3rd.--Cloudy, with swell. Still very unwell. Swallow caught." - -This is the last entry in the diary. On the day following Captain Tuckey -died; and on October 6th Lieutenant Hawkey's own name was added to the -fatal list of those who perished in this most disastrous expedition. In -all eighteen died in the short space of less than three months during -which they remained in the river, or within a few days after leaving it. -Fourteen of these were of the party that had set out on the land journey -above Juga; the other four were attacked on board the _Congo_; two had -died on the passage out, and the sergeant of marines in the hospital at -Bahia, making the total of deaths amount to twenty-one. - -This great mortality is the more extraordinary, as it appears from -Captain Tuckey's journal that nothing could have been finer than the -climate: the atmosphere was remarkably dry, and scarcely a shower fell -during the whole journey, and the sun for three or four days did not -shine sufficiently to allow of an observation being taken. - -It appears from the report of the assistant surgeon that the greater -number were carried off by a violent intermittent fever; some of them -appeared, however, to have had no other ailment than that caused by -extreme exhaustion caused by the land journey. Some of the crew of the -_Congo_ died of the fever who never went above the cataracts; "but -then," as the surgeon observes, "they were permitted to go on shore at -liberty, where the day was passed in running about the country, and -during the night lying in huts or in the open air." - -The _Gentleman's Magazine_ for January, 1817, gives a brief summary of -the achievements of the expedition. "They arrived at the mouth of the -Congo about the 3rd July, and leaving the transport, which only -accompanied them an inconsiderable distance, they proceeded in the -sloop, which was purposely built to draw little water, up the river to -the extent of 120 miles, when her progress, and even that of the -boats, was stopped by rapids. Determined still to prosecute the -undertaking, the men landed, and it was not till they had marched 150 -miles over a barren, mountainous country, and after experiencing the -greatest privations from want of water, and being entirely exhausted -by fatigue, that they gave up the attempt. Hope stayed them up till -they reached the vessel, but they were so worn out that twenty-five -out of the fifty-five died twenty-four hours after their return, -comprehending all the scientific part of those who started, and only -eight were left on board in a state fit to navigate the vessel." - -That there is some inaccuracy in this account will be seen from what -has preceded it. - -The authority for the story of this unfortunate expedition is Sir John -Barrow's edition of the narrative of the expedition, with the diary of -Captain Tuckey, published in 1819; and Miss Charlotte Hawkey's -_Neota_, privately printed in 1871. - - - - - DR. DANIEL LOMBARD - - -Lanteglos with Camelford is one of the richest livings in Cornwall. -Lanteglos itself is nearly two miles from Camelford, and in this -latter place there is neither a church nor a licensed chapel. A few -scattered farms are about Lanteglos; and in Camelford, which is a -market town, there is a population of 1370, left to be ministered to -in holy things by dissenting ministers of many sects. - -The rectory of Lanteglos lies in a valley, amidst luxuriant -vegetation, and is altogether a very snug spot indeed. - -In February, 1718, the Rev. Daniel Lombard was inducted into this -living on the presentation of the Prince of Wales. He was a Frenchman, -the son of a Huguenot pastor, who had fled from his native land on the -Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Daniel had been placed in Merchant -Taylors' School, and thence had passed to S. John's College, Oxford, -where he had taken his degree of Doctor of Divinity, and he became -chaplain to the Princess of Wales, and in 1714 published a sermon that -he had preached before the Princess Sophia at Hanover. He spent a good -deal of time in Germany, and there made the acquaintance of Mr. -Gregor, of Trewarthenick, with whom in after life he maintained a -lengthy correspondence, still extant. - -From all accounts Dr. Lombard was learned on certain lines, but he was -totally unacquainted with the ways of the world, utterly unsuited to -be a parish priest, and lost completely in the isolation of Lanteglos, -far from society in which he could shine; and speaking English badly -with a foreign accent. - -After his institution by the Bishop of Exeter to the livings of -Lanteglos juxta Camelford and that of Advent, Dr. Lombard started off -to reach his cure, mounted on one horse, and his servant on another, -driving a third laden with such articles as appeared to him to be -indispensable in a country where he supposed that nothing was -procurable. - -He rode in this manner along the highway past Launceston, inquiring -everywhere, "Vere ish Landeglo juxta Camelvore?" No one had heard of the -place; after some consideration the rustics pointed due west. He must go -on one or two days' journey more. He thus travelled through Camelford, -still inquiring "Mais ou donc est Landeglo juxta Camelvore?" - -"I know what he means," said some of those questioned; "the gentleman -is seeking the Land's End." - -And so he travelled on and ever on till he reached the Land's End, and -only then discovered that he had passed through his cure without -knowing it. - -When at last he reached Lanteglos rectory, the woman who acted as -housekeeper showed him with much pride a hen surrounded by a large brood -of chickens. "Deare me!" exclaimed the Doctor. "'Ow can von liddle moder -afford to give milk from her breast to soche a large familie?" - -Seeing sheep with red ruddle on their fleeces, "Pore things!" said he. -"'Ow 'ot dey do seem to be! Dey be red 'ot!" - -He collected a tolerable library of books, and occupied himself with -writing one work in French, a Dissertation on the Utility of History, -introductory to strictures on certain histories that had been -published by De Mezeray and the Pere Daniel. But he also wrote in -English _A Succinct History of Ancient and Modern Persecutions_, -together with a short essay on _Assassinations and Civil Wars_, 1747. - -He died at Camelford, December 14, 1746, and left his library for the -use of his successor. - - - - - THE DREAM OF MR. WILLIAMS - - -John Williams, of Scorrier, was the son of Michael Williams, of -Gwennap, and was born 23rd September, 1753. He was the most extensive -mining adventurer in Cornwall. - -On May 11, 1812, Mr. Perceval, Chancellor of the Exchequer, was shot -in the evening, just as he entered the lobby of the House of Commons, -by a man called Bellingham, who had concealed himself behind a door. - -On that same night, Mr. Williams, of Scorrier, had three remarkable -dreams, in each of which he saw the whole transaction as distinctly as -if he had been present there in person. - -His attested statement, relative to these dreams, was drawn up and -signed by him in the presence of the Rev. Thomas Fisher and Mr. Chas. -Prideaux Brune. This account, the original MS. signed by Mr. Williams, -is preserved at Prideaux Place, Padstow. A very minute account of it -found its way into the _Times_ of the 28th August, 1828; another was -furnished to Dr. Abercrombie derived from Mr. Williams himself, who -detailed his experiences to a medical friend of the doctor, and this -latter published this in his _Inquiries Concerning the Intellectual -Power_. This was republished by Dr. Clement Carlyon in _Early Years -and Late Reflections_, 1836-41, together with another account by Mr. -Hill, a barrister, grandson of Mr. John Williams, and which he had -taken down from his grandfather's lips. All these accounts are -practically identical. According to Dr. Abercrombie: "Mr. Williams -dreamt that he was in the lobby of the House of Commons and saw a -small man enter, dressed in a blue coat and white waistcoat. -Immediately after he saw a man dressed in a brown coat with yellow -basket buttons draw a pistol from under his coat and discharge it at -the former, who instantly fell, the blood issuing from a wound a -little below the left breast." According to Mr. Hill's account, "he -heard the report of the pistol, saw the blood fly out and stain the -waistcoat, and saw the colour of the face change." Dr. Abercrombie's -authority goes on to state: "He saw the murderer seized by some -gentlemen who were present, and observed his countenance, and in -asking who the gentleman was who had been shot, he was told it was the -Chancellor. He then awoke, and mentioned the dream to his wife, who -made light of it." This wife was Catherine, daughter of Martin Harvey, -of Killefreth, in Kenwyn, born in 1757. - -We will now take the rest of the narrative from the account in the -_Times_: "Mrs. Williams very naturally told him it was only a dream, and -recommended him to be composed, and go to sleep as soon as he could. He -did so, and shortly after woke her again, and said that he had the -second time had the same dream; whereupon she observed he had been so -much agitated by his former dream that she supposed it had dwelt on his -mind, and begged him to try to compose himself and go to sleep, which he -did. A third time the vision was repeated, on which, notwithstanding her -entreaties that he would be quiet and endeavour to forget it, he arose, -it being then between one and two o'clock, and dressed himself. - -"At breakfast the dreams were the sole subject of conversation, and in -the afternoon Mr. Williams went to Falmouth, where he related the -particulars of them to all of his acquaintance that he met. On the -following day, Mr. Tucker, of Trematon Castle, accompanied by his -wife, a daughter of Mr. Williams, went to Scorrier House about dusk. - -"Immediately after the first salutations on their entering the -parlour, where were Mr., Mrs., and Miss Williams, Mr. Williams began -to relate to Mr. Tucker the circumstances of his dream; and Mrs. -Williams observed to her daughter, Mrs. Tucker, laughingly, that her -father could not even suffer Mr. Tucker to be seated before he told -him of his nocturnal visitation, on the statement of which he observed -that it would do very well for a dream to have the (Lord) Chancellor -in the lobby of the House of Commons, but he could not be found there -in reality, and Mr. Tucker then asked what sort of a man he appeared -to be, when Mr. Williams minutely described him, to which Mr. Tucker -replied: 'Your description is not that of the Lord Chancellor, but it -is certainly that of Mr. Perceval, the Chancellor of the Exchequer; -and although he has been to me the greatest enemy I ever met in my -life, for a supposed cause which had no foundation or truth (or words -to that effect), I should be exceedingly sorry indeed to hear of his -being assassinated, or of injury of the kind happening to him.' - -"Mr. Tucker then inquired of Mr. Williams if he had ever seen Mr. -Perceval, and was told that he had never seen him, nor had ever even -written to him either on public or private business; in short, that he -never had anything to do with him, nor had he ever been in the lobby -of the House of Commons in his life. - -"Whilst Mr. Williams and Mr. Tucker were still standing they heard a -horse gallop to the door of the house, and immediately after Mr. -Michael Williams, of Trevince (son of Mr. Williams, of Scorrier) entered -the room, and said that he had galloped out of Truro (from which -Scorrier is distant seven miles), having seen a gentleman there who had -come by that evening's mail from London, who said that he had been in -the lobby of the House of Commons on the evening of the 11th, when a man -called Bellingham had shot Mr. Perceval, and that, as it might occasion -some great ministerial changes, and might affect Mr. Tucker's political -friends, he had come as fast as he could to make him acquainted with it, -having heard at Truro that he had passed through that place on his way -to Scorrier. After the astonishment which this intelligence created had -a little subsided, Mr. Williams described most particularly the -appearance and dress of the man that he saw in his dream fire the -pistol, as he had before done of Mr. Perceval. - -"About six weeks after, Mr. Williams, having business in town, went, -accompanied by a friend, to the House of Commons, where, as has been -already observed, he had never before been. Immediately that he came to -the steps at the entrance to the lobby, he said: 'This place is as -distinctly within my recollection in my dream as any in my house,' and -he made the same observation when he entered the lobby. He there pointed -out the exact spot where Bellingham stood when he fired, and which Mr. -Perceval had reached when he was struck by the ball, and when and how he -fell. The dress, both of Mr. Perceval and Bellingham, agreed with the -description given by Mr. Williams, even to the most minute particulars." - -Such is this well-authenticated story. It is worth notice that Mr. -Williams saw the whole affair in dream thrice repeated long after the -real event had taken place, and not by any means at the moment of the -assassination. Some dreams that are well authenticated may have led to -the conviction of murderers. But this did not; it was wholly useless; -yet it is impossible to deny that it really occurred. - - - - - SIR ROBERT TRESILIAN - - -Sir Robert Tresilian, of Tresilian, in the parish of Newlyn, and by -virtue of marriage with the heiress of Haweis also lord of Tremoderet in -Duloe, was Lord Chief Justice of England and adviser to King Richard II; -he accordingly drew upon himself the animosity of the King's uncle, -Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester. But he had also drawn upon his -head the hatred of the commonalty by his "bloody circuit" after the -insurrection of Wat Tyler, Jack Straw, and John Ball. - -When Sir Robert Knollys had brought together a large force against the -insurgents, the young King had forbidden him to slaughter them _en -masse_, as he proposed, "For," said he, "I will have their blood in -another way." And he had their blood by sending Chief Justice Tresilian -among them, and, according to Holinshed, the number of executions -amounted to 1500. At first they were beheaded; afterwards they were -hanged and left on the gibbet to excite terror; but their friends cut -down the bodies and carried them off; whereupon the King ordered that -they should be hanged in strong iron chains; and this was the first -instance of this barbarous and disgusting practice in England. - -The King had promised the insurgent peasantry that serfage should be -abolished, that liberty should be accorded to all to buy and sell in -the markets, and that land should be let at fourpence an acre, that a -general amnesty should be accorded. To all these he had acceded with -charters signed and sealed; but so soon as the disturbances were over -he repudiated his undertakings, and we cannot doubt that he did so at -the advice of Tresilian, who pronounced them illegal. - -Richard did, indeed, in the next Parliament, urge the abolition of -villainage, but the proposal was coldly received, not pressed, and -rejected. Moreover, on the occasion of his marriage with Anne of -Bohemia, which took place soon after, a general amnesty was proclaimed. - -The people were, however, disaffected. The imposition of a poll tax -levied on rich and poor at the same sum on all over fifteen, and the -scandalous manner in which it had been collected, had given general -dissatisfaction, and it was, in fact, this which had roused Wat Tyler -to march on London to obtain redress. - -The King had surrounded himself with favourites, and his uncles were -excluded from his council. The country was divided between the party -of the King and that of the Duke of Gloucester. There is not the least -reason to suppose that the latter had at heart the welfare of the -people of England, any more than had the creatures who surrounded the -King. The Duke was moved by resentment, pride, and ambition, and many -believed that he aimed at the crown. - -The chief favourites of Richard were Michael de la Pole, whom he created -Earl of Suffolk, and Robert de Vere, a young and handsome man, who was -made Marquis of Dublin, receiving, at the same time, the extraordinary -grant of the whole revenue of Ireland, out of which he was to pay a -yearly rent of five thousand marks to the King. He was soon after -created Duke of Ireland. The other advisers of the King were Worth, -Archbishop of York, Sir Simon Burley, and Sir Robert Tresilian. These -certainly judged rightly when they opposed the prosecution of the war in -France, and the subvention of the claims of the Duke of Lancaster to the -Crown of Castile. The country was being drained of men and money in -these profitless wars. But the nobles, headed by Thomas of Gloucester, -opposed this policy, and naturally had the support of those who made -money out of the wars. To defeat the plans of the council, Gloucester -demanded the dismissal of Suffolk. The King petulantly answered that he -would not at his command dismiss a scullion-boy from his kitchen. -Suffolk was, however, impeached by the Commons for undue use of his -influence, and the King was obliged to submit to the fining and -imprisonment of his favourite. It was next proposed that a council -should be appointed to reform the State. At this proposition Richard -threatened to dissolve the Parliament. A member of the Commons thereupon -moved that the statute deposing Edward II should be read, and the King -was warned that death might be the penalty of a continued refusal. He -yielded. The commission was appointed, and Gloucester and his friends, -who formed the great majority, were masters of England. In yielding, -Richard limited the duration of the commission to a year. The King was -now twenty years of age, but he was reduced to as mere a cipher as when -he was a boy of eleven. - -In the month of August in the following year, 1387, acting under the -advice of Tresilian, he assembled a council at Nottingham, and -submitted to some of the judges who attended it this question--Whether -the Commission of Government appointed by Parliament, and approved of -under his own seal, were legal or illegal? Tresilian led the rest of -the judges to certify that the commission was illegal, and that all -those who had introduced the measure were liable to capital -punishment; that all who supported it were by that act guilty of high -treason; in short, that both Lords and Commons were traitors. - -On the 11th November following the King returned to London, when he -was alarmed by hearing that the Duke of Gloucester, the Earls of -Arundel and Nottingham, the Constable, Admiral, and Marshal of England -were approaching the capital at the head of forty thousand men. The -decision of Tresilian and the judges and of the King had, in fact, -forced them into rebellion, as it was pretty evident that Richard -aimed at taking their lives. - -So soon as Richard's cousin, the Earl of Derby, heard of the approach -of Gloucester, he quitted the Court with the Earl of Warwick, went to -Waltham Cross, and there joined him. The members of the Council of -Eleven were there already. On Sunday, the 17th of November, the Duke -entered London with an irresistible force and "appealed" of treason -the Archbishop of York, De Vere, Duke of Ireland, De la Pole, Earl of -Suffolk, Sir Robert Tresilian, Chief Justice of England, and Sir -Nicolas Brember, Knight, a London grocer and Lord Mayor of London. - -The favourites instantly took to flight. De la Pole, the condemned -Chancellor, succeeded in reaching France, where he died soon after; De -Vere, Duke of Ireland, got to the borders of Wales, where he raised an -army, acting in concert with the King; it was resolved he should march -to London. The Archbishop of York escaped to Flanders, where he spent -the rest of his days as a village priest. - -The fate of Chief Justice Tresilian must be told in the words of Sir -John Froissart. - -Richard had gone to Bristol to organize an army against the Duke of -Gloucester, and De Vere, the Duke of Ireland, was with him there. - -"While the army was collecting, the King and the Duke in secret -conference, determined to send one of their confidential agents to -London, to observe what was going forward, and if the King's uncles -still remained there, to discover what they were doing. After some -consultation, they could think of no proper person to send on this -errand; when a knight who was cousin to the Duke, called Sir Robert -Tresilian, stepped forth, and said to the Duke, 'I see the difficulty -you have to find a trusty person to send to London; I, from love of -you, will risk the adventure.' The King and the Duke, well pleased -with the offer, thanked him for it. Tresilian left Bristol disguised -as a poor tradesman, mounted on a wretched hackney. He continued his -road to London, and lodged at an inn where he was unknown; for no man -could have ever imagined that one of the King's counsellors and -chamberlains would have appeared in so miserable a dress. - -"When in London, he picked up all the news that was possible, for he -could do no more, respecting the King's uncles and the citizens. Having -heard that there was to be a meeting of the Dukes and their council at -Westminster, he determined to go thither to learn secretly all he could -of their proceedings. This he executed, and fixed his quarters at an -ale-house right opposite the palace gate. He chose a chamber the window -of which looked into the palace yard, where he posted himself to observe -all who should come to this Parliament. The greater part he knew, but -was not, from his disguise, known to them. He, however, remained there -at different times, so long, that a squire of the Duke of Gloucester saw -and recognized him, for he had been many times in his company. Sir -Robert also at once recollected him, and withdrew from the window; but -the squire, having his suspicions, said, 'Surely that must be -Tresilian.' To be certain on this point, he entered the ale-house, and -said to the landlady, 'Dame, tell me, on your troth, who is he that is -drinking in the room above; he is alone and not in company.' 'On my -troth, sir,' she replied, 'I cannot give you his name; but he has been -here some time.' At these words, the squire went upstairs to know the -truth, and having saluted Sir Robert, found he was right, though he -dissembled by saying, 'God preserve you, master! I hope you will not -take my coming amiss, for I thought you had been one of my farmers from -Essex, as you are so very like him.' 'By no means,' said Sir Robert; 'I -am from Kent, and hold lands of Sir John Holland, and wish to lay my -complaints before the Council against the tenants of the Archbishop of -Canterbury, who encroach much on my farm.' 'If you will come into the -hall,' said the squire, 'I will have way made for you to lay your -grievances before the lords.' 'Many thanks,' replied Sir Robert; 'not at -this moment, but I shall not renounce your assistance.' At the words the -squire ordered a quart of ale, and having paid for it, he said, 'God be -with you!' and left the ale-house. - -"He lost no time in hastening to the council-chamber, and called to -the usher to open the door. The usher, knowing him, asked his -business. He said, 'he must instantly speak with the Duke of -Gloucester, on matters that mainly concerned him and the council.' The -usher, on this, bade him enter, which he did, and made up to the Duke -of Gloucester, saying, 'My lord, I will tell it aloud; for it concerns -not you only but all the lords present. I have seen Sir Robert -Tresilian, disguised as a peasant, in an ale-house close by the -palace gate.' 'Tresilian!' exclaimed the Duke. 'On my faith, my lord, -it is true; and you will have him to dine with, if you please.' 'I -should like it much,' replied the Duke; 'for he will tell us some news -of his master, the Duke of Ireland. Go, and secure him; but with power -enough not to be in danger of failing.' - -"The squire on these orders, left the council-chamber, and having chosen -four bailiffs, said to them, 'Follow me at a distance; and so soon as -you shall perceive me make you a sign to arrest a man I am in search of, -lay hands on him, and take care he do not, on any account, escape.' The -squire made for the ale-house where he had left Sir Robert, and, -mounting the staircase to the room where he was, said, on entering: -'Tresilian, you are not come to this country for any good, as I imagine; -my Lord of Gloucester sends me for you, and you must come and speak with -him.' The knight turned a deaf ear, and would have been excused by -saying, 'I am not Tresilian, but a tenant of Sir John Holland.' - -"'That is not true,' replied the squire; 'your body is Tresilian's, -though not your dress.' And, making a sign to the bailiffs, who were -at the door, they entered the house and arrested him, and, whether he -would or not, carried him to the palace. You may believe, there was a -great crowd to see him; for he was well known in London, and in many -parts of England. - -"The Duke of Gloucester was much pleased, and would see him. When in -his presence, the Duke said: 'Tresilian, what has brought you hither? -How fares my Sovereign? Where does he now reside?' Tresilian, finding -that he was discovered, and that no excuses would avail, replied: 'On -my faith, my lord, the King has sent me hither to learn the news. He -is in Bristol, and on the banks of the Severn, where he hunts and -amuses himself.' - -"'How!' said the Duke, 'You do not come dressed as an honest man, but -like a spy. If you had been desirous to learn what was passing, your -appearance should have been like that of a knight or a decent person.' -'My lord,' answered Tresilian, 'if I have done wrong, I hope you will -excuse me, for I have only done what I was bid.' 'And where is your -master, the Duke of Ireland?' 'My lord,' said Tresilian, 'he is with -the King, my lord.' The Duke then added: 'We have been informed that -he is collecting a large body of men, and that the King has issued his -summons to that effect. Whither does he mean to lead them?' 'My lord, -they are indeed for Ireland.' 'For Ireland!' said the Duke. 'Yes, -indeed, as God may help me,' answered Tresilian. - -"The Duke mused awhile, and then spoke: 'Tresilian, Tresilian, your -actions are neither fair nor honest. You have committed a great piece of -folly in coming to these parts, where you are far from being loved, as -will shortly be shown to you. Yes, and others of your faction have done -what has greatly displeased my brother and myself, and have ill-advised -the King, whom you have stirred up to quarrel with his chief nobility. -In addition, you have excited the principal towns against us. The day of -retribution is therefore come, when you shall receive payment; for -whoever acts unjustly receives his reward. Look to your affairs, for I -will neither eat nor drink till you be no more.' - -"This speech greatly terrified Sir Robert (for no one likes to hear of -his end) by the manner in which it was uttered. He was desirous to -obtain pardon, by various excuses, and the most abject humiliation, -but in vain. The Duke had received information of what was going on -at Bristol, and his excuses were frivolous. Why should I make a long -story? Sir Robert was delivered to the hangman, who led him out to the -place of execution, where he was beheaded, and then hung by the arms -to a gibbet. Thus ended Sir Robert Tresilian." - - - - - PIRATE TRELAWNY - - -Edward John Trelawny, a younger son of Charles Brereton Trelawny, came -into this world on the 2nd or 3rd of November, but in what year is not -certain. It is said that he was born in 1792, but either this is a -wrong date, or else Colonel Vivian, in his _Visitations of Cornwall_, -errs, for he gives that year as the one in which Harry Brereton -Trelawny, the eldest son, was born. Charles Brereton Trelawny was the -son of Harry Trelawny, a lieutenant-general in the army and Governor -of Landguard Fort. - -Of his father, Edward John entertained no favourable opinion. "My -father, notwithstanding his increased fortune, did not increase his -expenditure; nay, he established, if possible, a stricter system of -economy. The only symptom he ever showed of imagination was -castle-building; but his fabrications were founded on a more solid -basis than is usually to be met with among the visions of -day-dreamers. No unreal mockery of fairy scenes of bliss found a -resting-place in his bosom. Ingots, money, lands, houses, and -tenements constituted his dreams. He became a mighty arithmetician by -the aid of a ready reckoner, his pocket companion; he set down to a -fraction the sterling value of all his and his wife's relations, the -heirs at law, their nearest of kin, their ages, and the state of their -constitutions. The insurance table was examined to calculate the value -of their lives; to this he added the probable chances arising from -diseases, hereditary and acquired, always forgetting his own gout. He -then determined to regulate his conduct accordingly; to maintain the -most friendly intercourse with his wealthy connexions, and to keep -aloof from the poor ones. Having no occasion to borrow, his aversion -to lending amounted to antipathy. The distrust and horror he expressed -at the slightest allusion to loans, unbacked by security and interest, -had the effect of making the most imprudent and adventurous desist -from essaying him, and continue in their necessities, or beg, or rob, -or starve, in preference to urging their wants to him. - -"It was his custom to appropriate a room in the house to the -conservation of those things he loved--choice wines, foreign -preserves, cordials. This sanctum was a room on the ground floor, -under a skylight. Our next-door neighbours' pastime happened to be a -game of balls, when one of them lodged on the leaded roof of this -consecrated room. Two of my sisters, of the ages of fourteen and -sixteen, ran from the drawing-room back window to seek for the ball, -and slipping on the leads, the younger fell through the skylight on to -the bottles and jars upon the table below. She was dreadfully bruised, -and her hands, legs and face were cut, so much so, that she still -retains the scars. Her sister gave the alarm. My mother was called; -she went to the door of the store-room; her child screamed out, for -God's sake to open the door; she was bleeding to death. My mother -dared not break the lock, as my father had prohibited any one from -entering this, his blue chamber; and what was worse, he had the key. -Other keys were tried, but none could open the door. Had I been there, -my foot should have picked the lock. Will it be believed that, in that -state, my sister was compelled to await my father's return from the -House of Commons, of which he was a member? At last, when he -returned, my mother informed him of the accident, and tried to allay -the wrath which she saw gathering on his brow. He took no notice of -her, but paced forward to the closet, when the delinquent, awed by his -dreadful voice, hushed her sobs. He opened the door and found her -there, scarcely able to stand, trembling and weeping. Without speaking -a word, he kicked and cuffed her out of the room, and then gloomily -decanted what wine remained in the broken bottles." - -[Illustration: EDWARD JOHN TRELAWNY - -_From a drawing by D. Lucas_] - -The mother of Edward John was Maria, sister of Sir Christopher -Hawkins, of Trewithen. - -That a high-spirited, self-willed, passionate boy like Edward John -should get on with such a father was antecedently improbable; and he -was sent to sea at the age of twelve in the _Superb_, and had the ill -fortune to miss the battle of Trafalgar, through Admiral Duckworth -delaying three days at Plymouth to victual his ships with mutton and -potatoes. - -"Young as I was, I shall never forget our falling in with the _Pickle_ -schooner off Trafalgar, carrying the first despatches of the battle -and death of its hero. Her commander, burning with impatience to be -the first to convey the news to England, was compelled to heave to and -come on board us. Captain Keates received him on deck, and when he -heard the news I was by his side. Silence reigned throughout the ship; -some great event was anticipated. The officers stood in groups, -watching with intense anxiety the two commanders, who walked apart. -'Battle,' 'Nelson,' 'ships,' were the only audible words which could -be gathered from their conversation. I saw the blood rush into -Keates's face; he stamped the deck, walked hurriedly, and spoke with -passion. I marvelled, for I had never before seen him much moved; he -had appeared cool, firm, and collected on all occasions, and it struck -me that some awful event had taken place, or was at hand. The Admiral -was still in his cabin, eager for news from the Nelson fleet. He was -an irritable and violent man, and after a few minutes, swelling with -wrath, he sent an order to Keates, who possibly heard it not, but -staggered along the deck, struck to the heart by the news, and, for -the first time in his life, forgot his respect to his superior in -rank; muttering, as it seemed, curses on his fate that, by the -Admiral's delay, he had not participated in the most glorious battle -in naval history. Another messenger enforced him to descend in haste -to the Admiral, who was high in rage and impatience. - -"Keates, for I followed him, on entering the Admiral's cabin said in a -subdued voice, as if he were choking, 'A great battle has been fought, -two days ago, off Trafalgar. The combined fleets of France and Spain -are annihilated, and Nelson is no more!' He then murmured, 'Had we not -been detained we should have been there.' - -"Duckworth answered not, conscience-struck, but stalked the deck. He -seemed ever to avoid the look of his captain, and turned to converse -with the commander of the schooner, who replied in sulky brevity, -'Yes' or 'No.' Then, dismissing him, he ordered all sail to be set, -and walked the quarter-deck alone. A death-like stillness pervaded the -ship, broken at intervals by the low murmurs of the crew and officers, -when 'battle' and 'Nelson' could alone be distinguished. Sorrow and -discontent were painted on every face. - -"On the following morning we fell in with a portion of the victorious -fleet. It was blowing a gale, and they lay wrecks on the sea. Our -Admiral communicated with them, and then, joining Collingwood, had six -sail of the line put under his command, with orders to pursue that -part of the enemy's fleet which had escaped; and I joined the ship to -which I was appointed. It is unnecessary to dwell on the miseries of a -cockpit life: I found it more tolerable than my school, and little -worse than my home." - -When paid off he was sent under a Scotch captain, who treated him -badly, and then he was in another vessel and resolved to desert the -service. This he did at Bombay. So far we can trust what Trelawny has -given us in that remarkable book _Adventures of a Younger Son_; but -from this point on he romances, but romances with an air of reality. -It is not possible to discriminate fact from fiction in what follows. -Undoubtedly Pirate Trelawny started on his memoirs with the intent of -writing his autobiography, but he was inordinately vain, and delighted -in posturing as a hero and in describing marvellous adventures through -which he passed, heightening them sensationally with wonderful skill. - -What seems probable is that, after deserting from the navy, he was for -a while in the merchant service, and then joined a privateer cruising -in the India seas. As Mr. E. Garnett well says, "the Younger Son is an -excellent stage hero by the finish; he meets and overcomes all odds; -it is truly a glorious Trelawny--the Trelawny of his own imagination." - -He states that he was married when he was twenty-one, and that the -marriage took place in England, so that he must have returned home -somewhere about 1813. But we really know nothing authentic of his -movements till 1822, when he was in England, and thence went to Italy, -where he made acquaintance with Lord Byron and with Shelley. After -the lamentable death of the latter poet he attended at the cremation -of the body. Thence he went with Byron to Greece in the _Hercules_, to -aid the Greeks against the Turks. They arrived at Cephalonia, off the -west coast, in the beginning of August, 1823, and there Lord Byron -resolved on staying till he could ascertain how things were -progressing in Greece and decide on his future course of action. This -delay did not at all suit the impetuosity of the character of -Trelawny, who called it dawdling, and set forward for the mainland in -company with Hamilton Browne, making his way to the seat of the Greek -Government. He also sent emissaries to England to endeavour to raise a -loan, and then proceeded to Athens. Here the insurgent leader Odysseus -was in command, and to his fortunes Trelawny at once attached himself, -and married the sister of the Greek chieftain. - -Major Temple, resident at Santa Maura, during his mission to the Morea -in June, 1824, met Odysseus, and described him as "a perfect Albanian -chieftain--savage in manners and appearance, of great muscular -strength, and about six feet high." - -He had his head-quarters in a huge cavern in the face of the limestone -precipices of Mount Parnassus, which he had strongly fortified, and in -this he kept his treasure that he had accumulated and lodged his family. -In the meantime dissension had broken out among the Greeks, between the -leaders of the bands that did all the fighting, under Kolokotroni, and -the Executive Government that had been elected by the primates, at the -head of which stood Mavrocordato. A complete rupture had ensued at the -end of 1823 between the parties, and the guerilla chieftains absolutely -refused obedience to the Provisional Government. - -In the same winter of 1823-4 Trelawny accompanied Odysseus as -_aide-de-camp_ upon an expedition into Negropont, and on their return -to Athens, where Colonel Stanhope then was, Trelawny sent a letter to -his mother, of which the following is an extract:-- - - - "ATHENS, _18th February, 1824._ - - "DEAR MOTHER,--I am enabled to keep twenty-five followers, - Albanian soldiers, with whom I have joined the most enterprising - of the Greek captains and most powerful--Ulysses. I am much with - him, and have done my best during the winter campaign, in which we - have besieged Negropont, to make up for the many years of idleness - I have led. I am now in my element, and the energy of my youth is - reawakened. I have clothed myself in the Albanian costume and - sworn to uphold the cause. - - "Everything here is going on as well as heart can wish. Great part - of Greece is already emancipated. The Morea is free, and we are - making rapid progress to the westward. Lord Byron spends L5000 a - year in the cause and maintains five hundred soldiers. This will - in the eyes of the world redeem the follies of youth. - - "Your affectionate son, - "EDWARD TRELAWNY." - -Trelawny and Odysseus desired to get Lord Byron to be with them, but -this plan was frustrated by the death of the poet on April 19th, 1824. - -Colonel Stanhope proposed a congress of the civil and military leaders, -so as to effect a reconciliation between the two embittered elements -that were weakening the resistance against the common enemy, the Turk. -Odysseus consented to attend this meeting at Salona, and Trelawny also -agreed to be present. Mavrocordato looked on Trelawny with suspicion as -intimate with Odysseus and as his brother-in-law, and he foisted upon -him an English spy named Fenton, and an accomplice of the name of -Whitcombe, with secret instructions to make away with him. - -After returning from Salona, Trelawny was with Odysseus in Eastern -Greece, carrying on the war in guerilla fashion without any great -results. - -In the autumn he was at Argos, whence a letter (certainly his, though -unsigned) was sent to his brother Lieutenant Harry Trelawny, R.N. - -"... To give you an idea of the misery existing here is beyond all -expression. The town is nothing more or less than a chaos of ruins; -not a house inhabitable. The fever making great havoc, people actually -falling down in the streets. The stench of the place is so great I am -obliged to remove my quarters to the once famous Argos, not more than -an hour's walk from Agamemnon's tomb, which I have not yet seen. The -scenery is beautiful; perfectly romantic. I am now living in a house -without doors or windows, every man armed. - -"The Commissioners are both sick. Mr. Bulwer has proposed to raise a -body of fifty men, but I am afraid it will all evaporate in smoke, -like all his undertakings here. I am much afraid nothing is to be -done: they look on all foreigners as intruders. Many of the French -have behaved most shamefully, but, as I told you before, I will exert -every effort. All my hopes are placed in Colonel Gordon's arrival. - - "YOUR BROTHER." - - * * * * * - -The Commissioners referred to were Henry Lytton Bulwer (Lord Dalling) -and J. H. Browne, sent out by the Greek Committee in London, when it -was too late, to ascertain whether the Greek Provisional Government -was sufficiently firmly established, and sufficiently trustworthy, to -warrant the paying over to it of that part of the loan raised in -England on their behalf not already advanced. The loan was of -L800,000, but from this 56.4 per cent was deducted, so that the whole -amount to be forwarded to the Greek Government would be only L348,000. - -Odysseus was beset with difficulties, as the Provisional Government -refused to furnish him with men or money. Trelawny made vain attempts -to raise funds. - -Ultimately Odysseus made a truce for three months with Omer Pasha, of -Negropont, but being regarded with suspicion on both sides, he -endeavoured to make his escape, and left Trelawny in charge of the -cave and its contents. It was at this time that Fenton, the hired spy, -in May, 1825, made the attempt to assassinate Trelawny. He took the -opportunity when Trelawny's back was towards him to shoot him. - -Odysseus was compelled to surrender to the Government, was carried off -to Athens, where he was strangled by order of Mavrocordato. - -Trelawny's wounds were so dangerous that he suffered for three months -before he could be said to have recovered, and he then escaped from -the cavern and landed in Cephalonia in September, 1825, bringing his -Albanian wife with him. During the next two years he was engaged in a -lawsuit about his wife, whom he treated with brutality, so that she -left him and retired to a convent, with purpose ultimately to proceed -to Paxo, where lived her sister. Whilst in the convent she was -delivered of a child which she sent to Trelawny to be put out to -nurse, as they objected in the convent to have the infant there. -Trelawny sent it to a woman who undertook to rear it, but it died, -whereupon, as Mr. H. Robinson of Zante wrote to Toole on 22nd -November, 1827, "he sent the dead body to the Castle Monastery, where -she (his wife) was, in a box with her things and a message from him. -The wife knew not what was in the box and refused to open it, and -there it lay until putrid. - -"An examination took place with all the fuss which the courts make -about _suspicione d'infanticido_, and ended by T. being fined two -dollars for improperly removing a dead body." - -In or about the month of July, 1829, Signora Trelawny made petition to -the Lord High Commissioner to the following effect:-- - -"It is perhaps known to Your Excellency that at about the age of -thirteen I was given in marriage to Signor Trelawny, my family urging -that I should live happily with one brought up in the courtesy and -good-breeding of his country; but, as my experience proved, he failed -to treat me with that consideration and nobility of character which -distinguish the men of his nation. The nature of the long-continued -treatment which I have had to endure at the hands of the said Signor -Trelawny is not unknown, and at the last, it is perhaps within Your -Excellency's recollection that he brought grief to my very eyes by -sending me while in the convent, with cunning and brutality, the dead -body of my daughter and his." - -She then stated that Zante had become lonely for her, as her brothers -and mother had gone to Greece. She wanted to go to Paxo to her sister, -but the custom of Zante obliged a wife separated from her husband to -live in a convent. - -She continued: "I venture humbly to ask Your Excellency if, being the -wife of an Englishman, I ought to be subject to the custom of the island -in which I chance to find myself a resident. Should an Englishwoman be -subjected to such treatment as I am?... I promise Your Excellency that, -in whatever place or situation I find myself, I will conduct myself -always as is proper for the wife of an English gentleman; and though he -himself may be wanting in dignity of behaviour, I will do neither him -nor myself the dishonour of imitating him. - - "TERSITZA PHILIPPA TRELAWNY." - - * * * * * - -This petition and the letter of Mr. Robinson suffice to show that the -story of Trelawny sending his dead child in a box to its mother is not -to be rejected as a fable, as it has been by the author of the notice -on Edward John Trelawny in the _Dictionary of National Biography_.[27] -The poor unfortunate girl, then aged seventeen, obtained a separation -from her husband _a mensa et thoro_, by a sentence of the -Ecclesiastical Court, and by definitive sentences of the courts of law -in Zante and Corfu she was entitled to an aliment from her husband of -twenty-five dollars a month, for the payment of which Mr. Barff, the -banker of Zante, and Mr. Stevens, of Corfu, were securities. But this -was the result of much litigation, causing Trelawny annoyance and -angering him to the last degree. - -In the autumn of 1828 he visited England, but returned to the Continent -in the spring of the following year, feeling out of his element at home. -"To whom am I a neighbour?" he wrote, "and near whom? I dwell amongst -tame and civilized human beings with somewhat the same feelings as we -may guess the lion feels when, torn from his native wildness, he is -tortured into domestic intercourse with what Shakespeare calls 'forked -animals,' the most abhorrent to his nature." He rambled about; set up a -harem in Athens, bought a Moorish girl to be his concubine, wrote his -_Adventures of a Younger Son_, and sent the MS. in 1830 to Mrs. Shelley, -and it was published in three volumes in 1831, with some excisions of -grossness and licentiousness, which the publisher insisted on having -removed. As already said, no reliance can be placed on this -autobiography as a narrative of the facts of his life, except only of -his boyhood, for, as Lord Byron said of Trelawny, "he could not speak -the truth even if he wished to do so." - -When the book appeared, the _Athenaeum_ considered the hero--Trelawny -himself--"a kind of ruffian from his birth," as he had painted himself, -leaving out the villainies and brutalities of which he had been guilty. - -He was thrice married, and behaved badly to all three wives. He could -not be faithful and generous even to his friends. With Byron he had -been most intimate, yet when Byron died he wrote to Mary Shelley: "It -is well for his name, and better for Greece, that Byron is dead.... I -now feel my face burn with shame that so weak and ignoble a soul could -so long have influenced me. It is a degrading reflection, and ever -will be. I wish he had lived a little longer, that he might have -witnessed how I would have soared above him here, how I would have -triumphed over his mean spirit." Trelawny soaring!--as a vulture only -in quest of carrion. - -And when, in 1858, he published his _Recollections of Shelley and -Byron_, thirty-four years after the death of the latter, he painted -Byron in the harshest colours; and one can hardly escape feeling that -this was prompted by jealousy of the esteem in which the world held -Byron for his genius. He himself possessed all the bad qualities that -he despised in Byron, but did not recognize in himself the superadded -brutality which Byron was too much a gentleman to show. - -Even Mrs. Shelley, a lifelong friend and correspondent, to whom he had -often poured out his heart, and whom he had contemplated at one time -marrying, could not be spoken of by him after her death but in -disparagement and with a revelation to the world of her little -weaknesses. - -He was in England again in 1835, went into society, and married for -the third time, to make another woman miserable. For a number of years -he lived at Putney Hill, and then took a farm at Usk, in -Monmouthshire, and amused himself with farming. - -In or about 1870, Trelawny, then seventy-eight years old, bought a -house and a small plot of land at Sompting, near Wortham, and occupied -himself with gardening. One day two men with guns in their hands -requested permission to enter his grounds after a bird that had taken -refuge there. He answered fiercely, "All the leave I will accord you -is to shoot one another." - -At Sompting, Trelawny died on August 13th, 1881, at the age of -eighty-six. In accordance with his wish to be laid beside Shelley, his -body was embalmed in England, cremated at Gotha, and the ashes taken -to the Protestant burial-ground in Rome, and laid in the tomb he had -bought fifty-eight years before, next to those of his friend. - -Trelawny was a very handsome man, tall and well built; he had flashing -dark eyes under beetling brows, and an aquiline nose, raven-black -hair, and a dusky, Spanish complexion. He spoke very loud. He retained -his good looks to the end of his days. - -Shelley described him in _Fragments of an Unfinished Drama_:-- - - He was as is the sun in his fierce youth, - As terrible and lovely as a tempest. - -In Millais' painting of "The North-West Passage," exhibited in the -Royal Academy in 1874, the old sailor is a portrait of Captain -Trelawny; and it has been conjectured that Thackeray delineated him as -Captain Sumph in _Pendennis_, I, cap. 35. - -The authorities for Trelawny's life are, beside the first part of his -_Adventures of a Younger Son_, his _Recollections of Shelley and -Byron_, 1858; the new edition of the work, published in 1878, was -called _Records of Shelley, Byron, and the Author_. - -Mr. R. Garnett has a notice of the life of Trelawny prefixed to the -edition of the _Adventures of a Younger Son_ of 1890. A lengthy life -of Trelawny is in the _Dictionary of National Biography_. An error in -this is pointed out by Mr. T. C. Down in the article on "Pirate -Trelawny" already referred to and quoted from. - -A pleasant account of "Mr. Trelawny and his Friends" appeared in the -_Contemporary Review_ for 1878. - -Something further about him may be gleaned from Frances A. Kemble's -_Records of a Girlhood_, 1878, III, 75, 308-12. There are corrections -of some of Trelawny's inaccuracies in D. Guido Biagi's _The Last Days -of Percy Bysshe Shelley_, 1898. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[27] See for the above and more on the subject of "Pirate Trelawny" an -article by T. C. Down in the _Nineteenth Century_, May, 1907. - - - - - JAMES SILK BUCKINGHAM - - -Mr. S. C. Hall, writing after the death of J. S. Buckingham, thus -expressed his opinion of this truly remarkable man: "Whatever, during -his life, envy, jealousy, monopolous interest or satirical hostility may -have said to the contrary, there can be little doubt, now he is gone, -that the late Mr. James Silk Buckingham was amongst the most useful as -well as the most hopeful and industrious men of his time. His career was -one remarkable illustration of the well-known line of the old song, -'It's wonderful what we can do if we try'; for at almost every step he -took he was met by some disaster or annoyance, yet kept pressing on with -the most dauntless persistence, making the best of the worst -circumstances, and even when failing in his own personal endeavours, -giving such an impulse to the powers of others in whatever cause or -course he had engaged, that the end in view was generally attained, and -in several notable instances within the period of his own life." - -The Buckinghams were a North Devon family, and the grandfather of the -subject of this notice had lived in Barnstaple. For several -generations they had been connected with the sea. Christopher -Buckingham settled at Flushing on a small farm, along with his wife -Thomazine, daughter of a Hambley of Bodmin. - -James Silk describes his father as wearing a cocked hat, long, -square-tailed coat with large pockets and sleeves, square-toed shoes -with silver buckles, and as walking abroad carrying a tall, -gold-headed cane. - -James Silk was born at Flushing on the 25th August, 1786. He had two -brothers and a sister. His father died in 1794. - -"The port of Falmouth," wrote he in his unfinished memoirs, "being -nearest to the entrance of the Channel, there were permanently -stationed here two squadrons of frigates, one under the command of Sir -Edward Pellew (afterwards Lord Exmouth), the other under the command -of Sir John Borlase Warren. The former, as commodore, hoisted his -pennant on the _Indefatigable_, the latter on the _Revolutionaire_. -Each squadron consisted of five frigates of thirty-two and forty-four -guns each; and, in addition to these, there were continually arriving -and departing from Carrick Roads, the outer anchorage of Falmouth, -line-of-battle ships and smaller vessels of war; while the prizes -taken from the French were constantly brought into the port for -adjudication and sale. There were two large prisons, with open courts, -for the reception of the French prisoners thus taken, and every month -added many to their inmates. - -"Both the naval commodores, as well as such captains of the frigates -belonging to the squadrons as were married, had their families residing -at Flushing, and the numerous officers of different grades, from the -youngest midshipman to the first lieutenant, were continually coming and -going to and fro ... so that the little village literally sparkled with -gold epaulets and gold-laced hats and brilliant uniforms." - -He tells a curious story of his childhood. Corn, owing to the war, had -mounted to famine price, and the miners of Cornwall went about in -gangs waging war against all forestallers, regraters, and hoarders -of grain, and demolishing bakers' shops, mills, and grain stores. - -[Illustration: JAMES SILK BUCKINGHAM] - -"A body of some three or four hundred of these men entered Flushing, -and as they were all dressed in the mud-stained smock frocks and -trousers in which they worked underground, all armed with large clubs -and sticks of various kinds, and speaking an uncouth jargon, which -none but themselves could understand, they struck terror wherever they -went. Their numbers were quite equal to the whole adult male -population of the little village, so that the men stood aghast, the -women retired into their houses, and closed their doors, and the -children seemed struck dumb with affright. The moment of their visit, -too, was most inopportune, for on that very day a large party of the -captains and officers of the packets residing at Flushing were -occupied in storing a cargo of grain that had just been discharged -from a coasting vessel at the quay, and locking it up in warehouses to -secure it from plunder." - -At this time it happened that all the ships of war were absent on -their cruising grounds. The situation was dangerous, and the men -threatened an attack on the warehouses, and were muttering and -brandishing their clubs, and falling into ranks, when Captain -Kempthorne snatched up little James Silk, then an urchin of six or -seven, seated him on a sack of corn, and bade him strike up a hymn. - -With his shrill little pipe, he started-- - - Salvation, O! the joyful sound, - 'Tis music to our ears. - -Whereupon at once the mob took up the chant, sang the hymn, with their -strong masculine lungs; the clubs were let fall, and, the hymn ended, -they dispersed harmlessly. - -James Silk went to sea in the _Lady Harriet_, a Government packet. On -his third voyage to Lisbon he was captured by a French corvette and -assigned to prison at Corunna; he was then about ten years old, and -the gaoler's daughter of the same age fell in love with him, and -softened the rigour of his captivity by bringing him dainties from her -father's table. She tried to induce the boy to elope with her, but -James had sufficient English common sense not to accept the offer, and -finally he was sent to Lisbon, obliged to tramp the whole way, several -hundred miles, barefooted, and begging food and a lodging on his way. -At Lisbon he was taken on board the _Prince of Wales_, and returned to -England, where his mother induced him to leave the sea, and provided -him with a small stationer's and bookseller's shop on the Fish Strand, -Falmouth. His mother died in 1804, and when James Silk was aged only -nineteen he married Elizabeth Jennings, a farmer's daughter. He got -tired of being a shopkeeper and volunteered on board a man-of-war; but -on seeing a seaman flogged round the fleet for mutiny, was so -disgusted with the sight that he deserted, and started a bookshop at -Plymouth Dock. However one of the trustees of his wife's inheritance -had speculated with the money in smuggling ventures and lost all, so -that J. S. Buckingham became bankrupt. He went to sea again, and was -appointed chief officer on board the _Titus_, bound for Trinidad, -Captain Jennings, perhaps a kinsman of his wife. - -At the age of twenty-two he became commander of a vessel, and made -several voyages to the West Indies and in the Mediterranean. In these -latter he rapidly acquired a knowledge of and even fluency in speech -in French, Italian, Greek, and Arabic, and this determined him to -undertake mercantile life at Malta; but the plague having broken out -there in 1818, he was prevented from landing, and resolved to try his -fortune at Smyrna, but was unsuccessful. He then went to Alexandria, -and thence to Cairo, where he made the acquaintance and gained the -esteem of Mahomet Ali, then Pasha of Egypt. - -He now formed the scheme of connecting the Red Sea with the -Mediterranean by a canal, and for this purpose surveyed the Isthmus of -Suez and convinced himself that the cutting of such a waterway was -quite feasible, and that such a connection would be of enormous -advantage to English trade with India. He laid his plans before -Mahomet Ali. "No sooner had the idea of renewing the ancient commerce -between India and the Mediterranean by way of the Red Sea taken -possession of my mind," wrote Buckingham, "than I began to think how -much this would be facilitated by the juncture of the two seas by a -navigable canal; and I bent all my thoughts to the object." But -Mahomet Ali would not hear of the project. He shrewdly asked, "Whose -ships would mostly use the canal?" - -"The English vessels assuredly." - -"Ah! and then the English would begin to think how nice it would be to -have Egypt so as to secure the passage. I am not going to sharpen the -knife that would cut my own throat." - -The Pasha had a plan of his own; he had purchased two beautiful -American brigs then in the harbour of Alexandria, and he proposed -arming them and sending them round the Cape of Good Hope into the Red -Sea, for he desired to open up a trade with Egypt from India. But -Buckingham pointed out to him that he could not do this without great -risk of losing them, as the East India Company had supreme command of -all the Indian Ocean eastward of the Cape, and would seize and -confiscate all vessels found in those seas without their licence, -French and Portuguese vessels alone excepted. - -James S. Buckingham now ascended the Nile beyond the cataracts to -Nubia, but was there seized with ophthalmic blindness. To add to his -distress, on his way to Kosseir he was attacked in the desert by a -band of mutineers of the army of the Pasha, who plundered and left him -entirely naked on the barren waste, many miles from any village, food, -or water; and even when he reached Kosseir, he was obliged to retrace -his steps, as the vessel which should have conveyed him forward had -been seized by the mutineers. - -Buckingham next occupied himself with an endeavour to master the -hydrography of the Red Sea, visiting every part in the costume of a -Bedouin Arab. - -The Pasha now proposed to him that he should go to India and sound the -merchants there as to establishing a through trade to Europe by the -Red Sea, and a Company of Anglo-Egyptian merchants took the matter up -with zest. But on his proceeding to Bombay he found that the -proposition was coldly received. - -Whilst there, in May, 1815, Buckingham had the offer of the command of -the _Humayoon Shah_, a vessel built at the Portuguese port of Damann, -north of Bombay, by the Imaum of Muscat, for trade with China. The -retiring captain, named Richardson, in three successive voyages had -cleared L30,000, and the situation had been sought by several of the -marine officers of the East India Company. When these disappointed men -heard that Buckingham had secured the appointment, they were angry, -and applied to the Company to eject him from India and close every -port there in their power against him. This they did by refusing him a -licence to remain in India. - -The British Government, in granting a charter of exclusive trade to -India and China to the East India Company, gave that Company thereby a -right to expel from their dominions all British-born subjects who had -not their licence to reside there, this being deemed necessary to -protect them from the competition of "interlopers" as they were -called, who might undersell them in their own markets. But though the -British Government might thus condemn all the twenty million of its -own native-born subjects to this state of ignominious dependence on -the will or caprice of a handful of monopolists, a body of some -twenty-four directors only--in whose hands lay the power of granting -licences or banishing those who did not possess them--it could not -authorize the exercise of such powers against the natives of any -foreign state; consequently James Silk Buckingham was advised to -become nationalized as an American citizen, in which case the East -India Company would be powerless to expel him. - -In point of fact, the case stood thus: all foreigners who had no natural -claim on India as a part of their dominions might visit it freely and -reside and trade in it as long as they pleased, without licence from its -rulers; whereas British-born subjects, who had contributed by their -payment of taxes to support the very Government that made the charter, -were unjustly excluded, although the conquest of India had been made by -British blood and British treasure, and the country was still held under -the British flag. In short, all foreigners were free men there, and the -freeborn Englishman alone was a slave. - -Buckingham so felt the iniquity of this system that later, when he -came to England, he agitated and wrote against the continuance of the -charter. - -Buckingham returned to Egypt and occupied himself with making a chart -of the Red Sea. But the Anglo-Egyptian merchants, not relishing their -defeat by the East India Company, entered into a compact with Mahomet -Ali to send Buckingham to India as his envoy and representative; and -as such the Company could not refuse to allow him to reside there. -Accordingly, habited as a Mussulman, turbaned and long-robed, with his -speaking eye, jovial face, and dark, flowing beard, he looked every -inch of him a true-born Oriental, and his extraordinary knowledge of -various languages stood him in good stead as he made his way overland -to India, by Palestine and Bagdad. Proceeding still on his course, he -entered Persia, crossed the chain of the Zagros, and embarked at -Bushir in a man-of-war of the East India Company that was bound on an -expedition against some Wahabee pirates in the Persian Gulf, and going -ashore at Ras el Khyma, acted as interpreter to Captain Brydges, -Commander of the Squadron, assisted in bombarding the town, and then -proceeded to Bombay, which he reached after a journey of twelve -months. But his mission was again unsuccessful; either the Bombay -merchants had no confidence in the Egyptian Government, or they were -jealous of any interference with their own line of trade. - -Now, however, the Company's licence reached him, authorizing him to -remain in their territories, and he regained the appointment to the -vessel _Humayoon Shah_, in the service of the Imaum of Muscat, and he -remained navigating the Eastern waters till Midsummer, 1818, when, -having received commands from the Imaum to proceed to the coast of -Zanzibar, on a slaving expedition, he threw up his engagement, worth -L4000 per annum, rather than be implicated in such a nefarious trade. - -Buckingham next became proprietor and editor of the _Calcutta Mirror_, a -Liberal paper, that instantly obtained an extensive sale, and brought in -to its founder a net profit of L8000 a year. But his resolute advocacy -of Free Trade, free settlement, and free Press, and an exposure of the -misdoings of the East India Company, brought down on him the heavy hand -of Mr. John Adams, the temporary Governor-General. His paper was -suppressed, and he was ordered to quit Calcutta. His little fortune was -sacrificed in a vain attempt to fight the Governor and the Company, and -he was thrown back on the world, almost as poor, save in experience, as -when a youth he trudged from Corunna to Lisbon. He left his magnificent -library at Calcutta, in the hopes of being able to return, after having -obtained redress at home. But the redress he hoped for never came. Too -many interests were involved to accord it to him, and his library, like -his fortune and his hopes, was wrecked. - -It was not till after many dreary years, that the East India Company, -under pressure from the Government, could be induced, as an indemnity -for the wrongs done him, to accord him an annuity of L200, in addition -to one of the like amount awarded him by the British Government, "in -consideration of his literary works, and useful travels in various -countries," September 1st, 1851. "Pompey and Caesar berry much alike." - -"The blow to him at Calcutta was altogether a very savage one," says Mr. -S. C. Hall, "but, like all injustice, it recoiled at length on those who -gave it. From the hour that Buckingham was driven from that city -(Calcutta), the power of the great Indian monopoly, both commercial and -governmental, was doomed. It was by no means his case alone which -accomplished that doom. But oppression and vindictiveness, by driving -him home, made him for a time the representative there of voices that -never entirely slept; whilst the impolicy that had aroused them was -persevered in to the last--not ceasing, even after the trade was thrown -open, but at length provoking that rebellion which was followed by John -Company finally having to make an assignment of his whole estate and -effects to John Bull." In England Buckingham started the _Athenaeum_, a -literary weekly, but did not long retain it in his hand; he was not, in -fact, qualified for its editorship. He was a Liberal politician _avant -tout_, and a _litterateur_ only in a second or third place. - -In 1832, the Reform Bill was passed, and the same general election -that sent Wm. Cobbett to the House of Commons for Oldham, sent James -S. Buckingham from Sheffield, for the avowed purpose of giving him the -best standpoint possible from which to assail the East Indian -monopoly. That Company had never made a more fatal mistake than when -it persecuted and drove him from India. Buckingham was a theme for -caricature in _Punch_ from 1845-1848. - -It is open to question whether the East India Company could have -engaged J. S. Buckingham's services if, instead of hounding him out of -India, they had endeavoured to secure a man of such exceptional -ability and intense resolution of purpose in its service. In heart and -soul he was opposed to a monopoly, and if he had been engaged, he -would have accepted an engagement only for the purpose of remedying -some of the abuses of their government, and rectifying some of the -injustices done. But he was so utterly and conscientiously opposed to -the whole system, that it is more than doubtful whether he would have -met favourably any overtures made to him. - -In England an excellent conception of his, which he was able to -realize, was the foundation of the "British and Foreign Institute." To -this he was moved by seeing so many Orientals and others adrift in -London, without any centre where they could meet and communicate their -ideas with statesmen and politicians of Great Britain, and where they -might gather for refreshment of mind and body alike. The Duke of -Cambridge became President, and the Society attracted to its soirees -the literary and intellectual of all lands. - -His pen and his voice were employed for some years in advocating -reforms. - -He died on June 20th, 1855, in his seventieth year, and his wife died -in the house of her son-in-law, Henry R. Dewey, 22nd January, 1865, at -the age of eighty. - -It is greatly to be regretted that he did not live to complete his -Memoirs. He had two sons--James, who died in Jamaica, 1867, and -Leicester Forbes Young Buckingham, who ran away with an actress, -Caroline Connor, and married her at Gretna Green, 5th April, 1844. She -had made her first appearance on the London stage at the Haymarket -Theatre in 1842. The marriage was not happy and they separated, she to -return to the stage, where she acted under the name of Mrs. Buckingham -White. He died at Margate 17th July, 1867. - - - - - MARY ANN DAVENPORT, ACTRESS - - -Mary Ann Harvey was born in Launceston in 1759, and was educated at -Bath, where she was seized with a passion for the stage, and made her -first appearance on the boards at Bath as Lappet in _The Miser_ in 1779. - -She remained at Bath two years, and during her residence there is thus -described by an eye-witness of her performances: "Miss Harvey, about -the years 1785 and 1786, was a lively, animated, bustling actress; -arch, and of exuberant spirits. Her style was pointed and energetic; -perhaps, indeed, she had less ease than was altogether the thing; but -when she had to speak satirically or in irony--when, in fact, she had -to convey one idea to the person on the stage with her and another to -the audience, she was alone and inimitable; she did not carry you away -with her so much as many young actresses that I have seen, but she -always satisfied you more amply. Then her voice--what a voice hers -was! Nay, what a voice she has still, though it has had a pretty fair -exercise for the last half century and upwards. Then it had all the -clearness for which it is even now distinguishable; and it had, -besides, a witching softness of tone that knew no equal then, and that -I have never heard exceeded since." - -There was an _espiegle_ charm about her; she was not exactly -beautiful, but had a witchery of face and of manner that was -unsurpassed by any of her fellow-actresses, who may have possessed -more regularity of feature. - -[Illustration: _M^{rs}. Davenport_, - -in the Character of M^{rs}. Grundy] - -She was not baptized at Launceston, S. Mary Magdalen. Harvey was a -common name at the time in the place; a Harvey was a builder, another a -hatmaker, another a carrier. There were a Joseph Harvey and Catherine -Penwarden married 27th January, 1756. These may have been her parents. - -After leaving Bath, Miss Harvey joined the Exeter company, and there met -and married Mr. Davenport, an actor of ordinary talent and low comedy. - -After she had been married a short while, Mrs. Davenport went to -Birmingham, where she remained a considerable time in hopes of -obtaining an engagement. But disappointed in this expectation, she -accepted an offer from Dublin, where Daly had opened his theatre, and -there she made her debut as Rosalind in _As You Like It_, a character -exactly suited to her, and in which she aroused great enthusiasm. Her -graceful figure, her voice, now full of tenderness, then of arch -humour, and her expressive face admirably suited the part. She -moreover performed the part of Fulmer in the _West Indian_. The -_Authentic Memoirs of the Green Room_ for 1796 says: "Mrs. Davenport a -tolerable substitute for Mrs. Webb, though not near so great. - - The Davenports, tho' not of play'rs the first, - Are far from being in old folks the worst." - -In 1794 she first performed at Covent Garden, as Mrs. Hardcastle, in -_She Stoops to Conquer_, and at that theatre she continued without a -rival till 1831, and occasionally filled up vacancies at the -Haymarket. Mr. Davenport died in 1841; by him she had a son and a -daughter. The former died in India, the latter in England. - -Robson, in _The Old Playgoer_, says: "Brunton being the tall 'walking -gentleman,' there is no one else worth mentioning but dear, dear -Davenport, most truly not least though last. Lord! what a scream she -would give if she knew I was about to show her up! I can just remember -Mrs. Mattocks and Miss Pope.... But Mrs. Davenport was the McTab, the -Malaprop, the Nurse whose bantling, 'stinted and cried aye,' with a -villainous pain in her back, and a man Peter to carry her fan; the -'old mother Brulgruddery'; the Dame Ashfield with a 'damned bunch of -keys,' who immortalized 'What will Missus Grundy say to that?' and -would persuade a gentleman to put a ham under each arm and a turkey -into his pocket; Jeremy Diddler's beautiful maid at the foot of the -hill, who 'blushed like a red cabbage'; heigho! all visions--all gone. - -"It was said of Mrs. Jordan that her laugh would have made the fortune -of any actress if she had not had the wit to bring out one word to -support it; but Mrs. Davenport's strong point was her scream. I wonder -whether she ever indulged her husband with it in the course of a curtain -lecture! Mercy on his nerves if she did! The appearance of her jolly red -face was the presage of mirth, and her scream the signal for a roar of -laughter. Good, cheerful soul! though an _old woman_ forty years, she -outlived nearly all her play-fellows, comfortably, happily, I hope."[28] - -As an old lady her most celebrated personifications were the Nurse in -_Romeo and Juliet_, at which, in later times, she was hardly surpassed -by Mrs. Stirling. - -The writer of the memoir in the _Georgian AEra_ says of her: "It has not -been inaptly said of her, that in the vulgar loquacity of the would-be -youthful Mrs. Hardcastle--the ugliness of the antiquated virgin, Miss -Durable--the imbecility of four score in Mrs. Nicely--the sturdy -brutality of Mrs. Brulgruddery--the warm-hearted cottager in _Lovers' -Vows_--the attempted elegances of Mrs. Dowlas--the fiery humoured Dame -Quickly--and the obtuse intellect of Deborah, she overcame all rivalry." - -In the edition of the _Authentic Memoirs of the Green Room_ for 1806 it -is said, after a mention of Mr. Davenport: "Wife to the above, and of -primary utility in a theatre as the representative of low, vulgar, and -antiquated characters. In this line she has not her superior on the -London stage. Her Mrs. Thorne in the _Birthday_, Lady Duberly in the -_Heir at Law_, Dame Ashfield in _Speed the Plough_, Widow Warren in _The -Road to Ruin_, Widow Cheshire in the _Agreeable Surprise_, Mrs. Pickle -in the _Spoiled Child_, with a long and diversified list of parts of a -similar description, deservedly rated high in the scale of histrionic -excellence--and what greatly enhances her value, she is not less to be -prized for the generality than for the intensive merit of her -performances. Wide and extensive as is the range of parts which she -sustains, there is not a single character in the whole list in which she -does not acquit herself with distinguished talent and ability." - -This bright and merry actress was run over by a dray on July 20th, -1841, and died in S. Bartholomew's Hospital on May 8th, 1843, after a -lingering illness, at the age of eighty-four. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[28] _The Old Playgoer_, 1854, pp. 82-4. - - - - - THE ROYAL FAMILY OF PRUSSIA - - -"Over against Mousehole, across the great bay of Penzance, is Cudden -Point, jutting out into the sea, forming one horn of a promontory of -which the Enys forms the other, looking in the opposite direction. -Between these two lie three little coves, that of the Pixies, too -exposed and rocky for a harbour, but with its sides riddled with caves. - -"Bessie's, called after Bessie Burrow, who kept the _Kidleywink_ on -the cliff, which was the great resort of the smugglers, bears on its -face to-day the traces of its history. A spot so sheltered and -secluded that it is impossible to see what boats are in the little -harbour until one literally leans over the edge of the cliff above; a -harbour cut out of the solid rock, and a roadway with wheel tracks -partly cut and partly worn, crossing the rocks below high-water mark; -and, climbing up the face of the cliff on each side of the cove, caves -and remains of caves everywhere, some with their mouths built up, -which are reputed to be connected with the house above by secret -passages. These are the trade marks of Bessie's Cove, and the world -has not yet known the degree of innocence which could believe that -these were made for the convenience of a few crabbers. - -"The eastern and the most open is Prussia Cove. Here still stands -to-day the house in which John Carter, 'the King of Prussia,' lived -and reigned from 1770 to 1807."[29] - -[Illustration: AT PRUSSIA COVE. "BESSY'S" COVE FROM BATTERY POINT - -_From a drawing by A. Chevallier Taylor in the possession of J. B. -Cornish, Esq._] - -The origin of the Carter family is obscure. It is supposed to have come -from Shropshire, and the name is not Cornish. But what could have -brought it to this wild and remote spot in the south-west is quite -unknown. The father, Francis Carter, was born in 1712 and died in 1774, -and his wife, Agnes, died in 1784. They had eight sons and two -daughters. The eldest of the sons was John, the famous Cornish King of -Prussia. He obtained this nickname in the following manner: He and other -boys were playing at soldiers, and the renown of Frederick the Great -having reached him, John dubbed himself the King of Prussia, and the -title not only adhered to him through life, but he has bequeathed the -name of Prussia to the cove, which formerly bore that of Porthleah. - -John Carter, when he grew to man's estate, made himself fame as a -daring smuggler, and he was ably seconded by his brother Henry, who -contrived to his own satisfaction to combine perfervid piety with -cheating the customs. - -Smuggling in those days was carried on upon a large scale, in cutters -and luggers armed with eighteen or twenty guns apiece. Harry Carter, -in his autobiography, says: "I think I might have been twenty-five -when I went in a small sloop about sixteen or eighteen tons, with two -men besides myself as smugglers, when I had very great success, and -after a while I had a new sloop built for me, about thirty-two tons. -My success was rather beyond common, and after a time we bought a -small cutter of about fifty tons, and about ten men." The measurements -at the present day would be ten, eighteen, and thirty tons. - -John Carter was never caught. On one occasion the revenue officers -came to his house and demanded to ransack his sheds. One of these was -locked, and he refused to surrender the key, whereupon they broke it -open, but found that it contained only household articles. As they -were unable to refasten the door, the shed remained open all night, -and by morning everything it had contained had disappeared. The "King" -thereupon sued the officers for all his goods that had been taken from -him. It is perhaps needless to say that he had himself conveyed them -away. The officers had to refund the losses. - -On one occasion when John Carter was absent from home, the excise -officers from Penzance came to Prussia Cove in their boats and -succeeded in securing a cargo lately arrived from France. They carried -it to Penzance and placed it under lock and key in the custom-house. -Carter, on his return, heard of the capture. He was highly incensed, -for the brandy had all been promised to some of the gentry round, and -he was not the man to receive an order and fail to execute it. -Accordingly, he made up his mind to recover the whole cargo. Assisted -by his mates, in the night he broke into the custom-house store and -removed every barrel that had been taken from him. - -Next morning, when the officers saw what had been done, they knew who -the perpetrator was, for nothing had been touched and removed but what -the "King" claimed as his own; and these smugglers prided themselves -on being "all honourable men." - -The most famous episode in John Carter's career was his firing on the -boat of the revenue cutter _The Faery_. A smuggling vessel, hard -pressed, ran through a narrow channel among the rocks between the Enys -and the shore. The cutter, not daring to venture nearer, sent her boat -in; whereupon Carter opened fire upon her from an improvised battery in -which he had mounted several small cannon. The boat had to withdraw. -Next morning the fight was resumed, _The Faery_ opening fire from the -sea. But in the meantime mounted soldiers from Penzance had arrived, and -these fired from the top of the hill upon those working the guns in the -battery, taking them in the rear. This was more than the smugglers could -stand, and they retreated to Bessie Burrow's house, and were not further -molested, the soldiers contenting themselves with remounting their -horses and riding back to Penzance. Unfortunately, with regard to John -Carter, the "King of Prussia," we have but scattered notices and -tradition to rely upon; but it is otherwise with his brother Henry, who -has left an autobiography that has been transcribed and published by Mr. -J. B. Cornish under the title _The Autobiography of a Cornish Smuggler_, -London (Gibbons and Co.), 1900. - -But Harry Carter is somewhat reticent about the doings of the -smugglers, and avoids giving names, for when he wrote "free trade" was -in full swing. He wrote in 1809, when John his brother and the "Cove -boys" were still at it, and Prussia Cove had not ceased to be a great -centre of smugglers. He is much more concerned to record his religious -experiences, all of which we could well spare for fuller details of -the goings-on of his brothers and their comrades. - -In 1778 an embargo was laid on all English trade, when the French -Government made a treaty with the States of America, and not knowing -of this, Henry Carter was arrested at S. Malo, and his cutter, with -sixteen guns and thirty-six men, taken from him. He was sent to the -prison at Dinan; and in like manner his brother John was taken, and -they were allowed to remain on parole at Josselin till the November of -1779, when they were exchanged by order of the Lords of the Admiralty -for two French gentlemen. "So, after I was at home some time, riding -about the country getting freights, collecting money for the company, -etc., we bought a cutter about 160 tons (50 tons), nineteen guns. I -went in her some time smuggling. I had great success." - -In January, 1788, he went with a freight to Cawsand in a lugger of 45 -tons in modern measurement, and mounting sixteen carriage guns. But he -was boarded, and so cut about the head, and his nose nearly severed in -two, that he fell bleeding on the deck. - -"I suppose I might have been there about a quarter of an hour, until -they had secured my people below, and after found me lying on the deck. -One of them said, 'Here is one of the poor fellows dead.' Another made -answer, 'Put the man below.' He answered again, 'What use is it to put a -dead man below?' and so passed on. So I laid there very quiet for near -the space of two hours, hearing their discourse as they walked by me, -the night being very dark on the 30th January, 1788. The commanding -officer gave orders for a lantern to be brought, so they took up one of -my legs as I was lying upon my belly; he let it go, and it fell as dead -down on the deck. He likewise put his hand up under my clothes, between -my shirt and my skin, and then examined my head, and so concluded, -saying, 'The man is so warm now as he was two hours back, but his head -is all to atoms.' The water being ebbing, the vessel (that was grounded) -making a great heel to the shore, so that in the course of a very little -time after, as their two boats was made fast alongside, one of them -broke adrift. Immediately there was orders given to man the other boat -in order to fetch her, so that when I saw them in this state of -confusion, their guard broken, I thought it was my time to make my -escape, so I crept on my belly on the deck, and got over a large raft -just before the mainmast, close by one of the men's heels, as he was -standing there handing the trysail. When I got over the lee-side I -thought I should be able to swim on shore in a stroke or two. I took -hold of the burtons of the mast, and as I was lifting myself over the -side I was taken with the cramp in one of my thighs. So then I thought I -should be drowned, but still willing to risk it, so that I let myself -over the side very easily by a rope into the water. As I was very near -the shore, I thought to swim on shore in the course of a stroke or two, -but soon found my mistake. I was sinking almost like a stone, and -hauling astern in deeper water, when I gave up all hopes of life and -began to swallow some water. I found a rope under my breast, so that I -had not lost my senses. I hauled upon it, and soon found one end fast to -the side just where I went overboard, which gave me a little hope of -life. So that when I got there, I could not tell which was best, to call -to the man-of-war's men to take me in, or to stay there and die, for my -life and strength were almost exhausted. But whilst I was thinking of -this, touched bottom with my feet. Hope then sprang up, and I soon found -another rope, leading towards the head of the vessel in shoaler water, -so that I veered upon one and hauled upon the other, that brought me -under the bowsprit, and then at times upon the send of a sea, my feet -were almost dry. I let go the rope, but as soon as I attempted to run -fell down, and as I fell, looking round about me, I saw three men -standing close by. I knew they were the man-of-war's men seeking for -the boat, so I lay there quiet for some little time, and then crept upon -my belly I suppose about the distance of fifty yards, and as the ground -was scuddy, some flat rock mixed with channels of sand, I saw before me -a channel of white sand, and for fear to be seen creeping over it, which -would take some time, not knowing there was anything the matter with me, -made the second attempt to run, and fell in the same manner as before. - -"My brother Charles being there, looking out for the vessel, desired -some Cawsand men to go down to see if they could pick up any of the -men dead or alive, not expecting ever to see me any more, almost sure -I was either shot or drowned. One of them saw me fall, ran to my -assistance, and taking hold of me under the arm, says, 'Who are you?' -So, as I thought him to be an enemy, made no answer. He said, 'Fear -not; I am a friend. Come with me.' And by that time were come two -more, which took me under both arms, and the other pushed me in the -back, and so dragged me up to the town. My strength was almost -exhausted. They took me into a room where were seven or eight Cawsand -men and my brother Charles, and when he saw me he knew me by my great -coat, and cried with joy. So then they immediately stripped off my wet -clothes, and sent for a doctor and put me to bed. The bone of my nose -was cut right in two, nothing but a bit of skin holding it, and two -very large cuts in my head, that two or three pieces of my skull -worked out of afterwards." - -He was now hurried off in a chaise to his brother Charles' house, -where he remained for a week. Then as a reward of three hundred pounds -was offered for his apprehension, he was conveyed to a gentleman's -house in Marazion, where he remained concealed for two or three -weeks, and thence was taken to Acton House, belonging to Mr. John -Stackhouse, but only for a while, and shifted back to Marazion. Then -again to the castle. The surgeon who was called in to attend him was -blindfolded by the men sent to fetch him and conducted to the -hiding-place of Henry Carter. - -[Illustration: JOHN CARTER'S HOUSE AT PRUSSIA COVE - -_Demolished in 1906_] - -In October he sailed for Leghorn, then on the same vessel loaded at -Barcelona with brandy for New York. It was no longer safe for him to -remain in England till the affair was blown over, and he did not return -till October in the year 1790, and was soon again engaged in alternate -preaching in Methodist chapels, and in smuggling brandy from Roscoff. On -one of these excursions in 1793 he was arrested at Roscoff, as war had -been declared between France and England. This was during the Reign of -Terror, at a time when the Convention had decreed that no quarter should -be given to an Englishman, and an English prisoner was placed on the -same footing as a "suspect" or "aristocrat," and stood a great chance of -losing his head under the knife. He does not, however, seem to have been -harshly treated, only moved about from place to place, sometimes in a -prison, at others lodged in a private house; a good many of his French -fellow-prisoners, however, suffered death. In his own words and -spelling: "There was numbers of gent and lades taken away to Brest that -I parssially know, and their heads chopt off with the gulenteen with a -very little notice." - -Robespierre was executed on 28th July, 1794; and soon after his death -the Convention decreed the release of great numbers of "suspects" and -other prisoners. It was not, however, till August, 1795, that Henry -Carter got his passport and was able to leave. He arrived at Falmouth -on August 22nd. "Arived on shore aboute three o'clock in the afternoon -with much fear and trembling, where I meet with my dear little -(daughter) Bettsy, there staying with her aunt, Mrs. Smythe, then -between 8 and 9 years old.... I staid that night at Falmouth, the next -morning went to Penryn with my dear little Bettsey in my hand. The next -morning, on Sunday, took a horse and arrived at Breage Churchtown aboute -eleven o'clock, where I meet my dear brother Frank, then in his way to -church. As I first took him in surprise, at first I could harly make him -sensable I was his brother, being nearley two years without hearing -whether I was dead or alife. But when he come to himself as it were, we -rejoiced together with exceeding great joy indeed. We went to his house -in Rinsey, and after dinner went to see brother John (in Prussia Cove). -We sent him word before I was coming. But he could harly believe it. But -first looking out with his glass saw me yet a long way off. Ran to meet -me, fell upon my neck. We passed the afternoon with him, and in the -evning went to Keneggy to see brother Charles." - -The autobiography ends abruptly in the year 1795, but the writer lived -on until April 19th, 1829, spending the last thirty years of his life -on a little farm at Rinsey. - -In addition to the two authorities quoted, both due to Mr. Cornish, -there is a memoir of Henry Carter in the _Wesleyan Methodist Magazine_ -for October, 1831. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[29] J. B. Cornish in the _Cornish Magazine_, 1898, p. 121. - - - - - CAPTAIN RICHARD KEIGWIN - - -The English East India Company had been founded December 31st, 1600, -and it obtained from Queen Elizabeth the exclusive privilege for -fifteen years of trading with India and all countries to the east of -the Cape of Good Hope, in Africa and in Asia. The first settlement -effected was at Surat in 1612, by Captain Thomas Best, who defeated -the Portuguese in two battles. But through the jealousy of the Dutch -and their encroachments, and the disturbances in England caused by the -Great Rebellion, the East India Company fell to decay. Although -Cromwell in 1657 renewed its privileges, the English made little -headway. On April 3rd, 1661, Charles II confirmed and renewed all the -ancient privileges, and handed over to the Company Bombay, which he -had received from Spain as the portion of Catherine of Braganza. - -Dr. Fryer, a surgeon in the service of the Company, travelled in India -between 1673 and 1681, and has left some graphic descriptions of it. -He sailed from Madras to Bombay, passing up the Malabar coast, and -noting how that the Dutch were elbowing the Portuguese out of their -posts. At last he entered the harbour of Bombay, so called from its -Portuguese name Bona-baija. He found there a Government House, with -pleasant gardens, terraces, and bowers; but the place had been meanly -fortified, and the Malabar pirates often plundered the native villages -and carried off the inhabitants as slaves. However, the Company took -the place vigorously in hand, loaded the terraces with cannon, and -built ramparts over the bowers. When Fryer landed, Bombay Castle was -mounted with a hundred and twenty pieces of ordnance, whilst sixty -field-pieces were kept in readiness. The Dutch had made an attempt to -capture Bombay, but had been repulsed. - -Bombay itself was an island, with a superb landlocked harbour, but it -had at its back the great and powerful kingdom of the Mahrattas. - -But the vast expense of placing Bombay in a position of defence had -been so inadequately met by the revenue derived from it, that the -Company was dissatisfied with its acquisition, and being, moreover, -burdened with debt, it had recourse to the unhappy expedient of -raising the taxation and reducing the officers' pay. It was ordered -that the annual expenses of the island should be limited to L7000; the -military establishment was to be reduced to two lieutenants, two -ensigns, four sergeants, as many corporals and 108 privates. A troop -of horse was to be disbanded, and Keigwin, the commandant, was -dismissed. This was in 1678-9. - -Richard Keigwin was the third son of Richard Keigwin, of Penzance, and -of his wife Margaret, daughter of Nicholas Godolphin, of Trewarveneth. -The family was ancient and honourable. His great-grandfather, Jenkin -Keigwin, had been killed by the Spaniards in 1595. Richard entered the -Royal Navy, became a captain and then colonel of Marines, and was -appointed Governor of S. Helena, then a possession of the East India -Company, by grant of Charles II. After that he was transferred to -Bombay, and had the commandantship there. - -He was highly offended at being thrust out of his position, and he, -moreover, knew that Bombay was menaced by both the Sambhajee and the -Siddee, both of whom were desirous of gaining a footing on the island, -and each was jealous lest the other should anticipate him in its -acquisition. - -In order that he might represent the danger that menaced of losing -Bombay Captain Keigwin resolved on reporting in person to the Company -how matters stood, and he accordingly went to the directors and laid -the case before them with such force that they consented to send him -back to Bombay with the rank of captain-lieutenant, and he was to be -third in the Council. But with singular capriciousness, in the -following year, when Keigwin was at Bombay, they rescinded the order, -reduced his pay to six shillings a day, without allowance for food and -lodging, and made further reductions in the general pay and increase -in the taxes. This embittered the garrison and the natives alike.[30] - -"During the greater part of the reign of Charles the Second," says -Macaulay, "the Company enjoyed a prosperity to which the history of -trade scarcely furnishes a parallel, and which excited the wonder, the -cupidity, and the envious animosity of the whole capital. Wealth and -luxury were then rapidly increasing, the taste for spices, the tissues -and the jewels of the East, became stronger day by day; tea, which at -the time when Monk brought the army of Scotland to London had been -handed round to be stared at and just touched with the lips, as a -great rarity from China, was, eight years later, a regular article of -import, and was soon consumed in such quantities that financiers began -to consider it as a fit subject for taxation." Coffee, moreover, had -become a fashionable drink, and the coffee-houses of London were the -resorts of every description of club. But coffee came from Mocha, and -the East India Company had sole right to import that, as it had -absolute monopoly of the trade of the Indian Sea. - -Nor was that all; vast quantities of saltpetre were imported into -England from the East for the manufacture of gunpowder. But for this -supply our muskets and cannon would have been speechless. It was -reckoned that all Europe would hardly produce in one year saltpetre -sufficient for the siege of one town fortified on the principles of -Vauban. - -The gains of the Company were enormous, so enormous as in no way to -justify the cheeseparing that was had recourse to at Bombay. But these -gains were not distributed among a large number of shareholders, but -swelled the pockets of a few, for as the profits increased the number -of holders of stock diminished. - -The man who obtained complete control over the affairs of the Company -was Sir Josiah Child, who had risen from an apprentice who swept out -one of the counting-houses in the City to great wealth and power. His -brother John was given an almost uncontrolled hand at Surat. - -The Company had been popularly considered as a Whig body. Among the -members of the directing committee had been found some of the most -vehement exclusionists in the City, that is to say, those who had -voted for the exclusion of James, Duke of York, from any claim to the -crown of England on the decease of Charles II. This was an affront -James was not likely to forget and forgive. Indeed two of them, Sir -Samuel Barnardiston and Thomas Papillon, drew on themselves a severe -persecution by their zeal against Popery and arbitrary power. - -The wonderful prosperity of the Company had excited, as already -intimated, the envy of the merchants in London and Bristol; moreover, -the people suffered from the monopoly being in the hands of a few -stockholders, who controlled the market. The Company was fiercely -attacked from without at the same time that it was distracted by -internal dissensions. - -Captain Keigwin now called upon the inhabitants of Bombay to take an -oath of allegiance to the Crown, and to renounce the Company and -submission to its commands. With this the whole of the garrison, -militia and inhabitants, complied; the troops from expectation of -relief from the grievances of which they had complained, and the -inhabitants from anticipating relief from taxation. - -Captain Keigwin and his associates then addressed a letter to His -Majesty and to the Duke of York, expressing their determination to -maintain the island for the King till his pleasure should be known, -and enumerating the causes which had impelled them to revolt--the -principal being to prevent Bombay from being seized by the Siddee, or -Admiral of the Mogul, who with a numerous fleet was lying near, or -else by the Sambhajee, the Mahratta rajah, who was watching his -opportunity to descend on Bombay and annex it. - -Captain Keigwin and the conspirators next represented to the Court of -Committee that the selfish scheme of Josiah Child in England, and of -his brother John Child of Surat, had been at the bottom of the whole -mischief which caused the disaffection, and added that both the -garrison and inhabitants were determined to continue in allegiance to -the Crown alone till the King's pleasure should be made known to them. - -But Keigwin was no match for the subtle and unprincipled Sir Josiah -Child and his brother John. Josiah had been originally brought into -the direction of the Company by Barnardiston and Papillon, and was -supposed, and he allowed it to be supposed, that he was as ardent a -Whig as were they. He had for years stood high in the opinion of the -chiefs of the Parliamentary opposition, and had been especially -obnoxious to the Duke of York. - -There had for some time been interference with the monopoly by what -were called "interlopers" or free traders, to the great vexation of -the Company. These interlopers now determined to affect the character -of loyal men, who were determined to stand by the Crown against the -insolent Whigs of the Company. "They spread at all the factories in -the East reports that England was in confusion, that the sword had -been drawn or would immediately be drawn, and that the Company was -forward in the rebellion against the Crown. These rumours, which in -truth were not improbable, easily found credit among people separated -from London by what was then a voyage of twelve months. Some servants -of the Company who were in ill humour with their employers, and others -who were zealous Royalists, joined the primitive traders." - -On December 27th, 1683, Captain Keigwin, assisted by Ensign Thornburn -and others, seized on Mr. Ward, the deputy governor, and such members -of the Council as adhered to him, assembled the troops and the -militia, pronounced the authority of the East India Company as at an -end by formal proclamation, and declared the island to be placed under -the King's immediate protection. Thereupon the garrison, consisting -of one hundred and fifty English soldiers and two hundred native -topasses, and the inhabitants of the island, elected Keigwin to be -governor, and appointed officers to the different companies, -store-keepers, harbour-masters, etc., declaring, however, that the -Company might, if their servants would acknowledge the King's -government as proclaimed, proceed in their several avocations without -molestation. Keigwin then took possession of the Company's ship -_Return_ and the frigate _Huntley_, and landed the treasure, amounting -to fifty or sixty thousand rupees, which he lodged in the fort, and he -published a declaration that it should be employed solely in the -defence of the King's island and government. - -But Child looked ahead, and saw that inevitably James, Duke of York, at -no very distant period would be King of England. The Whigs were cowed by -the discovery of the Rye House Plot, and the execution of Lord Russell -and Algernon Sidney. It was high time for Child to turn his coat, and -this he did rapidly and with dexterity. He forced his two patrons, -Barnardiston and Papillon, out of the Company, filled their places with -creatures of his own, and established himself as autocrat. Then he made -overtures to the Court, to the King, and to the Duke of York, and he -soon became a favourite at Whitehall, and the favour which he enjoyed at -Whitehall confirmed his power at the India House. He made a present of -ten thousand pounds to Charles, and another ten thousand pounds to -James, who readily consented to become a holder of stock. "All who could -help or hurt at Court," says Macaulay, "ministers, mistresses, priests, -were kept in good humour by presents of shawls and silks, birds' nests -and attar of roses, bulses of diamonds and bags of guineas. His bribes, -distributed with judicious prodigality, speedily produced a large -return. Just when the Court became all-powerful in the State, he became -all-powerful at the Court." - -Against such machinations as these Keigwin was powerless. Whatever -Child asked should be done to maintain the authority of the Company -was granted. Keigwin had appealed to hear the will of the King. The -King's answer was but the echo of the voice of Child. - -On the 31st January, 1683-4, President John Child from Surat arrived off -Bombay with some commissioners, and met Keigwin with offers of pardon -for his rebellion, but the offer was indignantly refused. Keigwin would -deal with no one but the King himself, and some plain truths were told -to John Child, that it was he and his brother, by their greed after gold -and indifference to the welfare of the settlement, that caused all the -trouble. The consultation lasted till March, 1683-4, and then Child had -to return to Surat, without having effected anything. - -In the meantime the Court of Directors sent in a report to the King, -on 15th August, 1684, with a long statement of its grievances, and a -claim for protection, according to the charter of the Society. - -Charles II could do no other than order that the island should be -delivered over to the Presidency of Surat, and a Commission under the -Great Seal was issued to President Child and to the commanders of the -Company's ships, empowering them to receive the surrender of Bombay -from Keigwin and his associates and to offer a generous pardon to all, -except the four ringleaders, who should within twenty-four hours after -notice return to their duty. - -Captain Tyrell, with H.M.S. _Phoenix_, frigate, was despatched, with -Sir Thomas Graham as admiral, to settle the affair. - -But Captain Keigwin had no idea of resistance. It had been further -ordered that if Keigwin and his followers should attempt opposition, -all should be denounced as rebels, and a reward of 4000 rupees should -be paid to any one who should deliver up Keigwin, and 2000 for -Alderton, and 200 for Fletcher. - -Sir Thomas Graham arrived in the Bay of Bombay on the 10th November, -1684, and with great promptitude landed without attendants, and had a -conference with Keigwin, who protested that he had only revolted -against the misgovernment of the Company, and to save Bombay from -being seized by one or other of the Indian princes who were aiming to -secure it. He at once accepted the offer made to him of pardon, and -surrendered Bombay. He went on board the vessel of Sir Thomas Graham -and arrived in England in July, 1685. - -During his enjoyment of power Captain Keigwin had acted with integrity -and wisely and judiciously. He had relations with the native princes, -and he showed an amount of prudence and clear judgment that eventually -greatly benefited the East India Company. He induced Sambhajee, the -Mahratta rajah, to permit the establishment of factories in the -Carnatic and allow them 12,000 pagodas as compensation for losses -sustained at places plundered by the Mahrattas. Keigwin repressed the -insolence of the Mogul admiral, Siddee, with decision, and would -neither suffer him to keep his fleet at Mazapore, nor even to go -there, except for water. In fact, had the Company known it, they had -in Keigwin an admirable servant, a Clive before the time of that hero. - -But the directors were a number of commercial speculators who saw no -further than a few years before them, and were eager at once to be -rich. They cast this man aside, who, had they employed him, would have -made India theirs; and, a disappointed man, he entered the Royal Navy -and died at the taking of S. Kitts, in the West Indies, in command of -H.M.S. _Assistance_, 22nd June, 1689. - -It is one of the great mysteries of life and death that men who might -have revolutionized the world are swept aside and hardly anything is -recorded concerning them. Richard Keigwin was one such, full of -self-confidence, vigour of character, restraint, and judgment. But he -lived at a time and under a reign in which there was no appreciation -of merit, and corruption and self-interest bore him down. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[30] The Company levied a duty of half a dollar upon all ships anchoring -in the harbour, one rupee a year on each fishing-boat, and the same on -every ship. Lastly, with what seems unparalleled meanness, they ordered -that only half of the native labourers' wages should be paid in coin, -the other half in rice valued "at the Company's price," which would give -ten per cent clear profit after all expenses had been defrayed. - - - - - THE LOSS OF THE "KENT" - - -The _Kent_, Captain Henry Cobb, 1350 tons, bound for Bengal and China, -left the Downs on 19th February, 1825, with 20 officers, 344 soldiers, -43 women, and 66 children belonging to the 31st Regiment; 20 private -passengers and a crew, including officers, of 148 men on board, making -in all 641 souls. - -A gale came on in the Bay of Biscay, and the ship rolled greatly. On -1st March the dead weight of some hundred tons of shot and shells, -pressed so heavily with the rolling that the main chains were thrown -by every lurch under water; and the best cleated articles of furniture -in the cabin and the cuddy (the large dining apartment) were dashed -from side to side. - -One of the officers of the ship, with the well-meant intention of -ascertaining that all was fast below, descended with two of the -sailors into the hold, whither they carried with them for safety a -light in a patent lantern; and seeing that the lamp was burning dimly, -the officer took the precaution to hand it up to the orlop deck to be -trimmed. Having afterwards discovered that one of the spirit casks was -adrift, he sent a sailor for some billets of wood to secure it, but -the ship in his absence having made a heavy lurch, the officer -unfortunately dropped the light, and letting go of his hold of the -cask in his eagerness to recover the lantern, it suddenly stove, and, -the spirits communicating with the lamp, the whole place was -instantly in a blaze. - -Major (afterwards Sir Duncan) McGregor, who was on board at the time -with his wife and family, says:-- - -"I received from Captain Spence, the captain of the day, the alarming -information that the ship was on fire in the after-hold. On hastening to -the hatchway whence smoke was slowly ascending, I found Captain Cobb and -other officers already giving orders, which seemed to be promptly obeyed -by seamen and troops, who were using every exertion by means of the -pumps, buckets of water, wet sails, hammocks, etc., to extinguish the -flames. With a view to excite the ladies' alarm as little as possible, -on conveying the intelligence to Colonel Faron, the commanding officer -of the troops, I knocked gently at the cabin door, and expressed a wish -to speak with him; but whether my countenance betrayed the state of my -feelings, or the increasing noise and confusion upon deck created -apprehension, I found it difficult to pacify some of the ladies by -assurances that no danger whatever was to be apprehended from the gale. -As long as the devouring element appeared to be confined to the spot -where the fire had originated, and which we were assured was surrounded -on all sides by water-casks, we ventured to cherish hopes that it might -be subdued; but no sooner was the light blue vapour that at first arose -succeeded by volumes of black dingy smoke, which speedily ascended -through all the four hatchways, rolled over every part of the ship, than -all further concealment became impossible, and almost all hope of -preserving the vessel was abandoned. - -"In these awful circumstances, Captain Cobb, with an ability and -decision of character that seemed to increase with the imminence of the -danger, resorted to the only alternative now left him--of ordering the -lower decks to be scuttled, the combing of the hatches to be cut, and -the lower ports to be opened, for the free admission of the waves. - -"These instructions were speedily executed by the united efforts of -the troops and seamen; but not before some of the sick soldiers, one -woman, and several children, unable to gain the upper deck, had -perished. On descending to the gun-deck with one or two officers of -the 31st Regiment to assist in opening the ports, I met, staggering -towards the hatchway, in an exhausted and nearly senseless state, one -of the mates, who informed us that he had just stumbled over the dead -bodies of some individuals who must have died of suffocation, to which -it was evident that he himself had almost fallen a victim. So dense -and oppressive was the smoke that it was with the utmost difficulty we -could remain long enough below to fulfil Captain Cobb's wishes; which -were no sooner accomplished than the sea rushed in with extraordinary -force, carrying away in its restless progress to the hold the largest -chests, bulkheads, etc." - -The immense quantity of water that was thus introduced into the vessel -had, indeed, for a time the effect of checking the fury of the flames; -but the danger of sinking was increased as the risk of explosion, should -the fire reach the powder, was diminished. The ship became water-logged, -and presented other indications of settling previous to going down. - -"The upper deck was covered with between six and seven hundred human -beings, many of whom from previous sea-sickness were forced on the -first alarm from below in a state of absolute nakedness, and were now -running about in quest of husbands, children, or parents. While some -were standing in silent resignation or in stupid insensibility to -their impending fate, others were yielding themselves up to the most -frantic despair. Several of the soldiers' wives and children, who had -fled for temporary shelter into the after cabins on the upper decks, -were engaged in prayer with the ladies, some of whom were enabled, -with wonderful self-possession, to offer to others spiritual -consolation; and the dignified deportment of two young ladies in -particular formed a specimen of natural strength of mind finely -modified by Christian feeling. - -"Among the numerous objects that struck my observation at the period, -I was much affected by the appearance and conduct of some of the dear -children, who, quite unconscious in the cuddy cabin of the perils that -surrounded them, continued to play as usual with their little toys in -bed. To some of the older children, who seemed alive to the reality of -the danger, I whispered, 'Now is the time to put in practice the -instructions you have received at the regimental school and to think -of the Saviour.' They replied, as the tears ran down their cheeks, 'Oh -sir! we are trying to remember them, and we are praying to God.' - -"It occurred to Mr. Thomson, the fourth mate, to send a man to the -foretop, rather with the ardent wish than with the expectation, that -some friendly sail might be discovered on the face of the waters. The -sailor, on mounting, threw his eyes round the horizon for a moment--a -moment of unutterable suspense--and, waving his hat, exclaimed, 'A -sail on the leeboard!' - -"The joyful announcement was received with three cheers upon deck. Our -flags of distress were instantly hoisted and our minute guns fired; -and we endeavoured to bear down under our three topsails and foresail -upon the stranger, which afterwards proved to be the _Cambria_, a -small brig of 200 tons burden, having on board twenty or thirty -Cornish miners and other agents of the Anglo-Mexican Company. - -"For ten or fifteen minutes we were left in doubt whether the brig -perceived our signals, or, perceiving them, was either disposed or -able to lend us any assistance. From the violence of the gale, it -seems that the report of our guns was not heard; but the ascending -volumes of smoke from the ship sufficiently announced the dreadful -nature of our distress, and we had the satisfaction, after a short -period of suspense, to see the brig hoist British colours and crowd -all sail to hasten to our relief. - -"I confess that when I reflected on the long period our ship had -already been burning--on the tremendous sea that was running--on the -extreme smallness of the brig, and the immense number of human beings -to be saved--I could only venture to hope that a few might be spared; -but I durst not for a moment contemplate the possibility of my own -preservation." - -To prevent the rush to the boats as they were being lowered, some of -the military officers were stationed over them with drawn swords. -Arrangements were made by Captain Cobb for placing in the first boat, -previous to letting it down, all the ladies and as many of the -soldiers' wives as it could safely contain. They hurriedly wrapped -themselves up in whatever articles of clothing could be found, and at -about 2 p.m. or 2.30 p.m. a mournful procession advanced from the aft -cabin to the starboard cuddy port, outside of which the cutter was -suspended. Scarcely a word was uttered; not a scream was heard. Even -the infants ceased to cry, as if conscious of the unspoken, -unspeakable anguish that was at that instant rending the hearts of -their parting parents--nor was the silence of voices in any way -broken, except in one or two cases, where the ladies plaintively -entreated permission to be left behind with their husbands. - -Although Captain Cobb had used every precaution to diminish the danger -of the boat's descent, and for this purpose had stationed a man with an -axe to cut away the tackle from either extremity should the slightest -difficulty occur in unhooking it, yet the peril attending the whole -operation nearly proved fatal to its numerous inmates. After a couple of -unsuccessful attempts to place the frail bark fairly on the heaving -surface of the water, the command was given at length to unhook. The -tackle at the stern was, in consequence, immediately cleared; but the -ropes at the bow having got fast, the sailor there found it impossible -to obey the order. In vain was the axe applied to the entangled tackle. -The moment was inconceivably critical, as the boat, which necessarily -followed the motion of the ship, was gradually rising out of the water, -and must, in another instant, have been hanging perpendicularly by the -bow, and its helpless inmates in that event would have been shot down -into the boiling surf. But at that moment, providentially, a wave -suddenly struck and lifted the stern, so as to enable the seaman to -disentangle the tackle, and the boat, dexterously cleared from the -wreck, was seen after a little while from the poop battling with the -billows on its way to the _Cambria_, which prudently lay to at some -distance from the _Kent_, lest she should be involved in her explosion, -or exposed to the fire of her guns, which, being all shotted, afterwards -went off as the flames reached them successively. - -The men had, accordingly, a considerable distance to row. The better -to balance the boat in the raging seas through which it had to make -its way, as also to enable the seamen to ply their oars, the women -and children were stowed promiscuously under the seats, and -consequently exposed to the risk of being drowned by the continual -dashing of the spray over their heads, which so filled the boat during -the passage, that before they arrived at the brig the poor creatures -were crouching up to their breasts in water, and their children kept -above it with the greatest difficulty by their numbed hands. - -However, in the course of between twenty minutes and half an hour, the -little cutter was seen alongside the brig. - -But the perils of the passage were not over; the boat was heaved up -against the side of the rolling and pitching _Cambria_, and the -difficulty of getting the women and children out of the cutter and on -to the deck was great. Moreover, the boat stood in imminent danger of -being stove in against the side of the brig whilst its passengers were -disembarking. - -Here it was that the Cornish miners on board the _Cambria_ notably -distinguished themselves, and above all Joseph Warren from S. Just, a -famous wrestler. Being a man of enormous strength, he stood on the -chains and caught first the children as they were tossed to his arms, -passed them up on deck, and then lifted the women bodily from the boat -as it heaved up within his reach, and passed them over his head to the -men above. - -The women showed great self-possession. They had been urged to avail -themselves of every favourable heave of the sea, by springing towards -the friendly arms that were extended to receive them; and -notwithstanding the deplorable consequence of making a false step, or -misjudging a distance, under such critical circumstances, not a single -accident occurred to any individual belonging to this first boat. - -Three out of the six boats originally possessed by the _Kent_ were -swamped in the course of the day, one of them with men in it; and the -boats took three-quarters of an hour over each trip, so that night -settled down, adding to the difficulties and dangers, and bringing -ever nearer the prospect of the fire reaching the powder magazine and -blowing all who remained on board into eternity. - -Sir Donald McGregor tells some pathetic stories of the rest of the -crew and passengers. One woman had vainly entreated to be allowed to -go to India with her husband, and when refused, had contrived to hide -herself in the vessel as a stowaway till it was well out at sea. As he -was endeavouring to reach one of the boats, he fell overboard, and his -head, coming between the heaving boat and the side of the ship, was -crushed like a nut in her sight. Sad instances occurred where a -husband had to make election between the saving of his wife and that -of his children. The courage of some utterly failed them. Nothing -would induce them to enter or try to enter one of the boats leaping on -the waves beside the burning ship. Rather than adventure that they -would remain and take their chances on the wreck. Some, making false -leaps into the boats, fell into the waves and were drowned. - -At last all who could or would be saved were brought on board the -_Cambria_. - -"After the arrival of the last boat, the flames, which had spread -along her upper deck and poop, ascended with the rapidity of lightning -to the masts and rigging, forming one general conflagration that -illumined the heavens, and was strongly reflected upon several objects -on board the brig. - -"The flags of distress, hoisted in the morning, were seen for a -considerable time waving amid the flames, until the masts to which -they were suspended successively fell over the ship's sides. At last, -about 1.30 in the morning, the devouring element having communicated -to the magazine, the long-threatened explosion was seen, and the -blazing fragments of the once magnificent _Kent_ were instantly -hurried, like so many rockets, high into the air, leaving in the -comparative darkness that succeeded the dreadful scene of that -disastrous day floating before the mind like some feverish dream. - -"I trust that you will keep in mind that Captain Cook's generous -intentions and exertions must have proved utterly unavailing for the -preservation of so many lives had they not been most nobly and -unremittingly supported by those of his mate and crew, as well as of -the numerous passengers on board his brig. While the former, only -eight in number, were usefully employed in watching the vessel, the -sturdy Cornish miners and Yorkshire smelters, on the approach of the -different boats, took their perilous station upon the chains, where -they put forth the great muscular strength with which Heaven had -endowed them, in dexterously seizing, at each successive heave of the -sea, on some of the exhausted people and dragging them upon deck. Nor -did their kind anxieties terminate there. They and the gentlemen -connected with them cheerfully opened their stores of clothes and -provisions, which they liberally dispensed to the naked and famished -sufferers; and they surrendered their beds to the helpless women and -children, and seemed, in short, during the whole passage to England, -to take no other delight than in ministering to all our wants." - -Captain Cook of the _Cambria_ at once turned the vessel and steered -for Falmouth. - -On reaching Falmouth report of the distressed condition of those who -had been rescued was sent to Colonel Fenwick, Lieutenant-Governor of -Pendennis Castle, and the people of Falmouth showed the utmost -kindness and hospitality to those who had been saved. - -On the first Sunday after they had disembarked, Colonel Fearon, all -the officers and men, Captain Cobb and the sailors and passengers -attended church at Falmouth to give thanks to Almighty God for their -deliverance from a fearful death. - - - "FALMOUTH, _March 16th, 1825_. - - "_To the Committee of the Inhabitants of Falmouth._ - - "GENTLEMEN, - - "In tracing the various links in the ample chain of mercy and bounty - with which it has pleased a gracious Providence to surround the - numerous individuals lately rescued from the destruction of the Hon. - Company's ship _Kent_, we, the Lieut.-Col. Commanding, and officers - belonging to the right wing of the 31st Regiment, cannot but reflect - with increasing gratitude on the beneficence of that arrangement - whereby ourselves and our gallant men, after the awful and - afflicting calamity that befell us, were cast upon the sympathies of - the inhabitants of Falmouth and the adjacent towns, who have so - widely opened their hearts to feel, and munificently extended their - hands to provide for our numerous and necessary wants. - - "We were thrown upon your shore as penniless strangers, and ye took - us in; we were hungry and ye gave us meat; naked and ye clothed us; - sick and ye relieved and comforted us. We have found you rejoicing - with those of us who rejoiced, and weeping with such of us as had - cause to weep. You have visited our fatherless and widows in their - affliction, and sought by increasing acts of the most seasonable, - effective, and delicate charity, to alleviate the measure of our - sufferings. - - "Under such circumstances, what can we say, or where shall we find - words to express our emotions? You have created between us and our - beloved country an additional bond of affection and gratitude, that - will animate our future zeal, and enable us, amidst all the - vicissitudes of our professional life, to point out Falmouth to our - companions in arms as one of the bright spots in our happy land - where the friendless shall find many friends, and the afflicted - receive abundant consolation. - - "In the name and on behalf of the officers of the - - "Right Wing of the 31st Regiment, - - "R. B. FEARON, Lieut-Col., 31st Foot." - -Joseph Warren, the S. Just miner and wrestler who had so powerfully -assisted in the rescue of the unfortunates from the _Kent_, strained his -back in heaving up the women on deck, that ever after deprived him of -power to wrestle or exercise his ancient strength. One of the ladies -whom he had rescued paid him an annuity through the rest of his life, -and he died at his old home at S. Just-in-Penwith, 28th January, 1842. - - - - - VICE-ADMIRAL SIR CHARLES V. - PENROSE - - -The Penrose family is one of the most ancient in Cornwall. The name -signifies the Head of the Moor, and it belonged _par excellence_ to -the Land's End, where, at S. Sennen, we find the Penroses seated as -landed gentry from the time of Edward I. They had branches in Sithney, -Manaccan, and S. Anthony-in-Meneage. They mated with the best in the -county--the Trefusis, the Killigrews, the Eriseys, and the Boscawens. -One broke away from the circle of beautiful Celtic names, and took to -wife a daughter of Sir Anthony Buggs, Knt. Happy must the lady have -felt to cease to be Miss Buggs and become Madame Penrose! - -Charles Vinicombe Penrose was the youngest son and child of the Rev. -John Penrose, vicar of Gluvias, and was born at Gluvias, June 20th, -1759. In the spring of 1775 he was appointed midshipman on board the -_Levant_ frigate, Captain Murray, under whose command he passed the -whole period of his service during the next twenty-two years of his -life, and who (with one trifling exception) was the only captain with -whom he ever sailed, either as midshipman or as lieutenant. In 1779 -young Penrose was made lieutenant, and was appointed to the _Cleopatra_. - -All the summer and a part of the winter of 1780 were passed in cruising -off the Flemish bank. Captain Murray was then sent with a small -squadron to intercept the trade which the Americans were carrying on -with Gothenburg by passing to the north of the Shetland Isles. The -biting cold made this a source of extreme hardship, and the young -lieutenant, now first lieutenant, suffered severely. The illness of the -captain, and the incapacity of some of the officers, threw on him almost -the whole care of the ship, and this under circumstances that required -the skill and caution of the seaman to be ever on the alert. - -[Illustration: VICE-ADMIRAL SIR CHARLES V. PENROSE, K.C.B.] - -"I had, however," he wrote, "no time to nurse myself, though I had -pleurisy, besides my chilblains. For these latter I used to have warm -vinegar and sal ammoniac brought frequently on deck, and, to allay the -raging pain, dipped thin gloves into the mixture, and put them on -under thick worsted mittens. At one time rheumatism had so got hold of -me that I was not able to stand, but lay wrapped up in flannel on an -arm-chest, on the forepart of the quarter-deck, to give my orders. - -"On one occasion, in a severe gale, the ship covered with frozen snow, -the main topmast was carried away; we were the whole day clearing the -wreck, and I was much fatigued but obliged to keep the first watch. We -were lying to under bare poles, and I had sent all the men under -shelter except one man at the helm and the mate of the watch; and I -had, with much difficulty, cleared a place for myself between two of -the guns, where, holding by a rope, I could move two or three short -paces backwards and forwards. About nine o'clock my messmates sent to -ask if I would have anything, and I thoughtlessly ordered a glass of -warm brandy and water, which they as thoughtlessly sent. I drank about -half, and gave the rest to the mate. In a minute I felt a glow of -warmth. Health, animation, freedom from fatigue, all came in their -climax of comfort. The next minute I fell sleeping on the deck. -Fortunately for me, my comrade was an old seaman, and he instantly -knew my case and dragged me down the ladder. I was put to bed; was -badly treated, as I was rubbed with spirits; but after excruciating -pain, I recovered. Had the officer of the watch been a young gentleman -without experience, I should never have told my story." - -In 1781 the _Cleopatra_ was in the action off the Dogger Bank, but in -1783 was paid off. "At this time," wrote Mr. Penrose, "after having -been for eleven years conversant only with nautical affairs, I really -felt a great puzzle to know how a shore life could be endured. I had -entered into my profession with all my heart, and was at this time as -nearly a fish as a finless animal can become." - -In 1787 he married Miss Trevenen, the elder sister of his brother's -wife, and by her had three daughters. He was not at sea again till 1790, -when he accompanied Captain Murray in the _Defence_, and was engaged in -the West Indies. At the latter end of 1796 he was again returned to the -_Cleopatra_, in which ship he had the melancholy satisfaction of -conveying to England his friend and admiral, who had been seized with a -paralytic affection from which he never recovered. The voyage home was -tempestuous; but at length, and nearly at its close, the wind had come -right aft, and the captain, who, though ill, was on deck, believed -himself to be making rapid way up the Channel. On a sudden a light, -which he knew to be the Scilly light, flashed across him, and he saw -that he was between Scilly and the Land's End. He instantly stood to the -south, but had hardly changed his course when he saw, close astern in -the dark night, a wave break under the bow of a large ship, steering -exactly in the direction which he had left. "I never felt so sick -before," he wrote. "I felt certain that in an hour's time she would be -on the rocks, the wind blowing almost a storm. I shouted through the -trumpet, I threw up lights, and fired guns, to give the alarm, but with -the inward conviction at the time that it was all in vain--and so it -was. This ship was never heard of again; and though fragments of a wreck -were found the next morning on the coast near the Land's End, nothing -was discovered to indicate what wreck it was." - -The _Cleopatra_, on her return to England, was laid up for some months -at Portsmouth in dock, and shortly after her repairs were completed -the mutiny broke out at Spithead. Captain Penrose had the satisfaction -that his own crew, from the beginning to the end of this anxious -period, stood firm to their duty; a consequence undoubtedly of the -manner in which he invariably treated his men, with kindly -consideration and as reasonable beings. - -He now went ashore, as his health was broken, and in May, 1798, went -to reside at Ethy, near Lostwithiel, where, so soon as his health was -re-established, he settled his family and looked out for fresh -employment. He was appointed early in 1799 to the _Sans Pareil_, of -eighty guns, and served in the West Indies till 1802, when he returned -to England, having suffered from sunstroke. In 1810 Captain Penrose -was appointed to the chief command at Gibraltar, with the rank of -commodore. He hoisted his flag on board the _San Juan_, and had to -direct the proceedings of a large flotilla which proved of great -utility in the defence of Cadiz and Tarifa, and in other operations -against the French under Marshal Soult. On December 4th, 1813, he was -promoted to be Admiral of the Blue, and shortly after to superintend -the naval service connected with Wellington's army, then advanced as -far as the Pyrenees. His orders were to proceed to the small port of -Passages, and there hoist his flag on board the _Porcupine_. Admiral -Penrose arrived at Passages on January 27th, 1814. The chief business -which now devolved on the naval service was to make the necessary -preparations for throwing a floating bridge across the Adour. This -bridge was to be composed of small coasting vessels, decked boats, -cables and planks. Above the bridge were to be anchored for its -protection as many gunboats as could be furnished, and, to guard both -these and the bridge from fire-ships or rafts, a boom was also to be -laid across the river further up the stream. These measures were -consequent on the investment of Bayonne. Great difficulties were to be -expected in passing the bar of the Adour, which, at the place where -the bridge was to be built, was four hundred yards wide, and where the -ebb-tide ran at the rate of eight miles an hour. The Admiral -determined to superintend the operation in person. On the afternoon of -the 22nd the _Porcupine_, conveying some transports and several large -coasting vessels laden with materials, left the harbour. But squally -weather and baffling winds came on during the night, and he was unable -to bring the flotilla to the bar before the morning of the 24th. - -The passing of the bar, a most perilous service, has been described, -as seen from the shore, by Mr. Gleig in the _Subaltern_. - -It was nearly high water, and the wind was fair; both officers and -soldiers gathered on the heights around, and the passage of each -vessel was eagerly watched, from the moment it was immersed in the -foaming breakers until it issued forth in the placid waters of the -river beyond. Some few vessels broached to and sank; but, on the -whole, the attempt fully succeeded, and with fewer casualties than -could have been expected. General Sir John Hope, who commanded on -shore, said, in a letter to the Admiral: "I have often seen how -gallantly the navy will devote themselves when serving with an army, -but I never before witnessed so bold and hazardous a co-operation, and -you have my most grateful thanks. I wrote to you in the course of last -night, to say how much we stood in need of boats, seamen, etc., but -when I saw the flotilla approach the wall of heavy surf, I regretted -all I had said." - -So soon as the boats had thus entered the river, no time was lost in -running those which were intended to form the bridge up to their -stations, where the bridge was rapidly formed; and at dawn on the -following day, it was declared that infantry might cross it with -safety. On the 27th Bayonne was closely invested by Sir John Hope, and -Marshal Soult completely routed at Orthez by Wellington. - -On March 22nd Admiral Penrose received instructions from the Duke to -occupy the Gironde. On the 24th he sailed in the _Porcupine_, taking -with him some brigs and a bomb vessel, and he was joined at the mouth -of the river by the _Egmont_, the _Andromache_, the _Challenger_, and -the _Belle Poule_. On the 27th he entered the river, the _Andromache_ -taking the lead. The want of pilots and the haziness of the atmosphere -rendered the navigation difficult. The course taken was within easy -reach of the shot from the enemy's batteries, but these passed clear -of the ships, and every considerable danger was successfully overcome, -when a clear sun broke forth to animate the progress up the stream. - -The abdication of Napoleon, 6th April, 1814, and the restoration of -the Bourbons followed, and Admiral Penrose left the Gironde on May -22nd, and returned to Passages to superintend the embarkation of the -troops and stores. The difficulties were great. The inadequate supply -of transports precluded the affording, even to the sick and wounded, -the accommodation of which they were in need; and the hatred borne by -the Spanish population to the British troops burst forth more and more -as their strength diminished. Although English blood and treasure had -been poured forth to assist Spain against the despotism of Napoleon -and in driving the French out of the country, not a spark of gratitude -was manifested by the Spaniards. It was thought on this occasion -highly probable that some outrage would be attempted in the rear of -the embarkation. Indeed, a plan had been formed by some Spaniards to -seize the military chest, and for security it had to be conveyed on -board the _Lyra_, and a volley of stones was hurled at the last boat -that left the shore. During Admiral Penrose's whole stay on this -ungrateful coast, he never received a visit or the smallest mark of -attention from a single Spaniard; and on his leaving Passages, not one -individual in the town was seen to look out of a window to watch the -sailing of the fleet. - -The _Porcupine_ anchored in Plymouth Sound, September 6th, and the -Admiral struck his flag on the 12th, with but little expectation, now -that peace had revisited Europe, of being again actively employed. On -the 16th, however, he received a letter from Lord Melville, offering -him the command of the fleet in the Mediterranean, become vacant by -the recall of Admiral Hallowell. The offer was accepted, and on -October 3rd Admiral Penrose hoisted his flag at Plymouth, on board the -_Queen_, and left Plymouth on the 8th. - -Whilst in the Mediterranean, he heard on March 12th, 1815, of the -escape of Napoleon from Elba, and of his having reached Prejus. - -In January, 1816, Admiral Penrose was promoted to the rank of Knight -Commander of the Bath. - -On March 1st he received letters from Lord Exmouth, who appointed a -meeting at Port Mahon to proceed against Algiers and Tunis to put an -end to the piracies that were carried on from these two places. The -squadron sailed for Algiers March 21st. Admiral Penrose wrote: "On -arriving at their destination, the ships anchored in two lines out of -gun-shot from the batteries, and by signal made all ready for battle; -but all went off quietly, and the slaves in whose behalf the -expedition was undertaken were ransomed on the terms which Lord -Exmouth proposed." From Algiers the squadron sailed for Tunis, and -here also the Bey submitted to the demand made on him, and thus ended -this impotent expedition. The Bey of Algiers was by no means so -overawed that he desisted from his nefarious practices, and a second -expedition was sent against him under Lord Exmouth in 1816. - -By an unfortunate oversight, rather than intentional lack of courtesy, -no notice had been sent to the Admiral in command of the Mediterranean -that Lord Exmouth had been despatched to bombard Algiers and destroy -the piratical fleet. Admiral Penrose was at Malta, and hearing in a -roundabout way that Lord Exmouth, with a fleet fitted out at home, had -entered the Mediterranean and was on his way to Algiers, he deemed it -advisable to leave Malta and visit this fleet. He did not arrive off -Algiers till the 29th August. The action had been on the 27th, and the -first objects seen on entering the bay were the still smoking wrecks -of the Algerine navy, and then the fleet of Lord Exmouth engaged in -repairing the injuries which it had sustained. - -Admiral Penrose was cut to the quick by the slight put upon him, and -he wrote to remonstrate with the Admiralty, but received in reply only -a rebuke for expressing his indignation in a tone that the Admiralty -did not relish. - -There is no need to attend Admiral Penrose in his cruises and visits -to the Ionian Islands, but his diary may be quoted relative to an -expedition made early in 1818, in company with Sir Thomas Maitland, to -visit Ali Pasha. - -The history of this second Nero, with whom to our disgrace we entered -into alliance, and supplied with cannon and muskets, may be given in -brief. - -Ali, surnamed Arslan, the Lion, was an Albanian born about the year -1741. His father, driven from his paternal mansion, placed himself at -the head of some bandits, surrounded the house in which were his -brothers, and burnt them in it alive. The mother of Ali, daughter of a -bey, was of a vindictive and ferocious character, and on the death of -her husband had the formation of the character of Ali in her hands, -and she inspired him with remorselessness, ambition, and subtlety. Ali -assisted the Sultan in the war with Russia, and was rewarded by being -created a pasha of two tails and governor of Tricala, in Thessaly. -Soon by means of intrigue and crime he obtained the pashalics of -Janina and Arta; then he was granted the government of Acharnania, -and, finding himself strong enough to do what he liked, he attacked -neighbouring provinces, and banished or put to death in them all the -Mussulman and Christian inhabitants whose goods he coveted, or who had -given him umbrage. Then he attacked the Christian Suliotes and -massacred them. Previsa and some other Christian towns on the coast -had belonged to the republic of Venice. In 1797 the Queen of the -Adriatic, having been overthrown by Bonaparte, Ali took the -opportunity, at the feast of Easter, to descend on them when all the -inhabitants were keeping holiday, and massacre over six thousand and -plunder the houses. The English Government entered into negotiations -with him, gave him a park of artillery and six hundred gunshots. Thus -furnished he attacked Berat, the pasha of which was the father of his -two sons' wives. He took the place and threw the pasha into a -subterranean dungeon under his palace at Janina. - -He seized on the Albanian towns of Argyro-Kastro and Kardihi. The -inhabitants of the latter surrendered without striking a blow; but as -they had at some former time offended his mother, he put all the males -to the sword, and handed over the women to his sister, who, after -having delivered them up to the most horrible outrages, had them -stripped stark naked and driven into the forests, where nearly all -perished of cold and hunger. When Napoleon fell, Ali got the English -to cede to him the town of Parga. It was concerning this cession that -the English Government thought it no shame to send Sir Thomas Maitland -to Ali to negotiate with him at Previsa. "The General embarked with -the ladies (Lady Ponsonby, Lady Lauderdale and her daughters) in the -_Glasgow_, and with the two ships we proceeded to the anchorage of -Prevesa. On the evening of our arrival I despatched the second -lieutenant to find at what time on the following day Ali would receive -us. His report of the chief himself was wittily characteristic: 'He is -exactly like a sugar hogshead, dressed in scarlet and gold.' - -"A long and heavy pull we had the next day in the _Glasgow's_ fine -barge against a very cold wind, but at last we reached the land. The -palace of the ferocious chief whom we had come to visit was built of -wood, and on the water's edge, so that the boats landed at one of the -doors, contrived, no doubt, to enable the owner to escape in that -direction if requisite. It was an immense building, badly finished, -not painted, and badly furnished, but calculated to lodge about three -thousand persons. The chief, with all his heads of departments, and -his son and grandson, received us in a small room, one end of which -was occupied by a comfortable and well-cushioned divan. Here we were -soon served with coffee in beautiful china and gold cups and saucers, -and magnificent pipes. - -"Sir Thomas introduced me as the naval commander-in-chief. Before we -returned to our ships an excellent collation was provided on a long -table; but the climate was severe in this wild mansion, and after -trying many bottles of execrable light wines, great was my joy in -finding a flask of excellent brandy. - -"I had several good opportunities of watching the countenance of the -extraordinary man who was now our host, and I never could observe the -smallest indication without of what was passing in his breast. Simple -benevolence was apparently beaming from the whole expression of this -human butcher. At one time particularly, when I know for a certainty -that he was both angry and mortified at some turn in the investigations, -I sat opposite him at only a yard's distance, and could not perceive the -smallest outward token of the storm within. He once questioned me about -my family, whether I was married, etc.; and when I told him I had three -daughters, 'What, no sons? Why have you not them?' and burst forth into -one of his frightful haugh-haugh laughs, which were quite disgusting, -and resembled the grunt of a wild beast. - -"As a high honour, on the day on which the ladies were with us, he sat -at the head of the table at dinner. The dinner was much more profuse -than elegant; and one of Ali's first operations was to cut off the -fore-quarter of a roasted lamb, and with his hand tear out the flesh -between the shoulder and the breast, which he devoured with great -glee. Lady Lauderdale sat on his right hand, and I was next her. Ali, -understanding that she chose some turkey, had one brought before him, -and helped her with a fore-quarter of an immense bird, which, of -course, puzzled her greatly. Whereupon, bowing for permission from our -host, I cut off a proper portion from the wing, and helped myself to -the remainder. When Ali saw what a small portion I had allotted to the -lady, he grunted out his peculiar laugh, but luckily did not persist -in the cramming system. - -"Even at this more distinguished feast good wines were not the order -of the day, and I had again recourse to the brandy bottle. I know not -what Ali had in a particular bottle placed near himself, as he -indulged no one but Sir Thomas Maitland with a taste of it, but I do -not recollect hearing it praised. The chief took a good portion of -this bottle to himself, heedless of the Koran and the prophet. - -"Immediately after dinner dancing boys were introduced, and performed -a great number of evolutions, showing the most extraordinary -flexibility in every part of the body. These poor creatures must have -been Nazarites from their birth, as their hair was long enough to -reach to the floor as they stood, and great part of their skill was -displayed in throwing about these profuse locks with their arms. I -think these boys must have been of Indian extraction. - -"The ladies having heard that Ali had bought a diamond of great value -from poor Gustavus, the ex-King of Sweden, expressed a strong desire to -see it. He assented graciously, and ordered a plate to be brought to -him. He then searched in the folds of his own fat neck, and at last -untied a string to which was affixed a little bag of either oil-cloth or -bladder. Out of this he took a coarse paper parcel, and having opened -the envelope, and three or four interior papers, he, with a pretended -air of indifference, threw out on the plate a considerable number of -diamonds, which some of our party valued at L30,000. Among these was the -diamond of the ex-King, which had been valued at L12,000; but owing -partly to his necessities, and, perhaps, partly also to a change in -value, Ali purchased it, I think, for L7000 or L8000. - -"The strangest part of this story was that such a man could display -such a treasure, showing that it was usually concealed about his -person, before a considerable number of his own subjects as well as -strangers. There seemed to be the freest possible ingress and egress -to and from the hall in which we sat; and beside his officers of -state, there were many menials in the hall at the time. In what, then, -consisted the confidence which he must have felt? It could not have -been derived from conscious virtue, or security of attachment; and, -except at the gate which led from the great square of the palace -towards the town, I never saw anything like guard or sentinel. - -"Besides the dish of diamonds, Ali kept by his side a brace of pistols -richly set with valuable jewels, a present from Napoleon; and in his -girdle he always wore a dagger, the hilt of which must have been worth -L2000 or L3000; one stone especially being very large. Probably the -reign of terror might operate to some degree as a safeguard; but the -appearance of the people immediately about Ali's person indicated much -more confidence than fear. - -"Our ladies had been introduced into the harem, and to the favourite -Fatima, who, as we were told, was the best _scratcher_ Ali ever had. -One of his chief luxuries was to have his immense, coarse carcase -scratched for a considerable time daily by his female friends." - -The end of this man, Ali Pasha, may be briefly told. He had become -independent, disregarding the authority of the Sultan, and a menace to -the State. Accordingly an army was despatched to Janina, and a fleet -to make a descent on the coasts of Epirus. Ali, in spite of his great -age, exhibited great energy, and prepared to resist, but his fatal -avarice stood in his way. With his enormous treasures he could have -secured the fidelity of his troops, but he could not make up his mind -to deal liberally with his defenders, and most deserted. His own sons -and grandsons, with one exception, passed over into the enemy's camp. -He set the town of Janina on fire, and retired himself into the -fortress, which was defended by Italian and French artillerymen, and -which bristled with cannon. This was in August, 1820. At the beginning -of 1821 the Sultan gave the command of his forces to Khorchid Pasha, -and the siege was begun. Ali had previously sunk one portion of his -treasure in the lake in spots where it could be recovered by himself -when the storm blew over; the rest was in his cellar heaped up over -barrels of gunpowder, and a faithful attendant stood ever by with a -lighted fuse in his hand. Khorchid was particularly desirous of -securing the treasure. He proposed an interview in an island of the -lake. After some hesitation Ali, who had now but fifty men in his -garrison, consented. The interview took place on the 5th February, -1822; Khorchid had taken the precaution to surround the island with -soldiers, but concealed. When they met, the officer of the Sultan -produced a firman granting complete forgiveness to Ali for all his -crimes and defiance, on condition that he surrendered some of his -treasures. Ali then drew off his ring, handed it to the general, and -said, "Show that to my slave, and he will extinguish the fuse." - -Ali was detained in the palace on the isle till messengers had been -sent to the fortress, and the slave, obedient to the token, had put -out the light, whereupon he was at once stabbed. When Khorchid knew -that the treasure was secure, he summoned the soldiery, and they fired -into the kiosk from all sides and through the floor, till Ali was -struck mortally. - -The moral infamies of this man are not to be described. - -When the negotiations with Ali Pasha were ended, the Lord High -Commissioner and the ladies returned to Corfu, and Sir Charles Penrose -went back to his fleet. - -He returned to England in 1819, being succeeded in his command by -Admiral Freemantle. - -He again made Ethy his home, taking occasional flights to London to -obtain some other naval appointment, which would not compel a -severance from his family, but none was available, and, finally, as -his wife's health and his own began to fail, he was content to remain -in his quiet Cornish home. There he died January 1st, 1830, at the age -of seventy; and Lady Penrose died in 1832. - -The Life of Vice-Admiral Sir C. V. Penrose, K.C.B., together with that -of Captain James Trevenen, was written by their nephew, the Rev. John -Penrose, and published by John Murray, 1850, with portrait. - - - - - SIR CHRISTOPHER HAWKINS, BART. - - -Kit Hawkins, as he was familiarly termed in Cornwall, played a -considerable part at the close of the eighteenth century, and before -the passing of the Reform Bill, as a borough-monger. There was a -contemporary with a similar reputation, Manasseh Lopes, a Jew diamond -merchant from Jamaica, and both purchased their baronetcies by -subservience to the Government in finding places for their nominees in -the pocket boroughs they had got into their hands. When Manasseh Lopes -drove into Fowey with his candidates, the town band stalked before the -carriage playing "The Rogues' March"; when Kit Hawkins arrived in -Grampound or S. Ives with a carriage and four, and his candidates with -him, the band played "See the Conquering Hero Comes"--but he conquered -not with weapons of steel, but with golden guineas, handed over to him -by the candidates, a share of which passed to the electors. - -The Cornish Hawkins family pretended to derive from a very distinguished -Roman Catholic stock in Kent, whose place, Nash, was plundered in 1715 -by the rabble, on account of the Jacobite proclivities of the Hawkins -family and the excitement caused by the rebellion in Scotland of the -Earl of Mar. On this occasion all the family plate, portraits, and deeds -were carried off; some were burnt, some were recovered. - -But not a shadow of evidence is forthcoming to show that there was any -descent of the Hawkins family in Cornwall from that in Kent. The -story given out was that on account of the religious persecution in -the time of Queen Mary, two of the Kent Hawkinses left the paternal -nest: one settled in Somersetshire and the other in Cornwall, where -each became the founder of a family. It was forgotten, when this -fiction was given to the world, that the Hawkins stock in Kent was -Roman Catholic, and not at all likely to be troubled by Queen Mary. - -The first Cornish Hawkins of whom anything is known is Thomas of -Mevagissey, who married a certain Audrey, her surname unknown, by whom -he had two sons, John and Thomas, and three daughters. - -John Hawkins, of S. Erth, the eldest, married Loveday, daughter of -George Tremhayle, by whom--who was living in 1676--he had four -surviving sons and three daughters, viz. Thomas; George, Vicar of -Sithney; Reginald, D.D., Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge; and -Francis. Thomas, the eldest, of Trewinnard in S. Erth, married -Florence, daughter of James Praed, of Trevethow, near Hayle, by whom -he had a daughter, Florence, the wife of John Williams, merchant, of -Helston; and as his second wife he had Anne, daughter of Christopher -Bellot, of Bodmin, by whom he had six daughters and four sons, of -which latter, John, Thomas, and Renatus died young, and only -Christopher lived. Thomas Hawkins, the father, died in 1716. - -Christopher Hawkins, of Trewinnard, only surviving son, married Mary, -daughter of Philip Hawkins, of Penzance, a supposed descendant of the -Hawkinses of Devonshire, by whom he had a daughter, Jane, married to -Sir Richard Vyvyan, of Trelowaren, Bart., and a son, Thomas Hawkins, -of Trewithen, M.P. for Grampound, who married Anne, daughter of James -Heywood, of London, by whom he had four sons--Philip, who d.s.p.; -Christopher; Thomas, who d.s.p.; John, of Bignor, Sussex, who married -the daughter of Humphrey Sibthorpe, M.P. for Lincoln--and a daughter, -who married Charles Trelawny, son of General Trelawny. Thomas Hawkins -died on December 1st, 1770, and was succeeded by his second son, -Christopher Hawkins, of Trewithen and Trewinnard, born at Trewithen -May, 1758.[31] The seat Trewithen in Probus descended to his father -from his grandmother's brother, Philip Hawkins, M.P. for the pocket -borough of Grampound. - -Christopher Hawkins came in for a good deal of land, derived through -the marriage of the ancestors of Philip Hawkins, of Trewithen, with -the heiresses of Scobell and Tredenham and that of his own -great-grandfather to the co-heiress of Bellot of Bochym. - -Christopher never married, and was of a frugal mind, buying land in -all directions, and securing the pocket boroughs, where possible, as -excellent investments. It was said of Trewithen-- - - A large park without deer, - A large cellar without beer, - A large house without cheer, - Sir Christopher Hawkins lives here. - -But this was not fair, for there was certainly hospitality shown at -Trewithen. Polwhele says: "Not a week before his death, I passed a -delightful day with the hospitable baronet. To draw around him the few -literary characters of his neighbourhood was his peculiar pleasure; and -at Trewithen the clergy in particular had always a hearty welcome." - -He purchased the manor of S. Ives in or about 1807, the fair at -Mitchell, in Enoder, commanding the election to that borough, and the -four fairs at Grampound giving him control there also over elections. - -A good many of the Cornish boroughs had been so constituted in the -reign of Edward VI by the Protector Somerset, that he might get his -own creatures into Parliament. Such were Camelford, Mitchell, Newport, -Saltash, West Looe, Bossiney, Grampound, and Penryn. Queen Mary raised -S. Ives into a borough in 1550, and Elizabeth created six more to -serve her own political purposes, S. Germans, S. Mawes, Tregony, East -Looe, Fowey, and Callington. - -Mitchell is a mere hamlet, and in 1660 the franchise was solemnly -transferred from the inhabitants at large to nominees of the lord of the -manor. In 1689 it was determined that the right of election lay in the -lords of the borough, who were liable to be chosen portreeve thereof, -and the householders of the same not receiving alms. But the borough in -the latter years of its existence became a battleground of many -combatants, and as the right of voting was, until 1701, left in great -ambiguity by successive election committees, the result of the contest -could never be predicted. In 1701, the right of election for this -distracted borough was again changed. This time it was vested in the -portreeve and lord of the manor and the inhabitants paying scot and lot. -In 1784, Hawkins and Howell were elected members, and sat in Parliament -for Mitchell for twelve years, till 1796, and Sir Christopher became by -purchase the sole owner of the borough; and after Howell had ceased to -represent Mitchell, he continued as its representative to 1806, when he -surrendered his seat to Arthur Wellesley, subsequently Duke of -Wellington. The electors by this time had been reduced to five. In the -eleven years, 1807-18, there were nine elections at Mitchell, not owing -to feuds, but retirement of members. No event of importance occurred -after 1818 to 1832, except the extraordinary and significant revelation -that at the contested election of 1831, when Hawkins (Sir Christopher's -nephew) got two votes, Kenyon five, and Best three. Five voters to -return two members. In 1833 those five electors found their borough -disfranchised, a fate it richly deserved. - -Penryn had been raised into the position of a borough returning two -members of Parliament, in 1553. - -Mr. Courtney says of 1774: "About this period the borough of Penryn -began to be notorious through the county for the readiness of its -voters to barter their rights for pecuniary considerations. The -franchise was on such an extended basis that almost every householder, -though many of these were labourers, indigent and ignorant, was an -elector." In 1807 there were, however, but 140; in 1819 they had risen -to 328. Each got a "breakfast" and L24 for his vote. - -In 1780, Sir Francis Bassett gave a feast to the whole borough; he -continued his patronage till 1807, as Lord de Dunstanville. In 1802 -Swann and Milford contested a vacant seat in the borough, and -Dunstanville to secure the second seat had to resort to putting -faggot-voters on the poor-rates, the night before the election. -Petition being made against the election, it ended in a compromise, -and Swann received L10,000 besides expenses. Lord de Dunstanville, -disgusted at the expense and the weakening of his influence, abandoned -the borough. Swann thereupon gave a "breakfast" to his supporters; a -"breakfast" was synonymous with a bribe of L24. Penryn was concerned -at the retirement of its lordly patron, and founded a club in 1805 for -electors, such as would most conduce to the pecuniary welfare of the -voters. When the election of 1806 was imminent and the former patron -had withdrawn, a deputation of the members was sent to Trewithen to -that notorious election-monger, Sir Kit, to tender to him the goodwill -of the constituency. "The details of the negotiations conducted at -this interview," says Mr. Courtney, "became the subject of subsequent -investigation; but it was admitted that the voters stopped there for -four hours and dined at the baronet's table, which on this occasion, -no doubt, was more freely supplied than according to local gossip was -the custom on ordinary days. The deputation informed Sir Christopher -that Mr. Swann--the Black Swan as he was called by his enemies--who -had been nursing the borough since 1802, must obtain one of the seats, -but that the other was at his disposal. These two worthy politicians, -Hawkins and Swann, thereupon coalesced, drink and food were freely -supplied; two voters, one for each candidate, went round and gave each -elector a one-pound note to drink their health with, and the result -was that on the 1st November, 1806, the poll showed a large majority -for Swann and Hawkins over Mr. Trevanion and his colleague William -Wingfield." A petition followed, and the evidence was of such a -compromising character that Mr. Serjeant Lens abandoned the case on -behalf of Hawkins. The evidence produced was that the deputation of -voters, headed by a clergyman, which had gone to Trewithen to offer -him the borough, had associated with Sir Kit to sell their votes and -interest for twenty-four guineas apiece paid to themselves, and for -ten guineas to be handed to each of the overseers, and that the offer -was duly accepted. An address to the King for the prosecution of Sir -Christopher Hawkins and eighteen members of the committee was carried -to the House of Commons. The trial took place at Bodmin on the 19th -August, 1808, when Cobbett attended in person to watch the trial and -report proceedings in his _Political Register_. The questions in -dispute centred on the terms of the agreement; the chief witness swore -that the documents signed by Hawkins stipulated that twenty-four -guineas should be given to each of the leaders of the party, ten -guineas apiece to the two overseers and twenty shillings to each of -the voters. But this evidence was unsupported, no other of the -committee could be induced or intimidated into admitting that this had -been the agreement; no one in Penryn desired to kill the goose that -laid the golden eggs, and the defendant was acquitted, "to dabble in -borough-mongering for the rest of his life." - -At the election of 1807, Sir Christopher had no place in Parliament, -but Swann sat again for Penryn. - -In 1812 Hawkins wooed the borough in vain, in opposition to Philip -Gell. The Black Swan was the other member elected, but great -indignation was roused against him when it was found that he had left -his bills unpaid for treating and breakfasting his adherents. - -Then a committee approached Sir Manasseh Lopes, but he declined to buy -the votes at the price of L2000. - -But Swann managed to recover favour and increase the number of voters -in his constituency by 200 votes, and to form a company to provide -granite from the vicinity for Waterloo Bridge over the Thames, so -providing work for the voters of Penryn, and Hawkins and Swann were -returned. The usual petition followed, and evidence of bribery came -out. One voter swore that he had received L5, and his wife another L5; -another L7; and many others various sums from ten shillings to ten -pounds. Swann was declared guilty and imprisoned 1819-20. - -In the election of 1827 it was admitted that L1850 had been distributed -among the electors. Seventy votes had been sold at L10 apiece. - -Grampound had had its elections controlled by Lord Eliot. In the -election of 1796 the fifty electors received for their votes L3000, and -the patron, Eliot, pocketed L6000 himself. The patronage was then sold -to Sir Kit Hawkins, to whom a friend wrote in 1796: "Fame speaks loudly -of your doings. The borough, by her own account, is all your own, and -such is certainly preferable to Tregony. The small number of voters in -one, and the vast number in the other, pulls down the balance in favour -of Grampound, and from the continuance of Eliot we may infer that a -possession once obtained may last forty or fifty years." - -But after the election of 1806 the recognized, nay undisputed patron, -Sir Christopher, keeping voters in his pay, and holding the nomination -to two seats, found that his power was weakened. His candidate, the -Nabob Fawcett, did not pay as he had promised. The electors -accordingly determined to transfer their favours to some other great -man, and eventually elected Andrew C. Johnstone, Governor of Dominica, -by twenty-seven over the Hawkins candidate, who polled only thirteen. - -"Up to this time," says the historian, "a decent veil of reserve had -been thrown over the delinquencies of the Grampound electors; now it -was cast aside, and their deformities were disclosed to the view of -the whole political world. Enquiry followed enquiry, and prosecution -prosecution." The borough engaged the attention of members of -Parliament and Press correspondents. Great Cobbett went to Bodmin in -1808 to see the trial of Sir Kit, the Mayor, Recorder, and four -capital Burgesses. This petition unseated the anti-Hawkins candidate, -and a new writ was issued. It was now arranged that Cochrane, patron -of the anti-Kittite, should give L5000 for one, or L8400 for the two -seats, to be distributed, and that each of the elected should pay L12 -10s. to the wives of the several electors. Each voter eventually did -get about L80. The anti-Kittites polled twenty-seven, and Mr. Hawkins' -nominee fourteen. What does the Mayor do? Strike off sufficient votes -from the anti-Kittite, so as to give the local baronet a majority of -one, and returned his nominees as duly elected. A second petition -restored Cochrane. - -Sir Kit, discerning that his influence over the electors at Grampound -was passing away, determined to increase the number of voters. The -electors had consisted of an indefinite number of freemen elected at -Easter and Michaelmas by the eligers. This election was artfully -deferred till good Kittites could be secured to fill the places desired. - -In 1812 Cochrane was still in possession, but he made way for -Johnston, associating Teed with him. This man gave each elector L100 -in promissory notes. Johnston was, however, expelled the House in 1814 -for frauds on the Stock Exchange. Thereupon in came Sir Christopher -Hawkins again. He was again brought before the notice of the House in -1818, when there appeared six candidates. Innes and Robertson were -elected by thirty-six votes: the rest (eleven) went to Teed. After -that, on Teed's petition, the whole secret of the nefarious system -came to light. The voters, it appeared, had applied to Sir Kit; but -that worthy baronet was tired of their solicitations, and refused to -advance a penny. So they turned to the Jew Manasseh Lopes, who gave -L2000 to be distributed among forty electors. But when the money -arrived, the Mayor intercepted L300 for himself, another took L140, so -that the rank and file got only L35 apiece instead of the expected -L50; L8000 was paid privily by a sitting member. Again a petition, and -Manasseh Lopes was convicted of bribery in both Devon and Cornwall, -was fined L10,000, and incarcerated at Exeter for two years. - -Lord John Russell was prepared to extirpate bribery, and in particular -to disfranchise Grampound; the House of Commons agreed without a -dissentient voice, but the death of George III hindered proceedings, -and the last two members were returned. - -S. Ives had been erected into a borough by Philip and Mary in 1558. -Here, after 1689, the Praeds, Whigs, were all-powerful. In 1751, after -long being stewards of the Earls of Buckinghamshire, the Stephens family -began to assert itself. Thenceforth during the long reign of George III -a severe contest for influence over the elections was waged between the -two families. In 1774 a Praed got ninety-five votes, a Drummond -ninety-eight, and Stephens was left out in the cold with seventy-one. -But the usual petition showed Praed's corruption too manifestly. Money -had been lent to the voters, with the tacit understanding that in the -event of election it was not to be asked for, and forty persons, sure -voters for Stephens, had been omitted from the rates. In 1806 Sir Kit -Hawkins, gained a share in representation; his candidate, Horner. But -Stephens got 135 votes and Horner 128; the other candidate opposing him -was left far in the rear, with only five votes. But Horner was out again -at the next election. In 1820 Sir Christopher had the appointment to -both seats entirely in his own hands. - -Tregony had been made into a borough under Queen Elizabeth in 1562. -Before 1832 it was described as "destitute of trade, wealth, and -common activity." - -Writing in 1877, the last Cornish historian remarks that the condition -of Tregony had passed from bad to worse. Many of its houses were then in -ruins, and the scene of desolation was spreading. In early times Tregony -had been a seaport on a tidal creek, but that was silted up, and no boat -could now reach it, so that its commercial importance was wholly gone. - -During the eighteenth century the representatives of Tregony were men -of little importance, small placemen unconnected with Cornwall. In the -long array of aliens and Court satellites, the name of one Cornish -gentleman stands out in bright relief; 1747-67, for twenty years (a -long period) Mr. Trevanion represented it. The election of 1774 -excited much notice. Lord North advised a note to be written to Lord -Falmouth: "His Lordship must be told in as polite terms as possible, -that I hope he will permit me to recommend to three of his six seats -in Cornwall. The terms he expects are L2000 a seat, to which I am -ready to agree." Later on, he says that his candidate Pownall must get -in for Lostwithiel, and Conway represent Tregony, and he added: "My -noble friend (Falmouth) is rather shabby, desiring guineas instead of -pounds," but signified his will to pay rather than drop the bargain. -Again: "Gascoyne shall have the refusal of Tregony for L1000," and the -Minister complained that he saw no way of bringing him in at a cheaper -rate than any other servant of the Crown. - -In 1776 the Boscawen influence was sold to Sir Kit Hawkins, but he did -not retain it for long, for he disposed of it to a Nabob, Barwell, and -the two continued on friendly terms. When the living of Cuby fell -vacant--Cuby is the parish church of Tregony--Sir Kit asked Barwell, who -now had the presentation, to give it to a friend of his, alleging that -"he had great interest" and assuring Barwell that his clerical friend -would reside in the place, and by his great activity in the borough -prevent, if possible, any opposition arising to Mr. Barwell. But at the -very next election Sir Kit ran and returned two members against Barwell. - -In the contest of 1784, Lord Kenyon, a lawyer, obtained the seat by -purchase, polling 90, while his two opponents got 69 each. - -In 1806 an O'Callinghan and a Yorkshire Whig, through Darlington's -interest polled against Barwell's interest 102 against 86. At this -election the following trick was played. A Tregony tailor and -publican, called Middlecoat, offered to seat Sir Jonathan Miles for -4000 guineas. At the poll the returning officer, who was biased or had -been tampered with, struck off many good votes from Miles, and gave -bad ones to others. Sir Jonathan petitioned and, for the expenses of -the petition, sent Middlecoat a large sum of money, and he prevented -the witnesses from appearing, and the sitting members were accordingly -pronounced to be duly elected. Middlecoat had secured L2500 from the -sitting nominees (Barwellians) to keep back the witnesses, as well as -L4200 from Sir Jonathan to bring them forward. - -In 1812 O'Callinghan was unseated, and petitioned, showing that L5000 -had been distributed among the voters; nevertheless the sitting -members were received. Holmes, one of them, said--to show what was the -degraded condition of the borough--that out of 127 votes in his -favour, 98 had been evicted into the street the day after the -election, some having been called on to pay their rents, but were -unable to do so at the moment, and others, whose annual rents were -only L8, had been mulcted in costs to the extent of L98. - -Middlecoat, and four others of like spirit, went to London in 1818 to -search for candidates for Tregony and Grampound, offering the former -for L6000 and the latter for L7000. A banker and a general came down -before the election, but found that the voters would make no promise -unless the money were paid down. So they had to return to London -"proclaiming their disappointment at every turn, and cursing the -scoundrels who would not trust them." - -Christopher Hawkins was returned for Mitchell in 1784, re-elected in -1790 and 1796. In June, 1799, he vacated his seat by accepting the -Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds. In August, 1800, he was elected -for Grampound, again in 1802 and 1806. In 1818 he was returned for -Penryn, and in June, 1821, for S. Ives. He was created baronet on July -28th, 1791. He was Recorder of Grampound and S. Ives and, at the time -when he relinquished his seat finally, he was the father of the House -of Commons. - -Sir Christopher encouraged the famous engineer and inventor Richard -Trevithick, and in the life of that worthy, by Francis Trevithick, are -given some letters that passed between them; but Mr. F. Trevithick -persistently calls Sir Christopher Sir Charles. Sir Kit was the first -man to adopt a steam thrashing-machine in 1812, an invention of -Trevithick; it was used for the first time at Trewithen in February in -that year. A committee of experts was called in to witness its -operations and report on them, and this is their report, dated -February 12th, 1812:-- - -"Having been requested to witness and report on the effect of steam -applied to work a mill for thrashing corn at Trewithen, we hereby -testify that a fire was lighted under the boiler of the engine five -minutes after eight o'clock, and at twenty-five minutes after nine -o'clock the thrashing mill began to work, in which time one bushel of -coal was consumed. That from the time the mill began to work to two -minutes after two o'clock, being four hours and three-quarters, fifteen -hundred sheaves of barley were thrashed clean, and one bushel of coal -more was consumed. We think there was sufficient steam remaining in the -boiler to have thrashed from fifty to one hundred sheaves more barley, -and the water in the boiler was by no means exhausted. We had the -satisfaction to observe that common labourers regulated the thrashing -mill, and in a moment of time made it go faster, slower, or entirely -cease working. We approve of the steadiness and the velocity with which -the machine worked, and in every respect we prefer the power of steam, -as here applied, to that of horse. - - MATTHEW ROBERTS, Lansellyn. - THOS. NANKEVILL, Golden. - MATTHEW DOBLE, Barthlever." - -Sir Christopher entered into negotiation with Trevithick about -constructing a breakwater to the harbour at S. Ives, at Pendinas Point. -It was begun, but never completed, owing to the death of the baronet. -But a good thing he did achieve, though done for a political purpose, by -indirect bribery, was the establishment of a free school at S. Ives, in -Shute Street; the charge of admission was one penny per week, and in it -navigation was taught. It was opened on April 11th, 1822. - -In the diary of Captain John Tregerthen Short of the events taking -place at S. Ives between 1817 and 1838 we have: "1828, June 10th. At -10 a.m. Sir Christopher Hawkins, Bart., and Wellesley Long Pole, Esq., -the former supporting the cause of the Right Hon. Sir Charles -Arbuthnot, attended at the Town Hall, where Wellesley Long Pole, Esq., -resigned the contest, and Sir Charles Arbuthnot was elected without -opposition. Immediately afterwards Mr. Wellesley Pole made an active -and successful canvass of the town for another election, and left S. -Ives at 10 p.m., having given each voter 5s., and Sir Christopher -Hawkins gave all his friends 5s." - -"July 21st.--All Mr. Wellesley's voters had a public dinner; each -received one guinea to defray the expense of the dinner, which came to -7s. 3d. per man." Oh, what a falling off is here! Only 5s. each voter, -whereas elsewhere, at Grampound, Tregony, Penryn, and Mitchell, a free -and independent elector would turn up his nose at L10. But Captain -Short does not inform us what the _douceurs_ had been that were paid -previous to the election. - -Sir Christopher Hawkins died of erysipelas at Trewithen on April 6th, -1829. - -Captain Short enters on that day:-- - -"Sir Christopher Hawkins, Bart., departed this life this morning in -the seventy-first year of his age. His death will be greatly felt and -deplored by hundreds. His charitable contributions amongst the -indigent will be found greatly wanting. A more generous and benevolent -landlord could not be found. He was never known to distrain for rent. -He established a Free School in S. Ives for the education of the poor, -and gave the sum of L100 towards enlarging the Wesleyan Methodist -Chapel in this town." - -The _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1830 says that Sir Kit Hawkins's -property at S. Ives was sold then, "which secures the purchaser a seat -in Parliament, for the borough was lately sold by auction in London -for the sum of L55,000. It is reported that the purchaser is the -Marquess of Cleveland." - -A bad bargain, for three years after the Reform Bill was passed, and -S. Ives ceased to be a pocket borough. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[31] Baptized at Probus 29th May, 1758. - - - - - ANNE JEFFERIES - - -Moses Pitt, a publisher in London, a native of S. Teath, in 1696 -published the following letter to the Bishop of Gloucester. There are -two editions of it, with slight and insignificant variations both in -the preliminary address and in the account of Anne Jefferies. - -The preamble we omit. - -"Anne Jefferies (for that was her maiden name), of whom the following -strange things are related, was born in the parish of S. Teath, in the -county of Cornwall, in December, 1626, and she is still living in -1696, being in the seventieth year of her age. She is married to one -William Warren, formerly hind to the late eminent physician Dr. -Richard Lewes, deceased, and now lives as a hind to Sir Andrew -Slanning, of Devon, Bart. - -"In the year 1691 I wrote into Cornwall to my sister Mary Martyn's son, -attorney, to go to the said Anne and discourse her, as from me, about -the most strange passages of her life. He answers my letter September -13th, 1691, and saith: 'I have been with Anne Jefferies, and she can -give me no particular account of her condition, it being so long since. -My grandmother and mother say that she was in Bodmin jail three months, -and lived six months without meat; and during her continuance in that -condition several eminent cures were performed by her; the particulars -no one can now state. My mother saw the fairies once, and heard one say -that they should give some meat to the child, that she might return unto -her parents, which is the fullest relation can now be given.' But I, not -being satisfied with the answer, did in the year 1693 write into -Cornwall and my sister's husband, Mr. Humphry Martyn, and desired him to -go to Anne Jefferies to see if he could persuade her to give me what -account she could remember of the many and strange passages of her life. -He answered by letter, January 31st, 1693, and saith: 'As for Anne -Jefferies, I have been with her the greatest part of one day, and did -read to her all that you wrote to me; but she would not own anything of -it as concerning the fairies, neither of the cures she then did. I -endeavoured to persuade her she might receive some benefit by it. She -answered that if her own father were now alive she would not discover to -him those things which did happen to her. I asked her the reason why she -would not do it; she replied that if she should discover it to you, that -you would make either books or ballads of it; and she said that she -would not have her name spread about the country in books or ballads, or -such things, if she might have L500 for doing it; for she said she had -been questioned before justices, and at the sessions, and in prison, and -also before the judges at the assizes, and she doth believe that if she -should discover such things now she would be questioned again for it. As -for the ancient inhabitants of S. Teath Church-town, there are none of -them now alive but Thomas Christopher, a blind man. (NOTE: This Thomas -Christopher was then a servant in my father's house, when these things -happened, and he remembers many of the passages you write of her.) And -as for my wife, she then being so little did not mind it, but heard her -father and mother relate most of the passages you wrote of her.' - -"This is all I can, at present, possibly get from her, and therefore I -now go on with my relation of the wonderful cures and other strange -things she did, or happened to her, which is the substance of what I -wrote to my brother and that he read to her. - -"It is the custom in our county of Cornwall for the most substantial -people of each parish to take apprentices the poor children, and to -breed them up till they attain to twenty-one years of age, and for -their services to give them meat, drink, and clothes. This Anne -Jefferies, being a poor man's child of the parish, by Providence fell -into our family, where she lived many years. Being a girl of a bold, -daring spirit, she would venture at those difficulties and dangers -that no boy would attempt. - -"In the year 1645 (she being nineteen years old), she being one day -knitting in an arbour in our garden, there came over the hedge to her, -as she affirmed, six persons of small stature, all clothed in green, -which she called fairies. Upon which she was so frightened that she fell -into a kind of convulsive fit. But when we found her in this condition, -we brought her into the house and put her to bed, and took great care of -her. As soon as she recovered out of her fit she cried out, 'They are -just gone out of the window! Do you not see them?' And thus in the -height of her sickness she would often cry out, and that with eagerness, -which expressions were attributed to her distemper, supposing her -light-headed. During the extremity of her sickness my father's mother -died, which was in April, 1646; he durst not acquaint our maid Anne of -it for fear it might have increased her distemper, she being at that -time so very sick that she could not go, nor so much as stand on her -feet; and also the extremity of her sickness, and the long continuance -of her distemper had almost perfectly moped her, so that she became even -as a changeling; and as soon as she began to recover, or to get a little -strength, she in her going would spread her legs as wide as she could, -and so lay hold with her hands on tables, chairs, forms, stools, etc., -till she had learnt to go again; and if anything vexed her, she would -fall into her fits, and continue in them for a long time, so that we -were afraid she would have died in one of them. - -"As soon as she recovered a little strength she constantly went to -church to pay her devotions to our great and good God. She took mighty -delight in devotion and in hearing the Word of God read and preached, -although she herself could not read. The first manual operation or -cure she performed was on my mother. The occasion was as follows: One -afternoon in the harvest time, all our family being in the fields at -work (and myself a boy at school), there was none in the house but my -mother and this Anne. My mother, considering that bread might be -a-wanting for the labourers, if care were not taken, and she having -before caused some bushels of wheat to be sent to the mill, which was -but a quarter of a mile from our house, desired to hasten the miller -to bring home the meal, that so her maids as soon as they came from -the fields might make and bake the bread; but in the meantime how to -dispose of her maid Anne was her great care, for she did not dare -trust her in the house alone, for fear she might do herself some -mischief by fire, or set the house on fire, for at that time she was -so weak that she could hardly help herself, and very silly withal. At -last, by much persuasion, my mother prevailed with her to walk in the -gardens and orchard till she came from the mill, to which she -willingly consented. Then my mother locked the door of the house and -walked to the mill; but as she was coming home, she slipped and hurt -her leg, so as that she could not rise. There she lay a considerable -time in great pain, till a neighbour, coming by on horseback, seeing -my mother in this condition, lifted her upon his horse. As soon as she -was brought within doors of the house, word was sent into the fields -to the reapers, who thereupon immediately left their harvest work and -came home. The house being presently full of people, a man-servant was -ordered to take a horse and ride for Mr. Lobb, an eminent surgeon who -then lived at Bodmin, which was eight miles from my father's house. -But, while the man was getting the horse ready, in comes our maid -Anne, and tells my mother that she was heartily sorry for the -mischance she had got in hurting her leg, and that she did it at such -a place, naming the place, and further, she desired she might see her -leg. My mother at first refused to show her leg, saying to her, What -should she show her leg to so poor and silly a creature as she was, -for she could do her no good. But Anne being very importunate with my -mother to see her leg, and my mother being unwilling to vex her by -denying her, for fear of her falling into her fits, for at all times -we dealt gently, lovingly, and kindly with her, did yield to her -request, and did show her her leg. - -"Upon which Anne took my mother's leg upon her lap and stroked it with -her hand, and then asked my mother if she did not find ease by her -stroking of it? My mother confessed to her she did. Upon this she -desired my mother to forbear sending for the surgeon, for she would, by -the blessing of God, cure her leg. And to satisfy my mother of the truth -of it, she again appealed to my mother whether she did not find further -ease upon her continued stroking of the part affected. Which my mother -again acknowledged she did. Upon this my mother countermanded the -messenger for the surgeon. On this my mother demanded of her how she -came to the knowledge of her fall. She made answer that half a dozen -persons had told her of it. 'That,' replied my mother, 'could not be, -for there were none came by at that time but my neighbour, who brought -me home.' Anne answers again that that was truth, and it was also true -that half a dozen persons told her so, for, said she, 'you know I went -out of the house into the garden and orchard very unwillingly; and now I -will tell you the truth of all matters and things that have befallen me. -You know that this my sickness and fits came very suddenly upon me, -which brought me very low and weak, and have made me very simple. Now -the cause of my sickness was this: I was one day knitting of stockings -in the arbour of the garden, and there came over the garden hedge of a -sudden six small people, all in green clothes, which put me into such a -great fright that was the cause of my sickness; and they continue their -appearance to me, never less than two at a time nor more than eight. -They always appear in even numbers--2, 4, 6, 8. When I said often in my -sickness they were just gone out of the window, it was really so, -although you thought me light-headed. At this time, when I came out into -the garden, they came to me and asked me if you had put me out of the -house against my will. I told them I was unwilling to come out of the -house. Upon this they said you should not fare better for it, and -thereupon, in that place and at that time, in a fair pathway you fell -and hurt your leg. I would not have you send for a surgeon nor trouble -yourself, for I will cure your leg.' The which she did in a little time. - -"This cure of my mother's leg, and the stories she told of those -fairies, made a noise all over the county of Cornwall. People of all -distempers, sicknesses, sores, and ages came not only so far off as -the Land's End, but also from London, and were cured by her. She took -no money of them nor any reward that ever I knew or heard of, yet had -she monies at all times, sufficient to supply her wants. She neither -made nor bought any medicines or salves that ever I saw or heard of, -yet wanted them not as she had occasion. She forsook eating our -victuals and was fed by those fairies from the harvest time to the -next Christmas Day, upon which day she came to our table and said -because it was that day she would eat some roast beef with us, the -which she did, I myself being then at the table. - -"One time (I remember it perfectly well) I had a mind to speak with -her, and not knowing better where to find her than in her chamber, I -went thither, and fell a-knocking very earnestly at her chamber door -with my foot, and calling to her earnestly 'Anne! Anne! open the door -and let me in.' She answered me, 'Have a little patience and I will -let you in, immediately.' Upon which I looked through the keyhole of -the door and saw her eating; and when she had done eating she stood -still by the bedside as long as thanks might be given, and then she -made a courtesy (or bend) and opened the chamber door, and gave me a -piece of the bread, which I did eat, and I think it was the most -delicious bread that ever I did eat, either before or since. - -"Another odd passage, which I must relate, was this: One Lord's Day, -my father with his family being at dinner in our hall, comes in one -of our neighbours, whose name was Francis Heathman, and asked where -Anne was. We told him she was in her chamber. Upon this he goes into -her chamber to see her, but, not seeing her, he calls her. She not -answering, he feels up and down the chamber for her, but not finding -her, comes and tells us she was not in her chamber. As soon as he had -said this, she comes out of her chamber to us, as we were sitting at -table, and tells him she was in her chamber and saw him and heard him -call her, and saw him feel up and down the chamber for her, and had -almost felt her, but he could not see her, although she saw him, -notwithstanding she was, at the same time, at the table in her -chamber, eating her dinner. - -"One day these fairies gave my sister (the new wife of Mr. Humphry -Martyn) then about four years of age, a silver cup, which held about a -quart, bidding her give it my mother, and she did bring it my mother; -but my mother would not accept of it, but bid her carry it to them -again; which she did. I presume this was the time my sister owns she -saw the fairies. I confess to your lordship, I never did see them. I -had almost forgot to tell your lordship, that Anne would tell what -people would come to her, several days before they came, and from -whence, and at what time they would come. - -"I have seen Anne in the orchard, dancing among the trees, and she -told me she was then dancing with the fairies. - -"The great noise of the many strange cures Anne did, and also her -living without eating our victuals, she being fed, as she said, by -these fairies, caused both the neighbouring magistrates and ministers -to resort to my father's house, and talk with her, and strictly -examine her about the matter here related; and she gave them very -rational answers to all their questions they then asked her; for by -this time she was well recovered out of her sickness and fits, and her -natural parts and understanding much improved, my father and all his -family affirming the truth of all she said. - -"The ministers endeavouring to persuade her they were evil spirits -resorted to her, and that it was the delusions of the devil. But how -could that be when she did no hurt, but good to all who came to her for -cure of their distempers? and advised her not to go to them when they -called her. However, that night after the magistrates and ministers were -gone, my father, with his family, sitting at a great fire in the hall, -Anne being also present, she spake to my father and said, 'Now they -call!' meaning the fairies. We all of us urged her not to go. In less -than half a quarter of an hour she said, 'Now they call a second time!' -We encouraged her again not to go to them. By and by she said, 'Now they -call a third time!' Upon which, away to her chamber she went to them. Of -all these calls of the fairies, none heard them but Anne. After she had -been in the chamber some time, she came to us again with a Bible in her -hand, and tells us that when she came to the fairies, they said to her, -'What, hath there been some magistrates and ministers to you, and -dissuaded you from coming any more to us, saying we are evil spirits, -and that it is all delusions of the devil? Pray desire them to read in -the 1st Epistle of S. John, chapter 4, verse 1, "Dearly beloved, believe -not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they be of God."' This -place of Scripture was turned down to in the said Bible. I told your -lordship before, Anne could not read. - -"After this, one John Tregeagle, Esq., who was steward to John, Earl -of Radnor, being then a Justice of Peace in Cornwall, sent his -warrant for Anne, and sent her to Bodmin jail, and there kept her a -long time. That day the constable came to execute his warrant, Anne -milking the cows, the fairies appeared to her and told her that a -constable would come that day with a warrant to carry her before a -justice of the peace, and she would be sent to jail. She asked them if -she should hide herself. They answered, No, she should fear nothing, -but go with the constable. So she went with the constable to the -justice, and he sent her to Bodmin jail and ordered the prison-keeper -that she should be kept without victuals; and she was so kept, and yet -she lived, and that without complaining. When the sessions came, the -justices of the peace sent their warrant to one Giles Bawden, a -neighbour of ours, who was then a constable, for my mother and myself -to appear before them, at the sessions, to answer such questions as -should be demanded of us about our poor maid Anne. - -"Bodmin was eight miles from my father's. When we came to the sessions, -the first who was called in before the justices was my mother. What -questions they asked her I do not remember. When they had done examining -her, they desired her to withdraw. As soon as she came forth I was -brought in, and called to the upper end of the table to be examined, and -there was the clerk of the peace, with the pen ready in his hand, to -take my examination. The first question they asked me was, 'What have -you got in your pockets?' I answered, 'Nothing, sir, but my cuffs': -which I immediately plucked out and I showed them. The second question -to me was, If I had any victuals in my pockets for my maid Anne? I -answered I had not; and so they dismissed me, as well as my mother. But -poor Anne lay in jail for a considerable time after; and also Justice -Tregeagle, who was her great persecutor, kept her in his house some time -as a prisoner, and that without victuals. And at last when Anne was -discharged out of prison, the justice made an order that Anne should not -live any more with my father. Whereupon my father's only sister, Mrs. -Frances Tom, a widow, near Padstow, took Anne into her family, and there -she lived a considerable time and did many cures; but what they were, my -kinsman, Mr. William Tom, who there lived in the house with his mother, -can give your lordship the best account of any I know living, except -Anne herself. And from hence she went to live with her own brother, and, -in process of time, married, etc. - -"I am your lordship's most humble and dutiful servant, - - "MOSES PITT. - - "_May 1st, 1699._" - - * * * * * - -There are several points to be considered in this curious story. It is -written in all good faith, and is an honest account of what Pitt -remembered of events that took place some fifty years previously, when -he was a boy. - -There is nothing in the first portion of the story that cannot be -explained without the intervention of fairies or pixies; but it is not -so easy to account for Anne's abstaining wholly from the food of -mortals like herself and being sustained on fairy food. It is not -uncommon for women to pretend that they do not eat; there have been -many "fasting girls," but all have been shown up to be impostors. In -this case, however, Anne Jefferies did not pretend to be a fasting -girl, but to be nourished by fairies. In the house of the Pitts she -might have surreptitiously procured food, but this she could not do -in the jail at Bodmin, nor in the house of Justice Tregeagle. - -As to the cures she wrought, they are to be put in the same category -as faith cures all the world over, whether performed at Lourdes, or by -Christian scientists, or by Shamans in the steppes of Tartary. - -Moses Pitt, the writer of the letter, was the son of John Pitt, -yeoman, of S. Teath; he was bound apprentice to Robert Litterbury, -citizen and haberdasher, in London, for seven years from October 1st, -1654. He became a foreman of the Haberdashers' Company 8th November, -1661, and started as a publisher and speculative builder. In 1680 he -began to issue _The English Atlas_ at his shop "The Angel," in S. -Paul's Churchyard. It was to be in twelve volumes, and was dedicated -to the King, but was never completed, as he got into difficulties. In -the first place he became sole executor to a Captain Richard Mill, who -had tenant right to the "Blue Boar's Head," in King Street, -Westminster, at an annual rent of L20. Pitt had to pay this, and also -Captain Mill's widow an annuity of L50. But he found the "Blue Boar's -Head" so dilapidated that he had to rebuild it at a heavy outlay -before he could let it. Then he had a quarrel with a neighbour about a -party wall he was rebuilding, leading to law proceedings, and Pitt was -cast in costs and damages. But his most serious loss was entailed by -his building a house for Lord Chancellor Jeffreys, which that judge -agreed to take at L300 per annum. As part of the land on which it was -to be built was Crown property, Jeffreys guaranteed Pitt that he would -obtain a lease for ninety-nine years of it, and bade him hurry on the -building. When Pitt had spent L4000 on it, Jeffreys was disgraced and -fell, owing to the flight of James II and the advent of William of -Orange. Pitt, greatly embarrassed for money, fled to Ireland; he -mortgaged his estates for L3000, but as his creditors were not -satisfied, he was finally arrested and sent to the Fleet Prison April -18th, 1689, where he remained till the 16th May, 1691, when he was -transferred to the King's Bench. - -He published in the same year "The Cry of the Oppressed, being a true -and tragical account of the unparallel'd suffering of multitudes of -poor imprisoned debtors in most of the gaols of England, under the -tyranny of the gaolers and other oppressors.... Together with the case -of the Publisher." The sufferings of the debtors he knew by personal -experience, and his revelation is one of horrors perpetrated in the -Fleet and elsewhere, and illustrated with very graphic copper-plates. -His account of his own troubles occupies sixty-seven pages, and shows -him to have been a reckless speculator. Having been educated as a -haberdasher, he undertook to be a publisher, and simultaneously to be -a builder. - -He probably obtained his release before 1695, as in that year he -published a letter relative to some discourses upon Dr. Burnet and Dr. -Tillotson, by a parson named George Hicker, D.D., and in 1696 he wrote -the account of Anne Jefferies, given above. He was married to a Miss -Upman. The date of his death is not known. Justice Tregeagle, who was -the special "persecutor" of Anne Jefferies, is very well remembered in -Cornish legend. He was a particularly wicked man and harsh steward, -and lies buried near the chancel of S. Breock. His home was Trevorder, -in that parish. - - - - - THOMAS KILLIGREW, THE - KING'S JESTER - - -The Killigrew family seems to have possessed a great hankering after -the stage, for four of them were playwrights. Indeed, Henry Killigrew, -educated at Christ Church, Oxford, began at the age of seventeen, when -a play written by him was performed at the nuptials of Lord Charles -Herbert with Lady Mary Villiers, at the Black Friars. Some critics -present objected that one of the characters, representing a boy of -seventeen, talked too freely for his age, and Falkland replied "that -it was neither monstrous nor impossible for one of seventeen years to -speak at such a rate; when he that made him speak in that manner, and -who wrote the whole play, was himself no older." - -Sir William Killigrew, Knt., who was loyal to Charles I, and stood -high in favour with Charles II, usher of the privy chamber and -vice-chamberlain to the Queen, also wrote plays, tragi-comedies, but -they do not appear to have taken with the public. - -But the man who was most stage-stricken of the family was Thomas, the -fourth son of Sir Robert Killigrew, born in 1611. He became early in -life page of honour to Charles I, and he attended Charles II when in -exile. At this period, when Charles was sorely in need of money, -Thomas Killigrew was despatched as "Resident" to Venice, in 1652, "to -borrow money of English merchants for his (Charles's) owne -subsistence," and "to press the Duke to furnish Us with a present some -(sum) of money and we will engage ourselves by any Act or Acts to -repay with interest, and so likewise for any Arms or Ammunition he -shall be pleased to furnish Us withall. The summe you shall move him -to furnish Us with shall be Ten thousand Pistolls." - -[Illustration: _Thomas Killigrew Groome of y^e Bedchamber to King -Charles y^e Second_] - -According to Hyde, Charles misdoubted the suitableness of Killigrew -for this delicate negotiation; and was finally prevailed to send him, -simply to gratify Tom. - -The misgivings of the Prince were justified, for Killigrew and his -servants behaved so badly at Venice that the Doge, Francisco Erizzo, -had to complain through his ambassador. - -Sir Edward Hyde, in a letter to Sir Richard Browne, wrote: "I have -informed the Kinge of the Venetian Ambassador's complainte against Mr. -Killigrew, with which His Majesty is very much troubled, and resolves -upon his returne hither to examyne his miscarriage, and to proceed -therein in such a manner as shall be worthy of him, and as may -manifest his respecte to that Commonwealth, with which the Crowne of -Englande hath alwayes held a very stricte amity, and His Majesty's -Ministers have in all places preserved a very good correspondence with -the Ministers of that State, and therefore His Majesty is more -sensible of this misdemeanour of his Resident." - -On Killigrew's return to the Court of S. Germain, Sir John Denham -addressed him in these lines:-- - - Our Resident Tom - From Venice has come, - And has left the Statesman behind him; - Talks at the same pitch, - Is as wise, is as rich, - And just where you left him, you find him. - - But who says he is not - A man of much plot, - May repent of this false accusation; - Having-plotted and penn'd - Six plays to attend - The Farce of his negotiation. - -But although Charles might put on an appearance of being indignant, -and though he was vexed that Tom did not return laden with "pistolls," -he was too careless and too fond of being entertained to part with his -principal buffoon. But thenceforth he employed him mainly in -transactions about wine, canary and sack, of which the Prince needed -much. - -The story is told of Louis XIV that he had heard much of the wit of -Tom Killigrew, and sent for him to Versailles, where he talked to him, -but could elicit nothing from him. Thinking that this proceeded from -shyness he drew him apart, and led him into the gallery to show him -the pictures. There he asked him if he knew what they represented. Tom -expressed his ignorance, whereupon the King led him before a painting -of the Crucifixion, and asked him what that represented. "I believe, -your Majesty," replied Tom, "that it is a picture of Christ between -two thieves." - -"And who might they be?" - -"Your Majesty and the Pope," replied the audacious jester. - -The first wife of Thomas Killigrew was Cecilia, a daughter of Sir John -Crofts, of Saxham, in Suffolk, and he was married to her on June 29th, -1636. - -The weather on the wedding day was rude and boisterous, which gave -rise to some lines by Thomas Carew:-- - - "Such should this day be; so the sun should hide - His bashful face, and let the conquering bride - Without a rivall shine, whilst he forbears - To mingle his unequall beams with hers; - - Or if sometime he glance his squinting eye - Between the parting clouds, 'tis but to spye, - Not emulate her glories; so comes drest - In vayles, but as a masquer to the feast." - -She brought her husband a fortune of L10,000, and a son and heir, -Henry, born in April, 1637. She was buried the 5th January, 1638, in -Westminster Abbey. Tom married again, when in exile, at the Hague, and -his second wife was Charlotte, daughter of John van Hesse, a Dutch -woman. The marriage took place 26th January, 1655, and by her he had -three sons, Robert, Charles, and Thomas. - -At length came the recall of Charles to England, and Tom Killigrew -accompanied him in the same vessel, very lighthearted, and expectant -of great things. Pepys had gone over to meet the King, and he says, -May 24th, 1660: "Walking upon the decks, were persons of honour all -the afternoon, among others Thomas Killigrew, a merry droll, but a -gentleman of great esteem with the King, who told us many merry -stories." Among them one Pepys quotes, which is profane. - -Thomas Killigrew was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber, with a salary -of L400 per annum, which he augmented by receiving bribes from those -who were solicitous to obtain posts under the Crown, and to use his -influence with the King to get them. - -He had now an opportunity of producing on the London stage the plays -that he had composed whilst abroad. Of these there were eight, comedies -and tragi-comedies, all borrowed, none exhibiting any genuine wit, but -steeped in ordure. One, _The Parson's Wedding_, borrowed from _The -Antiquary_, by Shakerly Marmion, and _Raw Alley_, by Lord Barrey, was -actually to be performed wholly by women. It has been well said by Mr. -Tregellas: "We find ourselves indeed 'surrounded by foreheads of bronze, -hearts like the nether millstone, and tongues set on fire of hell.' I -must add that they have scarcely a sparkle of that witty wickedness -which one meets with in the writings of Sir Charles Sedley." - -All Killigrew's plays were printed in folio in 1644. Pepys did not see -much merit in them. Of _The Parson's Wedding_ he says: "Luellin tells -me what an obscene, loose play this is, that is acted by nothing but -women, at the King's House." Of _Claracilla_, "a poor play." Of _Love -at First Sight_, "I find the play to be a poor thing, and so I -perceive every body else do." Nor did he think much of Killigrew's -conversation. He described it as "poor and frothy." - -In _The Companion to the Playhouse_, 1764, there are some stories told -of Killigrew. - -"After the Restoration he continued in high favour with the King, and -had frequently access to him when he was denied to the first peers of -the realm; and being a man of great wit and liveliness of parts, and -having from his long intimacy with that monarch, and being continually -about his person during his troubles, acquired a freedom of -familiarity with him, which even the pomp of Majesty afterwards could -not check in him, he sometimes, by way of jest, which King Charles was -ever fond of, if genuine, even tho' himself was the object of the -satire, would adventure bold truths which scarcely any one beside -would have dared even to hint to. One story in particular is related -of him, which, if true, is a strong proof of the great lengths he -would sometimes proceed in his freedoms of this kind, which is as -follows: When the King's unbounded passion for women had given his -mistress such an ascendancy over him, that, like the effeminate -Persian monarch, he was fitter to have handled a distaff than to wield -a sceptre, and for the conversation of his concubines utterly -neglected the most important affairs of state, Mr. Killigrew went to -pay his Majesty a visit in his private apartments, habited like a -pilgrim who was bent on a long journey. The King, surprised at the -oddity of his appearance, immediately asked him what was the meaning -of it, and whither he was going. '_To Hell_,' bluntly replied the man. -'Prithee,' said the King, 'what can your errand be to that place?' 'To -fetch back Oliver Cromwell,' rejoined he, 'that he may take some care -of the affairs of England, for his successor takes none at all.'" - -This was not the only time that Killigrew gave good counsel to the -King. Pepys says: "Mr. Pierce did tell me as a great truth, as being -told by Mr. Cowley, who was by, and heard it, that Tom Killigrew -should publicly tell the King that his matters were coming into a very -ill state, and that yet there was a way to help all. Says he: 'There -is a good, honest, able man, that I could name, that, if your Majesty -would employ, and command to see all things well executed, all things -would soon be mended; and this one is Charles Stuart, who now spends -his time in employing his lips about the Court, and hath no other -employment, but if you would give him this employment, he were the -fittest man in the world to perform it.' This, he says, is most true; -but the King do not profit by any of this, but lays it aside, and -remembers nothing, but to his pleasures again." - -On another occasion Killigrew is said to have placed under the -candlestick where Charles II supped, five small papers, on each of -which he had written the word ALL. The King on seeing them, asked what -he meant by these five words. "If your Majesty will grant my pardon, -I will tell you," was his reply. Pardon being promised, Killigrew -said: "The first ALL signified that the country had sent all it could -to the exchequer; the second, that the City had lent all it could and -would; the third, that the Court had spent all; the fourth, that if we -did not mend all; the fifth would be the worse for all." - -This was afterwards adapted and turned upon the family of William of -Orange: "That he was William Think-all; his queen Mary Take-all; Prince -George of Denmark, George Drink-all; and Princess Anne, Anne Eat-all." - -Although Thomas Killigrew went by the designation of the King's -Jester, he held no official position as such. - -"Mr. Cooling told us how the King, once speaking of the Duke of York's -being mastered by his wife, said to some of the company, by that he -would go no more abroad with this Tom Otter (a hen-pecked husband in -Ben Jonson's _Epicaene_), meaning the Duke of York and his wife. Tom -Killigrew, being by, said, 'Sir, pray which is the best, for a man to -be a Tom Otter to his wife or to his mistress?' meaning the King's -being so to my Lady Castlemaine." - -Killigrew was engaged one morning with one of his own plays, which he -took up in the window, whilst His Majesty was shaving. "Ah, -Killigrew," asked the King, "what will you say at the Last Day in -defence of the idle words in that book?" To which Tom replied, that he -could give a better account of his "idle words," than the King would -be able to give respecting his "idle promises and more idle patents, -that had undone more than ever did his books." - -"One more story is related of him, which is not barren of humour. King -Charles's fondness for pleasure, to which he almost always made -business give way, used frequently to delay affairs of consequence, -from His Majesty's disappointing the Council of his presence when met -for dispatch of business, which neglect gave great disgust and offence -to many of those who were treated with this seeming disrespect. On one -of these occasions the Duke of Lauderdale, who was naturally impetuous -and turbulent, quitted the council-chamber in a violent passion, and, -meeting Mr. Killigrew presently after, expressed himself on the -occasion in very disrespectful terms of His Majesty. Killigrew begged -His Grace to moderate his passion, and offered to lay him a wager of a -hundred pounds that he himself would prevail on His Majesty to come to -the council within half an hour. The Duke, surprised at the boldness -of the assertion, and warmed by his resentment against the King, -accepted the wager, on which Killigrew immediately went to the King, -and without ceremony told him what had happened, adding these words: -'I knew that Your Majesty hated Lauderdale, though the necessity of -your affairs compels you to carry an outward appearance of civility; -now, if you choose to be rid of a man who is thus disagreeable to you, -you need only go this once to council, for I know his covetous -disposition so perfectly, that I am well persuaded, rather than pay -this hundred pounds, he would hang himself out of the way, and never -plague you more.' - -"The King was so pleased with the archness of the observation, that he -immediately replied, 'Well, then, Killigrew, I positively will go.' -And kept his word accordingly." - -Pepys has a good deal to say about Killigrew. He tells how Killigrew -became enamoured of the stage when a boy. "He would go to the 'Red -Bull,' and when the man cried to the boys, 'Who will go and be a -devil, and he shall see the play for nothing?' then would he go in, -and be a devil upon the stage, and so get to see plays." - -2nd August, 1664. "To the King's playhouse, and there saw _Bartholomew -Fayre_, which do still please me, and is, as it is acted, the best -comedy in the world, I believe. I chanced to sit by Tom Killigrew, who -tells me that he is setting up a nursery (for actors), that is, is -going to build a house in Moorefields, wherein he will have common -plays acted." - -12th February, 1666-7. "With my Lord Bronnaker by coach to his house, -there to hear some Italian musique, and there we met Tom Killigrew, Sir -Robert Murray, and the Italian, Signor Baptista, who hath proposed a -play in Italian for the Opera, which T. Killigrew do intend to have up." - -Thomas Killigrew was nearly sixty years old when he narrowly escaped -assassination in S. James's Park. He had been carrying on an intrigue -with Lady Shrewsbury, but found a dangerous and more successful rival in -the Duke of Buckingham. Whereupon in spite and revenge he poured over -the lady a stream of foul and venomous satire. The result was that one -evening, on his return from the Duke of York's, some ruffians, hired for -the purpose, set upon Tom's chair, through which they passed their -swords three times, wounding him in the arm. The assassins then fled, -having killed his man, and believing they had killed Tom Killigrew. - -He recovered from his wound, lived on thirteen or fourteen years -longer, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 19th March, 1682-3. - -His son Thomas was a playwright, and his son Charles proprietor of -"the Playhouse, Drury Lane." - -The Killigrews have now passed, not individually only, but as a family -off the stage of life, and are remembered only by their deeds, good -and bad, as recorded in history. It was usually said of Tom Killigrew -that when he attempted to write he was dull, whereas in conversation -he was smart; and this was precisely the reverse of Cowley, who did -not shine in conversation, but sparkled with his pen. In allusion to -this Denham wrote:-- - - Had Cowley ne'er spoken, and Killigrew ne'er writ, - Combin'd in one, they'd make a matchless wit. - - - - - NICOLAS ROSCARROCK - - -Nicolas Roscarrock was the fifth son of Richard Roscarrock, of -Roscarrock, in S. Endelion, by Isabell, daughter of Richard Trevenor. -His grandmother was a Boscawen. His father during his lifetime had -settled upon him the estates of Penhall, Carbura, and Newtown, in the -parishes of S. Cleer and S. Germans. - -He first studied at Exeter College, Oxford, and took his B.A. in 1568. -Carew, in his _Survey of Cornwall_, p. 299, tells us of "his -industrious delight in matters of history and antiquity." - -In 1577 Roscarrock was admitted student of the Inner Temple. In the -same year was published by Richard Tottell _The Worthies of Armorie -... collected and gathered by John Bossewell_, to which were prefixed -ninety-four verses, entitled _Cilenus, Censur of the Author of his -High Court of Herehautry_, by Nicolas Roscarrocke. - -In the Inner Temple he seems to have been associated with Raleigh, for -in 1576 appeared _The Steepleglas, a satyre_, and among commendatory -verses are some signed "N. R." and the rest by "Walter Rawely of the -Inner Temple." - -In 1577 he was in Cornwall, where he suffered much annoyance because of -his faith, as he refused to conform to the English liturgy, and -maintained the Papal supremacy. It was in 1570 that Pope Pius V had -issued a bull of excommunication against Elizabeth, deprived her of her -title to the crown, and absolved her subjects from their oaths of -allegiance. This violent and ill-judged proceeding at once converted all -those who held by the Pope into suspected traitors; and measures were -adopted against them, the more so as the Jesuits and their agents were -more than suspected of forming plots for the assassination of the Queen. - -Nicolas Roscarrock was accused at Launceston Assizes on September -16th, 1577, "for not going to church." He was in London later, and was -an active member of the "Young Men's Club," 1579-81. - -From the _State Papers_, 1547-50, we learn that two spies were -employed by the Government to discover Nicolas Roscarrock. He had, -however, probably fled to Douay, where a Roscarrock is entered in the -_Douay Diary_ as landing on September, 1580. - -But he was again in England in 1581, when he was sent to the Tower, -where by a refinement of cruelty he was placed in a cell adjoining -that of a friend who had been racked, that the moans of the latter -might intimidate Roscarrock into giving evidence of plots against the -life of the Queen. On January 14th, 1581, Nicolas was himself tortured -on the rack. He remained for five years in prison in the Tower, and in -the Fleet again till 1594, in all fourteen years. - -He was finally released, and went in 1607 north to Naworth to Lord -William Howard, with whom he remained till his death, which took place -in 1633 or 1634, when he had reached an advanced age. - -Such in brief is the history of Nicolas Roscarrock. - -Whilst he was at Naworth, he occupied himself in compiling a volume of -the _Lives of the English Saints_. - -The first part he wrote with his own hand, but as his sight failed, he -was obliged to employ an amanuensis, who wrote very untidily and made -strange havoc of many of the names, which he wrote phonetically from -dictation. The MS. has undergone annotation by two hands: one was -Roscarrock himself, who added in matters which reached him later; the -other was Dom Gregory Hungate, a Benedictine. - -As far as can be judged, the MS. was compiled between 1610 and 1625.[32] - -After the dispersion of Lord William Howard's library, we do not know -what became of the book till about 1700, when it formed a portion of a -library bequeathed to Brent Eleigh parish, in Suffolk, by a certain Mr. -Edward Colman, sometime of Trinity College, Cambridge. Here it seems to -have undergone rough usage, and it was probably there that the MS. lost -so many pages torn out. As it is, it consists of no fewer than 850 -pages; folio 253 is missing, also some pages from the beginning and -something like ninety at the end that have been torn out. - -At the sale of the Brent Eleigh Library, the MS. was purchased by the -University Library managers, Cambridge, and it is now in that library -(Add. MS. 3041). - -It is a thick volume, measuring 1 ft. by 8-1/4 in. - -It possesses an Introduction, "How Saynts may be esteemed soe, -Secondlye of their Commemorations and the trewest enfalliblest manner -of discovering them, and what Course the Collector of this Alphebitt -of Saints that he observed in this Collection." Then follows an -article on the Canonizing of Saints, and another "Of the Course and -Order which is to be observed in my Collection." Then ensues a -Calendar, and this is followed by an alphabetical biographical notice -of the saints to Simon Sudbury, where the rest is torn away. - -Nicolas Roscarrock had recourse mainly to printed authorities, to -Capgrave, Surius, Harpsfield, and to Whytford's _Martyrologie_. But he -had also access to the MSS. of Edward Powell, a Welsh priest, who had -a considerable collection of Welsh saintly pedigrees. With regard to -the Cornish saints, he records current traditions of his time, that he -had collected in his youth. But he had also a MS. Cornish life of S. -Columba, to which Hals refers. Unhappily, he has not given us the -original, only its substance. And he quotes from a Cornish hymn or -ballad relative to S. Mabenna, but which to our great regret he does -not give. Here and there he indulges in verses of his own composition -in honour of the saints, but they are of no poetic merit. - -In the volume is a letter undated, addressed by one W. Webbe to--we -suppose--the chaplain at Naworth. It is as follows:-- - - "Most Worthy Syr, - - "Mr. Trewenna Roscarrock found in the library of Oxford a story of - a certain Christian and his wife who came out of Ireland with - their children to fly the persecution, and lived in Cornwall: and - after some tyme both he and his wife with the children suffered - martyrdom in Cornwall, and in their honour were faire Churches - dedicated. Some of the names of these saints (as wee suppose) wear - these as follow:-- - - "S. Essye, S. Milior, S. Que, S. Einendar, S. Eue, S. Maubon, S. - Breage, S. Earvin, S. Merrine, &c. - - "They were about 20 at the least; the story at large, Mr. - Roscarrock's Book, and keeping noe coppy of it lent it to his - brother, Mr. Nicolas Roscarocke, who lived and dyed at my Lord - William Hoard's House in y^e North. - - "Now some worthye Catholickes of Cornwall being desirous to - understand the full story, to the end they may the better honour - these Saynts of their County, besought me to write unto the North - about this, and get out of Mr. Nicolas Roscarocke's writings this - story, they knowing that he was wont to compile together such - monuments for further memorye. I did soe and I was assured by a - good Gentleman a friend of mine, and who actually lives with the - house, that Sir William Hoard, my Lord William's son, had Mr. - Nicolas Roscarock's written booke, and papers, and that he would - most willingly pleasure my Countrymen in this holy desire of - theirs--Wherefore Worthy Syr I shall humble intreate you for God's - sake, and for the honours of these glorious [sai[33]]nts martyrs, - to deale efficaciously with Syr William Hoard [to obta]ine a copy - of this story for all our comforts and wee [shall be al]wayes - obleidged to pray for you and Syr William [both in] this worlde - and in the next. - - "Your servant to his honor, - "H. WEBBE." - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[32] Authorities for his life: Ormsby, _The Household Books of Lord -William Howard_, Surtees Soc., 1878, pp. 506 _et seq._; Gildew's -_Biographical Dictionary of English Catholics; Jesuits in Conflict_, -1873, p. 206; the _Douay Diaries_, ed. Knox; Boase and Courtney's -_Bibliographia Cornubiensis; Notes and Queries_, 5th series, IV, 402-4 -(1875); Morris, _Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers_, 1st series, -1872, p. 95, 2nd series, 1875, pp. 33, 79-80; Challoner's _Memoirs of -Missionary Priests_, p. 32; _Dict. of National Biography_, _State -Papers_, etc.; an admirable and exhaustive Life in MS. by Rev. E. Nolan, -Trinity College, Cambridge, in the University Library, Cambridge. - -[33] A corner of the letter is torn off, but it is easy to supply the -missing portions of the words and sentences. - - - - - LIEUTENANT PHILIP G. KING - - -The Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy, near the close of 1786, -advertised for a certain number of vessels to be taken up for the -purpose of conveying between seven and eight hundred male and female -convicts to Botany Bay, in New South Wales, whither it had been -determined by the Government to transport them, after having sought in -vain upon the African coast for a situation possessing the requisites -for the establishment of a penal colony. The following vessels were at -length contracted for, and assembled in the Thames to fit and take in -stores: the _Alexander_, _Scarborough_, _Charlotte_, _Lady Penrhyn_, -and _Friendship_ as transports; and the _Fishbourne_, _Golden Grove_, -and _Borrowdale_--these latter as storeships. The _Prince of Wales_ -was afterwards added to the number of transports. The transports -immediately prepared for the reception of the convicts, and the -storeships took on board provisions for two years, with tools, -implements of agriculture, seeds, etc. - -On October 24th Captain Arthur Phillips hoisted a pennant on board -H.M.S. _Sirius_, of twenty guns, then lying at Deptford. As the -government of the meditated colony, as well as the command of the -_Sirius_, was given to Captain Phillips, it was thought necessary to -appoint another captain to her, who might command on any service in -which she might be employed for the colony, while Captain Phillips -would be engaged supervising the convicts on shore. For this purpose -John Hunter was nominated second captain of the _Sirius_. - -On March 5th, 1787, order for embarkation arrived, and on Monday, May -7th, Captain Phillips arrived at Portsmouth and took command of the -little fleet, then lying at the Mother Bank. - -Phillips had with him two lieutenants, Philip Gidley King and Mr. Dawes. - -Philip G. King was the son of Philip King, a draper in Launceston, by -his wife, the daughter of John Gidley, attorney, of Exeter. Philip G. -King was born at Launceston 23rd April, 1758. He was midshipman on board -the _Swallow_ in 1770-5, and now was placed under Captain Phillips to -assist in the settlement of felons in a colony at Botany Bay. - -Whilst the little fleet was on its way down the Channel, it was -discovered that a plot had been formed among the convicts on board the -_Scarborough_ to mutiny. They hoped to obtain command of the vessel, -when those in the other transports would follow their example, and -they trusted that the entire fleet would fall into their power. The -scheme was insane, as H.M.S. _Sirius_ could knock the transports to -pieces with her guns. The plot was betrayed by one of the convicts to -the commanding officer on board the _Scarborough_, and he at once -communicated with Captain Phillips. The two ringleaders were brought -on board the _Sirius_, and each was given two dozen lashes. - -The fleet sailed for Teneriffe, and thence, on the 11th June, for Rio -de Janeiro; and from thence for the Cape of Good Hope. - -On November 10th, Captain Phillips sailed ahead of the fleet in the -_Supply_ to reconnoitre the coast of New South Wales, and ascertain -where best to land, and he took with him the _Alexander_, the -_Scarborough_, and the _Friendship_, and having on board his two -lieutenants, King and Dawes. - -[Illustration: LIEUTENANT PHILIP GIDLEY KING] - -On January 19th, 1788, he landed in Botany Bay, and sent Lieutenant -King to survey the coast and inland as far as might be. - -Botany Bay being found to be a station of inferior advantages to what -was expected, and no spot appearing proper for the colony, Governor -Phillips at once resolved to transfer it to another excellent inlet, -about twelve miles further to the north, called Port Jackson, on the -south side of which, at a spot called Sydney Cove, the settlement was -decided to be made. - -The spot chosen for this purpose was at the head of the cove, near a -run of fresh water, which stole silently along through a very thick -wood, the stillness of which had thus, for the first time since the -Creation, been interrupted by the rude sound of the labourer's axe and -the downfall of the ancient inhabitants--a stillness and tranquillity -which from that day were to give place to the noise of labour, the -confusion of carriers, and all the clamour of the bringing on shore of -the stores, and the erection of habitations. - -A flagstaff was set up and the Union Jack hoisted, when the Marines -fired several volleys, and the healths of the King and Royal Family -were drunk, as well as success to the new colony. - -The disembarkation of the troops and convicts took place on the -following day. - -The confusion that ensued will not be wondered at when it is -considered that every man stepped from his boat literally into a -virgin forest. Parties of people were to be seen on all sides -variously employed, some in clearing ground for the different -encampments, others in pitching tents, or bringing up such stores as -were more immediately needed. As the woods were opened and the ground -cleared, the various encampments were extended, and all gradually -assumed the appearance of regularity. - -A portable canvas house, brought over for the governor, was erected on -the south side of the cove, which was named Sydney, in compliment to -the principal Secretary of State for the Home Department. There also a -small body of convicts was put under tents. The detachment of marines -was encamped at the head of the cove near the stream, and on the west -side was planted the main body of convicts. - -The women were not disembarked till the 6th February, when, every person -belonging to the settlement being landed, the whole amounted to 1030 -persons. The tents for the sick were placed on the west side, and it was -observed with concern that their number was fast increasing. Scurvy, -that had not appeared during the voyage, now broke out, and this, along -with dysentery, began to fill the hospital, and several died. - -In addition to the medicines that were administered, every species of -esculent plant that could be found in the country was procured for -them--wild celery, spinach, and parsley fortunately grew in abundance. -Those who were in health, as well as the sick, were glad to introduce -this wholesome addition to their ration of salt meat. - -The public stock, consisting of one bull, four cows, one bull-calf, -one stallion, three mares, and three colts, were landed and left to -crop the pasturage of the little farm that had been formed at the head -of an adjoining cove, and which had been placed under the direction of -a man brought out for the purpose by the Governor. - -Some ground having been dug over and prepared near His Excellency's -house on the south side, the plants brought from Rio de Janeiro and -from the Cape were planted, and the colonists soon had the -satisfaction of seeing the grapes, figs, oranges, pears, and -apples--in a word, the best fruits of the Old World--taking root and -establishing themselves in this their New World. - -As soon as the hurry and turmoil of disembarkation had subsided, the -Governor caused His Majesty's commission appointing him to be -Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of New South Wales and its -dependencies, to be publicly read, and he then addressed the convicts, -assuring them that "he would be ever ready to show approbation and -encouragement to those who proved themselves worthy of them by good -conduct and attention to orders; while, on the other hand, such as were -determined to act in opposition to propriety, and observe a contrary -conduct, would inevitably meet with the punishment they deserved." - -The convicts from the first gave much trouble. They secreted the tools, -so as to avoid being compelled to work, and it was found almost -impossible to get work out of them, as there was a deficiency of proper -men to set over them. Those who were so placed were for the most part -also convicts, men who by their conduct during the voyage had -recommended themselves, and these had been appointed foremen over the -rest, but it was soon discovered that they lacked the authority -requisite. The sailors from the transports, though repeatedly forbidden -to do so and frequently punished, persisted in bringing spirits on shore -every night, and drunkenness was often the consequence. - -Before the month of February was half through, a plot among the convicts -to rob the store was discovered. This was the more unpardonable in that -the rations given out to the convicts were precisely the same as those -served to the soldiers. Each male convict received as his weekly -portion 7 lb. biscuits, 1 lb. flour, 7 lb. beef, 4 lb. pork, 3 pints of -peas, 6 oz. of butter; the women received one-third less. - -The ringleaders were charged before a Court that was summoned. One was -hanged, another reprieved on condition of becoming the public -executioner; the rest had milder sentences. - -The Governor having received instructions to establish another -settlement on Norfolk Island, the _Supply_ sailed for that place in -the midst of February under the command of Lieutenant King of the -_Sirius_, named by Captain Phillips superintendent and commandant of -the settlement to be formed there. Lieutenant King took with him one -surgeon, one petty officer, two private soldiers, two persons who -pretended to have some knowledge of flax-dressing, and nine male and -six female convicts. This little party was to be landed with tents, -clothing, implements of husbandry, tools for dressing flax, etc., and -provisions for six months, before the expiration of which time it was -intended to send them a fresh supply. - -Norfolk Island was to be settled with a view to the cultivation of -flax, which at the time when the island was discovered by Captain Cook -was found growing most luxuriantly where he had landed; this was the -_Phormi tenax_, New Zealand flax. - -Mr. King, previous to his departure for the new settlement, was sworn -in as a Justice of Peace, and was empowered to punish such petty -offences as might be committed among the settlers; capital crime being -reserved for the cognizance of the Criminal Court of Judicature, -established at Sydney by Governor Phillips. - -The _Supply_ reached Norfolk Island on February 29th, but for five -succeeding days was not able to effect a landing, being prevented by -a surf that was breaking with violence on a reef that lay across the -principal bay. Lieutenant King had nearly given up all hopes of being -able to land, when a small opening was discovered in the reef wide -enough to admit a boat. Through this he succeeded in passing safely, -along with his people and stores. When landed, he could nowhere find a -space clear for pitching a tent, and he had to cut through an almost -impenetrable jungle before he could encamp himself and his people. - -Of the stock he carried with him, he lost the only she-goat he had, -and one ewe. He had named the bay wherein he landed and planted his -settlement, Sydney; and had given the names of Phillip and Nepean to -two small islands situated at a small distance from it. - -The soil of Norfolk Island was ascertained to be very rich, but Sydney -Bay was exposed to the southerly winds, which drove the surf furiously -over the reef. The _Supply_ lost one of her hands, who was drowned in -attempting to pass through the reef. There was a small bay on the -further side of the island, but it was at a considerable distance from -the settlement. - -On February 14th, 1789, Lieutenant Ball sailed for Norfolk Island in -the _Golden Grove_ with provisions and convicts, twenty-one male, six -female convicts, and three children; of the latter two were to be -placed under Lieutenant King's special care. They were of different -sexes; the boy, Parkinson, was about three years of age, and had lost -his mother on the voyage to Botany Bay; the girl was a year older and -had a mother in the colony, but as she was a woman of abandoned -character, the child was taken from her, to save it from the ruin -which otherwise would inevitably have befallen it. These children were -to be instructed in reading, writing, and husbandry. The Commandant -was directed to cause five acres of ground to be allotted and -cultivated for their benefit. - -In March, the little colony in Norfolk Island was threatened with an -insurrection. The convicts plotted the capture of the island and the -seizure of Mr. King's person. They had chosen the day when this was to -be effected, the first Saturday after the arrival of any ship in the -bay, except the _Sirius_. They had selected this day, as it had for -some time been Mr. King's custom on Saturdays to visit a farm he had -established at a little distance from the settlement, and the military -generally chose that day for bringing in the cabbage-palm from the -woods. Mr. King was to be secured on his way to the farm. A message, -in the Commandant's name, was to be sent to Mr. Jamison, the surgeon, -who was to be seized as soon as he got into the woods; and the -sergeant and the party of soldiers were to be treated in the same -manner. These being all properly disposed of, a signal was to be made -to the ship in the bay to send her boat on shore, the crew of which -were to be made prisoners on landing; and two or three of the -insurgents were to go off in a boat belonging to the island, and -inform the commanding officer that the ship's boat had been stove on -the beach, and that the Commandant, King, requested that another might -be sent on shore. This also was to be captured; and then, as the last -act in this plot, the ship was to be taken, in which they designed to -proceed to Otaheite, and there establish a colony. - -The plot was revealed to a seaman of the _Sirius_, who lived with Mr. -King as a gardener, by a female convict who cohabited with him. On -being acquainted with the circumstances, the Commandant took such -measures as appeared to him necessary to defeat the object of the -plotters; and several who were concerned in the scheme were arrested -and confessed the share they were to have had in the execution of it. - -Mr. King had hitherto, from the peculiarity of his situation--secluded -from society, and confined to a small speck in the vast ocean, with -but a handful of people--drawn them around him, and had treated them -in a kindly and even confidential and affectionate manner; but now he -saw that these felons were too ingrained with vice to appreciate such -treatment, and one of his first steps was to clear the ground as far -as was possible round the settlement, that future villainy might not -find a shelter in the woods. To this truly providential circumstance -many of the colonists were afterwards indebted for their lives in an -outbreak that took place after he had quitted the island. - -At this time there were on the island 16 free people, 51 male and 23 -female convicts, and 4 children. - -In June, 1789, Lieutenant Creswell was sent with 14 privates of the -Marines to Norfolk Island, and with a written order from His -Excellency requiring Creswell to take upon himself the direction and -execution of the authority invested in Lieutenant King, in the event -of any accident happening to the latter. - -In March, 1790, 116 male and 68 female convicts were sent to Norfolk -Island and 27 children. Major Ross was appointed to supersede King; -both the _Sirius_ and the _Supply_ arrived, but unhappily the former -ran upon the reef on the 19th April. All the officers and people were -saved, being dragged on shore through the surf on a grating. - -King returned to New South Wales in the _Supply_. There had been -disaster and distress in the colony there. The sheep had been stolen and -the cattle lost in the woods, and these were not found till 1795, after -they had been lost for seven years, and they were then found grazing on -a remote clearing, and had increased to a surprising degree. - -It was now determined that Lieutenant King should return to England -and report progress. A Dutch vessel was hired to take him and the -officers and men of the _Sirius_ home. He sailed in the _Batavia_ in -April, 1790, and arrived in England December 20th, 1790. - -Philip Gidley King was appointed Governor of New South Wales, -September, 1800, and held that appointment till 15th August, 1806, -when his health failing he returned to England, and died at Lower -Tooting, Surrey, 3rd September, 1808. - -He was the father of Rear-Admiral Philip Parker King, who was born on -Norfolk Island, 13th December, 1791, after his father had left for -England. He entered the Royal Navy as first-class volunteer in 1807, -midshipman in 1809, lieutenant in 1814. He married Harriet, daughter -of Christopher Lethbridge, of Launceston, and died at Sydney 25th -February, 1856, and was buried at Parramatta beside his mother, who -had been laid there many years before, not having come to England. -There is no record as to who and what she was. - -For information relative to Philip Gidley King his Diary may be -consulted in John Hunter's _Historical Journal of the Transactions at -Port Jackson and Norfolk Island_, 1795; see also David Collins's -_Account of the English Colony of New South Wales_, 1798-1802. - - - - - HICKS OF BODMIN - - -William Robert Hicks was born at Bodmin on 1st April, 1808--not to be an -April fool himself, but to be a right merry jester, and not infrequently -to make fools of others. He was the son of a schoolmaster, and he, Sir -William Molesworth, of Pencarrow, and Colonel Hamley were educated -together for a while in the school of his father. - -William Robert became Clerk of the Board of Guardians, Clerk of the -Highway Board, and Governor of the County Lunatic Asylum. He was a man -of many parts, a good mathematician, a clear-headed and cool man of -business, a musician, who could play on the violin and play it well. -But he was noted above everything else as a humorist. - -He was a short man and inordinately stout, weighing sixteen stone. He -had a broad, flexible, somewhat flabby face, with a pair of twinkling -grey eyes, a short nose, somewhat protruding thick under lip, and -double chin that was very pronounced, and whiskers. What was -noticeable in Hicks's face was its flexibility. He possessed the art -and the power to tell his story with his countenance as with his -voice. Indeed, the alterations of mood in his face were like a musical -accompaniment to a song. He was thought the best story-teller of his -day; was known as such in Cornwall and Devon, but was not so well -appreciated in London, where the peculiar dry humour of the West, as -well as the dialect, did not appeal to ordinary hearers as they do in -the two Western Counties. One of his many Cornish friends once took -Hicks up to town and dined him at his club, thinking that he would -keep the table in a roar. But it was not so. His stories fell somewhat -flat, and that damped his spirits and he subsided. - -One of Hicks's earliest and best friends was George Wightwick, the -architect, born at Mold in Flintshire in 1802, who set up as architect -in Plymouth in 1829, and was employed to build additions to Bodmin -Gaol in 1842 and 1847. He was author of _The Palace of Architecture_, -published in 1840. And though he was an excellent _raconteur_, second -only to Hicks, he was a most egregiously bad architect. Yet, strangely -enough, Mr. Wightwick supposed himself to be enlightened in the matter -of Gothic architecture, and in 1835 published in _Loudon's -Architectural Magazine_ "A few observations on reviving taste for -pointed Architecture, with an illustrated description of a chapel just -erected at Bude Haven under the direction of the author." - -Wightwick it was who had the merit of discovering Hicks and of -introducing him to notables in Devon and Cornwall, for, miserable -architect though he was, he had got the ear of the public in the West -as a man of charming manners and teeming with anecdote. Through him -Hicks obtained access into many a country house, where they would -sing, accompanying themselves on the violin, and tell stories. - -Hicks was made Governor of Bodmin Asylum in 1848, and found the old -barbarous system of treatment of the insane in full swing. He at once -adopted gentle methods and in a short while radically changed the -entire mode of treatment, with markedly good results. - -[Illustration: WILLIAM R. HICKS] - -One poor fellow, whom he found chained in a dark cell on a bed of straw -as a dangerous lunatic, he nearly cured by kindly treatment. As the -fellow showed indications of great shrewdness and wit, Hicks released -him and made much of him. A gentleman on a visit to the asylum once said -to the lunatic, "I hear, man, that you are Hicks's fool." - -"Aw," replied he; "I zee you do your awn business in that line." - -He was once asked, "Whither does this path go, my man?" He answered -readily, "Zure I cannot tell 'ee. I've knawed un bide here these last -twenty year." - -He was sitting on the high wall of the asylum that commanded the road -for some distance, with a turnpike at the bottom of the hill. The -company of a circus passed by, with the various horses. As the manager -rode past, the lunatic said to him, "'Ow much might 'ee pay turnpike -for they there spekkady hosses?" "Oh," said the manager, "the same as -for the others." "Do 'ee now?" said the man on the wall. "Well to be -zure; my vather 'ad a spekkady hoss that never paid no turnpike. They -there sparky (speckled) hosses don't pay no turnpikes here." - -"Bless my life," said the manager; "I am much obliged to you for -informing me of the fact. So, sir, I am to understand that piebald -horses are exempt from paying at the toll-gate?" - -"What I zed I bides by. They there spekkady hosses never pay no -turnpikes here in Cornwall. What they may do elsewhere, I can't zay." - -The lunatic watched the cavalcade proceed down the hill, and when it -reached the turnpike, he enjoyed watching a lively altercation going -on between the toll-taker and the manager. Presently the latter came -galloping back, very hot and angry. - -"What do you mean by telling me that in Cornwall piebald horses pay no -turnpike?" - -"Right it is so--cos _you_ have to pay it vor 'un," said the man and -stepped out of reach inside the wall. - -One day this same man was put to watch a raving maniac, who, for his -own safety, when the fit was on him, used to be put in a padded room. -There was an eyehole in the door, and the lunatic, whom Mr. Collier -calls Daniel, was set to watch him. The poor wretch in his ravings -called, "Bring down the baggonets! Oh, marcy on me! Forty thousand -Roosians! Oh! oh! oh! I wish I was in Abraham's bosom," and began to -kick and plunge furiously. On which Daniel shouted to him through the -hole, "Why I tell'ee if you was, you'd kick the guts out of 'un." - -Daniel came from Tavistock, where he used to walk out with a girl. As -he told the story himself--"I was keepin' company with a maid, and I -went to the parson. Says I to he, 'I want you, however, to promise me -wan thing,' says I. 'What is it?' says he. 'I want you to promise me,' -says I, 'never to marry me to thickee there maid when I be drunk.' He -zaid he'd promise me that, quite sure. 'Thankee, your honour,' said I; -'then I'm all right, for I'll take damned good care you never do it -when I'm zober.'" - -Daniel was then in the Volunteers and was out on Whitchurch Down in a -review. An officer rode up to the bugler, and said "Sound a retreat!" -The bugler tried, but could produce no sound. "Sound a retreat!" roared -the officer. Again the bugle would not speak. "Sound a retreat!" shouted -the officer for the third time. "Don't you see that the cavalry are -charging down on us?" "There now, I can't," replied the bugler; "for -why? I've gone and spit my quid of terbaccer in the mouthpiece o'un." - -Hicks no doubt was quite justified in picking up and appropriating to -himself stories wherever he could find them and from whomsoever he -heard them. A common friend of ours was with him one day in Plymouth, -and as they sat on the Hoe my friend told Hicks a couple of racy -anecdotes about his own work. - -That evening both dined with Lord Mount Edgcumbe, and Hicks told both -these stories with immense humour, as though they had happened -recently--the previous week--to himself. - -And certainly some of Hicks's stories are very old chestnuts. - -This, for instance, was told by Hicks as having to his knowledge -occurred to two brothers, Jemmy and Sammy, in the Jamaica Inn, on the -Bodmin Moors, between that town and Launceston. - -They were to sleep in a double-bedded room, and they dined and drank -pretty freely--the Jamaica Inn is now a temperance house--and went to -bed. Before retiring to rest one of them put out the light. - -After they had been in bed a little while Jemmy said, "I say, Sammy, -there be a feller in my bed." - -_Sammy_--"So there be in mine." - -_Jemmy_--"What shall you do, Sammy?" - -_Sammy_--"Kick 'un out." - -_Jemmy_--"So shall I." - -So they both proceeded to kick furiously, with the result that each -fell out on the opposite side of the bed. By mistake in the dark the -last to put out the light and go to bed had entered his brother's bed. - -I have heard the same tale told of the Yorkshire moors some thirty to -forty years ago. - -The famous story of Rabbits and Onions, that Hicks would tell in such -a way as to bring the tears rolling down the cheeks with laughter, may -or may not be founded on fact, or it may be--and that is probably the -case--a condensation into one tale of a good deal of experience with -juries. But the same story is told by Rosegger of a trial in Styria. - -The following is almost certainly genuine. Anyhow, it is an excellent -example of the way in which Hicks could put a story. - -"I met a man [name given] in Bodmin, and said to him, 'You are not -looking well. What is the matter?' - -"The man replied that he had spent an indifferent night. - -"'How is that?' I inquired. - -"'I sleep with father,' he replied; 'and I woke up all in the dead -waste and middle of the night, and I reached forth my hand and -couldn't feel nothing; so I ses, ses I, "Wherever is my poor dear old -aged tender parent?" I got out of bed and strick a light, all in the -dead waste and middle of the night, and sarched the room; sarched -under the bed and in the cupboards; and ses I, "Wherever is my poor -dear old aged tender parent?" - -"'I went down over the stairs, all in the dead waste and middle of the -night, and sarched under the stairs and in the kitchen; and ses I, -"Wherever is my poor dear old aged tender parent?" - -"'Then I went to the coal-hole, all in the dead waste and middle of -the night, and sarched all about; and ses I, "Wherever is my poor dear -old aged tender parent?" - -"'And I went down into the garden, all in the dead waste and middle of -the night; and ses I, "Wherever is my poor dear old aged tender parent?" - -"'I went down to the parzley bed, all in the dead waste and middle of -the night, and there I found 'un. He'd a cut his throat with the -rape(ing)-hook. I took 'un by the hair of his head, and I zaid, ses I, -"You darned old grizzley blackguard, you've brought disgrace on the -family." I brought 'un in, and laid 'un on the table, and rinned for the -doctor; and he zewed up the throt o'un avore the vital spark was -'xtinct. Zo you zee, Mr. Hicks, I've had rather an indiffer'nt night.'" - -Here is another of Hicks's stories:-- - -A young curate was teaching some boys in the Sunday-school, and was -impressing on them the duties to their parents. - -"What do you owe your mother, Bill Lemon?" - -"I don't owe her nothin'! her never lent me nothin'." - -"But she takes care of you." - -The boy stared. - -"What does she do for you?" - -"Her gives me a skat in the vace sometimes, and tells me to go -to"----(curate intervenes). - -"That is not what I mean. When you are sick, what does she do?" - -"Wipes it op." - -Hicks, as already intimated, was a very short man, very rotund about -the belly. Following the Mayor of Bodmin into the room on the occasion -of a public dinner, he heard the Mayor announced in a voice of -thunder, "The Mayor of Bodmin." Following directly after he intimated -to the butler "and the Corporation." The man, without a moment's -consideration, roared out, "and the Corporation." - -A man of Hicks's acquaintance--every man of whom he had a story to tell -was an acquaintance--made a bet that he would drink a certain number of -gallons of cider in a given time. The trial of the feat came off, and -the man was reduced to the last stage of helplessness, in an armchair, -his head resting on the back of the chair, his mouth open, utterly -unable to proceed, when he sighed out to his backers, "Try the taypot!" -The spout was used to pour down the liquor and the bet was won. - -Hicks had a story of a farmer whom he knew intimately, and who had -been canvassed for the approaching election, and had promised his vote -to the lady of the candidate. Said she, "Dear Mr. Polkinghorne, when -you come up to town, do come and see us, come any time--come to -dinner. You are sure to be welcome." - -Now, as it so fell out, Zechariah Polkinghorne did go to London on -some business, and in the evening, when his work was over, he called -at the member's house. As it happened that evening, a dinner party was -given. When his name was taken up, the member's wife said: "Good -gracious! What is to be done? We must, I suppose, have him in, or he -will be mortally offended, and next election will not only vote -against us, but influence a good many more voters." - -So Mr. Polkinghorne was shown up into a room full of ladies and -gentlemen in evening dress, and felt somewhat out of it. Presently -dinner was announced and he went in with the rest and took his place -at the table. - -"So sorry, Mr. Polkinghorne," said the lady of the house; "so sorry we -have no partner for you to take in; but, you see, you came -unexpectedly, and we had not time to invite a lady for you." - -"Never mind, ma'am, never mind. It doth remind me o' my old sow to -home. Her had thirteen little piglings--zuckers--for a brood, and pore -thing had only twelve little contrivances for them to zuck to." - -"What did the thirteenth do then, Mr. Polkinghorne?" - -"Why, ma'am, thickey there little zucker was like me now--just out in -the cold." - -[Illustration: WILLIAM R. HICKS OF BODMIN - -_From a Caricature_] - -Hicks was driving along a road in the dark one night when he came upon -an empty conveyance, and two men close to the hedge on the roadside. -One man was drunk--a Methodist class-leader--but the other was sober. -The drunken man was lamenting:-- - -"Ah, too bad! What shall I do when I be called to my last account? -What shall I zay?" - -"Zay, Nathaniel?" the sober man said. "What can 'ee zay but that -you've been to Liskeard a auditing of accounts, and took an extra -glass? 'Twill be overlooked for once, sure enough, up there." - -A day or so after Hicks met the sober man, and asked how Nathaniel had -got on that night. - -The answer was: "He's a terrible affectionate man to his family, and -when we got home he took the babby out o' the cradle for to kiss 'un, -and valled vore with 'un over a vaggot of vurze. Jane, her got into a -passion and laid onto 'un with the broomstick, while he kep' tumblin' -over the babby. When I comed away her'd 'a thrashed 'un sober; and -they'd 'a got the babby on the dresser, naked, and was a-picking out -the prickles." - -Hicks knew a man who was of a morose, fanatical humour; and this man -had married a widow with a brisk, merry wench for a daughter. Once he -reproved the girl for singing secular songs in this vale of woe, and -said to her: "Suppose you was took sudden, and called to your last -account with the _Soldier's Tear_ in your mouth?" - -Another of his stories was of a chapel where they sang a Cornish -anthem; the females began-- - - Oh for a man! oh for a man! oh for a mansion in the sky! - -To which the men, basses and tenors, responded-- - - Send down sal! send down sal! send down salvation from on high! - -A boy at church--another of Hicks's anecdotes; he knew the boy -well--heard the parson give out the banns of "John So-and-so and Betsy -So-and-so, both of this parish. This is the third and last time of -asking." - -"Mother," said the lad after service; "I shouldn't like it to be -proclaimed in church that sister Jane had been askin' for a husband -dree times afore her got one." - -Again, another story told by Hicks:-- - -"Where be you a-bound to this afternoon?" - -"Gwain to see the football match." - -"Aw! Like to be a good un?" - -"Yes, I reckon. There be a lot o' bitter feelin' betwixt the two teams." - -But, indeed, the stories told by William Robert Hicks were many, and -for those who would desire more, let them get Mr. W. F. Collier's -_Tales and Sayings of W. R. Hicks_, Plymouth, Brendon and Son, 1893; -and look at "An Illustrious Obscure," by Abraham Hayward, Q.C., in the -_Morning Post_, 8th September, 1868; and J. C. Young's _Memoirs of C. -M. Young_, 1871, Vol. II, pp. 301-8. - -Hicks died at Bodmin 5th September, 1868, at the age of sixty. - - - - - CAPTAIN TOBIAS MARTIN - - -Tobias Martin, better known as Cap'n Toby, was born in the parish of -Wendron on January 5th, 1747, and was the son of a father of the same -name, who was a common working miner, but afterwards was advanced to -be a mine agent, or captain of a mine, which situation he retained -during the remainder of his life. - -The elder Cap'n Toby was passionately fond of reading, and read -promiscuously whatever came into his hand. But his main literary -passion was for poetry, and he speedily conceived that he possessed -the poetic _afflatus_, because he could string lines together that -rhymed more or less well. He went to a mine near Helston, but was -never in sufficiently good circumstances to be able to give his -children a moderate, let alone a superior education. - -Tobias, his second son, inherited the father's love of reading and -liking for the Muse, and as a boy he bitterly lamented that he was not -sent to school. - -Deprived through his father's poverty or negligence of the means of -education enjoyed by others, he resolved on supplying the deficiencies -of such instruction by self-application. - -From an early age he was employed at the tin-stamping mills near -Helston and Redruth. After he became a man he worked underground on -his own account, i.e. in working setts that he had taken, and at other -times on what is termed among miners "tutwork and tribute." - -He had a great ambition to learn French, and studied diligently a -French grammar that he found among his father's books; but, of course, -remained perfectly ignorant of the pronunciation, though able to write -a few sentences and read a book in that language. - -Proud of the former capability, he composed some lines in French, or -what he supposed to be French, and wrote them on the belfry door. A Mr. -William Sandys, an attorney at Helston, happening to see these lines, -inquired who had written them, and when he learned that they were by -Toby Martin, he gave him a letter to a Mrs. Brown, who had resided some -time in France, and was believed to have the language at her tongue's -end, to this effect: "The Bearer, Tobias Martin, wishes to learn French, -but his pockets are low." From her Toby did receive some lessons. - -Mr. Sandys occasionally employed him, as he could write well, to -assist in his office; he also appointed him toller of the dues -arriving from tin-bounds in Breage, belonging to the Praed family, -which appointment he held to the time of his death. - -In 1772 he married Mary Peters, of Helston, and by her had ten children, -four sons and six daughters. In the same year, and, indeed, at the very -same time, Mr. Sandys offered him a situation as escort to his eldest -son, Mr. William Sandys, into France, where the latter was to remain so -as to acquire proficiency in the French language. And--what was somewhat -rough on Toby--he had to leave with his charge the day after his -marriage. The place chosen for William Sandys to acquire French was -singularly badly chosen: it was Painpol, in Brittany, where the natives -talk Breton, and what French they do speak is of an inferior quality and -very unlike that spoken in Paris or Touraine. - -After having seen his charge safe to Painpol, Toby returned to Helston -and to his wife. - -Next year (1773) in August Toby was despatched again to Painpol, this -time to bring young William home. On his return he set to work to -acquire the Dutch language and learn Latin; but, indeed, there was -scarcely a subject that did not attract him, and that he did not -strive to acquire some knowledge of. It was unfortunate for him that -his studies were so desultory, that he was "Jack of many trades and -master of none." - -Some years after his return from France he was appointed captain at -Camborne Vean Mine. He also held the situation of managing agent of -Wheal Heriot's Foot, commonly called Herod's Foot, near Liskeard. - -A story is told of him which Mr. Tregellas gives in his _Cornish -Character and Characteristics_ under a fictitious name. Captain Toby -was having his pint of ale at a tavern, when in comes a miner who was -wont to be called "Old Blowhard," and was not esteemed trusty or -diligent as a workman. - -"How are 'ee, Capp'n?" says Bill. - -"Clever. How art thee?" - -"Purty well as for health," says Bill, "but I want a job. Can 'ee give -us waun ovver to your new bal?" - -"No, we're full," replied the Captain. - -"How many men have 'ee goat ovver theere?" asked Old Blowhard. - -"How many? Why we've two sinking a air-shaft through the flockan, and -two to taakle, and that's fower; and theere's two men in the oddit, -and a booay to car tools and that, and that makes three moore, and -that oaltogether es seben." - -"And how many cappuns have 'ee goat?" said Bill. - -"How many? Why ten." - -"What! ten cappuns to watch over seben men? I doan't b'lieve you can -maake that out, for the 'venturers would'n stand it." - -"'Tes zackly so then, and I'll maak it out to 'ee in a moment. Waun -cappun es 'nough we oal knaw, but at the laast mittin, the 'venturers -purposed to have waun of the 'venturers' sons maade a cappun, and to -larn, they said; and so a draaper's son, called Sems, was put weth me -from school, at six pound a month, and a shaare of what we had in the -'count-house." - -"Well, but how can you maake ten of you and he?" - -"Why, I'll tell 'ee how, and you mind 'nother time, Bill, for theere's -somethin' of scholarin' in ut. Now see this: I myself am waun, baent I?" - -"Iss, sure," said Bill. - -"Well, and theest oft to knaw that young Sems es nawthin'; well, when -theest ben to school so long as I have, theest knaw that waun with a -nought attached to un do maake 10, and so 'tes zackly like that." - -In the year 1790 Toby's wife died, and he was left with all his ten -children on his hands. One of these soon died, and he sent for the -sexton, who, after having been regaled with liquor, declared with -gushing emotion, "Lor' bless ee, Cap'n Toby, I'd as soon deg a grave -for 'ee as for any man with whom I be acquainted." In 1792 he married -Ann James, a widow, who kept a small public-house at Porthleven, and -by her had four children, two sons and two daughters. - -A short time after his marriage he took the Horse and Jockey Tavern in -Helston, which he kept for four years, and then the "Helston Arms," of -which he was host for five more. He still retained his situation of -mine-agent in Wheal Ann tin mine in Wendron, about two and a half miles -from Helston, where, on quitting the last-mentioned inn, and after the -mine had failed, he lived for some years as captain of Wheal Trevenen, -which was run by a company, but the smelting was consigned to a -speculator of Truro named Daubuz,[34] who had with him one Coad as a -clerk. After a while Martin supposed that Daubuz was swindling the -company, and about the same time Coad quarrelled with Daubuz, and -pretended to reveal how he had been cheating; thereupon the Adventurers -set up their own smelting works. Martin's account of Daubuz must not be -accepted as true. He wrote full of vindictive hate. Anyhow, a -misunderstanding arose between him and the company respecting his -accounts. The Adventurers debited him with a large sum, which ought to -have been and was afterwards charged to the purser. In September, 1811, -at a general meeting of the Adventurers, a Mr. Wyatt, auditor of the -accounts, accused Captain Toby of having falsified his books. This he -stoutly denied, and insisted that his accounts were correct. In -November, 1811, he received his dismissal, not as having acted -fraudulently, but on the plea that he was too old and past work. He was -discharged accordingly in his sixty-second year, and he applied for and -got work at other mines. A year passed before Captain Toby could have -his accounts investigated, and then he received from the purser a copy -of an account, wherein a balance of L109 6s. 6d. appeared against him. -To this he objected, and a dispute arose that lasted some time. - -On February 1st, 1812, he was arrested for debt, and confined in the -sheriff's ward at Bodmin for over two months before an accommodation -was arrived at, and he was discharged. - -As he could not get Mr. Wyatt to have the accounts inspected, for he -proved shifty, Captain Toby was obliged to appeal to the Vice-Warden -of the Stannaries to issue an order for the investigation of the -accounts. This alarmed Wyatt, and it was mutually agreed that they -should be gone through by Mr. Richard Tyacke, of Godolphin. Mr. Tyacke -in a very short time found that the balance against Martin was only -L29 18s. 4d., and that then there was owing to him from the company -nearly a twelvemonth's wage. He accordingly in February, 1813, -published the following notice:-- - - "_To the Public._ - - "Having been requested to examine some disputed accounts between - Trevenen Adventurers and Captain Tobias Martin, I find from - investigation that the errors in dispute were _not_ contained in - his account, but in those prepared against him. - - "RICHARD TYACKE." - -After this he received from the company the balance of his salary, and -that put an end to the business. His connection with Wheal Trevenen -having ceased, he worked at Wheal Vorah as captain to 1817, when he -was in his sixty-ninth year. Then he was appointed storekeeper to the -mine and to keep the stock accounts at six guineas per month; and this -situation he filled till March, 1817, when in his seventy-ninth year -he was superannuated at three and a half guineas per month. - -On June 4th, 1825, his wife died, and not long after he received the -news of the death of his eldest son, Tobias, under tragical -circumstances, at Washington, U.S.A. The younger Tobias and his wife -had a daughter, a child who went gathering fruit in the hedges of some -land belonging to a rough fellow, who finding her there, carried away -her basket and took as well some of her wearing apparel. When Tobias -Martin the younger heard of this he and his wife went to remonstrate -and ask for the return of the basket and the garments. An altercation -ensued, and the man of whom they complained with his revolver shot -Tobias Martin dead. - -This shock broke down the old captain. He had always loved his glass, -but now he took to it more freely than ever, and was often intoxicated. - -He died on April 9th, 1828, in the eighty-first year of his age, and -he was buried in Breage churchyard. - -Captain Tobias Martin's poems were published at Helston in 1831, and a -second edition in 1856. They are absolutely worthless as poetry, and one -may look in vain through them to find an original or a poetic idea. But -as we have given this man's life, a specimen of the stuff he wrote must -also be given, and one of his shortest compositions will suffice. - - Come, sweet content! best gift of bounteous heav'n, - Correct my mind and bend my stubborn ways; - 'Tis thou alone canst make life's journey even, - And crown with happiness my future days. - - Why should I grieve or murmur at my lot? - Why disobedient to the heav'nly will? - I cannot turn my thoughts where God is not, - He is my comfort and my refuge still. - - Blest with content, I will observe His ways; - On earth I can no greater blessing find. - Serene and calm, thus let me spend my days, - And banish discontentment from my mind. - -In his religious views Toby Martin was a Deist or Unitarian. In -personal appearance he was inclined to corpulency. His countenance was -large and open, and he stood five feet nine inches high. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[34] He calls Daubuz a Jew. The first Daubuz to settle at Truro was a -Moses. But the family claims Huguenot extraction. - - - - - THE MAYOR OF BODMIN - - -When Henry VIII died, Edward VI was aged but ten, and the unprincipled -Protector Somerset took the reins of power into his own hands; and as -he was a strong partisan of the reformers, and enriched himself on the -plunder of the Church, he carried out what he considered to be reforms -with a high hand, with the assistance of the Council, which was filled -with creatures equally rapacious and equally devoid of principle. As -the monasteries had all been suppressed, and the monks and nuns turned -adrift, these poor homeless wretches wandered over the country -entreating alms. In November, 1548, an Act was passed ordering all -such to be branded on the hand, and on repetition of the offence to be -adjudged to slavery. - -The baneful effects of the dissolution of the monasteries had, -moreover, been severely felt by the people, for the monks had been -ever ready to afford shelter and relief in sickness or distress, and -the indigent were now driven to frightful extremities throughout the -land, much as would be the case nowadays were the workhouses and poor -laws to be abolished. The monks, moreover, had been most kind and -considerate landlords, and, always residing in their monasteries, what -money they drew in rents from their tenants was spent on the land. But -no sooner were the rapacious hands of the nobles laid on the property -of the Church, than these new proprietors demanded exorbitant rents, -and very generally spent the money in London. The cottagers were -reduced to misery by the enclosure of the commons on which they had -formerly fed their cattle. - -Added to all this came violent changes in the services of the Church. -Candles were forbidden to be carried on Candlemas Day, ashes to be -used on Ash Wednesday, and palms on Palm Sunday; all images were to be -removed from the churches, and even the sacred form of the Redeemer on -the Cross above the rood was not respected. - -Several of the bishops objected to these proceedings, but Somerset was -inexorable. Then several colleges, chantries, and free chapels, as -well as fraternities and guilds, were abolished, and their lands and -goods confiscated to the King, which, being sold at very small prices, -enriched many of the Protestant hangers-on of the Court, and -strengthened their resolution to maintain the changes. - -These violent and hasty proceedings provoked widespread discontent and -even exasperation. The first disturbances arose in the county of -Cornwall, where one Body, a commissioner sent down to "purify" the -churches, was stabbed in the back whilst pulling down images in a -church.[35] Thence they quickly spread into the counties of Devon, -Wilts, Somerset, Hants, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Gloucester, Hereford, -Worcester, Leicester, Oxford, Norfolk, and York. In most parts the -rioters were quickly put down, but the disorders in Devonshire and -Norfolk threatened more dangerous consequences (1549). The commotion -first broke out at Sampford Courtenay on Whit Monday, the day after -the Act for reforming the Church Service had been put in force. The -people assembled and forced the priest to say Mass in the ancient -manner, instead of using the Book of Common Prayer. The commotion -spread through the adjoining parishes, and many came up out of -Cornwall; many of the disaffected gentry of the two counties placed -themselves at the head of the insurgents; among them were Sir Thomas -Pomeroy, Mr. Coffin, and Mr. Humphry Arundell, and the body swelled to -10,000 men. They then laid siege to Exeter, but the citizens shut -their gates against them. Some attempts were made to scale the walls, -which being repulsed, the rebels endeavoured to gain admittance by -burning the gates. The citizens, by adding more wood to the fires, -kept the enemy back till they had raised fresh defences within. After -this the insurgents sought to effect a breach by mining the walls. -Having completed their mine, laid their powder, and rammed the mouth, -before they could explode it the citizens had drenched the powder by -means of a countermine filled with water. - -Lord Russell, glutted with the plunder of the Church, was sent to -relieve the city, but the rebels cut down trees and laid them in his -way, so that he could not approach, and after burning some villages he -determined on withdrawing to Honiton. He now found his retreat cut off, -and he was constrained to give battle on Clyst Heath, and defeated them -with great slaughter, killing 600 men. "Such was the valour and -stoutness of these men," says Hooker, "that the Lord Grey reported -himself that he never, in all the wars that he had been in, did know the -like." The ringleaders were taken and executed. The vicar of S. Thomas -by Exeter, who was with them, was conveyed to his church and hanged -from the tower, where his body was left to dangle for four years. - -The defeat was on the 7th August, and the rebels were pursued to -Launceston, every one falling into the hands of the King's troops being -put to death. Arundell and other gentlemen were, however, taken -prisoners. The Lords of the Council wrote to Lord Russell on the 21st -August congratulating him on his success, and directing him to search -for Sir Thomas Pomeroy, and to "send up Sir Humphry Arundell, Maunder, -and the Mayor of Bodmin, and two or three of the rankest traitors." They -desired him to delay a short time the issue of a general pardon. In the -same month Lord Russell, William, Lord Grey of Wilton, and Sir William -Herbert, informed the Council that they sent up Pomeroy, Arundell, and -other prisoners; and they observed that Castle, Arundell's secretary, -went up not as a prisoner, but as an accuser of his former employer. - -Nicholas Boyer, the Mayor of Bodmin, had escaped capture. But the King's -army pursued the dispersed Cornishmen into the duchy; and Sir Anthony -Kingston, Provost-Marshal, arrived at Bodmin, where the Mayor was snugly -ensconced in his house, and congratulating himself on his escape, -trusted that it was not known that he had taken part in the rising. - -No sooner was Sir Anthony in the town than he wrote to Boyer, announcing -his intention of dining with him on a certain day. The Mayor felt highly -honoured at such a mark of confidence and condescension, and made great -preparations, brought out his best plate and linen and wine, and ordered -pasties and siskins and dainty cates of all kinds to be prepared in his -kitchen, so as to receive his guest with becoming hospitality. - -A little before dinner the Provost took him aside and whispered in his -ear that execution must that day be done in the town, and nowhere so -suitably as in the street in front of Boyer's door, and he desired -that a gallows might be erected by the time the dinner was ended. The -Mayor complied with the request, and during the meal the hammering of -the carpenters could be heard. The Provost was cheery and jocose, and -if Boyer had been nervous at first, this wore off under the friendly -conversation of his guest. - -When dinner was concluded, Sir Anthony asked if the little job he had -ordered had been carried out, and when Boyer assured him that it was -so, "I pray you," said the Provost, "bring me to the place." Thereupon -he took the Mayor by the hand and led him forth before his door, in -the kindliest manner imaginable. - -On seeing the gallows, the Provost asked Boyer whether he thought them -strong enough to sustain the weight of a stout man. "Aye," replied the -Mayor; "doubtless they be so." - -"Well, then," said the Provost, "get up speedily, for they are -prepared for you." - -"I hope," exclaimed the astonished and disconcerted Mayor, "that you -mean not what you speak." - -"In very faith," said Sir Anthony Kingston, "there is no remedy, for -you have been a busy rebel." - -And so, without trial or defence, he was hanged before his own door by -the man who had just dined at his table. - -Sir John Hayward, who relates this incident, tells also the story of a -miller who resided near Bodmin. This man had been a "busy rebel," and -fearing the wrath of the Provost-Marshal, he told a "sturdy, tall -fellow, his servant," that he had occasion to go from home, and that -if any one should inquire for the miller, the fellow should affirm -that he was the man, and that he had been so for three years. The -Provost came to the mill and inquired for the miller, and the servant -at once presented himself as such. The Provost inquired how long he -had kept the mill. "These three years," answered the servant. - -"String him up on the nearest tree!" ordered Sir Anthony. - -The fellow then cried out that he was not the miller, but the miller's -man. "Nay, sir," said the Provost, "I will take thee at thy word; and if -thou beest the miller, thou art a busy knave; if thou beest not, thou -art a false lying knave; whatsoever thou art, thou shalt be hanged." -When others told him that the man was in reality only the miller's -servant, the Provost replied, "Could he ever have done his master a -better service than to hang in his stead?" and so he was despatched. - -Hals says: "Mayow, of Cleoyan, in S. Columb Major, was hanged at a -tavern signpost in that town, of whom tradition says his crime was not -capital; and therefore his wife was advised by her friends to hasten -to the town after the Marshal and his men, who had him in custody, and -beg for his life, which accordingly she prepared to do. And to render -herself the more amiable petitioner before the Marshal's eyes, this -dame spent so much time in attiring herself, and putting on her French -hood, then in fashion, that her husband was put to death before her -arrival. In like manner the Marshal hanged John Payne, the mayor or -portreeve of St. Ives, on a gallows erected in the middle of that -town, whose arms are still to be seen in one of the fore seats in that -church, viz. in a plain field, three pineapples." - -Humphry Arundell, who had headed the rebels, was the son of Roger -Arundell, of Helland, and he had been appointed Governor of S. Michael's -Mount in 1539. He had married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Fulford. -After his capture he was taken up to London, confined in the Tower, and -hanged at Tyburn, 27th January, 1549-50. Sir Thomas Pomeroy, of Berry -Pomeroy, managed to save his life, but suffered severely in his estate. -He married Jane, daughter of Sir Piers Edgcumbe, of Cothele. - -Strype tells us that "when this rebellion was well allayed, it was -remembered how the bells in the churches served, by ringing, to summon -and call in the disaffected unto their arms. Therefore, in September, -an order was sent down from the Council to the Lord Russell, to -execute a work that proved no doubt highly disgustful to the people, -viz. to take away all the bells in Devonshire and Cornwall, leaving -only one in each steeple, which was to call the people to church. And -this partly to prevent the like insurrection for the future, and -partly to help to defray the charges the King had been at among them." - -Strype adds that "two gentlemen of those parts, Champion (Champernon) -and (Sir John) Chichester, assistant perhaps against the rebels, took -this opportunity to get themselves rewarded, by begging, not the -bells, but the bell-clappers only, which was granted them, with the -ironwork and furniture thereunto belonging. And no question they made -good benefit thereof." - -FOOTNOTE: - -[35] The murderer was William Kilter, priest of S. Keverne, and he -killed William Body, the lessee of the archdeaconry of Cornwall, in -Helston Church as he was engaged in smashing the images, 5th April, -1548. For this he was hanged, drawn, and quartered, 7th July, 1548. - - - - - JOHN NICHOLS TOM, - - _alias_ SIR WILLIAM COURTENAY, K.M. - - -This strange man was the son of William Tom, landlord of the "Joiners' -Arms," S. Columb, and of his wife Charity Bray--"Cracked Charity" was -the nickname she bore--who died in the County Lunatic Asylum, and it -was from his mother that the subject of this memoir derived the bee -that was in his bonnet. - -John Nichols was born at S. Columb Major on November 10th, 1799, and -he owed his name to a kinsman of his mother--his godfather, a -well-to-do-farmer, who was unmarried. - -At an early age John Nichols Tom showed a mischievous disposition. He -was turned out of the dame's school at which he had been placed for -cutting off the whiskers of her favourite cat. At the next school where -he was placed he exhibited the characteristic vanity that was a leading -feature through life. He liked to be thought to know more than any of -his fellow pupils. One day he propounded to them the question:-- - -"Who is Neptune? I bet none of you know." - -"Neptune," replied one urchin, "is my father's Newfoundland dog." - -"Then who is Venus?" - -"She is mother's spaniel bitch," answered one of the boys. - -John Nichols in a fury fell on both with his fists. - -"No such thing. Neptune is a god, and Venus is a goddess." - -A general fray was the result, out of which our hero came mauled. - -When it became time for him to strike out a course in life, he was -placed in an attorney's office, and he conducted himself there well. - -A fire broke out on the premises of the elder Tom and consumed the -house. This occasioned Mrs. Tom to sink into a condition of profound -melancholy, and she rapidly became so wholly insane that she had to be -confined in an asylum, where some years later she died, and then Mr. -Tom married a schoolmistress who lived on the other side of the road. -This did not please John Nichols, and he quitted the attorney's office -and was placed in the firm of Plumer and Turner, wine merchants and -maltsters at Truro, as cellarman. After five years' service the firm -came to an end, and Tom then began to trade on his own account. He -married Catherine, second daughter of a Mr. Philpot, of Truro, whose -elder sister Julia was engaged to a Mr. Hugo. Tom moved into his -father-in-law's house, which was old and dilapidated, and rebuilt it -as a commodious mansion, with spacious premises in its rear for the -carrying on of the business of a maltster. But on a sudden a fire -broke out in this newly-constructed malt-house, and speedily consumed -all that had been built for his business. Folk naturally concluded -that, as Tom had recently had some losses, he had set fire to his -premises, that were insured for L3000, and they remembered that his -father's house had also been insured and been burnt down. But Tom -demanded that a most searching inquiry should be made as to the cause -of the fire, and the insurance company, satisfying itself that it -was accidental, paid the sum without demur. With the money thus -received he rebuilt his premises, and continued the business. Those -who saw much of him were convinced that, as they termed it, "there was -a screw loose somewhere." He affected an unusual dress, and tried to -induce his wife to assume a habit that would have caused her to be -mobbed in the streets. He moreover became great as an orator, -denouncing the Church, the aristocracy, and all organized governments. -In a word, he was a Socialist of the day. - -[Illustration: JOHN THOMAS, OTHERWISE SIR WILLIAM COURTENAY, WHO SHOT -LIEUTENANT BENNET IN BASENDEN WOOD, BOUGHTON, NEAR CANTERBURY, AND THE -CONSTABLE MEARS, ON THURSDAY, MAY 31ST, 1838] - -Two years later he made a considerable sum of money by a successful -venture in malt at Liverpool. The result of the transaction may be -gathered from the following letter which he wrote to his wife, and -which was the last she ever received from him:-- - - - "LIVERPOOL, _May 3, 1832_. - - "MY DEAR WIFE, - - "I merely wish to inform you that I have just discharged the - vessel of the malt, which has given every satisfaction to the - purchasers. The measurement has exceeded my expectations by - twenty-four Winchesters. There are the malt sacks in the vessel, - and also half a bushel of the bottom scrapings; this you will get - screened immediately. I am well and in good spirits (thank God for - it). As I shall write to you again in a day or two, my letter will - be short. The letter you will receive by post shall contain all I - have to say, and as it will be subsequent to this I need not - prolong. I have paid the captain of the vessel all the freight. - - "With the kindest regards to all, - "I remain, yours affectionately, - "JOHN NICHOLS TOM." - -The letter was rational enough, but it was the last rational act he -committed, as this also was the last time that he signed his name as -above. - -For some time his imagination had been influenced by stories that -circulated relative to Lady Hester Stanhope, the "Queen of Lebanon," of -her wealth, her authority over Arabs and Druses, of her prophecies and -expectations of the near coming of the Messiah to institute the -millennium; and he felt convinced that he was predestined to be the -forerunner or herald to announce the coming advent of Christ. He had -read a translation of Lamartine's _Travels in the East_, in which it was -stated that, according to Eastern prophecy, the Messiah would ride into -Jerusalem on a mare foaled ready saddled, and that Lady Hester had such -a mare ready for the advent of the Prince of Peace. "Since destiny," -said Lady Hester to Lamartine, "has sent you hither--permit me to -confide to you what I have hitherto concealed from so many of the -profane. Come, and you shall see with your own eyes a prodigy of Nature, -the destination of which is known only to myself and my immediate -votaries. The prophets of the East have announced it centuries ago, and -yourself shall be judge if a part of those prophecies have not been -accomplished." Lamartine goes on to say: "She opened a gate of the -garden which led into a smaller inner court, where I perceived two -magnificent Arab mares of the finest blood, and of the most symmetrical -form. 'Approach,' said she to me, 'and examine that bay mare: see if -Nature hath not accomplished in her everything which is written about -the mare that is to carry the Messiah--_she was foaled_ ready saddled!' - -"I saw, in fact, in this beautiful animal a freak of nature. The mare -had, in the place of the shoulders, a cavity so broad and deep, and -imitating so well the form of a Turkish saddle, that it might be said -with truth that she was foaled ready saddled, and but for the want of -stirrups she might have been mounted without experiencing the want of -an artificial saddle." - -This account that John Tom had read of Lady Hester made the most -profound impression on his mind, and inflated as he was with -self-conceit and ambition, he conceived that he was called to take a -place beside, if not before, Lady Hester, as a herald of Christ. -Accordingly, having his pocket full of money from the sale of his -malt, he started for Havre, and thence for Constantinople and Syria. - -For what follows, till his reappearance in England in December of the -same year, 1832, our sole authority is "Canterburiensis," who wrote -Tom's life, but who does not tell us what were his authorities, and -who certainly so embroidered some of the facts he relates, that in -instances we feel uncertain whether they are facts or fables. - -According to this authority he arrived at Beirout, at what date we are -not informed, and he at once presented himself before the English -consul, under the assumed name of Sir William Courtenay, Knight, and -requested an escort to the Lebanon, where he desired to see Hester -Stanhope, and acquaint her with the fact that he was the forerunner of -the expected Messiah. The consul saw that the man was not wholly sane, -and he was in a dilemma what to do with him; finally he concluded that -it would not be unwise to send one mad head to the other, and see what -would be the result. Accordingly he gave Sir William, as we must now -call him, an escort and he departed for her Lebanon residence, at -Dgioun. - -"On arriving at the principal entrance, Sir William sent forward his -dragoman to announce to the slave, who was standing at the door, that -a person of consequence, on a mission of high import, requested an -interview with Lady Hester Stanhope. Sir William and the dragoman were -accordingly conducted into a narrow cell, deprived almost of all -light, and almost destitute of furniture; here they were ordered to -wait, until the pleasure of her ladyship should be known. After -waiting full three hours in the most suffocating heat, the slave -returned with a rather peremptory message, demanding, on the part of -her ladyship, to know who and what the stranger was who had solicited -an interview with her. Sir William wrote with his pencil, that he had -travelled from the County of Cornwall to announce to the expectant -faithful in the East the approaching advent of the Messiah, and that -as her ladyship had established herself in the Holy Land for the -direct purpose of awaiting that glorious event, which was so near at -hand, he considered that he was acting in conformity with the high -destiny that was awarded to him to communicate to her ladyship in -person the arrival of the Millennium, that she might co-operate with -him in spreading the glad tidings throughout the Holy Land, and -acknowledge him as the harbinger of the great event. - -"Fully satisfied that Lady Hester Stanhope would in a short time rush -into his arms and hail him as the accredited messenger of Heaven, Sir -William felt not the torrid heat, but stood in dignified complacency -with himself, proudly awaiting the result of his message. In a very -short time the slave returned, followed by several others, and it -would be a difficult task to describe the astonishment and indignation -of Sir William when he was informed that it was the decided opinion of -her ladyship that he was an impostor, for that not one of the -prophecies had been as yet fulfilled, which were to precede the -coming of the Messiah, nor in any one of those prophecies was the -slightest mention made of a messenger being appointed to announce His -coming, and that accordingly the sooner he returned to his native -country, the better it would be for him." - -In a word, Sir William was detected, without having been seen, as an -impostor, and was ejected from the house as such. - -We should greatly like to know how much of this is true. Not only are no -dates given, but the name of the consul at Beirout is also withheld. - -Nothing remained for Sir William Courtenay to do but to retire -discomfited to England, and try there whether he would have better luck. -He embarked in a ship of Beirout for Malta, and after a residence of -about three weeks in that island, sailed for England and arrived safely -in London. The first intimation that he was back, received in Cornwall, -was that he had assumed the name and title of Sir William Percy -Honeywood Courtenay, Knight of Malta, King of Jerusalem, and Prince of -Abyssinia, and that he had presented himself before the electors of -Canterbury to contest that borough, in December, 1832. - -He had taken up his residence at the Rose Hotel, Canterbury, where his -dignified manners, his rich dress, his professions that he was the -rightful owner of the estates of the Earl of Devon, and that he -intended to establish his claims to them, his assertion that he was -not only Knight of Malta but also _de jure_ King of Jerusalem, imposed -on so many of the burgesses of Canterbury that he polled 375 votes; -but was unsuccessful, as the opponent candidates, the Honourable R. -Watson and Lord Fordwick gained respectively 832 and 802. - -After his defeat Tom made a circuit through the towns and villages of -Kent, declaiming against the poor laws, the revenue laws, and such -other portions of the statutes of the realm as might be considered by -the poor to be adverse to their interests. By his speeches he obtained -great success, and a sort of periodical that he issued, entitled _The -Lion_, was greedily bought and distributed. But it ran through eight -numbers only. The full title was "The Lion. The British Lion will be -free. Heaven is his throne and earth is his footstool. He spake and it -was done, he commanded and it stood fast. Liberty, truth bears off the -victory, independence." - -He then started for Devonshire, accompanied by a gentleman who so -firmly believed in his pretensions that he defrayed his expenses to -the amount of a thousand pounds. This man, Mr. George Denne, and a -young surgeon named Robinson were completely duped by him. "My dearest -George," said the Knight of Malta to the former, "it may please Heaven -to take me in a short time from this sphere of my sublunary greatness, -to translate me to the beatitude of another world." - -"I hope not, Sir William," said George Denne. - -"But," continued Sir William, "I shall carry with me the pleasing -satisfaction of having provided in a truly princely manner for those -who, whilst I was on earth, had the sense and sagacity to see into the -nobility of my character, and to acknowledge me as Lord Viscount William -Courtenay, of Powderham Castle, Knight of Malta, King of Jerusalem, -Prince of Arabia, King of the Gypsies, and all the other honours and -titles which by descent or creation belong to me. To you, therefore, -George Denne, I bequeath the Hales' estate, with the proviso that you -erect a monument on the highest ground on that estate to the memory of -me, the great Lord of Devon, the regenerator of the world, and one of -the greatest benefactors whom the human race ever saw." - -In like manner he bequeathed to Mr. Robinson the whole of Powderham -Castle and all its valuable paintings, together with one-half of the -lands belonging to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral. - -It will hardly be credited to what an extent he was run after at -Canterbury. Professional men, such as physicians, surgeons, solicitors, -also gentlemen of independent property and tradesmen of the first -respectability, were his staunch supporters, and daily invited him to -their table, and introduced him to the bosom of their families. The -invitations which he received to dinners, teas, and suppers were so -numerous that he was known to attend several parties in a few hours. -Mothers with marriageable daughters hunted him in packs. - -But--it was asked--why did not Sir William take possession of his -extensive estates in Devon? It was to do this that he started, -attended by his faithful squire, Mr. George Denne. On reaching -Exmouth, Sir William despatched his squire to the authorities of the -place to announce his arrival, and that as Lord of Devon and King of -Jerusalem he would hold a levee at eight o'clock in the evening, at -which he would be ready to receive them and lay before them his right -and title to Powderham Castle and the estates belonging to it. - -But when the hour of the levee arrived only one man appeared, and that -was the steward of the Earl of Devon, who came very bluntly to inform -him that should he venture to set foot within the private grounds of -Powderham Castle he would be prosecuted for trespass. - -Next day Sir William repaired to the newspaper office at Exmouth, and -drew up an advertisement, purporting to be an announcement of the -arrival of the rightful Earl of Devon for the purpose of taking -possession of Powderham Castle, and a statement to the effect that he -was now recalled to the metropolis to appear before the House of Lords -to substantiate his claim. The editor laughed in his face, refused to -insert what was handed over to him, and tore it to shreds. - -Full of wrath, Sir William shook off the dust from his feet as a -testimony against Exmouth, and departed for London, where he remained -two or three days, and then returned to Canterbury. - -There he speedily involved himself in difficulties by his exertions in -favour of some smugglers. An action had taken place in July, 1833, -between the revenue cutter _Lively_ and the _Admiral Hood_, smuggler, -near Goodwin Sands, and in the course of the flight of the latter -vessel her crew were observed to throw overboard a great number of -tubs, which on being picked up proved to contain spirits. The _Admiral -Hood_ was captured, but no contraband goods were found on board; and -on the men being taken into custody, Tom presented himself as a -witness before the magistrates, and swore most positively that he had -seen the whole affair, and that no tubs had been thrown from the -_Admiral Hood_; he further stated that he had observed those which had -been picked up by the revenue officers floating about on the water -many hours before the _Admiral Hood_ came near the Goodwins. This was -so diametrically opposed to the truth that a prosecution for perjury -was resolved on, and he was indicted at the Maidstone Assizes on July -25th, 1833. It was then proved that Sir William, on the very day on -which the action had taken place, Sunday, the 17th February, had been -twenty-five miles distant at Boughton-under-Blean, near Canterbury, -and at the very hour of the action had been at church there. A verdict -of conviction followed, and Mr. Justice Park, the presiding judge, -passed a sentence of imprisonment for three months, to be followed by -seven years of transportation beyond the seas. - -This having reached the ears of his relations in Cornwall, -representations were made by them to the Home Secretary that he was -insane, and he was transferred to a lunatic asylum at Barming Heath, -where he remained for four years, but whence he still issued addresses -to his adherents in Canterbury and interfered in the election of -councillors. There he remained for five years, and then a determined -effort was made by his father and friends, and by Sir Hussey Brian, to -obtain his liberation, and Lord John Russell ordered his liberation. -This was an electioneering manoeuvre, and Lord John had some -difficulty in justifying his conduct in the House when later taken to -task for having set this madman free. - -On quitting the asylum, Tom hoped to take up his residence with a Mr. -G. Francis, with whom he had been on terms of intimacy before. But Mr. -Francis was by this time disillusioned, and when the Knight of Malta -presented himself before him armed with a new pair of pistols, he -remonstrated with him, and ordered him to quit the house; when he went -to a cottage hard by occupied by one Wills, who was completely the -dupe of Tom, and a passionate agitator. Then he went to Bossenden Farm -occupied by a person named Culver. He gave out that he was the true -proprietor of many of the finest estates in Kent, but that he would -not enter into possession for two years. In addition to his living -upon and amongst the farmers, he induced many of them to give him -large sums of money, promising that for every shilling lent he would -return a pound; and that, when he was in full possession of his -estates, all his followers should have land free from rent according -to their deserts. These promises made many dupes, and enabled him to -indulge in luxuries which excited the astonishment of those not -acquainted with his resources, and made many believe that he was what -he pretended to be--really a nobleman of large property. To keep up -this notion he made presents to various individuals; thus, to a fellow -who had been prosecuted by the Revenue, Courtenay gave two horses -worth L40. He was fond of displaying himself in fantastic dresses; he -allowed his hair and beard, that was coal-black, to grow long; and he -taught his followers to roar his battle song, of which only a few -verses can be given here:-- - - Hark! old England's pris'ners' groan-- - 'Tis a deep and mournful tone-- - From oppression to be free, - And enjoy true liberty. - - _Chorus._ - - Britons must be--will be free; - Truth bears off the victory! - - Lo! deliverance is at hand; - Courtenay's made a noble stand; - He the tyrants has arous'd-- - He has freedom's cause espous'd, - - Britons must be, etc. - - Courtenay's cause is good, is just, - Safely we in him may trust: - Truth and virtue's on his side, - We will still in him confide. - - Britons must be, etc. - - Men and devils still may rage, - Their united powers engage-- - Infidelity shall fall, - Christ shall then be all in all. - - Britons must be, etc. - - Slav'ry's chains shall then be broke, - We shall soon cast off the yoke, - Independence is our right, - Victory soon shall crown the fight. - - Britons must be, etc. - - Corp'rate bodies then shall cease, - They're destruction to our peace; - Party spirit shall no more - Tyrannize with lawless pow'r. - - Britons must be, etc. - - Then, when victory's palm is won, - Glorious as the summer sun, - Shall Lord Courtenay's cause arise, - Showing forth in cloudless skies. - - Britons must be, etc. - -Harrison Ainsworth, who has introduced Courtenay into his novel -_Rookwood_, thus accurately describes him: "A magnificent coal-black -beard decorated the chin of this worthy; but this was not all--his -costume was in perfect keeping with his beard, and consisted of a very -theatrical-looking suit, upon the breast of which was embroidered in -gold wire the Maltese cross; while on his shoulders were thrown the -ample folds of a cloak of Tyrian hue. To his side was girt a long and -doughty sword, which he termed, in his knightly phrase, Excalibur; and -upon his profuse hair rested a hat as broad in the brim as a Spanish -sombrero. Exaggerated as this description may appear, we can assure -our readers that it is not overdrawn." - -He now resumed his rambles round Kent, and visited the cottages wherever -he went, giving himself out to be Jesus Christ come back on earth to -sift the wheat from the chaff before setting up his millennial kingdom. -He showed his hands and feet and side marked with red--but there must -have been conscious fraud on his part, for after his death no such scars -could be found. Many of the poor and ignorant believed in him and -followed him. His head-quarters were for a while the house of one of his -most devoted followers named Wills, but he presently left that and -removed to a farmhouse at Boughton, where lived a farmer called Culver, -who was also a believer. He infatuated the women even more than the men, -for he was tall, dark, and handsome, and they took up his cause -passionately, and urged their husbands and fathers to follow him, -"because he was the very Christ, and unless they adhered to him fire -would come down from Heaven and consume them." - -Instances occurred, and that by no means infrequently, in which he -presented himself to be worshipped as God by the ignorant peasantry. - -At length this excitement was destined to be brought to a conclusion. - -On Monday, May 28th, 1838, Tom, with about fifteen followers, sallied -forth from the village of Boughton without having any very distinct -object in view, and proceeded to the cottage of Wills. Here they -formed in column; and a loaf having been procured it was placed at the -top of a pole, which bore a flag of blue and white, upon which a lion -rampant was drawn. Wills having joined them, they marched to -Goodrestone, near Faversham; and on the way Tom harangued the country -people, who came out into the roads. From thence they went to a farm -at Herne Hill, where they received food, and then on to Dargate -Common. Here, by Tom's orders, all prayed. After this they proceeded -to Bossenden Farm, where they rested for the night in a barn. - -At three o'clock on Tuesday morning they went to Sittingbourne, and -there Tom provided them with breakfast, for which he paid twenty-seven -shillings. Thence they marched to Newnham, where, at the George Inn, -they received a similar treat. What they went marching for not one of -these deluded men seemed to know, unless it were to gather recruits; and -in this he was successful. Wherever he went--at Eastling, Throwley, -Sildswick, Lees, and Selling--he delivered speeches, made promises, and -obtained adherents. Then the whole party returned to Bossenden Farm. -Here there was an extensive wood, in which the true Canterbury bell is -found. The district is called the Blean, and here a condition of affairs -existed that greatly helped on the cause of Tom. In the eighteenth -century much of the Blean was taken possession of by a number of -squatters, who settled on the ground, then extra-parochial, as a "free -port," from which none could dislodge them, and there they remained -paying rent to none. Now the poor deluded peasants of the neighbourhood -conceived the idea that Tom, or Courtenay, as he had called himself, was -the promised Messiah who was come to give to them all lands to be their -own, on which each man might sit under his own vine, and that the rich -and large-landed proprietors would be cast out and consumed by the -breath of his mouth. - -During the tramp of these enthusiasts about the country, a farmer -named Curling lost some of his labourers, who were enticed away from -their work to follow with the rest. Curling at once mounted his horse -and went to a magistrate, and procured from him a warrant for the -apprehension of Courtenay _alias_ Tom. Nicholas Meares, a constable, -and his brother were entrusted to execute the warrant; and on Thursday -morning, 31st May, about six o'clock, they hastened to Culver's farm -to secure the men. Upon their presenting themselves, Courtenay stood -forward, and before Meares could read the warrant shot him dead. He -then went into the house, exclaiming to those who were there, "Now am -I not your Saviour?" and then issuing from the house again, he -discharged a second pistol into the body of Meares, and proceeded to -mutilate it barbarously with his sword. - -The news of this murder was conveyed to the magistrates, and they -proceeded to take steps for the apprehension of Courtenay. But the -latter at once called out his men, and they marched into Bossenden -Wood, and there profanely he imitated the Last Supper and administered -to his dupes in bread and water. This over, a man named Alexander Foad -knelt down in the presence of the rest and worshipped him as his -Saviour, and demanded whether he were required to follow him in body, -or whether he might be allowed to return to his home and follow him in -spirit. Courtenay replied, "In the body"; whereupon Foad sprang to his -feet, exclaiming, "Oh! be joyful, be joyful! the Saviour has accepted -me. Now go on; I will follow till I drop." - -Another man, named Blanchard, also worshipped him, and Courtenay then -said, in reference to the murder of Meares, "I was executing the -justice of Heaven in consequence of the power that God has given me." - -At twelve o'clock Tom and his followers shifted their position to an -osier-bed, and there he harangued them, informing them that he and all -such as believed in him would be invulnerable. He defied the magistrates -and all the power of the world: his was the Kingdom of Heaven; and -then he advised his followers to take up a position in ambush in the -wood. At this time Tom noticed that a Mr. Handley, of Herne Hill, was -observing their actions, and Courtenay _alias_ Tom fired at him; but he -was beyond the range, and he happily missed his aim. - -[Illustration: PERCY HONEYWOOD COURTENAY, KNIGHT OF MALTA, ETC., ETC., -AS HE APPEARED AT THE ELECTION IN 1832] - -In the meantime the magistrates had taken steps to put an end to this -fiasco. They had despatched a messenger to Canterbury to summon the -military, and a detachment of a hundred men of the 45th Foot, under -the command of Major Armstrong, was placed at their disposal, and -marched to Boughton. As the party of Courtenay was in the wood, the -magistrates and the soldiery and the constables marched thither. The -wood is of very considerable extent, but was intersected by the main -road from London and Chatham to Canterbury, which was cut across by -another road, a parish road, at right angles. It was found that the -insurgent party was so placed that their front and rear were covered -by the roads right and left. The military were in consequence divided; -and whilst one party of fifty took the road leading to Canterbury, -under the command of Captain Reed, the other was conducted by Major -Armstrong, assisted by Lieutenants Bennett and Prendergast, along the -road that led to Boulton-under-Blean. Thus the insurgents were placed -between two bodies of troops, and their only chance of escape was to -retreat in a straight line through the wood. But Tom _alias_ Courtenay -had no intention of retiring, and he boldly faced Major Armstrong with -the men behind him drawn up, armed with picks and reaping-hooks. He -was summoned to surrender, but turned and bade his followers be of -good cheer and prepare for conflict. These numbered from thirty to -forty men. Courtenay gave the order to charge, and advanced on the -soldiers, when Lieutenant Bennett drew his sword and, heading the -military, ran forward, and was shot by Courtenay; the ball, entering -his right side, passed completely through the body of the young -officer, who reeled and fell dead on the spot. At this moment a -constable named Millwood sprang forward and felled Tom, but as the -madman rose to his feet again, he was struck by a ball from the -military, for they had received orders to fire from Major Armstrong, -who was on horseback. By the discharge eight men were killed on the -spot and several were wounded; but the wretched peasantry fought -desperately, till at last dispersed by the charge of the soldiers -under Armstrong, and those under Captain Reed taking them in flank, -when they scattered and fled through the wood. - -In the course of the afternoon twenty-seven prisoners were taken, of -whom seven were suffering from wounds, two of whom died shortly after. - -Of the party employed in maintaining the law, George Catt, a -constable, was shot under a mistaken apprehension that he was one of -the rioters; and Lieutenant Prendergast received a contused wound on -the head from the bludgeon of an insurgent. - -During the remainder of the week the coroner was engaged in conducting -the necessary inquiries into the cause of death of the deceased -persons. Verdicts of "Wilful murder" were returned in the cases of the -constable Meares, and of Lieutenant Bennett, against Courtenay and his -adherents; whilst in the case of Catt, the jury found "That he had -been killed upon an erroneous belief that he was a rioter." - -In the cases of death among the insurgents, the jury found a verdict -of "Justifiable homicide." - -The coroner conducted the investigations at the Red Lion Inn, -Boughton, where the yard was full of the wives, widows, and children -of these deluded men; whilst the wounded lay on stretchers, as also -the bodies of the slain, in a stable; the prisoners were in a lockup, -whence they were brought handcuffed to the tavern to be examined. -During the sitting of the jury, two of the wounded men died, and upon -their decease being communicated to those outside, they gave vent to -their feelings in loud wails. The body of Lieutenant Bennett lay in an -upper chamber of the inn. He was but about twenty-five years of age, -and had just obtained leave of absence when the news of the outbreak -reached the barracks, whereupon he applied and obtained permission to -join the party. At the conclusion of the proceedings before the -coroner and the magistrates nineteen prisoners were committed for -trial. Ten of the rioters had been killed. Out of the prisoners, -Meares, a cousin of the murdered constable, Foad, and Couchworth were -wounded. Foad was a respectable farmer, cultivating about sixty acres. -A woman, Sarah Culver, was kinswoman of the farmer who had first sent -to the magistrates. She was possessed of considerable property, and -was forty years of age. She had been a devoted follower of Courtenay; -but it may be presumed that she, like him, was insane. - -On Tuesday, 5th June, the greater number of those who had been killed -in the riot were interred in the churchyard of Herne Hill. Amongst -these was Tom. Great crowds attended, amongst them his adherents, who -were in expectation that he would rise again and confound his enemies. -Some apprehensions were entertained lest the mob should use violence -to prevent the burial of their late fanatical leader, but the whole -affair passed off quietly. - -At the Maidstone Assizes on Thursday, the 9th August, 1838, the trial -of the prisoners commenced before Lord Denman. - -Ten of the prisoners were found guilty of murder and were condemned to -death, but were informed that the sentence would be commuted, and -their lives be spared. The prosecutions in the cases of the other -prisoners were not proceeded with, and they were discharged. - -From the admissions of the prisoners, it was ascertained that -Courtenay had promised his followers on the following Sunday to lead -them to Canterbury, to set fire to the city and to have "a glorious -but a bloody day." - -Tom had assured his adherents that death had no power over him; that -even though he might seem to die he would rise again in a month, if a -little water were applied to his lips. Accordingly, for a considerable -time after he was buried, the ignorant people waited in lively -expectation that he would reappear. - -Of the prisoners, Meares and Wills were ordered to be transported for -life; Price for ten years. The other seven were to undergo one year's -imprisonment with hard labour. A pension of L40 per annum was granted -to the widow of Meares the constable. - -Good comes out of evil, and one result of this lamentable affair was -that attention was drawn to the abysmal ignorance of the peasantry of -the Blean, and that schools were at once erected at Dunkirk, to -introduce a better knowledge and sense into the heads of the rising -generation. - -A full account of the whole affair was published at Faversham directly -after the event, of which this is the title: "An account of the -desperate affray which took place in Blean Wood, near Boughton, -Thursday, 31st May, 1838, between a party of agricultural labourers, -headed by the self-styled Sir William Courtenay, and a detachment of the -45th Regiment of Foot, commanded by Major Elliott Armstrong, acting -under the orders of the County Magistrates, together with the whole of -the evidence taken before T. T. Delasaux, Esq., coroner, the Rev. Dr. -Bow, N. J. Knatchbull, Esq., and W. C. Fairman, Esq., drawn from -authentic documents. With an account of the funerals of the parties." - -There is another work, a copy of which is now in the British Museum, -and is illustrated with a portrait of Tom, a plate representing the -murder of Meares, soldiers entering Bossenden Wood; the scene of -action, the "Red Lion," where the bodies lay; the interior of the -stable with six of the bodies; Sir William Courtenay as he appeared -after the post-mortem examination, and portraits of Tyler and Price, -two of the rioters. The title of the work is: "The Life and -Extraordinary Adventures of Sir William Courtenay, Knight of Malta, -_alias_ John Nichols Tom, formerly spirit merchant and maltster of -Truro in Cornwall, being a correct detail of all the incidents of his -extraordinary life, from his infancy to the dreadful battle of -Bossenden Wood ... with facsimiles of that eccentric character, -concluding with an accurate account of the trial of the rioters at the -Maidstone Assizes. By Canterburiensis. Canterbury: published by James -Hunt, and sold in London by T. Kelly, Paternoster Row, 1838." - -_Passages from the Autobiography of a Man of Kent_, edited by R. -Fitzroy Stanley (i.e. Robert Coutars) 1866, may be consulted; also -_The Times_ for June, 1838. - - - - - THE BOHELLAND TRAGEDY - - -In the parish of Gluvias by Penryn is Bohelland. Fifty years ago there -was a ruin here of a roofless house, with the gables standing. Now all -that remains is a fragment of wall. Tradition regarding the field in -which the house stood is, that it invariably brings ill luck to him -who owns or rents it. The way from Penryn to Enys, a lane, leads by -it, and the fragment of wall abuts on the lane. Bohelland is not -marked on the one-inch, but is on the six-inch ordnance map. Anciently -it was called the Behethlan, and Gluvias Church was called Capella de -Behethlan under S. Budock. - -In the possession of J. D. Enys, Esq., of Enys, is a MS. pedigree of the -family to whom Bohelland belonged. It runs as follows: "John Behethlan -was seized of lands _in agro Behethlan_, and had issue two daughters, -Margery and Joan, and the said Margery took to husband Roger -Polwheyrell, and had issue Nicholas Polwheyrell; the said Nicholas -Polwheyrell had issue James Polwheyrell; the said James Polwheyrell had -issue Richard, Margery, Joan and Isabel, and the said Richard married -Maud Polgiau, and they had issue Nichola, and the said Nichola took to -husband John Penweyre, and had issue Thomas Penweyre, who died without -heirs. The said Margery took to husband Symon Martharwyler, and had -issue Elsota and Meliora. The said Elsota took to husband Nicholas -Mantle, now living, and had issue Isabel, who took to husband John -Restaden, now living. The said Meliora took to husband Michael John, -vicar,[36] and had issue Joan, Elizabeth, and Margaret. - -"The said Joan took to husband Hugh Sandre, now living. The said -Elizabeth took to husband Laurence Michell, now living; the said -Margaret took to husband James Curallak, now living. The said Joan, -second daughter of the said James Polwheyrell, took to husband John -Trelecoeth, and had issue Marina and Joan. The said Isabel, third -daughter of the said James, took to husband William son of John -Tryarne, and died without issue." - -Unfortunately this pedigree does not contain a single date, but we -should obtain one approximately by the marriage of Meliora, daughter -of Simon Martharwyla, with Michael John, vicar, if we could trace him. -With her descended the inheritance of Behethlan to her daughter Joan -who married Hugh Sandry. - -The story of the Bohelland or Behethlan tragedy is contained in a -pamphlet of eight leaves, black letter, and accompanied by rude -woodcuts, entitled _News from Penrin, in Cornwall, 1618_. A unique -copy is in the Bodleian Library. - -Sanderson, in his _Annals of King James_, 1656, gives the same story. -Sir William Sanderson says that "the imprinted relation conceals the -names, in favour of some neighbours of repute and kin to the family," -and that "the same sense made him thereon silent also." - -Now, according to the story, there were four deaths, one a murder, and -two by suicide, and one might expect to obtain these names from the -parish register. But this register, which goes back into the middle -of the sixteenth century, has the page or pages removed for the -burials of 1618; that is to say, from the first days of 1618 to the -middle of 1621. This looks much as if the family sought to destroy -every trace of the crime. - -Hals, in his MS. _History of Cornwall_, under the head of Gluvias, does -not mention Bohelland. There is no help to be obtained from the title -deeds of the estate. Our sole clue is the descent in the pedigree. -Meliora, who married Michael John, vicar, cannot have done this before -the reign of Edward VI, and it is not probable that the marriage took -place till that of Elizabeth. They were not married at Gluvias, and -Michael John was not the vicar then. Now the pedigree carries down the -descent, with possession of Bohelland to John Restadon and his wife -Isabel. The name Restadon does not occur in the Visitations of Cornwall. -The only other possible owner would be Hugh Sandry and his wife Joan, -daughter of the vicar, Michael John. But whether it were either the -Sandrys or the Restadons, or some one else, cannot be determined till -further light enters on this extremely dark occurrence. - -The owner of Bohelland was a man of some consideration and substance, -"unhappy only in a younger son, who taking liberty from his father's -bounty, with a crew of like condition, that wearied on land, they went -roving to sea, and in a small vessel southward, took booty from all they -could master, and so increasing force and wealth, ventured in a Turk's -man in the Streights; but by mischance their own powder fired -themselves, and our gallant, trusting to his skilful swimming, got on -shore upon Rhodes with the best of his jewels about him; when, offering -some to sale to a Jew, who knew them to be the Governor's of Algier, he -was apprehended, and as a pirate sentenced to the gallies among other -Christians, when miserable slavery made them all studious of freedom, -and with wit and valour, took opportunity and means to murther some -officers, got on board of an English ship, and came safe to London, -where his misery and some skill made him servant to a surgeon and sudden -preferment to the East Indies. There by this means he got money, with -which, returning back, he designed himself for his native county, -Cornwall. And in a small ship from London, sailing to the west, was cast -away upon that coast. But his excellent skill in swimming and former -fate to boot, brought him safe to shore, where, since his fifteen years' -absence, his father's former fortunes much decayed, now retired him not -far off to a country habitation, in debt and danger. - -"His sister he finds married to a mercer, a meaner match than her -birth promised. To her at first he appears a poor stranger, but in -private reveals himself, and withall what jewels and gold he had -concealed in a bow-case about him, and concluded that the next day he -intended to appear to his parents, and to keep his disguise till she -and her husband should meet, and make their common joy complete. - -"Being come to his parents, his humble behaviour, suitable to his suit -of clothes, melted the old couple to so much compassion as to give him -covering from the cold season under their outward roof, and by degrees -his travelling tales, told with passion to the aged people, made him -their guest so long by the kitchen fire, that the husband took his -leave and went to bed, and soon after, his true stories working -compassion in the weaker vessel, she wept, and so did he; but, -compassionate of her tears, he comforted her with a piece of gold, -which gave assurance that he deserved a lodging, to which she brought -him; and, being in bed, showed her his girdled wealth, which he said -was sufficient to relieve her husband's wants, and to spare for -himself, and being very weary, fell fast asleep. - -"The wife, tempted with the golden bait of what she had, and eager of -enjoying all, awakened her husband with this news, and her contrivance -what to do; and though with horrid apprehensions he oft refused, yet -her puling fondness (Eve's enchantments) moved him to consent, and -rise to be master of all, and both of them to murder the man, which -instantly they did, covering the corpse under the clothes till -opportunity to convey it out of the way. - -"The early morning hastens the sister to her father's house, when she, -with signs of joy, enquires for a sailor that should lodge there the -last night. The parents slightly denied to have seen such, until she -told them that he was her brother, her lost brother. By that assured -scar upon his arm, cut with a sword in his youth, she knew him, and -were all resolved this morning to meet there and be merry. - -"The father hastily runs up, finds the mark, and with horrid regret of -this monstrous murder of his own son, with the same knife cuts his own -throat. - -"The wife went up to consult with him, when in a most strange manner -beholding them both in blood, and aghast, with the instrument at hand, -readily rips herself up, and perishes on the same spot. - -"The daughter, doubting the delay of their absence, searches for them -all, whom she found out too soon, and with the sad sight of this -scene, and being overcome with horror and amaze of this deluge of -destruction, she sank down and died; the fatal end of that family." - -There are several points in this narrative that awaken mistrust. How -is the story of the son's life known? He tells it to his sister, but -she dies. Then we have an account of what went on in the house between -the parents and the son, and the wife urging her husband to commit the -murder. As both killed themselves on discovering what they had done, -all this part must be painted in by guesswork. - -That there is a substratum of fact cannot be doubted. The mysterious -mutilation of the parish register for the year of the murder indicates -a desire that the names might not be known. - -Lillo turned the story into a tragedy, _The Fatal Curiosity_, 1736. -According to him the name of the family was Wilmot. He took a slight -liberty with the story, in that he made the returned sailor present -himself to the girl he had loved fifteen years before, and not to his -sister. But he laid the scene at Penryn. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[36] No such a vicar was in Gluvias or is known to have been in -Cornwall in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. - - - - - MARY KELYNACK - - -The Kelynack family has been one of fishermen and seamen at Newlyn and -its neighbourhood for many generations. - -Philip Kelynack was the first to fly to the rescue of John Wesley when -pursued by a mob while preaching on the Green between Newlyn and -Penzance 12th July, 1747. He was a remarkably powerful man, and was -known by the name of Old Bunger. His son Charles was the first to engage -the Mount's Bay boatmen to take part in the Irish Sea fishing in 1720. - -Mary, the subject of this notice, was the daughter of Nicholas Tresize -and the wife of William Kelynack. She was born at Tolcarne, in Madron, -1766. - -In 1851 was the Great Exhibition in London, and the tidings of opening -of a Crystal Palace and the wonders that it contained reached to the -extremity of Cornwall. Said Mary Kelynack, "I'll go and see'n too, I -reckon!" and away she trudged. - -The _Illustrated London News_ for October 26th, 1851, gives the -following account of her:-- - -"On Tuesday, September 24th, among the visitors of the Mansion House -was Mary Callinack, eighty-four years of age, who had travelled on -foot from Penzance, carrying a basket on her head, with the object of -visiting the Exhibition and of paying her respects personally to the -Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress. As soon as the ordinary business was -finished the aged woman entered the justice-room, when the Lord Mayor, -addressing her, said, 'Well, I understand, Mrs. Callinack, you have -come to see me?' - -[Illustration: MARY KELYNACK] - -"She replied, 'Yes, God bless you. I never was in such a place before -as this. I have come up asking for a small sum of money, I am, sir.' - -"The Lord Mayor: 'Where do you come from?' - -"Mrs. C.: 'From the Land's End.' - -"The Lord Mayor: 'From what part?' - -"Mrs. C.: 'Penzance.' - -"She then stated that she left Penzance five weeks ago, and had been -the whole of that time walking to the metropolis. - -"The Lord Mayor: 'What induced you to come to London?' - -"Mrs. C.: 'I had a little matter to attend to as well as to see the -Exhibition. I was there yesterday, and mean to go again to-morrow.' - -"The Lord Mayor: 'What do you think of it?' - -"Mrs. C.: 'I think it very good.'" - -She then said that all her money was spent but 5-1/2d. After a little -further conversation, which caused considerable merriment, the Lord -Mayor made her a present of a sovereign, telling her to take care of -it, there being a good many thieves in London. The poor creature, on -receiving the gift, burst into tears and said, "Now I will be able to -get back." - -She was afterwards received by the Lady Mayoress, with whom she remained -some time, and having partaken of tea in the housekeeper's room, which -she said she preferred to the choicest wine in the kingdom (which latter -beverage she had not tasted for sixty years), she returned thanks for -the hospitality she had received and left the Mansion House. - -Her next visit was to the Exhibition. - -She was also presented to the Queen and to Prince Albert, and there -is mention of this presentation in Sir Theodore Martin's _Life of the -Prince Consort_ (1876), II, p. 405. - -In the notice in the _Illustrated London News_ it is said: "Our -portrait of the Cornish fish-wife has been sketched from life at her -abode, Homer Place, Crawford Street, Mary-le-bone. She was born in the -parish of Paul, by Penzance, on Christmas Day, 1766, so that she has -nearly completed her eighty-fifth year. To visit the present -Exhibition, she walked the entire distance from Penzance, nearly three -hundred miles; she having 'registered a vow' before she left home, -that she would not accept assistance in any shape, except as regarded -her finances. She possesses her faculties unimpaired; is very -cheerful, has a considerable amount of humour in her composition; and -is withal a woman of strong common sense, and frequently makes remarks -that are very shrewd, when her great age and defective education are -taken into account. She is fully aware that she has made herself -somewhat famous; and among other things which she contemplates, is her -return to Cornwall, to end her days in 'Paul parish,' where she wishes -to be interred by the side of old Dolly Pentreath, who was also a -native of Paul, and died at the age of 102 years." - -Mary Kelynack died in Dock Lane, Penzance, 5th December, 1855, and was -buried in S. Mary's churchyard. - -Messrs. Routledge published the story of her walk to London and back -in one of _Aunt Mavor's Storybooks_, with illustrations. - - - - - CAPTAIN WILLIAM ROGERS - - -Captain William Rogers, son of Captain Rogers, who died in November, -1790, was born at Falmouth, 29th September, 1783. He married Susan, -daughter of Captain John Harris, of S. Mawes. In 1807, Rogers was -master, in temporary command of the _Windsor Castle_, a packet-boat -from Falmouth to Barbados. She mounted six long 4-pounders and two -9-pounder carronades, with a complement of twenty-eight men and boys. - -On October 1st, 1807, as the packet was on her passage to Barbados with -the mails, a privateer schooner was seen approaching under all sail. - -As it seemed quite impossible to escape, Captain Rogers resolved on -making a stout resistance, though the odds against him were great. In -fact, the privateer mounted six long 6-pounders and one long -18-pounder, with a complement of ninety-two men. - -At noon the schooner got within gunshot, hoisted French colours, and -opened fire, which was immediately returned from the chase-guns of the -_Windsor Castle_. This was continued till the privateer, whose name was -_Le Jeune Richard_, came near, when she hailed the packet in very -opprobrious terms, and desired her to strike her colours. On meeting -with a prompt refusal, the schooner ran alongside, grappled the packet, -and attempted to board. But the crew of the _Windsor Castle_ made so -stout a resistance with their pikes that the French were obliged to -abandon the attempt with the loss of ten killed and wounded. The -privateer, finding she had a hard nut to crack, lost heart, and sought -to cut away the grapplings and get clear; but the packet's mainyard, -being locked in the schooner's rigging, held her fast. - -Captain Rogers evinced great judgment and zeal in ordering some of his -men to shift the sails as circumstances required, or to cut them away -in the event of the privateer succeeding in the conflict. - -At about 3 p.m. one of the packet's guns, a 1-pounder carronade, -loaded with double grape, canister and a hundred musket balls, was -brought to bear on the deck of the privateer, and was discharged at -the moment when a fresh boarding party was collected for a second -attempt. The result was a frightful slaughter, and as the French -reeled under this discharge, Captain Rogers, followed by the men of -his little crew, leaped upon the deck of the schooner, and -notwithstanding the apparently overwhelming odds against him, -succeeded in driving the privateer's men from their quarters, and -ultimately in capturing the vessel. - -Of the crew of the _Windsor Castle_ three had been killed and two -severely wounded; but of that of _Le Jeune Richard_ there were -twenty-one dead upon the deck, and thirty-three were wounded. - -From the very superior number of the privateer's crew still -remaining--thirty-eight men--whereas Captain Rogers had only fifteen -available, great precautions had to be taken in securing the prisoners. -They were accordingly ordered up from below, one by one, and each put in -irons. Any attempt at a rescue being thus effectually guarded against, -the packet proceeded, with her prize, to the port of her destination, -which fortunately for the former was not far distant. - -[Illustration: CAPTAIN W. ROGERS] - -This achievement reflected the highest honour upon every officer, man, -and boy that was on board the _Windsor Castle_, but especially on -Captain Rogers. Had he stayed to calculate the chances that were -against him, the probability is that the privateer would have -ultimately succeeded in capturing the packet, whose light carronades -could have offered very little resistance at the usual distance at -which vessels engage; and where any small crew, without such a _coup -de main_--indeed, without such a leader--could never have brought the -combat to a favourable issue. - -For his intrepid conduct Rogers received the thanks of H.M. -Postmaster-General; promotion to the rank of captain, with command of -another packet, 100 guineas besides his share of the prize (although -no prize allowance was usual); the freedom of the City of London; and -an illuminated address, with a sword of honour, from the inhabitants -of Tortola. - -In London, a gentleman named Dixon, unacquainted with Rogers, sought -and obtained his friendship, and then commissioned Samuel Drummond to -make a picture of the action, in which the hero's full-length portrait -should appear. Whilst the painting was in progress, one day Rogers ran -up against a man in the street so closely resembling the officer he -had shot, that he held him by the button and begged as a favour that -he would allow a distinguished artist to paint his portrait. The -gentleman was not a little surprised, but when Rogers informed him who -he was and why he desired to have him painted, he readily consented. -He was conducted to the studio, and there stood as portrait-model for -the French swordsman by whom Rogers had been so nearly cut down. When -completed, the painting was retained by Mr. Dixon, but it was engraved -in mezzotint by Ward. - -The painting in course of time passed to the first owner's grandson, -Mr. James Dixon, whose daughter at his decease in 1896 became -possessed of it, and presented it to the nation, and it is now in the -Painted Hall at Greenwich Hospital. - -Captain Rogers died at Holyhead January 11, 1825. His and his wife's -portraits were preserved by her relatives, and eventually given to the -only surviving daughter or her descendants. - -In Johns and Nicolas's _Calendar of Victory_, 1855, is an account of -this sea-fight; also in the _European Magazine_ of 1808, with a -portrait of the gallant captain. Also in James's _Naval History of -Great Britain_ (1820), Vol. IV. - -Rogers's own account, condensed, is to be found in a paper by Rev. W. -Jago, "The Heroes of the Old Falmouth Packet Service," in the _Journal -of the Royal Institution of Cornwall_, XIII, 1895-8. - - - - - JOHN BURTON, OF FALMOUTH - - -Joseph Burton, of Stockport, Lancashire, came, for what reason is -unknown, to Cornwall in 1830, and set up a china and glass shop at -Bodmin; and married at Launceston a Miss Clemo. - -Old Joseph was a sturdy Radical and Nonconformist. He was a vigorous -and loud supporter of the Ballot Society, the Liberation Society, and -the United Kingdom Alliance. He was also a vehement and "intemperate" -teetotaler. He died at Bodmin 19th July, 1876. John was one of a whole -string of children, and as the "cloam" shop did not bring in a large -profit, and John was one among many, he had to go into life very -inefficiently equipped with education. But he had inherited from his -father a masterful spirit, and had his own independent views, and it -was soon a case between them of flint and steel, and sparks flew out. - -John and his brother Joe were sent round the country hawking pots and -glass. - -"I well remember the 24th December, 1853," said John Burton. "Myself and -brother Joe (who afterwards became a well-known auctioneer) rose at five -o'clock in the morning, fed the horse, and made a start at 5.45 a.m. -with a wagon-load of goods. The morning was dark, and when we came to -Callywith turnpike gate it was closed. We knocked Henry Mark, the -toll-keeper, up to let us through. He looked out of the window and at -first refused to let us pass until daylight. We firmly told him that we -would certainly unhang the gate and pass through without paying the -toll. This fetched the old man down, with his long coat, knitted -night-cap, with horn lantern in his hand. He opened the gate and told -us, 'You Burtons ought to be poisoned for breaking a man's rest.' A lot -we cared for his curses. Fairly on the road, we were as happy as -sandboys. Having delivered the goods, and fairly on the way home, we -stopped at the Jamaica Inn, where the old mail-coaches used to change -their horses, to feed our horse, not forgetting ourselves. After giving -old Dapper his feed of oats, we went into the inn kitchen, where we -ordered a hot meal. The landlady asked, 'What would you like?' She -suggested a hot squab pie, which she took out of a huge kitchen range -well loaded with burning turf, the odour of which increased our appetite -considerably. We polished off the pie and pocketed the crust to eat on -the moors when homeward bound." - -The Jamaica Inn is in the midst of the Bodmin Moors. In the time of the -mail-coaches from London by Exeter to Falmouth it was a house of great -repute. But when the trains ran, and coaches were given up, it fell from -its high estate, was converted into a temperance house, was far from -clean, harboured innumerable fleas, and did little business. Of late it -has entirely recovered its credit. It stands nine hundred feet above the -sea. There are now there at Bolventor a church and a school. A bleak, -wind-swept moor all about it. Dozmare Pool, haunted by Tregeagle, is -near by--and in June the meadows around are a sheet of gold from the -buttercups. But to return to John Burton's reminiscences. - -"When the landlady came in and saw that we had finished the pie, she -looked with amazement towards us. - -"'Why, drat you boys, whativer have 'ee done with the pie?' - -[Illustration: JOHN BURTON OF FALMOUTH] - -"'Why, ate'n, missus. Do'y think us called the horse in to help us, or -what?' - -"'No,' she smartly replied, 'I should 'a thawt you had the Bodmunt -Murlicha (Militia) here to help 'ee out. I never seed such gluttons in -my life.' - -"When we asked what we had got to pay, she said, 'Sixpunce for the -crist, threepunce for the suitt, ninepunce for the gibblets, and -eightpunce for apples, onions, spice, currants and sugar, and -fourpunce for baking 'un; two dishes of tay, tuppunce; that'll be two -and eightpunce altogether, boys.' - -"'All right, missus, here's the posh.' - -"She asked us out of bravado if we could eat any more. We said, 'Yes, -we could do with some Christmas cake.' - -"She politely told us that she shouldn't cut the Christmas cake until -the next day. 'But you can have some zeedy biscays, if you like.' - -"'All right.' And in she brought them, which we also polished off. -Afterwards she demanded fourpence for them. - -"'All right, missus, the fourpunce charged for baking the pie will pay -for the biscuits, so us'll cry quits,' which joke the old woman -swallowed with a good laugh." - -John Burton proceeds to describe the Christmas merry-making at the inn -that night. Jamaica Inn had not then become a temperance hotel. The -moormen and farmers came in, the great fire glowed like a furnace. The -wind sobbed without, and piped in at the casement--"the souls on the -wind," as it was said, the spirits of unbaptized babes wailing at the -windowpane, seeing the fire within, and condemned to wander on the -cold blast without. - -To the red fire, and to the plentiful libations, songs were sung, -among others that very favourite ballad of the "Highwayman"-- - - I went to London both blythe and gay, - My time I squandered in dice and play, - Until my funds they fell full low, - And on the highway I was forced to go. - -Then after an account of how he robbed Lord Mansfield and Lady -Golding, of Portman Square-- - - I shut the door, bade all good night, - And rambled to my heart's delight. - -After a career of riot and robbery, the Highwayman at length falls -into the toils of Sir John Fielding, who was the first magistrate to -take sharp and decisive measures against these pests of society. Then -the ballad ends:-- - - When I am dead, borne to my grave, - A gallant funeral may I have; - Six highwaymen to carry me, - With good broadswords and sweet liberty. - - Six blooming maidens to bear my pall; - Give them white gloves and pink ribbons all; - And when I'm dead they'll say the truth, - I was a wild and a wicked youth. - -One of the local characters who was present on that Christmas Eve was -Billy Peppermint. As he was overcome with drink, the young Burtons -conveyed him from the Jamaica Inn about ten miles, and then turned him -out of their conveyance, and propped him up against the railings of a -house in Bodmin, as he was quite unable to sustain himself. - -That night the carol singers were making their round, and as they came -near they piped forth: "When shepherds watched their flocks by night, -all seated on the ground, an angel of the Lord appeared, and----" - -Whereon Billy roared forth-- - - When I am dead they'll say the truth, - I was a wild and a wicked youth, - -and rolled over and fell prostrate on the ground. - -In 1857 an event occurred which altered the direction of John Burton's -activities. - -He had been sent along with one of his father's hawkers named Paul -Mewton with a crate of china on his head to S. Columb. On their way they -called at Porth, and there Paul complained that he was not well, -whereupon a Mr. Stephens, with whom they were doing business, produced a -case of spirits and gave first Paul and then John Burton each a glass of -very strong grog. Paul could stand it, but not so John, and as he was -carrying his basket of "cloam" over a stile he lost his balance, and -away went the crate and all its contents, which were shivered to atoms. - -This was too much for Mr. Joseph Burton, a rigid teetotaler, and he -had words with his son on the immorality of touching fermented liquor, -and above all on the consequences of a loss of many shillings' worth -of china. - -The stile is still to be seen. On one side is inscribed, "Burton's -Stile, 1857"; on the other is a carving of a gin-bottle, a water-jug, -and a glass, with the legend beneath, "The Fall of Man." - -This was the beginning of a series of altercations between John and -his father, which led at last to John abandoning his parent, and in -1862 he set up in Falmouth on his own account with thirty shillings in -his pocket. As Burton was wont to say of the world into which he had -entered on his own account-- - - 'Tis a very good world for to live in, - To lend, or to spend, or to give in; - But to beg or to borrow, or get a man's own, - 'Tis the very worst world that ever was known. - -For some time he earned a living by hawking crockery about in -Falmouth. Then, some sailors coming into the harbour brought with them -some alligators. Burton spent his money on buying them, and then -started out in quest of various herbalists, and disposed of the -reptiles to them. A stuffed alligator hanging up in a shop was an -object imposing on the imagination of patients. - -In 1865 a number of Roman coins were found at Pennance Farm, in S. -Budock, and Burton bought these, and then became an antiquary. At this -time numerous vessels put in at Falmouth, and the sailors had brought -with them parrots, apes, and all sorts of curiosities from foreign -parts, and were prepared to sell them for very small sums. Burton bought -as far as his profits would allow, and thus he became a curiosity -dealer. He secured business premises in Market Street, and began to -store them with odds and ends of every description. He rambled about in -Cornwall, and his keen eye detected at once a bit of old china, a scrap -of carved oak, an odd signboard, a piece of Chippendale furniture, a -framed sampler, and he bought everywhere, and stocked his premises. As -his business grew he advertised extensively, and gradually but surely -built up an extensive business. In curiosities he became a very -Whiteley. Any one who desired anything peculiar could apply to John -Burton, and John Burton would supply it, if not a genuine antique, yet -"made to order," and indistinguishable from an antique. When there began -to be a run on Bristol lustre ware, he was ready with a stock, which -went off rapidly. He bought old muskets by the thousand, and sent them -abroad to arm savage nations in Africa and Asia. - -One day a Scotchman entered his shop and said to Burton, "I am -looking out for a man who can sell me three sixpences for a shilling." - -"Then I am the man for you," said Burton, and produced three defective -sixpences. - -"I'll have another shilling's worth," said the Scotchman. - -"Ah! then I cannot accommodate you; but I can do better--give you a -bad shilling for a good one." - -On one occasion the curator of the Edinburgh Museum wrote down to him -for the eleventh vertebra of the skeleton of a whale that he had, but -which was wanting. By return of post Burton sent him up what he needed. - -He had a marvellous memory--remembering all the multifarious items in -his shop, though they were continually changing. - -When the new Eddystone Lighthouse was erected, he wrote to Trinity -House and offered L500 for Smeaton's lighthouse that had been taken -down. This roused a storm of indignation in Plymouth, and ended in -that town securing it for L1600, to be erected on the Hoe. - -The town of Penryn possessed its old stocks, bearing date 1673. These -he bought for L2, and sold them to a Devizes antiquary for a large -sum. Then he purchased a haunted house--Trevethan Hall, in -Falmouth--but as the ghost could not be turned into money, he pulled -the house down and built on its site Mount Edgcumbe Terrace. - -During many years a stream of tourists, walking, bicycling, motoring, -has circulated round Cornwall, starting from Bideford, careering to the -Land's End, and returning by the south coast to Plymouth, and hardly a -tourist thought of visiting Falmouth without going to Burton's Curiosity -Shop and making a purchase there. Indeed, he and his shop were some of -the sights of Cornwall. He had by nature great ready wit, and a -bluntness of manner which he cultivated, and which gave poignancy to -dealings with him. But his bluntness, which was part of the -stock-in-trade, was not infrequently carried too far, and became -impertinence. He had a real love for his genuine curios, and parted with -them reluctantly; and this he allowed to be seen. In this he was wholly -unlike the ordinary dealer who presses his wares on the hesitating -purchaser. When the present King, then Prince of Wales, visited Falmouth -in 1887, the Prince having a cold sent Mr. Cavendish Bentinck to the -Curiosity Shop to request that Mr. Burton would send a collection of -what was most interesting in his shop for the Prince's inspection. Upon -this he addressed the following letter to the Prince:-- - - "RESPECTED ALBERT EDWARD.--I much regret to find you are - indisposed. If I were to fetch to Kerrisvean a Pickford's - wagon-load of samples it would be utterly impossible to convey the - remotest idea of my ponderous conglomeration of curios; but if I - could prevail upon Your Royal Highness to go through my shanty, I - would give you local wit and humour which would throw you into a - state of laughter, and there is every probability it would - counteract your cold.--Yours until we meet in the next hotel, - - "JOHN BURTON." - -This, which he doubtless thought very smart, was mere insolence. In -fact, he had not a large store of "local wit and humour," and mistook -rudeness for fun. But he was often encouraged in this. A lady once -entered his shop and said, "You've a rum lot of stuff here, old boy; -how much do you ask for that pair of vases?" - -"Six guineas." - -"I'll give you five, old fellow." - -"Then, old girl, they are yours. Where shall I send them, and to whom?" - -"To the Duchess of ----." - -"Oh! I beg Your Grace's pardon; I have been too familiar." - -"Not at all. You treated me as I have treated you." - -John Burton was an abstemious man, and believed that by moderate diet -and moderation in drinking he would--and any man would--live to the -age of a hundred. He had framed for himself a code of rules to ensure -a long life. - -1. Eight hours' sleep and that on your right side, and sleep with the -bedroom window open. Fresh air is essential. - -2. Do not have your bedstead against the wall, so that the air may -circulate about you freely. - -3. Take a glass of hot water on rising, and a bath at blood -temperature, and take exercise before breakfast. - -4. Eat little meat and see that it be well cooked, and be careful to -eat plenty of fat. - -5. Take plenty of daily exercise in the open air. - -6. Have no pet animals in your living-room. - -7. Avoid tea--the tannin turns meat to leather and spoils digestion, -but take little or no intoxicant. - -8. Keep guard against man's three enemies, the three D's--Damp, -Drains, and impure Drinking water. - -9. Change of occupation, and frequent, if short, holidays. - -10. Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables. - -11. Keep your temper, and keep a cheery mind. - -12. Limit your ambition to what you can do. - -But, notwithstanding these rules, John Burton did not live to a great -age. He died of a painful internal disease on May 28th, 1907. He had -eight children by his wife. One son, John, has a large earthenware -establishment in Falmouth; another--the image of his father in -face--carries on the "Old Curiosity Shop." - - - - - THE FATE OF SIR CLOUDESLEY - SHOVEL - - -The life of Sir Cloudesley Shovel, Knt. and Admiral, must be given in -few words, as his association with Cornwall was in his death and not -in his birth and life. - -He was born about the year 1650, of parents in Norfolk in a humble -condition of life, and he was made a cobbler's apprentice, but, -disliking this profession, ran away to sea. He was at first a -cabin-boy with Sir Christopher Mynns; but, applying himself to the -study of navigation with indefatigable industry, his skill as a seaman -soon raised him above that station. The corsairs of Tripoli had for -long committed great depredations on the English in the Mediterranean, -plundering and capturing merchant vessels and carrying off the crews -into slavery. Sir John Narborough was sent in 1674 to reduce them to -reason. As he had received orders to try the effects of negotiation -before he proceeded to hostilities, he sent Mr. Shovel, who was at -that time a lieutenant in his fleet, to demand satisfaction. The Dey -treated him with disrespect, and sent him back without an answer. Sir -John despatched him a second time, with orders to observe the position -of the piratical fleet in the harbour. The behaviour of the Dey was as -insolent as possible. Upon Mr. Shovel's return he informed Sir John -that it would be possible, notwithstanding the batteries commanding -the harbour, to cut out or burn the ships therein, and he volunteered -to command an expedition in boats for the purpose. His offer was -accepted, and he managed to burn in the harbour, under the castle and -walls of Tripoli, the guard-ship and four men-of-war belonging to the -pirates of that place, and to force the Dey to accept such conditions -of peace as Sir John Narborough was pleased to impose on him. - -Sir John Narborough gave so favourable an account of this exploit, that -Shovel was soon after made captain of the _Sapphire_, a fifth-rate ship. - -In the skirmish of Bantry Bay, 1689, he was engaged, and won such scanty -laurels as the unworthy Admiral Herbert allowed his fleet to deserve. -James II had his Court in Dublin. A French fleet, commanded by the Count -de Chateau-Renaud, had anchored in Bantry Bay, and had put on shore a -large quantity of military stores and money. Herbert, who had been sent -to those seas with an English squadron for the express purpose of -intercepting the communications between France and Ireland, sailed into -the bay with purpose of giving battle. But the wind was unfavourable, -and Herbert was without dash and energy, and was a traitor at heart. -After some trifling discharge of gunpowder, which caused no serious loss -of life on either side, he deemed it prudent to stand out to sea, and -allow the French fleet to retire unmolested. - -But according to Herbert's report, a great victory had been gained by -him, and the House of Commons, believing what he stated, absurdly -passed a vote of thanks to him. We may well conceive the rage of heart -and scorn of his admiral that consumed Shovel at the feeble attack and -cowardly retreat. At the time he was commander of the _Edgar_, and was -soon after knighted by King William. - -[Illustration: SIR CLOUDESLEY SHOVELL] - -Next year he was employed in transporting an army into Ireland, a -service which he performed with such diligence and dexterity that the -King raised him to the rank of Rear-Admiral of the Blue, and delivered -to him his commission with his own hands. Soon after he was made -Rear-Admiral of the Red, and shared in the glory of the victory of La -Hogue. In 1694 he bombarded Dunkirk. - -In 1702 he was sent with a squadron of about twenty men-of-war to join -the Grand Fleet, and bring home the galleons and other rich boats -taken by the Duke of Ormond and Sir George Rooke at Vigo. - -The next year he was promoted to a higher post, being appointed as -Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate Fleet in the Mediterranean, -consisting of thirty-five English and fourteen Dutch men-of-war. On -entering the Leghorn roads, the Governor refused to accord a royal -salute. Sir Cloudesley peremptorily ordered the salute to be given, or -to expect all the guns of the fleet to ask the question why it had not -been at once accorded. The threat sufficed. In this expedition Sir -Cloudesley sent two men-of-war to endeavour to supply the Camisards of -the Cevennes with money, arms, and ammunition, but failed to obtain -communication with them. - -Soon after the battle off Malaga he was presented by Prince George of -Denmark to Queen Anne; she received him graciously, and the next year -employed him as Commander-in-Chief. - -In the month of June, 1704, he had his share in the honour of taking -Gibraltar; and by his admirable conduct, bravery, and success in the -sea-fight that happened soon after, between the Confederate and French -fleets, obliged the enemy's van to bear away out of the reach of his -cannon, and the Count of Toulouse to follow the example of his van, -and escape out of danger. Although in this action Sir Cloudesley was -second in command, yet he won the principal credit for its success, -and some months after was appointed Rear-Admiral of England. - -In 1705 he commanded the fleet, together with the Earl of Portsmouth, -which was sent into the Mediterranean, and it was mainly owing to him -that Barcelona was taken. - -After an unsuccessful attempt upon Toulon he sailed for Gibraltar, and -from thence on Michaelmas Day homeward with a part of his fleet, -consisting of fifteen men-of-war, five of a lesser rank, and one -yacht. He was on the _Association_, Sir George Byng was commander on -the _Royal Arms_, Lord Dursley on the _S. George_. - -On the 22nd of October Sir Cloudesley Shovel being enveloped in fog, and -taking soundings in ninety fathoms, he brought to and lay by from noon -till six o'clock in the evening, when, as the wind freshened and blew -from the S.S.W., he made signal for sailing. The fleet steered E. by N. -and supposing that they had the Channel open some of the ships ran upon -the rocks of Scilly, before they were aware, about eight o'clock at -night, and at once made signals of distress. The _Association_, in which -was Sir Cloudesley Shovel, struck upon the rocks near the Bishop and his -Clerks, and went down with all hands on board. - -The same fate befell the _Eagle_ and the _Romney_. The _Firebrand_ was -likewise dashed upon the rocks and foundered; but the captain and -four-and-twenty of his men saved themselves in a boat. And Captain -Sansom, who commanded the _Phoenix_, being driven towards the shore, -was forced to abandon his ship to save his men. The _Royal Arms_ was -saved by great presence of mind in both Sir George Byng and his -officers and men, who in a minute, on perceiving the rocks not a -ship's length to leeward, as well as those on which Sir Cloudesley -Shovel was lost, set her topsails and sheered off. Nor had Lord -Dursley, commanding the _S. George_, a less fortunate escape; for his -ship was dashed upon the same reef as that on which the _Association_ -had been wrecked; but the same wave that beat out the lights of Sir -Cloudesley's vessel lifted the _S. George_ and floated it away. - -A story has remained deeply engraved in the minds of the men of Scilly -to the present day. It is to this effect:-- - -On the 22nd October, that same fatal day, a sailor, a native of Scilly, -ventured to approach the admiral and tell him that he was steering too -far to the northward, and that unless the course of the fleet was -changed they could not fail to run her upon the rocks. For this act of -insubordination Sir Cloudesley ordered the presumptuous adviser to be -hanged at the yard-arm of his ship, the _Association_; and the only -favour granted him, in mitigation of his punishment, was a compliance -with the poor fellow's request that, before execution of the sentence, -he should be allowed to read a portion of Scripture. The prayer granted, -he read the 109th Psalm in which occur the imprecations: "Let his days -be few; and let another take his office. Let his children be fatherless, -and his wife a widow.... Let his posterity be destroyed, and in the next -generation let his name be clean put out. Because his mind was not to do -good, but persecuted the poor, helpless man, that he might slay him that -was vexed at the heart." - -The report of this atrocious act could have been communicated by only -one man who was said to have escaped alive out of the crew of the -_Association_. Now happily we know that no man was saved out of that -vessel. The one man who was saved was George Laurence, quartermaster of -the _Romney_, a North-countryman from near Hull, and a butcher by trade. -Of him we learn something from the account of Mr. Edmund Herbert, Deputy -Paymaster-General of the Marine Regiments, who was in Scilly in 1709, -sent there with the object of trying to recover some of the property -lost in the wreck, which had taken place two years before. - -This fellow, says Herbert, was "a lusty fat man, but much battered -with the rocks. Most of the captains, lieutenants, doctors, etc., of -the squadron came on shore and asked him many questions in relation to -the wreck, but not one man took pity on him, either to dress or order -to be dressed his bruises, etc., whereof he had perished had not Mr. -Ekins, a gentleman of the island, charitably taken him in; and a -doctor of a merchant ship then in the road under convoy of Southampton -searched his wounds and applied proper remedies." - -Now it is obvious that this man could say nothing relative to what had -happened on the _Association_. But we arrive at the origin of the story -from what Herbert relates, and he alone. He says: "About one or two -after noon on the 23rd (22nd) October Sir Cloudesley called a council -and examined the masters what latitude they were in; all agreed to be in -that of Ushant, on the coast of France, except Sir W. Jumper's master of -the _Lenox_, who believed them to be nearer Scilly, and that in three -hours (they) should be up in sight thereof. But Sir Cloudesley listened -not to a single person whose opinion was contrary to the whole fleet. -(They then altered their opinion and thought themselves on the coast of -France, but a lad on board the ---- said the light they made was Scilly -light, though all the ship's crew swore at and gave him ill language for -it; howbeit he continued in his assertion, and that which they made (to -be) a sail and a ship's lanthorn proved to be a rock and the light afore -mentioned, which rock the lad called the Great Smith, of the truth of -which at daybreak they were all convinced.)" - -This is the small egg out of which so large a fable has hatched forth. -The boy was probably drowned, and his parents or relations on Scilly, -angry that his advice had not been taken and so the wreck avoided, -felt resentment against Sir Cloudesley on this account, and little by -little magnified the incident, and transmuted it from an error of -judgment into a crime. - -Beside Sir Cloudesley on board the _Association_ were Lady Shovell's -two sons by her first husband, Admiral Sir John Narborough. These were -Sir John Narborough, Bart., and his brother James; Edmund Loader, the -captain; also a nephew, the son of her first husband's sister; Henry -Trelawny, second son of the Bishop of Winchester; and several other -young gentlemen of good family. - -After that Sir Cloudesley had adopted the prevailing opinion that the -squadron was off Ushant; he detached the _Lenox_, _La Valeur_, and the -_Phoenix_ for Falmouth, with orders to take under convoy the merchant -vessels waiting there bound eastward. These ships, following a -north-easterly course, as had been determined on, soon found themselves -among the myriad rocks and islets that lie to the south-west of the -Scilly group, where the _Phoenix_ sustained so much damage that her -captain and crew only saved the ship and themselves by running her -ashore on the sands between Tresco and S. Martin's Islands. The _Lenox_ -and _La Valeur_ were fortunately able to beat through to Broad Sound, -an anchorage to the west of the principal islands, where they remained -till break of day on the ensuing morning. Then they discovered where -they were, and sailed for Falmouth, in the direction in which they now -knew that it lay, and arrived there on the 25th, bringing news of the -wreck of the _Phoenix_, but knowing nothing of the mishap to the vessels -of the squadron from which they had been detached. - -J. Addison, in a letter dated October 31st, 1707, wrote: "Yesterday we -had the news that the body of Sir Cloudesley Shovel was found on the -coast of Cornwall. The fishermen, who were searching among the rocks, -took a tin-box out of the pocket of one of the carcasses that was -floating, and found in it the commission of an Admiral, upon which, -examining the body more closely, they found it was poor Sir Cloudesley. -You may guess the conditions of his unhappy wife, who lost, in the same -ship with her husband, her two only sons by Sir John Narborough." - -In an article on Sir Cloudesley by Mr. S. R. Pattison, in the _Journal -of the R. Inst. of Cornwall_, October, 1864, he says: "On a recent -visit to the site of Sir Cloudesley's first burial place, on the inner -shore of Porthellic Cove, we were informed by our guides--fishermen -and pilots--that the body of the unfortunate Admiral when washed -ashore was on a grating, on which was also the dead body of his -faithful Newfoundland dog. They are said to have been found, early in -the morning after the wreck, by a woman named Thomas, then living at -Sallakey farm--a short distance from the Cove. Mrs. Thomas immediately -gave information and procured assistance from Sallakey, and the body -of the unfortunate hero was buried at the inmost part of the Cove, -near the junction of the shingle and the herbage, but within and at -right angles with the latter. And here it remains, conspicuous from no -inconsiderable distance, without a particle of verdure to obscure the -brilliancy of the white shingle which occupies its space, in marked -contrast with the dense herbage by which it is surrounded on three of -its sides. Our guides asserted that this strange appearance of the -grave is due to an imprecation uttered upon Sir Cloudesley a few hours -previous to the wreck, and (as they, with other Scillonians, -superstitiously believe) with more than human power of prophecy. The -islanders assert that ever since the body of a cruel tyrant, as they -deem the hero, rested in this grave, grass has never grown upon its -surface, and they are confident it never will grow there." - -"Sir Cloudesley Shovel's body being the next day after this misfortune -taken up by some country fellows, was stripped and buried in the sand. -But on inquiry made by the boats of the _Salisbury_ and _Antelope_, it -was discovered where he was hid; from whence being taken out, and the -earth wash'd off, he appeared as fresh as if alive, tho' he had lain -interr'd from the 23rd to the 26th, on which day he was brought on board -the _Salisbury_, embowell'd, and the 28th of that month brought into -Plymouth, from whence he was afterwards carried to London. This was the -fatal end of one of the greatest sea-commanders of our age, or, indeed, -that ever this island produced. Of undaunted courage and resolution, of -wonderful presence of mind in the hottest engagements, and of consummate -skill and experience. But more than all this, he was a just, frank, -generous, honest, good man. He was the artificer of his own fortune, and -by his personal merit alone, from the lowest, rais'd himself almost to -the highest station in the navy of Great Britain."[37] - -But we have a much more detailed and accurate account of the finding -of the body in the narrative of Mr. Edmund Herbert: I do not give the -contractions as in the original. "Sir Cloudesley Shovell [was] cast -away October 23rd [actually on the evening of the 22nd], being -Wednesday, between six and seven at night, off Guilstone, [and] was -found on shoar [at Porthellick Cove] in S. Marie's Island, stript of -his shirt, which by confession was known to have been done by two -women, which shirt had his name at the gusset at his waist; where by -order of Mr. Harry Pennick, [it] was buried four yards off the sands; -which place I myself viewed, and as [I] was by his grave, came the -said woman that first saw him after he was stript. His ring was also -lost from off his hand, which last, however, left the impression on -his finger, as also of a second. The Lady Shovell offered a -considerable reward to any one [who] should recover it for her, and in -order thereto wrote Captain Benedick Dennis, Governor and -Commander-in-Chief of the Islands of Scilly, giving him a particular -description thereof, who used his utmost diligence, both by fair and -foul means, though could not hear of it. Sir Cloudesley had on him a -pair of thread stockings and a thread waistcoat. Mr. Child [Paxton] of -the _Arundell_ caused him to be taken up, and knew him to be Sir -Cloudesley by a certain black mole under his left ear, as also by the -first joint of one of his forefingers being broken inwards formerly by -playing at tables; the said joint of his finger was also small and -taper, as well as standing somewhat inwards; he had likewise a shot in -his right arm, another in his left thigh. Moreover, he was well -satisfied that it was he, for he was as fresh when his face was washed -as if only asleep; his nose likewise bled as though alive.... Many -that saw him said his head was the largest that ever they had seen, -and not at all swelled with the water, neither had he any bruise or -scar about him, save only a small scratch above one of his eyes like -that of a pin. He was a very lusty, comely man, and very fat." - -Nearly 1800 lives were lost in this disastrous shipwreck. The -_Association_, the _Eagle_, and the _Romney_ were totally lost with -every soul on board save the one we have already heard of. The -_Firebrand_ had struck and foundered, but her captain and seventeen -men were saved in a boat, and two more of her crew got on shore on -pieces of the wreck. - -Sir Cloudesley's was the first body that came on shore, and there was a -woman who at once stripped it and robbed it of its rings. One of these -was a fine emerald set with diamonds, which is said to have been given -to the Admiral by his intimate friend and comrade, James Lord Dursley, -who so nearly shared his fate in the _S. George_. Although strict -inquiries were made for this ring, no tidings could be heard of it. Lady -Shovel then granted a pension for life to the woman and her husband who -had found the body. Many years after a terrible confession was made by a -dying woman to a clergyman of S. Mary's Island. She said that the -Admiral had been cast ashore exhausted and faint, but still living, and -that she had squeezed the life out of him for the sake of his clothes -and his rings. She produced the long-missing emerald hoop, and gave it -to the clergyman, saying that she had been afraid to sell it lest it -should lead to a discovery of her guilt, and she added that she could -not die in peace until she had made this full confession. This -disclosure was made between the years 1732 and 1736, after the death of -Lady Shovel. The ring was sent to Lord Dursley, who became Earl of -Berkeley in 1701, and from him it descended to his grandson, Sir George -Cranfield Berkeley, and in the possession of one of his descendants it -still remains, but has unfortunately been converted into a locket.[38] - -The _History of the Reign of Queen Anne_, 1708, says that on "December -23rd was performed the interment of Sir Cloudesley Shovell, whose body, -after having lain in state for many days, at the Queen's expense, was -conveyed from his late dwelling-house in Soho Square, to the Abbey of -Westminster, where it was buried with all pomp and magnificence suitable -to her Majesty's high regard to the remains of so brave and faithful a -commander. There were at the ceremony the Queen's trumpets, -kettle-drums, and household drums, with other music; the Queen's and the -Prince's watermen in their liveries, most of the nobility's coaches with -six horses, and flag-officers that were in town, and the Prince's -Council, the Heralds-at-Arms, and the Knights' Marshal men." - -Sir Cloudesley, by his wife, the widow of Sir John Narborough, left -two daughters, of whom the elder, Elizabeth, married first, 1708, Sir -Robert Marsham, Bart., who was created Baron Romney in 1716; and, -secondly, Lord Carmichael, afterwards Earl of Hyndford. The second -daughter, Anne, married in 1718 the Hon. Robert Mansel; and, secondly, -John Blackwood, Esq., by whom she had Shovell Blackwood, of Pitreavie, -Fife, N.B., and of Crayford, Kent, and a daughter. - -Elizabeth, who married Sir Robert Marsham, had issue Robert, second -Baron Romney, and the Hon. Elizabeth Marsham, who married Sir Jacob -Bouverie, third Baronet, created Viscount Folkestone in 1747, as his -second wife, and by him had the Hon. Philip Bouverie, who assumed the -name of Pusey, and so became the ancestress of Dr. Pusey. - -Among those lost as well as Sir Cloudesley Shovel was, as already -stated, Henry, son of Sir Jonathan Trelawny, Bart., Bishop of -Winchester. - -A letter from John Ben, of S. Hilary, dated November 16th, 1707, -describing the finding of his body, has been printed in the second -volume of the Penzance Natural History Society. I give it in modern -spelling. - -It was addressed to the father of the young man who perished. - - - "MY LORD, - - "Your Lordship's commands having been signified to my brother at - Scilly, he immediately made the strictest inquiry that was possible, - all the bodies that had been thrown ashore and buried, and being - told of one buried at Agnes about Mr. Trelawny's age, was resolved - to have him taken up in order to view him, whether it was he or no. - He had seen the young gentleman at Torbay, but not willing to depend - on his own judgment, desired the Captain of the _Phoenix_ fire-ship - that was stranded there, who knew Mr. Trelawny intimately well all - the voyage, to go with him. As soon as they had the body up, they - found it actually to be the same, though somewhat altered, having - been buried eleven days, and in the water four; however, the captain - presently knew him, and my brother took care to have the body - brought over to S. Mary's, and interred it in the chancel of the - church there the 8th instant, with all the marks of respect and - honour the island could show on such an occasion, some captains and - the best of the inhabitants being present at the funeral. My brother - took of his hair, being cut and that so close that the left lock was - not left to send over, and there is no room to doubt but 'twas the - body of poor Mr. Henry Trelawny. It has not been his good luck as - yet to meet with anything belonging to him, but whatever of the - nature happens to come to his hand or knowledge your lordship will - be sure to have a faithful account of it. They can say nothing in - particular touching Sir Cloudesley's loss, only the man saved out of - the _Romney_ tells that Sir Cloud was to the windward of all the - ships, and fired three guns when he struck, and immediately went - down, as the _Romney_ a little after did. Upon hearing the guns, the - rest of the fleet that were directly bearing on the same rocks - changed their course, and stood more to the southward, or else, in - all probability, they had run the same fate, which is never enough - to be admired; and 'twas possible men of so much experience could be - mistaken in their reckoning, after they had the advantage of a great - deal of fair weather beforehand, and no bad weather when they were - lost. There is a great quantity of timber all round the islands and - abundance of sails and rigging just about the place where the ships - sunk, and a mast, one end a little above water, which makes them - conclude an entire ship to be foundered there, because all the force - they can procure is not able to move the mast. The _Eagle_ most - certainly is lost too, and I wish no other of the squadron may be - wanting; besides those, though I am heartily sorry for the loss poor - England has sustained of so many men and in a most particular manner - for the share your lordship has." - -In a postscript Mr. Ben adds:-- - -"The _Hound_ came from Scilly yesterday, and was very near being -taken, having three privateers behind and two before her, but she -escaped by creeping along the shore, where they would not adventure." - - * * * * * - -The authorities for the loss of the _Association_ and the finding of -the body of Sir Cloudesley are many:-- - -_The Shipwreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovell_, by Jas. Herbert Cooke, -F.S.A., Gloucester, 1883, with portrait and map; _The History of the -Reign of Queen Anne_, 1708; _Secret Memoirs of the Life of Sir -Cloudesley Shovell_, London, 1708; _The Life and Glorious Actions of Sir -Cloudesley Shovell, Knt._, London, 1709; "Sir Cloudesley Shovell," by S. -R. Pattison, in the _Journal of the Royal Institute of Cornwall_, 1864; -"Sir Cloudesley Shovel," by T. Quiller-Couch, _ibid._, 1866. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[37] _The History of the Reign of Queen Anne_, 1708, p. 242. - -[38] Cooke (J. H.), _The Shipwreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovell_, -Gloucester, 1883. For the account of the confession of the woman he -refers to an original letter of the second Lord Romney to Captain -Locker, now in the possession of the Earl of Romney. - - - - - FRANCIS TREGIAN - - -The Tregion or Tregian family was one of great antiquity and large -landed estates in Cornwall. Indeed, in the reign of Elizabeth it was -estimated that the landed property brought in L3000 per annum, which -represents a very much larger sum now. Their principal seat was -Wolvedon, or Golden, in the parish of Probus, and this, when Leland -wrote in the reign of Henry VIII, was in process of being built with -great magnificence. But bad days were in store for some of the Cornish -families that would not accept the changes in religion. - -Carew, in his _Survey of Cornwall_, 1602, speaking of Tregarrick, then -the residence of Mr. Buller, the sheriff, says: "It was sometime the -Wideslade's inheritance, until the father's rebellion forfeited it," -and the "son then led a walking life with his harp to gentlemen's -houses, where-through, and by his other active qualities, he was -entitled Sir Tristram; neither wanted he (as some say) a _belle -Isounde_, the more aptly to resemble his pattern." - -The rebellion referred to was the rising in the West against the -religious innovations, that was put down so ruthlessly. - -During the first years of Elizabeth there had been no persecution of -the Papists. Such as would not conform to the Church of England as -reformed were allowed to have priests to say Mass in their own private -chapels. But after Pius V, on April 27th, 1570, had issued a Bull of -excommunication against the Queen, depriving her of her title to the -crown, and absolving her subjects from their oaths of allegiance; and -when it became evident that insurrections were being provoked by -secret agents from Rome in all directions, Elizabeth's patience was at -an end, and stringent laws were passed against those who should enter -England as missionary priests armed with this Bull and with -dispensations, as also against all such as should harbour them. - -On S. Bartholomew's Day, August 24th, 1572, had taken place a massacre -of the Huguenots in Paris and throughout France, and this had been -cordially approved by Pope Gregory XIII, who had had a medal struck to -commemorate what he considered a meritorious deed. There could exist -no doubt that the Papal emissaries in England were encouraged to -assassinate the Queen, though evidence to that effect was not obtained -till later. - -On June 8th, 1577, Sir Richard Grenville of Stow, sheriff of Cornwall, -accompanied by some of his justices of peace, arrived at Wolvedon to -search the house for Cuthbert Mayne, a priest who had arrived in -England, and who, it was supposed, was harboured by Mr. Francis Tregian. - -A hasty and superficial investigation was made, and no seminary priest -could be found. Then Mr. Tregian invited the whole party in to dine -with him, and when they had been well regaled, and were somewhat -flushed with wine, Tregian foolishly joked with the sheriff for -hunting and finding nothing. Sir Richard started up and vowed he would -make a further inquest, and that more thorough, and, finally, -concealed in a hole under a turret, Cuthbert Mayne was discovered, -drawn forth, and with him Tregian, for having harboured him, was sent -to Launceston gaol, there to await trial. - -"In the gaol aforesaid, he was laid in a most loathsome and lousy -dungeon, laden with irons, deprived of the use of writing, and -bereaved of the comfort of reading, neither permitted that any man -might talk with him touching any matter whatsoever, but by special -licence and in presence of the keeper." - -The assizes were held at Launceston on the 16th September, 1577, when -indictments were made against Cuthbert Mayne; Francis Tregian, Esq.; -Richard Tremaine, gentleman, of Tregonnan; John Kempe, gentleman, of -Rosteague; Richard Hore, gentleman, of Trenoweth, and others. Cuthbert -Mayne for high treason: the others fell under the Statute of -Praemunire, and later and more specific acts. - -The Statute of Praemunire was but one of several that had been enacted -from the time of Edward III, against papal interference with the -affairs of England. The Statute of Praemunire was passed in 1393. -"Whoever procures at Rome or elsewhere, any translations, processes, -excommunications, bulls, instruments, or other things which touch the -King, against him, his crown, and realms, and all persons aiding and -assisting therein, shall be put out of the King's protection, their -lands and goods forfeited to the King's use, and they shall be -attached by their bodies to answer to the King and his Counsel: or -process of _praemunire facias_ shall be made out against them, as in -any other case of prisoners." - -The Bull that had been found in the possession of Cuthbert Mayne was one -from Pope Gregory XIII granting plenary absolution from all their sins -to English Papists, as they were unable to attend the Pope's jubilee at -Rome, on condition that they should recite the Rosary fifteen times. - -The Bull might very well have been treated with the contempt it -merited, but the fact of the possession of such a document by Cuthbert -Mayne was enough to procure his condemnation, as it was against the laws -of England, and had been so for over one hundred and eighty years. - -The other gentlemen were liable either as having received Cuthbert -Mayne into their houses, or as having heard him say Mass, and as -absenting themselves from their parish church. - -Here came in the sharpened provisions enacted under Henry VIII and -Elizabeth. - -As Judge Marwood said at the trial: "We have not to do with your -papistical use in absolving of sins. You may keep it to yourselves, -and although the date of the Bull was expired and out of force, as you -have alleged, so was it always out of force with us, for we never did, -or never do account any such thing to be of force or worth a straw, -and yet the same is by law of this realm treason, and therefore thou -hast deserved to die." - -The main indictment ran as follows:-- - -"Thou Cuthbert Maine art accused for that thou, the 1st October, in -the eighteenth year of our Sovereign lady the Queen that now is, did -traitorously obtain from the See of Rome a certain instrument printed, -containing a pretended matter of absolution of divers subjects of the -realm. The tenour of the which instrument doth follow in these words: -_Gregorius Episcopus_, _servus servorum Dei_, etc., contrary to the -form of a certain statute in the thirteenth year of our Sovereign lady -the Queen, lately made and published, and contrary to her peace, -crown, and dignity. And that you," meaning the rest, "after the said -instrument obtained as aforesaid, and knowing the said Cuthbert Maine -to have obtained the same from the Apostolic See, the 30th day of -April, in the nineteenth of our said Sovereign the Queen's reign, at -Golden aforesaid, did aid, maintain, and comfort the said Cuthbert -Maine, of purpose and intent to extol and set forth the usurped power -and authority of a foreign Prelate, that is to say, the Bishop of -Rome, teaching and concerning the execution of the premises, contrary -to the said statute and published as aforesaid, and contrary to the -place of our Sovereign lady the Queen, her crown and dignity." - -There were other indictments, as that Cuthbert Mayne and these laymen -had refused to attend service in the parish church, and that the -priest had brought over a number of "vain things," such as an _Agnus -Dei_ in silver or stone, which had been blessed by the Pope and had -been accepted by the laymen. - -They all pleaded "Not guilty," but the evidence against them sufficed -for the jury to find that they were guilty, whereupon Cuthbert Mayne -was condemned to death, and the rest to forfeit all their lands and -property and to be imprisoned. - -"Whereupon there was a warrant sent unto the Sheriff of Cornwall for -the execution of Cuthbert Maine. The day assigned for the same purpose -was dedicated unto S. Andrew; but on the eve before, all the Justices -of that County, with many preachers of the pretended reformed -religion, being gathered together at Launceston, Cuthbert Maine was -brought before them, his legs being not only laden with mighty irons, -but his hands also fast fettered together (in which miserable case he -had also remained many days before), when he maintained disputation -with them concerning the controversy in religion all this day in -question, from eight of the clock in the morning until it was almost -dark night, continually standing, no doubt in great pain in that -pitiful plight, on his feet." - -How that could be a great crime to distribute some trumpery toys of -crystal, and silver medals marked with the _Agnus Dei_, one fails to -see, but it is possible that they may have been regarded as badges, -pledging those who received them to combine in a rebellion against the -State, and perhaps also to unite in an assassination plot. That there -was such a plot appeared afterwards from the confession of Father -Tyrrell. At this time it was suspected, but not proved. That harsh and -cruel treatment was dealt out to these men, we cannot doubt, but, as Mr. -Froude remarks, "were a Brahmin to be found in the quarters of a Sepoy -regiment scattering incendiary addresses, he would be hanged also." - -There were in all seven indictments. - -At first Francis Tregian had not been committed to gaol, but he was so -shortly after, was brought to trial, and was sentenced to the spoiling -of his goods and to a lifelong imprisonment. - -Barbarous as these persecutions and sentences seem to us to-day, there -was some justification for the Queen and Council at the time, -surrounded as they were with dangers. - -The Papal Bull of excommunication had encouraged the supporters of Mary, -Queen of Scots, and plots were made on her behalf which were a constant -source of alarm to Elizabeth. One of these plots was managed by an -Italian named Ridolfi; the Duke of Norfolk had a share in it, and was -executed in consequence in 1572. The great fear was lest France or Spain -should take advantage of the situation to invade England, while Mary's -friends raised insurrections at home. Mary's friends were active in all -parts. Numbers of young Popish priests, trained to hostility towards -Elizabeth, were pouring into the country, and conspiracies against her -life were numerous, explaining, though in no degree justifying the -stringent laws against seminary priests and recusants. - -To return to Cuthbert Mayne. - -"Wherefore, according to the judgment he had received, the next day he -was uneasily laid on a hurdle, and so drawn, receiving some knocks on -his face and his fingers with a girdle, unto the market-place of the -said town, where of purpose there was a very high gibbet erected, and -all things else, both fire and knives, set to the show and ready -prepared. - -"At which place of execution, when he came, he was first forced to -mount the ladder backward, and after permitted to use very few words. -Notwithstanding he briefly opened the cause of his condemnation, and -protested, that his master (Mr. Tregian) was never privy with his -having of these things whereupon he was condemned--the Jubilee and the -_Agnus Dei_; then one of the justices, interrupting his talk, -commanded the hangman to put the rope about his neck, and then, quoth -he, let him preach afterward. Which done, another commanded the ladder -to be overturned, so as he had not the leisure to recite _In manus -tuas Domine_ to the end. With speed he was cut down, and with the fall -had almost ended his life, for the gibbet being very high, and he -being yet in the swing when the rope was cut, he fell in such sort, as -his head encountered the scaffold which was there prepared of purpose -to divide the quarters, as the one side of his face was sorely -bruised, and one of his eyes far driven out of his head. - -"After he was cut down, the hangman first spoiled him of his clothes, -and then in butcherly manner, opening his belly, he rent up his -bowels, and after tore out his heart, which he held up aloft in his -hand, showing it unto the people. Lastly, his head was cut off, and -his body divided into four quarters, which afterwards were dispersed -and set up on the Castle of Launceston; one quarter sent unto Bodmin; -another to Barnstaple; the third to Tregony, not a mile distant from -Mr. Tregian's house; the fourth to Wadebridge." - -Not only was Francis Tregian adjudged to forfeit his goods, but he was -also prosecuted by a goldsmith, who claimed a debt of L70. - -Accordingly he was sent up to London to the King's Bench prison, -"strongly guarded by a ruffianly sort of bloody blue-coats, with bows, -bills, and guns"; and the arms of Tregian were pinioned behind his -back with cords. With him were associated the other Papists; and they -met with insult and harsh treatment all the way to London. There he -was again tried and cast into prison. - -We are gravely informed that before these calamities befell Francis -Tregian, a premonition of coming woes had been given to his wife. - -"Mr. Tregian, her husband, not many days after they were first married, -enforced for ten months to follow the Lords of the Council, his wife -always in the mean season lying with a very virtuous maid, a sister of -her husband's, it chanced that one night looking for fleas, as the -manner of women is, she espied in her smock sundry spots, the which she -perceived to carry the shape of sundry crosses. Whereat she, much -marvelling, besought her sister to behold the same; whereupon, when both -had long looked and wondered, at length endeavouring to number them, -they found contained in the same smock no less than one hundred and -twenty-five crosses, and after, upon more curious search, they likewise -found sundry other, both on her pillow and in her sheets." - -This omen of coming evil was now verified, but not by flea-bites. -Francis Tregian remained in prison cruelly treated, and when he -attempted to make his escape, manacled and fettered in a loathsome -dungeon. From his cell he wrote in verse to his wife, but did not -display much brilliancy of poetic art. - - My wont is not to write in verse, - You know, good wife, I wis. - Wherefore you well may bear with me, - Though now I write amiss; - For lack of ink the candle coal, - For pen a pin I use, - The which also I may allege - In part of my excuse. - For said it is of many men - And such as are no fools, - A workman is but little worth - If he do want his tools; - Though tools I have wherewith in sort - My mind I may disclose, - They are, in truth, more fit to paint - A nettle than a rose. - -And so on, never rising to a higher level. - -But his wife was allowed to visit him, and indeed reside with him in -prison. "And although through the rigour of authority they have been -often separated, sometimes two months, sometimes seven, sometimes -more, she hath borne him, notwithstanding, eleven children since he -was first imprisoned. Some are dead, but the most part are alive." - -Francis Tregian was first committed to prison in the twenty-eighth -year of his age, and in the year 1595, when he had been about sixteen -years in prison, some notes were drawn up concerning him, from which -some quotations may be made. - -In all the sixteen years' space he had never been permitted to enjoy -the benefit of the open air otherwise than when being removed from one -prison to another. He was first imprisoned at Launceston, then was -removed to Windsor Castle; thence removed to the Marshalsea, and then -again carried back to Launceston Castle. Then he was conveyed to the -King's Bench prison, and lastly to the Fleet. - -For seven or eight years together he enjoyed good health; "but in the -end, through cares, studies, filthy diet, most stinking air, and want -of exercise, he became very sickly, and so continued by the space of -six or seven years; notwithstanding at this present the state of his -body is much mended, and is like to recover his perfect health." - -His mother was the eldest sister of Sir John Arundell, Knight, of -Lanherne. His great-grandmother was one of the daughters of Thomas -Grey, Marquis of Dorchester, half-brother to Queen Elizabeth, the wife -of King Henry VII, and daughter of Edward IV. He married the eldest -sister of Lord Stourton. His wife's mother was eldest sister of the -Earl of Derby. Francis Tregian remained in prison eighteen years, and -was finally released by order of Queen Elizabeth in or about 1597, -after which he lived in London on the bounty of his friends. - -His son, Francis, managed to repossess himself, by the assistance of -some of his friends and relatives, by purchase of some portion of the -ancestral property, but in January, 1608, owing to the hostility -provoked by the Gunpowder Plot against the Papists, the family was -again plundered of the estates, and when the Heralds' Visitation of -Cornwall was taken in 1620, the family had disappeared from the list -of the landed and heraldic gentry. - -Francis Tregian, the elder, at last retired to Lisbon, where he died -on the 25th September, 1608. He was allowed by the King of Portugal -sixty crowns a month. On his tombstone it was stated, falsely, that -he had endured twenty-eight years of imprisonment in England. As a -specimen of the malignant lies that were spread abroad relative to -Queen Elizabeth, is this--given in a life of Francis Tregian by -Francis Plunket, son of one of his daughters:-- - -"Aulam Elizabethae adit ... Regina per pedissequam illum invitat ad -cubiculum, intempesta nocte; recusantem adit, lectoque assistens ad -impudica provocat; rennentem increpat. Castitati suae cusam gerens ex -Aula se proripuit, insalutata Regina; quae idcirco furit, et in -carcerem detrudi jubet." - -Such words fill one with disgust and indignation against the pack from -Rheims and Rome, who, unable to reach the Queen with their daggers, -bespattered her with foul words. - -The _Life of Francis Tregian_ was published in Portuguese, at Lisbon, -by Francis Plunket, in 1655. The narrative of his imprisonment, -written in 1593, is published _in extenso_ by J. Morris, _The Troubles -of our Catholic Forefathers_, 1st series, London, 1872, from the -original MS. in S. Mary's College, Oscott. - -A summary is in C. S. Gilbert's _Historical Survey of Cornwall_, 1817. - - - - - ANN GLANVILLE - - -Saltash was formerly a very much more important place than it is -to-day. Now the tubular bridge of Brunel connects Cornwall and Devon, -and railway trains slip along it, making communication with Plymouth -from Cornwall easy and speedy. It was not so in former times. Then -travellers from the West on their way to Plymouth or to London, if -they did not go by coach by the great highway from Falmouth, by Bodmin -and Launceston, were brought up by the strip of blue water that formed -the estuary of the Tamar and Tavy, called the Hamoaze, and there, -after halting at Saltash they were forced to cross in the ferry or by -boat. Saltash signifies the Saltwater--ash = _usk_, and Hamoaze is the -Border water, oaze = _usk_ as well. - -The Saltash boatmen plied a good trade, conveying over the passengers -from Cornwall to Devon. Moreover, houses were cheap at Saltash, and -old salts lived there, where they could smell the sea air, and every -now and then crossed into Plymouth to do their shopping. From time -immemorial there had been boat-races in the Hamoaze, and the women of -Saltash were not behind the men at plying the oar. - -Mr. Whitfeld in his _Three Towns' History_ says:-- - -"The Saltash festival was by no means wholly intended for the -encouragement of the males, for the 'ladies' feathered their oars with -such dexterity that few of the opposite sex would enter the lists -against them. Before the races for these damsels of uncertain age -were started, blue favours were tied round their white caps by members -of the committee. The fair rowers were attired in short white bedgowns -and blue cap-guards, and their gigs shot around the course of five -miles 'like so many birds.' From a sporting point of view the feature -of the first regatta was a life or death competition between Jacky -Gould and the Glanvilles. If Jacky's boat, _Miller's Daughter_, was -the crack, _Alarm_ was scarcely inferior, and _Paul Pry_ was a -first-class craft. Crash! went the starting-gun, and the competitors -dashed away with a flood tide and a breeze from the northward. When -they left on their ten-mile course one vast shout went up, the boats -flew as instinct with life, every nerve on the stretch. The first five -miles were covered in thirty minutes, and as the boats turned the -committee vessel there were deafening shouts of 'Bravo, Jacky.' 'Well -done, Glanville!' Then these hearts-of-oak flashed on their second -round, and excitement intensified as the telescope reported progress. -When the boats reappeared the suspense broke into a feverish roar, and -calls to the rivals were tossed like corks on a sea of voices. Swiftly -they drew near, the boats in a line, the interest increased to painful -intensity as the race was neck-and-neck. The judge stood by, red-hot -poker in hand, and as the bow of the _Alarm_, pulled by the -Glanvilles, first touched the hawsers of the committee vessel, Bang! -went the signal gun; 'See the Conquering Hero' burst from the band, -and hundreds clustered round to congratulate the victors, and condole -with Jacky Gould, who was only five seconds behind, though the boat -was two feet shorter, and one of his crew had broken an oar." - -The Glanvilles were amphibious--or rather lived almost wholly on the -water during the day, only returning to the land for sleep at night. - -[Illustration: ANN GLANVILLE] - -The name is old. The first Glanvilles of whom we know anything -authentic were located at Whitchurch, near Tavistock, where they were -tanners, but a Judge Glanville raised the family to a higher position, -in the reign of Elizabeth. Some, however, remained in a modest -position, as did these boatmen of Saltash, and as did a huntsman to -the late Mr. Kelly, of Kelly. - -There occurred a terrible tragedy in the family, when Eulalia -Glanville, niece of the Judge, murdered her husband, old John Page, a -merchant of Plymouth, and was burnt alive for the crime, as one of -petty treason, at Barnstaple, in 1591. - -In 1824 at the regatta was offered a prize of L8 for a four-oared race -for women, but no Glanville was in that. Ten years later, in 1834, at -the regatta L20 was offered for boats sculled by women, and in this -pulled a Mary Glanville. But the queen of women scullers of the -Glanville stock was Ann, and she only entered it by marriage, by birth -a Warring.[39] Mr. P. E. B. Porter, in his _Around and About Saltash_, -1905, thus describes her:-- - -"Ann Glanville was undoubtedly a remarkable woman for many reasons. -Only such a place as Saltash, in such a naval port as this, could have -produced a character like it. Only such a country as England could -have produced such a woman. She was a genuine representative of -Saltash in its great nautical days, when it was alive with business. -The British tar was to her the ideal of a man and the very highest -type of a hero. Into whatever trouble Jack got when ashore, however he -might have been forsaken by all else in his reckless frivolity, he -never wanted for a backer if Ann Glanville was near. And there was not -a ship in the navy, in those days, that had not some story to tell of -Ann's life and energy, and in which her name was not cherished as only -a British sailor can cherish the memory of a friend. In a perfectly -true sense, Ann Glanville was a mother to the British tar -indiscriminately; she was known as Mother, and called Mother, by all." - -Ann was born at Saltash in 1796, and was the daughter of a man named -Warring or Werring. She married a man several years her junior in years, -and by him became the mother of fourteen children. He was a waterman, -she a waterwoman, and their children, every boy and girl, water-babies. - -He had his boat, and when he was otherwise engaged--nursing the -children, for instance, or merry-making in the tavern--she rowed -across to Devonport. - -Not passengers only, but goods were conveyed to and from Plymouth by the -boats. Corn, crockery, drapery, everything except live cattle went in -them. These latter by the ferry. Sometimes she rowed out officers to -their ships, sometimes conveyed play-actors over from Plymouth into -Cornwall, and on the great event of the elections at Saltash, -candidates, electors, pot-boilers, political orators. Meat and -vegetables went over in these boats to Plymouth market: a gentleman -remembers Ann bringing round as many as seventy or eighty bags of corn -in her boat from South Pool, pulling the great cargo alone, conveying it -from Sutton Pool to Butt's Head Mill, a point two miles above Saltash. - -Ann's husband fell ill and was long confined to bed, and the house and -then the whole burden of supporting the family fell to her. But she -had strong arms and a stouter heart, and managed not only to keep the -wolf from the door, but the doctor as well. - -"Have you got a doctor here, or have you to send over to Plymouth for -one?" she was asked. - -"Well, I believe there may be one here, but, thank God, here us most -commonly dies a natural death." - -Ann's fame as a rower at regattas spread throughout England. Some sixty -or seventy years ago the crew of Saltash women was one of the most -important features, not only in the Hamoaze, but all over the county -wherever aquatic sports were given. She always rowed stroke. It was very -rarely that Ann and her crew were beaten in a match--never by other -women. The strength and endurance of these women, and their daring in -accepting challenges and in the contests on the water, attracted -universal attention. They competed for prizes at Hull, Liverpool, -Portsmouth, Dartmouth, etc., and it must not be supposed that a male -crew yielded the palm to them out of masculine courtesy, for the men did -not at all relish being beaten by a "parcel o' females," as they were -sure to have the fact thrown in their teeth afterwards. - -Mrs. Harriet Screech, a daughter of Ann Glanville, rowed along with her -mother in some of these contests, pulling the bow-oar, the least arduous -post, assigned to her as the youngest of the crew. When engaged in a -match at Fleetwood before the Queen, they gave the men so sound a -beating that Her Majesty requested to have Ann presented to her. - -But the most famous event of her life took place in 1850, when Captain -Russell, of H.M.S. _Brunswick_, suggested to her that she and her crew -should go over to Havre to the regatta there and challenge the Johnny -Crapauds. She was quite prepared, and started under the escort of -Captain Russell. - -When the Frenchmen heard of the challenge from _les Anglaises de -Saltashe_, they shrugged their shoulders, and hardly regarded it as -serious. And when the strong, muscular women appeared in their -white-frilled caps prinked out with blue ribbon, their short -petticoats, white dresses, with a blue neckerchief tied over the -shoulders and crossed behind the back, they looked puzzled. - -Mr. Porter says: "The challenge of the English captain created a stir -not only in Havre, but for miles around the French coast, and for many -leagues inland too. In England great interest was felt in the -forthcoming match, and in a short time it assumed a kind of -international character. Thus when the regatta day came there was a -vast concourse of people to witness the contest. Every quay, hill-top, -and house-roof whence a view of the course could be obtained was -crowded. All were on the tiptoe of expectation for _les Anglaises_.... -Before the start the Saltash crew had a pull round 'to show -themselves,' and when their steady stroke was seen, how they bent -their backs to the work, yet with what perfect ease and grace they -pulled, our French friends opened their eyes wider than usual. Ann and -her crew had not the fairest start possible, nor had they the -advantage at first. Six boats were ahead of them five minutes after -the start. But they soon tested their opponents. After a little -opening play to get into trim, Ann, who had the stroke oar, gave the -word, 'Bend your backs to it, maidens; and hoorah for old England!' -One by one the French boats were passed with a cheer from old Ann. At -length the Saltash boat, with the British colours flying gaily at the -fore, took the leading position. It was a long course and a hard pull, -but the Frenchmen were soundly thrashed. Ann and her 'maidens' beat -them by one hundred yards." - -However gallant Frenchmen may be, they did not at all relish this -beating. - -The names of the crew were Ann Glanville, Harriet Hosking, Jane House, -and Amelia Lee. A man acted as coxswain. - -Mrs. House was so elated at the victory that on reaching the committee -boat she plunged into the water, dived under the vessel, and came up -with dripping and drooping nightcap on the opposite side. - -When the Prince of Wales, our present King, and the Duke of Edinburgh -came into Plymouth Sound in connection with the building of the new -Eddystone Lighthouse, Ann was sent for. A steam launch was despatched -to convey her to the vessel, where were their Highnesses, and she -dined on board. Lord Charles Beresford always entertained a high -regard for her, and never came to Plymouth without visiting her. -During her last illness she had his likeness placed on one side of her -bed, and that of her deceased husband on the other. - -She died in 1880 at the age of eighty-five. In person Ann Glanville was -tall, firmly and vigorously built, not stout, straight about the bust -and waist. When young she must have been good-looking, for when old her -face was handsome and always possessed great dignity. The mouth was -firm. There was a kindly light in her grey eyes. She was always fond of -a joke, and her character was summed up by a neighbour: "Her was honest -to a farthing, clean as a smelt, and kind-hearted as a queen." - -FOOTNOTE: - -[39] Her mother was married three times--first to Warring, second to -Vosper, third to Geo. Buckingham. - - - - - JONATHAN SIMPSON, HIGHWAYMAN - - -This great rascal was born at Launceston in 1654 of respectable -parents, and his father, who was well-off, apprenticed him to a linen -draper at Bristol when he was fourteen years of age. When he had -served out his time, which he did with the repute of being a steady, -industrious youth, his father gave him fifteen hundred pounds -wherewith to set up in Bristol. About a year after he unhappily -married a woman who was the cause of his downfall and finally of his -death. She had two thousand pounds of her own, and this added to what -he already possessed promised him a considerable extension of his -business with corresponding profits. - -But the girl he had chosen for his wife had previously engaged herself -to a young man of small means, and her parents had forced her into -marriage with Simpson as being better off and with good prospects. She -resented her compulsory marriage, and did not disguise her indifference -to her husband. Although her former lover, in a fit of disgust at his -rejection, had also married, Simpson ascertained that they corresponded. - -Determined to find out the truth, that she still loved the man, he -announced to his wife that he was going to Launceston for ten or -twelve days to see his relations. As soon as he was gone his wife sent -to invite her _galant_ to supper, and provided for his entertainment -a couple of fowls and a bottle of wine. Either the fowls must have -been very small, or their appetites voracious. - -In the evening Jonathan Simpson returned, entered his house, and -rushed to the dining-room. His wife had but just time to shut her -_galant_ into the oak chest; but not before Simpson had seen by the -movement of the lid that he was there. However, he gave no token of -having perceived anything, expressed his delight at so good a supper -having been prepared, and despatched his wife to the further end of -the town on an errand. No sooner was she gone than he sent for the -wife of "Pil-Garlic," and on her arrival disclosed the man in the box, -and enjoyed the scene of recrimination that ensued. - -The vexation at the discovery he had made that he could expect no -domestic happiness created a great change in Jonathan Simpson's life. -He sold his business, refused to receive his wife back into his house -again, and with all the money he could scrape together that amounted -to five thousand pounds, quitted Bristol, and swore he would never -re-enter it. - -He now led a riotous life, spending his money so freely that at the -end of eighteen months all his five thousand pounds was gone, and then -he took to the road to supply himself with more. After a while he was -arrested for highway robbery, and was sent to the Old Bailey, tried, -and condemned to be hanged. - -His relatives at Launceston now exerted themselves to obtain a -reprieve, and by bribery and persuasion they got one, but only at the -last moment. Simpson was already under the gallows, with the rope -round his neck, when it arrived, and the execution was arrested. - -As he was riding back to Newgate behind one of the sheriff's officers -that man asked him what he thought of a reprieve as he stood on the -scaffold. "No more," answered Simpson, "than I thought of my dying day." - -On reaching the prison door the turnkey refused to admit him, -declaring that he could not take him in again without a fresh warrant; -and as this could not well be obtained, the sheriff's officer was -obliged to let him go free. - -"Well," said Simpson, "what an unhappy dog am I! that both Tyburn and -Newgate should in one day refuse to entertain me. I'll mend my manners -for the future, and try whether I cannot merit a reception at them -both the next time I am brought thither." - -He was as good as his word, and after his release is believed to have -committed above forty robberies in the county of Middlesex within the -ensuing six weeks. - -He was a good skater, and made a practice of robbing people on the ice -between Fulham and Kingston Bridge, in the great frost of 1689, which -held for thirteen weeks. He would kick up their heels, and search -their pockets as they lay sprawling on the ice. - -On one occasion a gentleman whom he stopped gave him a silk purse full -of counters, which Simpson took for gold, and so did not examine them -till he reached the inn where he put up. When he found that he had -been outwitted he quietly pocketed the brass booty, and abided his -time till he should meet the same gentleman again. This he did at the -end of four months, when he waylaid him on Bagshot Heath, where, -riding up to the coach, he said, as he presented a pistol at the -gentleman's head, "Sir, I believe you made a mistake the last time I -had the happiness to see you, in giving me these pieces. I have been -troubled ever since for fear you should have wanted these counters at -cards, and am glad of this opportunity to return them. But for my -care I require you this moment to descend from your coach and give me -your breeches, that I may search them at leisure, and not trust any -more to your generosity, lest you should mistake again." - -The gentleman was obliged to comply, and Simpson carried off the -breeches with him to his inn, and on searching them found a gold -watch, a gold snuff-box, and a purse containing ninety-eight guineas -and five gold jacobuses. - -On another occasion he robbed Lord Delamere in an ingenious fashion. -That nobleman was driving over Dumoor Heath in his coach well attended -by armed servants. Simpson rode up to the carriage and told his lordship -that he had been waylaid and robbed by some rogues, two in number, at a -little distance. Lord Delamere at once despatched his armed and mounted -escort in pursuit, and Simpson took the opportunity of their absence to -rob the nobleman of forty pounds. After that experience Lord Delamere -vowed he would never again show kindness to a stranger. - -At last Simpson was taken near Acton by means of two captains of the -Foot Guards, where he attempted to rob both together. There ensued an -obstinate fight between them, and Simpson behaved with so much bravery -that in all probability he would have escaped, had not one of the -officers shot the horse on which he rode, which, falling, carried -Jonathan down with it. He had already been wounded in his arms and one -of his legs, but both his opponents were also wounded and bleeding. -Whilst on the ground he continued to resist with desperation whilst -extricating himself from his fallen horse; but the sound of the fray -had called up other passengers, and he was overmastered and sent to -Newgate, where he found the keeper so much of a friend that on this -occasion he was ready to receive him. Tyburn also was sufficiently -hospitable not to reject him, and he was hanged on Wednesday, 8th -September, 1686, in his thirty-third year. - - - - - DAVIES GILBERT - - -The simple and quiet life of a country gentleman who does not hunt, -but spends his days in the library among books, or at his desk making -calculations, presents little of interest to the general reader. But -Davies Gilbert is not a man to be passed over in a collection of minor -worthies of Cornwall. - -Mr. Gilbert's original name was Giddy, and he was the grandson of a -Mr. John Giddy, of Truro, who had two sons, Edward and Thomas; the -former took Holy Orders, and became curate of S. Erth, and never -obtained any better preferment. Here he married Catherine, daughter of -John Davis, of Tredrea, the representative of several ancient -families, and inheriting what fragments were left of the property of -William Noye, Attorney-General in the reign of Charles I. - -At S. Erth was born, 6 March, 1767, Davies Giddy, the subject of this -sketch. After having been - - The whining schoolboy, with his satchel, - And shining morning face, creeping like snail - Unwillingly to school, - -at Penzance, he passed to Oxford, and entered Pembroke College, his -father going up to Oxford to reside with him. Dr. Johnson, who was -also of Pembroke, once said, in allusion to the poetical characters -brought up there, that it was a veritable nest of singing-birds. -Davies Giddy was not a singer or a poet himself, but taught others to -sing, for he collected and published the traditional Cornish carols -with their melodies, now taken into every book of Christmas carols and -sung at the feast of Noel from John o' Groats House to the Land's End, -in America, India, and Australia. Probably this little gathering was -one of the works Davies Giddy, or Gilbert, least valued of his many -productions, but it has been the most enduring, and will be deathless -so long as English voices carol. - -Contemporary with Davies Giddy, but of older standing in the college, -was that strange man Dr. Thomas Beddoes, lecturer on chemistry, whose -head was turned by fanatical republicanism, and who was an enthusiastic -admirer of the French Revolution, and prepared to condone the horrors of -the Reign of Terror. This was too much for most of Beddoes' friends, who -fell away from him, but Davies Giddy, though in politics standing at the -other pole, appreciated the great abilities of the doctor, shrugged his -shoulders at his political opinions, and refrained from absolutely -breaking off all intercourse with him, even when Beddoes was obliged to -resign the professorship he held at the University. - -Beddoes, on leaving Oxford, set up a pneumatic institution at Clifton, -near Bristol, for the cure of consumption, by pumping air into the lungs -of those afflicted with phthisis. This was a great discovery, which was -to sweep this scourge out of England. The pneumatic bellows worked night -and day, and the patients gasped, inhaled and spurted the air back -through their nostrils, till the arms of the bellows-workers ached, but, -alas for suffering mankind, the pneumatic process proved a dead failure. - -Davies Giddy after leaving Oxford went to a surgeon, Bingham Borlase, -at Penzance, to prepare for the medical profession, intending after -a stay with Borlase to complete his education at the Medical School of -Edinburgh. With Dr. Borlase was a lad, Humphry Davy, who had been -articled to him in 1793, when little more than fourteen years old. He -was a youth of active frame, and with a bright, intelligent face, with -wavy brown hair, and eyes "tremulous with light." Not only was Davy a -keen fisherman, but he was enthusiastic as a chemist; but he had no -particular desire to spend his life as a Sangrado in Penzance. Davies -Giddy speedily recognized the flashes of genius in the lad, and -recommended him to go to the pump-house of Dr. Beddoes as an assistant -at a modest salary. As Beddoes experimented with various gases on his -unfortunate patients there was at all events an element of novelty in -the venture. Mr. Giddy abandoned his intention of entering the medical -profession, and, having a sufficient income to support himself, he -devoted his whole time to scientific work, and became well known as a -geologist and botanist, and he associated with all the literary and -scientific men of his native duchy. - -[Illustration: DAVIES GILBERT, M. A. - - _President of the Royal Society Member of Parliament--&c_ - -_1828_ - -_From the collection of Mrs. Lewis Lane_] - -The introduction of Watt's improvement in the steam-engine into the -Cornish mines and the disputes between that great mechanical inventor -and Jonathan Hornblower, of Penryn, as to the economy and mode of -applying the principle of working steam expansively, early attracted -the attention of Davies Giddy, and Hornblower had frequent recourse to -him, as a mathematician, to work out his calculations for him, and to -advise as to his experiments, and approve or criticize his inventions. -Trevithick also had recourse constantly for the same purpose to Mr. -Giddy, and the latter was solicited by the county to take an active -part in determining the advantages of Watt's engines; and in -conjunction with Captain W. Jenkin, of Treworgie, he made a survey of -all the steam-engines then working in Cornwall. - -One of the most laborious and practically useful works of Giddy was a -treatise on the properties of the Catenary Curve. This fine example of -mathematical investigation was published whilst Telford was preparing -materials for the Menai Straits Bridge; and Telford was so convinced -by Mr. Giddy's tract, that he altered the construction of the bridge -in accordance with what Giddy had laid down, causing the suspension -chains, which had already been completed, to be again taken in hand -and lengthened by about thirty-six feet. - -In 1804 Giddy was elected into Parliament as representative of that -rotten borough Helston, but at the next election, in 1806, he was -returned for Bodmin, and continued its member till the Reform Bill -abolished these nests of corruption. In Parliament he was rarely heard -to speak, but his judgment was always valued there, and had great -influence on questions of a practical nature. - -In 1811, when the high price of gold produced an ominous effect on the -currency of the realm, and when the public mind became greatly -agitated by the depreciation of bank notes, Davies Giddy published _A -Plain Statement of the Bullion Question_, with the object of allaying -the public ferment. Against great opposition he carried an extra -twelve feet in width to the design for rebuilding London Bridge. - -In 1808 he married Mary Ann Gilbert, an heiress, of Eastbourne, in -Sussex, whose family name he afterwards assumed, on account of the -hereditary estates to which he became entitled through this marriage. - -This lady was of a strong, determined character. On one occasion when -riding she was thrown, and dislocated her shoulder. Laying hold of -her hunting-crop with both hands, she threw herself back and so -brought the joint back into its place. - -Once she had a dispute with some farmers, who would not continue their -farms without a great reduction of rent. "Very well," said she; "then I -will farm them myself." And she did so, and made them pay. She was the -first in England to introduce the allotment system on a farm of hers at -Eastbourne, Sussex. The marriage was due to Mr. Giddy meeting her when -she was staying with her mother on a visit to Mr. Fry at Penzance. - -She was a handsome woman, with a determined face, and she suited her -husband admirably, for she was interested in many of the subjects that -he took up. She was an authoress, moreover--she wrote upon "Tanks," -"On an Improved Mode of Forming Water Tanks," "On the Construction of -Tanks," in 1836, 1838, and 1840. Also "On the Self-supporting Reading, -Writing, and Agricultural School at Willingdon, in Sussex," 1842. - -On the death of Sir Joseph Banks the unanimous voice of the Royal -Society called Sir Humphry Davy to the chair, and at the same time -Davies Gilbert--as he now was--was nominated Treasurer under the man -whom he had first helped to start in his career. Ill-health having -obliged Sir Humphry Davy to quit England in the early part of 1827, -Mr. Gilbert occupied the chair as Vice-President, and when finally Sir -Humphry retired in the same year he was chosen President. - -At that time a President was elected for life, but Davies Gilbert -considered this to be unadvisable, and urged that the election should be -for a term only; and his recommendation was accepted after a few years, -when the presidency was required for the Duke of Sussex; thereupon it -was hinted to him that he should act upon his expressed opinion and -leave the chair for His Royal Highness. This he did without reluctance. - -On his wife's estate in Sussex he introduced the Cornish stiles, of -gridiron fashion--strips of stone laid down with an interval between -each--and this prevents horses, donkeys, and cattle from adventuring to -cross them. But the Sussex people on the Eastbourne estate revolted, and -declared that they would not break their legs to please any Cornish -Giddy or Sussex Gilbert, and he was constrained to remove them all. - -He was a man of a versatile mind. He published, with a translation by -J. Keigwin and W. Jordan, the early Cornish mystery plays of _Mount -Calvary_ and the _Creation of the World_. - -He also undertook a Parochial History of Cornwall, giving first Hals' -account from his MS., now in the British Museum, with additions from -Tonkin, and a geological account of each parish by Dr. Boase, of no -great value, and his own additions. This was published in five volumes -in 1838. - -He wrote also on steam-engines, on the employment of sea salt as a -manure, on the improvement of wheels and springs for carriages, on the -_Eikon Basilike_. He translated the Liturgy into Greek. Chambers in -his _Journal_, Vol. II, 1844, has an account of the improvements -effected on his wife's estate at Eastbourne. - -When Lieutenant Goldsmith upset the Logan Rock he got the use of -timber and ropes granted for the work of replacing the stone, and had -the loan of the same also to replace the coverstone of Lanyon Quoit. - -Lord Sidmouth offered him the position of Under-Secretary of State, -but he declined the offer. - -About a year before his death Davies Gilbert entered in his notebook: -"Slept in a house for the first time on my own property." This was a -house in East Looe bequeathed to him by Thomas Bond, who had written the -_History of Looe_, and who died unmarried and without near relatives. - -Davies Gilbert died at Eastbourne on Christmas Eve, 1839, as the -carollers, for whom he had done so much, were going round in the dark -under the stars singing-- - - Noel, Noel, the angel did say, - Unto these poor shepherds in the fields as they lay. - - - - - JAMES HOSKIN, FARMER - - -Castell-an-Dinas was the most complete and perfect relic of -prehistoric times existing in Cornwall, till a Mr. Rogers, of Penrose, -took it into his head to erect a tower on the summit, that was neither -useful nor beautiful, and to obtain material the walls of the fort -were pulled about and pillaged. It is still an interesting specimen of -a hill fortress, notwithstanding the mischief wrought by the builder -of the tower. - -On the side of the swelling hill crowned by the old fortress is a small -walled enclosure, like a donkey-pound, and in this is the tomb of James -Hoskin, a farmer, who desired that he might not be laid in consecrated -ground. He was buried in 1823 at the age of 63. He was baptized at -Ludgvan on March 8th, 1760, and was the son of James Hoskin. - -There are, in fact, three headstones within the enclosure: that which is -central is to James Hoskin; on the left is one to his eldest son, who -died in 1812, aged 20, and above it is the inscription, "Custom is the -idol of Fools"; on the right is one to a married daughter and her child, -also in 1812, the mother aged 22 and the daughter 7, probably months, -not years, in this latter case. Above this headstone is the inscription: -"Virtue only consecrates the ground." But although there be these three -memorial stones, only James Hoskin, the father, aged 63, lies here. - -What caused James Hoskin to desire to be interred on the moor away -from consecrated ground? Tradition in Ludgvan says that he kissed the -parson's wife, and the rector, furious at the insult--his name was J. -Stephens--vowed that if he survived Hoskin he would bury him in the -most obscure corner of the graveyard on the north side of the church. -So in order to defeat the parson's intentions, he made provision for -his body to be buried at Castell-an-Dinas. Whether this be true or not -I cannot say, but certain it is that there was a lasting difference -between J. Hoskin and the Rev. J. Stephens. - -The Hoskin family lived in a farm, Treassow, Castell-an-Dinas, the -original seat of the Rogers Family from before 1633. Sold by Captain -J. P. Rogers recently. - -His was a small yeoman family in very fair circumstances. James Hoskin -had two sons who lived, besides John, the eldest, who died young. -These were John William and Richard Vinnicombe. This last went as a -clerk to Jamaica to Sir Rose Price. His grandsons are now living in -Ludgvan. According to some poor inflated verses, written by a Miss -Lean, of Ludgvan, in 1803, addressed to James Hoskin, he made the farm -on the slope of Castell-an-Dinas, from which height, she says-- - - ... Barren places are thence descryed, - But none more barren than its own rough side, - Till Hoskin rose, a man of birth obscure, - Heir to no wealth, and forced by fate to endure - The toils of humble life, till innate worth - And active fancy drew his talents forth. - On Castle Downs his fertile mind he cast, - And soon by industry did improve its waste. - The starving poor who knew not where to gain - The scanty pittance that should life sustain, - Employed by him, and by his bounty fed, - They had the honest means to earn their bread; - Nor stayed the hireling's wages in his hand, - But weekly each his stipend might command. - Some pick the stones, some cut the turf, and some - Dig from the pit the builders' useful loam. - The straw-thatched cottage rises from the ground, - And the strong stone enclosure spreadeth round. - And now where moss-grown rocks and heath did rise, - Green meads and beauteous cornfields greet the eyes. - The lowing herds and fleecy bleating flocks - That crop'd the scanty herbage round the rocks, - Now ruminating stand and seem to say, - May Heaven's best gift our benefactor pay. - The Master sees, well pleased, and smiles to see - The honest fruits of live industry. - -The "poem" concludes with invocations of blessings on the head of Mr. -Hoskin-- - - Long, very long may he survive to see - The distant fruits of his industry; - And may Almighty power to him dispense - Earth's greatest bliss--Health, Peace, and Competence. - -Having heard of the prosperity of those who had settled in America, he -resolved on going thither and seeing the condition of the farmers in -the States and the quality of the land, so that he might be able to -advise others whether to leave the mother country and settle there, -and with half a mind himself to cast in his lot with those who were -farming there. On his return he printed, but did not publish, his -experience and his observations. He printed for his own use, and kept -a very few copies for distribution among his relations and friends. -Through the kindness of the Rev. A. C. Boscawen, Rector of Ludgvan, I -have been afforded a sight of his Narrative. It is interesting as -affording a picture of the condition of the States and the farming -there a century ago. The "Narrative" was printed by Vigurs, of -Penzance, "for the Author" in 1813. In his preface, he says:-- - -"I am well aware that in the composition there may be much room for -criticism; to this I answer, I have neither the wish nor -qualification to become an AUTHOR, I need only say I am a FARMER. This -carries its apology with it, for the book contains plain facts on -agricultural subjects, which I affirm are nearly, if not perfectly, -correct. [I have written nothing designedly false.] The passage within -brackets he cancelled with his own hand after the book was printed. - -"I sailed from Penzance on the 28th of December, 1810, on board an -American schooner called the _Packet of Boston_, bound for New York with -a cargo of iron, boxes of tin-plate, etc. On leaving the quay the seamen -of a brig gave us three cheers, which we returned. Soon a number of -people on the quay gave us three more. I asked the men, was it customary -on sailing? They said they had been on the pier two months, but never -saw it done before. So much for cordiality towards the Americans." - -Blood is thicker than water. This is interesting. It shows that even -then, after the States had declared their independence, and only two -years before war was declared between England and the States, the -feeling, at all events in Cornwall, was one of affection and regard -for the gallant people who had been driven by stupidity into revolt -against the Crown. - -After a very rough passage, on the 14th February, 1811, in the depth of -winter, the little vessel reached Vineyard Island. "We soon landed, and -put up at Dr. Spalding's tavern, a handsome house, with good -entertainment and accommodation. Our host was a doctor, a justice of the -peace, a tavern keeper, but quite the gentleman. The family at meal -times sat down with us--this is the American fashion. With our tea we -had plenty of beefsteaks, boiled eggs, preserved fruit, hot cakes, etc. -This is customary all over America. We paid a dollar per day (bed -included), but all through America we saw nothing of those pests of -beggars, waiters, chambermaids, coachmen, postboys, etc., which -constantly harass and frequently insult the traveller in England." - -On reaching New York he got into trouble with his captain, who was -"slim," and tried to take advantage of him. "I was detained three -weeks by the captain I came over with from England. I bought at -Penzance some earthenware to carry out. On the passage I sold the -whole to the captain, and had a written agreement from him to pay me -on arriving at New York. At first he put off the payment for want of -money, so on one pretence or another until he began to unload the -vessel, and then he told me that he had given me no bill of lading to -show the goods were mine, and that I could not prove them mine. Indeed -he did everything in his power to plunder me of the whole. I then went -to the merchant to whom the cargo was consigned. He was much hurt at -the captain's conduct in attempting to defraud me, and wrote him a -letter immediately. The next day the merchant called on me, and told -me if the captain did not pay me in half an hour to acquaint him, but -before the half-hour was expired the captain was come with the money." - -From New York Hoskin sailed in the _William Eaton_ schooner for -Alexandria and Washington. - -"The captain (being intoxicated) would have the cook to kill and pick -a fowl and dress it in an instant (the cook was an old man, a negro). -The poor man set about it with all speed, but in the boiling the -captain found fault, caught up the hot fowl and beat it in the cook's -face. The captain confessed that he had sprung six feet high, and -thought he should have fallen overboard. The captain scalded his three -fingers, etc. Two days after he was full of spite and vengeance -towards the poor old black man. 'D---- the negroes,' said he, 'I hate -them,' and going on deck beat the poor man dreadfully with pieces of -trees cut to burn, some time after with a rope, and after that with a -fire-shovel. The poor man was very bad all night. I expected he would -have died before morning. Next morning in that condition he would make -him work. I said, 'Captain, I will attend breakfast; I can do it -better than he.' So I kept him out of the way. In the afternoon the -captain would make the poor creature come on deck. 'Shall I pay him -wages for nothing?' says he. I told him that the cook could do -nothing, but that I could do much better, and that I would work for -him. In three hours after word was brought to him that the cook was -dying. After he was dead, the captain came to me and asked what I -thought was the cause of his death, which I turned off." - -James Hoskin excuses himself for not trying to bring the captain to -justice. His reasons are not very satisfactory. First, "it might -destroy the happiness of a dear woman, his wife." In the next place, -the mate would have sworn in the captain's favour; and, finally, by -accusing the captain he would have done no good to the dead cook. - -On ascending the Potomac he was put ashore for a while. - -"I asked at the hut of a white woman for some water. I shall, while I -live, never forget this hut. The outside was like a stable, built of -logs, having no glass windows. She brought me a bowl of milk, a china -pint to mix water with it. The water stood on a stool without doors, -covered nicely. The hut and everything within were in such neat order. -This milk and water was as a cordial of wine. I contemplated the -happiness of the farmers in this place, flowing in abundance of the -first necessaries of life; their wants few and easily supplied; no -cares about raising money for other people, all being peace, plenty, -and happiness around them." - -He ascended the Delaware "in the steem [_sic_] boat." The boat was -worked by a steam-engine "which turns round a wheel each side of the -boat in the water. It has wide boards to the end of each spoke, like a -water under-shut wheel. The boat is 100 feet long, wide and roomy, and -a tavern kept on board. The passage comes very cheap, only 3 dollars -for 100 miles, baggage included." - -He tells a story of William Cobbett when in America. Cobbett conducted -a newspaper entitled the _Pesca Post_ at Philadelphia, and kept a -stationer's shop. He was very outspoken against the French Revolution, -and that did not please the Yankees. One day some one entered the -stationer's shop and asked for some quills. Cobbett sold them. "Ah, -ha!" said the purchaser. "These be porcupine quills, I guess." -"Porcupine quills they were till I sold them to you," was Cobbett's -ready answer. "Now they are goose quills." - -"As I was at breakfast one day on Long Island," says Hoskin, "there -came in a young woman. 'The English,' said she, 'have pressed my -brother in the Downs; I wish I could guillotine the English, I wish -the English were guillotined.' 'But,' says one in the room, 'the -Christian English will hang a man for stealing a horse, or stealing a -sheep; but for stealing a man they shall have money.'" Hoskin was too -discreet to bring up the case of the negro slaves and of the captain -and the cook. He saw the first attempt at a torpedo. A Mr. Fulton had -invented one "for the purpose of sinking it under vessels at anchor -and blowing them up. Likewise to anchor under water and blow up ships -coming in a harbour. The Congress has voted him 6000 dollars to defray -the expenses for making trials, etc. Some time back a day was fixed -for trial at New York, the _President_ a frigate of 44 guns, and the -_Argus_ brig of war lay there; Mr. Fulton chose to attack the brig, -the captain of which prepared for defence by casting a net round the -brig to prevent the torpedo diving under, and by hanging shot and -heavy weights to the yards and studding sail-booms, to destroy the -torpedo if it came near; but Mr. Fulton could not succeed at that -time; he says he has made vast improvements since, and shall succeed. -This Fulton has a patent for the steamboats on the Delaware and Hudson -Rivers. They go five miles an hour against wind and tide." - -On his return to England he had a better passage than on going out. -"Then chiefly three or four days in a week it blew what the sailors -call a gale. In the gale of last week we sailed before the wind, and -the ship rolled much more then than if it was a side wind. We laughed -at supper, though tossed about. We had cords and bars spread over the -table, which was bound fast to keep the things on it; one held the -teapot, and the mate was desired to bind the tea-kettle with a string -to the side of the cabin. This put me in mind of last winter's -passage. The cook would be called an hour or two before day to light -his fire, and get his kettle under way, as the phrase is on board; by -and by we should hear the cook on deck crying and swearing, the sea -breaking over having upset the tea-kettle--the fire is again lit, and -the tea-kettle set on again. Soon we hear the cook in the like -distress, and swearing he would rather go before the mast than be -cook, and so on. Three times of a morning, one day, one of the -tea-kettles went overboard; and some days we could only light fire in -the cabin stove, and were obliged to boil beef in the tea-kettle." - -In London, in January, 1803, he had fallen ill, and thought he had not -long to live. This was seven years before he visited the States, and -he then addressed the following letter to his children:-- - - - "London, _January 13th, 1803_. - - "My dear Children all and each, - - "For the last three days I have found my illness so to increase, - and I am so exceedingly ill at this time, that I believe it is the - Lord's good pleasure that I shall never see your dear faces again. - The God of heaven take you under His precious, His most special - protection and care. Fear it not my dear sweet loves, but that - good and holy Lord of life and glory will be to you what He has - always been to me--a father. When I was about six years old, His - good pleasure was to take my mother. With her I lost I may say my - father, mother and all. But I had a Father in heaven, Who blessed, - watched, and protected me. If you would be wise, seek true - happiness. If you would be happy, rich and wise, be truly virtuous - in word, action, and, as much as possible, in thought. - - Seek virtue, and of that possessed - Leave to Providence the rest. - - "If you will tell a lie, you will tell another; if you tell two, - you will go on further and tell ten, and so on, to lying on any - occasion. If you lie, you will cheat, when occasion offers you, - and so on to other vices. With the loss of a virtuous disposition - of mind, you will lose your peace, troubles will come upon you, - one after another; you will endeavour to shun them, but they will - overtake you. Let the words of an affectionate and perhaps dying - father, sink deep into your hearts every time you read them. - - "If you should fall in love with those true Christians, called - Quakers, how much, I think, would it, by God's blessing (of which - you need not fear) and their friendly aid to you, advance you in - piety and virtue. But beware of Methodists' Class Meetings. Not - but that there are many among them who are patterns of religion; - but the human heart being, as it has been truly said, 'the devil's - tinder-box,' the heart falls by degrees into some favourite sin, - and falsehood and deceit at these meetings are sent in the place - of piety, and of all states this is the most dangerous and - destructive to the soul. May the Lord of His goodness bless you, - protect you, be your guide through life, and in death receive you - to Himself is the prayer of - - "Your father, JAMES HOSKIN." - -Happily he recovered and lived on for many years. - - - - - JOHN HARRIS, THE MINER POET - - -"On the quiet evening of October 14th, 1820, in a straw-thatched, -boulder-built cottage, with bare rafters and clay floor, locally known -as the 'six chimneys,' on the top of Bolennowe Hill, Camborne, -Cornwall, as the leaves are falling from the trees, and the robin -mourns in the thicket, a gentle mother gives birth to a babe; and that -baby-boy is a poet." - -So John Harris begins his account of his own life. It is not always -safe for a composer of verses to be too sure that he is a poet, and -that his lines will live. Horace did it,[40] so doubtless has many -another man who has hammered out verses; but only Horace was justified -in his prophecy. - -[Illustration: JOHN HARRIS, THE MINER POET] - -A plum-pudding without plums may be a good suet dumpling, and without -suet also a respectable batter pudding, but neither is a plum-pudding; -and a set of verses without ideas may be pleasant verses, but is not -poetry; and without ideas and without imagination is very poor stuff -indeed. John Harris could write smooth lines, he had a tender -appreciation of the beauties of nature, but he went no further. His -verses bear the same relation to poetry that Tupper's _Proverbial -Philosophy_ bears to the Philosophy of Plato. But to return to his -life. He tells us that "from first to last the majority of my poems -have been written in the open air, in lanes and leas, by old stiles -and farm gates, by rocks and rivers and mossy moors." - -He was put to a miserable school where the hedge-school master was -hard-hearted and cruel, and "verily hoots the lessons in his ears. He -beats his pupils without mercy, with a polished piece of flat wood -studded with small, sharp nails, until the blood runs down, and soon -scares the little learner from his straw-roofed academy." - -From this school he was removed to another after a few days. "On the -edge of a brown common, in a little thatched school-house by the side -of the highway, very near the famous Nine Maidens, he finds another -master, who wore a wooden leg, with more of the milk of human kindness -in his soul, a thorough Christian, and a man of prayer." He says -further: "You might have seen him on a summer evening, when his merry -schoolmates are chattering in the hollow--you might have seen him -walking by the stream, or stretched on the moss listening to the wind -tuning its organ among the rocks, or gazing up at the purple heavens. -He roams among the flowers, kissing them for very joy, calling them -his fragrant sisters. Born on the crest of the hill, amid the crags -and storms, he grows up in love with Nature, and she becomes his chief -teacher. And now come the promptings of early genius, which develop -themselves in snatches of unpolished song, pencilled on the leaves of -his copybook for the amusement of his wondering schoolmates. He often -writes his rhymes on the clean side of cast-off labelled tea-papers -which his mother brings from the shop, and then reads them to his -astonished compeers with rapt delight." - -At the age of nine he was taken from school and put to work in the -fields. At the age of ten he was employed by an old tin-streamer to -throw up the sand from the river, earning threepence a day. At twelve -he was working on the surface "nearly three miles from his favourite -home. As he travels to and fro from his labour through long lanes -bramble covered, and over meadows snowy with daisies, or by hedges -blue with hyacinths, or over whispering cairns redolent with the hum -of bees--" he means thyme on which the bees hover gathering -honey--"the beautiful world around him teems with syllables of song. -Even then he pencils his strange ditties, reciting them at intervals -of leisure to the dwellers of his own district, and older heads than -his tell of his future fame." - -One thing is evident, that at this early age he was inordinately -conceited. He had a true appreciation of the beauties of Nature. He -had a receptive soul, but it was that which might have made of him a -painter, not necessarily a poet. - -At the age of thirteen, or as he styles it, "When thirteen summers -have filled his lap with roses, and fanned his forehead with the -breeze of health, we find him sweating in the hot air of the interior -of a mine (Dolcoath), working with his father nearly two hundred -fathoms below the green fields." - -So time passes, and he grows to manhood. Then in his stilted style he -says: "Love meets him on his flowery pathway, and he weaves a chaplet -of the choicest roses to adorn her head. He worships at the shrine of -beauty till they stand before the sacred altar, and the two are made -one." In plain English, he fell in love and got married to Jane Rule. - -One of his earliest pieces of verse, "The First Primrose," got into a -magazine, and attracted some little notice, amongst others that of Dr. -George Smith, of Camborne, who gave him encouragement and induced him -to publish. His first book appeared in 1853; soon after he was -appointed Scripture Reader at Falmouth. - -He says in his _Autobiography_: "Soon after my marriage, the Rev. G. -B. Bull, of Treslothian, lent me a volume of Shakespere. The first -play I read was _Romeo and Juliet_, which I greedily devoured, -travelling over a wide down near my father's house. The delight I -experienced is beyond words to describe, as the sun sank behind the -western waters, and the purple clouds of evening primed the horizon, -the bitters of life changed to sweetness in my cup, and the wilderness -around me was a region of fairies. Sometimes I cried, sometimes I -shouted for joy, and over the genii-peopled heights a new world burst -upon my view." Next he read _Childe Harold_, or portions of it. "My -younger brother James possessed an eighteenpenny copy of Burns' poems, -to which I had access. One day, I was reading Burns in our Troon-Moor -home. No one can tell the ecstasy of my spirit, or the deep joy of my -heart. Not only was I tired with my mine-work, but also crippled in -the quarry raising stone for the garden-wall. I believe I was in my -shirtsleeves, when a middle-aged matron entered my home. Seeing a -small book before me, she asked what it was. I told her, and her -answer surely displayed her prejudice and her narrowness of mind. -Looking at me with severity in her features, she exclaimed, 'You ought -to be ashamed of yourself! You, a local preacher, and reading Burns!' -This strange sin put me quite beyond the reach of her favours, and I -do not remember her ever speaking to me afterwards." - -It is an infinite pity that John Harris did not inspire his muse from -Burns; had he done so, his "poems" might possibly have lived, but -_poeta nascitur, non fit_. - -"For more than twenty years I was an underground miner, toiling in -the depths of Dolcoath. Here I laboured from morning till night, and -often from night till morning, frequently in sulphur and dust almost -to suffocation. Sometimes I stood in slime and water above my knees, -and then in levels so badly ventilated that the very stones were hot, -and the rarified air caused the perspiration to stream into my boots -in rills, though I doffed my flannel shirt and worked naked to the -waist. Sometimes I stood on a stage hung in ropes in the middle of a -wide working, when my life depended on a single nail driven into a -plank. Had the nail slipped, I should have been pitched headlong on -the broken rocks more than twenty feet below. Sometimes I stood on a -narrow board high up in some dark working, holding the drill, or -smiting it with the mallet, smeared all over with mineral, so that my -nearest friends would hardly know me, until my hands ached with the -severity of my task, and the blood dropped off my elbows. Sometimes I -had to dig through the ground where it was impossible to stand -upright, and sometimes to work all day as if standing to the face of a -cliff. Sometimes I have been so exhausted as to lie down and sleep on -the sharp flints." (There are no flints in Cornish mines.) "And -sometimes so thirsty that I have drunk stale water from the keg, -closing my teeth to keep back the worms. Sometimes I had wages to -receive at the end of the month, and sometimes I had none. But I -despaired not, nor turned the nymph of song from my side. She murmured -among the tinctured slabs," etc. etc. That the water brought down from -the spring for the use of the miners was ever full of worms is not to -be believed, nor that he did not receive his regular monthly wages. -John Harris was evidently vastly sorry for himself, thinking he was -born for better things. I have known many a man who has worked -underground as a common miner, without whining and breaking into -extravagance such as this. - -"We were at supper one evening in Troon-Moor house, our two daughters -in a window, I at the end of the kitchen table, and Jane sitting on a -chair beside it. We had fried onions, and the flavour was very -agreeable. I was hungry, having just returned from a long day's labour -in the mine. Suddenly we heard a step in the garden, and then a knock -at the door. My wife opened it, and I heard a gruff voice say, 'Does -the young Milton live here?' My wife asked the possessor of the gruff -voice to walk in; and we soon discovered that it was the Rev. G. -Collins. We invited him to partake of our meal, to which he at once -assented, eating the onions with a spoon, exclaiming at almost every -mouthful, 'I like fried leeks.' He asked for my latest production, and -I gave him 'The Child's First Prayer,' in MS. He quietly read it, and -before he had finished I could see the tears streaming down his face. -Besides the two daughters, Jane and Lucretia, already named, we were -afterwards blest with two sons, Howard and Alfred." - -I have given this passage from the _Autobiography_ of John Harris with -pleasure, as it exhibits the author at his best. Whether the tears may -not have been an adjunct of his fancy, I do not pretend to say. When -he writes simple English, concerning his own life and experiences, he -is always interesting, but when he steps up into his florid car, as a -chauffeur at the Battle of Roses at Nice, he is intolerable. - -"Throughout my mining life I have had several narrow escapes from -sudden death. Once when at the bottom of the mine, the bucket-chains -suddenly severed and came roaring down the shaft with rocks and -rubbish. I and my comrade had scarcely time to escape; and one of the -smaller fragments of stone cut open my forehead, leaving a visible -scar to this day. Then the man-engine accidentally broke, hurling -twenty men headlong into the pit, and I amongst them. A few scars and -bruises were my only injuries. Standing before a tin-stepe on the -smallest foothold, a thin piece of flint (?), air-impelled, struck me -on the face, cutting my lips and breaking some of my front teeth. Had -I fallen backwards among the huge slabs" (the rock does not form -slabs) "death must have been instantaneous. Passing over a narrow -plank, a hole exploded at my feet, throwing a shower of stones around -me, but not a hair of my head was injured." - -"A more wonderful interposition of Divine Providence may be traced, -perhaps, in the following record. Our party consisted of five men -working in a sink. Two of them were my younger brothers. Over our -heads the ground was expended, and there was a huge cavern higher and -further than the light of the candle would reveal. Here hung huge -rocks as if by hairs (!) and we knew it not. We were all teachers in a -Sunday-school, and on the tea-and-cake anniversary remained out of our -working to attend the festival. Some men who laboured near us, at the -time when we were in the green field singing hymns, heard a fearful -crash in our working, and on hastening to see what it was found the -place full of flinty (?) rocks. They had suddenly fallen from above, -exactly in the place where we should have been, and would have crushed -us to powder were it not for the Sunday-school treat." - -Moving in his little circle, surrounded by the ignorant, it is no wonder -that John Harris was puffed up with vanity, and thought himself a poet. - -He was very urgent in the promotion of the cause of peace and -arbitration between nations, and wrote a series of tracts entitled -_Peace Pages_, of which some hundreds of thousands were distributed, -and produced as much effect on the policy of nations as waste paper. -In the year 1864 a prize was offered for the best poem on the -tercentenary of the birth of Shakespeare. It was competed for by over -a hundred persons in Great Britain and America. Mr. Harris gained the -prize, and was presented with a gold watch. It is not possible to -estimate its value, poetically, without a knowledge of the "poems" -that failed, and the discrimination of the judges.[41] From first to -last John Harris published no less than sixteen volumes of verse. He -died in 1884, and was buried in Treslothian Churchyard, near Camborne. -He had received a grant of L50 per annum from the Royal Literary Fund, -1872-75, and L200 from the Royal Bounty Fund in 1877. - -He had a son, John Alfred Harris, born at Falmouth in 1860, who became -a wood engraver, working in a recumbent position owing to a spinal -affliction. He illustrated some of his father's works. Another son, -James Howard Harris, born in 1857, became master of the Board School, -Porthleven, and wrote a memoir of his father. - -John Harris had the faculty of receiving impressions from the objects -of nature, as does a mirror, but had no power to give forth flashes of -genius, for of genius he had none. His verses read smoothly and -pleasantly, but will not live, as there is no vital spark in them. He -stands, however, on a higher level than Edward Capern, the Devonshire -postman "poet," but immeasurably below Burns and Waugh. - -He published, moreover, a series of addresses, but all marked with -the same paucity of idea, lack of original thought. A good but very -self-satisfied man, he reaped far higher applause in his day as he -deserved, and in another generation will be clean forgotten. He called -himself the miner poet, but he is not even a minor poet. There is -something pathetic in the contemplation of a man of this sort. I have -come across several instances--men who have a love of nature, an -appreciation of the beautiful and the good and the true, but have no -genius, no originality, who can imitate but create nothing. It is the -same with musicians. There are a thousand who can write songs, but -only one in a thousand who can produce a pure melody. The mirror -reflects objects, but the burning-glass focusses the sun's rays in a -pencil of fire that kindles whatever it falls on. Such is the -difference between the versifier and the poet. - - Nulla placere diu, nec vivere carmina possunt - Quae scribuntur aquae portoribus. - Hor. _Ep._ I. 19. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[40] _Od._ I, 1; II, 20. - -[41] These were Lord Lyttleton, G. Dawson, and C. Bray. - - - - - EDWARD CHAPMAN - - -Hals tells the following story of Mr. Edward Chapman, of Constantine. -But before giving it, it will be well to say a few words of the -Chapman family. The name suffices to show that it was not Cornish by -origin, and indeed in the _Heralds' Visitation_ it is recorded to have -come from the North. Why they came down one cannot say, but they -married well. One John Chapman, of Harpford, in Devon, had to wife a -daughter of Chichester, of Hall, and his son Edward married a -Prideaux, and settled at Resprin in S. Winnow, and as that was a manor -that belonged to the Prideaux family it is probable that his wife was -an heiress. Edward, the grandson, baptized at S. Winnow May 12th, -1647, was probably the person mentioned by Hals, to whom the adventure -is attributed. He was married to a daughter of Bligh, of Botathen. - -"This gentleman received from God's holy angels a wonderful preservation -in the beginning of the reign of William III when returning from Redruth -towards his own house about seven miles distant, with his servant, late -at night, and both much intoxicated with liquor (as himself told me); -nevertheless having so much sense left as to consider that they were to -pass through several tin mines or shafts near the highway, on the -south-east side of Redruth town, alighted both from their horses, and -led them in their hands after them. The servant went somewhat before his -master, the better to keep the right road in those places, which -occasioned Mr. Chapman's turning aside somewhat out of the way, whereby -in the dark he suddenly fell into a tin mine above twenty fathoms deep, -at whose fall into this precipice his horse started back and escaped; in -this pit or hole Mr. Chapman fell directly down fifteen fathoms without -let or intermission, where meeting with a cross drift (above six fathoms -of water under it), he in his campaign coat, sword, and boots, was -miraculously stopped, when, coming to himself, he was not much sensible -of any hurt or bruises he had received, through the terror and horror of -his fall; when, considering in what condition he was, he resolved to -make the best expedient he could to prevent his falling further down -(where, by the dropping of stones and earth moved by his fall, he -understood there was much water under), so he rested his back against -one side of the ruin, and his feet against the other, athwart the hole, -and in order to fix his hands on some solid thing, drew his sword out of -its sheath, and thrust the blade thereof as far as he could into the -opposite part of the shaft, and so in great pain and terror rested -himself. - -"The suddenness of this accident, and the horse's escaping in the dark -as aforesaid, was the reason why Mr. Chapman's servant, who went before -him, did not so soon find him wanting as otherwise he might, which as -soon as he did, he went back the roadway in quest of him, calling him -aloud by his name; but receiving no answer, nor being able to find his -horse, he concluded his master had rode home some other way, whereupon, -giving up all further search after him, he hastened home to Constantine, -expecting to have met him there; but contrary to his expectations, found -he was not returned. Whereupon his servants, early next morning, went -forth to inquire after him, and suspecting (as it happened) he might be -fallen into some tin-shafts about Redruth, hastened thither, where, -before they arrived, some tinners had taken custody of his horse (with -bridle and saddle on), which they found grazing in the Wastsell Downs. -Whereupon, consulting together about this tragical mishap, it was -resolved forthwith that some of these tinners, for reward, should search -the most dangerous shafts in order to find his body, either living or -dead; accordingly they employed themselves that day till about four -o'clock in the afternoon without any discovery of him. Finally, one -person returned to his company, and told them that at a considerable -distance he heard a kind of human voice underground; to which place they -repaired, and making loud cries to the hole of the shaft, he forthwith -answered them that he was there alive, and prayed their assistance in -order to deliver him from that tremendous place; whereupon, immediately -they set on tackle ropes and windlass on the old shaft, so that a tinner -descended to the place where he rested, and having candle-light with -him, bound him fast in a rope, and so drew him safely to land, where, to -their great admiration and joy, it appeared he had neither broke any -bone, or was much bruised by the fall; verifying that old English -proverb, that drunkards seldom take hurt; for, as the tinners said, if -he had fallen but two or three feet lower, he must inevitably have been -drowned in the water. But maugre all these adverse accidents, after -about seventeen hours' stay in the pit aforesaid, he miraculously -escaped death, and lived many years after, and would recount this story -with as much pleasure as men do the ballads of 'Chevy Chase' or -'Rosamond Clifford.'" - - - - - JOHN COKE, OF TRERICE - - -There is no thriving on ill-gotten goods, says the proverb, and this -was exemplified in the case of the Cook or Coke family of Trerice, in -S. Allen. - -According to Hals, John Coke, attorney-at-law, came into these parts -of Cornwall in the reign of Queen Elizabeth from Ottery S. Mary, in -Devon, "without money or goods, and placed himself a servant or -steward under Sir Francis Godolphin, Knight, where he began from, and -with, his ink-horn and pen, to turn all things that he touched into -gold, and that by indirect art and practices as tradition saith." This -Cook or Coke derived from a Henry Cooke, a citizen of Exeter, who -married the sister and heiress of Roger Thorne, in Ottery S. Mary; and -the eldest branch of the family remained at Thorne till the end of the -seventeenth century, when it became extinct. - -Sir Francis Godolphin, finding John Coke a clever business man, left -in his hands the management of his estate and his tin mines. - -Coke took care that all the tin of his master's mines should be run into -blocks and stamped with the dolphin, to show whence they came and whose -they were. But after a while, as he saw that he was not specially -overlooked, and that opportunity was afforded him for peculation, he had -a considerable share of the block tin produced at the blowing-houses of -Sir Francis for himself, and to distinguish it from that of his -master's had it stamped with the figure of a cat, as cats are on the -Coke arms; and this he disposed of to his own advantage, and eventually -it was found that from the Godolphin mines more tin was produced and -sold marked with the cat than was with the dolphin. - -Hals says: "Sir Francis's lady being informed of his ill practices, -and resolving by the next coinage to be better instructed in this -mystery, at such time as Godolphin blowing-house was at work, -privately, with one of her maids, in a morning, on foot went to that -place, where according, as common fame reported, she found many more -blocks or slabs of tin marked with the cat than there were with the -dolphin; the one part pertaining to Sir Francis, the other to Mr. -Coke. Whereupon, abundantly satisfied, she returned to Godolphin -House, but could not be there timely enough against dinner; whereat -Sir Francis was greatly distasted, having at that time several -strangers to dine with him. At length the lady being arrived, she -asked all their pardons for her absence, and told them it did not -proceed from any neglect or want of respect, but from an absolute -necessity of seeing a strange and unheard-of piece of curiosity, which -could not be seen at any other time; viz. to see a cat eat the -dolphin. And then gave an account of the premises, to their great -wonder and admiration; whereupon, soon after, Sir Francis dismissed -him from his service. But by that time he had gotten so much riches -that forthwith he purchased the little barton and manor of Trerice, in -S. Allen, and made that place his habitation till he purchased the -barton and manor of Tregasa, and seated himself there, where, by -parsimony and the inferior practice of the law, he accumulated a very -considerable estate in those parts. But maugre all his thrift and -conduct in providing wealth for himself and posterity, his grandson, -Thomas Coke, succeeding to his estate, upon the issueless decease of -his elder brother, Christopher Coke, and buying in his widow's -jointure at a dear rate, and also undertaking the building of the -present new and finely contrived house at Tregasa, though never -finished, yet the said fabric was so costly and chargeable to him, -together with the vain extravagance of his wife Lance, that he was -necessitated to sell divers parcels of lands in order to raise money -for his necessary occasions, and finally to mortgage the manor and -barton of Tregasa and all his other lands that were before unsold, for -about fourteen thousand pounds, to Hugh Boscawen, of Tregothnan, Esq.; -and lastly, for that consideration and others, did, by lease and -release, fine and proclamation, convey the same to the said Hugh -Boscawen, his heirs and assigns, for ever. Soon after this fact Mr. -Coke fell into great want and distress, together with his wife and -children, and died suddenly by a slip of his foot into a shallow pit, -wherein he was searching for tin, out of a conceited opinion he had -that he should at last raise his fortune by tin, as his grandfather -before him had done." - -What Hals has omitted to state is that John Coke married a Godolphin, -Prudence, daughter of William Godolphin, of Trewarveneth, by whom he -had three sons--John, Edward, and Francis. Thomas Coke, who came to -such grief, the sins of the grandfather visited on the grandchild, was -Sheriff of Cornwall in the year 1651 under the Commonwealth. - - - - - THOMAS PELLOW, OF PENRYN - - -Thomas Pellow was born at Penryn, in all probability in 1704, and was -educated in the Latin school of that place. But loving adventure -better than books, and impatient to escape _propria quae maribus_, he -implored his uncle John Pellow to allow him to embark with him in the -good ship _Francis_, owned by Valentine Enys, merchant, of Penryn, -that was bound with a cargo of pilchards for Genoa. He soon began to -regret having left the school bench, for his uncle not only made him -work as a common seaman, but when not so employed held him to those -hated books, and if he shirked, gave him the cat-o'-nine-tails. "So -that by the time we got to Genoa I thought I had enough of the sea, -being every day, during our voyage out, obliged (over and above my -book learning) to go up to the main-top mast-head, even in all -weather." On the return voyage when off Cape Finisterre the vessel was -captured by Sallee pirates, and it with the crew conveyed to Morocco -as captives. Thomas Pellow was in but his eleventh year, and his -Moorish masters thought that they would have little difficulty with -him in making of him a Mussulman. - -He remained in Morocco for twenty-three years, during which time he -kept a diary, and this was published in London in 1739 and 1740, but -no date is affixed to the two editions. A third edition was published -in 1775, and recently his record of adventure has been included in -the "Adventure Series," edited with an introduction by Dr. Robert -Brown, and published by Mr. Fisher Unwin, London, 1890. In this -edition the narrative extends to 330 pages, and it is not my intention -to give even a summary of its contents, the book itself being easily -accessible. What must suffice is some account of the beginning of his -bondage and an idea of the condition of Morocco whilst he was there. - -Thomas Pellow was given as slave to Muley Spha one of the Sultan's -favourite sons, but, as Pellow says, a sad villain. "My business now -was to run from morning to night after his horse's heels; during which -he often prompted me to turn Moor, and told me, if I would, I should -have a very fine horse to ride on, and I should live like one of his -best esteemed friends." As Pellow declined this invitation, "he -committed me prisoner to one of his own rooms, keeping me there -several months in irons, and every day most severely bastinading -me.... My tortures were now exceedingly increased, burning my flesh -off my bones by fire; which the tyrant did, by frequent repetitions, -insomuch, that through my so very acute pains I was at last -constrained to submit, calling upon God to forgive me, who knows that -I never gave the consent of the heart, though I seemingly yielded by -holding up my finger." - -He was then, after having been instructed in the Moorish language, -appointed to be chief porter to the Sultan's harem, where resided the -Sultana and thirty-eight concubines. He received strict orders that no -one should be admitted without due notice. On one occasion the Sultan -arrived and knocked to be admitted without having previously intimated -his intention of paying a visit to his harem. The outer porter made -no difficulty in admitting him, but Thomas Pellow absolutely refused -to admit His Majesty as he had received no notice that he was coming, -and when the Sultan continued to knock, he discharged his blunderbuss -through the door. The Sultan was so delighted at his trustworthy -character and behaviour on the occasion, that he cut off the heads of -the two complaisant door-keepers, and promoted Pellow to be one of his -bodyguard. - -After a few years the Sultan, "being on the merry fun, ordered to be -brought before him eight hundred young men, and soon after as many young -women, and he told the men, that he had on several occasions observed -their readiness in obeying him, he would therefore give every one of -them a wife; and which indeed, he soon did, by giving some by his own -hand (a very great condescension), and to others by the beckoning of his -head, and the cast of his eye, where they should fix. After they were -all coupled and departed, I was also called forth, and bid to look at -eight black women standing there, and to take one of them for a wife, at -which sudden command, I (being not a little confounded) immediately -bowing twice, falling to the ground and kissing it, and after that the -Emperor's foot, humbly entreated him that he would be graciously pleased -to give me one of my own colour. Then, forthwith sending them off, he -ordered to be brought forth seven others, who all proved to be -mulattoes, at which I again bowed to the ground, still entreating him to -give me one of my own colour; and then he ordered them also to depart, -and sent for a single woman, full dressed, with two blacks attending -her. I being forthwith ordered to take her by the hand and lead her off, -perceived it to be black also, as soon after I did her feet; at which I -started back, and being asked what was the matter, I answered him as -before; when he, assenting, ordered me to lift up her veil and look at -her face; which I readily obeying, found her to be of a very agreeable -complexion, the old rascal crying out in the Spanish language, _Bono, -bono_, ordering me a second time to take her by the hand, lead her off, -and keep her safe." - -By this wife Pellow had a daughter. The Sultan was a monster of -cruelty, but according to Pellow there was not much choice in rotten -apples; he saw the rise of several, and one was as bad as another. He -says of the first he served: "He was of so fickle, cruel, and sanguine -a nature, that none could become for one hour secure of life. He had -many despatched, by having their heads cut off, or by being strangled, -others by tossing; but scarce would he on those occasions afford a -verbal command, he thinking that too much--generally giving it by -signs or motions of his head and hand. - -"The punishment of _Tossing_ is a very particular one and peculiar to -the Moors. The person whom the Emperor orders to be thus punished is -seized by three or four strong negroes, who, taking hold of his arms, -throw him up with all their strength, and at the same time turning him -round, pitch him down head foremost; at which they are so dexterous by -long use, that they can either break his neck at the first toss, -dislocate his shoulder, or let him fall with less hurt. They continue -doing this as often as the Emperor has ordered. - -"The Emperor's wrath is terrible, which the Christians have often -felt. One day, passing by a high wall on which they were at work, and -being affronted that they did not keep time in their strokes, he made -the guards go up and throw them off the wall, breaking their legs and -arms, and knocking them on the head. Another time he ordered them to -bury a man alive, and beat him down along with the mortar in the wall. - -"In the year 1721 the Emperor despatched El Arbi Shat, a man of one of -the best families in Barbary, being descended from the Andalusian -Moors, and deserved the esteem both of his own countrymen and of us. -Part of the crime laid to his charge was for going out of the country -without the Emperor's knowledge, and having been friendly himself with -Christian women, and often been in liquor. He was also accused of -being an unbeliever. Early one morning he was carried before the -Emperor, who commanded him to be sawed in two; upon which he was tied -between two boards and sawed in two, beginning at the head and going -downwards, till the body fell asunder, and must have remained to have -been eaten by dogs, if the Emperor had not pardoned him--an -extravagant custom, to pardon a man after he is dead, but unless he -does so, nobody dares bury the body." - -Pellow describes the condition of the Christian slaves: "The severest -labour and hardships inflicted on malefactors in Europe are levity -compared with what many worthy persons undergo in this modern Egypt. -At daybreak the guardians of the several dungeons, where the Christian -slaves are shut up at night, rouse them with curses and blows to their -work, which consists in providing materials for the Emperor's -extravagant buildings, stamping earth mixed with lime and water, in a -wooden box near three yards long and three feet deep, and of the -extended breadth of the wall. Their instrument for this is a heavy -wooden stamper. Others prepare and mix the earth, or dig in quarries -for lime stones; others burn them. Some are employed to carry large -baskets of earth; some drive wagons drawn by six bulls and two horses, -and, after the toil of the day, these miserable carters watch their -cattle in the field at night, and in all weathers, as their life must -answer for any accident. The task of many is to saw, cut, cement and -erect marble pillars, and of such as are found qualified, to make -gunpowder and small arms; yet does not their skill procure them any -better treatment than those who, having only the use of their limbs -without any ingenuity, are set to the coarsest works, as tending -horses, sweeping stables, carrying burdens, grinding with hand-mills. -They have all their respective taskmasters, who punish the least stop -or inadvertency, and often will not allow the poor creatures time to -eat their bread. After such a wearisome day, it frequently happens -they are hurried away to some filthy work in the night time. Their -lodgings in the night are subterranean dungeons, round, and about five -fathoms diameter and three deep, going down by a ladder of ropes, -which is afterwards drawn up, and an iron grate fastened in the mouth; -and here they lay upon mats. Neither has their fare anything more -comfortable in it, consisting only of a small platter of black barley -meal, with a pittance of oil per day. This scantiness has put several -upon hazarding a leap from very high walls only to get a few wild -onions that grow in the Moors' burying place." - -Pellow developed considerable military ability and was employed in -military operations against rebels; he was made a captain, and was -present at several sieges, and witnessed the barbarity wherewith were -treated the men of a captured town. On one occasion the troops were -required to cut off the heads of all the male inhabitants and bring -them to the Sultan; but as the number was so great and the stench -threatened to breed a pestilence in the army, the general was -compelled to slice off the ears and pickle them in barrels and convey -these only to the Sultan at his capital, who graciously under the -circumstances accepted the ears in lieu of the heads. - -Pellow was several times wounded, and he made occasional abortive -attempts to escape. When wounded, returning from one of his -expeditions, he received news that his wife and daughter were dead, -and he calmly observes: "I must own that it gave me very little -uneasiness, as I thought them to be by far better off than they could -have been in this troublesome world, especially this part of it; and I -was really very glad that they were delivered out of it, and therefore -it gave me very little uneasiness." - -It is startling to think that in the reign of George I there should be -such numbers of English as well as French, Spanish and Italian -captives in Morocco and Algiers and Tunis, and that their redemption -should have to be the work of private charity, and not be a determined -undertaking of Government. - -In 1791 England framed a treaty with Morocco giving our merchants -freedom to sail the seas unmolested, and permitting renegades to return -to their old faith and obtain their liberty on certain conditions. But -captives continued to be taken by the corsairs as of old: "Shall a -Moslem," asked one of the sultans, "be a slave to his word, like a dog -of a Christian?" In 1800 Muley Suliman agreed with Spain for a -reciprocal interchange of captives, and similar contracts were entered -into with other powers. In 1817, acting under _force majeure_, Suliman -was compelled to disarm his war vessels, and promise to put an end to -this atrocious system, that had lasted too long. But although piracy was -no longer officially recognized, it did not wholly cease. Whether the -Sultan connived at the infraction of treaty, or whether the inhabitants -of the Riff shore acted independently of him, merchant vessels -continued to be boarded and taken and the crew enslaved. - -In 1828 the English established a blockade of the Morocco coast in -retaliation for the continuance of these outrages, and in 1829 the -capture of an Austrian vessel by pirates led to the bombardment of the -ports of Tetuan, Azila, Rabat, and Sallee. At length the insolence of -the Moorish corsairs led to the Spanish war of 1859-60, which taught -the Moors a salutary lesson. - -In 1856 Sir John Drummond-Hay succeeded in recovering some captives, -and in exacting an assurance that similar conduct should not recur. -But although attacks by piratical ships on the high seas were brought -to an end, wrecking was pursued with zest and impunity. Any vessel -that was cast upon the coast was regarded as a legitimate prize, and -its crew who came ashore were carried into the interior and enslaved. -In this way Riley, Adams, and Puddock were able to write their -experiences, on their escape from captivity. - -Sir Arthur Brook in 1831 wrote that "the country Moors on all parts of -the coast are constantly on the look out for Christians, and instantly -make prisoners of all who have either landed accidentally or have been -shipwrecked. Parties that are occasionally formed, as ours was, to -visit Cape Spartel are even subject to this, and in one recent -instance the lady of the English Vice-Consul, who had strolled to a -short distance out of sight of the guard that attended her, was on the -point of being made a prisoner by a body of natives who surrounded her -and her party, thinking they were alone, until undeceived by the -timely appearance of the escort." - -A visitor to the Riviera will see the little towns and villages walled -up, and with strong gateways and towers. They were protections -against Algerine and Moroccan corsairs, who would land and raid the -coast for captives; and there are old men still living who had heard -from their fathers piteous stories of their being taken and carried -off into bondage and cruel slavery in Africa. - -There are still, and there have been in the past, numerous Europeans who -have been renegades, and have lent their wits and experience to the -Moors, but they are nearly all scoundrels of the worst description, -_forcats_ who have escaped from the prisons in Spain or Algiers, and -other vagabonds unable to show their faces in Europe. Dr. Brown writes: -"I know of no British renegade--the last and the most respectable of the -order, a Scotchman, who lived at Rabat, much esteemed for his -intelligence and honourable conduct, having died two years ago. Were the -history of these turncoats fully known, the story of their lives would -be a curious chapter in the annals of human nature. One of the most -romantic of these tales was that of an old white-bearded man who, when -the French military commission first entered Fez in 1877, was seen -silently and sad-eyed, supported by two attendants, contemplating a -uniform with which in days gone by he was very familiar. This aged -renegade was known as Abd-er-Rhuman; but his christened name was Count -Joseph de Saulty, formerly a lieutenant of engineers in the army of -Algeria. In a weak moment he eloped with the commandant's wife, and -remained in Tunis until she died. Then, becoming painfully anxious of -the grave position in which he was placed as a deserter from the -colours, he passed into Morocco, changed his faith, and as a military -adviser of the then Sultan rose high in the imperial favour. He died in -1881, and is buried at the gates of Fez, though so thoroughly did he -put the past behind him, that his son, now occupying a high position in -the Court, is entirely ignorant of any language except Arabic. Another -renegade of note was the English officer still remembered as Inglis -Bashaw under whom Muley-el-Hassan, the present Sultan, learned the art -of war, and who was the first individual to impart anything like -discipline to the Moroccan army. Why he came to Morocco is not known, -and so jealously was his identity kept dark, that in a recent work by -the Viscount de la Montonere his real name is declared to be unknown. At -this date there can be no reason for concealing that it was Graham; and -I have been told by those who have every reason to know that, like so -many others who incur the jealousy of the Moorish dignitaries, he died -of poison." - -The time of Morocco piracy is at an end, but that on land there are -still captures has been of late years but too evident--the last being -the capture of Sir Hugh Maclean. - -But to return to Thomas Pellow. - -After several ineffectual attempts at escape, and after incurring -hairbreadth escapes, Pellow succeeded eventually in making his way to -Gibraltar. But even there he was not safe. A Jew, agent for the Sultan -of Morocco, claimed him, and demanded that he should be surrendered, -as a Mussulman and as a subject of the Moorish Sultan. But General -Field-Marshal Joseph Sabine, then Governor of Gibraltar, answered -peremptorily that, as an English-born subject, he was an Englishman, -and could not be surrendered. He went on board a vessel for England -and reached Deptford, "and going on shore, directly to the church, -returned public thanks to God for my safe arrival in Old England." - -He remained in Deptford, very kindly received by a brother Cornishman, -William Jones, and there, finding no vessel bound for Falmouth, he went -to London and thence embarked on board a vessel commanded by Captain -Francis, who readily offered him a passage to Truro. - -He landed at Falmouth. The news of his coming had spread. "My father's -house was almost quite at the other end of the town. I was, before I -could reach it, more than an hour; for notwithstanding it was almost -dark, I was so crowded by the inhabitants that I could not pass through -them without a great deal of difficulty--every one bidding me welcome -home, being all very inquisitive with me if I knew them, which, indeed I -did not, for I was so very young at my departure, and my captivity and -the long interval of time had made so very great an alteration on both -sides, that I did not know my own father and mother, nor they me; and -had we happened to meet at any other place without being preadvised, -whereby there might be an expectation or natural instinct interposing, -we should no doubt have passed each other, unless my great beard might -have influenced them to inquire further after me." - -He returned to Penryn on the 15th October, 1738, his birthday. - -His narrative concludes with a touching account of his gratitude to -God for having brought him back, and an expression of his earnest -desire to serve God truly all the rest of his days upon earth. - - - - - THE ORIGIN OF THE ROBARTES - FAMILY - -Colonel Symonds, who accompanied Charles I when he was in the West, -says in his diary: "A gentleman of the county told me the original of -the Lord Roberts his family. His great-grandfather was servant to a -gentleman of this county--his hynd. Afterwards lived in Truro, and -traded in wood and fferzen--got an estate of 5 to L600. His son was so -bred, and lived there too, putt out his money, and his debtors paid it -him in tynn. He engrossing the sale of tyn, grew to be worth many -thousands--L30,000. His son was squeezed by the Court in King James -his time of L20,000, so was made a Baron, and built the house of -Lanhydrock, now the seat of Lord Roberts" (pp. 45, 46). The hind, who -founded the family, and sold wood and furze for the tin smelting, was -Richard Roberts of Truro, who married Joan Geffrey of S. Breage, and -died in 1593. His son, who continued the wood store and got paid in -tin, was John Roberts, who married Philippa, daughter of John -Gaverigan, of a very ancient family. He died in 1615. - -Before the introduction of coal in tin smelting, the fuel employed was -peat, furze, i.e. gorse that produced a quick, fierce blaze, and wood. -Rapidly the trees in Cornwall were disappearing, as the produce of tin -ore became greater, and the lack of the necessary fuel was becoming a -serious impediment. - -[Illustration: The Right Hon^{bl.} John Earle of RADNOR: Baron Roberts -of Truro; & L^d. PRESIDENT of His Ma^{ties} most Hon^{ble}. Privy -Council. Ano.1683] - -Carew, speaking of the woods in Cornwall, when he compiled his Survey, -says that in the west of the county they were scarce, and the few that -were preserved were principally employed in making charcoal for the -blowing-houses. "This lacke," he adds, "they supply either with -steam-coal from Wales, or dried turfes, some of which are also -converted into coal to serve the tinners' turne." - -From the charters of King John and Edward I we learn that power was -granted to the tinners to take turf and wood where they could for the -purpose of smelting the ore; but as the woods disappeared, and the -turf was being used up in the neighbourhood of the works, they could -not travel to great distances to procure the needful fuel. Richard -Roberts saw his opportunity and seized it. He made contracts with the -owners of coppices and furzy downs and peat bottoms, and gathered his -supplies in one great store at Truro. He did more--he obtained coals -from Wales, and sold to the mining adventurers at a handsome profit to -himself, thus saving them the waste of time in wandering about -obtaining fuel where they could. Thus he laid the foundations of a -business that was largely increased by his son John. But this latter -embarked on another branch of money-making. He lent cash to the -adventurers in the mines. "As poor as a tinner" was a proverbial -expression in Cornwall, and "a tinner is never broke till his back is -broke." But if the working miner remained poor, the moneylender waxed -wealthy on the miners' work. - -Carew observes that the parishes in which the tin was worked were in a -"meaner plight of wealth" than those which were agricultural. Vast -amounts of tin were raised, but little of the profit stuck to the -hands of the toilers in the mines. - -Tinning was not carried on by large companies, but by small men; three -or four would combine to take a set. They cut four turves at the -bounds, paying a certain sum down to the Duchy or to the private owner -of the land, as rent; and also owing a toll of the tin raised to the -proprietor of the land. These small men were without capital, and they -were constrained to borrow of Roberts, and he let them have the -requisite money at a rate of interest we should consider extortionate. -Queen Elizabeth was unable to borrow money of the estates of Holland -under 25 per cent, and we may judge what would be the rate of interest -demanded by the usurer of the working miner. - -But that was not all. The miner did not pay the interest in cash, but -in tin, and tin at the value pretty arbitrarily laid down by the -moneylender, so that he had the adventurer in two ways. Nor was this -indeed all. He often advanced to the miner not cash alone, but the -tools for his trade, the timber for shoring up the shafts, and the -machinery, such as it was, for pumping the water out of the mines. - -There was an additional means of getting money, and also of acquiring -lands. Carew gives us a curious account of the manner in which the -London merchants of his time took advantage of any want of money -Cornish gentry in London might experience in order to defray their -expenses there, by binding them to furnish tin for money advanced, at -great ultimate loss to the Cornish men. They also had their agents in -Cornwall, who advanced money to the needy tinners, partly in wares and -partly in money, upon agreement that they should furnish certain -quantities of tin at the next coinage, by which the tinners -experienced great loss. - -With regard to the loans to the adventurers, Roberts possessed the -inestimable advantage of being on the spot, and so prepared to supply -them with the fuel and the capital they needed. But there were Cornish -gentry who wanted to go to London, and desired loans to cover their -expenses in town. They went to Roberts: he furnished the supplies. As -may be well expected, these gentry did not make money in London, they -became greatly impoverished there, and Roberts, we may infer, was able -to take their estates, or large slices out of them, on the security of -which he had made the advances. - -How hard the work of the poor tinners was, on whom the usurers preyed, -we learn from Carew. "In most places," he says, "their toyle is so -extream, as they cannot endure it above four hours a day, but are -succeeded by spels; the residue of the time they weare out at coytes, -kayles, or like idle exercises." - -Richard Roberts, the son of John, amassed great wealth, and was -knighted 11 November, 1616. At this time he was threatened with -prosecution by the Privy Seal for usury, and he only escaped trial by -paying a bribe of L12,000. He bought a baronetcy of James I in 1621, -and was created Baron Truro in 1625. One of the charges brought -against Buckingham, when impeached in the House of Commons, was that -he had received a bribe of L10,000 from Richard Roberts for -negotiating for him his elevation to the Barony of Truro. This is -confirmed by the deposition of Roberts himself (_Calendar State -Papers_, 1677-8, p. 220; cf. 1625-6, p. 298). - -Richard Roberts married Frances, daughter of John Hender of Botreux -Castle or Boscastle, a co-heiress, and died in 1634. He was evidently a -very shrewd and grasping man, and particularly desirous of pushing ahead -and obtaining a position to which his only claim was wealth. By the -marriages of father and son, the very plebeian family of Roberts brought -strains of gentle blood into the veins of their descendants. He it was -who built the stately mansion of Lanhydrock. He died 19th April, 1634, -but was not buried at Lanhydrock till July 4th in the same year. - -His son and heir John Roberts, second Baron Truro, was sent to be -educated at Exeter College, Oxford. He entered as Gentleman Commoner -in 1625, when aged seventeen, the year of his mother's death. At -college, according to Wood, he "sucked in evil principles both as to -Church and State." - -By his marriage with the Lady Lucy, daughter of Robert Rich, Earl of -Warwick, he became allied to the leaders of the opposition among the -peers, and during the Long Parliament his vote was almost always given -with the popular party among the Lords. He was appointed Lord -Lieutenant of Cornwall in 1642, and became colonel of a regiment of -foot in the army of Lord Essex. He fought at Edgehill, and commanded a -brigade in the battle of Newbury. In 1644 he held the position of -Field Marshal in the army of Essex, and he was with him in the west -when he advanced further into Cornwall, getting into a position which -eventually led to a humiliating defeat, among a population fanatically -affected to the Royal side. - -The King with Prince Maurice was in full pursuit, driving him into a -corner, the narrow extremity of Cornwall. The King was now joined by -Sir Richard Grenville with Cornish levies, cutting off some of the -Parliamentarian foraging parties. But the sea as yet was open, and the -Earl of Warwick, who attended the motions of the army, was off the -coast. "It was therefore now resolved to make Essex's quarters yet -straiter, and to cut off even his provisions by sea, or a good part -thereof." Fowey was in the possession of Essex, "and it was -exceedingly wondered at by all men, that he being so long possessed of -Foy, did not put strong guards into the place, by which he might have -prevented his army's being brought into these extreme necessities." -Sir Richard Grenville possessed himself of Lanbetherick, a strong -house belonging to Lord Roberts, and lying between the Parliamentarian -army and the little harbour, and Sir Jacob Astley made himself master -of View Hall, which was opposite to Fowey, and then cut off supplies -from reaching the camp of Essex. - -For eight or ten days the armies lay inactive, and then Charles drew -closer the toils in which the hostile army was held. He drove them -from a rising ground called Beacon Hill, and immediately raised a -square work on it, and placed there a battery that threw a plunging -fire into their quarters. Then Goring was sent with the greatest part -of the royal horse, and fifteen hundred foot, to S. Blazey, to drive -the enemy yet closer together, and to cut off the provisions they -received from that direction. The dashing, daring Goring executed his -commission with complete success, and the Parliamentarians were -reduced to that small strip of land that lay between the river Fowey -and that of S. Blazey, which was not above two miles in breadth and -little more in width, and which had already been eaten bare by the -cavalry. The destruction of the whole army now appeared inevitable; -but through the carelessness of Goring, one dark night all the horse -of the enemy were allowed to slip unperceived through the lines, on -the night of the 30th and 31st August, 1644, and the Earl of Essex -with Lord Roberts and many of his officers fought his way to the shore -near the mouth of the Fowey, and there they embarked on board a ship -which Warwick had sent round, and sailed away to Plymouth on September -1st, leaving the foot, cannon, and ammunition to the care of the -gallant Skippon, who had nothing left for it but to make the best -capitulation he could. Essex left Roberts in command at Plymouth, -which he successfully defended against the attacks made during the -ensuing months, and his popularity is attested by the petitions made -by the Plymothians that he might be left in command of the town. - -Lord Roberts must have suffered considerably in the Civil War, for his -estates were alienated from him and granted by the King to Sir Richard -Grenville, whilst his home of Lanhydrock was occupied by the Royalists, -and his children were detained from him. He was a staunch Presbyterian, -hating Prelacy, believing in exclusive salvation, the perquisite of -those who believed in Calvin, and he had no love for the Independents. - -Since 1643 an assembly for the regulation of religion had been sitting -at Westminster. It had substituted Presbyterianism for the Episcopacy, -as the established religion of England, and had abolished the Prayer -Book and issued in its stead a book called the Directory. These -changes had been confirmed by Parliament. But this settlement of the -religious question was quite contrary to the views of the Army, which -was mainly--at all events that portion commanded by Cromwell in the -North--composed of Independents. - -Sir Harry Vane, Oliver Cromwell, Nathaniel Fiennes, and Oliver St. -John, the solicitor-general, were regarded as their leaders. -Dissentions broke out in the House of Commons; Cromwell and Lord -Manchester cast imputations on each other. Cromwell desired to remodel -the Army, of which the House of Commons had already become -suspicious, and how to effect this project was the difficulty, and his -object could only be attained by a circuitous course. At his instance -a committee was chosen to frame what was called the "Self-denying -Ordinance," by which the members of both Houses were excluded from all -civil and military employments, except a few offices which were -specified. After a great debate, the Ordinance passed both Houses -(April 3rd, 1645), and Essex, Warwick, Manchester, Denbigh, Roberts, -and many others resigned their commands, and received the thanks of -Parliament for their past services. - -Lord Roberts's zeal for the cause rapidly cooled. He and Essex both -protested against the passing of the Ordinance on March 13th, 1646, -that made the new Presbyterian Established "Church" subordinate to -Parliament. - -On January 3rd, 1648, it was passed in both Houses that thenceforth no -addresses should any more be sent to the King; he was virtually -dethroned, and the whole constitution was formally overthrown; and by -orders from the Army the King was shut up in close confinement, his -servants removed, and his correspondence with his friends prevented. -When the Army threatened to intervene, Roberts deemed it his most -prudent course to absent himself from the House of Lords, and suffer -the act to pass. - -He took no part in the trial of the King, and after the execution of -Charles withdrew from further share in public affairs. He was, -however, not hostile to the Protectorate, and at the Installation of -the Protector he suffered his son to be in his train. - -At the Restoration he was received into favour, and became a Privy -Councillor, and was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland, and Lord Keeper -of the Privy Seal in May, 1661. In July, 1679, he was created -Viscount Bodmin and Earl of Radnor. - -With the latter part of his life we have no concern, as this article -has to do only with the rise of the family of Roberts to an Earldom -from a store of wood and furze, and the sordid desk of an usurer. -Pepys, in his _Diary_, describes him as "a very sober man," and -Clarendon as "a sullen, morose man, intolerably proud," and as having -a "dark countenance," and Burnet as a "sullen and morose man." He died -July 17th, 1685. His son Robert seems to have deemed it expedient to -differentiate his family name from the thousands of Roberts's in -humble life, by the alteration of the spelling of the name, by the -transfer of the _e_ and the addition of an _a_, and the vulgar Roberts -bloomed into Robartes. - -The motto assumed by the first Lord Roberts, "quae supra" expressed the -sincere aspiration of the man, who was certainly sincere in seeking -"those things which are above," as the guiding principle of his life. - -The Robartes or Roberts family became extinct in the male line in -1757; but Mary Vere Robartes, daughter of the Hon. Russell Robartes, -married Thomas Hunt, of Mollington, and left issue Thomas Hunt, who -had an only child, Anna Maria, who married Charles Reginald Agar, -third son of James, Viscount Clifden, and carried the wealth of the -Robartes family into that of Agar; and in 1822 Thomas James Agar, her -son, assumed the name and arms of Robartes, and was created Baron -Robartes of Lanhydrock and Truro in 1869. The descent is, however, so -remote and through females, that the present family can hardly be -considered to represent the original Robertes or Roberts stock. - - - - - THEODORE PALEOLOGUS - - -In the church of Landulph is a small brass attached to the wall that -bears the following inscription: "Here lyeth the body of Theodore -Paleologus, of Pesaro in Italye, descended from y^e Imperyal lyne of y^e -last Christian emperors of Greece, being the sonne of Camillio, y^e -sonne of Prosper, the sonne of Theodoro, the sonne of John, y^e sonne of -Thomas, second brother of Constantius Paleologus, the 8^{th} of that -name, and last of y^e lyne y^t rayned in Constantinople until subdued by -the Turks, who married w^t Mary, y^e daughter of William Balls, of -Hadlye in Souffolke, Gent., and had issue 5 children, Theodore, John, -Ferdinando, Maria, and Dorothy; and departed this life at Clyfton, y^e -21^{st} of Jan^y 1636." Above the inscription are the imperial arms of -the empire of Byzantium--an eagle displayed with two heads, the two legs -resting upon two gates; the imperial crown over the whole, and between -the gates a crescent, for difference as second son. - -There were eight Emperors of the East of the family of the Paleologi. -The family descended from a General Andronicus Paleologus, who died in -1246. The Emperor Manuel, who deceased in 1425, had five sons: John II, -Emperor, who died in 1449; Theodore, despot in Lacedemon; Andronicus, -despot in Thessalonica; Constantine, despot of the Morea. John II was -associated with his father, and succeeded him. Andronicus, the second -son, died of leprosy in 1429. Theodore, Constantine, Demetrius, and -Thomas wasted their resources in mutual contests, but Theodore was -constrained to adopt the monastic profession. On the death of John II -the royal family was reduced to three princes--Constantine, Demetrius, -and Thomas. Demetrius at once claimed the vacant throne, but failed in -his attempt, and Constantine succeeded, the last and greatest of the -Paleologi. "Demetrius and Thomas now divided the Morea between them; but -though they had taken a solemn oath never to violate the agreement, -differences soon arose, and Thomas took up arms to drive Demetrius out -of his possessions; Demetrius hereupon retired to Asan, his wife's -brother, by whose means he obtained succours from Amurath, and compelled -Thomas to submit the matters in dispute to the Emperor's (Constantine's) -arbitration. But that prince refusing to deliver to his brother the -territories that fell to his share, Mohammed ordered Thuraken, his -governor in the Morea, to assist Demetrius." - -Shortly after this, on the fatal May 29th, 1453, Constantinople was -taken by the Turks, and the gallant Constantine was killed. - -Immediately after the capture Mohammed proceeded to make war on -Demetrius and Thomas, whereupon the Albanians, subjects of Thomas, -revolted. Fresh disputes broke out between the brothers, each -endeavouring to supplant the other, and in 1459 Mohammed entered the -Morea and reduced Corinth. At the first news of his approach Thomas -fled to Italy with his wife and children, and Demetrius submitted to -the Sultan, who carried him away to Constantinople, where he died in -abject slavery in 1470. Thomas was received in Italy by Pope Pius II -in 1461, who allowed him a pension of six thousand ducats. - -[Illustration: Here lyeth the body of Theodoro Paleologvs, of Pesaro -in Italye: descended from y^e Imperyall lyne of y^e last Christian -Emperors of Greece, being the sonne of Camilio, y^e sone of Prosper, -the sonne of Theodoro, the sonne of John, y^e sonne of Thomas, second -brother to Constantine Paleologvs, the 8^{th} of that name and last of -y^e lyne y^t raygned in Constantinople, vntill svbdewed by the -Tvrkes.who married w^{th} Mary, y^e davghter of William Balls of -Hadlye in Sovffolke, gent: & had issve.5.children, Theodoro, John, -Ferdinando, Maria, & Dorothy, & depted this life at Clyfton, y^e -21^{th} of Ianvary 1636. - -MEMORIAL BRASS IN THE CHURCH OF LANDULPH - -_Reproduced by permission of E. H. W. Dunkin, Esq., F.S.A., from his -book on Cornish Brasses_] - -Historians record only two sons, Andrew and Manuel, but according to -the inscription in Landulph church there was a third, John, whom -Italian writers have not mentioned. - -Andrew, the eldest, married a woman from the streets of Rome, and -dying childless, in 1502, bequeathed his empty honours to Ferdinand -and Isabella of Spain, having previously sold them to Charles VIII of -France. Manuel Paleologus, the second son, revisited his native -country. He was granted a train of Christians and Moslems to attend -him to his grave. Gibbon says: "If there be some animals of so -generous a nature that they refuse to propagate in a domestic state, -the last of the imperial race must be ascribed to an inferior kind; he -accepted from the Sultan's liberality two beautiful females; and his -surviving son was lost in the habit and religion of a Turkish slave." -Thomas, who had been despot of Morea, died in 1465. By his wife, -Catherine Zaccaria, he had one daughter, in addition to the sons -mentioned, and this was Helen, who married Lazarus II, King of Servia, -and died in 1474. - -Why Theodore Paleologus came to England we do not know, but possibly -in the train of Sir Henry Killigrew and Sir Nicholas Lower. Sir -Nicholas had married Sir Henry's daughter, and as they were both -advanced in life and childless they may have been disposed to befriend -the Paleologi, and Lady Killigrew was one of the learned daughters of -Sir Anthony Coke, celebrated for her knowledge of Greek, and she may -have inspired her daughter, Lady Lower, with the same fondness for the -classic languages. This is but conjecture; but this at least is -certain, that the Paleologi were given Clifton, in Landulph, as their -residence, and this was a mansion that belonged to the Lowers. - -Theodore Paleologus married Mary Balls in 1615, and by her had three -sons, Theodore, John, and Ferdinando, and two daughters. - -Theodore was a lieutenant in the Parliamentary army in 1642, under -Lord St. John, and was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1644. - -There are no traces to be found of John and Ferdinando. Mary, one of -the daughters of Theodore and Mary Balls, died unmarried, and was -buried at Landulph in 1674. Her sister Dorothy married, in 1656, -William Arundell, and died in 1681, he in 1684. - -There was a Theodore Paleologus who died at sea on board the _Charles -II_ under Captain Gibson, in 1693. In his will Theodore mentions only -his wife Martha, and we do not know who was his father. - -We do not know who was the William Arundell whom Dorothy Paleologus -married. Unhappily the registers of S. Dominic, where she and her -husband lived, have been lost, and we cannot say whether the Mary -Arundell who married a Francis Lee soon after the death of her -presumed parents was a daughter. But if so, as Dr. Jago suggests in a -paper in the _Archaeologia_, "The imperial blood perhaps still flows in -the bargemen of Cargreen." - - - - - INDEX - - - Abbot, Archbishop, 334 - - Abder-Rhuman, 715 - - Abercrombie, Dr., 427, 428 - - Aberdeen, University of, 34 - - Abingdon, 127 - - Abyssinia, Prince of, 599 - - _Account of the Desperate Affray in Blean Wood_, etc., 612 - - _Account of the English Colony of New South Wales_, 568 - - _Account of R. Jeffery_, 257 - - Acharnania, 508 - - Acombe, 12 - - Acton, 403, 477, 673 - - Actor, Mr., 275 - - _Adams_, 252 - - Adams, John Couch, 189 - -- birth and upbringing, 84 - -- character of, 88, 89, 90 - -- discoverer of Neptune, 86, 88 - -- early observation, 84 - - Adams, Mr., 322, 714 - - Adams, Mr. John, 463 - - Adams, Thomas, 83 - - Adams, William Grylls, 89, 90 - - Addison, Joseph, 644 - - _Admiral Hood_, 602 - - Admiralty order replacement of logan stone, 20, 23 - - Adoption of poor children, 533 - - Adour, 504 - - Advent, 425 - - Adventure Series, 708 - - _Adventures of a Younger Son_, 445, 452, 454 - - _AEtna_, 267 - - Agamemnon's tomb, 448 - - Agar, Charles R., 726 - - Agar, Thomas James, 726 - - _Age of Reason_, 358 - - Agnes, 649 - - _Agnus Dei_, 656 - - _Agreeable Surprise, The_, 469 - - Ainsworth, Harrison, on "Courtenay," 605 - - Airy, 86, 88 - - _Alarm_, 664 - - Albanian revolt, 728 - - Albert, Prince, 621 - - _Albion_, 248, 249 - - Alderton, 487 - - Aldrich, Dean, 213 - - _Alexander_, 559, 561 - - _Alexander the Great_, 300 - - Alexandria, 459, 686 - - Algerine Corsair at Penzance, 130 - - Algerine pirates, 332 - - Algiers, 507, 617, 715 - - Ali Pacha, 508-514 - -- at home, 510-513 - -- human butcher, 509 - - All, the five alls, 550 - - Allen, river, 118 - - _Alligator_, 196 - - Alligators attract patients, 632 - - _All the Year Round_, 93 - - Almanza, 12 - - Altarnon, 73, 80, 186, 187, 190 - - Amaza, 416 - - Amell, 340 - - Ames, Dr. William, 34 - - Ammonites, superstition concerning origin of, 4 - - Amurath, 728 - - Anagram of Noye, 339 - - Andalusian Moors, 711 - - Anderson, Captain, 62 - - _Andromache_, 505 - - "Angel, The," 542 - - Anglesea, Earl of, 298 - - Anglo-Mexican Company, 493 - - Anguella, 251 - - _Annals of King James_, 615 - - Anne of Bohemia, 433 - - Anne, Queen, 219, 299, 307, 310, 318, 372, 639 - - Annesley, Lady Philippa, 298 - - _Annual Register_, 58 - - _Annual Report of the Society of Arts_, 64 note - - _Anson_, H.M.S., salvage of, 62 - -- wreck of, 60, 71 - - Anson, Lord, 158 - - _Antony and Cleopatra_, 205 - - Antigua, 320 - - _Antiquities of Cornwall_, 18 - - Antony ferry, 225 - - Antwerp, 26 - - Anyada, 250 - - _Antelope_, 645 - - Anthem, Cornish, 577 - - _Antiquary, The_, 547 - - Ap Rice, Mr., 288 - - Arabia, Prince of, 600 - - Ararat, 406 - - Arbuthnot, Sir Charles, 529 - - _Archaeologia_, 730 - - Arcot, 159, 164 - - Argand lamp, 202 - - Argos, 448 - - _Argus_, 689 - - Argyro-Kastro, 509 - - _Arithmetic_, Walkinghame's, 3 - - Arms of Braddon family, 107 - -- of Byzantine Empire, 727 - -- of Call family, 155, 167 - -- of Clobery family, 231 - -- of Foote family, 280 - -- of Jane family, 206 - -- of Lake family, 251 - -- of Noye family, 341 - -- of Pennington family, 224 - -- of Robartes family, 726 - -- of Sandys family, 374 - -- of Tillie family, 402, 405 - -- of Tilly family, 407 - -- of Wills family, 12 - - Armstrong, Major, 609, 610, 613 - - _Around and about Saltash_, 665 - - Arslan, 508 - - Arta, 508 - - _Arundell_, 646 - - Arundel family, the, 157 - - Arundel, Earl of, 435 - - Arundell, Henry, Lord, 173 - - Arundell, Humphrey, 588, 589, 591 - - Arundell, Mary, 730 - - Arundell, Roger, 592 - - Arundell, Sir John, 136, 661 - - Arundell, Sir Thomas, 137 - - Arundell, William, 730 - - Arundel Street, 301 - - Arwenack, 133, 134, 135, 137, 140 - - Asan, 728 - - Ashburton, 200 - - Ashfield, Dame, 468-9 - - _Assassinations and Civil Wars_, 426 - - _Assistance_, H.M.S., 488 - - _Association_, wreck of the, 640, 643, 647, 651 - - Astley, 203 - - Astley, Sir Jacob, 126, 723 - - Aston Clinton, 251 - - Astronomy, 86 - - Astronomy, ignorance of, 593 - - _As You Like It_, 467 - - _Athenaeum_, 88, 452 - -- founded by Buckingham, 464 - - Athens, 446, 452 - - Atkins, Sir Robert, 101 - - Atlas, 181 - - Atterbury, 219 - - "Auction of Pictures, An," 287 - - Audrey, 516 - - Augsberg Island, 420 - - _Aunt Mavor's Storybooks_, 622 - - _Authentic Account of the late unfortunate Death of Lord Camelford_, - 328 - - _Authentic Memoirs of the Green Room_, 467, 469 - - _Author, The_, 288 - - _Autobiography of a Cornish Smuggler_, 473 - - _Autobiography of John Harris_, 697 - - Avalon Peninsula, 265 - - Avery, Captain John, 173 - - Avery, Dr., 194 - - Ayres, Mr., 119 - - Azila, 714 - - - Babbage, 88 - - Badcock, John, volunteers for Terra del Fuego, 233 - -- dies of privations, 235 - - Bagdad, 462 - - Bagshot Heath, 672 - - Bahia, 422 - - Bailey, Mr., 188 - - Baker, Mr. Henry, 105, 347, 351 - - Ball, John, 432 - - Ball, Lieutenant, 565 - - Ballads, "Chevy Chase," 703 - -- "The fight of the _Monmouth_ and _Foudroyant_," 377 - -- "The Highwayman," 630 - - Ballads, "Rosamond Clifford," 703 - -- "Rule Britannia," 377 - -- sung by Incledon, 386 - -- "The Storm," 380, 386 - -- "'Twas Thursday," 377 - -- of wrestling, 58 - - Ballot Society, 627 - - Balls, Mary, 727, 729 - -- William, 727 - - Baltic, 67 - - Banks, Sir Joseph, 233, 679 - - Bannister, 380 - - Banns of marriage, 578 - - Bantry Bay, 638 - - Banza, 419 - - Baptista, Signor, 552 - - Barabbas, 40 - - Barbados, 623 - - Barcelona, 477, 640 - - Barff, Mr., 451 - - _Barfleur_, 261 - - Bargus, Mr. Samuel, 262, 264 - - Barlow, Bishop, 32 - - Barming Heath, 603 - - Barnardiston, Sir Samuel, 483, 484 - - Barnstaple, 455, 659, 665 - - _Baronetage_, 156 - - _Baron Munchausen's Travels_, 2 - - Barrey, Lord, 547 - - Barrie, Captain, 327 - - Barrington, Admiral, 238 - - Barrington, Hon. Daines, 238, 241 - -- visits Dolly Pentreath, 239, 240 - - Barrow, Sir John, 415, 423 - - Barthlever, 528 - - _Bartholomew Fair_, 271, 552 - - Bartlett, Rafe, 388, 393, 397 - -- confession of, 389, 395 - - Barwell, Nabob, 525 - - Barwick, Dr. J., 45 - - Baseley, Richard, 388, 397 - -- confession of, 389, 392, 394 - - Bashaw, Inglis, 716 - - Basset, Sir Francis, 519 - - Bassiere, 314 - - _Batavia_, 568 - - Bate, Mrs., 346 - - Bath, 198, 200, 290, 377, 466 - -- Cathedral, Lady Chapel of, 32 - - Bath, Earl of, 182, 183, 184 - - Bathurst, Mr. C., 253, 256 - - Battye, Philadelphia, 165 - -- William, 165 - - Bawden, Giles, 540 - - Baxter, Richard, 209 - - Bayonne, 196, 504, 505 - - Bay of Biscay, 489 - - Beacon Hill, 723 - - _Beaver_, 321 - - Beddoes, Dr. Thomas, 676 - - Bedford, Earl of, 139 - - Behethlan, 614; _see_ Bohelland. - - Behethlan, Joan, 614 - -- John, 614 - -- Margery, 614 - - Beirout, 597, 599 - - Bell, Lieut. John, 64 - - Bell-casting, 224-6 - - Bell-founders, 224, 225, 226 - - Bell-ringing, competitions, 223 - -- mysterious, 284 - -- song of, 223 - - Bells, baptism of, 222 - -- inscriptions on, 222 - -- removed, 592 - - _Belle Poule_, 505 - - Bellingham, Mr., 427, 430 - - Bellot, Anne, 516, 517 - -- Christopher, 516 - - Bemba Ganga, 417 - - Ben, John, 649 - - Benbow, Admiral, 372 - - Bennett, Lieutenant, 609, 610 - - Bentinck, Mr. Cavendish, 634 - - Berat, 509 - - Beresford, Lord Charles, 669 - - Bergh, 47 - - Berkeley, Earl of, 647 - -- Hon. Charles, 140 - -- Sir G. Cranfield, 648 - - _Berlin, The_, 70 - - Bermuda, 35 - - Berne, 319 - - Berry, Mr., 418 - - Berry Pomeroy, 592 - - Bessie's Cove, 470 - - Best, Captain Thomas, 479 - -- Mr., 324-8, 519 - - Beveridge, 215 - - Biagi, D. Guido, 454 - - Bible explains fossils, 4 - - _Bibliographia Cornubiensis_, 556 note - - _Bibliotheca Cornubiensis_, 245 - - Bideford, 633 - - Bignell, George Carter, 141 - -- early life of, 144 - -- entomologist, 147-153 - - Bignor, 517 - - Bingham, Captain, 299 - - _Biographica Dramatica_, 296 - - _Biographical Dictionary of English Catholics_, 556 note - - _Biographical Dictionary of Poets_, 231 - - _Biographical Sketches in Cornwall_, 340 - - Birmingham, 467 - - _Birthday, The_, 469 - - Bishop and his Clerks, 640 - - Bishop of Bath and Wells, 32 - -- of Carlisle, 89 - -- of Exeter, 140, 219, 425 - -- of Lichfield, 32 - -- of London, 27, 43, 215 - -- of Oxford, 207 - -- of Rochester, 213 - -- of Salisbury, 211 - -- of S. David's, 32 - -- of Winchester, 643, 649 - - Black Friars, The, 544 - - "Black Lion," 144 - - Black Sea, 67 - - Blackwood, John, 648 - -- Shovell, 648 - - Blague, Thomas, 127 - - Blake, Admiral, 45 - - Blanchard, Mr., 608 - - _Blanche_, 248, 250 - - Blean, The, 607, 612 - - _Blenheim_, 260 - - Blewett, George, 343 - - Bligh boy sees ghost, 74-80 - - Bligh, Edmund, 81 - -- family, the, 74, 79, 81 - -- Mr., 74, 81, 701 - -- Thomas, 81 - -- Walter, 81 - - Blight, Mr. J. T., 143 - - Blockly, 81 - - Bloomsbury, 165 - - Blossom Underwing, 149 - - "Blue Boar's Head," 542 - - Board of Trade, 68 - - Boase & Courtney, Messrs., 556 note - -- Dr., 680 - - Boat-races at Saltash, 663 - - Bochym, 517 - - Boconnoc, 298, 317, 318, 319, 328 - - Bodannan, 280 - - Bodener, William, 242 - - Bodleian Library, 615 - - Bodmin, 37, 117, 120, 121, 125, 133, 166, 179, 224, 225, 226, 280, - 351, 455, 516, 520, 522, 531, 535, 569, 578, 589, 627, 659, 663, - 678 - - Bodmin Asylum and its inhabitants, 570-572 - -- Gaol, 531, 540, 542, 570, 583 - -- Hills, 92 - -- Moors, 84, 573, 628 - -- Viscount, 726 - - Body, William, 587 - - Bohelland, 614 - -- mysterious tragedy at, 616-619 - - Bolennowe Hill, 692 - - Bolventro, 628 - - Bombay, 445, 460, 462 - -- governed by Keigwin, 479-487 - -- Castle, 480 - - Bomeny, 103 - - Bonaparte, Prince Louis Lucien, 242 - - Bonaventura, Thomasine, attractive widow, 113 - -- benefactress, 114-116 - -- goes to London, 110, 113 - -- shepherd girl, 109 - - Bond, Mr., 92 - - Bond, Thomas, 681 - - Bonde, 418 - - Bond Street, 320, 325, 385 - - Borlase, Dr. Bingham, 239, 676 - -- his account of the Logan, 18, 22 - - Borleau, 104 - - Boroughs, pocket, 518 - - Borrowdale, 559 - - Boscastle, 721 - - Boscawen, 130 - -- family, the, 500, 525, 554 - - Boscawen, Hugh, 706 - - Boscawen, Rev. A. C., 684 - - Bossenden Farm, 603, 607 - - Bossenden Wood, 608, 613 - - Bossewell, John, 554 - - Bossiney, 518 - - Boston, 53 - - Bosworgy, 341 - - Botany Bay, 319 - -- settlement at, 559-564 - - Botathan, 74, 81, 82, 701 - - Botreux Castle, 721 - - Botusfleming, 12 - - Boughton-under-Blean, 603, 606, 609, 612 - - Boulogne, 332 - - Bouverie, Hon. Philip, 649 - - Bouverie, Sir Jacob, 649 - - Bovey Heathfield, geological features of, 7 - - Bovey Tracey, 226 - - Bow, Rev. Dr., 613 - - Bow Street, 380, 381 - - Bowden, Elizabeth, 138 - - Boyer, Nicholas, Mayor of Bodmin, executed, 589, 590 - - _Boyne_, burnt, 258, 259 - - Bracegirdle, Mrs., 299, 300 - -- and Capt. Hill, 300-4 - - Braddock Down, 206 - - Braddon family, arms of, 107 - - Braddon, Captain William, 96 - - Braddon, Laurence, 96, 107 - -- attacks Bishop Burnet, 106 - -- Author of _Enquiry_, 104, 106 - -- imprisoned and tried, 99, 100, 102 - -- reports murder of Essex, 98-103 - - Bradshaw, Sir Thomas, 40 - - Bradstone, 228 - - Braganza, 479 - - Brandon, 386 - - Bray, Charity, 593 - - Bray, C., 699, note - - Bray, Mrs., on Bothathan ghost, 72 - -- on Polperro, 247 - - Breage, 342, 370, 580, 585 - - Breage Churchtown, 478 - - Brember, Sir Nicholas, 435 - - Brendon & Son, 578 - - Brent Eleigh, 556 - - Brentford, 318 - - Brenton, Captain, 259 - - Brereton, Major, 162 - - Brest, 60, 259, 477 - - Brian, Sir Hussey, 603 - - Bribery at Elections, 518-530 - - Bridgerule, 108, 226 - - Bridges, Admiral Sir G., 377 - - Bridgwater, 36 - - _Brief Relation of State Affairs_, 403 - - Brighton, 387 - - Bristol, 37, 281, 282, 439, 670, 676 - - Bristol, Earl of, 376 - - _Britannia_, 405 - - British Association, the, 8, 87 - - _British Family Antiquity_, 154, 168 - - British and Foreign Institute, 465 - - British Museum, 613, 680 - - Brixham, 8 - -- geological features of, 7 - - Broad Sound, 644 - - Brompton Crescent, 382, 383 - - Bronnaker, Lord, 552 - - Brook, Sir Arthur, 714 - - Brooke, Benjamin, 53 - - Broom Hill, 182 - - "Brown Bear, The," 381 - - Brown, Dr. Robert, 708, 715 - - Brown, John, 391, 392 - - Brown, Mrs., 580 - - Brown Willy, 84, 85, 109 - - Browne, Hamilton, 446 - - Browne, Mrs., 301, 303 - - Browne, Sir Richard, 545 - - Bruce, Eliza, 90 - - Bruce, Haliday, 90 - - Brulgruddery, Mrs., 468, 469 - - Brunel's bridge, Saltash, 663 - - _Brunswick_, H.M.S., 667 - - Brunton, 468 - - Bryant, John Davy, volunteers for Terra del Fuego, 233 - -- dies of hardships, 236 - - Brydges, Captain, 462 - - Buchanan, Robert, 209 - - Buckhurst, Lord, 305 - - Buckingham, Christopher, 455 - - Buckingham family, the, 455 - - Buckingham, George, 665 note - - Buckingham, James, 465 - - Buckingham, James Silk, a youthful prisoner, in love, 458 - -- character of, 455, 464 - -- explores in Egypt, 460 - -- founds British and Foreign Institute, 465 - -- in conflict with East India Company, 460-5 - -- a linguist, 458, 462 - -- literary ventures of, 463, 464 - -- quells corn riot, 457 - -- suffers for his love of freedom, 462, 463 - -- suggests Suez Canal, 459 - -- to India in disguise, 462 - - Buckingham, Leicester F. Y., 465 - - Buckingham, Earl of, 170, 172, 173, 524, 552, 721 - - Bude, 115, 182, 204, 205 - - Bude Haven, 570 - - Bude light, 202 - - _Budget of Paradoxes_, 90 - - Buggs, Sir Anthony, 500 - - Bull, Rev. G. B., 695 - - Buller, Charles, 189 - - Buller family, 86 - - Buller, Mr., 652 - - Bulwer, Henry Lytton, 448 - - Bunsby, Richard, 113 - - Burton, Joe, 627 - - Burton, John, falls over the stile, 631 - -- his Curiosity Shop, 633 - -- invests in alligators, 632 - -- rudeness of, 634 - -- rules for living, 635 - -- spends Christmas Eve at Jamaica Inn, 627-31 - -- Whiteley in curiosities, 632 - -- writes to the King, 634 - - Burton, John, jun., 636 - - Burton, Joseph, 627 - - Burton, William, 419, 420 - - Burton's Stile, 631 - - Burdett, Sir Francis, 253 - - Burge, Arthur, 219 - - Burke, Sir Bernard, 299 - - Burley, Sir Simon, 434 - - Burlorn, 117, 119, 120, 121 - - Burnard, Mr., 87 - - Burnard, George, 186 - - Burnard, Nevil Northey, on tramp, 190 - -- success in London, 188 - -- works in slate, 186, 187 - - Burnet, Bishop, 41, 45, 53, 211, 214, 216, 218, 543 - -- on death of Essex, 106 - -- on the Duke of Hamilton, 310 - -- on Lord Mohun, 308 - -- on Lord Roberts, 726 - -- on nonjurors, 213 - - Burns, Robert, 695, 699 - - Burrow, Bessie, 470, 473 - - Buryan, 329, 341 - - Bury S. Edmunds, 140 - - Bussy, 160, 162 - - Butler, Samuel, 44 - - Butt's Head Mill, 666 - - Byng, Sir George, 640 - - Byron, Captain, 340 - - Byron, Lord, and Trelawny, 446, 452 - - - Cadiz, 123, 131, 259, 503 - - Cadogan, Lord, 15 - - Cadwalader, 288 - - Caermarthen, Lord, 305 - - Cailland, General, 164 - - Cairo, 459 - - Caius Coll. Cam., 73 - - Cake House, 314, 316 - - Calais, 296 - - Calamy, 41, 214 - - Calamy on Jane, 220 - - Calcutta, 161, 463 - - _Calcutta Mirror_, 463 - - _Calendar of Victory_, 626 - - _Calendar State Papers_, 721 - - California, 233 - - Call family, the, 154, 156, 167 - -- arms of, 155, 167 - - Call, John, 157 - - Call, Sarah, 157 - - Call, Sir John, 154, 157, 166 - -- benefacts his sister, 165 - -- his campaign in India, 158-165 - -- M.P. for Callington, 167 - - Call, Sir W. G. M., 167 - - Call, William Berkeley, 167 - - Call, William Pratt, 167 - - Callinack, Mrs., _see_ Kelynack - - Callington, 155, 167, 171, 518 - - Callywith, 627 - - Calvin, 724 - - Calvinists _v._ Arminians, 357 - - Camborne, 364, 692, 664, 699 - - Camborne, Vean Mine, 581 - - _Cambria_, 492, 494 - - Cambridge, 27, 73, 85, 87, 89, 90, 228, 231, 516, 556 - - Cambridge, Duke of, 465 - - Camden, 405 - - Camden, Lord, 409 - - Camelford, 83, 424-426, 518 - - Camelford, first Baron, 319 - - Camelford, last Lord, acquitted, quits Navy, 322 - -- birth and education of, 319 - -- duel with Mr. Best, 324-327 - -- embroiled in town, 323, 324 - -- his crazy scheme of assassination, 322 - -- on the _Guardian_, 319 - -- shoots Peterson, 321 - -- under arrest, 320, 321 - - Camisards, 639 - - Campbell, General, 275 - - Candish, Lord, 298 - - Cann, Abraham, wrestles with Polkinghorne, 55 - - Cann Wood, 148 - - Cannington, 407 - - "Canterburiensis," on John N. Tom, 597, 613 - - Canterbury, 31, 599, 602, 609, 612, 613 - - Canterbury, Archbishop of, 211, 215, 291, 437 - - Canterbury Bell, 607 - - Cape Finisterre, 707 - - Cape Horn, 234 - - Cape of Good Hope, 124, 320, 409, 459, 479, 560 - - Cape Padrone, 411 - - Cape Spartel, 714 - - Cape S. Vincent, battle of, 259, 260 - - Cape Verde Is., 410 - - Capell, Lord, 100 - - Capern, Edward, 699 - - Capgrave, 557 - - Cap'n Toby, _see_ Tobias Martin - - _Capuchin, The_, 295 - - Caradon, 84 - - Caran Yellatu, 415 - - Carbura, 554 - - Carclew, 86, 187, 344, 345 - - Cardinham, 280 - - Carew, 109, 114 - - Carew, Mr., 243 - - Carew, Thomas, 546 - - Carew, 554, 652 - -- on tin-mining, 720 - -- on trees in Cornwall, 719 - - Carfax, 207 - - Cargreen, 730 - - Carhayes, 395 - - Carlisle, 89 - - Carlisle, Sir Anthony, 203 - - Carlyle, Thomas, 189 - - Carlyon, C., 122, 229 - - Carlyon, Dr. Clement, 427 - - Carmichael, Lord, 648 - - Carnan Adit, 343 - - Carnanton, 329, 340, 341 - - Carnwark, Lord, 15 - - Carpenter, General, 13 - - Carpenter, William, 366 - - Carrick Gladden, 172 - - Carrick Roads, 456 - - Carter, Agnes, 471 - - Carter, Betsy, 478 - - Carter, Charles, 476, 478 - - Carter family, the, 471 - - Carter, Francis, 471 - - Carter, Frank, 478 - - Carter, Henry, imprisoned in France, 474, 477 - -- the biter bit, 474 - -- a pious smuggler, 471, 473, 477 - - Carter, John, 275 - -- a daring smuggler, 471, 472 - -- imprisoned at Dinan, 474 - -- King of Prussia, 471, 478 - - _Case of the Unfortunate Bosavern Penlez_, 274 - - Casland, 133 - - Castell-an-Dinas, 682, 683 - - Castile, 434 - - Castle Horneck, 240 - - Castle, Mr., 589 - - Castlemaine, Lady, 550 - - Catalonia, 267 - - Catenary Curve, 678 - - Cathayes, 395 - - "Cat Harris," 287 - - Catherine of Braganza, 479 - - Catt, George, 610 - - Caulfield, James, 48, 369 - - Cawsand, 354, 474, 476 - - Cecil, James, 275 - - Cecil, Lord, 32 - - Cecil Street, 276 - - Cephalonia, 446, 448 - - Ceriziers, 126, 128 - - Cevennes, 639 - - Chacewater, 54 - - _Challenger_, 505 - - Challis, Professor, 87, 89 - - Challoner, Mr., 556, note - - Chaloner, 36 - - Chambers's _Journal_, 257, 680 - - Chammond family, the, 165 - - Champernon, Mr., 592 - - Champion, Sir Richard, 389 - - Channel Fleet, 60 - - Chantrey, 187, 188 - - Chantrey, Lady, vandalism of, 188 - - Chapman, Edward, falls into a shaft, 701-703 - - Chapman, John, 701 - - Charing Cross, 295 - - Charles I, 26, 31, 35, 41, 51, 127, 128, 154, 182, 206, 208, 329, - 334, 338, 407, 544, 675, 718, 722, 725 - -- execution of, 42 - -- imprisonment of, 39 - - Charles II, 96, 102, 107, 128, 207, 280, 479, 480, 482, 544, 549 - -- lax government of, 549, 551 - - _Charles II_, 730 - - Charles V, 30 - - Charles VIII, 729 - - Charles, Prince, 41 - - Charles's Wain, 84 - - _Charlotte_, 559 - - Charlotte, Queen, 192 - - Charter House, 319 - - Chateaulin, 222 - - Chateau-Renaud, 638 - - Chatham, 377, 609 - -- Earl of, 318 - - Chatterton, Thomas, 228, 231 - - Chavis, John de, 137, 138 - - Cheapside, 392 - - Cheesewring, 91, 93 - - Chelsea Hospital, 17 - - Cheltenham, 199, 232 - - Cherbourg, 408 - - Cheshire, Widow, 469 - - Chestnuts, 573 - - Chetham Society, 279 - - Chiandower, 342 - - _Chichester_, 261 - - Chichester of Hall, 701 - - Chichester, Elizabeth, 398 - - Chichester, Sir John, 398, 592 - - Chilcott, Charles, 185 - - Child, John, of Surat, 482-486 - - Child, Mr. Paxton, 646 - - Child, Sir Joshua, nefarious schemes of, 482-487 - - _Childe Harold_, 695 - - _Child's First Prayer, The_, 697 - - Chiltern Hundreds, 527 - - Chinglapett, 159 - - Chiverton, Elizabeth, 402, 403, 404, 407 - - Chiverton, Sir Richard, 403, 407 - - Cholwel, 115 - - Christ Church, Oxford, 207, 210, 213, 220, 544 - - Christiania, 409 - - Christmas Eve at Jamaica Inn, 627-631 - - Christopher, Thomas, 532 - - Church of England, position of, 30 - - Cibber, Colley, 299 - - _Cilenus_, 554 - - City of London Inn, 322 - - _Claracilla_, 548 - - Clackmannan, 204 - - Clarendon, Earl of, 43, 206 - -- on Lord Roberts, 726 - -- on Noye, 332 - - Clark, Samuel, 178 - - Clarke, Dr., 361 - - Claxton, 17 - - Cleave, Thomas, 223, 224 - - Clement, T., 274 - - Clemo, Miss, 627 - - _Cleopatra_, 500, 502 - - Cleoyan, 591 - - Clergy, character of, 31, 32, 33 - - Cleve, 8 - - Cleveland, Marquess of, 530 - - Clifden, James, Viscount, 726 - - Clifton, 126, 676, 727, 729 - - Clive, Lord, 159, 164, 487 - - Clobery arms, 231 - - Clobery, Dr. Glynn, 228 - - Clobery, John, 228 - - Clobery, Lucy, 228 - - Clobery, Mary, 228 - - Clobery, William, 228 - - Clowance, 364, 367 - - Clyst Heath, 588 - - Coad, Benjamin, 248, 583 - - Cobb, Captain, 490 - - Cobbett's _Register_, 257 - - Cobbett, William, 464, 520, 522 - -- in America, 688 - - Cochrane, Mr., 523 - - Cochrane, Sir Alexander, 252, 253, 255 - - Cockburne, Rev. W., 327, 328 - - Cocks, Lieut.-Col. George, 264 - - Coffee, introduction of, 482 - - Coffin, Mr., 588 - - Coke, Christopher, 706 - - Coke, Edward, 706 - - Coke family, the, 704 - - Coke, Francis, 706 - -- John, ill-gotten gains of, 705 - - Coke, Lance, 706 - - Coke, Sir Anthony, 729 - - Coke, solicitor, execution of, 51, 52 - - Coke, Thomas, 706 - - Colebrook, 398 - - Coleridge, Derwent, 59 - - Coles of Reading, 111 - - _Collection of State Papers_, 53 - - College Green, Bristol, 281, 282 - - Collier, Mr. W. F., 572, 578 - - Collingwood, Captain, 259, 260, 261, 267 - - Collingwood, Admiral, 445 - - Collins, David, 568 - - Collins, Rev. G., 697 - - Colman, George, 293, 295 - - Colman, Mr., 377 - - Colman, Mr. Edward, 556 - - Cologne, 127 - - Colomb, Colonel, 53 - - _Colonial State Papers_, 35 - - Colston, Launcelot, 105 - - Coltman, Mr. Justice, 121 - - Comber, river, 59 - - Commercial Inn, 145 - - _Companion to the Playhouse, The_, 548 - - _Compleat Lawyer_, 331 - - Comprehension Bill, 211, 218 - - Compton, 215 - - Compton Castle, 227 - - Compton, Henry, 207, 220 - - Conception Bay, 265 - - Conduit Street, 324 - - Confederate Fleet, 639 - - _Congo_, 409, 418, 419, 420 - - Congo, Exploration of, 409-23 - - Congreve, Sir William, 66 - - Connecticut, Governor of, 28 - - Conner, Caroline, 465 - - Conon, Mr., 282, 343 - - Constantine, 701-2 - - Constantinople, 597, 727-8 - - _Contemporary Review_, 454 - - Conversion of Thomas Tregoss, 179 - - Convocation of 1689, 215-18 - - Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, 214 - - Conway, Mr., 525 - - Coode, Anne, 388, 398 - - Coode, Jane, 370 - - Coode, John, 370 - - Coode, Richard, 388, 398 - - Cook, Captain, 497, 564 - - Cook family, the, 704 - - Cook, Mr., 287 - - Cooke, Colonel, 266 - - Cooke, Henry, 704 - - Cooke, J. H., 648 note, 651 - - Cooke, Sir Thomas, 284 - - Cooke, W., 283 - - Cooling, Mr., 550 - - Coote, Mr., 307 - - Coote, Sir Eyre, 163 - - Copper mines, 192 - - Corfu, 451, 514 - - Corinth, 728 - - Corn, famine in, 456 - - Corneille, 126 - - _Cornish Character and Characteristics_, 581 - - _Cornish Ghost Story, A_, 82 - - Cornish, J. B., 471 note, 473, 478 - - Cornish language, current, 243 - -- decline of, 243-4 - -- spoken by Dolly Pentreath, 238-45 - -- spoken in Mousehole, 242 - - _Cornish Magazine_ (1898), 73, 82, 471 - - _Cornishman_, 68 - - _Cornish Saints and Sinners_, 245 - - _Cornwall Gazette_, 122 - - Coromandel, 160 - - "Coronation, The," 58 - - Corpus Christi Pleasure Fair, 144 - - Corunna, 458, 463 - - Coryton, Elizabeth, 406 - - Coryton family, the, 401 - - Coryton, John, 388 - -- claims estates, 396-8 - - Coryton, John Tillie, 406 - - Coryton, Mr., 339 - - Coryton, Peter, 388-9, 398 - -- accused of murder, 389-95 - - Coryton, Richard, 396-98 - -- depositions concerning murder of, 390, 392-3 - -- murder of, 388, 396, 398 - - Coryton, Scipio, 396, 398 - - Coryton, Sir John, 398, 401, 403, 407 - - Coster, Mr., 342 - - Cothele, 592 - - Cottenham, Miss, 262 - - Cottonian Library, 189 - - Couch, J., 257 - - Couch, J. Q., 257 - - Couchworth, Mr., 611 - - Courtenay, Sir William, _see_ John Nichols Tom - - Courtney, Mr. J. S., 143 - - Courtney, Mr., 520 - - Court Place, 117 - - Coutars, Robert, 613 - - Covent Garden Theatre, 288, 301, 378, 382, 384, 387, 467 - - Coverplank, 160 - - Cowley, Abraham, 553 - - "Cracked Charity," 593 - - Craddock, Humphrey, 223, 224 - - Crafthole, 354 - - Cranch, Mr., 409, 417 - - Craven, Lord, 38, 301, 302 - - Crawford Street, 622 - - Crawshay, Mr., 197 - - Crayford, 648 - - _Creation of the World_, 680 - - Creed, 54 - - Creighton, Dr., 50 - - Cresswell, Lieutenant, 567 - - Crocodile, Lady Kitty, 294 - - Crofts, Cecilia, 546 - - Crofts, Sir John, 546 - - Cromwell, Oliver, 26, 36, 37, 40, 45, 46, 49, 70, 127, 479, 549, 724 - - Cropthorne, 81 - - Crosby, B., 257 - - _Cry of the Oppressed_, 543 - - Crystal Palace, 620 - - Cuby, 525 - - Cudden Point, 470 - - _Culloden_, 260 - - Culpepper, 208 - - Culver, Mr., 603, 606, 608, 611 - - Culver, Sarah, 611 - - Cumberland, Duke of, 278 - - Cunnack, 171 - - Cunningham, 315 - - Curacao, 62 - - Curallak, James, 615 - - Curling, Mr., 607 - - Curryngton, Peter, _see_ Coryton - - Cyfarthfa, 197 - - _Cyrus_, 408 - - - _Daily Express_, 69 - - Dalling, Lord, 448 - - Daly, 467 - - Damann, 460 - - Danby, Earl of, 220 - - Dance, Sir Charles, 199 - - Daniel, the lunatic, 571, 572 - - Danvers, Colonel, 105 - - Dargate Common, 606 - - Darlington, Lord, 526 - - Dartmoor, 55, 84, 92, 399 - - Dartmouth, 38, 166, 342, 667 - - Dartmouth, Earl of, 309 - - Das Anton, Count, 145 - - _Dasycampa rubiginea_, 148 - - Daubuz, Mr., 583 - - D'Avenant, Mr., 315 - - Davenport, Mary Ann, appears at Bath, 466 - -- her personifications, 467, 468, 469 - -- style of, 466, 468, 469 - - Davenport, Mr., 467, 469 - - Davidstowe, 226 - - Davies, Henry, 341 - - Davies, John, 341 - - Davies, William, 341 - - Davis, Catherine, 675 - - Davis, John, 675 - - Davy, Humphry, 677, 679 - - Dawes, Mr., 560 - - Dawlish, 200 - - Dawson, G., 699 note - - Dawson, Mr., 416, 418 - - Daye, Dorothy, 341 - - Daye, Peter, 341 - - Deal, 322 - - _Deanery of Trigg Minor_, 225 note - - Death, a "natural," 667 - - Deborah, 469 - - _Debrett's Peerage_, 386 - - De Conflans, 130 - - _Defence_, 502 - - Defoe, Daniel, 72, 79 - - Delabole slate, 186 - - Delamere, Lord, 673 - - Delane, 286 - - Delasaux, T. T., 613 - - Delaval, Lord, 290 - - Delaware, river, 688 - - Delhi, 251 - - Deloney, Thomas, 110 - - Demba, 417 - - _Demerara_, 253 - - De Mezeray, 426 - - De Morgan, A., 90 - - Denbigh, Lord, 725 - - Denham, Sir John, on Killigrew, 545, 553 - - Denman, Lord, 612 - - Denmark, 639 - - Denne & Snow, Messrs., 276 - -- Mr. George, 600 - - Dennis, Captain Benedick, 646 - -- John, 252 - - Deptford, 410, 716 - - Derby, Earl of, 435, 661 - - Dermont, 378 - - De Ruyter, 46 - - Derwentwater, Lord, 15 - - Deveil, Sir Thomas, 287 - - _Devil to Pay, The_, 323 - - Devizes, 633 - - Devon, Earl of, 599, 600 - - Devonport, 20, 55, 85, 184, 399, 666 - -- Dispensary, 268 - - _Devonshire Characters and Strange Events_, 54, 55 - - Dewey, Henry R., 465 - - Dewin, Mr., 343 - - De Witt, 46 - - Dgioun, 597 - - _Diary_, Pepys's, 726 - - Dibdin, 387 - - Dickens, Charles, 143 - - Dickwood, Thomas, 26 - - _Dictionary of National Biography_, 53, 154, 205, 220, 451, 454, - 556 note - - Diddler, Jeremy, 468 - - Diddle, Sir Dilbury, 286 - - _Dido_, H.M.S., 236 - - Digges, Sir Dudley, 330 - - Dignum, 380 - - Dinan, 474 - - Dingley, Dorothy, 81, 82 - -- appears at Bothathan, 75, 78 - - Dingley, Francis, 81 - - Dingley, James, vicar of South Petherwin, 72, 82 - - Dingley, Mrs., 316 - - Dingley, Pethebridge, and Dingley, 72 - - _Discovery_, 320 - - _Dissertation on the Utility of History_, 425 - - "Diurnall" of Ruddle, 73 - - _Diversions of the Morning, The_, 285 - - Divine Right of Kings, 209, 210, 335 - - Dixon, Mr. James, 625, 626 - - Doble, Matthew, 528 - - Dock Lane, Penzance, 622 - - Dog, a sagacious, 353 - - Dogger Bank, 502 - - Dolcoath, 694, 696 - - Doleman, Colonel, 45 - - Dolly's Coffee House, 171 - - Dominica, 522 - - Doncaster, 32 - - Donnithorne, Mr. Nicholas, 283 - - _Don Quixote_, 299 - - Dorchester, Marquis of, 661 - - _Dorothy_, 409, 420, 421 - - _Douay Diary_, 555, 556 note - - Dove, Tom, 113 - - Dover, 296, 322 - - Dowlas, Mrs., 469 - - Down, T. C., 451 note; 454 - - Dozmare Pool, 628 - - Drake, Sir Francis, 137 - - Draper, Lieut.-Col., 162 - - Dreams--Edward Norway's, 123-125 - -- Williams's of Perceval, 427 - - Drew, Jabez, 351, 356 - - Drew, J. H., 346, 363 - - Drew, Samuel, 63 - -- a half-drowned smuggler, 355 - -- blunders _re_ Bothathan Ghost, 73 - -- carries the mail, 351 - -- declines a wife, 360 - -- early life of, 346 - -- literary pursuits of, 356, 358, 360, 361 - -- on Dolly Pentreath, 238, 241 - -- runs away, 349-351 - -- sees weird apparition, 374 - - Drew, value of works of, 361, 362 - - Drummond family, the, 524 - - Drummond, Samuel, 625 - - Drummond-Hay, Sir John, 714 - - Drury Lane, 288, 300, 301, 302, 552 - - Drury Lane Theatre, 323, 378, 384, 387 - - Duberly, Lady, 469 - - Dublin, 90, 173, 289, 380, 467, 638 - - Dublin, Marquis of, 433 - - _Duchess of Clarence_, 196 - - Duchy of Lancaster Liberty, 275 - - Duckworth, Admiral, 443 - - Duel between Mohun and Hamilton, 311-17 - - Duelling, 308, 309 - - Duke of Clarence, 64 note - - Duloe, 432 - - Dumoor Heath, 673 - - Dunkirk, 46, 332, 612, 639 - - Dunmeer Woods, 117, 120 - - Dunstanville, Lord de, 519 - - Dunster, Baron of, 298 - - Dupleix, 160, 161 - - Durable, Miss, 469 - - Durant, Dorothy, 81 - -- George, 81 - -- Richard, 81 - - Durham, 13 - - Durnford, Mr., 420 - - Dursley, Lord, 640, 641, 647 - - - _Eagle_, wreck of the, 640, 647, 650 - - _Early Years and Late Reflections_, 122, 427 - - Eastbourne, 678, 680, 681 - - East India Company, 158 - -- misgovernment by Child, 484-7 - -- prosperity of, 482, 483 - -- rights of, 459-61, 479, 482 - -- treatment of Keigwin, 479 - - East India House, 374, 485 - - Eastling, 607 - - East Looe, 1, 92, 518, 681 - - Eccles, 299 - - _Ecclesiastical History of New England_, 53 - - Eddystone Lighthouse, 633 - - _Edgar_, 638 - - Edgcumbe, 171 - -- family, the, 171 - -- Jane, 592 - -- Sir Piers, 592 - - Edgehill, 51, 722 - - Edict of Nantes, 424 - - Edinburgh Botanical Society, 143 - - Edinburgh, Duke of, 669 - - _Edinburgh Journal_, 257 - - Edinburgh, Medical School of, 677 - - Edinburgh Museum, 633 - - Edmund, King, 231 - - Ednovean, 341 - - Edward I, 243, 500, 719 - - Edward II, 136, 434 - - Edward III, 136, 654 - - Edward IV, 661 - - Edward VI, 29, 115, 518, 586, 616 - - Edward VII, 187, 634 - -- and Ann Glanville, 669 - - Edwards, Bryant, 172 - - Edwards, Mr., 98 - - Edwards, J. P., 363 - - Edye, Lieut. L., 20, 25 - - Edye, Mr. William, 20, 23 - - Eggesford, 225 - - Egloshayle, 117, 119, 120, 122, 223, 224 - - Egloskerry, 84 - - _Egmont_, 505 - - Eikon Basilike, 680 - - Ekins, Mr., 642 - - El Arbi Shat, 711 - - Elba, 507 - - Eider Brethren of Trinity House, 66 - - Elections, Cornish, 518-530 - - Eliot, Edward, 73 - - Eliot, John, 73 - - Eliot, Lord, 522 - - Eliot, Sir John, 73, 339 - - Elizabeth, Queen, 30, 31, 133, 136, 137, 224, 298, 395, 479, 518, - 524, 554, 652, 655, 657, 661, 662, 665, 704, 720 - - Ellery, John, 223, 224 - - Elliott, Ebenezer, 189 - - Elliott, Mr., 402 - - Embonna, 412, 415 - - Emperors of the East, 727, 728 - - Endicott, Mr., 35 - - _English Atlas, The_, 542 - - _English Botany_, 143 - - _English Dictionary_, Johnson's, 2 - - _Englishman in Paris, The_, 288 - - _Englishman Returned from Paris, The_, 288 - - Enoder, 517 - - _Enquiry of the Barbarous Murder of the Earl of Essex_, 104, 106 - - Entomological Society of London, 147 - - Enys, 470, 473, 614 - - Enys, Mr. J. D., 614 - - Enys, Valentine, 707 - - _Epicaene_, 550 - - Epirus, 513 - - Epitaph on Dolly Pentreath, 242 - - _Epulae Thyestae_, 42 - - Erisey family, the, 500 - - Erisey, Richard, 140 - - Erizzo, Francisco, 545 - - Erwin, 236 - - Escrick, 96 - - _Esmond_, 310 - - _Essay on the Being and Attributes of the Deity_, 361 - - _Essay on the Human Understanding_, 357 - - _Essay on the Immortality of the Soul_, 358, 360 - - Essex, Earl of, 96, 305, 722, 725 - - Essex, Arthur, Earl of; suicide of, 96, 97, 100, 104, 106 - -- supposed murder of, 98, 99, 104 - - _Essex's Innocency and Honour Vindicated_, 106 - - Ethy, 503, 514 - - Euclid, 92 - - _European Magazine_, 626 - - Euston Square, 193 - - Evans, Mr., 97 - - Evelyn's _Diary_, entry _re_ Peters, 41 - - Ewes, Colonel, 39 - - _Examiner, The_, 308, 314 - - Excalibur, 605 - - _Excellent_, 259, 260 - - Execution of Bartlett, 395, 327 - -- of Bosavern Penlez, 274 - -- of Cuthbert Mayne, 658 - -- of Eulalia Page, 665 - -- of Hawkins and Kendal, 140 - -- of Humphrey Arundell, 592 - -- of James and William Lightfoot, 122 - -- of James Tyley, 402 - -- of Jonathan Simpson, 674 - -- of Lord Russell and Sidney, 485 - -- of the Mayor of Bodmin, 590 - -- of Rogers and Street, 367 - -- of Russell, 209 - -- of Samuel Goodere, 282 - -- of Sir Robert Tresilian, 440 - -- of the Vicar of S. Thomas's, 588 - -- of William Kilter, 587 note - - Exeter, 8, 12, 80, 111, 113, 134, 144, 156, 179, 220, 224, 375, 467, - 524, 560, 628, 704 - - Exeter, Bishop of, 140, 219, 425 - - Exeter Cathedral, 219, 375 - - Exeter College, Oxford, 177, 329, 554, 722 - - Exeter, siege of, 588 - - Exmoor, 92 - - Exmouth, 601 - -- Lord, 456, 507 - - Eyre, Mr., 422 - - - Fadlallah, 3 - - _Faery, The_, 472, 473 - - Fahil, Captain, 320 - - Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 36, 39 - - Fairies, 533, 536, 538 - - Fairman, W. C., 614 - - Fairs, Corpus Christi, 144 - -- Falmouth, 370 - - Faith-cures, 542 - - Fal, the, 133, 370 - - Falkland, Lord, 208, 544 - - "Fall of Man, The," 631 - - Falmouth, 60, 62, 136, 137, 145, 187, 250, 370, 373, 410, 429, 456, - 458, 478, 497, 623, 628, 631, 633, 663, 695, 699, 717 - - Falmouth, Lord, 525 - - Falmouth fair, 370 - - Falmouth harbour, 134, 371 - - "Falstaff of the West," _see_ Anthony Payne - - _Familiar Letters_, 331, 332 note, 333 note - - Farey, Mr., 200 - - Farming in America, 684 - - _Fatal Curiosity, The_, 619 - - Fatima, 213 - - Faulkener, one-legged, 289 - - Faversham, 606, 612 - - _Favourite_, 320 - - Fawcett, Nabob, 522 - - Fearon, Colonel, 490, 498, 499 - - Fellowes, Captain, 261-267 - - Felt, J. B., 53 - - Fenny Park, 157 - - Fenton, Mr., 448, 449 - - Fenwick, Colonel, 498 - - Feock, 244 - - Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 729 - - Ferguson, 314 - - Fermon, Jane, 135 - -- Sir George, 135 - -- Sir William, 135 - - Fetiche Rock, 413 - - Fez, 715 - - Fielding, Henry, 275-278 - -- Sir John, 630 - - Fiennes, Nathaniel, 37, 724 - - Filmer, 208, 221 - - _Firebrand_, 640, 647 - - "First Primrose, The," 694 - - _Fishbourne_, 559 - - Fisher, Rev. Thomas, 427 - - Fish Strand, 458 - - Fitzallen family, 112 - - Fitzmaurice, Mr., 410 - - Five-lanes, 190 - - Flannel, The, 381 - - Fleas, 659 - - Fleet Conduit, 27 - - Fleet Prison, 291, 337, 543, 555 - - Fleet Street, 276 - - Fleetwood, 667 - - Fleta, 136 - - Fletcher, 487 - - Flood accounts for fossils, 4 - - _Flora of West Cornwall_, 143 - - Flower, 54 - - Flushing, 455, 456 - - Foad, Alexander, 608, 611 - - Foley, 188 - - Folger, Peter, 34 - - Folkestone, Viscount, 649 - - "Folly, The," 131 - - Foote family, the, 280 - -- arms of, 280 - - Foote, Edward, 282, 294 - - Foote, Elizabeth, 280 - - Foote, John, 280, 282 - - Foote, Mrs., 282-4, 291 - - Foote, Samuel, and George II, 294 - -- appears as Othello, 285 - -- boastfulness punished, 290 - -- caricatures his friends, 288, 289 - -- character of, 283, 287 - -- dramatic talent of, 296 - -- early life of, 280, 282, 284 - -- extravagance of, 287, 290 - -- his _Diversions_, 285 - -- jocularity of, 283, 292, 293, 294, 296 - -- mimicry of, 283, 286, 287, 289, 292, 293, 294 - -- prank at college, 284 - -- rebuilds Haymarket, 290 - -- trial of, 295 - - Foote, Samuel, of Tiverton, 280 - - _Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall_, 93, 185 - - Forbes, John, 34 - - Forbes, Professor Ed., 189 - - Fordwick, Lord, 599 - - _Forest of Dean_, 168 - - Fore Street, St. Ives, 172 - - _Formidable_, 376 - - Forrabury, 109 - - Forster, General, 13 - - Fort Royal, 321 - - Fort S. David, 158, 160, 161 - - Fort S. George, 158, 159, 162 - - Fort S. Julian, 145 - - Fort Tregantle, 148 - - Fort William, 158 - - Fossils--never found in granite, 95 - -- superstition about origin of, 4 - - Foster's _Baronetage_, 156 - - Fowey, 26, 187, 247, 248, 298, 329, 515, 518, 723 - - Fowler, Dean, 213 - - Fox, Caroline, 86, 90 - -- on Burnard, 188 - - Foxwell, Mr., 61 - - _Fragments of an Unfinished Drama_, 454 - - _Francis_, 707 - - Francis, Mr. G., 603 - - Franklyn, Mr., 28 - - Frederick, Prince of Wales, 319, 344 - - Frederick the Great, 471 - - Freemantle, Admiral, 514 - - Free Trade, _see_ Smuggling - - Fremington, 225 - - Fresnel, 202 - - Friar Street, London, 204 - - _Friendship_, 559, 561 - - Frisk, Lady Betty, 286 - - Froissart, Sir John, on Sir Robert Tresilian, 435-40 - - Frome, 103 - - Frome Selwood, 99 - - Froude, J. A., 657 - -- on Archbishop Parker, 31 - -- on the Church of England, 32 - -- on the Reformation, 29 - - Fry, Mr., 679 - - Fryer, Dr., 479 - - Fulford, Elizabeth, 592 - - Fulford, Sir John, 592 - - Fulham, 672 - - Fulmer, 467 - - Fulton, Mr., 688 - - "Furry Day," Helston, 59 - - Gall, John, 113 - - Galway, Mr., 410, 417 - - Gardiner, Captain Allen, death and burial of, 236, 237 - -- encounters hardships, 234, 235 - -- starts for Terra del Fuego, 232, 233 - - Gardiner, S. R., 53 - - Garnett, Mr. R., 445, 454 - - Garonne, 196 - - Garrick, David, mimicked by Foote, 286, 292 - - Garrick Coffee House, 380 - - Garth, Mr., 420 - - Gascoyne, Mr., 525 - - Gaverigan, John, 718 - - Gaverigan, Philippa, 718 - - Gawsworth, 317 - - Gay, Thomas, 386 - - Geffrey, Joan, 718 - - Gell, Philip, 521 - - _General Advertiser_, 285 - - Geneva, 31 - - Genoa, 707 - - _Gentleman's Magazine_, 19, 169, 170, 279, 423, 529 - - Geological discoveries by Pengelly, 4, 7-10 - - Geology, Pengelly's first lesson in, 4 - - George I, 184, 713 - - George II, 294 - - George III, 223, 524 - - George IV, 223 - - George Inn, Newnham, 607 - - George of Denmark, Prince, 639 - - George's Coffee House, 286 - - _Georgian AEra_, 468 - - Germansweek, 109 - - Germoe, 342 - - Gerrard, Fitton, 299 - - Ghosts - -- appears to Gumb, 94 - -- at Bothathan, 74-79, 82 - -- at S. Austell, 347, 348 - -- of Tregeagle, 628 - - Giants, 185 - - _Giants and Dwarfs_, 185 - - Gibbon, Edward, 729 - - Gibraltar, 503, 639, 716 - - Gibson, Captain, 730 - - Giddy, Edward, 675 - - Giddy, John, 675 - - Giddy, Mr. Davies, 192 - - Giddy, Rev. Edward, 341 - - Giddy, Thomas, 675 - - Gidley, John, 560 - - Gilbert, Carew Davies, 340 note - - Gilbert, C. S., 662 - --finds Payne's portrait, 184 - - Gilbert, Davies, 20, 23, 167, 192, 340, 341 - -- and the Logan Rock, 680 - -- and the Royal Society, 679 - -- frames Act of interment of the drowned, 62 - -- friend of Beddoes, and Humphry Davy, 676, 677 - -- his collection of carols, 676, 681 - -- his wife, 678 - -- his works, 680 - -- on derivation of Week, 109 - -- on Henry Rogers, 368, 369 - -- on John Knill, 171, 173 - -- practical mathematician, 677, 678, 680 - - Gilbert, Mary Ann, 678 - -- a strong-minded partner, 679 - - Gilbert, Thomas, 220 - - Gilbert, Walter Raleigh, 227 - - Gildew, Mr., 556 note - - Gilpin, 405 - - Ginger, J., 328 - - Gingi, 163 - - Gironde, 505 - - _Gladiator_, 254 - - Glaisher, Professor, 89, 90 - - _Glance behind the Curtain_, 70 - - Glanville, Ann, beats the French, 668 - -- champion oarswoman, 666 - -- character of, 669 - -- Jack Tar's mother, 666 - - Glanville, Eulalia, 665 - - Glanville family, the, 664, 665 - - Glanville, Judge, 665 - - Glanville, Mary, 665 - - Glasgow, 202 - - _Glasgow_, 509 - - "Glee Club, The," 380 - - Gleig, Mr., 504 - - _Glimpses of the Supernatural_, 81 - - Glivian, 173 - - Gloag family, the, 256 - - Gloucester, 112, 199, 648 note, 651 - - Gloucester, Bishop of, 531 - - Gloucester Hall, 284 - - Gloucester, Thomas, Duke of, 432-439 - -- and Sir Robert Tresilian, 438-440 - - Gluvias, 500, 614, 615 note, 616 - - Glyn, Dennis, 280 - - Glyn, Nicholas, 280 - - Glynn, Robert, 228 - - Glynn-Clobery, Richard, his prize poem, 231 - -- life at Cambridge, 229-30 - -- strong Chattertonian, 228, 231 - - Goadby & Co., 347, 349 - - Godolphin House, 584, 705 - - Godolphin, Lady, discovers Coke's ill practices, 705 - - Godolphin, Lord, 343 - - Godolphin, Margaret, 480 - - Godolphin, Nicholas, 480 - - Godolphin, Prudence, 706 - - Godolphin, Sir Francis, 704 - - Godolphin, William, 706 - - Golden, 528, 652, 656 - - _Golden Grove_, 559, 565 - - Golding, Lady, 630 - - Goldsmith, Lieutenant, 680 - -- death of, 25 - -- describes displacement, 21 - -- displaces Logan Stone, 19 - -- replaces Logan Stone, 23 - - Goldsmith, Oliver, 19 - - Goldsworthy, General, 192 - - Gonzalo, 371 - - Goodall, John, 406 - - Goodall, Peter, 406 - - Goodall, William, 406 - - Goodere, Samuel, 280 - -- strangles his brother, 281-2 - - Goodere, Sir Edward, 280 - - Goodere, Sir John Dinely, 280 - -- strangled by his brother, 281-2 - - Goodfellow, John, 223-4 - - Goodrestone, 606 - - Goodwin, John, 42, 48 - - Goodwin, Rev. Harvey, 89 - - Goodwin Sands, 602 - - Gordon, Colonel, 448 - - Goring, Lord George, 38, 723 - - Gorran, 12 - - Gotha, 453 - - Gottenburg, 501 - - Gough, General, 189, 405-6 - - Gould, Jacky, 664 - - Gout not hereditary, 229 - - Gower, Dr., 284 - - Graham, Mr., 716 - - Graham, Sir Thomas, 487 - - Grampound, 329, 515, 516, 517, 518, 527, 529 - -- disfranchisement of, 524 - -- elections at, 522-524 - - Grandison, John, Earl, 318 - - Grasse, Count de, 377 - - Gravesend, Bishop of, 386 - - Gray's Inn, 170, 173, 283 - - Graythwaite, 374 - - Great Eastern Company, 70 - - Great Exhibition, 620 - - Great Smith, 643 - - Great Torrington, 179 - - _Green Castle_, 62 - - Green, J. R., 208 - - Greenwich, 269 - - Greenwich Hospital, 626 - - Gregor, Mr., 424 - - Gregory XIII, 653, 654 - - Grenville family, the, 181 - - Grenville, Lady, 328 - - Grenville, Lady Grace, 183 - - Grenville, Lord, 319, 323 - - Grenville, Sir Beville, 182 - - Grenville, Sir John, 183 - - Grenville, Sir Richard, 139, 653, 722, 724 - - Gretna Green, 465 - - Grey de Ruthyn, 112 - - Grey, Lord, 588 - - Grey of Gloucester, 112 - - Grey, Thomas, 661 - - Grey, William, Lord, 589 - - Griffith, Anne, 317 - - Griffith, Colonel Edward, 299 - - Grove, 156 - - Grub Street, 317 - - Grylls, Rev. P. Couch, 85 - - Grylls, Tabitha Knill, 83 - - _Guardian_, 319 - - Guernsey, 246 - - Guiana, 134 - - _Guide to Ilfracombe_, 143 - - _Guide to Penzance_, 143 - - Guildhall, London, 390 - - Guilston, 646 - - Gulf of Finland, 408 - - Gulf of Lyons, 267 - - Gull, 87 - - Gumb, Daniel, Hawker's account of, 94 - -- observatory of, 92 - -- stone diagrams of, 92, 93 - - Gunning, 231 - - Gunpowder Plot, 661 - - Gunther, Captain, 420 - - Gurney, John, 192 - - Gurney, Miss A. D., 205 - - Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy, 192-205 - - Gurney invents and applies steam-blast, 194-197, 203, 204, 205 - -- invents Bude light, 202, 205 - -- invents oxyhydrogen blow-pipe, 203-205 - -- prejudice against his inventions, 200, 202, 205 - -- prophecies of, 203, 204 - -- runs a steam-coach, 198, 205 - -- uses concrete, 204 - - Gustavus of Sweden, 511 - - Gwennap, 427 - - Gwennap mines, 343 - - - Haberdashers' Company, 542 - - Habingdon, Mr., 38 - - Hachard, J., 328 - - Hackworth, Mr., 195 - - Hadleigh, 727 - - Hague, The, 128, 547 - - Hales' estate, the, 600 - - Halifax, 261, 267 - - Hall, 81, 701 - - Hall, Mr., 109 - - Hall, Mr. S. C., on J. S. Buckingham, 455, 463 - - Halley's Comet, 85 - - Hallowell, Admiral, 506 - - Halls, Honor, 360 - - Halstead, Mr., 97 - - Hals, John, inaccuracy of, 137 - -- 244, 338, 340, 557, 591, 616, 680 - -- on Edward Chapman, 701 - -- on John Coke, 704-706 - -- on Tillie, 400, 403, 404 - - Hals, Sir Nicholas, 135, 136, 137 - - Hambley family, the, 455 - - Hambley, Thomazine, 455 - - Hamilton, Colonel John, examination of, 315, 316 - -- second in Mohun's duel, 311-315 - - Hamilton, Duchess of, 316 - - Hamilton, Duke of, fights with Mohun, 310-317 - - Hamilton, Marquis of, 39 - - Hamley, Colonel, 569 - - Hamley, Mr., 370 - - Hamoaze, 663, 667 - - Hampden, John, 96 - - Hanacott Manor, 204 - - Handel, 378 - - Handley, Mr., 609 - - Hanover, 16, 308, 424 - - Hanover Square, 345 - - Hanseatic League, 334 - - Hans Towns, 136 - - Hardcastle, Mrs., 467, 469 - - Harley, 79 - - Harley, Robert, 310 - - Harlyn, 26 - - Harpford, 701 - - Harpsfield, 557 - - Harrington, Earl of, 317 - - Harris, Alfred, 697, 699 - - Harris, Captain John, 623 - - Harris, George, 369 - - Harris, Howard, 697, 699 - - Harris, James, 695 - - Harris, Jane, 697 - - Harris, John, early versifications of, 694 - -- his escapes from death, 698 - -- his own account of his life, 692-698 - -- his prize poem on Shakespeare, 699 - -- miner poet, 700 - -- reads Shakespeare, Byron, and Burns, 695 - -- talent of, 699 - -- vanity of, 694, 697, 698 - - Harris, Lucretia, 697 - - Harris, Mr. J. Henry, 245 - - Harris, shoemaker, 119 - - Harris, Sir W. Snow, 203 - - Harris, Susan, 623 - - Harris, Thomas, 378 - - Harrison, Colonel, 51 - - Hartland, 92 - - Hartland Abbey, 156, 165 - - Harvey family, the, 467 - - Harvey, Catherine, 428 - - Harvey, Joseph, 467 - - Harvey, Lord, 376 - - Harvey, Martin, 428 - - Harvey, Mary Ann, 466; _see_ Davenport - - Harvey, Sir Robert, 185 - - Harwich, 320 - - Hatch, J., 366 - - Havre, 130, 597, 667 - - Haweis, 432 - - Hawke, 130 - - Hawker, Rev. R. S., 73 - -- on Gumb, 93 - -- on Payne, 183, 185 - - Hawkey, Charles, 408 - - Hawkey, Charlotte, 166, 168, 408, 423 - - Hawkey, Lieutenant Joseph, 408 - - Hawkey, Lieutenant John, death of, 422 - -- explores the Congo, 409-422 - -- narrow escape from drowning, 410 - -- prisoner in France, 408 - - Hawkey, Mr., 166 - - Hawkey, Richard, 408 - - Hawkey, William, 408 - - Hawkins family, the, 515, 516 - - Hawkins, Florence, 516 - - Hawkins, Francis, 516 - - Hawkins, George, 516 - - Hawkins, Jane, 516 - - Hawkins, John, 516, 517 - - Hawkins, Maria, 443 - - Hawkins, Mary, 516 - - Hawkins, Mr., 138-140 - - Hawkins, Philip, 516, 517 - - Hawkins, Reginald, 516 - - Hawkins, Renatus, 516 - - Hawkins, Sir Christopher, 443 - -- acquires land, 517 - -- borough-monger, 515, 520, 521, 526 - -- encourages inventions, 527 - -- influence at Grampound, 522-524, 527 - -- influence at S. Ives, 524, 527-529 - -- M.P. for Mitchell, 518, 527 - -- M.P. for Penryn, 527 - -- tried for corruption, 520 - - Hawkins, Thomas, 516, 517 - - Hawley, Captain, 101, 105 - - Hayle, 172, 516 - - Haymarket Theatre, 285, 287, 294, 295, 377, 465, 467 - -- rebuilt by Foote, 290 - -- wreckage of, 278 - - Hayward, Abraham, 578 - - Hayward, Sir John, 590 - - Heathman, Francis, 538 - - _Heir at Law_, 469 - - _Heliophotus hispidus_, 151 - - Helland, 228, 592 - - Helston, 60, 61, 67, 71, 170, 171, 329, 362, 364, 516, 579, 580, 678 - --described, 59 - - "Helston Arms," 582 - - Helston Church, 587 - - Hender, Frances, 721 - - Hender, John, 721 - - Hengest, 231 - - Henley, 287 - - Henry II, 407 - - Henry III, 133, 298 - - Henry VI, 109, 111 - - Henry VII, 32, 154, 661 - - Henry VIII, 243, 247, 586, 652, 655 - -- and the Reformation, 28, 29 - - _Herald's Visitations of Cornwall_, 81, 107, 155, 224, 280, 370, 441, - 661, 701 - - _Herald's Visitations of Devon_, 171 - - Herbert, Admiral, 638 - - Herbert, Lord Charles, 544 - - Herbert, Mr. Edmund, on Sir C. Shovel, 642, 646 - - Herbert, Sir William, 589 - - _Hercules_, 446 - - Herkomer, Professor von, 90 - - Heme Hill, 606, 609, 611 - - Herod's Foot, 581 - - _Heroes of the old Falmouth Packet Service_, 626 - - Herring, Mr. F., 190 - - Herschel, Sir John, 88 - - Hesse, Charlotte van, 547 - - Hesse, John van, 547 - - Heywood, Anne, 516 - - Heywood, James, 517 - - Hicker, George, 543 - - Hicks, Polly, 283 - - Hicks, William Robert, chestnuts of, 573 - -- examples of humour of, 574-578 - -- personal appearance of, 569-575 - -- tells of an indifferent night, 574 - -- versatility of, 569 - - Higginson, Rev., 34 - - Higher Brown Quartils, 75, 78, 80, 82 - - Highgate, 387 - - Highgate, Lord, 386 - - _High Life Below Stairs_, 407 - - Highwaymen, _see_ Jonathan Simpson - - Hill, Captain Richard, 299, 300 - -- escapes, 305-6 - -- murders Mountford, 299-304 - - Hill, Mr., 427-8 - - _Historical and Critical Account of Hugh Peters_, 53 - - _Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk - Island_, 568 - - _Historical Survey of Cornwall_, 662 - - _History of the Commonwealth_, 53 - - _History of Cornwall_, 73, 238, 243, 361, 401, 616, 680 - - _History of England_, Froude's, 31 note, 32 note - - _History of the Four Last Years of the Queen_, 317 - - _History of His Own Times_, 53, 106 - - _History of John Gilpin_, 2 - - _History of the Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell_, 72 - - _History of Looe_, 681 - - _History of Polperro_, 257 - - _History of the Reign of Queen Anne_, 645 note, 648, 651 - - _History of Rev. Hugh Peters_, 53 - - _History of Queen Anne, The_, 307, 308 note - - _History of the West Indies_, 172 - - _Histrio-Mastix_, 335 - - Hitchens, 243 - - Hodder, Mr., 418 - - Holborn, 170, 276 - - Holdsworth, Mr. Arthur, 166 - - Holinshed, 432 - - Holland, Captain, 105 - - Holland House, 326 - - Holland, Lord, 327 - - Holland, Sir John, 437-8 - - Holman, Samuel, 405 - - Holmes, Mr., 526 - - Holsworthy, 108, 156 - - Holt, 305 - - Holyhead, 626 - - Homer Place, 622 - - Honiton, 588 - - Hooker, John, 155 - - Hooker, Richard, 369, 588 - - Hope, General Sir John, 505 - - Hopton, Sir Ralph, 206 - - Horace, 692 - - Hore, Richard, 654 - - Hornblower, Jonathan, 677 - - Horner, Mr., 524 - - Horse, a sagacious, 352 - - "Horse and Groom," 326 - - "Horse and Jockey," 582 - - Hosken, Anthony, 226 - - Hosken, Nancy, 226 - - Hoskin family, the, 683 - - Hoskin, James, advice to his children, 690 - -- and his rector, 683 - -- burial of, 682 - -- his adventures in America, 685-89 - -- on farming in the States, 684 - - Hoskin, return of, 689 - - Hoskin, John William, 683 - - Hoskin, Richard Vinnicombe, 683 - - Hosking, Harriet, 669 - - Hotham, Sir John, 36 - - _Hound_, 650 - - Hounslow Heath, 17 - - House, Jane, 669 - - _Household Books of Lord William Howard_, 556 note - - _Household Words_, 1852, 22 note - - Howard, Lord, 96 - - Howard, Lord William, 555, 558 - - Howard Street, 301, 302 - - Howell, James, 128, 518 - -- on Noye, 331, 333, 338, 340 - - Howes, Mr. James, 390 - - _Hudibras_, 44 - - Hudson, Mr., 148 - - Hudson, river, 689 - - Hugo, Mr., 594 - - Huguenots, massacre of, 653 - - Hull, 642, 667 - - _Humayoon Shah_, 460, 462 - - Humphries, Mr., 323 - - Hungate, Dom Gregory, 556 - - Hungerford, 210 - - Hunt, Anna Maria, 726 - - Hunt, James, 613 - - Hunt, Thomas, 726 - - Hunter, John, 560, 568 - - _Huntly_, 485 - - Hurst Castle, 39 - - Hyde, Edward, 206 - - Hyde, Sir Edward, 545 - - Hyde Park, 16, 17, 311, 316 - - Hyder Ali, 164 - - Hyndford, Earl of, 648 - - - _Identity and Resurrection of the Human Body, The_, 360 - - Ilfracombe, 143 - - _Illustrated London News_, 620, 622 - - _Illustrious Obscure, An_, 578 - - Imaum of Muscat, 460, 462 - - _Imperial Magazine_, 361, 363 - - Incledon, Charles, chorister at Exeter, 375 - -- death of, 387 - -- hoaxed, 380, 381, 385, 386 - -- in the navy, 376, 377 - -- partiality for wine, 381, 382, 383, 387 - -- selfishness of, 383, 384 - - Incledon, theatrical experiences of, 377, 378, 387 - -- vanity of, 380, 381, 382, 386 - -- voice of, 378, 379, 386 - -- wrecked, 380 - - Incledon, Mrs., 382, 382, 384 - - _Indefatigable_, 456 - - Independents, rise of, 37 - - Ingoldsby, Colonel Richard, 17 - - Ingram, Sir Arthur, 331 - - Inner Temple, 554 - - Innes, Mr., 523 - - _Innocent Lady, The_, 128 - - Inny, river, 83 - - _Inquiries Concerning the Intellectual Power_, 427 - - Inventions--by Call, 158 - -- of the Bude light, 202 - -- of heating houses, 204, 205 - -- of life-saving rockets, 63, 64 - -- of the locomotive, 193 - -- of the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe, 203 - -- the steam-blast, 195-197 - -- of a torpedo, 688 - - _Invincible_, 321 - - Ireland, Duke of, 433, 435, 438, 439 - - _Irresistible_, 260 - - Isle of Wight, 39 - - Isthmus of Suez, 459 - - - Jackman, 55 - - Jackman, Mr. William, 244 - - Jackson, constable, 119 - - Jackson, Rev., 295 - - Jackson, William, 375 - - Jago, Dr., 730 - - Jago, Rev. W., 626 - - Jamaica, 172, 515, 683 - - Jamaica Inn, 573, 628, 629 - -- Christmas Eve at, 627-631 - - James I, 31, 134, 718, 721 - - James II, 105, 106, 209, 210, 221, 402, 542, 638 - - James, Ann, 582 - - James's _Naval History_, 257, 626 - - Jamison, Mr., 566 - - Jane family, the, 206 - - Jane, Joseph, 206 - -- answers Milton's [Greek: Eikonoklastes], 207 - - Jane, Thomas, 206 - - Jane, William, 207 - - Jane, William, blocking tactics of, 216-219 - - Jane confers on Real Presence, 209 - -- Prolocutor, 215 - -- rapid promotion of, 207, 219 - -- transfers allegiance to William III, 210, 221 - - Janina, 508, 513 - - Janus, 211, 330 - - Jefferies, Anne, abstains from food and performs cures, 531, 535, - 537, 538 - -- imprisoned, 531, 540 - -- meets with fairies, 532, 533, 536, 538 - - Jefferies, Mr., 420 - - Jeffery, Dolly, 238, 245; _see_ Pentreath - - Jeffery, John, 247 - - Jeffery, Robert, exploits his privations, 256 - -- Government inquiry concerning, 254 - -- impressed for Navy, 248, 250 - -- left on Sombrero, 251, 253 - -- thief, 250 - - Jeffreys, Judge, 104, 106 - - Jeffreys, Lord, 542 - - Jenken, Mary, 71 - - Jenken, Samuel, 71 - - Jenkin, Captain W., 678 - - Jennings, Captain, 458 - - Jennings, Elizabeth, 458 - - Jerusalem, King of, 599, 600 - - Jervis, Sir John, 258, 259 - - _Jeune Richard, Le_, 623, 624 - - Jewell family, the, 156 - - Jewell, Sarah, 156 - - John II, 727 - - John, King, 719 - - John and Nicholas, 626 - - John, Elizabeth, 615 - - John, Joan, 615, 616 - - John, Margaret, 615 - - John, Michael, 615, 616 - - Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 2, 167, 675 - -- and Samuel Foote, 289, 293 - - Johnson, Mr., 420 - - Johnstone, Andrew C., 522 - - Johnstone, Jack, 381 - - "Joiners' Arms," S. Columb, 593 - - Jones, Mrs. Cadwalader, 157 - - Jones, William, 717 - - Jonson, Ben, 337, 338, 550 - - Jope, Mr., 171 - - Jope, Rev. John, 173 - - Jordan, Mrs., 468 - - Jordan, W., 680 - - Josselin, 474 - - _Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall_, 140, 185, 626, 644, - 651 - - Juga, 415, 417, 418 - - Jumper, Sir W., 642 - - _Justification of the War_, 46 - - - Kardihi, 509 - - Karikal, 163 - - Keates, Captain, 443 - - Keene, Mr., 196-7 - - Keigwin family, the, 480 - - Keigwin, Captain Richard, character of, 488 - -- Commandant at Bombay, 479-80, 483, 485, 487 - -- revolts from misgovernment of E. I. Company, 484-7 - - Keigwin, J., 680 - - Keigwin, Jenkin, 480 - - Keigwin, Margaret, 480 - - Keigwin, Richard, 480 - - Kekewich, Loveday, 206 - - Kekewich, William, 206 - - Kelly, Earl, 293 - - Kelly, Mr., of Kelly, 665 - - Kelly, T., 613 - - Kelynack family, the, 620 - - Kelynack, Charles, 620 - - Kelynack, Mary, her reception, 621 - -- walks to London, 620 - - Kelynack, Philip, 620 - - Kelynack, William, 620 - - Kemble, Frances A., 454 - - Kemble, John, 379, 384 - - Kempe, John, 654 - - Kempthorne, Admiral, 374 - - Kempthorne, Captain, 457 - - Kendal, 138-40 - - Keneggy, 478 - - Kenmure, Lord, 13, 15 - - Kennall, Dr., 243 - - Kennedy, Lord, 299 - - Kensington, 312, 326 - - _Kent, The_, loss of, 489-99 - - Kentisbeare, 225 - - Kent's Cavern, Torquay, exploration of, 8 - - Kenwyn, 428 - - Kenyon, Lord, 519, 526 - - Kerrisvean, 634 - - Kew, 410 - - Khorchid Pacha, 513 - - _Kidleywink_, 470 - - Kigilliath, 179 - - Kilkhampton, 182 - - Killefreth, 428 - - Killigrew, 133 - - Killigrew family, the, 133, 140, 500, 544, 553 - -- stage-struck, 544, 552 - - Killigrew, Charles, 547, 552 - - Killigrew, Frances, 140 - - Killigrew, Henry, 544, 547 - - Killigrew, Jane, contrives Spanish murders, 136 - -- protected by Penryn, 135 - -- Spanish murders wrongly attributed to, 137 - - Killigrew, Lady, 729 - - Killigrew, Martin, 134 - - Killigrew, Mary, involved in Spanish murders, 137-140 - - Killigrew, Ralph, 133 - - Killigrew, Robert, 547 - - Killigrew, Simon, 133 - - Killigrew, Sir Henry, 729 - - Killigrew, Sir John, 133, 134 - - Killigrew, Sir Peter, 140 - - Killigrew, Sir Robert, 544 - - Killigrew, Sir William, 136, 544 - - Killigrew, Thomas, answers Louis XIV, 546 - -- at the Restoration, 547, 548 - -- gives good counsel to the king, 549, 550 - -- misbehaviour at Venice, 545 - -- plays of, 547 - -- satirizes Lady Shrewsbury, 552 - - Killigrew, Thomas, jun., 547, 552 - - Killingworth Colliery, 195 - - Kilmar, 84 - - Kilter, William, 587 note - - Kimberley, Earl of, 140 - - Kimmeridge clay, 9 - - King, Lieut. Philip G., Governor of New South Wales, 568 - -- in charge at Norfolk Is., 564-567 - -- voyage to Botany Bay, 569, 561 - - King, Philip, 560 - - King, Rear-Admiral P. Parker, 568 - - King, Sir Peter, 308 - - Kingsand, 269 - - King's Bench, 543 - - King's Bench Prison, 661 - - King's College, Cambridge, 228, 231 - - King's College, London, 89 - - King's House Theatre, 548 - - King Street, Westminster, 542 - - Kingston Bridge, 672 - - Kingston, Duchess of, 289, 294 - - Kingston, Sir Anthony, 589 - - Kirrier, 244 - - Kit-Cat, 315 - - Kittites, the, 523 - - Knatchbull, N. J., 613 - - Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 183, 184 - - Knight, Mr., 327 - - Knill, 171 - - Knill family, 171 - - Knill, John, collector of customs, 170, 171 - -- conditions of his bequest to S. Ives, 173 - -- his monument, 169, 170 - -- suspected of smuggling, 172 - - Knill's Folly, 169 - - Knollys, Sir Robert, 432 - - Knox, Mr., 556 note - - Knyvett, Henry, 133 - - Kolokotroni, 446 - - Koran, 511 - - Kosseir, 460 - - _Kyber_, 67 - - - Labourdonnais, 159 - - _Lady Harriet_, 458 - - _Lady Hobart_, wreck of, 251-263, 267 - - _Lady Penrhyn_, 559 - - Lagos, 130 - - La Hogue, 639 - - Lake, Baron, of Delhi, 251 - - Lake, Capt. the Hon. W., 248 - -- court-martialled, 254-256 - -- leaves Jeffery on Sombrero, 251 - -- takes undue credit for attack on _Albion_, 248, 249 - - Lake family, arms of, 251 - - Lake, Gerard, Viscount, 248 - - Lally, Count de, 159, 161 - - Lamartine, 596 - - Lambesso, 280 - - Lanarth, 370, 374 - - Lanbetherick, 723 - - Lancaster, Duke of, 434 - - Landen, battle of, 12 - - Lander, Benjamin, 272, 273 - - Lander, Richard, 189 - - Landewednack, 244 - - Landguard Fort, 441 - - Landrake, 12 - - Land's End, 19, 21, 60, 67, 143, 425, 500, 502, 537, 621, 633, 675 - - Landulph, 126, 226, 727, 729 - - Laneast, 83 - - Lane End, 120 - - Langdon, Mr., 375 - - Langford, 108 - - Langhorn, 128 - - Lanherne, 661 - - Lanhydrock, 206, 718, 722, 724, 726 - - Lanlivery, 224 - - Lansdown, 183 - - Lansellyn, 528 - - Lanteglos, 298, 424-426 - - Lanyon Quoit, 680 - - Laocoon, 187 - - Lappet, 466 - - _Larvae of British Butterflies and Moths_, 147 - - _Last Days of Percy Bysshe Shelley, The_, 454 - - Laud, Archbishop, 28, 33, 37, 38, 334 - - Lauderdale, Duke of, 551 - - Lauderdale, Lady, 509, 511 - - Launcells, 156, 205, 223 - - Launceston, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80, 83, 89, 111, 136, 140, 178, 179, 184, - 204, 389, 395, 402, 466, 555, 560, 568, 573, 589, 627, 656, 663, - 670, 671 - - Launceston Assizes, 654 - - Launceston Castle, 659, 661 - - Launceston Gaol, 653, 661 - - Launceston Free School, 73, 80 - - _Launceston Past and Present_, 82 - - Laurence, Dr. Thomas, 299 - - Laurence, Elizabeth, 299 - - Laurence, George, 642 - - Laurence, Major, 162 - - _La Valeur_, 643 - - Lawhadden, 32 - - Laureate, Richard, 405 - - Lazarus II, 729 - - Lean, Miss, 683 - - Lebanon, 597 - - Lee, 300 - - Lee, Amelia, 669 - - Lee, Dr., 81, 82 - - Lee, Francis, 730 - - Lees, 607 - - Leeward Is., 252 - - _Legacy of a Dying Father_, 38, 44, 45 - - Legend of S. Samson, 83 - - Leghorn, 477 - - Leland, 247, 652 - - Lemon, Bill, 575 - - Lemon, Major William, 345 - - Lemon, Sir Charles, 187, 188 - - Lemon, Sir William, 344 - - Lemon, William, his chough, 343 - -- mining ventures of, 342, 343 - -- respect for, 344 - - _Lenox_, 642, 643 - - Lenox, Duke of, 331 - - Lens, Mr. Serjeant, 520 - - Leominster, Baron, 135 - - Lesneuth, 227 - - _L'Esprit de Monsieur Arnaud_, 104 - - Lesser Antilles, 251 - - Le Strange, Hammond, 335 - - Lethbridge, Christopher, 568 - - Lethbridge, Harriet, 568 - - Lethbridge, John King, 83 - - Lethbridge, Mr., 422 - - _Letter to the Rev. Wm. Cockburne_, 328 - - _Levant_, 500 - - Leverrier, 87, 88 - - Lewes, Dr. Richard, 531 - - Lezant, 81, 224, 225, 226 - - Lias, blue, 4 - - Liberation Society, 627 - - Lichfield, 32 - - Lidcott, 83, 89 - - Liege, 372 - - _Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Sir William Courtenay_, 613 - - _Life of Francis Tregian_, 662 - - _Life of King Charles I_, 335 - - _Life of Lord Chancellor Hardwick_, 369 - - _Life of The Prince Consort_, 622 - - _Life of Robert Jeffery_, 257 - - _Life of Samuel Drew_, 346, 363 - - _Life of Vice-Admiral Sir C. V. Penrose_, 514 - - _Life of William Pengelly_, 11 - - Lightfoot, William, 117 - -- confession of, 120 - -- executed, 122 - -- murders Norway, 119 - - Lillo, 619 - - Limelight, discovery of, 203, 205 - - Lincoln, 517 - - Lincoln's Inn, 329, 335 - - Linkinhorne, 81, 91, 95 - - Linley, 378 - - _Lion, The_, 600 - - Lisbon, 458, 463, 661, 662 - - Liskeard, 191, 206, 207, 349, 350, 408, 577, 581 - - _Literary Characters_, 360 - - Litterbury, Robert, 542 - - Little Holland House, 327 - - Little Petherick, 73 - - Littleton, 330 - - _Lively_, 602 - - Liverpool, 198 - - Liverpool, 200, 232, 233, 361, 380, 595, 667 - - _Lives of some Eminent Persons_, 178 - - _Lives of the Engineers_, 198 note - - _Lives of the English Saints_, 555 - - _Lives of the Illustrious_, 363 - - Lizard, The, 59, 60, 173, 370, 372, 407 - - Llenda, 12 - - Lloyd, John, 104, 238 - - Loader, Edmund, 643 - - Loando, 412 - - Lobb, Mr., 535 - - Lockart, Colonel, 47, 48 - - Locke, William, 221, 357 - - Locker, Captain, 648 note - - Lockhart, David, 418, 420 - - Locomotives invented, 193 - - Lodeman, Jane, 99 - - Loe Bar, 59 - - Loe Pool, 59 - - Logan Rock of S. Levan, described, 18, 19 - -- displaced by Goldsmith, 19, 680 - -- replaced, 23 - - Lombard, Rev. Daniel, previous life of, 424 - -- seeks Lanteglos, 425 - -- simplicity of, 425 - - Lombee, 413 - - London, 198, 204, 361, 377, 387, 389, 435, 481, 517, 537, 542, 569, - 599, 602, 609, 617, 620, 625, 628, 661, 707, 721 - - London Bridge, 678 - - Londonderry, Earl of, 318 - - Long Island, 688 - - Long, John, 405 - - Longevity, Rules for, 635 - - Longman, Rees & Co., 346 - - Looe, 5; _see also_ East Looe - - Looe, 247 - - Looe Island, 354 - - Lopes, Sir Manasseh, 515, 521 - - Lopes, bribery at Grampound, 523-4 - - _Lord Nelson_, 250 - - Lord of the Isles, 86 - - Lostwithiel, 503, 525 - - _Loudon's Architectural Magazine_, 570 - - Lourdes, 542 - - Louis XIV, 372, 546 - - Louis XV, 161 - - _Love at First Sight_, 548 - - _Lovers' Vows_, 469 - - Lowell, J. R., 70 - - Lower family, the, 126, 129 - - Lower, Dr. Richard, 129 - - Lower, Elizabeth, 129 - - Lower, John, 126 - - Lower, Lady, 729 - - Lower, Sir Nicholas, 126, 729 - - Lower, Sir William, 126-29 - -- his works, 128 - -- Royalist soldier, 126 - - Lower Tooting, 568 - - Ludgvan, 343, 682, 683 - - Ludlow's account of Peters, 28, 36, 52 - - Luellin, 548 - - Lumley's Horse, 15 - - Luttrell, Narcissus, 100, 403 - - Lydiard, Captain, 60 - - Lyell, Sir Charles, 10 - - Lyme, 36 - - Lyme Regis, 4 - - Lyne, Amye, 408 - - Lyne, Rev. John, 408 - - Lyra, 506 - - Lysons Brothers, 156 - - Lyttleton, Christiana, 319 - - Lyttleton, George, Lord, 319 - - Lyttleton, Lord, 699 note - - - Mabe, 179 - - MacAlister, Dr. Donald, 90 - - Macaulay, T. B., 209, 216, 220, 305 - -- on East India Company, 481, 485 - -- on Hugh Speke, 102 - - MacCartney, General, flight of, 314-15 - -- second to Mohun, 311-15 - - Macclesfield, Earl of, 299, 307-8, 310, 317 - - Mace, 328 - - MacEnery, Rev. J., 8 - - Mackintosh, Brigadier, 13, 15 - - Macklin, 285 - - Maclean, Sir H., 716 - - Maclean, Sir William, 225 - - Madras, 158-9, 161, 164, 479 - -- siege of, 162-4 - - Madron, 620 - - Madura, 164 - - Maharatta War, 251 - - Mahomet Ali, 459, 462 - - Mahomed Usuff Cawn, 164 - - Mahony, Matthew, 281 - - Mahrattas, the, 480, 487 - - Maidment, Mr., 236-7 - - Maidstone Assizes, 602, 611, 613 - - Mail-coaches, 628, 663 - -- introduced, 377 - - Mainwaring, Charlotte, 298 - - Mainwaring, Thomas, 298 - - Maitland, Sir Thomas, 508-9, 511 - - Major, Margery, 406 - - Malabar coast, 479 - - Malaga, 639 - - Malaprop, Mrs., 468 - - Malta, 458, 507, 599 - - Mammoth Bones, 9 - - Manaccan, 500 - - Manacles, The, 370 - - Manby, Captain G. W., 64 - - Mancenille Bay, 248 - - Manchester, 13, 198 - - Manchester, Lord, 724, 725 - - Manila, 123 - - Mansa, 417 - - Mansel, Hon. Robert, 648 - - Mansfield, Lord, 295, 630 - - Mansion House, 620 - - Mantle, Isabel, 614, 616 - - Mantle, Nicholas, 614 - - Manuel, Emperor, 727 - - Mar, Earl of, 515 - - Marazion, 242, 343, 476, 477 - - Marblehead, 252 - - Marcella, 299 - - Margate, 465 - - Margytte, William, 393 - - Mark, Henry, 627 - - Market Street, Falmouth, 632 - - Markham, Clement R., 168 - - Marlborough, Duke of, 309, 372 - - Marmion, Shakerly, 547 - - Marner, Edmund, 393 - - Marsden, 380 - - Marsh, Samuel, 277 - - Marshall, 188 - - Marshalsea, 661 - - Marsham, Hon. Elizabeth, 649 - - Marsham, Sir Robert, 648 - - Martharwyler, Elsota, 614 - - Martharwyler, Meliora, 614-616 - - Martharwyler, Symon, 614 - - Martin, Sir Theodore, 622 - - Martin, Thomas, jun., 584 - - Martin, Tobias, acquires French, 580 - -- in the tin-mines, 579-583 - -- poems of, 579, 585 - -- unjustly accused of falsifying, 583 - - Martinique, 258, 321 - - Martyn, Humphry, 538 - -- visits Anne Jefferies, 532 - - Martyn, Mary, 531 - - _Martyrologie_, 557 - - Marwood, Judge, 655 - - _Mary_, 137 - - Mary-le-bone, 622 - - Mary of Orange, 128 - - Mary, Queen, 30, 516, 518, 524 - - Mary, Queen of Scots, 657 - - Masakka, 416 - - Mashaw, Mrs., 310 - - Massachusetts, 34, 252 - - Massacre of the Huguenots, 653 - - Matthews, Mr., 71 - -- on Incledon, 381 - - Mattock, Mary, 404 - - Mattocks, Mrs., 468 - - Maunder, Mr., 589 - - Maurice, Prince, 41, 722 - - Mauritius, 160 - - Mavrocordato, 446, 448, 449 - - Mayne, Cuthbert, 653 - -- execution of, 658 - -- indicted of treason, 655 - - Mayor of Bodmin, 586-592 - - _Mayor of Garratt, The_, 293 - - Mayow, 591 - - Mawgan, 173, 329 - - Mazapore, 487 - - Mazarin, Cardinal, 47 - - M'Bima, 420 - - McColl Clan, 154 - - McGregor, Sir Duncan, on the burning _Kent_, 490-496 - - McKernow, Mr., 410 - - McTab, Mrs., 468 - - Meares, Nicholas, 608, 610, 611 - - Meares, Mr., 611, 612 - - _Mechanic's Magazine_, 90 - - Melcombe, Lord, 294 - - Melhuc Mouth, 114 - - Melville, Lord, 506 - - _Memoir, a Defence of Hugh Peters_, 53 - - _Memoirs of C. M. Young_, 578 - - _Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow_, 28, 52 - - _Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of George II_, 279 - - _Memoirs of Missionary Priests_, 556 note - - _Memoir on the Indian Surveys_, 168 - - _Memorials of English Affairs_, 52 - - _Memories of Old Friends_, 188 - - Menai Straits Bridge, 678 - - Menheniot, 243 - - Merchant Taylors' School, 98, 424 - - Merthyr Tydvil, 193 - - Merton, 225 - - _Mesoleius Bignellii_, 147 - - Messiah, heralds of the, 596-9 - -- pretended, 606-11 - - Methodism in Cornwall, 59, 360 - - Methodist class meetings, 691 - - Mevagissey, 516 - - Mewton, Paul, 631 - - Mexborough, Lord, 290 - - Michell, Laurence, 615 - - Middlecoat, Mr., 525 - - Middle Temple, 96 - - Middleton, Corporal, 418, 421 - - Middleton, Sir Charles, 166 - - Milehouse, 150 - - Miles, Sir Jonathan, 526 - - Milford, Mr., 519 - - Milk Street, 113 - - Mill family, the, 156, 158 - - Mill, Captain Richard, 542 - - Mill, John, 156 - - Mill, Judith, 157 - - Millais, J. E., 454 - - Millbay, 146 - - Millbrook, 141, 354 - - Millennium expected, 596 - - Miller, A., 275 - - _Miller's Daughter_, 664 - - Millett, Miss, 364 - - Mills, Anne, 398 - - Mills, J., 398 - - Millwood, Constable, 610 - - Milton, John, 45, 207, 209 - - _Minerva_, 408 - - Mining, hardships of, 696 - - _Minor, The_, 291 - - _Mirror_, 198 - - _Miser, The_, 466 - - "Miseries of the Poor," 107 - - Mission to Fuegans, 232-7 - - Mitchell, 517, 518 - -- elections at, 518, 529 - - Mithras, 8 - - Mocha, 482 - - _Modern Geography_, 233 - - Mogford, 90 - - Mogul, Great, 251, 483 - - Mohammed, 728 - - Mohun family, the, 298 - -- Baron John, 298 - - Mohun, Charles, Lord, 318 - -- character of, 306, 307, 308, 310 - -- conspires with Hill for Mountford's murder, 299-304, 306 - -- duel with Lord Hamilton, 310-317 - -- go-between in duels, 309 - -- marriage of, 298, 299 - -- tried for murder, 305-307 - - Mohun, Elizabeth, 298 - - Mohun, Sir Reginald, 298 - - Mohun, Sir William, 298 - - Mohun, Warwick, Lord, 298 - - Mohun, William, 298 - - Mold, 570 - - Molesworth, Rev. W., 121, 125 - - Molesworth, Sir William, 125, 569 - - Mollington, 726 - - Monck, Dorothy, 134 - - Monck, Sir Thomas, 134 - - Monk, General, 28, 481 - - Monmouth, Duke of, 96, 105 - - Monte Cristo, 248 - - Montonere, Viscount de la, 716 - - Moorfields, 552 - - Moravian Brethren, 232 - - Morea, 446, 728 - - Morell, Mary, 34 - - Moreman, Dr., 243 - - Morice Town, 55 - - Morley House, 148 - - _Morning Leader_, 62 note - - _Morning Post_, 578 - - Morocco, 707 - - Morris, J., 662 - - Morris, Mr., 556 note - - Morshead, Captain, 237 - - Morval, 12, 388, 398 - - Morwenstow, 73, 94 - - Mother Bank, 560 - - Mould, Lieutenant R. C., 251 - - Mousehole, 233, 235, 239, 240, 241, 245, 470 - - _Mount Calvary_, 680 - - Mount Charles turnpike gate, 120 - - Mount Edgcumbe, Lord, 573 - - Mount Edgcumbe Terrace, 633 - - Mount Parnassus, 446 - - Mount's Bay, 131, 239, 620 - - Mountain, Bishop of London, 27 - - Mountford, Hill's attack on, 300-304 - -- murder of, 299-304 - - Mountford, Mrs., 300, 304 - - "Mr. Campbell's Pacquet," 72 - - Mudge, Capt. Zachariah, 248, 249 - - Mudge, Mary Ann, 5 - - Mug, Matthew, 294 - - Muley-el-Hassan, 716 - - Muley Spha, 708 - - Muley Suliman, 713 - - Mulgrave, Lord, 377 - - Mullion, 60, 61 - - Munns, Nathaniel, 275 - - Murphy, 288, 295 - - Murray, Captain, 500, 502 - - Murray, John, 11, 514 - - Murray, Lord Charles, 15 - - Murray, Sir Robert, 552 - - Murray's Family Library, 53 - - _Musical Memoirs_, 383 - - Mylor, 178 - - Mynns, Sir Christopher, 637 - - Mysore, 164 - - Mystery Plays, 680 - - - Nairn, Lord, 15 - - "Naked Gospel," 219 - - Namur, siege of, 12 - - Nancarrow, John, 242 - - Nancegollan, 364 - - Nankevill, Thomas, 528 - - Napoleon, 318, 505, 507, 509 - - Narborough, James, 643 - - Narborough, Sir John, 637, 638, 643, 644 - - Nares, Judge, 375 - - _Narrative of the Life of Robert Jeffery_, 257 - - Naseby, 51 - - Nash, 515 - - _Natural History of the County_, 240 - - _Naval History of Great Britain_, 257, 626 - - Naworth, 555, 557 - - Nazarites, 511 - - Negropont, 447, 449 - - Nelson, Lord, 259, 260, 267, 443 - -- the famous signal, 269 - - Nepean, 565 - - Neptune, discovery of, 86 - - _Neota_, 168, 423 - - New, Philip, 328 - - New Brentford, 338 - - New Bond Street, 323 - - New Russell Court, 328 - - New South Wales, 560-8 - - New Theatre, 285 - - Newbury, 722 - - Newcastle, Duke of, 293 - - Newcomen, Thomas, 342 - - Newfoundland, 264, 265 - - Newgate, 272, 275, 276, 277, 389, 390, 392, 395 - - Newgate Prison, 671, 673 - - _Newgate Calendar_, 382 - - Newlyn, 130, 432, 620 - - Newman, Miss, 141 - - Newnham, 607 - - Newport, 518 - - Newport, Mr., 322 - - "New Song on the Wrestling Match between Cann and Polkinghorne," 58 - - _News from Ipswich_, 337 - - _News from Penrin, in Cornwall, 1618_, 615 - - Newton Ferrers, 388, 396 - - Newtown, 554 - - New York, 53, 477, 685, 686 - - Nice, 697 - - Nicely, Mrs., 469 - - Nicholl, H. G., 168, 191 - - Nicolls, Lieutenant Edward, 248, 249 - - Nicholas, Secretary, 129, 207 - - Niger, the, 189 - -- exploration of the, 409 - - "Night I Married Susy, The," 58 - - _Nimble_, H.M.S. cutter, 19 - - Nine Maidens, 693 - - _Nineteenth Century_, 541 note - - Ninnis, Rev. James, 71 - - Nithsdale, Lord, 15 - - Noah, or Noye, 339 - - Noki, 414 - - Nolan, Rev. E., 556 note - - Noles, Mrs. Elizabeth, 342 note - - Nonjurors, 210 - - Norden, 105, 244 - - Norfolk, Duke of, 657 - - Norfolk Island, settlement on, 564-567 - - Norfolk Street, 301 - - Normandy, 373 - - North End, 293 - - North, Lord, 525 - - "North-West Passage, The," 454 - - Northampton, 135 - - Northmore, Mr., 8 - - Northrussell, 388 - - Northumberland, Duke of, 29 - - Norway, 415 - - Norway, Edmund, 122, 124 - -- dreams of his brother's murder, 123 - - Norway, Nevill, 122 - -- murder of, 117-121, 123, 125 - - Norway, William, 117 - - Norwich, Earl of, 39 - - _Notes and Queries_, 556 note - - Nottingham, 434 - - Nottingham, Earl of, 211, 216, 305, 435 - - Nova Scotia, 261 - - Noy, William, 329 - - Noye family, the arms of, 341 - - Noye, Bridgeman, 341 - - Noye, Edward, 329, 338, 340 - - Noye, Hester, 341 - - Noye, Humphrey, 338, 340, 341 - - Noye, Katherine, 341 - - Noye, William, 675 - -- and Jonson, 339 - -- character of, 329, 340 - -- frames ship-money tax, 330-333 - -- invents soap monopoly, 332, 334 - -- M.P. and Attorney-General, 329 - -- on Prynne, 335-337 - -- portrait of, 340 - -- used by Laud, 335 - -- will of, 338 - - Nubia, 460 - - Nursery, the, 312 - - Nye, Philip, 48 - - - Oak-egger, 150 - - _Observations on the West Parts of England_, 405 - - O'Callinghan, Mr., 526 - - _Ocean Queen_, 233, 234 - - Odysseus, 446, 448, 449 - - Okehampton, 298 - - Old Bailey, 275, 305, 671 - - Old Bunger, 620 - - Old Burlington Street, 167 - - Old Curiosity Shop, Burton's, 633, 636 - - Old Sarum, 318 - - _Old Playgoer, The_, 379, 468 - - Oldham, 464 - - Ombersley, 374 - - Omer Pasha, 449 - - _On an Improved Mode of Forming Water Tanks_, 679 - - _On the Construction of Tanks_, 679 - - _On the Divinity of Christ and the Eternal Sonship_, 361 - - _On the self-supporting Reading, Writing, and Agricultural School at - Willingdon in Sussex_, 679 - - Opie, John, 173 - - Opie, jun., Mr., 71 - - Oporto, 267 - - Orange Coffee House, 383 - - _Orators_, 289 - - Orchard family the, 156, 165 - - _Orient_, 122 - - Orion, 84 - - _Orion_, 260 - - Orissa, 160 - - Orleans, Duke of, 318 - - Orlebar, Mr., 311 - - Ormond, Duke of, 309, 639 - - Ormsby, 556 note - - Orthez, 505 - - Oryo, Philip de, 137, 138 - - Osborne, 187 - - Oscott, 662 - - Oswestry, 112 - - Otaheite, 566 - - Othello, 285 - - Otter, Tom, 550 - - Ottery S. Mary, 225, 704 - - Ottey, Mr., 327 - - Owen, Mr., 275, 276 - - Oxburgh, Colonel, 14 - - Oxford, 27, 87, 126, 177, 206, 207, 219, 284, 329, 424, 544, 554, - 557, 675, 722 - - Oxford Street, 326 - - - _Packet of Boston_, 685 - - _Padlock, The_, 375 - - Padstow, 73, 83, 192, 427, 541 - - Page, John, 665 - - Page, Mr., 301, 302, 303 - - Paine, T., 358 - - Painpol, 580 - - Pakenham, Sir Edward, 320 - - _Palace of Architecture_, 570 - - Palamata, 164 - - Paleologus family, the, 727-730 - - Paleologus, Constantine, 727, 728 - - Paleologus, Demetrius, 728 - - Paleologus, Dorothy, 730 - - Paleologus, General Andronicus, 727 - - Paleologus, Theodore, his tombstone, 727 - -- marriage of, 727, 729 - - Pall Mall, 299, 312 - - Palmer, Mr., 377 - - Pancrasweek, 108, 109 - - Panter, Brigadier, 15 - - Papillon, Thomas, 483, 484 - - Paragraph, Peter, 289 - - Parasites, 149, 152 - - Parga, 509 - - Paris, 288, 322, 333, 580, 653 - - Park, Mr. Justice, 603 - - Park, Mungo, 409 - - Parke, Mr., on Incledon, 383, 386 - - Parker, Matthew, 31 - - Parker, Mr., 420 - - Parkes, William, 405 - - Parkinson, 565 - - Parliament House, 40 - - Parliamentarian Army, 39 - - _Parochial History of Cornwall_, 167, 369, 680 - - Parramatta, 568 - - _Parson's Wedding, The_, 547, 548 - - Passages, 504, 506 - - _Passages from the Autobiography of a Man of Kent_, 613 - - Patagonia, 232 - - Paternoster Row, 171, 613 - - Patrick, Simon, 209, 213 - - Patriotic Fund, 250 - - _Patron, The_, 294 - - Pattison, Mr. S. R., on Sir C. Shovel, 644, 651 - - Paul, 241, 244, 245, 622 - - Paul Pier, 247 - - _Paul Pry_, 664 - - Pawlet, Earl, 309 - - Paxo, 449 - - Payhembury, 225 - - Payne, Anthony, burial of, 184 - -- examples of strength, 182 - -- gigantic proportions of, 181, 184 - -- his portrait by Kneller, 183, 184, 185 - -- valour in fight, 182, 183 - - Payne, John, 591 - - "Payne's cast," 182 - - _Peace Pages_, 699 - - Pearce, John, volunteers for Terra del Fuego, 233 - -- dies of privations, 236 - - Pearn, Mr. S., 190 - - Pellow, John, 707 - - Pellow, Sir Edward, 456 - - Pellow, Thomas, escapes to England, 716 - -- is given a wife, 709 - -- military ability of, 712 - -- refuses admission to the Sultan, 708 - -- taken captive by the Moors, 707 - - Pembroke College, Cambridge, 516 - - Pembroke College, Oxford, 676 - - Pencarrow, 117, 120, 569 - - Pendavey Bridge, 118, 120, 121 - - _Pendennis_, 454 - - Pendennis Castle, 133, 135, 139, 244, 366, 498 - - Pendinas Point, 528 - - Pendrea, 329 - - Penfoot, 80 - - Pengelly family, the, 1 - - Pengelly, Hester, 11 - - Pengelly, Richard, becomes a sailor, 3 - - Pengelly, William, advice to geological students, 10 - -- birth of, 1 - -- characteristics of, 10 - -- early escape from fire, 1 - -- explorations of, 7 - -- first geological lesson, 4 - -- his geological finds at Kent's Cavern, 8, 9 - -- his life at sea, 2, 4 - -- library of, 2 - -- starts school at Torquay, 5 - -- visits a mathematical friend, 6 - - Pengersick, 136 - - Penhall, 554 - - Penheale, 184 - - Penlez, Boscawen, arrested for Strand riots, 272, 274, 276, 277 - -- executed, 274, 278 - - Pennance Farm, 632 - - Pennick, Mr. Harry, 646 - - Pennington family, the, 224 - -- arms of, 224 - - Pennington, Bernard, 224, 225 - - Pennington, Christopher, 225, 226 - - Pennington, FitzAnthony, 225 - - Pennington, John, 224, 225, 226 - - Pennington, Robert, 224 - - Pennington, Susanna, 226 - - Pennington, Thomas, 225 - - Pennington, William, 226 - - _Penny Magazine_, 187 - - Penpont, 186, 187, 191 - - Penrose, 170, 172, 682 - - Penrose family, the, 500 - - Penrose, Rev. John, 500, 514 - - Penrose, Sir Charles Vinicombe, gallant action in Spain, 504, 505 - -- hardships at sea, 501 - -- promotions of, 503, 507 - -- slighted by the Admiralty, 507 - -- visits Ali Pasha, 509-13 - - Penryn, 133, 134, 135, 137-40, 179, 478, 518, 614, 619, 677, 707, 717 - -- elections at, 519-21, 529 - -- stocks of, 633 - - Pentillie Castle, 389, 400-1, 403-4, 406 - - Pentreath, Dolly, 622 - -- death and epitaph of, 241-2 - -- last speaker of Cornish, 238-45 - -- personal appearance of, 240 - -- saves a deserter, 245 - - Pentreath, Nicholas, 245 - - Penwarden, Catherine, 467 - - Penweyre, John, 614 - - Penweyre, Thomas, 614 - - Penwith, 244, 340 - - Penzance, 19, 22, 63, 142, 144, 171, 233, 238-9, 241, 342, 349, 368, - 470, 472-3, 480, 516, 620, 675-6, 684, 686 - -- pirates at, 130-2 - - Penzance Natural History Society, 649 - - Penzance Public Library, 143 - - Peppermint, Billy, 630 - - Pepys, Samuel, 50 - -- on Killigrew, 547-8, 551 - -- on Lord Roberts, 726 - - Pequot Indians, 35 - - Perceval, Mr., assassinated, 427-30 - - Percival, Sir John, 113 - - _Perdrix_, 320 - - Pere Daniel, 426 - - Pesaro, 727 - - _Pesca Post_, 688 - - Pescott, Sir Thomas, 126 - - Pestalozzian system, 5 - - Peterborough, Dean of, 213 - - Peterson, Lieutenant, 320 - - Peters, Elizabeth, 45 - - Peters, Hugh, accusations against, 51 - -- appropriates moneys, 35, 46 - -- at Dunkirk, 47 - -- at S. Sepulchre's, 27 - - Peters, a Trier, 43 - -- at Worcester, 38 - -- birth and family of, 26 - -- chaplain to Cromwell, 45 - -- chaplain to Parliamentarians, 36 - -- character of, 26, 28, 35, 42, 45, 48 - -- collector for the distressed, 36, 46 - -- commissioner of law, 44 - -- education and conversion, 27 - -- goes to New England, 34 - -- humorous tales of, 48, 49, 50 - -- incites regicide by sermons and personal influence, 40, 41, 43, - 50 - -- intercedes for Dutch, 46, 47 - -- life in Rotterdam, 28, 34 - -- married, 28, 35, 45 - -- rumoured executioner, 42 - -- stormy petrel of rebellion, 36, 37, 38 - -- trial and death of, 51, 52 - -- turns Independent, 34, 37 - - Peters, Mary, 580 - - Peters, Rev. Samuel, 53 - - Peters, Thomas, 26 - - Pethebridge and Dingley, 72 - - Philadelphia, 688 - - Philip and Mary, 524 - - Philip II, 137 - - Philleigh, 225 - - Phillips, Captain Arthur, 559 - - Philpot, Catherine, 594 - - Philpot, Julia, 594 - - Philpott, John, 390, 392, 393 - - _Phoenix_, H.M.S., 486 - - _Phoenix_, 640, 643, 649 - - _Phoenix in Her Flames, The_, 128 - - Piccadilly, 328 - - Piccadilly, Marquis of, 386 - - _Pickle_, 443 - - Pickle, Mrs., 469 - - Piedmont, 46 - - Pigot, Admiral, 377 - - Pigot, Mr., 162 - - Pike family, the, 171 - - Pilchards, 707 - -- prayed for, 178 - - Pilkington, 100 - - Pinkerton, 233 - - _Pioneer_, 232, 234 - - Piracy, Commissioners for, 138 - - _Pirate Trelawny_, 451 note, 454 - - Pirates, 136 - -- Algerian, 332, 333, 507, 715 - - Pirates at Penzance, 130-2 - -- attack the _Windsor Castle_, 623-5 - -- Avery, 173 - -- from Bohelland, 616 - -- methods for repression of, 714 - -- Moroccan, 713, 715 - -- of Tripoli reduced by Shovel, 638 - -- Sallee, 707 - -- Trelawny, _quem vide_ - -- Wahabee, 462 - - Pitreavie, 648 - - Pitt family, the, 318, 319 - - Pitt, J., 257 - - Pitt, John, 542 - - Pitt, Moses, his account of Anne Jefferies, 531-41, 543 - -- publisher and builder, 542 - - Pitt, Robert, 318 - - Pitt, Thomas, 317 - -- discovers diamond, 318 - - Pitt, Thomas, Baron Camelford, 319 - - Pitt, William, 166 - -- Earl of Chatham, 318 - - Pius II, Pope, 728 - - Pius V, 30, 554, 652 - - Pixy seats, 59, 470 - - Place, 26 - - _Plain Statement of the Bullion Question_, 678 - - Plato, 692 - - Playfair, William, 154, 156, 167 - - Playhouse, Drury Lane, 552 - - _Pleasant Historie of Thomas of Reading_, 110 - - Plough, the, 84 - - Plumer and Turner, Messrs., 594 - - Plumtre, Mr., 231 - - Plunket, Francis, 662 - - Plym Bridge, 148 - - Plymouth, 55, 92, 131, 151, 165, 183, 189, 250, 319, 349, 376, 399, - 443, 506, 570, 633, 645, 663, 665, 666, 724 - - Plymouth Institution, 146 - - _Plymouth and Devonport in War and Peace_, 57 note - - Plymouth Dock, 458 - - Plymouth Hoe, 573, 633 - - Plymouth Sound, 400, 506, 669 - - Plympton, 148, 171 - - Pneumatic cure for phthisis, 676 - - Pole, C., 156 - - Pole, Michael de la, 433, 435 - - Pole, Wellesley Long, 528 - - Polgiau, Maud, 614 - - _Political Register_, 257, 521 - - Polkinghorne, James, - -- birth of, 54 - -- death of, 58 - -- wrestles with Cann, 55 - - Polkinghorne, Zechariah, 576 - - Pollard, John, 223, 224, 269 - - Pollard, Commander John, signals at Trafalgar, 269 - - Polpea, 351 - - Polperro, 248, 253, 256 - -- described, 247 - - Polwhele, 340 - - Polwhele, Richard, 91, 346, 360 - -- on Samuel Foote, 283 - -- on Sir C. Hawkins, 517 - - Polwheyrell, Isabel, 614, 615 - - Polwheyrell, James, 614 - - Polwheyrell, Joan, 614, 615 - - Polwheyrell, Margery, 614 - - Polwheyrell, Nichola, 614 - - Polwheyrell, Nicholas, 614 - - Polwheyrell, Richard, 614 - - Pomeroy, Sir Thomas, 588, 589, 592 - - Pomfret, 135 - - Pondicherry, 158, 160, 161 - - Ponsonby, Lady, 509 - - _Poor Soldier, The_, 378 - - Pope, Miss, 468 - - Popjoye, Cavals, 402 - - _Porcupine_, 504, 506 - - Port Jackson, 561 - - Port Mahon, 507 - - Port Wrinkle, 354 - - Porter, Mr. P. E. B., on Ann Glanville, 665 - - Porth, 631 - - Porthellic Cove, 644, 646 - - Porthallow, 370 - - Porthleah, 471 - - Porthleven, 61, 62, 582, 699 - - Porthoustock, 370 - - Portland, Duke of, 166, 323 - - Portman Square, 630 - - Porto Praya, 410 - - _Portraits of Remarkable Persons_, 369 - - Portsmouth, 254, 373, 503, 560, 667 - - Portsmouth, Earl of, 640 - - Portugal, King of, 661 - - Postmaster-General, H. M., 625 - - Potheridge, 134 - - Potomac, 687 - - Poughill, 205 - - Poundstock, 114 - - Powderham Castle, 600, 601 - - Powell, Edward, 557 - - Powell, Mr., 300 - - Pownall, Mr., 525 - - Praed family, The, 524, 580 - - Praed, Florence, 516 - - Praed, James, 516 - - Praed, Mr. William, 171, 172 - - Prayer answered by a vision, 3 - - Prejus, 507 - - Prendergast, Lieutenant, 609, 610 - - Pre-Roman pottery, 9 - - Prescot, 200 - - _President_, 689 - - Prestacott, 156 - - Preston, defence of, 13, 14, 15 - - Previsa, 508, 509 - - Price, Mr., 612 - - Price, Sir Rose, 683 - - Pride, Colonel, 40 - - Prideaux family, The, 701 - - Prideaux-Brune, Chas., 427 - - Prideaux Place, 427 - - _Prince of Army Chaplains, The_, 53 - - _Prince of Orange_, 320 - - _Prince of Wales_, 458, 559 - - Prince of Wales's Coffee-house, 324 - - Princes Street, 301, 345 - - Priske, 60, 65 - - Prisoners in Morocco, 713 - - _Private Journal of John Byrom_, 279 - - Probus, 396, 398, 403, 517, 652 - - Prout, Samuel, 1 - - Prout, Thomas, 361 - - _Proverbial Philosophy_, 692 - - Prussia Cove, 470, 471, 472 - - Prussia, royal family of, 471 - - Prynne, William, 41, 335-337 - - Puddock, 714 - - Puerta Virgin Islands, 250 - - Pulman, Rev. P. T., 82 - - _Punch_, 464 - - _Puritans_, 53 - - Pusey, Dr., 649 - - Putney Hill, 453 - - Pyrenees, 504 - - - Quarry Park, 80 - - _Queen Charlotte_, 259 - - "Queen of Lebanon," 596 - - Quiberon, 130 - - Quick, 381 - - Quickly, Dame, 469 - - Quiller-Couch, T., 651 - - Quin, 286 - - Quirault, 126 - - - Rabat, 714, 715 - - Rabbits and Onions, 573 - - Radnor, Earl of, 539, 726 - - Raleigh, Sir Walter, 134, 554 - - Ralfs, John, botanical studies of, 141-144 - - Ralfs, Samuel, 141 - - Rame Head, 354 - - Ranzzini, 377, 379 - - Rasel, Khyma, 462 - - Ratcliffe, 105 - - _Raw Alley_, 547 - - Rawleigh, 398 - - Raymond, Mr., 384 - - Ray Society, 147 - - Read, Colonel Thomas, 28 - - Read, Edmund, 28 - - Reading, 127 - - _Recollections of Shelley and Byron_, 452, 454 - - _Records of a Girlhood_, 454 - - _Records of Shelley, Byron, and the Author_, 454 - - _Recruit_, H. M. brig, 248, 250, 252 - - Redding, Cyrus, on Bothathan ghost, 72 - - "Red Bull," 551 - - "Red Lion," Boughton, 610, 613 - - "Red Lion," S. Columb Major, 54 - - Redruth, 133, 191, 579, 701, 702 - - Red Sea, chart of, 460, 462 - - Reed, Captain, 609, 610 - - Reeds, 205 - - Reformation riots, 587-592, 652 - - Reform Bill, 464, 530, 678 - - Regattas at Saltash, 664 - - Religion in England after Restoration, 212-221 - -- from Reformation to Restoration, 28-34, 44 - - _Reminiscences of Cambridge_, 231 - -- of Caroline Fox, 86 - - Remonstrance, 39 - - Renegades to Mohammedanism, 715, 716 - - _Resistance_, 320 - - Resprin, 701 - - Restaden, John, 615, 616 - - _Return_, 485 - - _Revolutionaire_, 456 - - Rheims, 662 - - Rhodes, 616 - - Ribble, the, 14 - - Rich, Lady Lucy, 722 - - Rich, Robert, 722 - - Rich, Sir Robert, 17 - - Richard II, 133, 432-9 - - Richardson, Captain, 460 - - Richardson, Judge, 331 - - Richelieu, 332 - - Richmond, Edmund, Earl of, 32 - - Ridgeway, 318 - - Riding Sherborne, 349 - - Ridolphi, 657 - - Riff shore, 713 - - Rigby, Rt. Hon. Richard, 290, 291 - - Riley, 714 - - Rinsey, 478 - - Rio de Janeiro, 560, 563 - - Riot raised by Tom, the pretended Messiah, 607-11 - - Riou, Captain, 319 - - Rivers, John, 390 - - Riviera, 714 - - _Road to Ruin, The_, 469 - - Robbins, Benjamin, 157, 158 - - Robbins, Mr. Alfred, 73, 80, 82 - - Robartes family, the arms of, 726 - -- origin of, 726 - - Robartes, Hon. Russell, 726 - - Robartes, Mary Vere, 726 - - Robert of Arwenack, 133 - - Roberts family, the origin of, 718 - - Roberts, John, 715, 719 - -- money lender, 719, 720 - - Roberts, Matthew, 528 - - Roberts, Mr. Tobias, 61 - - Roberts, Richard, deals in furze, 718 - -- first Baron Truro, 721 - - Roberts, Richard, Lord, at the Restoration, 725 - -- fights as Parliamentarian, 722 - -- resigns his command, 725 - - Roberts, Robert, alters the spelling, 726 - - Robertson, Mr., 523 - - Robespierre, 477 - - Robinson, Dr., 600 - - Robinson, Justice, 179 - - Robinson, Mr. H., 450, 451 - - Robinson, Rev. F., 244 - - Robson, William, on Incledon, 379 - -- on Mrs. Davenport, 468 - - Rochester, Bishop of, 213 - - Rochester, Earl of, 209 - - _Rocket_, 198 - - Rocket apparatus at work, 68 - - Rockets, life-saving, invented, 63-67 - -- need of, 69 - -- results of use of, 70 - - Rodda, Miss, 342 - - Rodney, Lord, 62, 130, 377 - - Rogers family, the, 364 - - Rogers, Anne, dispossessed of Skewis, 365, 366 - - Rogers, Captain, 623, 683 - - Rogers, Captain William, meets with pirates, 623-625 - -- portrait of, 625, 626 - - Rogers, Henry, flight and execution of, 367 - -- takes possession of Skewis, 364-367 - - Rogers, Henry, jun., 368 - - Rogers, Mr., 682 - - Rogers, Mr. John Jope, 171, 172 - - Rogers, Mrs. Henry, 366 - - Rogers, Thomas, 71 - - "Rogue's March, The," 515 - - Roman coins in S. Budock, 632 - - Roman pottery found at Torquay, 9 - - _Romance of the Aristocracy_, 299 - - Rome, 31, 330, 453, 654, 662, 729 - - _Romeo and Juliet_, 468, 695 - - Romney, Baron, 648 - - _Romney_, wreck of the, 640, 642, 647, 650 - - Rooke, Admiral, 372, 639 - - _Rookwood_, 605 - - Rosalind, 467 - - Roscadden, Mr., 176 - - Roscarrock, 554 - - Roscarrock, Nicholas, antiquarian and poet, 554 - -- his _Lives of the Saints_, 555-558 - -- suffers for his faith, 554, 555 - - Roscarrock, Richard, 554 - - Roscarrock, Trewenna, 557 - - Roscoff, 477 - - Rosegger, P., 574 - - Rose Hotel, Canterbury, 599 - - Roseland, 225 - - Rosemorryn, 133 - - Rose Tavern, 311 - - Ross, Major, 567 - - Rosteague, 654 - - Rotterdam, 28, 34 - - Rough Tor, 84, 85 - - Routledge, Messrs., 622 - - Rowley, Admiral Sir Charles, 66 - - Roxhill, 17 - - Roxworthy, 341 - - _Royal Arms_, 640 - - Royal Astronomical Society, 89 - - Royal Bounty Fund, 699 - - Royal College of Surgeons, 141 - - Royal Commissioners in Cornwall, 206 - - _Royal Cornwall Gazette_, 23 - - Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 147, 187 - - Royal Hospital, 269 - - Royal Institution of Cornwall, 168, 185 - - Royal Lifeboat Association, 66 - - Royal Literary Fund, 699 - - Royal Society, 679 - - Royal Standard, 16 - - _Ruby_, H.M.S., 281, 282 - - Rudall, Parson, 82 - - Ruddle, Rev. Dr. John, 82 - -- author of _A Remarkable Passage_, 72, 79, 80 - -- incumbent of Launceston, 73 - -- investigates ghost story, 76 - -- visits Bothathan, 74 - - Ruddle, William, 79 - - Rule, Jane, 694, 697 - - Rummer Tavern, 299 - - Rupert, Prince, 41, 397 - - Ruremonde, 372 - - Rushworth's _Collections_, 53 - - Russell, Captain, 667 - - Russell, execution of, 209 - - Russell, Lord, 96, 485, 588, 589, 592 - - Russell, Lord John, 524 - -- sets Tom free, 603 - - Russell, Warder, 104 - - Ruthin, 112 - - Ruthven, 206 - - Rutland, Earls of, 280 - - Rye House Plot, 97, 485 - - - S. Allen, 704, 705 - - S. Andrew's, Holborn, 170 - - S. Antonine, 392 - - S. Antonio, 412 - - S. Anthony-in-Meneage, 500 - - S. Aubyn, Sir John, 367 - - S. Augustine, 362 - - S. Austell, 92, 346, 347, 349, 351, 356 - - S. Bartholomew's Day, 653 - - S. Bartholomew's Hospital, 469 - - S. Blazey, 347, 723 - - S. Breage, 558, 718 - - S. Breock, 121, 125, 543 - - S. Breward, 226 - - S. Budock, 133, 614, 632 - - S. Cleer, 173, 554 - - S. Clements, 280 - - S. Columb, 123, 341, 593, 631 - - S. Columb Major, 54, 58, 591, 593 - - S. Columba, 557 - - S. David's, 32 - - S. Domingo, 248 - - S. Dominic, 730 - - S. Dunstan's, 277 - - S. Earvin, 558 - - S. Einendar, 558 - - S. Endelion, 554 - - S. Enoder, 280 - - S. Erme, 133 - - S. Erth, 71, 192, 516, 675 - - S. Essye, 558 - - S. Eue, 558 - - S. Faith's, 27 - - S. Gennys, 96, 107 - - _S. George_, 640, 641, 647 - - S. George's, London, 275 - - S. Germain, 310, 545 - - S. Germans, 518, 554 - - S. Giles, Cambridge, 90 - - S. Helena Is., 123, 124 - - S. Helena, 480 - - S. Hilary, 649 - - S. Issey, 224 - - S. Ives, 169, 170, 172, 173, 177, 179, 329, 515, 518, 528-530, 591 - -- elections at, 524, 529 - -- free school at, 528 - -- Knill's bequest to, 173 - - S. Jago, 410 - - S. James's, 310, 316 - - S. James's Park, 552 - - S. John's College, Cambridge, 85, 88, 90 - - S. John's College, Oxford, 424 - - S. John's Hospital, 144 - - S. John's, Newfoundland, 264, 266, 267 - - S. Just, 244, 495 - - S. Just-in-Penwith, 499 - - S. Keverne, 54, 370, 373, 375, 401, 406, 587 note - - S. Kew, 224 - - S. Kitts, 488 - - S. Lawrence, 113 - - S. Levan, 18 - - S. Mabenna, 557 - - S. Mabyn, 224 - - S. Malo, 473 - - S. Martin's-by-Looe, 81 - - S. Martin's, Exeter, 213, 225 - - S. Martin's Islands, 643 - - S. Mary's, Cambridge, 230 - - S. Mary's College, Oscott, 662 - - S. Mary's Is., 646, 647, 649 - - S. Mary Magdalen, Launceston, 73, 467 - - S. Mary's, Penzance, 622 - - S. Mary's, Truro, 280 note - - S. Mary Woolnoth, 114 - - S. Mauban, 558 - - S. Mawes Castle, 139 - - S. Mawes, 518, 623 - - S. Mellion, 388, 401 - - S. Merrine, 558 - - S. Michael, Cornhill, 390, 392 - - S. Michael's Mount, 592 - - S. Milior, 558 - - S. Neot, 94, 370 - - S. Paul's Cathedral, 30, 207, 210, 212 - - S. Paul's Churchyard, 274, 542 - - S. Petersburg, 65 - - S. Que, 558 - - S. Samson, legend of, 83 - - S. Saviour's, Dartmouth, 38 - - S. Sebastian, 137 - - S. Sepulchre, 27, 393 - - S. Teath, 531, 532, 542 - - S. Thomas, 25, 134 - - S. Thomas by Exeter, 588 - - S. Thomas-by-Launceston, 79 - - S. Udy, 126, 224 - - S. Winnow, 126, 206, 701 - - Sabine, General Joseph, 716 - - Sadler, Captain, 365 - - Sagacity, animal, 351-354 - - Saints, Cornish, 557 - - Saintsbury, 35 - - Salem, 34 - - Salisbury, 99, 112, 367, 377 - - _Salisbury_, 645 - - Salisbury, Bishop of, 211 - - Sallakey, 644 - - Sallee, 707, 714 - - Salona, 447, 448 - - Saltash, 85, 144, 147, 153, 206, 258, 402, 518, 663, 665 - -- women of, 663-669 - - Saltpetre, 482 - - _Salvador del Mundo_, 260 - - Sambhajee, 481, 483, 487 - - Sampford Courtenay, 588 - - Samson, 182 - - _Samuel Drew, M.A., the Self-Taught Cornishman_, 363 - - _San Esidero_, 260 - - _San Josef_, 260 - - _San Juan_, 503 - - _San Nicholas_, 260 - - Sanderson, Sir William, 615 - - Sandry, Hugh, 615, 616 - - Sands family, The, 370 - - Sands, John, kindness requited in Normandy, 373 - -- voyage of, 370-372 - - Sands, Sampson, 370 - - Sandys family, arms of, 374 - - Sandys, Eleanor, 374 - - Sandys, George, Lord, 340 - - Sandys, Henry, 340 - - Sandys, Hester, 340 - - Sandys, Lord, 374 - - Sandys, Mr. William, 580 - - Sandys, Rev. Sampson, 374 - - Sandys, William, 374 - - Sanquila, 419 - - _Sans Pareil_, 195, 503 - - Sansom, Captain, 640 - - Santa Lucia, 376 - - Santa Maura, 446 - - _Santa Trinidada_, 260 - - Sapell, Earl of Somerset, 298 - - _Sapphire_, 638 - - Saragossa, 12 - - Saulty, Count Joseph de, 717 - - Savage, Viscount, 338 - - Savoy, the, 271 - - Saxham, 546 - - _Scarborough_, 559, 560, 561 - - Scawen, Mr., 244 - - Scilly Islands, 407, 502, 640, 642, 650 - - Scobell, Mr., 299, 517 - - Scorrier, 427, 429 - - Screech, Mrs. Harriet, 667 - - Seatonian prize poem, 231 - - Secker, Archbishop, 291 - - _Secret Memoirs of the Life of Sir Cloudesley Shovell_, 651 - - Sedgwick, 41 - - Sedley, Sir Charles, 548 - - "See the Conquering Hero Comes," 515 - - Self-denying Ordinance, 725 - - _Self-Help_, 363 - - Selling, 607 - - Sems, Mr., 582 - - Sennen, 238, 500 - - Serpentine, 64 note - - Servia, King of, 729 - - Seven Years' War, 130 - - Shaftesbury, Earl of, 96 - - Shakespeare Jubilee, 292 - - Shakespeare's Company of Players, 27 - - Shamans, 542 - - Sharks' Point, 421 - - Sharp, Dean of Norwich, 212 - - Shays, Dean, 215 - - Sheffield, 189, 464 - - Sheffield, Deliverance, 35, 45 - - Shelburne, Lord, 166 - - Shelley, Mrs., 452, 453 - - Shelley, P. B., and Trelawny, 446, 453, 454 - - Sherborne, 32, 349 - - _Sherborne Mercury_, 349 - - Sheriffs of Cornwall, J. T. Woolley, 406 - -- Mr. Trevanion, 389, 391 - -- Nicholas Glyn, 280 - -- Richard Tregeare, 364 - -- Sir Richard Grenville, 653 - -- Sir R. Mohun, 298 - -- Sir W. Mohun, 298 - -- Thomas Coke, 706 - -- William Lemon, 344 - -- William Williams, 403 - - Shernick, 156, 157, 158 - - _She Stoops to Conquer_, 467 - - Shetland Isles, 501 - - Shield, Mr., 378, 380, 383, 386 - - Ship-money tax, 330, 331 - - _Shipwreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovell_, 648 note, 651 - - Short, Captain John T., 528 - - Shovel, Anne, 648 - - Shovel, Elizabeth, 648 - - Shovel, Lady, 643, 644, 646, 647 - - Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, at Bantry Bay, 638 - -- at Gibraltar, 639 - -- body of, found, 644-7 - -- burials of, 644-8 - -- burns pirate boats at Tripoli, 638 - -- early life of, 637 - -- ignorant of latitude, 642, 650 - -- murder of, 647 - -- promotions of, 639 - -- story of a curse on, 641, 645 - - Shrewsbury, Lady, 552 - - Shute Street, S. Ives, 528 - - Shuter, 287 - - Sibthorpe, Humphrey, 517 - - Siddee, 481, 483 - - Siddons, Mrs., and Incledon, 379 - - Sidmouth, Lord, 680 - - Sidney, Sir Algernon, 96, 485 - - Signal at Trafalgar, 269 - - Sildswick, 607 - - Simmons, Mrs., 324 - - Simpson, Jonathan, reprieved highwayman, 671-4 - -- unhappy marriage of, 670 - - Sion College, 41 - - _Sir Cloudesley Shovell_, 651 - - _Sirius_, 560, 564, 566, 567 - - Sirndia, 416 - - Sithney, 500 - - Sittingbourne, 607 - - "Sketch of the Botany of West Penwith," 143 - - Skewis, 364 - -- the siege of, 365-8 - - Skillibegs, 54 - - Skippon, 724 - - Slanning, Sir Andrew, 531 - - Slate, how worked, 186 - - Smallridge, Rev., 219 - - Smart, Christopher, 231 - - Smeaton's Lighthouse, 633 - - Smiles, Samuel, 193, 194, 198 note, 205, 363 - - Smith, Dr. George, 694 - - Smith, Mr. Jarrit, 281, 282 - - Smith, Professor, 409, 411, 414 - -- dies on the Congo, 417-421 - - Smith, Sir J. E., 143 - - Smithfield, 30 - - Smugglers, defended by Tom, 602 - -- John Carter, 471 - - Smuggling, 172, 173; disastrous, 355 - -- from Bessie's and Prussia Cove, 470-4 - -- prevention of, 16 - - Smyrna, 459 - - Smythe, Mrs., 478 - - Snow and Denne, Messrs., 276 - - Snow, Mr., 375 - - Soap monopoly, 332, 334 - - Society of Antiquaries, 241, 242 - - Society of Arts, 67 - - Soho Square, 648 - - Solander, Dr., 233 - - _Soldier's Tear_, 577 - - Sombrero, 250, 252 - - Somerset, Mohun, Earl of, 298 - - Somerset, Protector, 29, 518, 586 - - Somerset House, 203, 275 - - Sompting, 453 - - Songs, "Black-eyed Susan," 386 - -- "Blow high, blow low," 376 - -- "Heaving of the Lead," 386 - -- "I burn, my brain consumes to ashes," 299 - -- of bell-ringing, 223 - -- of Knill's monument, 174 - -- of "Sir William Courtenay," 604 - -- of Tom Dove, 113 - -- "The bonny, bonny breeze," 299 - -- "The Storm," 379, 386 - -- "Total Eclipse," 378 - -- "When I was a Shepherd's Maid," 375 - - Sophia, Princess, 308, 424 - - Soult, Marshal, 503, 505 - - South Hams, 243 - - South Petherwin, 72, 73, 79, 80, 81 - - South Pool, 666 - - South Street, Exeter, 145 - - Southampton, 141, 377, 387, 642 - - Southampton, Earl of, 305 - - Southern Pennair River, 158 - - Southill, 83, 243 - - Sowerby, James, 143 - - Spalding, Dr., 685 - - Sparrow, Margaret, 178 - - _Speed the Plough_, 469 - - _Speedwell_, 233, 235, 236 - - _Spectator, The_, 2, 3 - -- "the lying book," 3 - - Speeke, Hugh, 99, 100, 102 - -- reports murder of Essex, 99, 103 - - Spence, Captain, 490 - - Spencer, Edward, 250, 255 - - Spithead, 296, 258, 503 - - _Spoiled Child, The_, 469 - - _Sporting Magazine, The_, 58 - - Sprat, Bishop, 213 - - Spriggs, Lydia, 7 - - Stackhouse, Mr. John, 477 - - Staines, 112 - - Stamford Hill, 182 - - Stanhope, Colonel, 447 - - Stanhope, General, 13 - - Stanhope, Lady Hester, 596-599 - - Stanhope, Mr., 275, 276 - - Stanhope, Rt. Hon. William, 317 - - Stanley, R. Fitzroy, 613 - - Stannary towns, 59 - - Stanton, Captain, 376 - - Star Chamber, 33, 334, 337 - - Star, The, 272 - - _State Papers_, 555, 556 note - - Statira, 300 - - Statute of Praemunire, 654 - - Steam blast, invented and utilized by Gurney, 194-202 - - Steam boats on the Delaware, 688 - - Steam carriages, report on, 200, 201 - - Steam engine for thrashing corn, 527 - -- in mines, 677 - - Steam-pump, 342 - - _Steepleglas, The_, 554 - - Steevens, George, 231 - - Stephens family, The, 524 - - Stephens, Mr., 631 - - Stephens, Rev. J., 683 - - Stephenson, George, 193, 194, 195, 197 - -- not inventor of steam-blast, 196, 197 - - Stevens, Alexander, 386 - - Stevens, George, 231 - - Stevens, Mr., 451 - - Stiles, Cornish, 680 - - Stillingfleet, 209, 212 - - Stirling, 28 - - Stirling, Mr., 418 - - Stirling, Mrs., 468 - - St. John, Oliver, 37, 724, 730 - - Stockport, 627 - - Stoke Climsland, 83, 157, 165, 224, 226 - - Stonehouse, 145, 147, 268 - - Stormont, Lord, 293 - - Stourton, Lord, 661 - - Stowe, 181, 182, 184, 653 - - Stowford, 225 - - Strafford, Earl of, 330 - - Strand, London, 275, 277, 328 - -- houses attacked in, 270, 271, 272, 275 - - Stransham, Major, 145 - - Stratford-on-Avon, 292 - - Stratton, 116, 156, 181, 182, 184, 224 - - Straw, Jack, 432 - - Street, John, 366, 367 - - Strickland, 16 - - Strype, on Cornish riots, 592 - - Stubbe, 46 - - Sturgeon, Major, 294 - - Styria, 574 - - _Subaltern_, 504 - - _Succinct History of Ancient and Modern Persecutions_, 426 - - Sudbury, Simon, 557 - - Suett, Richard, 380 - - Suffolk, Earl of, 433, 435 - - Suffolk House Humane Society, 64 - - Suffolk Street, 295 - - Suliotes, 508 - - Sultan of Morocco, 708 - -- barbarities of, 710-713 - - Sumph, Captain, 454 - - _Superb_, 145, 443 - - Superstition concerning origin of fossils, 4 - - _Supply_, 560, 564, 567 - - Surat, 479, 482, 483, 486 - - Surius, 557 - - Surrey Institute, 194, 203 - - Surrey Street, 301 - - Surtees Society, 556 note - - _Survey of Cornwall_, 243, 554, 652 - - Sussex, Duke of, 680 - - Sutton of Salisbury, 112 - - Sutton Pool, 666 - - _Swallow_, 560 - - Swann, Mr., 519, 520 - -- bribes in Penryn, 521 - - Swannacott Wood, 108 - - Swift, Dean, on Mohun's duel, 316 - - Sydney, 564, 568 - - Sydney Cove, 561 - - Symons, Elizabeth, 194 - - Symonds, Colonel, 718 - - Syria, 597 - - - Tagus, 145 - - _Tales and Jests of Hugh Peters_, 48, 50 - - _Tales and Sayings of W. R. Hicks_, 578 - - Talma, 379 - - Tamar Green, 55 - - Tamar, river, 89, 225, 243, 354, 399, 663 - - _Tanks_, 679 - - Tanner family, the, 156 - - Tarifa, 503 - - Tattersall's, 380 - - Tavistock, 572, 665 - - Tavy, river, 663 - - Tea, introduction of, 481 - - Teed, Mr., 523 - - Teignmouth, 200 - - Telford, 678 - - Temple Bar, 273, 277, 286 - - Temple, Major, 446 - - Teneriffe, 560 - - Tenison, Bishop, 213 - - Terence, 282 - - Terra del Fuego, 233 - -- ill-fated expedition to, 232-237 - - Tetuan, 714 - - Thackeray, W. M., 143, 189, 454 - - Theatre Royal, 300 - - Thessaly, 508 - - Thomas, Admiral R. D., enters navy, 258 - -- in battle of Cape St. Vincent, 259, 260 - -- on the burning _Boyne_, 258 - -- promotions of, 258, 261, 267 - -- shipwrecked, 261-267 - - Thomas, Mary, 258 - - Thomas, Mrs., 644 - - Thomas, Charles, 258, 268 - - Thomas, Charles M., 253, 255, 256 - - Thomas, John, 343 - - Thompson, Mr., 327 - - Thomson, Mr., 492 - - Thornburn, Ensign, 484 - - Thorne, 704 - - Thorne, Mrs., 469 - - Thorne, Roger, 704 - - _Three Towns' History_, 663 - - "Three Tuns," 371 - - Throwley, 607 - - _Thunderer_, 376 - - Thuraken, 728 - - Thurloe, John, 47, 53 - - Tickell, Surgeon, 118 - - Tillie family, the, arms of, 402, 405 - - Tillie, Altmira, 404 - - Tillie, John, 401, 406 - - Tillie, Mary Jemima, 401, 406 - - Tillie, Sir James, 406, 407 - -- burial of, 399, 400, 405, 406 - -- will of, 404 - - Tillie, Stephen, 365, 366 - - Tillotson, Bishop, 209, 211, 212, 214, 215, 543 - - Tilly family, the, 407 - - Tilt-yard, 276 - - _Times, The_, 427, 428, 613 - - Tinevelly, 164 - - Tin-mines, 342, 344, 580, 581, 583 - -- peculation at, 704 - - Tin-mining adventurers, 719 - - Tin-shafts near Redruth, 702 - - Tin-smelting, fuel for, 718 - - Tin-stamping mills, 579 - - Tintagel, 109, 185 - - _Titus_, 458 - - Tiverton, 157, 280 - - Tolcarne, 620 - - Toleration Bill, 211, 214 - - Tolver-in-Gulval, 342 - - Tolverne, 136 - - Tom, John Nichols, accused of arson, 594 - -- assumes _alias_ of Sir William Courtenay, 597 - -- authorities for life of, 613 - -- characteristic vanity of, 593 - -- contests Canterbury, 599 - -- expected resurrection of, 612 - -- from attorney to maltster, 594 - -- his battle-song, 604 - -- lunatic at large, 603 - -- pretended Earl of Devon, 600-602 - -- pretended Messiah, 606-611 - -- rival herald of the Messiah, 596-599 - -- shoots Meares, 608, 613 - -- shot as a rioter, 610 - -- tried for perjury, 602 - - Tom, Mrs. Frances, 541 - - Tom, William, 541, 593 - - Tomson, Mr., 242 - - Tonkin, 680 - - Toole, 450 - - _Topographical and Historical Sketches of the Boroughs of East and - West Looe_, 92 - - Torbay, 649 - - Torrington, 179 - - Torquay, 5, 376 - - Tortola, 625 - - Tossing, punishment of, 710 - - "Total Eclipse," 378 - - Totnes, 16, 200 - - Tottell, Richard, 554 - - Totteridge, 301 - - Touchstone, 259 - - Toulon, 130, 267 - - Toulouse, 640 - - Touraine, 580 - - Towednack, 177 - - Tower Hill, 276 - - Tower of London, 16, 30, 73, 96, 555, 592 - - _Traditions and Recollections_, 283 - - Trafalgar, battle of, 267, 269, 443 - - _Transactions of the Devonshire Association_, 1894, 9, 11 - - _Travels in the East_, 596 - - Treassow, 683 - - _Treatise on Railways_, 195 - - _Treatise of the Principall Grounds and Maximes of the Laws of this - Kingdom_, 330 - - Treator, 192 - - Tredea, 675 - - Tredenham, 517 - - Tredenham, Colonel, 300 - - Tree Inn, 181, 184 note - - Tref-an-grouse, 60 - - Treffry, 26 - - Treffry, Deborah, 26 - - Treffry, John, 26 - - Treffry, Martha, 26 - - Trefusis family, the, 500 - - Tregarrick, 652 - - Tregasa, 705, 706 - - Tregeare, 83, 364 - - Tregeare, Richard, 364 - - Tregenna, 173 - - Tregeagle, John, 539, 541, 543 - - Tregeagle's ghost, 628 - - Tregellas, Mr. W. H., 115, 548, 581 - - Tregian family, the, 652 - - Tregian, Francis, conceals a priest, 653, 658 - -- imprisonment of, 660 - -- omen of his fate, 659 - -- trial of, 654, 657, 659 - -- verse of, 660 - - Tregian, Francis, junior, 661 - - Tregian, Mrs., 659 - - Tregolorsick, 280 - - Tregonnan, 654 - - Tregonning Hill, 364 - - Tregony, 518, 522, 524, 527, 529, 659 - -- elections at, 525, 526 - - Tregose, Clement, 177 - - Tregose, John, 177 - - Tregoss family, the, 177 - -- curse on, 176 - - Tregoss, John, 176 - - Tregoss, Thomas, conversion of, 179 - -- early life of, 177 - -- imprisoned for preaching, 179 - -- prays for pilchards, 178 - - Tregoss, Walter, 176 - - Tregothnan, 706 - - _Trelawny of Trelawne_, 72, 247 - - Trelawny, Bishop, 219 - - Trelawny, Charles, 517 - - Trelawny, Charles Brereton, brutal treatment of daughter, 441-3 - - Trelawny, character of, 441 - - Trelawny, Edward John, books of, 452 - -- character of, 445, 449, 452 - -- in Greece, 446 - -- loose life of, 452 - -- misses Trafalgar, 443-5 - -- portrait of, 453, 454 - -- treatment of wife and child, 449 - - Trelawny, General, 517 - - Trelawny, Harry, 441 - - Trelawny, Harry Brereton, 441 - - Trelawny, Henry, shipwrecked, 643, 649-50 - - Trelawny, Lieutenant Harry, 448 - - Trelawny, Sir Jonathan, 649 - - Trelawny, Tersitza Philippa, 450 - - Trelecoeth, Joan, 615 - - Trelecoeth, John, 615 - - Trelecoeth, Marina, 615 - - Trelisseck, 340 note - - Trelowaren, 516 - - Tremaine, Richard, 654 - - Trematon Castle, 185, 429 - - Tremayne, Captain W., 345 - - Tremayne, Mr. Edmund, 139 - - Tremere, 126 - - Tremhayle, Loveday, 516 - - Tremhayle, George, 516 - - Tremoderet, 432 - - Trenaman, William, 405 - - Trengrouse, Anne, 71 - - Trengrouse, Emma, 71 - - Trengrouse, Henry, 205 - -- birth and education of, 59, 60 - -- death of, 67 - -- his lifeboat, 66 - -- inventor of cork jacket, 66 - -- inventor of rockets, 64 - -- invited to Russia, 65 - -- marriage of, 71 - -- monetary sacrifices, 63, 65, 67, 70 - -- witness of wreck, 60, 63 - - Trengrouse, Jane, 71 - - Trengrouse, Mary, 71 - - Trengrouse, Mr. H., 68, 71 - - Trengrouse, Nicholas, 59 - - Trengrouse, Nicholas Trevenen, 71 - - Trenoweth, 654 - - Treraren, 121 - - Trereen-Dinas, 18 - - Trerice, 157, 704, 705 - - Tresco, 643 - - Tresilian, 432 - - Tresilian, Sir Robert, advises Richard II, 434 - -- "appealed" of treason, 435 - -- in disguise, 436-40 - -- Lord Chief Justice, 432 - - Tresize, Nicholas, 620 - - Treslothian, 695, 699 - - Trevanion, Mr., 389, 391, 394, 520 - -- of Tregony, 525 - - Trevanion, Sir Hugh, 389, 395 - - Trevargus, 192 - - Trevelyan, Sir W. C., 8 - - Trevenen, Captain James, 514 - - Trevenen, Miss, 502 - - Trevenor, Isabel, 554 - - Trevenor, Richard, 554 - - Treventy, 126, 129 - - Trevethan Hall, 633 - - Trevetho, 172, 516 - - Trevince, 430 - - Trevithick, Francis, 527 - - Trevithick, Richard, 192, 197, 527 - -- and Gilbert (Giddy), 677 - -- invents locomotive, 193 - - Trevor, Hon. Mr., 375 - - Trevorder, 543 - - Trewarthenick, 424 - - Trewarveneth, 480, 706 - - Trewinnard, 516, 517 - - Trewithen, 443, 516, 517, 520, 527, 529 - - Treworgy, 96, 403, 678 - - _Trial of Charles I and of some of the Regicides_, 53 - - Tricala, 508 - - Triennial Visitation Charge, 213 - - Triers, the, 33, 43, 44 - - _Trigonometry_, Hind's, 6 - - Trinidad, 458 - - Trinity House, 66, 633 - - Trin. Coll. Cam., 27, 556 - - _Trip to Calais, A_, 289, 295 - - Triplicane, 158 - - Tripoli, 637 - - Troon-Moor, 695, 697 - - _Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers_, 556 note, 662 - - Troy Town, 271 - - _True State of the Case of Bosavern Penlez_, 275 - - Truro, 54, 133, 168, 182, 189, 242, 280, 283, 343, 344, 430, 583, - 594, 613, 675, 717, 718, 719, 726 - - Truro, Baron, 718, 721, 722, 726 - - Truro Grammar School, 192, 282, 343 - - Truro Green, 343 - - Truvel, 343 - - Tryarne, John, 615 - - Tryarne, William, 615 - - Trylly, 340 - - Tubby, 367 - - Tucker, Admiral, 185 - - Tucker, Mr., 429 - - Tuckey, Lieutenant, 408, 410 - -- explores the Congo, 413-422 - - Tudor, Mr., 409, 417 - - Tunbridge Wells, 338 - - Tunis, 507, 715 - - Tupper, 692 - - Turner and Plumer, Messrs., 594 - - Turner, William, 103 - - Turnpike Act, 200 - - Tutwork and tribute, 579 - - Twysden, Sir Roger, 140 - - Tyacke, Mr. Richard, 584 - - Tyburn, 592, 672, 674 - - Tyler, Mr., 613 - - Tyler's Rebellion, Wat, 432 - - Tyrell, Captain, 486 - - Tyrrell, Father, 657 - - - Uglow family, the, 156 - - Ulack, Adrian, 128 - - Ulysses, 447 - - _Ulysses_, 253, 254 - - _Undaunted_, 267 - - Under Horse Road, 80 - - Underwood, Lieutenant, 237 - - United Kingdom Alliance, 627 - - University Library, Cambridge, 556 - - Unwin, Mr. Fisher, 708 - - Uranus, 85, 88 - - Ure, Dr., 202 - - Ushant, 642 - - Usk, 453 - - - Vancouver, Captain, 320 - - Vandalone, 159 - - Vane, Margaret, 403, 407 - - Vane, Sir Harry, 37, 401, 403, 407, 724 - - Van Tromp, 46 - - Vauban, 482 - - Veale, Mrs., 79 - - Vellore, 164 - - Venice, 508, 544 - -- Doge of, 545 - - Venloo, 372 - - Vercoe, Mr., 120 - - Verdun, 408 - - Vere, Robert de, 433, 435 - - _Vernon_, 281 - - Versailles, 310, 546 - - Veryan, 280 - - Vibert, Isabella, 342 - - Victoria, Queen, 187, 621, 667 - - _Victory_, 269 - - View Hall, 723 - - Vigo, 639 - - Vigurs, Mr., 684 - - Villiers, Harriet, 318 - - Villiers, Lady Mary, 544 - - Vincent, Walter, 140 - - Vineyard Island, 685 - - Vinni, King of, 419 - - Viper, Dr., 295 - - Vision, Richard Pengelly's, 3 - - Vivian, Colonel, 81, 171, 441 - - Vonke, 416 - - Vosper, Mr., 665 note - - Vouchin-Semnis, 418 - - Vowell, John, 155 - - Vyvyan, Sir Richard, 516 - - - W. A. A., 229 - - Waddon, John, 403 - - Wade, Field-Marshal, 167 - - Wadebridge, 117, 118, 120, 123, 125, 194, 659 - - Wahabee pirates, 462 - - Wakeman, James, 80 - - Waldenses, persecution of, 46 - - Wales, Prince of, 634, 669 - - Walker, Rev. Samuel, 345 - - Walkinghame, 3 - - Waller, Sir William, 36, 133 - - Wallingford, 127 - - Walpole, Horace, 228, 279 - - Walpole, Sir Robert, 344 - -- declares war with Spain, 16 - - Walsingham, Commodore, 376 - - Waltham Cross, 435 - - Wanstead, 97 - - Wansum, 114 - - Ward, Mr., 484, 625 - - Warren, Joseph, wrestler, 495, 499 - - Warren, Sir John Borlase, 456 - - Warren, William, 531 - - Warren, Widow, 469 - - Warring, Anne, 665 - - Warwick, Earl of, 36, 307, 435, 722, 725 - - Warwick, Mr. Philip, 333 - - Washerwoman, the, 292 - - Washington, 584, 686 - - Wastsell Downs, 703 - - Waterloo, 264 - - Waterloo Bridge, 521 - - Watson, Captain, 321 - - Watson, Hon. R., 599 - - Watt's steam engine, 677 - - Waugh, 699 - - Wayte, Anne, 403 - - Wearne, Roger, 172 - - Webb, Mrs., 467 - - Webbe, W., 557 - - _Week at the Land's End_, 143 - - Week, derivation of, 109 - - Weekes, Mr., 188 - - _Weekly Entertainer_, 347, 349 - - _Weekly Miscellany_, 2, 369 - - Week S. Mary, 108, 109, 114, 115 - - Wellington, 6, 7 - - Wellington, Duke of, 504, 505, 518, 529 - - Wells, 32 - - Welsh, Saunders, 276, 277 - - Wendron, 579, 582 - - Wentworth, Sir Thomas, 330 - - Wesley, John, 187, 620 - -- at S. Ives, 179 - - _Wesleyan Methodist Magazine_, 478 - - West, John, 140 - - West Harptree-Tilly, 407 - - _West Indian, The_, 467 - - West Indies, 25, 35, 62, 170, 172 - - West Looe, 92, 518 - - West Newton Ferrers, 388, 396, 398 - - West of England Salvage Company, 62 - - West Penwith, 143 - - _Western Antiquary_, 1887, 20, 25 - - Western Green, 130 - - Westminster Abbey, 17, 296, 547, 552, 648, 730 - - Westminster School, 207 - - Weston, 287 - - Weston, Lord, 332 - - Westwood, 108 - - Wheal Ann, 582 - - Wheal Fortune, 343 - - Wheal Heriot's Foot, 581 - - Wheal Trevenen, 582, 584 - - Wheal Vorah, 584 - - Whitaker, 41 - - Whitaker, Rev. John, 358 - - Whitchurch, 665 - - Whitchurch Down, 572 - - Whitcombe, Mr., 448 - - White, Charles, 281 - - White, Matthew, 337 - - White, Mrs. Buckingham, 465 - - Whiteford, 156, 157, 165, 167 - - Whitehall, 50, 99, 209, 403, 485 - - Whitelocke, B., 42, 45, 52 - - Whiteley in curios, a, 632 - - Whitfeld, Mr., 57 note - -- on Saltash women, 663 - - Whitley, Major, 105 - - Whitley, Mr. H. M., 140 - - Whitsand Bay, 148, 405, 406 - - Whittlesea Mere, 148 - - Whitworth, Charles, Earl of, 251 - - Whitworth, Mr., 311 - - Whytford's _Martyrologie_, 557 - - Wickford, 28 - - Widdrington, Lord, 15 - - Wideslade, "Sir Tristram," 652 - - Wigan, 13 - - Wightwick, George, 570 - - Wilkinson, Edward, 391-393 - - William I, 298 - - William III, 12, 16, 105, 106, 183, 210, 212, 305, 364, 542, 638, 701 - - William IV, 64 note - - _William Eaton_, 686 - - Williams, Dr., 236 - - Williams, Gratiana, 268 - - Williams, John, 516 - -- dreams of Perceval's murder, 427-431 - - Williams, Lieut.-General R., 268 - - Williams, Mary, 59 - - Williams, Michael, 427, 430 - - Williams, Rev. Samuel, 76 - - Williams, William, 403 - - Willingdon, 679 - - Willis, Andrew, 367 - - Wilmot family, the, 619 - - Wills, Anthony, of Gorran, 12 - - Wills, Anthony, of Saltash, 12 - - Wills, Digory, 12 - - Wills, K.B., Sir Charles, death of, 17 - -- family and arms of, 12 - -- his defence of Preston, 13, 14, 15 - -- M.P. for Totnes, 16 - -- promotions of, 13, 15, 16, 17 - -- Sir Charles, serves in Holland and Spain, 12 - - Wills, Mr., 603, 606, 612 - - Wills, Richard, of Acombe, 12 - - Wills, Thomas, 341 - - Willyams, John, 341 - - Wilton, 589 - - Wilson, John, 272, 274 - - Wilson, Mr., 275 - - Winchester, Bishop of, 643, 649 - - Winchester Castle, 37 - - Windmill Hill, Brixham, 7 - - Windsor Castle, 39, 661 - - _Windsor Castle_, 623 - - Windsor, Duke of, 386 - - Wingfield, William, 520 - - Winnington, 207 - - Winthrop, Elizabeth, 28 - - Winton, Lord, 15 - - Woffington, Peg, 286 - - Wolvedon, 652, 653 - - Wolverston, Mary, 133 - - Wolverston, Philip, 133 - - Wood, E. J., 126, 185, 722 - - Wood, Nicholas, 195 - - Wood, Peter, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277 - - Woodstock, 432 - - Woolley, 400, 406 - - Woolley, James Tilley, 406 - - Wool merchants, 108, 109, 110 - -- and Henry VI, 112 - - Woolsten, 366 - - Worcester, 112, 387 - - Worcester College, Oxford, 284 - - Worcester, Marquis of, 39 - -- siege of, 38 - - Worral Hill, 173 - - Worth, Archbishop, 434 - - Worth, Mr. R. N., 140 - - Wortham, 453 - - _Worthies of Armorie, The_, 554 - - Wrecks, at Land's End, 503 - -- of the _Anson_, 60, 71 - -- of the _Association_ with Sir Cloudesley Shovel, 640, 647 - -- of the _Berlin_, 70 - -- of Charles Incledon, 380 - -- of the _Eagle_, _Romney_, _Firebrand_, and _Phoenix_, 640, 643, - 647 - -- of the _Guardian_, 319 - -- of the _Kent_, 497 - -- of the _Kyber_, 67 - -- of the _Lady Hobart_, 261-263, 267 - -- of the _Thunderer_, 376 - - Wren, Mr. Henry, 123 - - Wrestling, Cornish, 54, 495 - -- Devonshire, 54 - - Wrey, Edmund, 397 - - Wrey, Jane, 388, 396, 398 - - Wrey, John, 388, 396, 398 - - Wyatt, Mr., 583 - - Wyndham, William, 319 - - Wyvelscombe, 12 - - - Yonge, Dr. William, his account of Peters, 27, 28 - - York, 331 - - York, Archbishop of, 434, 435 - - York, Duke of, 290, 482, 485 - - York, James, Duke of, 96, 102, 550 - - Young, J. C., 578 - - "Young Men's Club," 555 - - - Zaccaria, Catherine, 729 - - Zagros, 462 - - Zaire, 409 - - Zante, 450, 451 - - Zanzibar, 462 - -[Illustration] - - - - - THE WORKS OF - ANATOLE FRANCE - - -It has long been a reproach to England that only one volume by ANATOLE -FRANCE has been adequately rendered into English; yet outside this -country he shares with TOLSTOI the distinction of being the greatest -and most daring student of humanity now living. - -## There have been many difficulties to encounter in completing -arrangements for a uniform edition, though perhaps the chief barrier to -publication here has been the fact that his writings are not for -babes--but for men and the mothers of men. Indeed, some of his Eastern -romances are written with biblical candour. "I have sought truth -strenuously," he tells us, "I have met her boldly. I have never turned -from her even when she wore an unexpected aspect." Still, it is -believed that the day has come for giving English versions of all his -imaginative works, as well as of his monumental study JOAN OF ARC, which -is undoubtedly the most discussed book in the world of letters to-day. - -## MR. JOHN LANE has pleasure in announcing that he will commence -publication of the works of M. ANATOLE FRANCE in English, under the -general editorship of MR. FREDERIC CHAPMAN, with the following volumes: - - THE RED LILY - MOTHER OF PEARL - THE GARDEN OF EPICURUS - THE CRIME OF SYLVESTRE BONNARD - JOCASTA AND THE FAMISHED CAT - BALTHASAR - THE WELL OF ST. CLARE - THE ELM TREE ON THE MALL - THE WICKER-WORK WOMAN - AT THE SIGN OF THE QUEEN PEDAUQUE - THE OPINIONS OF JEROME COIGNARD - MY FRIEND'S BOOK - THE ASPIRATIONS OF JEAN SERVIEN - THAIS - JOAN OF ARC (2 vols.) - -## All the books will be published at 6/- each with the exception of -JOAN OF ARC, which will be 25/- net the two volumes, with eight -Illustrations. - -## The format of the volumes leaves little to be desired. The size is -Demy 8vo (9 x 5-3/4 in.), that of this Prospectus, and they will be -printed from Caslon type upon a paper light in weight and strong in -texture, with a cover design in crimson and gold, a gilt top, end-papers -from designs by Aubrey Beardsley and initials by Henry Ospovat. In -short, these are volumes for the bibliophile as well as the lover of -fiction, and form perhaps the cheapest library edition of copyright -novels ever published, for the price is only that of an ordinary novel. - -## The translation of these books has been entrusted to such competent -French scholars as MR. ALFRED ALLINSON, HON. MAURICE BARING, MR. -FREDERIC CHAPMAN, MR. ROBERT B. DOUGLAS, MR. A. W. EVANS, MRS. -FARLEY, MR. LAFCADIO HEARN, MRS. JOHN LANE, MRS. NEWMARCH, MR. C. E. -ROCHE, MISS WINIFRED STEPHENS, and MISS M. P. WILLCOCKS. - -## As Anatole Thibault, _dit_ Anatole France, is to most English readers -merely a name, it will be well to state that he was born in 1844 in the -picturesque and inspiring surroundings of an old bookshop on the Quai -Voltaire, Paris, kept by his father, Monsieur Thibault, an authority on -eighteenth-century history, from whom the boy caught the passion for the -principles of the Revolution, while from his mother he was learning to -love the ascetic ideals chronicled in the Lives of the Saints. He was -schooled with the lovers of old books, missals and manuscripts; he -matriculated on the Quais with the old Jewish dealers of curios and -_objets d'art_; he graduated in the great university of life and -experience. It will be recognised that all his work is permeated by his -youthful impressions; he is, in fact, a virtuoso at large. - -## He has written about thirty volumes of fiction. His first novel was -JOCASTA & THE FAMISHED CAT (1879). THE CRIME OF SYLVESTRE BONNARD -appeared in 1881, and had the distinction of being crowned by the -French Academy, into which he was received in 1896. - -## His work is illuminated with style, scholarship, and psychology; but -its outstanding features are the lambent wit, the gay mockery, the -genial irony with which he touches every subject he treats. But the wit -is never malicious, the mockery never derisive, the irony never barbed. -To quote from his own GARDEN OF EPICURUS: "Irony and Pity are both of -good counsel; the first with her smiles makes life agreeable, the other -sanctifies it to us with her tears. The Irony I invoke is no cruel -deity. She mocks neither love nor beauty. She is gentle and kindly -disposed. Her mirth disarms anger and it is she teaches us to laugh at -rogues and fools whom but for her we might be so weak as to hate." - -## Often he shows how divine humanity triumphs over mere asceticism, -and with entire reverence; indeed, he might be described as an ascetic -overflowing with humanity, just as he has been termed a "pagan, but a -pagan constantly haunted by the pre-occupation of Christ." He is in -turn--like his own Choulette in THE RED LILY--saintly and Rabelaisian, -yet without incongruity. At all times he is the unrelenting foe of -superstition and hypocrisy. Of himself he once modestly said: "You -will find in my writings perfect sincerity (lying demands a talent I -do not possess), much indulgence, and some natural affection for the -beautiful and good." - -## The mere extent of an author's popularity is perhaps a poor argument, -yet it is significant that two books by this author are in their HUNDRED -AND TENTH THOUSAND, and numbers of them well into their SEVENTIETH -THOUSAND, whilst the one which a Frenchman recently described as -"Monsieur France's most arid book" is in its FIFTY-EIGHTH THOUSAND. - -## Inasmuch as M. FRANCE'S ONLY contribution to an English periodical -appeared in THE YELLOW BOOK, vol. v., April 1895, together with the -first important English appreciation of his work from the pan of the -Hon. Maurice Baring, it is peculiarly appropriate that the English -edition of his works should be issued from the Bodley Head. - - - ORDER FORM - - __________________________________________ 190 - - _To Mr._ ______________________________________ - _Bookseller_ - - _Please send me the following works of Anatole France - to be issued in June and July:_ - - THE RED LILY - MOTHER OF PEARL - THE GARDEN OF EPICURUS - THE CRIME OF SYLVESTRE BONNARD - - _for which I enclose_ _________________________ - - _Name_ ____________________________________ - - _Address_ _________________________________ - - JOHN LANE, PUBLISHER, THE BODLEY HEAD, VIGO ST. LONDON, W. - - - - - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | DEVONSHIRE CHARACTERS | - | AND STRANGE EVENTS | - | | - | By S. BARING-GOULD, M.A., Author of "Yorkshire Oddities," | - | etc. Demy 8vo, 21s. net. With 58 Reproductions from Unique | - | Portraits, etc. (Uniform with this Volume.) | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | A FEW PRESS OPINIONS. | - | | - | _Daily News._--"A fascinating series ... the whole book | - | is rich in human interest. It is by these personal touches, | - | drawn from tradition and memoirs, that the dead men, | - | surrounded by the curious panoply of their time, are made to | - | live again in Mr. Baring-Gould's pages." | - | | - | _Westminster Gazette._--"Fascinating reading ... a book | - | which is 'cider and cream' to West Country folk, and is | - | extremely interesting to all who are attracted by human | - | documents which are out of the common." | - | | - | _Globe._--"For a Christmas present to a West Countryman | - | Mr. Baring-Gould's book is unsurpassed.... The volume is | - | full of good stories." | - | | - | M. P. WILLCOCKS in _Daily Chronicle_.--"The | - | writing of such a book as 'Devonshire Characters' is a kind | - | of intelligent ancestor worship.... The illustrations are | - | curiously fascinating, and there are fifty-eight of them | - | in the book, which has also an excellent index." | - | | - | _Scotsman._--"Full of out of the way learning, and | - | always brightly written ... an uncommonly interesting and | - | instructive book...." | - | | - | _Times._--"... A more entertaining crew than these | - | Devonshire Characters it would be impossible to find; and | - | the book that perpetuates their memory is excellent reading | - | from cover to cover...." | - | | - | _Pall Mall Gazette._--"... No writer of modern times | - | has so fully breathed the spirit of the West as Mr. | - | Baring-Gould...." | - | | - | _Birmingham Post._--"Mr. S. Baring-Gould shows himself | - | to be very much alive in 'Devonshire Characters,' and we | - | cannot recall a case in which his astonishing literary s | - | energies have been put to more interesting use ... a | - | handsome as well as interesting addition to every | - | library...." | - | | - | _Western Daily Mercury._--"... We can most strenuously | - | advise all Devonshire men and women who have either a love | - | for their county, or a love for a good book, or both, to buy | - | 'Devonshire Characters.' They will never regret it." | - | | - | _Guardian._--"... The eccentric lives and the evil | - | courses of the odd and the profligate have ever afforded | - | more stirring reading than the improving careers of the | - | good, and where we might idly turn the pages of Prince, we | - | must needs follow with keen interest the roads traversed by | - | Mr. Baring-Gould's villains and eccentrics, often to the | - | gallows, or the county gaol, or into the weird old legends | - | of the West...." | - | | - | _Daily Telegraph._--"... His latest work will probably | - | enjoy a longer popularity than anything else that he has | - | done. It is a work that for all West Country folk will have | - | a lasting fascination, dealing as it does with a large | - | number of worthies and unworthies, celebrated people and | - | notorious people, who have been associated with the county." | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | WEST-COUNTRY BOOKS | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF ROBERT STEPHEN HAWKER, sometime | - | Vicar of Morwenstow in Cornwall. Edited by C. E. | - | BYLES. With numerous Illustrations by J. LEY | - | PETHYBRIDGE and others. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net. | - | [_Popular Edition._ | - | | - | FOOTPRINTS OF FORMER MEN IN FAR CORNWALL. By ROBERT | - | STEPHEN HAWKER, of Morwenstow. Edited, with an | - | introduction by C. E. BYLES. With Portraits and | - | many Illustrations by J. LEY PETHYBRIDGE. Crown | - | 8vo. 5s. net. | - | | - | CORNISH BALLADS AND OTHER POEMS. Being the Complete Poetical | - | Works of R. S. HAWKER. With an Introduction and | - | Notes by C. E. BYLES, and numerous Illustrations. | - | Crown 8vo. 5s. net. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | THE KING'S GENERAL IN THE WEST. Being the Life of SIR | - | RICHARD GRENVILLE, Baronet (1600-1659). By ROGER | - | GRANVILLE, M.A., Sub-Dean of Exeter Cathedral. With | - | Illustrations. Demy 8vo (9 x 5-3/4 inches). 10s. 6d. net. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | THE WESSEX OF THOMAS HARDY. By BERTRAM WINDLE. With | - | nearly 100 Illustrations by EDMUND H. NEW. Crown | - | 8vo. 5s. net. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | THE CHRONICLE OF A CORNISH GARDEN. By HARRY | - | ROBERTS. With 7 full-page Illustrations of an Ideal | - | Garden and a Cover-design by F. L. GRIGGS. Crown | - | 8vo. 5s. net. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | CORNISH SAINTS AND SINNERS. By J. H. HARRIS. With | - | numerous Drawings and a Cover-design by L. RAVEN | - | HILL. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | SIR BEVILL: A ROMANCE. By ARTHUR CHRISTOPHER | - | THYNNE. With 7 Illustrations by J. LEY | - | PETHYBRIDGE, and a Portrait of SIR BEVILL | - | GRANVILLE. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | A CHILD OF THE SHORE: A ROMANCE OF CORNWALL. By | - | S. M. FOX. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | NOVELS BY M. P. WILLCOCKS | - | | - | A MAN OF GENIUS. With Illustrations by WINIFRED | - | STORY. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - | | - | THE WINGLESS VICTORY. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - | | - | WIDDICOMBE. Crown 8vo. 6s. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - | JOHN LANE: THE BODLEY HEAD, LONDON AND NEW YORK. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - _NOTICE_ - - -_Those who possess old letters, documents, correspondence, MSS., -scraps of autobiography, and also miniatures and portraits, relating -to persons and matters historical, literary, political and social, -should communicate with Mr. John Lane, The Bodley Head, Vigo Street, -London, W., who will at all times be pleased to give his advice and -assistance, either as to their preservation or publication._ - - - - - - LIVING MASTERS OF MUSIC - - - An Illustrated Series of Monographs dealing with Contemporary - Musical Life, and including Representatives of all Branches of the - Art. Edited by ROSA NEWMARCH. Crown 8vo. Cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._ net - each volume. - -HENRY J. WOOD. By ROSA NEWMARCH. - -SIR EDWARD ELGAR. By R. J. BUCKLEY. - -JOSEPH JOACHIM. By J. A. FULLER MAITLAND. - -EDWARD MACDOWELL. By L. GILMAN. - -EDVARD GRIEG. By H. T. FINCK. - -THEODOR LESCHETIZKY. By A. HULLAH. - -GIACOMO PUCCINI. By WAKELING DEY. - -ALFRED BRUNEAU. By ARTHUR HERVEY. - -IGNAZ PADEREWSKI. By E. A. BAUGHAN. - - _The following Volumes are in preparation_: - -RICHARD STRAUSS. By A. KALISCH. - -CLAUDE DEBUSSY. By FRANZ LIEBICH. - - STARS OF THE STAGE - - A Series of Illustrated Biographies of the Leading Actors, - Actresses, and Dramatists. Edited by J. T. GREIN. Crown 8vo. 2_s._ - 6_d._ each net. - -[** asterism] _It was Schiller who said: "Twine no wreath for the -actor, since his work is oral and ephemeral." "Stars of the Stage" may -in some degree remove this reproach. There are hundreds of thousands -of playgoers, and both editor and publisher think it reasonable to -assume that a considerable number of these would like to know -something about actors, actresses, and dramatists, whose work they -nightly applaud. Each volume will be carefully illustrated, and as far -as text, printing, and paper are concerned will be a notable book. -Great care has been taken in selecting the biographers, who in most -cases have already accumulated much appropriate material._ - - - _First Volumes._ - -ELLEN TERRY. By CHRISTOPHER ST. JOHN. - -HERBERT BEERBOHM TREE. By MRS. GEORGE CRAN. - -W. S. GILBERT. By EDITH A. BROWNE. - -CHAS. WYNDHAM. By FLORENCE TEIGNMOUTH SHORE. - -GEORGE BERNARD SHAW. By G. K. CHESTERTON. - - - - - _A CATALOGUE OF - MEMOIRS, BIOGRAPHIES, ETC._ - - _WORKS UPON NAPOLEON_ - - -NAPOLEON & THE INVASION OF ENGLAND: The Story of the Great Terror, -1797-1805. By H. F. B. WHEELER and A. M. BROADLEY. With upwards of 100 -Full-page Illustrations reproduced from Contemporary Portraits, -Prints, etc.; eight in Colour. Two Volumes. 32_s._ net. - - _Outlook._--"The book is not merely one to be ordered from the - library; it should be purchased, kept on an accessible shelf, and - constantly studied by all Englishmen who love England." - - _Westminster Gazette._--"Messrs. Wheeler and Broadley have succeeded - in producing a work on the threatened invasion of England by - Napoleon, which treats of the subject with a fulness of detail and a - completeness of documentary evidence that are unexampled." - - -DUMOURIEZ AND THE DEFENCE OF ENGLAND AGAINST NAPOLEON. By J. HOLLAND -ROSE, Litt.D. (Cantab.), Author of "The Life of Napoleon," and A. M. -BROADLEY, joint-author of "Napoleon and the Invasion of England." -Illustrated with numerous Portraits, Maps, and Facsimiles. Demy 8vo. -21_s._ net. - - -THE FALL OF NAPOLEON. By OSCAR BROWNING, M.A., Author of "The Boyhood -and Youth of Napoleon." With numerous Full-page Illustrations. Demy -8vo. (9 x 5-3/4 inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Spectator._--"Without doubt Mr. Oscar Browning has produced a - book which should have its place in any library of Napoleonic - literature." - - _Truth._--"Mr. Oscar Browning has made not the least, but the most - of the romantic material at his command for the story of the fall - of the greatest figure in history." - - -THE BOYHOOD & YOUTH OF NAPOLEON, 1769-1793. Some Chapters on the early -life of Bonaparte. By OSCAR BROWNING, M.A. With numerous -Illustrations, Portraits, etc. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _Daily News._--"Mr. Browning has with patience, labour, careful - study, and excellent taste given us a very valuable work, which - will add materially to the literature on this most fascinating of - human personalities." - - _Literary World._--"... Mr. Browning has examined all the - available sources of information and carefully weighed his - historical evidence. His discriminating treatment has resulted in - a book that is ... one that arrests attention by the conviction - its reasoned conclusions carry." - - -THE DUKE OF REICHSTADT (NAPOLEON II.) By EDWARD DE WERTHEIMER. -Translated from the German. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. -21_s._ net. (Second Edition.) - - _Times._--"A most careful and interesting work which presents the - first complete and authoritative account of the life of this - unfortunate Prince." - - _Westminster Gazette._--"This book, admirably produced, reinforced - by many additional portraits, is a solid contribution to history - and a monument of patient, well-applied research." - - -NAPOLEON'S CONQUEST OF PRUSSIA, 1806. By _F. Loraine Petre_. With an -Introduction by FIELD-MARSHAL EARL ROBERTS, V.C., K.G., etc. With -Maps, Battle Plans, Portraits, and 16 Full-page Illustrations. Demy -8vo (9 x 5-3/4 inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Scotsman._--"Neither too concise, nor too diffuse, the book is - eminently readable. It is the best work in English on a somewhat - circumscribed subject." - - _Outlook._--"Mr. Petre has visited the battlefields and read - everything, and his monograph is a model of what military history, - handled with enthusiasm and literary ability, can be." - - -NAPOLEON'S CAMPAIGN IN POLAND, 1806-1807. A Military History of -Napoleon's First War with Russia, verified from unpublished official -documents. By F. LORAINE PETRE. With 16 Full-page Illustrations, Maps, -and Plans. New Edition. Demy 8vo (9 x 5-3/4 inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Army and Navy Chronicle._--"We welcome a second edition of this - valuable work.... Mr. Loraine Petre is an authority on the wars of - the great Napoleon, and has brought the greatest care and energy - into his studies of the subject." - - -NAPOLEON AND THE ARCHDUKE CHARLES. A History of the Franco-Austrian -Campaign in the Valley of the Danube in 1809. By F. LORAINE PETRE. -With 8 Illustrations and 6 sheets of Maps and Plans. Demy 8vo. (9 x -5-3/4 inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - -RALPH HEATHCOTE. Letters of a Diplomatist During the Time of Napoleon, -Giving an Account of the Dispute between the Emperor and the Elector -of Hesse. By COUNTESS GUeNTHER GROeBEN. With Numerous Illustrations. -Demy 8vo (9 x 5-3/4 inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - [** asterism] _Ralph Heathcote, the son of an English father and an - Alsatian mother, was for some time in the English diplomatic service - as first secretary to Mr. Brook Taylor, minister at the Court of - Hesse, and on one occasion found himself very near to making - history. Napoleon became persuaded that Taylor was implicated in a - plot to procure his assassination, and insisted on his dismissal - from the Hessian Court. As Taylor refused to be dismissed, the - incident at one time seemed likely to result to the Elector in the - loss of his throne. Heathcote came into contact with a number of - notable people, including the Miss Berrys, with whom he assures his - mother he is not in love. On the whole, there is much interesting - material for lovers of old letters and journals._ - - -MEMOIRS OF THE COUNT DE CARTRIE. A record of the extraordinary events -in the life of a French Royalist during the war in La Vendee, and of -his flight to Southampton, where he followed the humble occupation of -gardener. With an introduction by FREDERIC MASSON, Appendices and -Notes by PIERRE AMEDEE PICHOT, and other hands, and numerous -Illustrations, including a Photogravure Portrait of the Author. Demy -8vo. 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Daily News._--"We have seldom met with a human document which has - interested us so much." - - _Athenaeum._--"As a record of personal suffering and indomitable - perseverance against opposing circumstances the narrative of De - Cartrie's escape to the Eastern frontier, in the disguise of a - master-gunner, could not easily be surpassed." - - -WOMEN OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. Chronicles of the Court of Napoleon III. -By FREDERIC LOLIEE. With an introduction by RICHARD WHITEING and 53 -full-page Illustrations, 3 in Photogravure. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - _Standard._--"M. Frederic Loliee has written a remarkable book, - vivid and pitiless in its description of the intrigue and - dare-devil spirit which flourished unchecked at the French - Court.... Mr. Richard Whiteing's introduction is written with - restraint and dignity." - - _Daily Telegraph._--"It is a really fascinating story, or series - of stories, set forth in this volume.... Here are anecdotes - innumerable of the brilliant women of the Second Empire, so that - in reading the book we are not only dazzled by the beauty and - gorgeousness of everything, but we are entertained by the record - of things said and done, and through all we are conscious of the - coming 'gloom and doom' so soon to overtake the Court. Few novels - possess the fascination of this spirited work, and many readers - will hope that the author will carry out his proposal of giving us - a further series of memories of the 'Women of the Second Empire.'" - - -LOUIS NAPOLEON AND THE GENESIS OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. By F. H. CHEETHAM. -With Numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo (9 x 5-3/4 inches). 16_s._ net. - - -MEMOIRS OF MADEMOISELLE DES ECHEROLLES. Translated from the French by -MARIE CLOTHILDE BALFOUR. With an Introduction by G. K. FORTESCUE, -Portraits, etc. 5_s._ net. - - _Liverpool Mercury._--"... this absorbing book.... The work has a - very decided historical value. The translation is excellent, and - quite notable in the preservation of idiom." - - -JANE AUSTEN'S SAILOR BROTHERS. Being the life and Adventures of Sir -Francis Austen, G.C.B., Admiral of the Fleet, and Rear-Admiral Charles -Austen. By J. H. and E. C. HUBBACK. With numerous Illustrations. Demy -8vo. 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Morning Post._--"... May be welcomed as an important addition to - Austeniana ...; it is besides valuable for its glimpses of life in - the Navy, its illustrations of the feelings and sentiments of - naval officers during the period that preceded and that which - followed the great battle of just one century ago, the battle - which won so much but which cost us--Nelson." - - -SOME WOMEN LOVING AND LUCKLESS. By TEODOR DE WYZEWA. Translated from -the French by C. H. JEFFRESON, M.A. With Numerous Illustrations. Demy -8vo (9 x 5-3/4 inches). 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - -POETRY AND PROGRESS IN RUSSIA. By ROSA NEWMARCH. With 6 full-page -Portraits. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Standard._--"Distinctly a book that should be read ... pleasantly - written and well informed." - - -THE LIFE OF PETER ILICH TCHAIKOVSKY (1840-1893). By his Brother, MODESTE -TCHAIKOVSKY. Edited and abridged from the Russian and German Editions by -ROSA NEWMARCH. With Numerous Illustrations and Facsimiles and an -Introduction by the Editor. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. Second edition. - - _The Times._--"A most illuminating commentary on Tchaikovsky's - music." - - _World._--"One of the most fascinating self-revelations by an - artist which has been given to the world. The translation is - excellent, and worth reading for its own sake." - - _Contemporary Review._--"The book's appeal is, of course, - primarily to the music-lover; but there is so much of human and - literary interest in it, such intimate revelation of a singularly - interesting personality, that many who have never come under the - spell of the Pathetic Symphony will be strongly attracted by what - is virtually the spiritual autobiography of its composer. High - praise is due to the translator and editor for the literary skill - with which she has prepared the English version of this - fascinating work.... There have been few collections of letters - published within recent years that give so vivid a portrait of the - writer as that presented to us in these pages." - - -COKE OF NORFOLK AND HIS FRIENDS: The Life of Thomas William Coke, -First Earl of Leicester of the second creation, containing an account -of his Ancestry, Surroundings, Public Services, and Private -Friendships, and including many Unpublished Letters from Noted Men of -his day, English and American. By A. M. W. STIRLING. With 20 -Photogravure and upwards of 40 other Illustrations reproduced from -Contemporary Portraits, Prints, etc. Demy 8vo. 2 vols. 32_s._ net. - - _The Times._--"We thank Mr. Stirling for one of the most - interesting memoirs of recent years." - - _Daily Telegraph._--"A very remarkable literary performance. Mrs. - Stirling has achieved a resurrection. She has fashioned a picture - of a dead and forgotten past and brought before our eyes with the - vividness of breathing existence the life of our English ancestors - of the eighteenth century." - - _Pall Mall Gazette._--"A work of no common interest; in fact, a - work which may almost be called unique." - - _Evening Standard._--"One of the most interesting biographies we - have read for years." - - -THE LIFE OF SIR HALLIDAY MACARTNEY, K.C.M.G., Commander of Li Hung -Chang's trained force in the Taeping Rebellion, founder of the first -Chinese Arsenal, Secretary to the first Chinese Embassy to Europe. -Secretary and Councillor to the Chinese Legation in London for thirty -years. By DEMETRIUS C. BOULGER, Author of the "History of China," the -"Life of Gordon," etc. With Illustrations. Demy 8vo. Price 24_s._ net. - - _Daily Graphic._--"It is safe to say that few readers will be able - to put down the book without feeling the better for having read it - ... not only full of personal interest, but tells us much that we - never knew before on some not unimportant details." - - -DEVONSHIRE CHARACTERS AND STRANGE EVENTS. By S. BARING-GOULD, M.A., -Author of "Yorkshire Oddities," etc. With 58 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. -21_s._ net. - - _Daily News._--"A fascinating series ... the whole book is rich in - human interest. It is by personal touches, drawn from traditions and - memories, that the dead men surrounded by the curious panoply of - their time, are made to live again in Mr. Baring-Gould's pages." - - -CORNISH CHARACTERS AND STRANGE EVENTS. By S. BARING-GOULD. Demy 8vo. -16_s._ net. - - -THE HEART OF GAMBETTA. Translated from the French of FRANCIS LAUR by -VIOLETTE MONTAGU. With an Introduction by JOHN MACDONALD, Portraits -and other Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Daily Telegraph._--"It is Gambetta pouring out his soul to Leonie - Leon, the strange, passionate, masterful demagogue, who wielded - the most persuasive oratory of modern times, acknowledging his - idol, his inspiration, his Egeria." - - -THE MEMOIRS OF ANN, LADY FANSHAWE. Written by Lady Fanshawe. With -Extracts from the Correspondence of Sir Richard Fanshawe. Edited by H. -C. FANSHAWE. With 38 Full-page Illustrations, including four in -Photogravure and one in Colour. Demy 8vo. 16_s._ net. - - [** asterism] _This Edition has been printed direct from the - original manuscript in the possession of the Fanshawe Family, and - Mr. H. C. Fanshawe contributes numerous notes which form a running - commentary on the text. Many famous pictures are reproduced, - including paintings by Velazquez and Van Dyck._ - - -THE DIARY OF A LADY-IN-WAITING. By LADY CHARLOTTE BURY. Being the -Diary Illustrative of the Times of George the Fourth. Interspersed -with original Letters from the late Queen Caroline and from various -other distinguished persons. New edition. Edited, with an -Introduction, by A. FRANCIS STEUART. With numerous portraits. Two -Vols. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - [** asterism] _This book, which appeared anonymously in 1838, - created an enormous sensation, and was fiercely criticised by - Thackeray and in the Reviews of the time. There is no doubt that - it was founded on the diary of Lady Charlotte Bury, daughter of - the 5th Duke of Argyll, and Lady-in-Waiting to the unfortunate - Caroline of Brunswick, when Princess of Wales. It deals, - therefore, with the curious Court of the latter and with the - scandals that occurred there, as well as with the strange vagaries - of the Princess abroad. In this edition names left blank in the - original have been (where possible) filled up, and many notes are - given by the Editor to render it useful to the ever-increasing - number of readers interested in the later Georgian Period._ - - -THE DAUGHTER OF LOUIS XVI.: Marie-Therese-Charlotte of France, -Duchesse D'Angouleme. By G. LENOTRE. With 13 Full-page Illustrations. -Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ net. - - [** asterism] _M. G. Lenotre is perhaps the most widely read of a - group of modern French writers who have succeeded in treating - history from a point of view at once scientific, dramatic and - popular. He has made the Revolution his particular field of - research, and deals not only with the most prominent figures of - that period, but with many minor characters whose life-stories are - quite as thrilling as anything in fiction. The localities in which - these dramas were enacted are vividly brought before us in his - works, for no one has reconstructed 18th century Paris with more - picturesque and accurate detail. "The Daughter of Louis XVI." is - quite equal in interest and literary merit to any of the volumes - which have preceded it, not excepting the famous Drama of - Varennes. As usual, M. Lenotre draws his material largely from - contemporary documents, and among the most remarkable memoirs - reproduced in this book are "The Story of my Visit to the Temple" - by Harmand de la Meuse, and the artless, but profoundly touching - narrative of the unhappy orphaned Princess: "A manuscript written - by Marie-Therese-Charlotte of France upon the captivity of the - Princes and Princesses, her relatives, imprisoned in the Temple." - The illustrations are a feature of the volume and include the - so-called "telescope" portrait of the Princess, sketched from life - by an anonymous artist, stationed at a window opposite her prison - in the tower of the Temple._ - - -THE TRUE STORY OF MY LIFE: an Autobiography by ALICE M. DIEHL, -Novelist, Writer, and Musician. Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Daily Chronicle._--"This work ... has the introspective touch, - intimate and revealing, which autobiography, if it is to be worth - anything, should have. Mrs. Diehl's pages have reality, a living - throb, and so are indeed autobiography." - - -HUBERT AND JOHN VAN EYCK: Their Life and Work. By W. H. JAMES WEALE. -With 41 Photogravure and 95 Black and White Reproductions. Royal 4to. -L5 5_s._ net. - - SIR MARTIN CONWAY'S NOTE. - - _Nearly half a century has passed since Mr. W. H. James Weale, - then resident at Bruges, began that long series of patient - investigations into the history of Netherlandish art which was - destined to earn so rich a harvest. When he began work Memlinc was - still called Hemling, and was fabled to have arrived at Bruges as - a wounded soldier. The van Eycks were little more than legendary - heroes. Roger Van der Weyden was little more than a name. Most of - the other great Netherlandish artists were either wholly forgotten - or named only in connection with paintings with which they had - nothing to do. Mr. Weale discovered Gerard David, and disentangled - his principal works from Memlinc's, with which they were then - confused. During a series of years he published in the "Beffroi," - a magazine issued by himself, the many important records from - ancient archives which threw a flood of light upon the whole - origin and development of the early Netherlandish school. By - universal admission he is hailed all over Europe as the father of - this study. It is due to him in great measure that the - masterpieces of that school, which by neglect were in danger of - perishing fifty years ago, are now recognised as among the most - priceless treasures of the Museums of Europe and the United - States. The publication by him, therefore, in the ripeness of his - years and experience, of the result of his studies on the van - Eycks is a matter of considerable importance to students of art - history. Lately, since the revived interest in the works of the - Early French painters has attracted the attention of untrained - speculators to the superior schools of the Low Countries, a number - of wild theories have been started which cannot stand upright in - the face of recorded facts. A book is now needed which will set - down all those facts in full and accurate form. Fullness and - accuracy are the characteristics of all Mr. Weale's work._ - - -VINCENZO FOPPA OF BRESCIA, FOUNDER OF THE LOMBARD SCHOOL, HIS LIFE AND -WORK. By CONSTANCE JOCELYN FFOULKES and MONSIGNOR RODOLFO MAJOCCHI, -D.D., Rector of the Collegio Borromeo, Pavia. Based on research in the -Archives of Milan, Pavia, Brescia, and Genoa, and on the study of all -his known works. With over 100 Illustrations, many in Photogravure, -and 100 Documents. Royal 4to. L3. 11_s._ 6_d._ net. - - [** asterism] _No complete Life of Vincenco Foppa, one of the - greatest of the North Italian Masters, has ever been written: an - omission which seems almost inexplicable in these days of - over-production in the matter of biographies of painters, and of - subjects relating to the art of Italy. In Milanese territory--the - sphere of Foppa's activity during many years--he was regarded by - his contemporaries as unrivalled in his art, and his right to be - considered the head and founder of the Lombard school is - undoubted. His influence was powerful and far-reaching, extending - eastwards beyond the limits of Brescian territory, and south and - westwards to Liguria and Piedmont. In the Milanese district it was - practically dominant for over a quarter of a century, until the - coming of Leonardo da Vinci thrust Foppa and his followers into - the shade, and induced him to abandon Pavia, which had been his - home for more than thirty years, and to return to Brescia. The - object of the authors of this book has been to present a true - picture of the master's life based upon the testimony of records - in Italian archives; all facts hitherto known relating to him have - been brought together; all statements have been verified; and a - great deal of new and unpublished material has been added. The - authors have unearthed a large amount of new material relating to - Foppa, one of the most interesting facts brought to light being - that he lived for twenty-three years longer than was formerly - supposed. The illustrations will include several pictures by Foppa - hitherto unknown in the history of art, and others which have - never before been published, as well as reproductions of every - existing work by the master at present known._ - - -CESAR FRANCK: A Study. Translated from the French of Vincent d'Indy. -And with an Introduction by ROSA NEWMARCH. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - [** asterism] _There is no purer influence in modern music than - that of Cesar Franck, for many years ignored in every capacity - save that of organist of Sainte-Clotilde, in Paris, but now - recognised as the legitimate successor of Bach and Beethoven. His - inspiration "rooted in love and faith" has contributed in a - remarkable degree to the regeneration of the musical art in France - and elsewhere. The now famous "Schola Cantorum," founded in Paris - in 1896, by A. Guilmant, Charles Bordes and Vincent d'Indy, is the - direct outcome of his influence. Among the artists who where in - some sort his disciples were Paul Dukas, Chabrier, Gabriel Faure - and the great violinist Ysaeye. His pupils include such gifted - composers as Benoit, Augusta Holmes, Chausson, Ropartz, and - d'Indy. This book, written with the devotion of a disciple and the - authority of a master, leaves us with a vivid and touching - impression of the saint-like composer of "The Beatitudes."_ - - -JUNIPER HALL: Rendezvous of certain illustrious Personages during the -French Revolution, including Alexander D'Arblay and Fanny Burney. -Compiled by CONSTANCE HILL. With numerous Illustrations by ELLEN G. -HILL, and reproductions from various Contemporary Portraits. Crown -8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _Daily Telegraph._--"... one of the most charming volumes - published within recent years.... Miss Hill has drawn a really - idyllic and graphic picture of the daily life and gossip of the - stately but unfortunate dames and noblemen who found in Juniper - Hall a thoroughly English home." - - _The Times._--"This book makes another on the long and seductive - list of books that take up history just where history proper - leaves off.... We have given but a faint idea of the freshness, - the innocent gaiety of its pages; we can give none at all of the - beauty and interest of the pictures that adorn it." - - _Westminster Gazette._--"Skilfully and charmingly told." - - -JANE AUSTEN: Her Homes and Her Friends. By CONSTANCE HILL. Numerous -Illustrations by ELLEN G. HILL, together with Reproductions from Old -Portraits, etc. Cr. 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _World._--"Miss Constance Hill has given us a thoroughly delightful - book...." - - _Spectator._--"This book is a valuable contribution to Austen lore." - - _Daily Telegraph._--"Miss Constance Hill, the authoress of this - charming book, has laid all devout admirers of Jane Austen and her - inimitable novels under a debt of gratitude." - - -THE HOUSE IN ST. MARTIN'S STREET. Being Chronicles of the Burney Family. -By CONSTANCE HILL, Author of "Jane Austen, Her Home, and Her Friends," -"Juniper Hall," etc. With numerous Illustrations by ELLEN G. HILL, and -reproductions of Contemporary Portraits, etc. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - _World._--"This valuable and very fascinating work.... Charmingly - illustrated.... Those interested in this stirring period of - history and the famous folk who were Fanny Burney's friends should - not fail to add 'The House in St. Martin's Street' to their - collection of books." - - Mr. C. K. SHORTER in _Sphere_.--"Miss Hill has written a charming, - an indispensable book." - - -STORY OF THE PRINCESS DES URSINS IN SPAIN (Camarera-Mayor). By -CONSTANCE HILL. With 12 Illustrations and a Photogravure Frontispiece. -New Edition. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _Truth._--"It is a brilliant study of the brilliant Frenchwoman - who in the early years of the eighteenth century played such a - remarkable part in saving the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. Miss - Hill's narrative is interesting from the first page to the last, - and the value of the book is enhanced by the reproductions of - contemporary portraits with which it is illustrated." - - -NEW LETTERS OF THOMAS CARLYLE. Edited and Annotated by ALEXANDER -CARLYLE, with Notes and an Introduction and numerous Illustrations. In -Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 25_s._ net. - - _Pall Mall Gazette._--"To the portrait of the man, Thomas, these - letters do really add value; we can learn to respect and to like - him the more for the genuine goodness of his personality." - - _Morning Leader._--"These volumes open the very heart of Carlyle." - - _Literary World._--"It is then Carlyle, the nobly filial son, we - see in these letters; Carlyle, the generous and affectionate - brother, the loyal and warm-hearted friend, ... and above all, - Carlyle as the tender and faithful lover of his wife." - - _Daily Telegraph._--"The letters are characteristic enough of the - Carlyle we know: very picturesque and entertaining, full of - extravagant emphasis, written, as a rule, at fever heat, - eloquently rabid and emotional." - - -THE NEMESIS OF FROUDE: a Rejoinder to "My Relations with Carlyle." By -SIR JAMES CRICHTON BROWNE and ALEXANDER CARLYLE. Demy 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._ -net. - - _Glasgow Herald._--"... The book practically accomplishes its task - of reinstating Carlyle; as an attack on Froude it is overwhelming." - - _Public Opinion._--"The main object of the book is to prove that - Froude believed a myth and betrayed his trust. That aim has been - achieved." - - -NEW LETTERS AND MEMORIALS OF JANE WELSH CARLYLE. A Collection of -hitherto Unpublished Letters. Annotated by THOMAS CARLYLE, and Edited -by ALEXANDER CARLYLE, with an Introduction by Sir JAMES CRICHTON -BROWNE, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., numerous Illustrations drawn in -Lithography by T. R. WAY, and Photogravure Portraits from hitherto -unreproduced Originals. In Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 25_s._ net. - - _Westminster Gazette._--"Few letters in the language have in such - perfection the qualities which good letters should possess. Frank, - gay, brilliant, indiscreet, immensely clever, whimsical, and - audacious, they reveal a character which, with whatever alloy of - human infirmity, must endear itself to any reader of understanding." - - _World._--"Throws a deal of new light on the domestic relations of - the Sage of Chelsea. They also contain the full text of Mrs. - Carlyle's fascinating journal, and her own 'humorous and quaintly - candid' narrative of her first love-affair." - - _Daily News._--"Every page ... scintillates with keen thoughts, - biting criticisms, flashing phrases, and touches of bright comedy." - - -EMILE ZOLA: NOVELIST AND REFORMER. An Account of his Life, Work, and -Influence. By E. A. VIZETELLY. With numerous Illustrations, Portraits, -etc. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - _Morning Post._--"Mr. Ernest Vizetelly has given ... a very true - insight into the aims, character, and life of the novelist." - - _Athenaeum._--"... Exhaustive and interesting." - - _M.A.P._--"... will stand as the classic biography of Zola." - - _Star._--"This 'Life' of Zola is a very fascinating book." - - _Academy._--"It was inevitable that the authoritative life of Emile - Zola should be from the pen of E. A. Vizetelly. No one probably has - the same qualifications, and this bulky volume of nearly six hundred - pages is a worthy tribute to the genius of the master." - - Mr. T. P. O'CONNOR in _T.P.'s Weekly_.--"It is a story of - fascinating interest, and is told admirably by Mr. Vizetelly. I can - promise any one who takes it up that he will find it very difficult - to lay it down again." - - -MEMOIRS OF THE MARTYR KING: being a detailed record of the last two -years of the Reign of His Most Sacred Majesty King Charles the First, -1646-1648-9. Compiled by ALLAN FEA. With upwards of 100 Photogravure -Portraits and other Illustrations, including relics. Royal 4to. -105_s._ net. - - Mr. M. H. SPIELMANN in _The Academy_.--"The volume is a triumph - for the printer and publisher, and a solid contribution to - Carolinian literature." - - _Pall Mall Gazette._--"The present sumptuous volume, a storehouse - of eloquent associations ... comes as near to outward perfection - as anything we could desire." - - -AFTER WORCESTER FIGHT: being the Contemporary Account of King Charles -II.'s escape, not included in "The Flight of the King." By ALLAN FEA. -With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 15_s._ net. - - _Morning Post._--"The work possesses all the interest of a - thrilling historical romance, the scenes of which are described by - the characters themselves, in the language of the time, and forms - a valuable contribution to existing Stuart literature." - - _Western Morning News._--"Mr. Fea has shown great industry in - investigating every possible fact that has any bearing on his - subject, and has succeeded in thoroughly establishing the - incidents of that romantic escape." - - _Standard._--"... throws fresh light on one of the most romantic - episodes in the annals of English History." - - -KING MONMOUTH: being a History of the Career of James Scott, the -Protestant Duke, 1649-1685. By ALLAN FEA. With 14 Photogravure -Portraits, a Folding-plan of the Battle of Sedgemoor, and upwards of -100 black and white Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - _Morning Post._--"The story of Monmouth's career is one of the - most remarkable in the annals of English History, and Mr. Fea's - volume is singularly fascinating. Not only does it supplement and - correct the prejudiced though picturesque pages of Macaulay, but - it seems to make the reader personally acquainted with a large - number of the characters who prominently figured in the - conspiracies and in the intrigues, amorous and political, when - society and politics were seething in strange cauldrons." - - -FRENCH NOVELISTS OF TO-DAY: Maurice Barres, Rene Bazin, Paul Bourget, -Pierre de Coulevain, Anatole France, Pierre Loti, Marcel Prevost, and -Edouard Rod. Biographical, Descriptive, and Critical. By WINIFRED -STEPHENS. With Portraits and Bibliographies. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - [** asterism] _The writer, who has lived much in France, is - thoroughly acquainted with French life and with the principal - currents of French thought. The book is intended to be a guide to - English readers desirous to keep in touch with the best present-day - French fiction. Special attention is given to the ecclesiastical, - social, and intellectual problems of contemporary France and their - influence upon the works of French novelists of to-day._ - - -THE KING'S GENERAL IN THE WEST, being the Life of Sir Richard -Granville, Baronet (1600-1659). By ROGER GRANVILLE, M.A., Sub-Dean of -Exeter Cathedral. With Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Westminster Gazette._--"A distinctly interesting work; it will be - highly appreciated by historical students as well as by ordinary - readers." - - -THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF ROBERT STEPHEN HAWKER, sometime Vicar of -Morwenstow in Cornwall. By C. E. BYLES. With numerous Illustrations by -J. LEY PETHYBRIDGE and others. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Daily Telegraph._--"... As soon as the volume is opened one finds - oneself in the presence of a real original, a man of ability, genius - and eccentricity, of whom one cannot know too much.... No one will - read this fascinating and charmingly produced book without thanks to - Mr. Byles and a desire to visit--or revisit--Morwenstow." - - -THE LIFE OF WILLIAM BLAKE. BY ALEXANDER GILCHRIST. Edited with an -Introduction by W. GRAHAM ROBERTSON. Numerous Reproductions from -Blake's most characteristic and remarkable designs. Demy 8vo. 10_s._ -6_d._ net. New Edition. - - _Birmingham Post._--"Nothing seems at all likely ever to supplant - the Gilchrist biography. Mr. Swinburne praised it magnificently in - his own eloquent essay on Blake, and there should be no need now - to point out its entire sanity, understanding keenness of critical - insight, and masterly literary style. Dealing with one of the most - difficult of subjects, it ranks among the finest things of its - kind that we possess." - - -MEMOIRS OF A ROYAL CHAPLAIN, 1729-63. The correspondence of EDMUND PYLE, -D.D., Domestic Chaplain to George II, with Samuel Kerrich, D.D., Vicar -of Dersingham, and Rector of Wolferton and West Newton. Edited and -Annotated by ALBERT HARTSHORNE. With Portrait. Demy 8vo. 16_s._ net. - - _Truth._--"It is undoubtedly the most important book of the kind - that has been published in recent years, and is certain to disturb - many readers whose minds have not travelled with the time." - - -GEORGE MEREDITH: Some Characteristics. By RICHARD LE GALLIENNE. With a -Bibliography (much enlarged) by JOHN LANE. Portrait, etc. Crown 8vo. -5_s._ net. Fifth Edition. Revised. - - _Punch._--"All Meredithians must possess 'George Meredith; Some - Characteristics,' by Richard Le Gallienne. This book is a complete - and excellent guide to the novelist and the novels, a sort of - Meredithian Bradshaw, with pictures of the traffic superintendent - and the head office at Boxhill. Even Philistines may be won over - by the blandishments of Mr. Le Gallienne." - - -LIFE OF LORD CHESTERFIELD. An account of the Ancestry, Personal -Character, and Public Services of the Fourth Earl of Chesterfield. By -W. H. CRAIG, M.A. Numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 12_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Daily Telegraph._--"Mr. Craig has set out to present him (Lord - Chesterfield) as one of the striking figures of a formative period - in our modern history ... and has succeeded in giving us a very - attractive biography of a remarkable man." - - _Times._--"It is the chief point of Mr. Craig's book to show the - sterling qualities which Chesterfield was at too much pains in - concealing, to reject the perishable trivialities of his - character, and to exhibit him as a philosophic statesman, not - inferior to any of his contemporaries, except Walpole at one end - of his life, and Chatham at the other." - - -A QUEEN OF INDISCRETIONS. The Tragedy of Caroline of Brunswick, Queen -of England. From the Italian of G. P. CLERICI. Translated by FREDERIC -CHAPMAN. With numerous Illustrations reproduced from contemporary -Portraits and Prints. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. - - _The Daily Telegraph._--"It could scarcely be done more thoroughly - or, on the whole, in better taste than is here displayed by - Professor Clerici. Mr. Frederic Chapman himself contributes an - uncommonly interesting and well-informed introduction." - - _Westminster Gazette._--"The volume, scholarly and well-informed - ... forms one long and absorbingly interesting chapter of the - _chronique scandaleuse_ of Court life ... reads like a romance, - except that no romancer would care or dare to pack his pages so - closely with startling effects and fantastic scenes." - - -LETTERS AND JOURNALS OF SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE. Edited by his Daughter -LAURA E. RICHARDS. With Notes and a Preface by F. B. SANBORN, an -Introduction by Mrs. JOHN LANE, and a Portrait. Demy 8vo (9 x 5-3/4 -inches). 16_s._ net. - - _Outlook._--"This deeply interesting record of experience. The - volume is worthily produced and contains a striking portrait of - Howe." - - _Daily News._--"Dr. Howe's book is full of shrewd touches; it seems - to be very much a part of the lively, handsome man of the portrait. - His writing is striking and vivid; it is the writing of a shrewd, - keen observer, intensely interested in the event before him." - - -THE LIFE OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN. Translated from the Italian of an -Unknown Fourteenth-Century Writer by VALENTINA HAWTREY. With an -Introductory Note by VERNON LEE, and 14 Full-page Reproductions from -the Old Masters. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _Daily News._--"Miss Valentina Hawtrey has given a most excellent - English version of this pleasant work." - - _Academy._--"The fourteenth-century fancy plays delightfully - around the meagre details of the Gospel narrative, and presents - the heroine in quite an unconventional light.... In its directness - and artistic simplicity and its wealth of homely detail the story - reads like the work of some Boccaccio of the cloister; and - fourteen illustrations taken from Italian painters happily - illustrate the charming text." - - -MEN AND LETTERS. By HERBERT PAUL, M.P. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. -5_s._ net. - - _Daily News._--"Mr. Herbert Paul has done scholars and the reading - world in general a high service in publishing this collection of - his essays." - - _Punch._--"His fund of good stories is inexhaustible, and his - urbanity never fails. On the whole, this book is one of the very - best examples of literature on literature and life." - -ROBERT BROWNING: Essays and Thoughts. By J. T. NETTLESHIP. With -Portrait. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._ net. (Third Edition.) - - -A LATER PEPYS. The Correspondence of Sir William Weller Pepys, Bart., -Master in Chancery, 1758-1825, with Mrs. Chapone, Mrs. Hartley, Mrs. -Montague, Hannah More, William Franks, Sir James Macdonald, Major -Rennell, Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, and others. Edited, with an -Introduction and Notes, by ALICE C. C. GAUSSEN. With numerous -Illustrations. Demy 8vo. In Two Volumes. 32_s._ net. - - DOUGLAS SLADEN in the _Queen_.--"This is indisputably a most - valuable contribution to the literature of the eighteenth century. - It is a veritable storehouse of society gossip, the art criticism, - and the _mots_ of famous people." - - _Academy and Literature._--"The effect consists in no particular - passages, but in the total impression, the sense of atmosphere, - and the general feeling that we are being introduced into the very - society in which the writer moved." - - _Daily News._--"To Miss Alice Gaussen is due the credit of sorting - out the vast collection of correspondence which is here presented - to the public.... Her industry is indefatigable, and her task has - been carried out with completeness. The notes are full of - interesting items; the introduction is exhaustive; and the - collection of illustrations enhances the value of the book." - - _World._--"Sir William Pepys's correspondence is admirable." - - -ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, AN ELEGY; AND OTHER POEMS, MAINLY PERSONAL. By -RICHARD LE GALLIENNE. Crown 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._ _net._ - - _Daily Chronicle._--"Few, indeed, could be more fit to sing the - dirge of that 'Virgil of Prose' than the poet whose _curiosa - felicitas_ is so close akin to Stevenson's own charm." - - _Globe._--"The opening Elegy on R. L. Stevenson includes some - tender and touching passages, and has throughout the merits of - sincerity and clearness." - - -RUDYARD KIPLING: a Criticism. By RICHARD LE GALLIENNE. With a -Bibliography by JOHN LANE. Crown 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._ net. - - _Guardian._--"One of the cleverest pieces of criticism we have - come across for a long time." - - _Scotsman._--"It shows a keen insight into the essential qualities - of literature, and analyses Mr. Kipling's product with the skill - of a craftsman ... the positive and outstanding merits of Mr. - Kipling's contribution to the literature of his time are - marshalled by his critic with quite uncommon skill." - - -POEMS. By EDWARD CRACROFT LEFROY. With a Memoir by W. A. GILL, and a -Reprint of Mr. J. A. SYMONDS' Critical Essay on "Echoes from -Theocritus." Photogravure Portrait. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - _The Times._--"... the leading features of the sonnets are the - writer's intense sympathy with human life in general and with - young life in particular; his humour, his music, and, in a word, - the quality which 'leaves a melody afloat upon the brain, a savour - on the mental palate.'" - - _Bookman._--"The Memoir, by Mr. W. A. Gill, is a sympathetic - sketch of an earnest and lovable character; and the critical - estimate, by J. Addington Symonds, is a charmingly-written and - suggestive essay." - - -APOLOGIA DIFFIDENTIS. By W. COMPTON LEITH. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. - - [** asterism] _The book, which is largely autobiographical, - describes the effect of diffidence upon an individual life, and - contains, with a consideration of the nature of shyness, a plea - for a kindlier judgment of the inveterate case._ - - _Daily Mail._--"Mr. Leith has written a very beautiful book, and - perhaps the publisher's claim that this will be a new classic is - not too bold." - - -BOOKS AND PERSONALITIES: Essays. By H. W. NEVINSON. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ -net. - - _Daily Chronicle._--"It is a remarkable thing and probably unique, - that a writer of such personality as the author of 'Between the - Acts' should not only feel, but boldly put on paper, his homage - and complete subjection to the genius of one after another of - these men. He is entirely free from that one common virtue of - critics, which is superiority to the author criticised." - - -OTIA: Essays. By ARMINE THOMAS KENT. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - -BOOKS AND PLAYS: A Volume of Essays on Meredith, Borrow, Ibsen, and -others. By ALLAN MONKHOUSE. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. - - -LIBER AMORIS; OR, THE NEW PYGMALION. By WILLIAM HAZLITT. Edited, with -an introduction, by RICHARD LE GALLIENNE. To which is added an exact -transcript of the original MS., Mrs. Hazlitt's Diary in Scotland, and -Letters never before published. Portrait after BEWICK, and facsimile -Letters. 400 copies only. 4to. 364 pp. Buckram. 21_s._ net. - - -TERRORS OF THE LAW: being the Portraits of Three Lawyers--the original -Weir of Hermiston, "Bloody Jeffreys," and "Bluidy Advocate Mackenzie." -By FRANCIS WATT. With 3 Photogravure Portraits. Fcap. 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._ -net. - - _The Literary World._--"The book is altogether entertaining; it is - brisk, lively, and effective. Mr. Watt has already, in his two - series of 'The Law's Lumber Room,' established his place as an - essayist in legal lore, and the present book will increase his - reputation." - - -CHAMPIONS OF THE FLEET. Captains and Men-of-War in the Days that -Helped to make the Empire. By EDWARD FRASER. With 16 Full-page -Illustrations. Crown 8vo. - - [** asterism] _Mr. Fraser takes in the whole range of our Navy's - story. First there is the story of the "Dreadnought," told for the - first time: how the name was originally selected by Elizabeth, why - she chose it, the launch, how under Drake she fought against the - Armada, how her captain was knighted on the quarter-deck in the - presence of the enemy. From this point the name is traced down to - the present leviathan which bears it. This is but one of the - "champions" dealt with in Mr. Fraser's volume, which is - illustrated by some very interesting reproductions._ - - -THE LONDONS OF THE BRITISH FLEET: The Story of Ships bearing the name -of Old Renown in Naval Annals. By EDWARD FRASER. With 8 Illustrations -in colours, and 20 in black and white. - - JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD, VIGO STREET, LONDON, W. - - - - -Transcriber's Notes: - - -Obvious punctuation and spelling errors have been fixed throughout. - -Non-Latin characters have been replaced with the nearest Latin -equivalent for example [oe] (the oe ligature), was replaced with oe. - -Inconsistent hyphenation has been left as in the original text. - -Inconsistent spelling of names has been left as in the original. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cornish Characters, by S. Baring-Gould - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORNISH CHARACTERS *** - -***** This file should be named 41775.txt or 41775.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/7/7/41775/ - -Produced by Douglas L. Alley, III, Chris Curnow and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at - www.gutenberg.org/license. - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/41775.zip b/41775.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index bc442df..0000000 --- a/41775.zip +++ /dev/null |