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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41730 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 41730-h.htm or 41730-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41730/41730-h/41730-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41730/41730-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      http://archive.org/details/dixieafterwarexp00avar
+
+
+
+
+
+DIXIE AFTER THE WAR
+
+
+[Illustration: JEFFERSON DAVIS
+
+After his prison life
+
+Copyright 1867, by Anderson]
+
+
+DIXIE AFTER THE WAR
+
+An Exposition of Social Conditions Existing
+in the South, During the Twelve Years
+Succeeding the Fall of Richmond.
+
+by
+
+MYRTA LOCKETT AVARY
+
+Author of "A Virginia Girl in the Civil War"
+
+With an Introduction by General Clement A. Evans
+
+Illustrated from old paintings, daguerreotypes and rare photographs
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York
+Doubleday, Page & Company
+1906
+
+Copyright, 1906, by Doubleday, Page & Company
+Published September, 1906
+
+All rights reserved,
+including that of translation into foreign languages,
+including the Scandinavian
+
+
+
+
+  To
+
+  THE MEMORY OF MY BROTHER,
+  PHILIP LOCKETT,
+
+  (_First Lieutenant, Company G, 14th Virginia Infantry,
+  Armistead's Brigade, Pickett's Division, C. S. A._)
+
+  _Entering the Confederate Army, when hardly more
+  than a lad, he followed General Robert E.
+  Lee for four years, surrendering at Appomattox.
+  He was in Pickett's immortal
+  charge at Gettysburg, and with
+  Armistead when Armistead
+  fell on Cemetery Hill._
+
+
+
+
+The faces I see before me are those of young men. Had you not been this I
+would not have appeared alone as the defender of my southland, but for
+love of her I break my silence and speak to you. Before you lies the
+future--a future full of golden promise, full of recompense for noble
+endeavor, full of national glory before which the world will stand amazed.
+Let me beseech you to lay aside all rancor, and all bitter sectional
+feeling, and take your place in the rank of those who will bring about a
+conciliation out of which will issue a reunited country.--_From an address
+by Jefferson Davis in his last years, to the young men of the South_
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+This book may be called a revelation. It seems to me a body of discoveries
+that should not be kept from the public--discoveries which have origin in
+many sources but are here brought together in one book for the first time.
+
+No book hitherto published portrays so fully and graphically the social
+conditions existing in the South for the twelve years following the fall
+of Richmond, none so vividly presents race problems. It is the kind of
+history a witness gives. The author received from observers and
+participants the larger part of the incidents and anecdotes which she
+employs. Those who lived during reconstruction are passing away so rapidly
+that data, unless gathered now, can never be had thus at first hand; every
+year increases the difficulty. Mrs. Avary's experience as author, editor
+and journalist, her command of shorthand and her social connections have
+opened up opportunities not usually accessible to one person; added to
+this is the balance of sympathy which she is able to strike as a Southern
+woman who has sojourned much at the North. In these pages she renders a
+public service. She aids the American to better understanding of his
+country's past and clearer concept of its present.
+
+In connection with the book's genesis, it may be said that the author grew
+up after the war on a large Virginia plantation where her parents kept
+open house in the true Southern fashion. Two public roads which united at
+their gates, were thoroughfares linking county-towns in Virginia and North
+Carolina, and were much traveled by jurists, lawyers and politicians on
+their way to and from various court sittings; these gentlemen often found
+it both convenient and pleasant to stop for supper and over night at
+Lombardy Grove, particularly as a son of the house was of their guild.
+Perhaps few of the company thus gathered realised what an earnest listener
+they had in the little girl, Myrta, who sat intent at her father's or
+brother's knee, drinking in eagerly the discussions and stories. To
+impressions and information so acquired much was added through family
+correspondence with relatives and friends in Petersburg, Richmond,
+Atlanta, the Carolinas; also, in experiences related by these friends and
+relatives when hospitalities were exchanged; interesting and eventful
+diaries, too, were at the author's disposal. Such was her unconscious
+preparation for the writing of this book. Her conscious preparation was a
+tour of several Southern States recently undertaken for the purpose of
+collecting fresh data and substantiating information already possessed.
+
+While engaged, for a season, in journalism in New York, she put out her
+first Southern book, "A Virginia Girl in the Civil War" (1903). This met
+with such warm welcome that she was promptly called upon for a second
+dealing with post-bellum life from a woman's viewpoint. The result was the
+Southern journey mentioned, the accidental discovery and presentment
+(1905) of the war journal of Mrs. James Chestnut ("A Diary From Dixie"),
+and the writing of the present volume which, I think, exceeds her
+commission, inasmuch as it is not only what is known as a "woman's book"
+but is a "man's book" also, exhibiting a masculine grasp, explained by its
+origin, of political situations, and an intimate personal tone in dealing
+with the lighter social side of things, possible only to a woman's pen. It
+is a very unusual book. All readers may not accept the author's
+conclusions, but I think that all must be interested in what she says and
+impressed with her spirit of fairness and her painstaking effort to
+present a truthful picture of an extraordinary social and political period
+in our national life. Her work stimulates interest in Southern history. A
+safe prophecy is that this book will be the precursor of as many
+post-bellum memoirs of feminine authorship as was "A Virginia Girl" of
+memoirs of war-time.
+
+No successor can be more comprehensive, as a glance at the table of
+contents will show. The tragedy, pathos, corruption, humour, and
+absurdities of the military dictatorship and of reconstruction, the
+topsy-turvy conditions generally, domestic upheaval, negroes voting, Black
+and Tan Conventions and Legislatures, disorder on plantations, Loyal
+Leagues and Freedmen's Bureaus, Ku Klux and Red Shirts, are presented with
+a vividness akin to the camera's. A wide interest is appealed to in the
+earlier chapters narrating incidents connected with Mr. Lincoln's visit to
+Richmond, Mr. Davis' journeyings, capture and imprisonment, the arrest of
+Vice-President Stephens and the effort to capture General Toombs. Those
+which deal with the Federal occupation of Columbia and Richmond at once
+rivet attention. The most full and graphic description of the situation in
+the latter city just after the war, that has yet been produced, is given,
+and I think the interpretation of Mr. Davis' course in leaving Richmond
+instead of remaining and trying to enter into peace negotiations, is a
+point not hitherto so clearly taken.
+
+As a bird's-eye view of the South after the war, the book is expositive of
+its title, every salient feature of the time and territory being brought
+under observation. The States upon which attention is chiefly focussed,
+however, are Virginia and South Carolina, two showing reconstruction at
+its best and worst. The reader does not need assurance that this volume
+cost the author years of well-directed labour; hasty effort could not have
+produced a work of such depth, breadth and variety. It will meet with
+prompt welcome, I am sure, and its value will not diminish with years.
+
+CLEMENT A. EVANS.
+
+_Atlanta, Ga._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                      PAGE
+
+  CHAPTER I. THE FALLING CROSS                                           3
+
+  CHAPTER II. "WHEN THIS CRUEL WAR IS OVER"                              9
+
+  CHAPTER III. THE ARMY OF THE UNION: THE CHILDREN AND THE FLAG         15
+
+  CHAPTER IV. THE COMING OF LINCOLN                                     29
+
+  CHAPTER V. THE LAST CAPITAL OF THE CONFEDERACY                        47
+
+  CHAPTER VI. THE COUNSEL OF LEE                                        67
+
+  CHAPTER VII. "THE SADDEST GOOD FRIDAY"                                77
+
+  CHAPTER VIII. THE WRATH OF THE NORTH                                  89
+
+  CHAPTER IX. THE CHAINING OF JEFFERSON DAVIS                          101
+
+  CHAPTER X. OUR FRIENDS, THE ENEMY                                    107
+
+  CHAPTER XI. BUTTONS, LOVERS, OATHS, WAR LORDS, AND PRAYERS FOR
+  PRESIDENTS                                                           123
+
+  CHAPTER XII. CLUBBED TO HIS KNEES                                    139
+
+  CHAPTER XIII. NEW FASHIONS: A LITTLE BONNET AND AN ALPACA SKIRT      147
+
+  CHAPTER XIV. THE GENERAL IN THE CORNFIELD                            155
+
+  CHAPTER XV. TOURNAMENTS AND STARVATION PARTIES                       167
+
+  CHAPTER XVI. THE BONDAGE OF THE FREE                                 179
+
+  CHAPTER XVII. BACK TO VOODOOISM                                      201
+
+  CHAPTER XVIII. THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU                                 209
+
+  CHAPTER XIX. THE PRISONER OF FORTRESS MONROE                         219
+
+  CHAPTER XX. RECONSTRUCTION ORATORY                                   229
+
+  CHAPTER XXI. THE PRISONER FREE                                       237
+
+  CHAPTER XXII. A LITTLE PLAIN HISTORY                                 247
+
+  CHAPTER XXIII. THE BLACK AND TAN CONVENTION: THE "MIDNIGHT
+  CONSTITUTION"                                                        253
+
+  CHAPTER XXIV. SECRET SOCIETIES: LOYAL LEAGUE, WHITE CAMELIAS,
+  WHITE BROTHERHOOD, PALE FACES, KU KLUX                               263
+
+  CHAPTER XXV. THE SOUTHERN BALLOT-BOX                                 281
+
+  CHAPTER XXVI. THE WHITE CHILD                                        297
+
+  CHAPTER XXVII. SCHOOLMARMS AND OTHER NEWCOMERS                       311
+
+  CHAPTER XXVIII. THE CARPET-BAGGER                                    325
+
+  CHAPTER XXIX. THE DEVIL ON THE SANTEE (A RICE-PLANTER'S STORY)       341
+
+  CHAPTER XXX. BATTLE FOR THE STATE-HOUSE                              353
+
+  CHAPTER XXXI. CRIME AGAINST WOMANHOOD                                377
+
+  CHAPTER XXXII. RACE PREJUDICE                                        391
+
+  CHAPTER XXXIII. MEMORIAL DAY AND DECORATION DAY. CONFEDERATE
+  SOCIETIES                                                            405
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  JEFFERSON DAVIS                                 _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                     FACING PAGE
+
+  THE RUINS OF MILLWOOD                                        6
+
+  MRS. JEFFERSON DAVIS                                        10
+
+  THE WHITE HOUSE                                             32
+
+  THE GOVERNOR'S MANSION, Richmond                            36
+
+  ST. PAUL'S CHURCH                                           48
+
+  THE LAST CAPITOL OF THE CONFEDERACY                         52
+
+  THE OLD BANK, Washington, Ga.                               56
+
+  GENERAL AND MRS. JOHN H. MORGAN                             62
+
+  THE LEE RESIDENCE, Richmond                                 68
+
+  MRS. ROBERT E. LEE                                          72
+
+  MRS. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON                                     80
+
+  LIBBY PRISON                                                92
+
+  MRS. DAVID L. YULEE                                        110
+
+  MISS MARY MEADE                                            120
+
+  MRS. HENRY L. POPE                                         128
+
+  MRS. WILLIAM HOWELL                                        134
+
+  MRS. ANDREW GRAY                                           134
+
+  MISS ADDIE PRESCOTT                                        168
+
+  MRS. DAVID URQUHART                                        174
+
+  MRS. LEONIDAS POLK                                         180
+
+  MRS. ANDREW PICKENS CALHOUN                                196
+
+  FORTRESS MONROE                                            222
+
+  HISTORICAL PETIT JURY                                      238
+
+  MRS. AUGUSTA EVANS WILSON                                  248
+
+  MME. OCTAVIA WALTON LE VERT                                248
+
+  MRS. DAVID R. WILLIAMS                                     268
+
+  MISS EMILY V. MASON                                        304
+
+  MRS. WADE HAMPTON                                          346
+
+  RADICAL MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF SOUTH CAROLINA       354
+
+  THE SOUTHERN CROSS                                         364
+
+  MRS. REBECCA CALHOUN PICKENS BACON                         406
+
+  MRS. ROGER A. PRYOR                                        412
+
+  WINNIE DAVIS, the Daughter of the Confederacy              416
+
+
+
+
+THE FALLING CROSS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE FALLING CROSS
+
+
+"The Southern Cross" and a cross that fell during the burning of Columbia
+occur to my mind in unison.
+
+With the Confederate Army gone and Richmond open to the Federal Army, her
+people remembered New Orleans, Atlanta, Columbia. New Orleans, where
+"Beast Butler" issued orders giving his soldiers license to treat ladies
+offending them as "women of the town." Atlanta, whose citizens were
+ordered to leave; General Hood had protested and Mayor Calhoun had plead
+the cause of the old and feeble, of women that were with child; and of
+them that turned out of their houses had nowhere to go, and without money,
+food, or shelter, must perish in woods and waysides. General Sherman had
+replied: "I give full credit to your statements of the distress that will
+be occasioned, yet shall not revoke my orders, because they were not
+designed to meet the humanities of the case. You cannot qualify war in
+harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it." "The
+order to depopulate Atlanta was obeyed amid agonies and sorrows
+indescribable," Colonel J. H. Keatley, U. S. A., has affirmed.
+
+There are some who hold with General Sherman that the most merciful way to
+conduct war is to make it as merciless and horrible as possible, and so
+end it the quicker. One objection to this is that it creates in a
+subjugated people such hatred and distrust of the conquering army and
+government that a generation or two must die out before this passes away;
+and therefore, in a very real sense, the method does not make quick end of
+conflict.
+
+Richmond remembered how Mayor Goodwin went to meet General Sherman and
+surrendered Columbia, praying for it his pity and protection. General
+Sherman had said: "Go home and sleep in peace, Mr. Mayor. Your city shall
+be safe." Mayor Goodwin returned, praising General Sherman. By next
+morning, the City of Gardens was almost swept from the face of the earth.
+The rabble ("my bummers," General Sherman laughingly called his men set
+apart for such work), pouring into the town, had invaded and sacked homes,
+driving inmates--among these mothers with new-born babes--into the
+streets; they had demolished furniture, fired dwellings.
+
+Houses of worship were not spared. The Methodist Church, at whose altar
+the Sabbath before Rev. William Martin had administered the Sacrament to
+over four hundred negroes, was burned. So was the Ursuline Convent. This
+institution was a branch of the order in Ohio; it sheltered nuns and
+students of both sections; Protestant and Catholic alike were there in
+sanctuary. One Northern Sister had lost two brothers in the Federal Army.
+Another was joyously hoping to find in Sherman's ranks one or more of her
+five Yankee brothers. The shock of that night killed her. A Western girl
+was "hoping yet fearing" to see her kinsmen. Guards, appointed for
+protection, aided in destruction. Rooms were invaded, trunks rifled.
+Drunken soldiers blew smoke in nuns' faces, saying:
+
+"Holy! holy! O yes, we are holy as you!" And: "What do you think of God
+now? Is not Sherman greater?" Because of the sacred character of the
+establishment, because General Sherman was a Catholic, and because he had
+sent assurances of protection to the Mother Superior, they had felt safe.
+But they had to go.
+
+"I marched in the procession through the blazing streets," wrote the
+Western girl, "venerable Father O'Connell at the head holding high the
+crucifix, the black-robed Mother Superior and the _religieuses_ following
+with their charges, the white-faced, frightened girls and children, all in
+line and in perfect order. They sought the Catholic church for safety, and
+the Sisters put the little ones to sleep on the cushioned pews; then the
+children, driven out by roystering soldiers, ran stumbling and
+terror-stricken into the graveyard and crouched behind gravestones."
+
+One soldier said he was sorry for the women and children of South
+Carolina, but the hotbed of secession must be destroyed. "But I am not a
+South Carolinian," retorted the Western girl, "I am from Ohio. Our Mother
+Superior was in the same Convent in Ohio with General Sherman's sister and
+daughter." "The General ought to know that," he responded quickly. "If you
+are from Ohio--that's my state--I'll help you." For answer, she pointed to
+the Convent; the cross above it was falling.
+
+They recur to my mind in unison--that cross, sacred alike to North and
+South, falling above a burning city, and the falling Southern Cross,
+Dixie's beautiful battle-flag.
+
+Two nuns, conferring apart if it would not be well to take the children
+into the woods, heard a deep, sad voice saying: "Your position distresses
+me greatly!" Startled, they turned to perceive a Federal officer beside a
+tombstone just behind them. "Are you a Catholic," they asked, "that you
+pity us?" "No; simply a man and a soldier." Dawn came, and with it some
+Irish soldiers to early Mass. Appalled, they cried: "O, this will never
+do! Send for the General! The General would never permit it!"
+
+At reveille all arson, looting and violence had ceased as by magic, even
+as conflagration had started as by magic in the early hours of the night
+when four signal rockets went up from as many corners of the town. But the
+look of the desolated city in the glare of daylight was indescribable.
+Around the church were broken and empty trunks and boxes; in the entrance
+stood a harp with broken strings.
+
+General Sherman came riding by; the Mother Superior summoned him; calmly
+facing the Attila of his day, she said in her clear, sweet voice:
+"General, this is how you keep your promise to me, a cloistered nun, and
+these my sacred charges." General Sherman answered: "Madame, it is all the
+fault of your negroes, who gave my soldiers liquor to drink."
+
+General Sherman, in official report, charged the burning of Columbia to
+General Hampton, and in his "Memoirs" gives his reason: "I confess that I
+did so to shake the faith of his people in him"; and asserts that his
+"right wing," "having utterly ruined Columbia," passed on to Winnsboro.
+
+Living witnesses tell how that firing was done. A party of soldiers would
+enter a dwelling, search and rifle; and in departing throw wads of burning
+paper into closets, corners, under beds, into cellars. Another party would
+repeat the process. Family and servants would follow after, removing wads
+and extinguishing flames until ready to drop. Devastation for secession,
+that was what was made plain in South Carolina; if the hotbed of "heresy"
+had to be destroyed for her sins, what of the Confederate Capital,
+Richmond, the long-desired, the "heart of the Rebellion"?
+
+[Illustration: THE RUINS OF MILLWOOD
+
+Millwood was the ancestral home of General Hampton, and was burned by
+Sherman's orders. The property is now owned by General Hampton's sisters.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"WHEN THIS CRUEL WAR IS OVER"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+"WHEN THIS CRUEL WAR IS OVER"
+
+
+"When this cruel war is over" was the name of one of our war songs. So
+many things we planned to do when the war should be over. With the fall of
+the Southern Capital the war was over, though we did not know it at once.
+
+Again and again has the story been told of Sunday, April 2, in Richmond.
+The message brought into St. Paul's Church from Lee to Davis, saying
+Richmond could no longer be defended; the quiet departure of the
+President; the noble bearing of the beloved rector, Rev. Dr. Minnegerode;
+the self-control of the troubled people remaining; the solemn Communion
+Service; these are all a part now of American history of that sad time
+when brother strove with brother; a time whose memories should never be
+revived for the purpose of keeping rancor alive, but that should be
+unfalteringly remembered, and every phase of it diligently studied, that
+our common country may in no wise lose the lesson for which we of the
+North and South paid so tremendous a price.
+
+Into Dr. Hoge's church a hurried messenger came. The pastor read the note
+handed up to him, bowed his head in silent prayer, and then said:
+"Brethren, trying scenes are before us; General Lee has suffered reverses.
+But remember that God is with us in the storm as well as in the calm. Go
+quietly to your homes, and whatever may be in store for us, let us not
+forget that we are Christian men and women. The blessing of the Father,
+the Son, and the Holy Ghost be with us all. Amen." So other pastors
+commended their people.
+
+None who lived through that Sabbath could forget it. Our Government, our
+soldiers, hurrying off; women saying goodbye to husband, lover, brother,
+or friend, and urging haste; everybody who could go, going, when means of
+transportation were insufficient for Government uses, and "a kingdom for a
+horse" could not buy one--horses brought that day $1,000 apiece in gold;
+handsome houses full of beautiful furniture left open and deserted; people
+of all sexes, colors and classes running hither and yon; boxes and barrels
+dragged about the streets from open commissary stores; explosions as of
+earthquakes; houses aflame; the sick and dying brought out; streets
+running liquid fire where liquor had been emptied into gutters, that it
+might not be available for invading troops; bibulous wretches in the midst
+of the terror, brooding over such waste; drunken roughs and looters, white
+and black, abroad; the penitentiary disgorging striped hordes; the ribald
+songs, the anguish, the fears, the tumult; the noble calm of brave souls,
+the patient endurance of sweet women and gentle children--these are all a
+part of American history, making thereon a page blistered with tears for
+some; and for others, illumined with symbols of triumph and glory.
+
+And yet, we are of one blood, and the triumph and glory of one is the
+triumph and glory of the other; the anguish and tears of one the anguish
+and tears of the other; and the shame of one is the shame of both.
+
+The fire was largely due to accident. In obedience to law, Confederate
+forces, in evacuating the city, fired tobacco warehouses, ordnance and
+other Government stores, gunboats in the James and bridges spanning the
+river. A wind, it is said, carried sparks towards the town, igniting first
+one building and then another; incendiarism lent aid that pilfering
+might go on in greater security through public disorder and distress.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. JEFFERSON DAVIS]
+
+During the night detonations of exploding gunboats could be heard for
+miles, the noise and shock and lurid lights adding to the wretchedness of
+those within the city, and the anxieties of those who beheld its burnings
+from afar; among these, the advancing enemy, who was not without uneasy
+speculations lest he find Richmond, as Napoleon found Moscow, in ashes.
+General Shepley, U. S. A., has described the scene witnessed from his
+position near Petersburg, as a most beautiful and awful display of
+fireworks, the heavens at three o'clock being suddenly filled with
+bursting shells, red lights, Roman candles, fiery serpents, golden
+fountains, falling stars.
+
+Nearly all the young men were gone; the fire department, without a full
+force of operatives, without horses, without hose, was unable to cope with
+the situation. Old men, women and children, and negro servants fought the
+flames as well as they could.
+
+Friends and relatives who were living in Richmond then have told me about
+their experiences until I seem to have shared them. One who appears in
+these pages as Matoaca, gives me this little word-picture of the morning
+after the evacuation:
+
+"I went early to the War Department, where I had been employed, to get
+letters out of my desk. The desk was open. Everything was open. Our
+President, our Government, our soldiers were gone. The papers were found
+and I started homeward. We saw rolls of smoke ahead, and trod carefully
+the fiery streets. Suddenly my companion caught my arm, crying: 'Is not
+that the sound of cavalry?' We hurried, almost running. Soon after we
+entered the house, some one exclaimed:
+
+"'God help us! The United States flag is flying over our Capitol!'
+
+"I laid my head on Uncle Randolph's knee and shivered. He placed his hand
+lightly on my head and said: 'Trust in God, my child. They can not be
+cruel to us. We are defenseless.' He had fought for that flag in Mexico.
+He had stood by Virginia, but he had always been a Unionist. I thought of
+New Orleans, Atlanta, Columbia."
+
+An impression obtained that to negro troops was assigned the honor of
+first entering Richmond, hauling down the Southern Cross and hoisting in
+its place the Stars and Stripes. "Harper's Weekly" said: "It was fitting
+that the old flag should be restored by soldiers of the race to secure
+whose eternal degradation that flag had been pulled down." Whether the
+assignment was made or not, I am unable to say; if it was, it was not very
+graceful or wise on the part of our conquerors, and had it been carried
+out, would have been prophetic of what came after--the subversion.
+
+White troops first entered Richmond, and a white man ran up the flag of
+the Union over our Capitol. General Shepley says that to his aide,
+Lieutenant de Peyster, he accorded the privilege as a reward for caring
+for his old flag that had floated over City Hall in New Orleans. On the
+other hand, it is asserted that Major Stevens performed the historic
+office, running up the two small guidons of the Fourth Massachusetts
+Cavalry, which were presently displaced by the large flag Lieutenant de
+Peyster had been carrying in the holster at his saddle-bow for many a day,
+that it might be in readiness for the use to which he now put it.
+
+
+
+
+THE ARMY OF THE UNION
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE ARMY OF THE UNION: THE CHILDREN AND THE FLAG
+
+
+The Army of the Union entered Richmond with almost the solemnity of a
+processional entering church. It was occasion for solemn procession, that
+entrance into our burning city where a stricken people, flesh of their
+flesh and bone of their bone, watched in terror for their coming.
+
+Our broken-hearted people closed their windows and doors and shut out as
+far as they could all sights and sounds. Yet through closed lattice there
+came that night to those living near Military Headquarters echoes of
+rejoicings.
+
+Early that fateful morning, Mayor Mayo, Judge Meredith and Judge Lyons
+went out to meet the incoming foe and deliver up the keys of the city.
+Their coach of state was a dilapidated equipage, the horses being but
+raw-boned shadows of better days when there were corn and oats in the
+land. They carried a piece of wallpaper, on the unflowered side of which
+articles of surrender were inscribed in dignified terms setting forth that
+"it is proper to formally surrender the City of Richmond, hitherto Capital
+of the Confederate States of America." Had the words been engraved on
+satin in letters of gold, Judge Lyons (who had once represented the United
+States at the Court of St. James) could not have performed the honours of
+introduction between the municipal party and the Federal officers with
+statelier grace, nor could the latter have received the instrument of
+submission with profounder courtesy. "We went out not knowing what we
+would encounter," Mayor Mayo reported, "and we met a group of
+Chesterfields." Major Atherton H. Stevens, of General Weitzel's staff, was
+the immediate recipient of the wallpaper document.
+
+General Weitzel and his associates were merciful to the stricken city;
+they aided her people in extinguishing the flames; restored order and gave
+protection. Guards were posted wherever needed, with instructions to
+repress lawlessness, and they did it. To this day, Richmond people rise up
+in the gates and praise that Army of the Occupation as Columbia's people
+can never praise General Sherman's. Good effect on popular sentiment was
+immediate.
+
+Among many similar incidents of the times is this, as related by a
+prominent physician:
+
+"When I returned from my rounds at Chimborazo I found a Yankee soldier
+sitting on my stoop with my little boy, Walter, playing with the tassels
+and buttons on his uniform. He arose and saluted courteously, and told me
+he was there to guard my property. 'I am under orders,' he said, 'to
+comply with any wish you may express.'"
+
+Dr. Gildersleeve, in an address (June, 1904) before the Association of
+Medical Officers of the Army and Navy, C. S. A., referred to Chimborazo
+Hospital as "the most noted and largest military hospital in the annals of
+history, ancient or modern." With its many white buildings and tents on
+Chimborazo Hill, it looked like a town and a military post, which latter
+it was, with Dr. James B. McCaw for Commandant. General Weitzel and his
+staff visited the hospital promptly. Dr. McCaw and his corps in full
+uniform received them. Dr. Mott, General Weitzel's Chief Medical
+Director, exclaimed: "Ain't that old Jim McCaw?" "Yes," said "Jim McCaw,"
+"and don't you want a drink?" "Invite the General, too," answered Dr.
+Mott. General Weitzel issued passes to Dr. McCaw and his corps, and gave
+verbal orders that Chimborazo Confederates should be taken care of under
+all circumstances. He proposed to take Dr. McCaw and his corps into the
+Federal service, thus arming him with power to make requisition for
+supplies, medicines, etc., which offer the doctor, as a loyal Confederate,
+was unable to accept.
+
+Others of our physicians and surgeons found friends in Federal ranks. To
+how many poor Boys in Blue, longing for home and kindred, had not they and
+our women ministered! The orders of the Confederate Government were that
+the sick and wounded of both armies should be treated alike. True, nobody
+had the best of fare, for we had it not to give. We were without
+medicines; it was almost impossible to get morphia, quinine, and other
+remedies. Quinine was $400 an ounce, when it could be bought at all, even
+in the earlier years of the war. Our women became experts in manufacturing
+substitutes out of native herbs and roots. We ran wofully short of
+dressings and bandages, and bundles of old rags became treasures
+priceless. But the most cruel shortage was in food. Bitter words in
+Northern papers and by Northern speakers--after our defeat intensified,
+multiplied, and illustrated--about our treatment of prisoners exasperated
+us. "Will they never learn," we asked, "that on such rations as we gave
+our prisoners, our men were fighting in the field? We had not food for
+ourselves; the North blockaded us so we could not bring food from outside,
+and refused to exchange prisoners with us. What could we do?"
+
+I wonder how many men now living remember certain loaves of wheaten bread
+which the women of Richmond collected with difficulty in the last days of
+the war and sent to Miss Emily V. Mason, our "Florence Nightingale," for
+our own boys. "Boys," Miss Emily announced--sick soldiers, if graybeards,
+were "boys" to "Cap'n," as they all called Miss Emily--"I have some
+flour-bread which the ladies of Richmond have sent you." Cheers, and other
+expressions of thankfulness. "The poor, sick Yankees," Miss Emily went on
+falteringly--uneasy countenances in the ward--"_can't_ eat corn-bread--"
+"Give the flour-bread to the poor, sick Yankees, Cap'n!" came in cheerful,
+if quavering chorus from the cots. "_We_ can eat corn-bread. Gruel is good
+for us. We _like_ mush. Oughtn't to have flour-bread nohow." "Poor
+fellows!" "Cap'n" said proudly of their self-denial, "they were tired to
+death of corn-bread in all forms, and it was not good for them, for nearly
+all had intestinal disorders."
+
+Along with this corn-bread story, I recall how Dr. Minnegerode,
+Protestant, and Bishop Magill, Catholic, used to meet each other on the
+street, and the one would say: "Doctor, lend me a dollar for a sick
+Yankee." And the other: "Bishop, I was about to ask _you_ for a dollar for
+a sick Yankee." And how Annie E. Johns, of North Carolina, said she had
+seen Confederate soldiers take provisions from their own haversacks and
+give them to Federal prisoners _en route_ to Salisbury. As matron, she
+served in hospitals for the sick and wounded of both armies. She said:
+"When I was in a hospital for Federals, I felt as if these men would
+defend me as promptly as our own."
+
+In spite of the pillage, vandalism and violence they suffered, Southern
+women were not so biassed as to think that the gentle and brave could be
+found only among the wearers of the gray. Even in Sherman's Army were the
+gentle and brave upon whom fell obloquy due the "bummers" only. I have
+heard many stories like that of the boyish guard who, tramping on his beat
+around a house he was detailed to protect, asked of a young mother: "Why
+does your baby cry so?" She lifted her pale face, saying: "My baby is
+hungry. I have had no food--and so--I have no nourishment for him." Tears
+sprang into his eyes, and he said: "I will be relieved soon; I will draw
+my rations and bring them to you." He brought her his hands full of all
+good things he could find--sugar, tea, and coffee. And like that of two
+young Philadelphians who left grateful hearts behind them along the line
+of Sherman's march because they made a business of seeing how many women
+and children they could relieve and protect. In Columbia, during the
+burning, men in blue sought to stay ravages wrought by other men in blue.
+I hate to say hard things of men in blue, and I must say all the good
+things I can; because many were unworthy to wear the blue, many who were
+worthy have carried reproach.
+
+On that morning of the occupation, our women sat behind closed windows,
+unable to consider the new path stretching before them. The way seemed to
+end at a wall. Could they have looked over and seen what lay ahead, they
+would have lost what little heart of hope they had; could vision have
+extended far enough, they might have won it back; they would have beheld
+some things unbelievable. For instance, they would have seen the little
+boy who played with the buttons and tassels, grown to manhood and wearing
+the uniform of an officer of the United States; they would have seen
+Southern men walking the streets of Richmond and other Southern cities
+with "U. S. A." on their haversacks; and Southern men and Northern men
+fighting side by side in Cuba and the Philippines, and answering alike to
+the name, "Yankees."
+
+On the day of the occupation, Miss Mason and Mrs. Rhett went out to meet
+General Weitzel and stated that Mrs. Lee was an invalid, unable to walk,
+and that her house, like that of General Chilton and others, was in danger
+of fire. "What!" he exclaimed, "Mrs. Lee in danger? General Fitz Lee's
+mother, who nursed me so tenderly when I was sick at West Point! What can
+I do for her? Command me!" "We mean Mrs. Robert E. Lee," they said. "We
+want ambulances to move Mrs. Lee and other invalids and children to places
+of safety." Using his knee as a writing-table, he wrote an order for five
+ambulances; and the ladies rode off. Miss Emily's driver became suddenly
+and mysteriously tipsy and she had to put an arm around him and back up
+the vehicle herself to General Chilton's door, where his children, her
+nieces, were waiting, their dollies close clasped.
+
+"Come along, Virginia aristocracy!" hiccoughed the befuddled Jehu. "I
+won't bite you! Come along, Virginia aristocracy!"
+
+A passing officer came to the rescue, and the party were soon safely
+housed in the beautiful Rutherford home.
+
+The Federals filled Libby Prison with Confederates, many of whom were
+paroled prisoners found in the city. Distressed women surrounded the
+prison, begging to know if loved ones were there; others plead to take
+food inside. Some called, while watching windows: "Let down your tin cup
+and I will put something in it." Others cried: "Is my husband in there? O,
+William, answer me if you are!" "Is my son, Johnny, here?" "O, please
+somebody tell me if my boy is in the prison!" Miss Emily passed quietly
+through the crowd, her hospital reputation securing admission to the
+prison; she was able to render much relief to those within, and to subdue
+the anxiety of those without.
+
+"Heigho, Johnny Reb! in there now where we used to be!" yelled one Yankee
+complacently. "Been in there myself. D----d sorry for you, Johnnies!" called
+up another.
+
+A serio-comic incident of the grim period reveals the small boy in an
+attitude different from that of him who was dandled on the Federal knee.
+Some tiny lads mounted guard on the steps of a house opposite Military
+Headquarters, and, being intensely "rebel" and having no other means of
+expressing defiance to invaders, made faces at the distinguished occupants
+of the establishment across the way. General Patrick, Provost-Marshal
+General, sent a courteously worded note to their father, calling his
+attention to these juvenile demonstrations. He explained that while he was
+not personally disturbed by the exhibition, members of his staff were, and
+that the children might get into trouble. The proper guardians of the wee
+insurgents, acting upon this information, their first of the battery
+unlimbered on their door-step, saw that the artillery was retired in good
+order, and peace and normal countenances reigned over the scene of the
+late engagements.
+
+I open a desultory diary Matoaca kept, and read:
+
+"If the United States flag were my flag--if I loved it--I would not try to
+make people pass under it who do not want to. I would not let them. It is
+natural that we should go out of our way to avoid walking under it, a
+banner that has brought us so much pain and woe and want--that has
+desolated our whole land.
+
+"Some Yankees stretched a flag on a cord from tree to tree across the way
+our children had to come into Richmond. The children saw it and cried
+out; and the driver was instructed to go another way. A Federal soldier
+standing near--a guard, sentinel or picket--ordered the driver to turn
+back and drive under that flag. He obeyed, and the children were weeping
+and wailing as the carriage rolled under it."
+
+In Raymond, Mississippi, negro troops strung a flag across the street and
+drove the white children under it. In Atlanta, two society belles were
+arrested because they made a detour rather than walk under the flag. Such
+desecration of the symbol of liberty and union was committed in many
+places by those in power.
+
+The Union flag is my flag and I love it, and, therefore, I trust that no
+one may ever again pass under it weeping. Those little children were not
+traitors. They were simply human. If in the sixties situations had been
+reversed, and the people of New York, Boston and Chicago had seen the
+Union flag flying over guns that shelled these cities, their children
+would have passed under it weeping and wailing. Perhaps, too, some would
+have sat on doorsteps and "unbeknownst" to their elders have made faces at
+commanding generals across the way; while others climbing upon the enemy's
+knees would have played with gold tassels and brass buttons.
+
+Our newspapers, with the exception of the "Whig" and the "Sentinel,"
+shared in the general wreckage. A Northern gentleman brought out a tiny
+edition of the former in which appeared two military orders promulgating
+the policy General Weitzel intended to pursue. One paragraph read: "The
+people of Richmond are assured that we come to restore to them the
+blessings of peace and prosperity under the flag of the Union."
+
+General Shepley, Military Governor by Weitzel's appointment, repeated this
+in substance, adding: "The soldiers of the command will abstain from any
+offensive or insulting words or gestures towards the citizens." With less
+tact and generosity, he proceeded: "The Armies of the Rebellion having
+abandoned their efforts to enslave the people of Virginia, have
+endeavoured to destroy by fire their Capital.... The first duty of the
+Army of the Union will be to save the city doomed to destruction by the
+Armies of the Rebellion." That fling at our devoted army would have served
+as a clarion call to us--had any been needed--to remember the absent.
+
+"It will be a blunder in us not to overlook that blunder of General
+Shepley's," urged Uncle Randolph.[1] "The important point is that the
+policy of conciliation is to be pursued." With the "Whig" in his hand,
+Uncle Randolph told Matoaca that the Thursday before Virginia seceded a
+procession of prominent Virginians marched up Franklin Street, carrying
+the flag of the Union and singing "Columbia," and that he was with them.
+
+The family questioned if his mind were wandering, when he went on: "The
+breach can be healed--in spite of the bloodshed--if only the Government
+will pursue the right course now. Both sides are tired of hating and being
+hated, killing and being killed--this war between brothers--if Weitzel's
+orders reflect the mind of Lincoln and Grant--and they must--all may be
+well--before so very long."
+
+These were the men of the Union Army who saved Richmond: The First
+Brigade, Third Division (Deven's Division), Twenty-fourth Army Corps, Army
+of the James, Brevet-Brigadier-General Edward H. Ripley commanding. This
+brigade was composed of the Eleventh Connecticut, Thirteenth New
+Hampshire, Nineteenth Wisconsin, Eighty-first New York, Ninety-eighth New
+York, One Hundredth and Thirty-ninth New York, Convalescent detachment
+from the second and third divisions of Sheridan's reinforcements.
+
+"This Brigade led the column in the formal entry, and at the City Hall
+halted while I reported to Major-General Weitzel," says General Ripley.
+"General Weitzel had taken up his position on the platform of the high
+steps at the east front of the Confederate Capitol, and there, looking
+down into a gigantic crater of fire, suffocated and blinded with the vast
+volumes of smoke and cinders which rolled up over and enveloped us, he
+assigned me and my brigade to the apparently hopeless task of stopping the
+conflagration, and suppressing the mob of stragglers, released criminals,
+and negroes, who had far advanced in pillaging the city. He had no
+suggestions to make, no orders to give, except to strain every nerve to
+save the city, crowded as it was with women and children, and the sick and
+wounded of the Army of Northern Virginia.
+
+"After requesting Major-General Weitzel to have all the other troops
+marched out of the city, I took the Hon. Joseph Mayo, then Mayor of
+Richmond, with me to the City Hall, where I established my headquarters.
+With the help of the city officials, I distributed my regiment quickly in
+different sections. The danger to the troops engaged in this terrific
+fire-fighting was infinitely enhanced by the vast quantities of powder and
+shells stored in the section burning. Into this sea of fire, with no less
+courage and self-devotion than as though fighting for their own firesides
+and families, stripped and plunged the brave men of the First Brigade.
+
+"Meanwhile, detachments scoured the city, warning every one from the
+streets to their houses.... Every one carrying plunder was arrested....
+The ladies of Richmond thronged my headquarters, imploring protection.
+They were sent to their homes under the escort of guards, who were
+afterwards posted in the center house of each block, and made responsible
+for the safety of the neighborhood.... Many painful cases of destitution
+were brought to light by the presence of these safeguards in private
+houses, and the soldiers divided rations with their temporary wards, in
+many cases, until a general system of relief was organised."[2]
+
+
+
+
+THE COMING OF LINCOLN
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE COMING OF LINCOLN
+
+
+The South did not know that she had a friend in Abraham Lincoln, and the
+announcement of his presence in Richmond was not calculated to give
+comfort or assurance.
+
+"Abraham Lincoln came unheralded. No bells rang, no guns boomed in salute.
+He held no levee. There was no formal jubilee. He must have been heartless
+as Nero to have chosen that moment for a festival of triumph. He was not
+heartless." So a citizen of Richmond, who was a boy at the time, and out
+doors and everywhere, seeing everything, remembers the coming of Lincoln.
+
+One of the women who sat behind closed windows says: "If there was any
+kind of rejoicing, it must have been of a very somber kind; the sounds of
+it did not reach me." Another who looked through her shutters, said: "I
+saw him in a carriage, the horses galloping through the streets at a
+break-neck speed, his escort clearing the way. The negroes had to be
+cleared out of the way, they impeded his progress so." He was in Richmond
+April 4 and 5, and visited the Davis Mansion, the Capitol, Libby Prison,
+Castle Thunder and other places.
+
+His coming was as simple, business-like, and unpretentious as the man
+himself. Anybody who happened to be in the neighbourhood on the afternoon
+of April 4, might have seen a boat manned by ten or twelve sailors pull
+ashore at a landing above Rockett's, and a tall, lank man step forth,
+"leading a little boy." By resemblance to pictures that had been scattered
+broadcast, this man could have been easily recognized as Abraham Lincoln.
+The little boy was Tad, his son. Major Penrose, who commanded the escort,
+says Tad was not with the President; Admiral Porter, General Shepley and
+others say he was.
+
+Accompanied by Admiral Porter and several other officers and escorted by
+ten sailors, President Lincoln, "holding Tad's hand," walked through the
+city, which was in part a waste of ashes, and the smoke of whose burning
+buildings was still ascending. From remains of smouldering bridges, from
+wreckage of gunboats, from Manchester on the other side of the James, and
+from the city's streets smoke rose as from a sacrifice to greet the
+President.
+
+A Northern newspaper man (who related this story of himself) recognizing
+that it was his business to make news as well as dispense it, saw some
+negroes at work near the landing where an officer was having débris
+removed, and other negroes idling. He said to this one and to that: "Do
+you know that man?" pointing to the tall, lank man who had just stepped
+ashore.
+
+"Who _is_ dat man, marster?"
+
+"Call no man marster. That man set you free. That is Abraham Lincoln. Now
+is your time to shout. Can't you sing, 'God bless you, Father Abraham!'"
+
+That started the ball rolling. The news spread like wild-fire. Mercurial
+blacks, already excited to fever-heat, collected about Mr. Lincoln,
+impeding his progress, kneeling to him, hailing him as "Saviour!" and "My
+Jesus!" They sang, shouted, danced. One woman jumped up and down,
+shrieking: "I'm free! I'm free! I'm free till I'm fool!" Some went into
+the regular Voodoo ecstasy, leaping, whirling, stamping, until their
+clothes were half torn off. Mr. Lincoln made a speech, in which he said:
+
+"My poor friends, you are free--free as air. But you must try to deserve
+this priceless boon. Let the world see that you merit it by your good
+works. Don't let your joy carry you into excesses. Obey God's commandments
+and thank Him for giving you liberty, for to Him you owe all things.
+There, now, let me pass on. I have little time here and much to do. I want
+to go to the Capitol. Let me pass on."
+
+Henry J. Raymond speaks of the President as taking his hat off and bowing
+to an old negro man who knelt and kissed his hand, and adds: "That bow
+upset the forms, laws and customs of centuries; it was a death-shock to
+chivalry, a mortal wound to caste. Recognize a nigger? Faugh!" Which
+proves that Mr. Raymond did not know or wilfully misrepresented a people
+who could not make reply. Northern visitors to the South may yet see
+refutation in old sections where new ways have not corrupted ancient
+courtesy, and where whites and blacks interchange cordial and respectful
+salutations, though they may be perfect strangers to each other, when
+passing on the road. If they are not strangers, greeting is usually more
+than respectful and cordial; it is full of neighbourly and affectionate
+interest in each other and each other's folks.
+
+The memories of the living, even of Federal officers near President
+Lincoln, bear varied versions of his visit. General Shepley relates that
+he was greatly surprised when he saw the crowd in the middle of the
+street, President Lincoln and little Tad leading, and that Mr. Lincoln
+called out:
+
+"Hullo, General! Is that you? I'm walking around looking for Military
+Headquarters."
+
+General Shepley conducted him to our White House, where President Lincoln
+wearily sank into a chair, which happened to be that President Davis was
+wont to occupy while writing his letters, a task suffering frequent
+interruption from some one or other of his children, who had a way of
+stealing in upon him at any and all times to claim a caress.
+
+Upon Mr. Lincoln's arrival, or possibly in advance, when it was understood
+that he would come up from City Point, there was discussion among our
+citizens as to how he should be received--that is, so far as our attitude
+toward him was concerned. There were several ways of looking at the
+problem. Our armies were still in the field, and all sorts of rumors were
+afloat, some accrediting them with victories.
+
+A called meeting was held under the leadership of Judge Campbell and Judge
+Thomas, who, later, with General Joseph Anderson and others, waited on Mr.
+Lincoln, to whom they made peace propositions involving disbandment of our
+armies; withdrawal of our soldiers from the field, and reëstablishment of
+state governments under the Union, Virginia inaugurating this course by
+example and influence.
+
+Mr. Lincoln had said in proclamation, the Southern States "can have peace
+any time by simply laying down their arms and submitting to the authority
+of the Union." It was inconceivable to many how we could ever want to be
+in the Union again. But wise ones said: "Our position is to be that of
+conquered provinces voiceless in the administration of our own affairs, or
+of States with some power, at least, of self-government." Then, there was
+the dread spectre of confiscation, proscription, the scaffold.
+
+Judge Campbell and Judge Thomas reported: "The movement for the
+restoration of the Union is highly gratifying to Mr. Lincoln; he will
+give it full sympathy and coöperation."
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE HOUSE OF THE CONFEDERACY, RICHMOND, VA.
+
+Presented to Mr. Davis, who refused it as a gift, but occupied it as the
+Executive residence. Now known as the Confederate Museum.]
+
+"You people will all come back now," Mr. Lincoln had said to Judge Thomas,
+"and we shall have old Virginia home again."
+
+Many had small faith in these professions of amity, and said so. "Lincoln
+is the man who called out the troops and precipitated war," was bitterly
+objected, "and we do not forget Hampton Roads."
+
+A few built hopes on belief that Mr. Lincoln had long been eager to
+harmonize the sections. Leader of these was Judge John A. Campbell,
+ex-Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and
+ex-Assistant Secretary of War of the expiring Confederacy. He had served
+with Mr. Hunter and Mr. Stephens on the Hampton Roads Peace Commission,
+knew Mr. Lincoln well, had high regard for him and faith in his earnest
+desire for genuine reconciliation between North and South. When the
+Confederate Government left the city, he remained, meaning to try to make
+peace, Mr. Davis, it is said, knowing his purpose and consenting, but
+having no hope of its success.
+
+Only the Christmas before, when peace sentiments that led to the Hampton
+Roads Conference were in the air, striking illustrations in Northern
+journals reflected Northern sentiment. One big cartoon of a Christmas
+dinner in the Capitol at Washington, revealed Mr. Lincoln holding wide the
+doors, and the seceded States returning to the family love feast. Olive
+branches, the "Prodigal's Return," and nice little mottoes like "Come
+Home, Our Erring Sisters, Come!" were neatly displayed around the margin.
+Fatted calves were not to be despised by a starving people; but the less
+said about the pious influences of the "Prodigal's Return" the better.
+That Hampton Roads Conference (February, 1865) has always been a sore
+spot. In spite of the commissioners' statements that Mr. Lincoln's only
+terms were "unconditional surrender," many people blamed Mr. Davis for the
+failure of the peace movement; others said he was pusillanimous and a
+traitor for sanctioning overtures that had to be made, by Lincoln's
+requirements, "informally," and, as it were, by stealth.
+
+"We must forget dead issues," our pacificators urged. "We have to face the
+present. The stand Mr. Lincoln has taken all along, that the Union is
+indissoluble and that a State can not get out of it however much she
+tries, is as fortunate for us now as it was unlucky once."
+
+"In or out, what matters it if Yankees rule over us!" others declared.
+
+"Mr. Lincoln is not in favor of outsiders holding official reins in the
+South," comforters responded. "He has committed himself on that point to
+Governor Hahn in Louisiana. When Judge Thomas suggested that he establish
+Governor Pierpont here, Mr. Lincoln asked straightway, 'Where is Extra
+Billy?' He struck the table with his fist, exclaiming, 'By Jove! I want
+that old game-cock back here!'"
+
+When in 1862-3 West Virginia seceded from Virginia and was received into
+the bosom of the Union, a few "loyal" counties which did not go with her,
+elected Francis H. Pierpont Governor of the old State. At the head of
+sixteen legislators, he posed at Alexandria as Virginia's Executive, Mr.
+Lincoln and the Federal Congress recognizing him. Our real governor was
+the doughty warrior, William Smith, nick-named "Extra Billy" before the
+war, when he was always asking Congress for extra appropriations for an
+ever-lengthening stage-coach and mail-route line, which was a great
+Government enterprise under his fostering hand.
+
+Governor Smith had left with the Confederate Government, going towards
+Lynchburg. He had been greatly concerned for his family, but his wife had
+said: "I may feel as a woman, but I can act like a man. Attend to your
+public affairs and I will arrange our family matters." The Mansion had
+barely escaped destruction by fire. The Smith family had vacated it to the
+Federals, had been invited to return and then ordered to vacate again for
+Federal occupation.
+
+Mr. Lincoln said that the legislature that took Virginia out of the Union
+and Governor Letcher, who had been in office then, with Governor Smith,
+his successor, and Governor Smith's legislature, must be convened. "The
+Government that took Virginia out of the Union is the Government to bring
+her back. No other can effect it. They must come to the Capitol yonder
+where they voted her out and vote her back."
+
+Uncle Randolph was one of those who had formally called upon Mr. Lincoln
+at the Davis Mansion. Feeble as he was, he was so eager to do some good
+that he had gone out in spite of his niece to talk about the "policy" he
+thought would be best. "I did not say much," he reported wistfully. "There
+were a great many people waiting on him. Things look strange at the
+Capitol. Federal soldiers all about, and campfires on the Square. Judge
+Campbell introduced me. President Lincoln turned from him to me, and said:
+'You fought for the Union in Mexico.' I said, 'Mr. Lincoln, if the Union
+will be fair to Virginia, I will fight for the Union again.' I forgot, you
+see, that I am too old and feeble to fight. Then I said quickly, 'Younger
+men than I, Mr. President, will give you that pledge.' What did he say? He
+looked at me hard--and shook my hand--and there wasn't any need for him to
+say anything."
+
+Mr. Lincoln's attitude towards Judge Campbell was one of confidence and
+cordiality. He knew the Judge's purity and singleness of purpose in
+seeking leniency for the conquered South, and genuine reunion between the
+sections. The Federal commanders understood his devotion and integrity.
+The newspaper men, in their reports, paid respect to his venerable,
+dignified figure, stamped with feebleness, poverty, and a noble sorrow,
+waiting patiently in one of the rooms at the Davis Mansion for audience
+with Mr. Lincoln.
+
+None who saw Mr. Lincoln during that visit to Richmond observed in him any
+trace of exultation. Walking the streets with the negroes crowding about
+him, in the Davis Mansion with the Federal officers paying him court and
+our citizens calling on him, in the carriage with General Weitzel or
+General Shepley, a motley horde following--he was the same, only, as those
+who watched him declared, paler and wearier-looking each time they saw
+him. Uncle Randolph reported:
+
+"There was something like misgiving in his eyes as he sat in the carriage
+with Shepley, gazing upon smoking ruins on all sides, and a rabble of
+crazy negroes hailing him as 'Saviour!' Truly, I never saw a sadder or
+wearier face in all my life than Lincoln's!"
+
+He had terrible problems ahead, and he knew it. His emancipation
+proclamation in 1863 was a war measure. His letter to Greeley in 1862,
+said: "If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at
+the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them. If I could preserve
+the Union without freeing any slaves, I would do it; if I could preserve
+the Union by freeing all the slaves, I would do it.... What I do about the
+coloured race, I do because I think it helps to save the Union."
+
+[Illustration: GOVERNOR'S MANSION, RICHMOND, VA.
+
+Erected 1811-13, to succeed a plain wooden structure called the
+"Governor's Palace."]
+
+To a committee of negroes waiting on him in the White House, August 14,
+1862, Mr. Lincoln named colonisation as the one remedy for the race
+trouble, proposing Government aid out of an appropriation which Congress
+had voted him. He said: "White men in this country are cutting each
+other's throats about you. But for your race among us, there would be no
+war, although many men on either side do not care for you one way or the
+other.... Your race suffers from living among us, ours from your
+presence." He applied $25,000 to the venture, but it failed; New Grenada
+objected to negro colonisation.
+
+Two months before his visit to Richmond, some official (Colonel Kaye, as I
+remember) was describing to him the extravagancies of South Carolina
+negroes when Sherman's army announced freedom to them, and Mr. Lincoln
+walked his floor, pale and distressed, saying: "It is a momentous
+thing--this liberation of the negro race."
+
+He left a paper in his own handwriting with Judge Campbell, setting forth
+the terms upon which any seceded State could be restored to the Union;
+these were, unqualified submission, withdrawal of soldiers from the field,
+and acceptance of his position on the slavery question, as defined in his
+proclamations. The movement gained ground. A committee in Petersburg,
+headed by Anthony Keiley, asked permits to come to Richmond that they
+might coöperate with the committee there.
+
+"Unconditional surrender," some commented. "Mr. Lincoln is not disposed to
+humiliate us unnecessarily," was the reassurance. "He promised Judge
+Campbell that irritating exactions and oaths against their consciences are
+not to be imposed upon our people; they are to be encouraged, not coerced,
+into taking vows of allegiance to the United States Government; Lincoln's
+idea is to make allegiance a coveted privilege; there are to be no
+confiscations; amnesty to include our officers, civil and military, is to
+be granted--that is, the power of pardon resting with the President, he
+pledges himself to liberal use of it. Lincoln is long-headed and
+kind-hearted. He knows the best thing all around is a real peace. He
+wishes to restore confidence in and affection for the Union. That is
+plain. He said: 'I would gladly pardon Jeff Davis himself if he would ask
+it.'"
+
+I have heard one very pretty story about Mr. Lincoln's visit to Richmond.
+General Pickett, of the famous charge at Gettysburg, had been well known
+in early life to Mr. Lincoln when Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Johnson, General
+Pickett's uncle, were law partners in Illinois. Mr. Lincoln had taken warm
+interest in young George Pickett as a cadet at West Point, and had written
+him kindly, jovial letters of advice. During that hurried sojourn in
+Richmond, Abraham Lincoln took time for looking up Mr. Johnson. His
+carriage and armed retinue drew up in front of the old Pickett mansion.
+The General's beautiful young wife, trembling with alarm, heard a strange
+voice asking first for Mr. Johnson and then about General Pickett, and
+finally: "Is General Pickett's wife here?" She came forward, her baby in
+her arms. "I am General Pickett's wife." "Madam, I am George's old friend,
+Abraham Lincoln." "The President of the United States!" "No," with a
+kindly, half-quizzical smile, "only Abraham Lincoln, George's old friend.
+And this is George's baby?" Abraham Lincoln bent his kindly, half-sad,
+half-smiling glance upon the child. Baby George stretched out his hands;
+Lincoln took him, and the little one, in the pretty fashion babies have,
+opened his mouth and kissed the President.
+
+"Tell your father," said Lincoln, "that I will grant him a special
+amnesty--if he wants it--for the sake of your mother's bright eyes and
+your good manners." A short while after that--when Lincoln was dead--that
+mother was flying, terror-stricken, with her baby to Canada, where General
+Pickett, in fear of his life, had taken refuge.
+
+Mr. Lincoln left instructions for General Weitzel to issue passes to the
+legislators and State officials who were to come to Richmond for the
+purpose of restoring Virginia to the Union. The "Whig" had sympathetic
+articles on "Reconstruction," and announced in due order the meeting of
+citizens called "to consider President Lincoln's proposition for
+reassembling the Legislature to take Virginia back into the Union." It
+printed the formal call for reassembling, signed by the committee and many
+citizens, and countersigned by General Weitzel; handbills so signed were
+printed for distribution.
+
+General Shepley, whose cordial acquiescence in the conciliation plan had
+been pronounced, said in after years that he suffered serious misgivings.
+When General Weitzel directed him to issue the passes for the returning
+legislators, he inquired: "Have you the President's written order for
+this?" "No. Why?" "For your own security you should have it, General. When
+the President reaches Washington and the Cabinet are informed of what has
+been done and what is contemplated, this order will be rescinded, and the
+Cabinet will deny that it has ever been issued."
+
+"I have the President's commands. I am a soldier and obey orders."
+
+"Right, General. Command me and I obey."
+
+Mr. Lincoln's written order reiterating oral instructions came, however.
+
+Admiral Porter, according to his own account, took President Lincoln to
+task for his concessions, and told him in so many words that he was acting
+outside of his rights; Richmond, being under military rule, was subject to
+General Grant's jurisdiction. The Admiral has claimed the distinction of
+working a change in the President's mind and of recovering immediately the
+obnoxious order from Weitzel, killing, or trying to kill, a horse or so in
+the undertaking. He characterised the efforts of Judges Campbell and
+Thomas to serve their country and avert more bloodshed as "a clever dodge
+to soothe the wounded feelings of the people of the South." The Admiral
+adds: "But what a howl it would have raised in the North!"
+
+Admiral Porter says the lectured President exclaimed: "Well, I came near
+knocking all the fat in the fire, didn't I? Let us go. I seem to be
+putting my foot into it here all the time. Bless my soul! how Seward would
+have preached if he had heard me give Campbell permission to call the
+Legislature! Seward is an encyclopedia of international law, and laughs at
+my horse sense on which I pride myself. Admiral, if I were you, I would
+not repeat that joke yet awhile. People might laugh at you for knowing so
+much more than the President."
+
+He was acting, he said, in conjunction with military authorities. General
+Weitzel was acting under General Grant's instructions. The conciliatory
+plan was being followed in Petersburg, where General Grant himself had led
+the formal entry.
+
+"General Weitzel warmly approves the plan."
+
+"He and Campbell are personal friends," the Admiral remarked
+significantly.
+
+Whatever became of those horses driven out by Admiral Porter's
+instructions to be killed, if need be, in the effort to recover that
+order, is a conundrum. According to Admiral Porter the order had been
+written and given to General Weitzel while Mr. Lincoln was in the city.
+According to Judge Campbell and General Shepley, and the original now on
+file in Washington, it was written from City Point.
+
+Dated, "Headquarters Department of Virginia, Richmond, April 13, 1865,"
+this appeared in the "Whig" on the last afternoon of Mr. Lincoln's life:
+
+"Permission for the reassembling of the gentlemen recently acting as the
+Legislature is rescinded. Should any of the gentlemen come to the city
+under the notice of reassembling already published, they will be furnished
+passports to return to their homes. Any of the persons named in the call
+signed by J. A. Campbell and others, who are found in the city twelve
+hours after the publication of this notice will be subject to arrest,
+unless they are residents. (Signed) E. O. C. Ord, General Commanding the
+Department."
+
+General Weitzel was removed. Upon him was thrown the blame of the
+President's "blunder." He was charged with the crime of pity and sympathy
+for "rebels" and "traitors." When Lincoln was dead, a high official in
+Washington said: "No man more than Mr. Lincoln condemned the course
+General Weitzel and his officers pursued in Richmond."
+
+In more ways than one General Weitzel had done that which was not pleasing
+in the sight of Mr. Stanton. Assistant Secretary of War Dana had let
+Stanton know post-haste that General Weitzel was distributing "victuals"
+to "rebels." Stanton wired to know of General Weitzel if he was "acting
+under authority in giving food supplies to the people of Richmond, and if
+so, whose?" General Weitzel answered, "Major-General Ord's orders approved
+by General Grant."
+
+Mr. Dana wrote Mr. Stanton, "Weitzel is to pay for rations by selling
+captured property." General Weitzel apologised for magnanimity by
+explaining that the instructions of General Ord, his superior, were "to
+sell all the tobacco I find here and feed those in distress. A great many
+persons, black and white, are on the point of starvation, and I have
+relieved the most pressing wants by the issue of a few abandoned rebel
+stores and some damaged stores of my own." "All receivers of rations must
+take the oath," Mr. Stanton wrote back.
+
+In Northern magazines left by Federal soldiers visiting negroes in
+Matoaca's yard, black Cato saw caricatures of Southern ladies mixing in
+with negroes and white roughs and toughs, begging food at Yankee bureaus.
+"Miss Mato'ca," he plead earnestly, "don' go whar dem folks is no mo'. It
+will disgrace de fam'ly." She had put pride and conscience in her pocket,
+drawn rations and brought home her pork and codfish.
+
+Revocation of permission for the reassembling of the Virginia Legislature
+was one of Mr. Lincoln's last, if not his last, act in the War Department.
+Stanton gave him no peace till it was written; he handed the paper to Mr.
+Stanton, saying: "There! I think that will suit you!" "No," said the Iron
+Chancellor of the Union. "It is not strong enough. It merely revokes your
+permission for the assembling of the rebel legislators. Some of these men
+will come to Richmond--are doubtless there now--in response to the call.
+You should prohibit the meeting." Which was done. Hence, the prohibitory
+order in the "Whig."
+
+Mr. Lincoln wrote, April 14, to General Van Alen, of New York: "Thank you
+for the assurance you give me that I shall be supported by conservative
+men like yourself in the efforts I may use to restore the Union, so as to
+make it, to use your own language, a Union of hearts as well as of hands."
+General Van Alen had warned him against exposing himself in the South as
+he had done by visiting Richmond; and for this Mr. Lincoln thanked him
+briefly without admitting that there had been any peril. Laconically, he
+had thanked Stanton for concern expressed in a dispatch warning him to be
+careful about visiting Petersburg, adding, "I have already been there."
+
+When serenaded the Tuesday before his death, he said, in speaking of the
+bringing of the Southern States into practical relations with the Union:
+"I believe it is not only possible, but easier to do this, without
+deciding, or even considering, whether these States have ever been out of
+the Union. Finding themselves safely at home, it would be utterly
+immaterial whether they had ever been abroad."
+
+His last joke--the story-tellers say it was his last--was about "Dixie."
+General Lee's surrender had been announced; Washington was ablaze with
+excitement. Delirious multitudes surged to the White House, calling the
+President out for a speech. It was a moment for easy betrayal into words
+that might widen the breach between sections. He said in his quaint way
+that he had no speech ready, and concluded humorously: "I have always
+thought 'Dixie' one of the best tunes I ever heard. I insisted yesterday
+that we had fairly captured it. I presented the question to the
+Attorney-General and he gave his opinion that it is our lawful prize. I
+ask the band to give us a good turn upon it." In that little speech, he
+claimed of the South by right of conquest a song--and nothing more.
+
+
+
+
+THE LAST CAPITAL
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE LAST CAPITAL OF THE CONFEDERACY
+
+
+From Richmond, Mr. Davis went to Danville. Major Sutherlin, the
+Commandant, met him at the station and carried him and members of his
+Cabinet to the Sutherlin Mansion, which then became practically the
+Southern Capitol.
+
+The President was busy night and day, examining and improving defenses and
+fortifications and planning the junction of Lee's and Johnston's forces.
+Men were seeking his presence at all hours; couriers coming and going;
+telegrams flying hither and thither.
+
+"In the midst of turmoil, and with such fearful cares and responsibilities
+upon him, he did not forget to be thoughtful and considerate of others," I
+have heard Mrs. Sutherlin say. "He was concerned for me. 'I cannot have
+you troubled with so many interruptions,' he said. 'We must seek other
+quarters.' But I would not have it so. 'All that you call a burden is my
+privilege,' I replied. 'I will not let you go.' He had other quarters
+secured for the Departments, but he and members of his Cabinet remained my
+guests."
+
+In that hospitable home the table was set all the time for the coming and
+the going. The board was spread with the best the bountiful host and
+hostess could supply. Mrs. Sutherlin brought out all her treasured
+reserves of pickles, sweetmeats and preserves. This might be her last
+opportunity for serving the Confederacy and its Chieftain.
+
+The Sutherlins knew that the President's residence in their home was a
+perilous honour. In case the Confederacy failed--and hope to the contrary
+could not run high--their dwelling would be a marked spot.
+
+Major Sutherlin had been a strong Union man. Mrs. Sutherlin has told me
+how her husband voted against secession in the first convention to which
+he was a delegate, and for it in the second, with deep regret. "I saw in
+that convention," he told his wife, "strong, reserved men, men of years
+and dignity, sign the Secession Ordinance while tears coursed down their
+cheeks."
+
+It is just to rehearse such things of men who were called "traitors" and
+"rebels." It is just to remember how Jefferson Davis tried to prevent
+secession. His letters to New England societies, his speeches in New
+England and in Congress, testified to his deep and fervent desire for the
+"preservation of the bond between the States," the "love of the Union in
+our hearts," and "the landmarks of our fathers."
+
+But he believed in States' Rights as fervently as in Union of States; he
+believed absorption of State sovereignty into central sovereignty a
+violation of the Constitution. Long before secession (1847) he declined
+appointment of Brigadier General of Mississippi Volunteers from President
+Polk on the ground that the central government was not vested by the
+Constitution with power to commission officers of State Militia, the State
+having this authority.[3]
+
+Americans should not forget that this man entered the service of the Union
+when a lad; that his father and uncles fought in the Revolution, his
+brothers in the War of 1812. West Point holds trophies of his skill as
+a commander and of his superb gallantry on the fields of Mexico. That
+splendid charge without bayonets through the streets of Monterey almost to
+the Plaza, and the charge at Buena Vista, are themes to make American
+blood tingle! Their leader was not a man to believe in defeat as long as a
+ray of hope was left.
+
+[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA.
+
+It was to this church that the message was brought from Lee to Davis
+announcing the necessity of evacuating Richmond.]
+
+As Secretary of War of the United States, Mr. Davis strengthened the power
+that crushed the South; in every branch of the War Department, his genius
+and faithful and untiring service wrought improvements. In the days of
+giants like Webster, Clay and Calhoun, the brilliant Mississippian drew
+upon himself many eyes and his course had been watched as that of a bright
+particular star of great promise. The candidacy of Vice-President of the
+United States had been tendered him--he had been mentioned for the
+Presidency, and it is no wild speculation that had he abjured his
+convictions on the States' Rights' issue, he would have found himself some
+day in the seat Lincoln occupied. He has been accused of overweening
+ambition. The charge is not well sustained. He did not desire the
+Presidency of the Confederacy.
+
+In 1861, "Harper's Weekly" said: "Personally, Senator Davis is the Bayard
+of Congress, _sans peur et sans reproche_; a high-minded gentleman; a
+devoted father; a true friend ... emphatically one of those born to
+command, and is doubtless destined to occupy a high position either in the
+Southern Confederacy or in the United States." He was "gloriously linked
+with the United States service in the field, the forum, and the Cabinet."
+The Southern Confederacy failed, and he was "Davis, the Arch-Traitor."
+
+"He wrote his last proclamation on this table," said Mrs. Sutherlin to me,
+her hand on the Egyptian marble where the President's fingers had
+traversed that final paper of state which expressed a confidence he could
+not have felt, but that he must have believed it duty to affirm. He had
+tried to make peace and had failed. Our armies were still in the field. A
+bold front on his part, if it could do no more, might enable our generals
+to secure better terms than unconditional surrender. At least, no worse
+could be tendered. That final message was the utterance of a brave soul,
+itself disheartened, trying to put heart into others. All along the way to
+Danville, people had flocked to the railroad to hear him, and he had
+spoken as he wrote.
+
+He was an ill man, unutterably weary. He had borne the burden and heat of
+the day for four terrible years; he had been a target for the criticism
+even of his own people; all failures were laid at the door of this one man
+who was trying to run a government and conduct a war on an empty treasury.
+It must have cost him something to keep up an unwavering front.
+
+Lieutenant Wise, son of General Henry A. Wise, brought news that Lee's
+surrender was imminent; on learning of it, he had taken to horse and run
+through the enemy's cavalry, to warn the President. Starvation had brought
+Lee's army to bay. Men were living off grains of parched corn carried in
+their pockets. Sheridan's cavalry had captured the wagon-trains of food
+supplies. Also, the President was called from the dinner-table to see an
+old citizen, who repeated a story from some one who had seen General Lee
+in General Grant's tent. Other information followed.
+
+Scouts came to say that Federal cavalry were advancing. There was danger
+that the President's way to the South might be cut off, danger that he
+might be captured. All were in haste to get him away; a special train was
+made up. The Sutherlin carriage drove hurriedly to the Mansion, the
+President and Major Sutherlin got out and entered the house.
+
+"I am to bid you goodbye," said he to Mrs. Sutherlin, "and to thank you
+for your kindness. I shall ever remember it."
+
+"O, but it is a privilege--an honour--something for me to remember!"
+
+As explanations were being made and preparations hastened, the President
+said: "Speak low, lest we excite Mr. Memminger or distress his wife more
+than need be."
+
+Mr. Memminger, ex-Secretary of the Treasury, was upstairs, very ill; the
+physician had just left after giving him a hypodermic of morphine and
+ordering absolute quiet. Friends decided that the sick man and his wife
+ran less risk in remaining than in following the President. But Mrs.
+Memminger, leaning over the balustrade, heard; and she and her husband
+came down and went after the President in a rude farm wagon, the only
+vehicle Mrs. Sutherlin could impress.
+
+"Mr. Davis kept up a cheerful countenance the whole time he was here," his
+hostess has borne witness, "but I was sure that deep down in his heart he
+was not cheerful--I felt it. He was brave, self-possessed. Only once did
+he betray evidence of break-down. When he was leaving, I knew that he had
+no money in his pockets except Confederate notes--and these would buy next
+to nothing. We had some gold, and I offered it to him, pressed it upon
+him. He shook his head. Tears came into his eyes. 'No, no, my child,' he
+said, 'you and your husband are much younger than I am. You will need it.
+I will not.' Mr. Davis did not expect to live long. He was sure he would
+be killed."
+
+When General Sherman was accused by Stanton of treachery because
+he was not hotter on the scent of "Jeff Davis and his $13,000,000
+treasure-trains," he retorted indignantly that those "treasure-trains
+dwindled down to the contents of a hand-valise" found on Mr. Davis when
+captured.
+
+Mrs. Sutherlin pointed out to me the President's sleeping-room, an upper
+chamber overlooking the lawn with its noble trees, in whose branches
+mocking-birds lodge. At his first breakfast with her, Mr. Davis told Mrs.
+Sutherlin how the songs of the mocking-birds refreshed him.
+
+Another thing that cheered him in Danville was the enthusiasm of the
+school-girls of the Southern Female College; when these young ladies, in
+their best homespun gowns, went out on dress parade and beheld Mr. Davis
+riding by in Major Sutherlin's carriage, they drew themselves up in line,
+waved handkerchiefs and cheered to their hearts' content; he gave them his
+best bow and smile--that dignified, grave bow and smile his people knew so
+well. I have always been thankful for that bright bit in Mr. Davis' life
+during those supremely trying hours--for the songs of the mocking-birds
+and the cheers of the school-girls.
+
+Some weeks after his departure, General Wright, U. S. A., in formal
+possession of Danville, pitched his tent opposite the Sutherlin Mansion.
+The next Mrs. Sutherlin knew, an orderly was bearing in a large pitcher,
+another a big bowl, and between them General Wright's compliments and his
+hopes "that you may find this lemonade refreshing" and "be pleased to
+accept this white cut sugar, as the drink may not be sweet enough for your
+taste." Another day, an orderly appeared with a large, juicy steak; every
+short while orderlies came making presentation.
+
+The Sutherlins accepted and returned courtesies. "We had as well be
+polite," said Major Sutherlin. "There's no use quarrelling with them
+because they have whipped us." When they came to him for official
+information as to where Confederate Government ice-houses were, he
+responded: "It is not my business to give you this information. Your
+commanders can find out for themselves. Meanwhile, General Wright and his
+staff are welcome to ice out of my own ice-houses." They found out for
+themselves with little delay.
+
+[Illustration: LAST CAPITOL OF THE CONFEDERACY
+
+The Sutherlin Mansion, Danville, Va., which, for a short time after the
+evacuation of Richmond, was the headquarters of the Confederate
+Government. President Davis and the members of his Cabinet were guests of
+Major Sutherlin at that time.
+
+Photograph by Eutsler Bros., Danville, Va.]
+
+On the verandah where the Confederate President and his advisers had
+lately gathered, Federal officers sat at ease, smoking sociably and
+conversing with the master of the house. If a meal-hour arrived, Major
+Sutherlin would say: "Gentlemen, will you join us?" Usually, invitation
+was accepted. Social recognition was the one thing the Northern soldier
+could not conquer in the South by main strength and awkwardness; he
+coveted and appreciated it.
+
+All were listening for tidings of Johnston's surrender. At last the news
+came. Around the Sutherlin board one day sat six guests: three Federal
+officers in fine cloth and gold lace, three Confederate officers in shabby
+raiment. A noise as of a terrific explosion shook the house. "Throw up the
+windows!" said the mistress to her servants, an ordinary command when
+shattering of glass by concussion was an every-day occurrence in
+artillery-ridden Dixie. Save for this sentence, there was complete silence
+at the table. The officers laid down their knives and forks and said not
+one word. They knew that those guns announced the surrender of Johnston's
+army. I suppose it was the salute of 200--the same that had been ordered
+at every post as glorification of Lee's surrender.
+
+Some time after this, Mayor Walker came to Major Sutherlin with a telegram
+announcing that General Meade and his staff would stop in Danville over
+night. They had been or were going to South Carolina on a mission of
+relief to whites who were in peril from blacks. At the Mayor's request,
+Major Sutherlin met the officers at the train.
+
+"General," was his cordial greeting to General Meade, a splendid-looking
+officer at that day, "I am here to claim you and your staff as my guests."
+General Meade, accepting, said: "I will have my ambulance bring us up."
+"O, no, General! You come in my carriage, if you will do me that honour.
+It is waiting."
+
+At breakfast, General Meade said to his hostess: "Madam, Southern
+hospitality has not been praised too highly. I trust some day to see you
+North that I may have opportunity to match your courtesy." Another time:
+"Madam, I trust that no misfortune will come to you because of the
+troubled state of our country. But if there should, I may be of service to
+you. You have only to command me, and I ask it as a favour that you will."
+
+A Northern friend had warned her: "Mrs. Sutherlin, I fear your property
+may be confiscated because of the uses to which it has been put in the
+service of the Confederate Government. You should take advantage of
+General Wright's good will and of the good will of other Federal officers
+towards Major Sutherlin to make your title secure." Did she ask General
+Meade now to save her home to her?
+
+"General, hospitality is our privilege and you owe us no debt. But I beg
+you to extend the kindly feelings you express toward Major Sutherlin and
+myself to one who lately sat where you now sit, at my right hand. I would
+ask you to use your influence to secure more gracious hospitality to our
+President who is in prison."
+
+Dead silence. One could have heard a pin fall.
+
+Wholesale confiscation of Greensboro was threatened because of Mr. Davis'
+stop there. Major Sutherlin strove with tact and diligence to prevent it.
+He lost no opportunity to cultivate kindly relations with Northerners of
+influence, and to inaugurate a reign of good-will generally. Receiving a
+telegram saying that Colonel Buford, a Northern officer, and his party,
+would pass through Danville, the Major went to his wife and said: "I am
+going to invite those Yankees here. I want you to get up the finest dinner
+you can for them." Feeling was high and sore; she did not smile. The day
+of their arrival he appeared in trepidation. "I have another telegram," he
+said. "To my surprise, there are ladies in the party."
+
+This was too much for the honest "rebel" soul of her. Men she could avoid
+seeing except at table; but with ladies for her guests, more olive
+branches must be exchanged than genuine feeling between late enemies could
+possibly warrant. But her guests found her a perfect hostess, grave,
+sincere, hospitable.
+
+There was a young married pair. When her faithful coloured man went up to
+their rooms to render service, they were afraid of him, were careful he
+should not enter, seemed to fear that of himself or as the instrument of
+his former owners he might do them injury.
+
+Such queer, contradictory ideas Yankees had of us and our black people. A
+Northern girl visiting the niece of Alexander H. Stephens at a plantation
+where there were many negroes, asked: "Where are the blood-hounds?" "The
+blood-hounds! We haven't any." "How do you manage the negroes without
+them? I thought all Southerners kept blood-hounds--that only blood-hounds
+could keep negroes from running away." "I never saw a blood-hound in my
+life," Miss Stephens replied. "I don't know what one is like. None of our
+friends keep blood-hounds."
+
+But to the Sutherlin Mansion. The bride asked: "Mrs. Sutherlin, what room
+did Mr. Davis occupy?"
+
+"That in which you sleep."
+
+The bride was silent. Then: "It is a pleasant room. The mocking-birds are
+singing when we wake in the morning. Sometimes, I hear them in the night."
+
+A shadow fell on the hostess' face. The words recalled the thought of Mr.
+Davis, now shut out from the sight of the sky and the voice of the birds.
+
+It has been said of this or that place at which Mr. Davis, moving
+southward from Danville, stopped, that it was the "Last Capital of the
+Confederacy." He held a Cabinet meeting in Colonel Wood's house in
+Greensboro; was in Charlotte several days; held a Cabinet meeting or
+council of war in the Armistead Burt House, Abbeville, S. C.; and in the
+Old Bank, Washington, Ga. He said in council at Abbeville: "I will listen
+to no proposition for my safety. I appeal to you for our country."
+
+He stopped one night at Salisbury, with the Episcopal minister, whose
+little daughter ran in while all were at the breakfast-table, and standing
+between her father and Mr. Davis, cried out in childish terror and
+distress: "O, Papa, old Lincoln's coming and is going to kill us all!"
+President Davis laid down his knife and fork, lifted her face, and said
+reassuringly: "No, no, my little lady! Mr. Lincoln is not such a bad man,
+and I am sure he would not harm a little girl like you."
+
+While the President was at Charlotte, there was another memorable peace
+effort, Sherman and Johnston arranging terms. Johnston's overture was
+dated April 13; Sherman's reply, "I am fully empowered to arrange with you
+any terms for the suspension of hostilities," April 14, the last day of
+Lincoln's life. Mr. Davis wrote General Johnston: "Your course is
+approved." Mr. Stanton nearly branded Sherman as a traitor. Sherman gave
+Johnston notice that he must renew hostilities. Mr. Davis left Charlotte,
+thinking war still on.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD BANK BUILDING, WASHINGTON, GA.
+
+The last meeting place of the Confederate Cabinet when that body was
+reduced to two or three members.
+
+Photographed in 1899]
+
+In Washington, Ga., the first town in America named for the Father of his
+Country, the Confederate Government breathed its last. A quiet,
+picturesque, little place, out of track of the armies, it was suddenly
+shaken with excitement, when Mr. Davis, attended by his personal staff,
+several distinguished officers, besides a small cavalry escort, rode in.
+
+Mrs. Davis had left the day before. As long as her wagons and ambulances
+had stood in front of Dr. Ficklen's house, the people of Washington were
+calling upon her; first among them, General Toombs with cordial offers of
+aid and hospitality, though there had been sharp differences between him
+and Mr. Davis. Here, it may be said, she held her last reception as the
+First Lady of the Confederacy. She had expected to meet her husband, and
+went away no doubt heavy of heart--herself, her baby, Winnie, and her
+other little children, and her sister, Maggie Howell, again to be
+wanderers of woods and waysides. With them went a devoted little band of
+Confederate soldiers, their volunteer escort, Burton Harrison, the
+President's secretary, and one or two negro servants whose devotion never
+faltered.
+
+On a lovely May morning, people sat on the Bank piazza asking anxiously:
+"Where can Mr. Davis be?" "Is he already captured and killed?" Dr.
+Robertson, an officer of the bank, and his family lived in the building.
+With them was General Elzey, on parole, his wife and son. Kate Joyner
+Robertson and her brother, Willie, sixteen years old and a Confederate
+Veteran, were on the piazza; also David Faver, seventeen, and a
+Confederate Veteran; these boys were members of the Georgia Military
+Institute Battalion. A description of this battalion was recently given me
+by Mr. Faver:
+
+"There were as many negroes--body-servants--in our ranks as boys when we
+started out, spick and span. We saw actual service; guarded the powder
+magazines at Augusta and Savannah, fought the Yankees at Chattanooga,
+stood in front of Sherman in South Carolina. Young Scott Todd lost his
+arm--Dr. Todd, of Atlanta, carries around that empty sleeve today. I bore
+handsome Tom Hamilton off the field when he was shot. I was just fifteen
+when I went in; some were younger. Henry Cabaniss and Julius Brown were
+the smallest boys in the army. We were youngsters who ought to have been
+in knee pants, but the G. M. I. never quailed before guns or duty! I
+remember (laughing) when we met the Cits in Charleston. They were all
+spick and span--'Citadel Cadets' blazoned all over them and their
+belongings. We were all tattered and torn, nothing of the G. M. I. left
+about us! Rags was the stamp of the regular, and we 'guyed' the Cits. We
+had seen fighting and they had not." Sixteen-year-old Lint Stephens,
+Vice-President Stephens' nephew, was of this juvenile warrior band. On the
+occasion of his sudden appearance at home to prepare for war, Mr. Stephens
+asked what he had quit school for. "To fight for the fair sex," he
+replied. And to this day some people think we fought to keep negroes in
+slavery!
+
+A "Georgia Cracker" rode in from the Abbeville road, drew rein before the
+bank, and saluting, drawled: "Is you'uns seen any soldiers roun' here?"
+There were Confederate uniforms on the piazza. "What kind of soldiers?" he
+was asked, and General Elzey said: "My friend, you have betrayed yourself
+by that military salute. You are no ignorant countryman, but a soldier
+yourself." The horseman spurred close to the piazza. "Are there any
+Yankees in town?" "None. Tell us, do you know anything about President
+Davis?" After a little more questioning, the horseman said: "President
+Davis is not an hour's ride from here."
+
+The piazza was all excitement. "Where should the President be
+entertained?" Ordinarily, General Toombs was municipal host. Everybody is
+familiar with the reply he made to a committee consulting him about
+erecting a hotel in Washington: "We have no need of one. When respectable
+people come here, they can stop at my house. If they are not respectable,
+we do not want them at all." Everybody knew that all he had was at the
+President's command. But--there had been the unpleasantness. "Bring the
+President here," Mrs. Robertson said promptly. Dr. Robertson added: "As a
+government building, this is the proper place." Willie Robertson,
+commissioned to convey the invitation, rode off with the courier, the envy
+of every other G. M. I. in town. The little "Bats" were ready to go to war
+again.
+
+Soon, the President dismounted in front of the bank. Mrs. Faver (Kate
+Joyner Robertson that was) says: "He wore a full suit of Confederate gray.
+He looked worn, sad, and troubled; said he was tired and went at once to
+his room. My mother sent a cup of tea to him. That afternoon, or next
+morning, all the people came to see him. He stood in the parlor door, they
+filed in, shook hands, and passed out." So, in Washington, he held his
+last Presidential reception.
+
+"To hear Mr. Davis," Mr. Faver reports, "you would have no idea that he
+considered the cause lost. He spoke hopefully of our yet unsurrendered
+forces. Secretary Reagan, General St. John and Major Raphael J. Moses were
+General Toombs' guests. That night after supper, they walked to the bank;
+my father's house was opposite General Toombs'. I walked behind them. I
+think they held what has been called the Last Cabinet Meeting that night."
+
+Mr. Trenholm, too ill to travel, had stopped at Charlotte; Secretary of
+State Benjamin had left Mr. Davis that morning; at Washington, Secretary
+of the Navy Mallory went; Secretary of War Breckinridge, whom he was
+expecting, did not come on time. News reached him of Johnston's surrender.
+General Upton had passed almost through Washington on his way to receive
+the surrender of Augusta. The President perceived his escort's peril. To
+their commander, Captain Campbell, he said: "Your company is too large to
+pass without observation, and not strong enough to fight. See if there are
+ten men in it who will volunteer to go with me without question wherever I
+choose?" Captain Campbell reported: "All volunteer to go with Your
+Excellency."
+
+He was deeply touched, but would not suffer them to take the risk. With
+ten men selected by Captain Campbell, and his personal staff, he rode out
+of Washington, the people weeping as they watched him go. When he was
+mounting, Rev. Dr. Tupper, the Baptist minister, approached him, uttering
+words of comfort and encouragement. "'Though He slay me, yet will I trust
+in Him,'" the President responded gently. He had made disposition of most
+of his personal belongings, giving the china in his mess-chest to Colonel
+Weems, the chest to General McLaws; to Mrs. Robertson his ink-stand,
+table, dressing-case, some tea, coffee, and brandy, portions of which she
+still retained when last I heard; the dressing-case and ink-stand she had
+sent to the Confederate Museum at Richmond.
+
+His last official order was written at the old bank; it appointed Captain
+H. M. Clarke Acting Treasurer of the Confederacy. The last Treasury
+Department was an old appletree at General Basil Duke's camp a short
+distance from Washington, under whose shade Captain Clarke sat while he
+paid out small amounts in coin to the soldiers. General Duke's
+Kentuckians, Mr. Davis' faithful last guard, were the remnant of John H.
+Morgan's famous command.
+
+Soon after his departure, the treasure-train, or a section of it, reached
+Washington. Boxes of bullion were stored in the bank; Mrs. Faver remembers
+that officers laughingly told her and her sisters if they would lift one
+of the boxes, they might have all the gold in it; and they tried, but O,
+how heavy it was! She recalls some movement on the part of her parents to
+convey the treasure to Abbeville, but this was not practicable.
+
+"It was a fitting conclusion of the young Government ... that it marked
+its last act of authority by a thoughtful loyalty to the comfort of its
+penniless and starved defenders," says Avery's "History of Georgia,"
+commenting on the fact that under that act Major Raphael J. Moses conveyed
+to Augusta bullion exceeding $35,000, delivering it to General Molineux on
+the promise that it would be used to purchase food and other necessaries
+for needy Confederate soldiers and our sick in hospitals.
+
+Soon after the treasure-train left Washington, some one galloped back and
+flung into General Toombs' yard a bag containing $5,000 in gold. The
+General was in straits for money with which to flee the country, but swore
+with a great round oath he would use no penny of this mysterious gift, and
+turned it over to Major Moses, who committed it to Captain Abrahams,
+Federal Commissary, for use in relieving needy Confederates
+home-returning. At Greensboro, General Joseph E. Johnston had taken
+$39,000 for his soldiers. There have been many stories about this
+treasure-train.[4] It carried no great fortune, and Mr. Davis was no
+beneficiary. He meant to use it in carrying on the war.
+
+The point has been made that Mr. Davis should have remained in Richmond
+and made terms. Since governments were governments, no ruler has followed
+the course that would have been. He thought it traitorous to surrender the
+whole Confederacy because the Capital was lost. Even after Lee's surrender
+the Confederacy had armies in the field, and a vast domain farther south
+where commanders believed positions could be held. He believed it would be
+cowardly to fail them, and that it was his duty to move the seat of
+government from place to place through the Confederacy as long as there
+was an army to sustain the government. To find precedent, one has but to
+turn to European history. In England, the rightful prince has been chased
+all over the country and even across the channel. Mr. Davis believed in
+the righteousness of his cause; and that it was his duty to stand for it
+to the death.
+
+His determination, on leaving Washington, was to reach the armies of
+Maury, Forrest, and Taylor in Alabama and Mississippi; if necessary,
+withdraw these across the Mississippi, uniting with Kirby-Smith and
+Magruder in Texas, a section "rich in supplies and lacking in railroads
+and waterways." There the concentrated forces might hold their own until
+the enemy "should, in accordance with his repeated declaration, have
+agreed, on the basis of a return to the Union, to acknowledge the
+Constitutional rights of the States, and by a convention, or quasi-treaty,
+to guarantee security of person and property." What Judge Campbell
+thought could be secured by submission, Mr. Davis was confident could only
+be attained by keeping in the field a military force whose demands the
+North, weary of war, might respect. What he sought to do for his people in
+one way, Judge Campbell sought to do in another. Both failed.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL AND MRS. JOHN H. MORGAN]
+
+While Mr. Davis was riding out of Washington, Generals Taylor and Maury,
+near Meridian, Mississippi, were arranging with General Canby, U. S. A.,
+for the surrender of all the Confederate forces in Alabama and
+Mississippi. These generals were dining together and the bands were
+playing "Hail Columbia" and "Dixie."
+
+
+
+
+THE COUNSEL OF LEE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE COUNSEL OF LEE
+
+
+"A few days after the occupation, some drunken soldiers were heard talking
+in the back yard to our negroes, and it was gathered from what they said
+that the Federals were afraid General Lee had formed an ambuscade
+somewhere in the neighbourhood of the city, and that he might fall upon
+them at any time and deliver Richmond out of their hands. How our people
+wished it might be so!" Matoaca relates. "Do not buoy yourself up with
+that hope, my dear," said her monitor. "There's no hope save in the mercy
+of our conquerors. General Lee is a great soldier, an extraordinary
+tactician, but he cannot do the impossible. Our army cannot go on fighting
+forever without money and without food."
+
+When our beloved general came home, the doctrine he taught by precept and
+example was that of peace. "The stainless sword of Lee" had been laid down
+in good faith. We had fought a good fight, we had failed, we must accept
+the inevitable, we must not lose heart, we must work for our country's
+welfare in peace. The very first heard of him in his modest, unheralded
+home-returning, he was teaching this.
+
+Young William McCaw, his courier for four years, rode in with him; and
+General Lee, before going to his own home, delivered William, safe and
+sound, to his father. Dr. McCaw came out when they stopped in front of his
+door, and General Lee said:
+
+"Here, Doctor, is your boy. I've brought him home to you."
+
+William was standing beside Traveller, his arm clasped around General
+Lee's leg, and crying as if his heart would break. The General put his
+hand on William's head and said:
+
+"No more fighting--that's all over. You've been a good fighter, Will--now
+I want to see you work for your country's welfare in peace. Be a good boy.
+I expect a fine Christian manhood of you. Goodbye," and he rode away to
+his own home, where his invalid wife awaited him.
+
+It was good to have them home again, our men in gray; good though they
+came gaunt and footsore, ragged and empty-handed. And glad was the man in
+gray to cross his own threshold, though the wolf was at the door. Our men
+were ready enough for peace when peace--or what they mistook for
+peace--came; that is, the mass of them were. They had fought and starved
+their fill. The cries of destitute women and children called them home.
+They had no time to pause and cavil over lost issues, or to forge new
+occasions for quarrel. All they asked now was a chance to make meat and
+bread and raiment for themselves and those dependent on them.
+
+Yet some young spirits were restive, would have preferred death to
+surrender. The lesson of utter submission came hard. The freeborn
+American, fearless of shot and shell, and regarding free speech as his
+birthright, found the task of keeping close watch over his tongue
+difficult. General Lee knew the mettle of the fiery young courier to whom
+he uttered the parting words that have been recorded. To many another
+youth just out of armor, he gave the same pacific counsel:
+
+"We have laid down the sword. Work for a united country."
+
+[Illustration: RESIDENCE OF ROBERT E. LEE. 1861-65,
+
+Richmond, Va.
+
+Now the home of the Virginia Historical Society.]
+
+One high-strung lad seeing a Federal soldier treat a lady rudely on the
+street (a rare happening in Richmond), knocked him down, and was arrested.
+The situation was serious. The young man's father went to General Ord and
+said: "See here, General, that boy's hot from the battle-field. He doesn't
+know anything but to fight." General Ord's response was: "I'll arrange
+this matter for you. And you get this boy out of the city tonight."
+
+There happened to be staying in the same house with some of our friends, a
+young Confederate, Captain Wharton, who had come on sick leave to Richmond
+before the evacuation, and who, after that event, was very imprudent in
+expressing his mind freely on the streets, a perilous thing to do in those
+days. His friends were concerned for his safety. Suddenly he disappeared.
+Nobody knew what had become of him. Natural conclusion was that free
+speech had gotten him into trouble. At last a message came: "Please send
+me something to eat. I am in prison."
+
+Ladies came to know if Matoaca would be one of a committee to wait on the
+Provost-Marshal General in his behalf. She agreed, and the committee set
+out for the old Custom House where the Federals held court. They were
+admitted at once to General Patrick's presence. He was an elderly
+gentleman, polite, courteous. "I was surprised," says Matoaca, "because I
+had expected to see something with hoof and horns."
+
+"General," she said, "we have come to see you about a young gentleman, our
+friend, Captain Wharton. He is in prison, and we suppose the cause of his
+arrest was imprudent speech. He has been ill for some time, and is too
+feeble to bear with safety the hardships and confinement of prison life.
+If we can secure his release, we will make ourselves responsible for his
+conduct." She finished her little speech breathless. She saw the glimmer
+of a smile way down in his eyes. "I know nothing about the case," he said
+kindly. "Of course, I can not know personally of all that transpires. But
+I will inquire into this matter, and see what can be done for this young
+gentleman." Soon after, Captain Wharton called on Matoaca. She could
+hardly have left General Patrick's presence before an orderly was
+dispatched for his release.
+
+Friction resulted from efforts to ram the oath down everybody's throat at
+once. I recite this instance because of the part General Lee took and
+duplicated in multitudes of cases. Captain George Wise was called before
+the Provost to take the oath. "Why must I take it?" asked he. "My parole
+covers the ground. I will not." "You fought under General Lee, did you
+not?" "Yes. And surrendered with him, and gave my parole. To require this
+oath of me is to put an indignity upon me and my general." "I will make a
+bargain with you, Captain. Consult General Lee and abide by his decision."
+
+The captain went to the Lee residence, where he was received by Mrs. Lee,
+who informed him that her husband was ill, but would see him. The general
+was lying on a lounge, pale, weary-looking, but fully dressed, in his gray
+uniform, the three stars on his collar; the three stars--to which any
+Confederate colonel was entitled--was the only insignia of rank he ever
+wore. "They want me to take this thing, General," said the captain,
+extending a copy of the oath. "My parole covers it, and I do not think it
+should be required of me. What would you advise?"
+
+"I would advise you to take it," he said quietly. "It is absurd that it
+should be required of my soldiers, for, as you say, the parole
+practically covers it. Nevertheless, take it, I should say." "General, I
+feel that this is submission to an indignity. If I must continue to swear
+the same thing over at every street corner, I will seek another country
+where I can at least preserve my self-respect."
+
+General Lee was silent for a few minutes. Then he said, quietly as before,
+a deep touch of sadness in his voice: "Do not leave Virginia. Our country
+needs her young men now."
+
+When the captain told Henry A. Wise that he had taken the oath, the
+ex-governor said: "You have disgraced the family!" "General Lee advised me
+to do it." "Oh, that alters the case. Whatever General Lee says is all
+right, I don't care what it is."
+
+The North regarded General Lee with greater respect and kindness than was
+extended to our other leaders. A friendly reporter interviewed him, and
+bold but temperate utterances in behalf of the South appeared in the "New
+York Herald" as coming from General Lee. Some of the remarks were very
+characteristic, proving this newspaper man a faithful scribe. When
+questioned about the political situation, General Lee had said: "I am no
+politician. I am a soldier--a paroled prisoner." Urged to give his opinion
+and advised that it might have good effect, he responded:
+
+"The South has for a long time been anxious for peace. In my earnest
+belief, peace was practicable two years ago, and has been since that time
+whenever the general government should see fit to give any reasonable
+chance for the country to escape the consequences which the exasperated
+North seemed ready to visit upon it. They have been looking for some word
+or expression of compromise and conciliation from the North upon which
+they might base a return to the Union, their own views being considered.
+The question of slavery did not lie in the way at all. The best men of the
+South have long desired to do away with the institution and were quite
+willing to see it abolished. But with them in relation to this subject,
+the question has ever been: 'What will you do with the freed people?' That
+is the serious question today. Unless some humane course based upon wisdom
+and Christian principles is adopted, you do them a great injustice in
+setting them free." He plead for moderation towards the South as the part
+of wisdom as well as mercy. Oppression would keep the spirit of resistance
+alive. He did not think men of the South would engage in guerilla warfare
+as some professed to fear, but it was best not to drive men to
+desperation. "If a people see that they are to be crushed, they sell their
+lives as dearly as possible." He spoke of the tendency towards
+expatriation, deploring it as a misfortune to our common country at a time
+when one section needed building up so badly, and had, at the best, a
+terribly depleted force of young, strong men. Throughout, he spoke of the
+North and South as "we," and expressed his own great willingness to
+contribute in every way in his power to the establishment of the communal
+peace and prosperity.
+
+A brave thing for a "rebel" officer to do, he spoke out for Mr. Davis.
+"What has Mr. Davis done more than any other Southerner that he should be
+singled out for persecution? He did not originate secession, is not
+responsible for its beginning; he opposed it strenuously in speech and
+writing."
+
+[Illustration: MRS. ROBERT E. LEE
+
+(Mary Randolph Custis)
+
+Great-granddaughter of Martha Washington]
+
+Wherever he appeared in Richmond, Federal soldiers treated him with
+respect. As for our own people, to the day of his death Richmond stood
+uncovered when General Lee came there and walked the streets. If, as he
+passed along, he laid his hand on a child's head, the child never forgot
+it. His words with our young men were words of might, and the cause of
+peace owes to him a debt that the Peace Angel of the Union will not
+forget.
+
+
+
+
+"THE SADDEST GOOD FRIDAY"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+"THE SADDEST GOOD FRIDAY"
+
+
+In Matoaca's little devotional note-book, I read: "Good Friday, 1865. This
+is the saddest Good Friday I ever knew. I have spent the whole day praying
+for our stricken people, our crushed Southland." "The saddest Good Friday
+I ever knew"; nearly every man and woman in the South might have said that
+with equal truth.
+
+Her "Journal" of secular events contains a long entry for April 14; it is
+as if she had poured out all her woes on paper. For the most part it is a
+tale of feminine trivialities, of patching and mending. "Unless I can get
+work and make some money," she writes, "we must stay indoors for decency's
+sake." Her shoes have holes in them: "They are but shoes I cobbled out of
+bits of stout cloth." The soles are worn so thin her feet are almost on
+the ground. The family is suffering for food and for all necessaries. "O
+God, what can I do!" she cries, "I who have never been taught any work
+that seems to be needed now! Who is there to pay me for the few things I
+know how to do? I envy our negroes who have been trained to occupations
+that bring money; they can hire out to the Yankees, and I can't. Our
+negroes are leaving us. We had to advise them to go. Cato will not. 'Me
+lef' Mars Ran?' he cried, 'I couldn' think uv it, Miss Mato'ca!'"
+
+Woes of friends and neighbours press upon her heart. Almost every home
+has, like her own, its empty chair, its hungry mouths, its bare larder,
+though some are accepting relief from the Christian Commission or from
+Federal officers. Of loved ones in prison, they hear no tidings; from
+kindred in other parts of the South, receive no sign. There are no
+railroads, no mail service. In the presence of the conquerors, they walk
+softly and speak with bated breath. The evening paper publishes threats of
+arrest for legislators who may come to town obedient to the call Judge
+Campbell issued with Mr. Lincoln's approval.
+
+Good Friday was a day of joy and gladness North. From newspapers opened
+eagerly in radiant family circles men read out such headlines as these:
+"War Costs Over. Government Orders Curtailing Further Purchase of Arms,
+Ammunition and Commissary Stores." "Drafting and Recruiting Stopped."
+"Military Restrictions on Trade and Commerce Modified." Selma, Alabama,
+with its rich stores of Confederate cotton, was captured. Mr. Lincoln's
+conciliatory policy was commented on as "a wise and sagacious move."
+Thursday's stock market had been bullish.
+
+Rachel weeping for her children was comforted because they had not died in
+vain. Larders were not bare, clothes were not lacking. The fastings and
+prayers of the devout were full of praise and thanksgiving. For the
+undevout, Good Friday was a feast day and a day of jollification.
+
+In Charleston, South Carolina, gaping with scars of shot and shell of her
+long, long, siege, the roses and oleanders and palmettoes strove to cover
+with beauty the wounds of war, and in their fragrance to breathe nature's
+sympathy and faithfulness. Her own desolate people kept within doors. The
+streets were thronged with a cheerful, well-clad crowd; the city was
+overflowing with Northern men and women of distinction. In the bay lay
+Dahlgren's fleet, gay flags all a-flying. On land and water bands played
+merrily.
+
+Fort Sumter's anniversary was to be celebrated. The Union flag was to be
+raised over the ruined pile by General Robert Anderson, who had lost the
+fort in 1861. In the company duly assembled were Henry Ward Beecher,
+Theodore Tilton, William Lloyd Garrison, Rev. Dr. Storrs. Mr. Beecher
+uttered words of kindly sentiment towards the South. He gave God thanks
+for preserving Lincoln's life, accepting this as a token of divine favor
+to the Nation. Dr. Storrs read: "'When the Lord turned again the captivity
+of Zion, we were like them that dream.'" The people: "'Then was our mouth
+filled with laughter and our tongue with singing.'" And so on through the
+126th Psalm. Then: "'Some trust in chariots and some in horses, but we
+will remember the name of the Lord our God.'" And: "'They are brought low
+and fallen, but we are risen and stand upright.'"
+
+"The Star-Spangled Banner" was sung, and the guns of Dahlgren's fleet
+thundered honours to the Stars and Stripes, which, rising slowly and
+gracefully, fluttered out in triumph against the Southern sky. At sunset,
+guns boomed again, proud signal to the ending of the perfect day. The
+city, silent and sad as far as its own people were concerned, rang with
+the strangers' joyaunce. Social festivities ruled the hour. General
+Gillmore entertained at a great banquet. The bay was ablaze with
+fireworks; all forts were alight; the beautiful Sea Islands, whose owners
+roamed in destitute exile, gleamed in shining circle, the jewels of the
+sea.
+
+The 14th was a red-letter day in the National Capital. Everything spoke of
+victory and gladness. Washington held the two idols of the North--Lincoln
+and Grant. It was Mr. Lincoln's perfect hour. He went about with a quiet
+smile on his face. The family breakfast at the White House was very happy;
+Captain Robert Lincoln was visiting his parents. General Grant was present
+at the Cabinet meeting during the forenoon, Mr. Lincoln's last. These are
+some of the President's words:
+
+"I think it providential that this great rebellion is crushed just as
+Congress has adjourned and there are none of the disturbing elements of
+that body to hinder and embarrass us. If we are wise and discreet we shall
+reanimate the States and get their governments in successful operation
+with order prevailing, and the Union reëstablished before Congress comes
+together in December. I hope there will be no persecution, no bloody work,
+after the war is over. No one need expect me to take any part in hanging
+or killing these men. Enough lives have been sacrificed. We must
+extinguish resentment if we expect harmony and Union. There is too great a
+disposition on the part of some of our very good friends to be masters, to
+interfere with and dictate to these States, to treat the people not as
+fellow-citizens; there is too little respect for their rights." He made it
+plain that he meant the words of his second inaugural address, hardly six
+weeks before, when he promised that his mission should be "to bind up the
+wounds of the Nation."
+
+"Very cheerful and very hopeful," Mr. Stanton reported, "spoke very kindly
+of General Lee and others of the Confederacy, and of the establishment of
+the Government of Virginia." Also, he spoke of the state government in
+Louisiana, and that which he had mapped out for North Carolina. General
+Grant was uneasy about Sherman and Johnston. The President said: "I have
+no doubt that favourable news will come. I had a dream last night, my
+usual dream which has preceded every important event of the war. I
+seemed to be on a singular and indescribable vessel, always the same,
+moving with great rapidity toward a dark and indefinite shore."
+
+[Illustration: MRS. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON
+
+(Lydia McLane, daughter of Senator McLane, of Delaware.)]
+
+He did not know that on that day Sherman was writing Johnston, "I am
+empowered to make terms of peace." But he knew he had so empowered
+Sherman. I can imagine that through his heart the refrain was beating:
+"There will be no more bloodshed, no more devastation. There shall be no
+more humiliations for this Southern people, and God will give it into my
+hands to reunite my country."
+
+He went for a long, quiet drive with his wife. "Mary," he said, "we have
+had a hard time of it since we came to Washington; but the war is over,
+and with God's blessing we may hope for four years of peace and happiness.
+Then we will go back to Illinois and pass the rest of our days in quiet."
+He longed for quiet. The Sabbath before, while driving along the banks of
+the James, he said: "Mary, when I die, I would like to lie in a quiet
+place like this," and related a dream which he felt to be presage of
+death.
+
+Sailing on the James, he read aloud twice, and in a manner that impressed
+Charles Sumner, who was present, this passage from Macbeth:
+
+                      "'Duncan is in his grave;
+  After life's fitful fever he sleeps well;
+  Treason has done his worst: nor steel, nor poison,
+  Malice domestic, foreign levy, nothing,
+  Can touch him further.'"
+
+He was going, safe and whole, from the land of "rebels" to Washington. "We
+have had a hard time in Washington, Mary." Read Sherman's "Memoirs," and
+see what little liking great Federal generals had for journeys to
+Washington; how for peace and safety, they preferred their battle-fields
+to the place where politicians were wire-pulling and spreading nets.
+
+The conclusion to his perfect day was a box in Ford's Theatre, his wife
+and a pair of betrothed lovers for company; on the stage Laura Keene in
+"Our American Cousin." The tragic sequel is indelibly impressed on the
+brain of every American--the people leaning forward, absorbed in the play,
+the handsome, slender figure of young Wilkes Booth moving with easy,
+assured grace towards the President's box, the report of the pistol, the
+leap of Booth to the stage, falling as the flag caught his foot, rising,
+brandishing his weapon and crying: "_Sic Semper Tyrannis!_", his escape
+with a broken ankle through the confused crowds; the dying President borne
+out to the boarding-house on Tenth Street.
+
+Seward's life was attempted the same evening by Booth's confederate, Lewis
+Payne, who penetrated to the Secretary's sick-room and wounded him and his
+son; Payne escaped. General Grant's death was a part of the plot; he and
+Mrs. Grant had declined invitation to share the President's box, and
+started west; Mr. Stanton's murder was also intended; but he escaped,
+scathless of body but bitterer of soul than ever, bitterer than Mr.
+Seward, who was wounded.
+
+In a letter which Matoaca wrote years afterward, she said: "I well
+remember the horror that thrilled our little circle when the news came.
+'Now, may God have mercy on us!' Uncle exclaimed. He sat silent for a
+while and then asked: 'Can it be possible that any of our own people could
+do this thing? Some misguided fanatic?' And then, after a silence: 'Can
+some enemy of the South have done it? Some enemy of the South who had a
+grudge against Lincoln, too?' 'What sort of secret service could they
+have had in Washington that this thing could happen? How was it that the
+crippled assassin was able to make his escape?' he said when full accounts
+appeared. The explanations given never explained to him.
+
+"I heard some speak who thought it no more than just retribution upon Mr.
+Lincoln for the havoc he had wrought in our country. But even the few who
+spoke thus were horrified when details came. We could not be expected to
+grieve, from any sense of personal affection, for Mr. Lincoln, whom we had
+seen only in the position of an implacable foe at the head of a power
+invading and devastating our land; but our reprobation of the crime of his
+taking off was none the less. Besides, we did not know what would be done
+to us. Already there had been talk of trying our officers for treason, of
+executing them, of exiling them, and in this talk Andrew Johnson had been
+loudest.
+
+"I remember how one poor woman took the news. She was half-crazed by her
+losses and troubles; one son had been killed in battle, another had died
+in prison, of another she could not hear if he were living or dead; her
+house had been burned; her young daughter, turned out with her in the
+night, had died of fright and exposure. She ran in, crying: 'Lincoln has
+been killed! thank God!' Next day she came, still and pale: 'I have prayed
+it all out of my heart,' she said, 'that is, I'm not glad. But, somehow, I
+_can't_ be sorry. I believe it was the vengeance of the Lord.'"
+
+Jefferson Davis heard of Lincoln's death in Charlotte. A tablet in that
+beautiful and historic city marks the spot where he stood. He had just
+arrived from Greensboro, was dismounting, citizens were welcoming him when
+the dispatch signed by Secretary of War Breckinridge was handed him by
+Major John Courtney. Mrs. Courtney, the Major's widow, told me that her
+husband heard the President say: "Oh, the pity of it!" He passed it to a
+gentleman with the remark, "Here are sad tidings." The Northern press
+reported that Jefferson Davis cheered when he heard of Lincoln's death.
+
+Mrs. Davis, at the Armistead Burt House, Abbeville, received a message
+from her husband announcing his arrival in Charlotte and telling of the
+assassination. Mrs. Davis "burst into tears, which flowed from sorrow and
+a thorough realization of the inevitable results to the
+Confederates,"--her own words.
+
+General Johnston and General Sherman were in Mr. Bennett's house near
+Raleigh. Just before starting to this meeting, General Sherman received a
+dispatch announcing Mr. Lincoln's assassination. He placed it in his
+pocket, and, as soon as they were alone, handed it to General Johnston,
+watching him narrowly. "He did not attempt to conceal his distress,"
+General Sherman relates. "The perspiration came out in large drops on his
+forehead." His horror and detestation of the deed broke forth; he
+earnestly hoped General Sherman would not charge this crime to the
+Confederacy. "I explained," states General Sherman, "that I had not yet
+revealed the news to my own personal staff or to the army, and that I
+dreaded the effect when it was made known." He feared that "a worse fate
+than that of Columbia would befall" Raleigh, particularly if some "foolish
+man or woman should say or do something that would madden his men." He
+took pains when making the calamity known to assure his army that he did
+not consider the South responsible.
+
+Mr. Davis, under arrest, and on the way to Macon, heard that Andrew
+Johnson had offered a reward of $100,000 for his arrest, charging him,
+Clement C. Clay and other prominent Southerners with "inciting,
+concerting, procuring" the "atrocious murder" of President Lincoln.
+Between threatening soldiery, displaying the proclamation and shouting
+over his capture, Mr. Davis and his family rode and walked.
+
+At Macon, General Wilson received him with courtesy; when the proclamation
+was mentioned, Mr. Davis said one person at least in the United States
+knew the charge to be false, and that was the man who signed it, for
+Andrew Johnson knew that he preferred Lincoln to himself.
+
+In Augusta, Colonel Randall (author of "Maryland, My Maryland"), meeting
+Clement C. Clay on the street, informed him of the proclamation. The old
+ex-Senator at once surrendered, asking trial.[5]
+
+In Southern cities citizens held meetings condemning the murder and
+expressing sorrow and regret at the President's death. Ex-Governor Aiken,
+known as the largest slave-owner in South Carolina, led the movement in
+Charleston, heading a petition to General Gillmore for use of the
+Hibernian Hall that the people might have a gathering-place in which to
+declare their sentiments.
+
+Even the Confederates in prison were heard from. The officers confined at
+Fort Warren signed with General Ewell a letter to General Grant,
+expressing to "a soldier who will understand" their detestation of Booth's
+horrible crime. The commandant of the Fort, Major William Appleton, added
+a note testifying to their deep sincerity.
+
+
+
+
+THE WRATH OF THE NORTH
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE WRATH OF THE NORTH
+
+
+The mad act of crazy Wilkes Booth set the whole country crazy. The South
+was aghast, natural recoil intensified by apprehension. The North,
+convulsed with anguish, was newly inflamed, and even when the cooler
+moment came and we were acquitted of any responsibility for Booth's crazy
+act, the angry humour of a still sore heart was against us. We, of both
+sections, who suffered so lately as one people in the death of President
+McKinley, can comprehend the woe and unreason of the moment.
+
+Indignation and memorial meetings simply flayed the South alive. At one in
+the New York Custom House, when the grieving, exasperated people did not
+know whether to weep or to curse the more, or to end it by simply hanging
+us all, Mr. Chittenden rose and said: "Peace, be still!" And declared the
+death of Lincoln providential, God removing the man of mercy that due
+punishment might be meted out to rebels. Before the pacific orator
+finished, people were yelling: "Hang Lee!" and "The rebels deserve
+damnation!" Pulpits fulminated. Easter sermons demanded the halter, exile,
+confiscation of property, for "rebels and traitors"; yet some voices rose
+benignly, as Edward Everett Hale's, Dr. Huntington's, and Rufus Ellis', in
+words fitting the day. Beecher urged moderation.
+
+The new President, Andrew Johnson, was breathing out threatenings and
+slaughter before Lincoln's death. Thousands had heard him shout from the
+southern portico of the Patent Office, "Jeff Davis ought to be hung
+twenty times as high as Haman!"
+
+In Nicolay and Hay's Life of Lincoln, the following paragraph follows
+comment upon unanimity in Southern and Northern sentiment: "There was one
+exception to the general grief too remarkable to be passed over in
+silence. Among the extreme Radicals in Congress, Mr. Lincoln's determined
+clemency and liberality towards the Southern people had made an impression
+so unfavourable that, though they were shocked at his murder, they did
+not, among themselves, conceal their gratification that he was no longer
+in the way. In a political caucus held a few hours after the President's
+death, 'the thought was nearly universal,' to quote the language of one of
+their most representative members, 'that the accession of Johnson to the
+Presidency would prove a godsend to the country.'"
+
+The only people who could profit by Lincoln's death were in the Radical
+wing of the Republican party. These extremists thought Johnson their man.
+Senator Wade, heading a committee that waited on him, cried: "Johnson, we
+have faith in you! By the gods, it will be no trouble now running the
+Government!"
+
+"Treason," said the new President, "is the highest crime in the calendar,
+and the full penalty for its commission should be visited upon the leaders
+of the Rebellion. Treason should be made odious." It is told as true
+"inside history" that the arrest and execution of General Lee had been
+determined upon; General Grant heard of it and went in the night to see
+President Johnson and Secretary Stanton and said to them: "If General Lee
+or any of the officers paroled by me are arrested while keeping the terms
+of their parole, I will resign my commission in the United States Army."
+
+But on April 15, even General Grant was of a divided mind, for he wired
+General Ord: "Arrest J. A. Campbell, Mayor Mayo, and members of the old
+Council who have not yet taken the oath of allegiance, and confine them in
+Libby Prison ... arrest all paroled officers and surgeons until they can
+be sent beyond our lines unless they have taken the oath of allegiance.
+Extreme rigour will have to be observed whilst assassination is the order
+of the day with rebels."
+
+General Ord replied: "The two citizens we have seen. They are old, nearly
+helpless, and, I think, incapable of harm. Lee and staff are in town among
+the paroled prisoners. Should I arrest them under the circumstances, I
+think the rebellion here would be reopened. I will risk my life that
+present paroles will be kept, if you will allow me to so trust the people
+here, who are ignorant of the assassination, done, I think, by some insane
+Brutus with but few accomplices. Judge Campbell and Mr. Hunter pressed me
+earnestly yesterday to send them to Washington to see the President. Would
+they have done so if guilty?"
+
+General Grant answered: "I leave my dispatch of this date in the light of
+a suggestion to be executed only as far as you may judge the good of the
+service demands." But the venerable peace-maker and his associates were
+not to escape vengeance.
+
+General Halleck, from Richmond, to General Grant, May 5: "Hunter is
+staying quietly at home, advises all who visit him to support the Union
+cause. His hostility to Davis did much to make Davis unpopular in
+Virginia. Considering this, and the fact that President Lincoln advised
+against arresting Hunter, I would much prefer not to arrest him unless
+specially ordered to do so. All classes are taking the Amnesty Oath; it
+would be unfortunate to shake by unnecessary arrests this desire for
+general amnesty. Lee's officers are taking the oath; even Lee himself is
+considering the propriety of doing so and petitioning President Johnson
+for pardon."
+
+May 11, Halleck to Stanton: "R. M. T. Hunter has, in accordance with
+General Grant's orders, been arrested, and is now on a gunboat in the
+James. Judge Campbell is still at his house. If necessary, he can be
+confined with Mr. Hunter. He voluntarily submits himself to such
+punishment as the Government may see fit to impose. He is very destitute
+and much broken down, and his case excites much sympathy."
+
+Fortress Monroe, May 22, General Halleck wires General Ord, Richmond: "The
+Secretary of War directs that John A. Campbell be placed in the Libby or
+some other secure prison. Do this at once." Announcements of arrivals at
+Fort Pulaski in June would have made a fine page for any hotel desiring a
+brilliant register, thus: "Ex-Senator R. M. T. Hunter, Virginia;
+ex-Assistant Secretary of War Judge J. A. Campbell, Alabama; ex-Senator D.
+L. Yulee, Florida; ex-Governor Clark, Mississippi; ex-Secretary of the
+Treasury G. A. Trenholm, South Carolina;" and so on. Pulaski had rivals in
+other Federal prisons.
+
+A reward of $25,000 for "Extra Billy" did not bring him in, but he
+delivered himself up to General Patrick, was paroled, and went to his home
+in Warrenton, Fauquier, and set to work with a will, though he was, to
+quote General Halleck, "seventy years old and quite feeble." The rightful
+Governor of Virginia, he advised her people to cheerful acceptance of
+Pierpont.
+
+As soon as the aged Governor of Mississippi learned that General Dick
+Taylor would surrender, he convened the Legislature; his message,
+recommending the repeal of the secession ordinance and deploring
+Lincoln's murder, was not more than read, when General Osband, under
+orders from Washington, dissolved the Legislature with threats of arrest.
+Governor Clark was arrested: "The old soldier straightened his mangled
+limbs as best he could, with great difficulty mounted his crutches, and
+with a look of defiance, said: 'General Osband, I denounce before high
+Heaven this unparalleled act of tyranny and usurpation. I am the duly and
+constitutionally elected Governor of Mississippi, and would resist, if in
+my power, to the last extremity the enforcement of your order.'"
+
+[Illustration: LIBBY PRISON, RICHMOND, VA.
+
+Before 1861 this building was used as a warehouse, and in 1888-9 was
+transported by a syndicate to Chicago, and is now known as Libby Prison
+War Museum.]
+
+Governors, generals and statesmen were arrested in all directions. No
+exception was made for Alexander H. Stephens, the invalid, the
+peace-maker, the gentlest Roman of them all. At Liberty Hall, Mr. Stephens
+and a young friend, Robert W. Hull, were playing casino, when Tim, a
+negro, ran in, exclaiming: "Marster, de town is full uh Yankees! Whole
+heaps uv 'em, gallopin' all about, carryin' guns." Mr. Stephens rose and
+said to his guest: "I have been expecting this. They have come for me.
+Excuse me, please, while I pack." He went into his bedroom and began this
+task, when an officer called. Mr. Stephens met him in the parlor. The
+officer said, "Are you Alex Stephens?" "That is my name." "I have an order
+for your arrest." "I would like to have your name and see your order." "I
+am Captain Saint, of the 4th Iowa, acting under General Upton's orders.
+Here is the order." Mr. Stephens saw that himself and General Toombs were
+to be brought before General Upton in Atlanta. "I have been anticipating
+arrest," he said quietly, "and have been careful not to be out of the way,
+remaining here at home. General Upton need not have sent an armed force
+for me. A simple intimation from him that my presence was desired would
+have taken me to Atlanta." His negroes were weeping when he was carried
+away; one, by special permission, accompanied him.
+
+He was left under guard in a shanty on the road; the troops went on to
+Washington, "to be back in a little while with Bob Toombs." "Where is
+General Toombs?" asked Mr. Stephens, when they returned. "We don't know,"
+was the rejoinder. "He flanked us." Thus:
+
+General Toombs, going to the basement doorway of his house in Washington,
+exclaimed suddenly: "My God! the blue-coats!" turned and went rapidly
+through his house and out at the back door, saying to his wife: "Detain
+them at the front as long as you can." Their daughter, Mrs. Du Bose,
+helped her. "Bob Toombs" was asked for. Mrs. Du Bose went to bring "Bob
+Toombs"; she reappeared leading a lovely boy. "Here is Bob Toombs," she
+said, "Bob Toombs Du Bose, named for my father, General Toombs."
+
+Mrs. Toombs took them through the house, showing them into every
+room--keys of which were lost and had to be looked for. They would burn
+the building, they insisted, if General Toombs was not produced. "Burn,"
+she said, "and burn me in it. If I knew my husband's hiding-place, I would
+not betray him." They told her to move her furniture out. She obeyed. They
+changed their minds about the burning and went off. General Toombs escaped
+to the woods, where he remained hidden until nightfall. His friend,
+Captain Charles E. Irvin, got some gold from Mrs. Toombs, and carried the
+money to him, together with his mare, Gray Alice. From Nassau Island he
+crossed to England, where the doughty "rebel" was mightily liked.
+
+Mr. Davis, Mr. Stephens, Mr. Clay, General Wheeler, and General Ralls met
+aboard the steamer at Augusta, all prisoners. The President's arrest
+occurred the day before Mr. Stephens', near Irwinsville. Picture it. Gray
+dawn in the Georgia woods. A small encampment of tents, horses, and
+wagons. Horses saddled and bridled, with pistols in holsters, picketed on
+the edge of the encampment. A negro watching and listening. Suddenly, he
+hurries to one of the tents: "Mars Jeff!" His call wakes a man lying fully
+dressed on one of the cots. "What's the matter, Jim?" "Firin' 'cross de
+branch, suh. Jes behin' our camp. Marauders, I reckon."
+
+After leaving Washington, Mr. Davis had heard that marauders were in
+pursuit of his wife's cortege, and turning out of his course, he rode hard
+across country, found his family, conveyed them beyond the present danger,
+as he thought, and was about to renew his journey south. Horses for
+himself and staff were ready, when he heard that marauders were again
+near; he concluded to wait, and so lay down to rest. At Jim's call, he
+went to the tent-door, then turned to where his wife bent over her
+sleeping baby, Winnie. "They are not marauders," he said, "but regular
+troopers of the United States Army."
+
+She begged him to leave her quickly. His horses and weapons were near the
+road down which the cavalry was coming. In the darkness of the tent, he
+caught up what he took to be his raglan, a sleeveless, waterproof garment.
+It was hers. She, poor soul, threw a shawl over his head. He went out of
+the tent, she keeping near. "Halt!" cried a trooper, levelling a carbine
+at him. He dropped his wraps and hurried forward. The trooper, in the
+dark, might miss aim; a hand under his foot would unhorse him; when Mr.
+Davis would mount and away. Mrs. Davis saw the carbine, cast her arms
+about her husband, and lost him his one chance of escape.
+
+In one of her trunks, broken open by pilferers of the attacking party, a
+hoop-skirt was found. I shall refer to this historic hoop-skirt again.
+
+I left Generals Johnston and Sherman discussing Mr. Lincoln's death and
+arranging terms of peace, based upon what Sherman recognized as the object
+of the war--salvation of the Union; and upon instructions received from
+Mr. Lincoln's own lips in their last interview when the President
+authorized him to "assure Governor Vance and the people of North Carolina
+that, as soon as the rebel armies will lay down their arms, they will at
+once be guaranteed all their rights as citizens of a common country; and
+that, to avoid anarchy, the State Governments now in existence will be
+recognized."
+
+"When peace does come, you may call upon me for anything. Then, I will
+share with you the last crust and watch with you to shield your homes and
+families against danger from every quarter." Thus Sherman closed his reply
+to Calhoun's protest against the depopulation of Atlanta. Now that war was
+over, he was for living up to this.
+
+In soldierly simplicity, he thought he had done an excellent thing in
+securing Johnston's guarantee of disbandment of all Confederate forces,
+and settling all fear of guerilla warfare by putting out of arms not only
+regular Confederates, but any who might claim to be such.
+
+Stanton disposed of the whole matter by ordering Grant to "proceed to the
+headquarters of Major-General Sherman and direct operations against the
+enemy." This was, of course, the end to any terms for us. As is known,
+General Johnston surrendered on the same conditions with Lee. Grant so
+ordered his course as not to do Sherman injustice.
+
+General Sherman wrote a spicy letter for Mr. Stanton's benefit: the
+settlement he had arranged for would be discussed, he said, in a different
+spirit "two or three years hence, after the Government has experimented a
+little more in the machinery by which power reaches the scattered people
+of this vast country known as the South." He had made war "hell"; now, the
+people of "this unhappy country," as he pityingly designated the land he
+had devastated, were for peace; and he, than whom none had done more to
+bring them to that state of mind, was for giving them some of its fruits.
+"We should not drive a people to anarchy"; for protection to life and
+property, the South's civil courts and governments should be allowed to
+remain in operation.
+
+"The assassination has stampeded the civil authorities," "unnerved them,"
+was the conclusion he drew when he went to Washington when, just after the
+crime, the long roll had been beaten and the city put under martial law;
+public men were still in dread of assassination. At the grand review in
+Washington, Sherman, hero of the hour, shook hands with the President and
+other dignitaries on the stand, but pointedly failed to accept Mr.
+Stanton's.
+
+After Mr. Lincoln's death, leniency to "rebels" was accounted worse than a
+weakness. The heavy hand was applauded. It was the fashion to say hard
+things of us. It was accounted piety and patriotism to condemn "traitors
+and rebels." Cartoonists, poets, and orators, were in clover; here was a
+subject on which they could "let themselves out."
+
+
+
+
+THE CHAINING OF JEFFERSON DAVIS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE CHAINING OF JEFFERSON DAVIS
+
+
+Strange and unreal seem those days. One President a fugitive, journeying
+slowly southward; the other dead, journeying slowly north and west. Aye,
+the hand of God was heavy on both our peoples. The cup of defeat could not
+be made more bitter than it was; and into the cup of triumph were gall and
+wormwood poured.
+
+Hunters pursuing one chieftain with hoarse cries of "rebel!" and
+"traitor!" For the other, bells tolling, guns booming requiem, great
+cities hung with black, streets lined with weeping thousands, the
+catafalque a victor's chariot before which children and maidens scattered
+flowers. Nearly a month that funeral march lasted--from Washington through
+Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Albany, Cleveland, Columbus,
+Indianapolis, Chicago--it wound its stately way to Springfield. Wherever
+it passed, the public pulse beat hotter against the Southern chieftain and
+his people.
+
+Yet the dead and the hunted were men of one country, born in the same
+State. Sharp contrasts in many ways, they were yet enough alike in
+personal appearance to have been brothers. Both were pure men, brave,
+patriotic; both kindly and true. The dead had said of the living: "Let
+Jeff escape."
+
+Johnson's proclamation threw the entire South into a white rage and an
+anguish unutterable, when it charged the assassination to Mr. Davis and
+other representative men of the South. Swift on it came news that our
+President was captured, report being spread to cast ridicule upon him
+that, when caught, he was disguised in his wife's garments. Caricatures,
+claiming to be truthful portraiture, displayed him in hoops and petticoats
+and a big poke bonnet, of such flaming contrasts as certainly could not
+have been found in Mrs. Davis' wardrobe.
+
+In 1904, I saw at a _vaudeville_ entertainment in a New York department
+store, a stereopticon representation of the War of Secession. The climax
+was Mr. Davis in a pink skirt, red bonnet, yellow bodice, and
+parti-coloured shawl, struggling with several Federals, while other
+Federals were rushing to the attack, all armed to the teeth and pointing
+warlike weapons at this one fantastic figure of a feeble old man. The
+theatre was full of children. The attraction had been running some time
+and thousands of young Americans had doubtless accepted its travesties as
+history. The Northern friend with me was as indignant as myself.
+
+When Mr. Davis' capture was announced in theatres and other places of
+amusement in the North, people went crazy with joy, clapping their hands
+and cheering, while bands played "Yankee Doodle" and "Star-Spangled
+Banner." Many were for having him hung at once. Wendell Phillips wanted
+him "left to the sting of his own conscience."
+
+Presently, we heard that the "Clyde" was bringing Mr. Davis, his family,
+General Wheeler, Governor Vance, and others, to Fortress Monroe. And
+then--will I ever forget how the South felt about that?--that Mr. Davis
+was a prisoner in a damp, casemated cell, that lights were kept burning in
+his face all night until he was in danger of blindness; that human eyes
+were fixed on him night and day, following his every movement; that his
+jailer would come and look at him contemptuously and call him "Jeff";
+that sightseers would be brought to peer at him as if he were some strange
+wild beast; that his feeble limbs had been loaded with chains; that he was
+like to lose his life through hardships visited upon him! To us who knew
+the man personally, his sensitiveness, dignity, and refinement, the tale
+is harrowing as it could not be to those who knew him not thus. Yet to all
+Americans it must be a regrettable chapter in our history when it is
+remembered that this man was no common felon, but a prisoner of State, a
+distinguished Indian-fighter, a Mexican veteran, a man who had held a seat
+in Congress, who had been Secretary of War of the United States, and who
+for four years had stood at the head of the Confederate States.
+
+When they came to put chains upon him, he protested, said it was an
+indignity to which as a soldier he would not submit, that the intention
+was to dishonour the South in him; stood with his back to the wall, bade
+them kill him at once, fought them off as long as he could--fought them
+until they held him down and the blacksmiths riveted the manacles upon his
+wasted limbs. Captain Titlow, who had the work in charge, did not like his
+cruel task, but he had no choice but to obey orders.[6]
+
+And this was in Fortress Monroe, where of old the gates fell wide to
+welcome him when he came as Secretary of War, where guns thundered
+greeting, soldiers presented arms, and the highest officer was proud to do
+him honour! With bated breath we speak of Russian prisons. But how is
+this: "Davis is in prison; he is not allowed to say a word to any one nor
+is any one allowed to say a word to him. He is literally in a living tomb.
+His position is not much better than that of the Turkish Sultan, Bajazet,
+exposed by his captor, Tamerlane, in a portable iron cage." ("New York
+Herald," May 26, 1865.) The dispatch seemed positively to gloat over that
+poor man's misery.
+
+A new fad in feminine attire came into vogue; women wore long, large, and
+heavy black chains as decorations.
+
+The military murder of Mrs. Surratt stirred us profoundly. Too lowly,
+simple, and obscure in herself to rank with heroic figures, her execution
+lifts her to the plane where stand all who fell victims to the troubled
+times. Suspicion of complicity in Mr. Lincoln's murder, because of her
+son's intimacy with Wilkes Booth, led to her death. They had her before a
+military tribunal in Washington, her feet linked with chains.
+
+Several men were executed. Their prison-life and hers was another tale to
+give one the creeps. They were not allowed to speak to any one, nor was
+any one allowed to speak to them; they were compelled to wear masks of
+padded cloth over face and head, an opening at the mouth permitting space
+for breathing; pictures said to be drawn from life showed them in their
+cells where the only resting-places were not beds, but bare, rough
+benches; marched before judges with these same horrible hoods on, marched
+to the gallows with them on, hanging with them on.
+
+One of the executed, Payne, had been guilty of the attack on Mr. Seward
+and his son; the others had been dominated and bribed by Booth, but had
+failed to play the parts assigned them in the awful drama his morbid brain
+wrought out.
+
+
+
+
+OUR FRIENDS, THE ENEMY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+OUR FRIENDS, THE ENEMY
+
+
+There was small interchange of civilities between Northern and Southern
+ladies. The new-comers were in much evidence; Southerners saw them riding
+and driving in rich attire and handsome equipages, and at the theatre in
+all the glory of fine toilettes.
+
+There was not so much trouble opening theatres as churches. A good many
+stage celebrities came to the Richmond Theatre, which was well patronised.
+Decorated with United States flags, it was opened during the first week of
+the occupation with "Don Cæsar de Bazan." The "Whig" reported a brilliant
+audience. Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Grant, who had been driving over the city,
+were formally invited by General Weitzel to attend the play, but did not
+appear.
+
+The band played every evening in the Square, and our people, ladies
+especially, were invited to come out. The Square and the Capitol were at
+one time overrun with negroes. This was stopped. Still, our ladies did not
+go. Federal officers and their ladies had their music to themselves.
+"There was no intentional slight or rudeness on our part. We did not draw
+back our skirts in passing Federal soldiers, as was charged in Northern
+papers; if a few thoughtless girls or women did this, they were not
+representative. We tried not to give offense; we were heart-broken; we
+stayed to ourselves; and we were not hypocrites; that was all." So our
+women aver. In most Southern cities efforts were made to induce the ladies
+to come out and hear the band play.
+
+The day Governor Pierpont arrived, windows of the Spotswood and Monumental
+were crowded with Northern ladies waving handkerchiefs. "I only knew from
+the papers," Matoaca tells, "that the Mansion was decorated with flowers
+for his reception. Our own windows, which had been as windows of a house
+of mourning, did not change their aspect for his coming. Our rightful
+governor was a fugitive; Governor Pierpont was an alien. We were
+submissive, but we could not rejoice." This was the feminine and social
+side. On the political and masculine side, he was welcomed. Delegations of
+prominent Virginians from all counties brought him assurances of
+coöperation. The new Governor tried to give a clean, patriotic
+administration.
+
+Northerners held socials in each others' houses and in halls; there were
+receptions, unattended by Southerners, at the Governor's Mansion and
+Military Headquarters. It might have been more politic had we gone out of
+our way to be socially agreeable, but it would not have been sincere.
+Federal officers and their wives attended our churches. A Northern
+Methodist Society was formed with a group of adherents, Governor and Mrs.
+Pierpont, and, later, General and Mrs. Canby among them. "We of the
+Northern colony were very dependent upon ourselves for social pleasures,"
+an ex-member who now considers herself a Southerner said to me recently.
+"There were some inter-marriages. I remember an elopement; a Petersburg
+girl ran away with a Federal officer, and the pair sought asylum at my
+father's, in Richmond's Northern colony. Miss Van Lew entertained us
+liberally. She gave a notable reception to Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase
+and his beautiful daughter, Kate." Miss Van Lew, a resident, was suspected
+of being a spy during the war.
+
+Our ladies went veiled on the street, the motive that caused them to close
+their windows impelling them to cover their faces with sorrow's shield.
+There was not much opportunity for young blue-coats to so much as behold
+our pretty girls, much less make eyes at them, had they been so minded.
+That veil as an accompaniment of a lissome figure and graceful carriage
+must have sometimes acted as a tantalising disguise.
+
+I heard of one very cute happening in which the wind and a veil played
+part. Mary Triplett, our famous blonde beauty, then in the rosy freshness
+of early youth, was walking along when the wind took off her veil and
+carried it to the feet of a young Federal officer. He bent, uplifted the
+vagrant mask, and, with his cap held before his eyes, restored it. That
+was a very honest, self-denying Yankee. Perhaps he peeped around the
+corner of his cap. There was at that time in Richmond a bevy of
+marvellously lovely buds, Mattie Ould, Miss Triplett's antithesis, among
+the number.
+
+The entire South seems to have been very rich then in buds of beauty and
+women of distinction. Or, was it that the fires of adversity brought their
+charms and virtues into high relief? Names flitting through my mind are
+legion. Richmond's roll has been given often. Junior members of the
+Petersburg set were Tabb Bolling, General Rooney Lee's sweetheart (now his
+widow); Molly Bannister, General Lee's pet, who was allowed to ride
+Traveller; Anne Bannister, Alice Gregory, Betty and Jeannie Osborne, Betty
+Cabaniss, Betty and Lucy Page, Sally Hardy, Nannie Cocke, Patty Cowles,
+Julia, Mary and Marion Meade, and others who queened it over General Lee's
+army and wrought their pretty fingers to the bone for our lads in the
+trenches. To go farther afield, Georgia had her youthful "Maid of Athens,"
+Jule King, afterwards Mrs. Henry Grady; in Atlanta were the Clayton
+sisters, and Maggie Poole, Augusta Hill, Ella Ezzard, Eugenia Goode,
+besides a brilliant married circle. In South Carolina were Mrs. James
+Chesnut, her sister, Mrs. David R. Williams, and all the fair troop that
+figure in her "Diary From Dixie." Louisiana's endless roster might begin
+with the Slocomb family, to which General Butler paid official tribute,
+recording that "Mrs. Slocomb equipped the crack military company of New
+Orleans, the Washington Artillery, in which her son-in-law, Captain David
+Urquhart, is an officer." Mrs. Urquhart's daughter, Cora (afterwards Mrs.
+James Brown Potter), was, I think, a tiny maiden then. Beloved for her
+social charm and her charities, Mrs. Ida B. Richardson, Mrs. Urquhart's
+sister, still lives in the Crescent City. There were the Leacock sisters,
+Mrs. Andrew Gray and Mrs. Will Howell, the "madonna of New Orleans." There
+was the King family, which produced Grace King, author and historian. A
+Louisiana beauty was Addie Prescott, whose face and presence gave warrant
+of the royal blood of Spain flowing in her veins. In Mississippi was
+"Pearl Rivers," afterwards Mrs. Nicholson, good genius of the "Picayune";
+and Mary E. Bryan, later the genius of the "Sunny South." Georgia and
+Alabama claim Mme. Le Vert, to whose intellect Lamartine paid tribute, and
+Augusta Evans, whose "Macaria" ran the blockade in manuscript and came out
+up North during the war; that delightful "Belle of the Fifties," Mrs.
+Clement C. Clay, is Alabama's own. Besides the "Rose of Texas" (Louise
+Wigfall), the Lone Star State has many a winsome "Southern Girl" and woman
+to her credit. Mrs. Roger A. Pryor is Virginia's own. Among Florida's fair
+was the "Madonna of the Wickliffe sisters," Mrs. Yulee, Senator Yulee's
+wife and, presently, Florida's Vice-Regent for the Ladies' Association
+of Mt. Vernon. Mrs. Sallie Ward Hunt and Mrs. Sallie Ewing Pope lead a
+long list in Kentucky, where Mary Anderson, the actress, was in her tender
+teens, and Bertha Honoré (afterwards Mrs. Potter Palmer) was in pinafores.
+To Mississippi and Missouri belongs Theodosia Worthington Valliant; and to
+Tennessee Betty Vance, whose beauty's fame was world-wide, and Mary
+Wright, later Mrs. Treadwell. At a ball given Prince Arthur when in this
+country, a wealthy belle was selected to lead with him. The prince
+thinking he was to choose his partner, fixed on Mary Wright, exquisite in
+poverty's simple white gown, and asked: "May I lead with her?" In North
+Carolina were Sophia Portridge, women of the houses of Devereaux, Vance,
+Mordecai--but I am not writing the South's "Book of Fair and Noble Women."
+I leave out of my list names brilliant as any in it.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. DAVID L. YULEE
+
+(Daughter of Governor Wickliffe, of Kentucky)
+
+She was the wife of Senator Yulee, of Florida, Vice Regent of the Mount
+Vernon Association of Florida, and was known as the "Madonna of the
+Wickliffe Sisters."]
+
+Of all the fair women I have ever seen, Mary Meade was fairest. No
+portrait can do justice to the picture memory holds of her as "Bride" to
+D'Arcy Paul's "Bridegroom" in the "Mistletoe Bough," which Mrs. Edwin
+Morrison staged so handsomely that her amateurs were besought to "star" in
+the interest of good causes. Our fair maids were no idle "lilies of
+loveliness." The Meade sisters and others turned talents to account in
+mending fallen family fortunes. Maids and matrons labored diligently to
+gather our soldier dead into safe resting-places. The "Lyrical Memorial,"
+Mrs. Platt's enterprise, like the "Mistletoe Bough" (later produced), was
+called for far and wide. The day after presentation in Louisville, the
+Federal Commandant sent Mary Meade, who had impersonated the South
+pleading sepulture for her sons, a basket of flowers with a live white
+dove in the center.
+
+Slowly in Richmond interchange of little human kindnesses between
+neighbors established links. General Bartlett, occupying the Haxall house,
+who had lost a leg in the war, was "the Yankee who conquered my wife," a
+Southerner bears witness. "I came home one day and found him sitting with
+her on my steps. He suffered greatly from his old wound, bore it
+patiently, and by his whole conduct appealed to her sweet womanliness. His
+staff was quiet and orderly."
+
+The beautiful daughter of one family and her feeble grandmother were the
+only occupants of the mansion into which General Ord and his wife moved.
+The pair had no money and were unable to communicate with absent members
+of the household who had been cut off from home by the accidents of war
+while visiting in another city. The younger lady was ill with typhoid
+fever. The general and his wife were very thoughtful and generous in
+supplying ice, brandy, and other essentials and luxuries.
+
+"Under Heaven," the invalid bore grateful witness when recovering, "I owe
+my life to General and Mrs. Ord." Her loveliness and helplessness were in
+themselves an argument to move a heart of stone to mercy; nevertheless, it
+was virtue and grace that mercy was shown.
+
+We made small appeal for sympathy or aid; were too much inclined to the
+reverse course, carrying poverty and other troubles with a stiff-neck,
+scantily-clad backs, long-suffering stomachs, and pride and conscience
+resolved. But--though some form of what we considered oppression was
+continually before our eyes--our conquerors, when in our midst, were more
+and more won to pity and then to sympathy. Our commandants might be stern
+enough when first they came, but when they had lived among us a little
+while, they softened and saw things in a new light; and the negroes and
+the carpet-baggers complained of them every one, and the authorities at
+Washington could not change them fast enough.
+
+Southerners here and in other cities who had Federal boarders were
+considered fortunate because of the money and protection secured. In such
+cases, there was usually mutual kindness and consideration, politeness
+keeping in the background topics on which differences were cruel and
+sharp; but the sectional dividing lines prevented free social
+intermingling.
+
+In places garrisoned by soldiers of coarser types and commanded by men
+less gentlemanly, women sometimes displayed more pronounced
+disapprobation. Not always with just occasion, but, again, often with
+cause only too grave. At the best, it was not pleasant to have strange men
+sauntering, uninvited, into one's yard and through one's house, invading
+one's kitchen and entertaining housemaids and cooks. That these men wore
+blue uniforms was unfortunate for us and for the uniform. At that time,
+the very sight of "army blue" brought terror, anguish and resentment.
+
+Our famous physicians, Maguire and McCaw, were often called to the
+Northern sick. Dr. McCaw came once direct to Uncle Randolph from the
+Dents, where he had been summoned to Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant, and Matoaca
+listened curiously to his and her uncle's cordial discussion of General
+Grant, who had made friends at the South by his course at Appomattox and
+his insistence on the cartel.
+
+A conversation occurring between another of our physicians and a feminine
+patient is not without significance. The lady and the doctor's wife had
+been friends before the war. "Why has your wife not called upon me,
+Doctor?" she asked. "Has she forgotten me?" "No, ma'am," he answered
+gently, and then in a low, kindly voice: "But she cannot--yet--forget all
+that has happened since you were girls together." "But she should not
+treasure it against me individually." "She does not, ma'am. But she cannot
+forget--yet. You would understand if you had been in the beleagured land.
+If the good women of the North could only imagine themselves in the place
+of the women of the South during the last four years and in their place
+now!"
+
+She sighed. "I can see only too plainly that they have suffered
+unutterably many things that we have been spared. And that they suffer
+now. It's natural, too, that they should hate to have us here lording it
+over them."
+
+Very different was the spirit of the wife of a Federal officer stationed
+at Augusta, Georgia, whose declaration that she hoped to see the day when
+"black heels should stand on white necks" startled the State of Georgia.
+Many good ladies came South firm in the belief that all Southerners were
+negro-beaters, slave-traders, and cut-throats; a folk sadly benighted and
+needing tutelage in the humanities; and they were not always politic in
+expressing these opinions.
+
+After war, the war spirit always lingers longest in non-combatants--in
+women and in men who stayed at home and cheered others on. "The soldiers,"
+said General Grant, "were in favor of a speedy reconstruction on terms
+least humiliating to the Southern people." He wrote Mrs. Grant from
+Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1865: "The suffering that must exist in the
+South ... will be beyond conception; people who speak of further
+retaliation and punishment do not conceive of the suffering endured
+already, or they are heartless and unfeeling."
+
+General Halleck to General Meade, April 30, 1865: "The Army of the
+Potomac have shown the people of Virginia how they would be treated as
+enemies. Let them now prove that they know equally well how to treat the
+same people as friends."
+
+"The terrible sufferings of the South," our press commented, "have
+softened the hearts of the stern warriors of the Armies of the Potomac and
+the Cumberland, and while they are calling for pity and justice for us,
+politicians and fanatics call for vengeance." General Sherman said: "I do
+think some political power might be given to the young men who served in
+the rebel army, for they are a better class than the adventurers who have
+gone South purely for office."
+
+During an exciting epoch in reconstruction, I was sitting beside a wounded
+ex-Confederate in an opera-box, listening to a Southern statesman
+haranguing us on our wrongs, real and heavy enough, heaven knows, heavier
+than ever those of war had been. "Rather than submit to continued and
+intensified humiliations," cried the orator, a magnetic man of the sort
+who was carrying Northern audiences to opposite extremes, "we will buckle
+on our swords and go to war again!" "It might be observed," remarked my
+veteran drily, while I clapped my hands, "that if he should buckle on his
+sword and go to war, it would be what he did not do before." I held my
+hands quite still during the rest of that speech.
+
+"Our women never were whipped!" I have heard grizzled Confederates say
+that proudly. "There is a difference," remarked one hoary-headed hero,
+who, after wearing stars on his collar in Confederate service represented
+his State in the Federal Congress, "between the political and the feminine
+war-spirit. The former is too often for personal gain. Woman's is the
+aftermath of anguish. It has taken a long time to reconstruct Southern
+women. Some are not reconstructed yet. Suffering was stamped too deep for
+effacement. The Northern woman suffered with her Southern sister the agony
+of anxiety and bereavement. But the Southern had other woes, of which the
+Northern could have no conception. The armies were upon us. There was
+devastation. The Southern woman and her loved ones lacked food and
+raiment, the enemy appropriating what we had and blocking ways by which
+fresh supplies might come; her home was burned over her head. Sometimes
+she suffered worse things than starvation, worse things than the
+destruction of her home.
+
+"And women could only sit still and endure, while we could fight back.
+Women do not understand that war is a matter of business. I had many
+friends among the men I fought--splendid, brave fellows. Personally, we
+were friends, and professionally, enemies. Women never get that point of
+view."
+
+Woman's war spirit is faithfulness and it is absolutely reckless of
+personal advantages, as the following incident may illustrate. General
+Hunton and General Turner knew each other pretty well, although in their
+own persons they had never met. They had commanded opposing forces and
+entertained a considerable respect for each other. General Turner was the
+first Federal officer that came to Lynchburg, when General Hunton's wife
+and youthful son were refugees; he sent Dr. Murray, a Confederate surgeon,
+to call upon Mrs. Hunton with the message that she was to suffer for
+nothing he could supply. General Hunton was in prison, she knew not where;
+was not sure if he were alive or dead.
+
+She had not the feelings her lord entertained for his distinguished
+antagonist, and her response was: "Tell General Turner I would not accept
+anything from him to save my life!"
+
+Yet she must have been very hungry. She and her youthful son had been
+reduced to goober-peas. First, her supplies got down to one piece of
+beef-bone. She thought she would have a soup. For a moment, she left her
+son to watch the pot, but not to stir the soup. But he thought he would do
+well to stir it. So he stirred it, and turned the pot over. That day, she
+had nothing for dinner but goober-peas.
+
+"When I came home," said General Hunton, when asked for this story's
+sequel, "and she told me about her message to General Turner, I wrote him
+the nicest letter I knew how to write, thanking him for his kindness to
+the wife of a man whose only claim on him was that he had fought him the
+best he knew how.
+
+"I don't think we would ever have had the trouble we had down here," he
+continued, "if Northern people had known how things really were. In fact,
+I know we would not. Why, I never had any trouble with Northern men in all
+my life except that I just fought them all I knew how. And I never had
+better friends than among my Republican colleagues in Congress after the
+war. They thought all the more of me because I stood up so stoutly for the
+old Confederate Cause."
+
+Bonds coming about in the natural, inevitable order through interchange of
+the humanities were respected. But where they seemed the outcome of
+vanity, frivolity, or coquetry, that was another matter, a very serious
+one for the Southern participant. The spirit of the times was morbid, yet
+a noble loyalty was behind it.
+
+Anywhere in the land, a Southern girl showing partiality for Federal beaux
+came under the ban. If there were nothing else against it, such a course
+appeared neither true nor dignified; if it were not treason to our lost
+Confederacy, it were treason to our own poor boys in gray to flutter over
+to prosperous conquerors.
+
+Nothing could be more sharply defined in lights and shadows than the life
+of one beautiful and talented Southern woman who matronised the
+entertainments of a famous Federal general at a post in one of the Cotton
+States, and thereby brought upon herself such condemnation as made her
+wines and roses cost her dear. Yet perhaps such affiliations lessened the
+rigors of military government for her State.
+
+One of the loveliest of Atlanta's gray-haired dames tells me: "I am
+unreconstructed yet--Southern to the backbone." Yet she speaks of
+Sherman's godless cohorts as gently as if she were mother of them all. Her
+close neighbour was a Yankee encampment. The open ground around her was
+dotted with tents.
+
+There were "all sorts" among the soldiers. None gave insolence or
+violence. Pilfering was the great trouble; the rank and file were "awfully
+thievish." Her kitchen, as usual with Southern kitchens of those days, was
+a separate building. If for a moment she left her pots and ovens to answer
+some not-to-be-ignored demand from the house, she found them empty on her
+return, her dinner gone--a most serious thing when it was as by the skin
+of her teeth that she got anything at all to cook and any fuel to cook
+with; and when, moreover, cooking was new and tremendously hard work. "We
+could not always identify the thief; when we could, we were afraid to
+incur the enmity of the men. Better have our things stolen than worse
+happen us, as might if officers punished those men on our report. I kept a
+still tongue in my head."
+
+Though a wife and mother, she was yet in girlhood's years, very soft and
+fair; had been "lapped in luxury," with a maid for herself, a nurse for
+her boy, a servant to do this, that, or the other thing, for her. She
+thus describes her first essay at the family wash. There was a fine well
+in her yard, and men came to get water. A big-hearted Irishman caught the
+little lady struggling over soap-suds. It looked as if she would never get
+those clothes clean. For one thing, when she tried to wring them, they
+were streaked with blood from her arms and hands; she had peculiarly fine
+and tender skin.
+
+"Faith an' be jabbers!" said Pat, "an' what is it that you're thryin' to
+do?" "Go away, and let me alone!" "Faith, an' if ye don't lave off clanin'
+thim garmints, they'll be that doirty--" "Go 'way!" "Sure, me choild, an'
+if ye'll jis' step to the other soide of the tub without puttin' me to the
+inconvaniance--" He was about to pick her up in his mighty hands. She
+moved and dropped down, swallowing a sob.
+
+"Sure, an' it's as good a washerwoman as ivver wore breeches I am," said
+Pat. "An' that's what I've larned in the army." In short order, he had all
+the clothes hanging snow-white on the line; before he left, he cut enough
+wood for her ironing. "I'm your Bridget ivery wash-day that comes 'roun',"
+he said as he swung himself off. He was good as his word. This brother-man
+did her wash every week. "Sure, an' it's a shame it is," he would say,
+"the Government fadin' the lazy nagurs an' God an' the divvil can't make
+'em wur-r-k."
+
+Through Tony, her son, another link was formed 'twixt late enemies. It was
+hard for mothers busy at housework to keep track of young children;
+without fences for definement of yard-limits, and with all old landmarks
+wiped out, it was easy for children to wander beyond bearings. A lost
+child was no rarity. One day General and Mrs. Saxton drove up in their
+carriage, bringing Tony. Tony had lost himself; fright, confusion, lack of
+food, had made him ill; he had been brought to the attention of the
+general and his wife, who, instead of sending the child home by a
+subordinate, came with him themselves, the lady holding the pale little
+fellow in her arms, comforting and soothing him. Thus began friendship
+between Mrs. S. and Mrs. Saxton; not only small Tony was now pressed to
+take airings with Yankees, but his mother. The general did all he could to
+make life easier for her; had wood hauled and cut for her. The Southern
+woman's reduction to poverty and menial tasks mortified him, as they
+mortified many another manly blue-coat, witness of the reduction. "It is
+pitiable and it is all wrong," said one officer to Mrs. S. "Our people up
+North simply don't know how things are down here." A lady friend of Mrs.
+S.'s tells me that she knew a Northern officer--(giving his name)--who
+resigned his commission because he found himself unable to witness the
+sufferings of Southern women and children, and have a hand in imposing
+them.
+
+Rulers who came under just condemnation as "military satraps" governing in
+a democracy in time of peace by the bayonet, when divorced from the
+exercise of their office, won praise as men. Thus, General Meade's rule in
+Georgia is open to severest criticism, yet Ellen Meade Clarke, who saw him
+as the man and not as the oppressor, says: "I had just married and gone to
+Atlanta when Sherman ordered the citizens out, which order I hastily
+obeyed, leaving everything in my Peachtree cottage home. Was among the
+first to return. Knew all the generals in command; they were all
+neighbors; General Meade, who was sent to see me by some one bearing our
+name, proved a good and faithful friend and, on his death-bed, left me his
+prayer-book."
+
+[Illustration: MISS MARY MEADE, OF PETERSBURG, VA.
+
+She was known far and wide for her loveliness of person and character, her
+intellectual gifts and social graces.]
+
+
+
+
+LOVERS AND PRAYERS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+BUTTONS, LOVERS, OATHS, WAR LORDS, AND PRAYERS FOR PRESIDENTS
+
+
+Some military orders were very irritating.
+
+The "Button Order" prohibited our men from wearing Confederate buttons.
+Many possessed no others and had not money wherewith to buy. "Buttons were
+scarce as hens' teeth." The Confederacy had been reduced to all sorts of
+makeshifts for buttons. Thorns from thornbushes had furnished country
+folks with such fastenings as pins usually supply, and served convenience
+on milady's toilette-table when she went to do up her hair.
+
+One clause in that monstrous order delighted feminine hearts! It provided
+as thoughtful concession to all too glaring poverty that: "When plain
+buttons cannot be procured, those formerly used can be covered with
+cloth." Richmond ladies looked up all the bits of crape and bombazine they
+had, and next morning their men appeared on the streets with buttons in
+mourning! "I would never have gotten Uncle out of the front door if he had
+realized what I was up to," Matoaca relates. "Not that he was not mournful
+enough, but he did not want to mourn that way."
+
+Somehow, nobody thought about Sam's button; he was a boy, only fifteen. He
+happened to go out near Camp Grant in his old gray jacket, the only coat
+he had; one of his brothers had given it to him months before. It was held
+together over his breast by a single button, his only button. A Yankee
+sergeant cut it off with his sword. The jacket fell apart, exposing
+bepatched and thread-bare underwear. His mother and sisters could not help
+crying when the boy came in, holding his jacket together with his hand,
+his face suffused, his eyes full of tears of rage and mortification.
+
+The "Button Trouble" pervaded the entire South. The Tennessee Legislature,
+Brownlow's machine, discussed a bill imposing a fine of $5 to $25 upon
+privates, and $25 to $50 upon officers for wearing the "rebel uniform."
+The gaunt, destitute creatures who were trudging, stumping, limping,
+through that State on their way from distant battlefields and Northern
+prisons to their homes, had rarely so much as fifty cents in their
+pockets. Had that bill become a law enforced, Tennessee prisons must have
+overflowed with recaptured Confederates, or roads and woods with men in
+undress.
+
+Many a distinguished soldier, home-returning, ignorant that such an order
+existed, has been held up at the entrance to his native town by a saucy
+negro sergeant who would shear him of buttons with a sabre, or march him
+through the streets to the Provost's office to answer for the crime of
+having buttons on his clothes.
+
+The provision about covering buttons has always struck me as the unkindest
+cut of all. How was a man who had no feminine relatives to obey the law?
+Granted that as a soldier, he had acquired the art of being his own
+seamstress, how, when he was in the woods or the roads, could he get
+scraps of cloth and cover buttons?
+
+But of all commands ever issued, the "Marriage Order" was the most
+extraordinary! That order said people should not get married unless they
+took the Oath of Allegiance. If they did, they would be arrested. I have
+forgotten the exact wording, but if you will look up General Order No.
+4,[7] April 29, and signed by General Halleck, you can satisfy any
+curiosity you may feel. It was a long ukase, saying what-all people should
+not do unless they took the oath (some felt like taking a good many
+daily!). Naturally, young people were greatly upset. Many had been engaged
+a weary while, to be married soon as the war should be over.
+
+Among those affected was Captain Sloan, whose marriage to Miss Wortham was
+due the Tuesday following. The paper containing the order, heavily ringed
+with black, darkened the roseate world upon which the bride-elect opened
+her lovely eyes Saturday morning. The same hand that had put the order in
+mourning had scribbled on the margin: "If Captain Sloan is not ready to
+take that oath, I am."
+
+Her maid informed her that Mr. Carrington, an elderly friend, fond of a
+joke, was awaiting her. Descending to the drawing-room, she found it full
+of sympathising neighbours, her betrothed in the midst, all debating a way
+out of the difficulty. Not even sharp-witted lawyers could see one. In
+times so out of joint law did not count.
+
+The situation was saved by the fact that General Halleck had a namesake in
+Captain Sloan's family. The Captain's "Uncle Jerry" (otherwise General
+Jerry Gilmer, of South Carolina) had called a son "Henry Halleck" in
+honour of his one-time class-mate at West Point. When the idea of the
+namesake as basis of appeal dawned on Captain Sloan, day was passing. Miss
+Wortham's father, who, before the Federal Government had interfered with
+his dominion as a parent, had been anxious that his very youthful daughter
+and her betrothed should defer their union, was now quite determined that
+the rights of the lovers should not be abrogated by Uncle Sam. As member
+of the Confederate Ambulance Committee, he had been in close touch with
+Colonel Mulford, Federal Commissioner of Exchange; Judge Ould, Confederate
+Commissioner, was his personal friend; in combination with these
+gentlemen, he arranged a meeting twixt lover and war lord.
+
+General Halleck received Hymen's ambassador with courtesy. The story of
+the namesake won his sympathetic ear. When told what consternation his
+order was causing--Captain Sloan plead other cases besides his own--the
+war lord laughed, scribbled something on a slip of official paper and
+handed it to Captain Sloan, saying: "Let this be known and I suppose there
+will be a good many weddings before Monday." The slip read like this:
+"Order No. 4 will not go into effect until Monday morning. H. W. Halleck,
+General Commanding."
+
+Alas! there were no Sunday papers. The news was disseminated as widely as
+possible; and three weddings, at least, in high society, happened Sunday
+in consequence. Mrs. Sloan, a prominent member of Baltimore society, gave
+her own account of the whole matter in Mrs. Daniel's "Confederate
+Scrap-Book," which any one may see at the Confederate Museum.
+
+"The gown I wore the day after my marriage," she relates, "was a buff
+calico with tiny dots in it, and as it was prettily and becomingly made,
+I looked as well, and I know I was as happy, as if it had been one of
+Worth's or Redfern's most bewildering conceits--and I am sure it was as
+expensive, as it cost $30 a yard."
+
+General Halleck's order was not unique. Restrictions on marriage had been
+incorporated in the State Constitution of Missouri, 1864, a section
+prescribing that "No person shall practice law, be competent as bishop,
+priest, deacon, minister, elder, or other clergyman of any religious
+persuasion, sect, or denomination, teach, preach, or solemnise marriage
+until such person shall have first taken the oath required as to voters."
+"Under these provisions," commented Senator Vest, from whom I borrow, "the
+parent who had given a piece of bread or a cup of water to a son in the
+Confederate service, or who had in any way expressed sympathy for such
+son, was prohibited from registering as voter, serving as juror, or
+holding any office or acting as trustee, or practicing law, or teaching in
+any school, or preaching the Gospel, or solemnising the marriage rite."[8]
+
+Strictly construed, the test-oath imposed by Congress in 1867, like that
+of Missouri, excluded from franchise and office, the parent who had given
+a piece of bread or a cup of water or his sympathy to a son in the
+Confederate service; and the negro who had made wheat and corn for his
+master's family, as the applicant must swear that he had not "given aid or
+comfort to" Confederates.
+
+The Missouri test-oath was one that prominent Union men, among them
+General Francis P. Blair, leader of the Union Party in his State, a man
+who had taken part in the siege of Vicksburg and marched with Sherman to
+the sea, were unable to take. Americans beholding his statue in Statuary
+Hall, Washington, as that of one of the two sons Missouri most delights to
+honour, will find food for curious reflection in the fact that General
+Blair, going in full Federal uniform to register as a voter, was not
+allowed to do so. Visitors to Blair Hall at the St. Louis Exposition may
+have been reminded of this little incident of reconstruction. In 1867,
+Father John A. Cummings was arrested and tried for performing parochial
+duties without taking the oath. A bill forbidding women to marry until
+they took the oath was passed by Tennessee's Senate, but the House
+rejected it. This bill, like Missouri's law, discriminated against
+ministers of the Gospel; those who had sympathised with "rebels" or in any
+way aided them, were condemned to work on the public roads and other
+degrading forms of expiation.
+
+There was no appreciable reluctance on the part of the people to take the
+oath of allegiance. They could honestly swear for the future to sustain
+the Government of the United States, but few, or no decent people, even
+Unionists, living among Confederates, could vow they had given no "aid or
+comfort" to one. The test-oath cultivated hypocrisy in natives and invited
+carpet-baggers. A native who would take it was eligible to office, while
+the honest man who would not lie, was denied a right to vote.
+
+In readiness to take the oath of allegiance, people rushed so promptly to
+tribunals of administration that the sincerity of the South was questioned
+at the North, where it could not be understood how sharp was our need to
+have formalities of submission over and done with, that we might get to
+work. One striking cartoon pictured Columbia upon a throne gloomily
+regarding a procession that came bending, bowing, kneeling, creeping,
+crawling, to her feet, General Lee leader and most abject, with Howell
+Cobb, Wade Hampton, and other distinguished Southerners around him.
+Beneath was this: "Can I trust these men?" On the opposite page, a
+one-legged negro soldier held out his hand; beneath was: "Franchise? And
+not this man?"
+
+[Illustration: MRS. HENRY L. POPE
+
+(Sarah Moore Ewing)
+
+First Kentucky State Regent D. A. R.
+
+From a portrait by de Franca, photographed by Doerr. Louisville, Ky.]
+
+A few people had serious scruples of conscience against taking the oath. I
+know of two or three whose attitude, considering their personalities, was
+amusing and pathetic. There was one good lady, Mrs. Wellington, who walked
+all the way from Petersburg to Richmond, a distance of twenty miles, for
+fear the oath might be required if she boarded a car!
+
+I turn to Matoaca's journal:
+
+"I have been visiting Cousin Mary in Powhatan. Of course they have
+military government there, too. Soldiers ride up, enter without
+invitation, walk through the house, seat themselves at the piano and play;
+promenade to the rear, go into the kitchen, sit down and talk with the
+darkeys.
+
+"At church, I saw officers wearing side-arms. They come regularly to watch
+if we pray for the President of the United States. I hope they were
+edified; a number stood straight up during that prayer. Among the most
+erect were the M. girls, who have very _retroussé_ noses. The Yankees
+reported: 'Not only do they stand up when the President is prayed for, but
+they turn up their noses.' They sent word back: 'A mightier power than the
+Yankee Army turned up our noses.'
+
+"I hear they have dealt severely with Rev. Mr. Wingfield because he would
+not read that prayer for the President. When brought up for it, he told
+the examining officer he could not--it was a matter of conscience. They
+put a ball and chain on him and made him sweep the streets. And these
+people are the exponents of 'freedom,' and 'liberty of conscience.' They
+come from a land whose slogan is these words! They have no right to force
+us to pray according to their views. For myself, I kneel during the
+prayer, I try to pray it; I seek to feel it, since to pray without feeling
+is mockery. But I don't feel it.
+
+"Uncle advised: 'My daughter, no man needs your prayers more than the
+President of the United States. He has great and grave responsibilities.
+We must desire that a higher power shall direct him. The President is
+surrounded by advisers bent on revenge, so bent on it that they seem to
+care nothing whatever for the Union--the real union of the North and
+South.' So I bow my head, and I try--God knows I try! But thoughts of all
+the blood that has been shed, of the homes that have been burned, the
+suffering and starvation endured, will rush into my mind as I kneel. Dear
+Christ! did you know how hard a command you laid upon us when you said,
+'Pray for your enemies?'"
+
+An entry after Mr. Lincoln's death says: "How can I pray that prayer in
+the face of this?" Below is pasted Johnson's proclamation charging the
+assassination to Mr. Davis and other Southern leaders. This follows: "How
+_can_ I pray for the President of the United States? That proclamation is
+an insult flung in the face of the whole South! And we have to take it."
+
+They had as much trouble at Washington over our prayers as over our few
+buttons and clothes.
+
+The Sunday after the evacuation--one week from the day on which the
+messenger came from General Lee to Mr. Davis--the Federals were
+represented in St. Paul's by distinguished and respectful worshippers.
+Nearly all women present were in black. When the moment came for the
+petition for "the President of the Confederate States and all others in
+authority," you could have heard a pin fall. The congregation had kinsmen
+in armies still under the authority of the President of the Confederacy;
+they were full of anxiety; their hearts were torn and troubled. Were they
+here before God to abjure their own? Were they to utter prayer that was
+mockery? To require them to pray for the President of the United States
+was like calling upon the martyrs of old to burn incense to strange gods.
+Dr. Minnegerode read the prayer, omitting the words "for the President of
+the Confederate States," simply saying "for all in authority." Generals
+Weitzel, Shepley and Ripley had consented that it was to be thus.
+
+Assistant Secretary of War Dana writes to Secretary of War Stanton: "On
+Friday, I asked Weitzel about what he was going to do in regard to opening
+the churches on Sunday. He said ministers would be warned against
+treasonable utterances and be told they must put up loyal prayers."
+
+It seems that after this conversation the determination of the Commandant
+and his Staff to wrest piety and patriotism out of the rebels at one fell
+swoop, underwent modification, partly, perhaps, as a concession to the
+Almighty, of whom it was fair to presume that He might not be altogether
+pleased with prayers offered on the point of a sword.
+
+Scandalised at official laxity in getting just dues from Heaven for the
+United States, Dana continues: "It shakes my faith a good deal in
+Weitzel." In subsequent letters he says it was Shepley's or Ripley's
+fault; Weitzel really thought the people ought to be made to pray right;
+the crime was somehow fastened finally on Judge Campbell's back, and
+Weitzel was informed that he must have no further oral communications with
+this dangerous and seditious person. Thus Mr. Stanton rounded up Weitzel:
+"If you have consented that services should be performed in the Episcopal
+Churches of Richmond without the usual prayer said in loyal churches for
+the President, your action is strongly condemned by this Department. I am
+not willing to believe that an officer of the United States commanding in
+Richmond would consent to such an omission of respect for the President of
+the United States." Weitzel: "Do you desire that I should order this form
+of prayer in Episcopal, Hebrew, Roman Catholic, and other churches where
+they have a liturgy?" Stanton: "No mark of respect must be omitted to
+President Lincoln which was rendered to the rebel, Jeff Davis." Weitzel:
+"Dispatch received. Order will be issued in accordance therewith."
+
+Is it any wonder that Grant and Sherman between them finally said to
+President Johnson: "Mr. President, you should make some order that we of
+the army are not bound to obey the orders of Mr. Stanton as Secretary of
+War."
+
+The Episcopal clergy presented the case clearly to General Weitzel and his
+Staff, who, as reasonable men, appreciated the situation. "The Church and
+State are not one in this country; we, as men, in all good faith take the
+oath of allegiance required of us. As priests, we are under ecclesiastical
+jurisdiction; we cannot add to the liturgy. A convention of the Church
+must be called. Meanwhile, we, of course, omit words held treasonable,
+reciting, 'for all in authority,' which surely includes the President.
+Forcing public feeling will be unwise; members will absent themselves, or
+go to a church which, not using any ritual, is not under compulsion; the
+order is, in effect, discrimination against the Episcopal Church."
+
+Our people, they said, "desire by quiet and inoffensive conduct to respond
+to the liberal policy of those in command; they deeply appreciate the
+conciliatory measures adopted, and all the more regret to appear as
+dissenters." They wrote to President Johnson, asking opportunity for
+action by heads of the diocese; they said that when the South seceded,
+standing forms had obtained for months till change was so wrought. That
+letter went the rounds of the War, State, and Executive Departments, and
+was returned "disapproved," and the Episcopal Churches of Richmond were
+actually closed by military order until they would say that prayer.
+
+Even President Lincoln was moved to write General Weitzel, asking what it
+meant that he hadn't made people pray as they ought! "You told me not to
+insist upon little things," said Weitzel.
+
+Had we been let alone in the matter of praying for the President, we would
+all very soon have come to see the subject in the light in which Uncle
+Randolph presented it. As it was, conscientious prelates were in
+straitened positions, not wishing to lead their people in petitions which
+the latter would resent or regard at the best as empty formula. Omission
+of the prayer altogether was recommended by Bishop Wilmer, of Alabama, as
+the wisest course for the moment; General Woods suspended the Bishop and
+all clergy of his diocese; they were not to preach or to lead in church
+service; and, I believe, were not to marry the living, baptise the
+new-born, or bury the dead. President Johnson set such orders aside as
+soon as he came to his senses after the shock of Mr. Lincoln's death.
+
+General McPherson commanded pastors of Vicksburg (1864) to read the
+prescribed prayer for the President at each and every service; pastors of
+churches without such prescribed form were instructed to invent one. The
+Bishop of Natchez, William Henry Elder, was banished because he would not
+read the prayer. Some young ladies, of Vicksburg, were banished because
+they rose and left the church, on Christmas morning, when a minister read
+it. An order signed by General McPherson, served on each, said she was
+"hereby banished and must leave the Federal lines within forty-eight hours
+under penalty of imprisonment." No extension of time for getting "their
+things ready" was allowed. Permission was given for the mother of one
+delinquent to chaperon the bevy, which, with due ceremony, was deported
+under flag of truce, hundreds of Federal soldiers watching.
+
+One Sunday in New Orleans under Butler's rule, Major Strong was at Dr.
+Goodrich's church; time came for prayer for the Confederacy; there was
+silence. Major Strong rose and thundered: "Stop, sir! I close this church
+in ten minutes!" Rev. Dr. Leacock[9] wrote Butler a tender letter begging
+him not to force people to perjury in taking the oath through fear,
+prefacing: "No man more desires restoration of the Union than I." Helen
+Gray, Dr. Leacock's granddaughter, tells me: "My grandfather was arrested
+in church and marched through the city in ecclesiastical robes to answer
+for not praying as Butler bade; Rev. Dr. Goodrich and Rev. Mr. Fulton (now
+Editor of the 'Church Standard') were also arrested. Butler sent them
+North to be imprisoned in Fort Lafayette. The levee was thronged with
+people, many weeping to see them go. They were met at New York by
+influential citizens, among these Samuel Morse, the inventor, who
+offered them his purse, carriage and horses. They were paroled and
+entertained at the Astor House. Some people were bitter and small towards
+them; many were kind, among these, I think, was Bishop Potter. Hon.
+Reverdy Johnson took up their case. Grandfather served St. Mark's,
+Niagara, Canada, in the rector's absence; the people presented him,
+through Mrs. Dr. Marston, with a purse; he served at Chamblee, where the
+people also presented him with a purse. Mrs. Greenleaf, Henry W.
+Longfellow's sister, sent him a purse of $500; she had attended his church
+during ante-bellum visits to New Orleans, and she loved him dearly. Rev.
+F. E. Chubbuck, the Yankee Chaplain appointed to succeed my grandfather,
+called on my grandmother, expressed regrets and sympathies, and offered to
+do anything he could for her. I tell the tale as it has come to me."
+Government reports confirm this in essentials.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. WILLIAM HOWELL (Mary Leacock)
+
+MRS. ANDREW GRAY (Lina Leacock)
+
+Daughters of the Rev. Dr. Leacock, of Christ Church, New Orleans.]
+
+Of course, denominations not using a liturgy, had an advantage, but they
+were not exempt. Major B. K. Davis, Lexington, Mo., April 25, 1865, to
+Major-General Dodge: "On the 7th of April, from the well-known disloyalty
+of the churches of this place, I issued an order that pastors of all
+churches return thanks for our late victories. The pastor of the M. E.
+Church declined to do so, and I took the keys of his church."
+
+In Huntsville, Alabama, 1862, Rev. F. A. Ross, Presbyterian minister, was
+arrested and sent north by General Rousseau because, when commanded to
+pray for the Yankees, he prayed: "We beseech thee, O Lord, to bless our
+enemies and remove them from our midst as soon as seemeth good in Thy
+sight!"[10]
+
+"The Confederate Veteran" tells this of General Lee. At Communion in St.
+Paul's soon after the occupation, the first person to walk up to the altar
+and kneel was a negro man. Manner and moment made the act sinister, a
+challenge, not an expression of piety. The congregation sat, stunned and
+still, not knowing what to do. General Lee rose, walked quietly up the
+aisle and knelt near the negro. The people followed and service proceeded
+as if no innovation had been attempted. The custom by which whites
+preceded negroes to the altar originated, not in contempt for negroes, but
+in ideas of what was right, orderly and proper. So far were whites from
+despising negroes in religious fellowship that it was not strange for both
+races to assemble in plantation chapels and join in worship conducted by
+the black preacher in the white preacher's absence. I sometimes think
+those old Southerners knew the negro better than we ever can. But just
+after the war, they were not supposed to know anything of value on any
+subject.
+
+Wherever there was a press, it was muzzled by policy if not by such direct
+commands as General Sherman's in Savannah, when he ordained that there
+should be no more than two newspapers, and forbade "any libelous
+publication, mischievous matter, premature acts, exaggerated statements,
+_or any comments whatever upon the acts of the constituted authorities_,"
+on pain of heavy penalties to editors and proprietors. Some people say we
+ought, even now, for the family honour, to hush up everything unpleasant
+and discreditable. Not so! It is not well for men in power to think that
+their acts are not to be inquired into some day.
+
+
+
+
+CLUBBED TO HIS KNEES
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+CLUBBED TO HIS KNEES
+
+
+As illustrations of embarrassments we had to face, I have chiefly chosen
+incidents showing a kindly and forbearing spirit on the part of Federal
+commanders, because I desire to pay tribute wherever I may to men in blue,
+remembering that Southern boys are now wearing the blue and that all men
+wearing the blue are ours. I have chiefly chosen incidents in which the
+Federal officers, being gentlemen and brave men--being decent and
+human--revolted against exercise of cruelty to a fallen foe.
+
+Truth compels the shield's reverse.
+
+In Richmond, one officer in position went to a prominent citizen and
+demanded $600 of him, threatening to confiscate and sell his home if he
+did not give it. This citizen, a lawyer and man of business, knew the
+threat could not be executed, and refused to meet the demand. Others not
+so wise paid such claims. In all parts of the South, many people, among
+them widows and orphans, were thus impoverished beyond the pinched
+condition in which war left them. Some sold their remnants of furniture,
+the very beds they slept on, a part of their scanty raiment, and in one
+case on official record, "the coverlid off the baby's bed," to satisfy the
+spurious claims of men misusing authority.
+
+An instance illustrating our helplessness is that of Captain Bayard, who
+came out of the war with some make-shift crutches, a brave heart, and a
+love affair as the sum total of his capital in life. He made his first
+money by clerical work for sympathetic Federal officials. This he invested
+in a new suit of clothes; "They are right nice-looking," he said with
+modest pride when conveying the pleasing intelligence to one interested;
+and he bought a pair of artificial feet.
+
+Then he set out to see his sweetheart, feeling very proud. It was the
+first time he had tried his feet on the street, and he was not walking
+with any sense of security, but had safely traversed a square or two and
+was crossing a street, when a Federal officer came galloping along and
+very nearly ran over him; he threw up his cane. The horse shied, the
+cavalryman jumped off and knocked him down. As fast as he struggled up,
+the cavalryman knocked him down again. A burly man ran to his assistance;
+the cavalryman struck this man such a blow that it made tears spring in
+his eyes; then mounted and galloped off. "He was obliged to see," said the
+captain, "that I was a cripple, and that I could not get out of his way or
+withstand his blows."
+
+The worst Virginia had to bear was as nothing to what the Carolinas
+suffered. There was that poor boy, who was hung in Raleigh on Lovejoy's
+tree--where the Governor's Mansion now stands. He had fired off a pistol;
+had hurt nobody--had not attempted to hurt anybody; it was just a boy's
+thoughtless, crazy deed.
+
+Entering Rosemont Cemetery, Newberry, S. C., one perceives on a tall
+marble shaft "The Lone Star of Texas" and this: "Calvin S. Crozier, Born
+at Brandon, Mississippi, August 1840, Murdered at Newberry, S. C.,
+September 8, 1865."
+
+At the close of the war, there were some 99,000 Confederates in Federal
+prisons, whose release, beginning in May, continued throughout the
+summer. Among these was Crozier, slender, boyish in appearance, brave,
+thin to emaciation, pitifully weak and homesick. It was a far cry to his
+home in sunny Galveston, but he had traversed three States when he fell
+ill in North Carolina. A Good Samaritan nursed him, and set him on his way
+again. At Orangeburg, S. C., a gentleman placed two young ladies,
+journeying in the same direction, under his care. To Crozier, the trust
+was sacred. At Newberry, the train was derailed by obstructions placed on
+the track by negro soldiers of the 33d U. S. Regiment, which, under
+command of Colonel Trowbridge, white, was on its way from Anderson to
+Columbia. Crozier got out with others to see what was the matter.
+Returning, he found the coach invaded by two half-drunk negro soldiers,
+cursing and using indecent language. He called upon them to desist,
+directing their attention to the presence of ladies. They replied that
+they "didn't care a d----!" One attempted gross familiarities with one of
+the ladies. Crozier ejected him; the second negro interfered; there was a
+struggle in the dark; one negro fled unhurt; the other, with a slight cut,
+ran towards camp, yelling: "I'm cut by a d----d rebel!" Black soldiers
+came in a mob.
+
+The narrative, as told on the monument, concludes: "The infuriated
+soldiers seized a citizen of Newberry, upon whom they were about to
+execute savage revenge, when Crozier came promptly forward and avowed his
+own responsibility. He was hurried in the night-time to the bivouac of the
+regiment to which the soldiers belonged, was kept under guard all night,
+was not allowed communication with any citizen, was condemned to die
+without even the form of a trial, and was shot to death about daylight the
+following morning, and his body mutilated."
+
+He had been ordered to dig his own grave, but refused. A hole had been
+dug, he was made to kneel on its brink, the column fired upon him, he
+tumbled into it, and then the black troops jumped on it, laughing,
+dancing, stamping. The only mercy shown him was by one humane negro, who,
+eager to save his life, besought him to deny his identity as the striker
+of the blow. White citizens watched their moment, removed his remains, and
+gave them Christian burial.
+
+There was the burning of Brenham, Texas, September 7, 1866. Federal
+soldiers from the post attended a negro ball, and so outraged the
+decencies that negro men closed the festivities. The soldiers pursued the
+negro managers, one of whom fled for safety to a mansion, where a party of
+young white people were assembled. The pursuers abused him in profane and
+obscene terms. The gentlemen reminded them that ladies were in hearing;
+they said they "didn't care a d----!" and drew pistols on the whites. A
+difficulty ensued, two soldiers were wounded, their comrades carried them
+to camp, returned and fired the town. The incendiaries were never
+punished, their commander spiriting them away when investigation was
+begun.[11]
+
+"Numbers of our citizens were murdered by the soldiers of the United
+States, and in some instances deliberately shot down by them, in the
+presence of their wives and children," writes Hon. Charles Stewart, of
+reconstruction times, early and late, in Texas, and cites the diabolical
+midnight murder of W. A. Burns and Dallas, his son, giving the testimony
+of Sarah, daughter of one, sister of the other, and witness of the
+horrible deed, from the performance of which the assassins walked away
+"laughing." "Let no one suppose that the instances given were isolated
+cases of oppression that might occur under any Government, however good,"
+says Mr. Stewart. "They were of such frequent occurrence as to excite the
+alarm of good people."
+
+Federal posts were a protection to the people, affording a sense of peace
+and security, or the reverse, according to the character of the
+commanders. To show how differently different men would determine the same
+issue, it may be cited that General Wilde confiscated the home of Mrs.
+Robert Toombs to the uses of the Freedmen's Bureau, ordering her to give
+possession and limiting the supplies she might remove to two weeks'
+provisions. General Steedman humanely revoked this order, restoring her
+home to Mrs. Toombs. There was no rule by which to forecast the course a
+military potentate, ignorant of civil law, might pursue. The mood he was
+in, the dinner he had eaten, the course of a flirtation on hand, motives
+of personal spite, gain or favoritism, might determine a decision
+affecting seriously a whole community, who would be powerless to appeal
+against it, his caprice being law.
+
+In a previous chapter I have told a story showing General Saxton in a most
+attractive light. In his "Provisional Governorship of South Carolina,"
+Governor Perry says: "The poor refugees (of the Sea Islands) were without
+fortune, money or the means of living! Many had nothing to eat except
+bread and water, and were thankful if they could get bread. I appointed W.
+H. Trescott to go to Washington and represent them in trying to recover
+their lands. He procured an order for the restoration, but General Saxton
+or some of his sub-agents thwarted in some way the design and purport of
+this order, and I believe the negroes are still in possession."
+
+So, in some places you will hear Southerners say that, save for domestic
+and industrial upheavals resulting from emancipation and for the
+privations of acute poverty, they suffered no extreme trials while under
+the strictly martial regime--were victims of no act of tyranny from local
+Federal authorities; in other places, you will hear words reflecting
+praise on such authorities; in others, evidence is plain that inhabitants
+endured worse things of military satraps than Israel suffered of Pharaoh.
+
+As the days went by, there were fresh occasions for the conclusion: "The
+officers who gave Captain Bayard work and the officer who knocked him down
+are types of two classes of our conquerors and rulers. One is ready to
+help the cripple to his feet, the other to knock him down again and again.
+Congress will club the cripple with the negro ballot." "If that be true,"
+said some, "the cripple will rise no more. Let me go hence ere my eyes
+behold it. Spilled blood and ruin wrought I can forgive, but not this
+thing!"
+
+
+
+
+NEW FASHIONS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+NEW FASHIONS: A LITTLE BONNET AND AN ALPACA SKIRT
+
+
+The confessions of Matoaca:
+
+"I will never forget how queer we thought the dress of the Northern
+ladies. A great many came to Richmond, and Military Headquarters was very
+gay. Band answered band in the neighbourhood of Clay and Twelfth Streets,
+and the sound of music and dancing feet reached us through our closed
+shutters.
+
+"Some ladies wore on the streets white petticoats, braided with black,
+under their dresses, which were looped up over these. Their gowns were
+short walking length, and their feet could be seen quite plainly. That
+style would be becoming to us, we said to ourselves, thinking of our small
+feet--at least I said so to myself. Up to that time we had considered it
+immodest to show our feet, our long dresses and hoop-skirts concealing
+them. We had been wearing coal-scuttle bonnets of plaited straw, trimmed
+with corn-shuck rosettes. I made fifteen one spring, acquired a fine name
+as a milliner, and was paid for my work.
+
+"I recall one that was quite stunning. I got hold of a bit of much-worn
+white ribbon and dyed it an exquisite shade of green, with a tea made of
+coffee-berries. Coffee-berries dye a lovely green; you might remember that
+if you are ever in a war and blockaded. Our straw-and-shuck bonnets were
+pretty. How I wish I had kept mine as a souvenir--and other specimens of
+my home-made things! But we threw all our home-made things away--we were
+so tired of make-shifts!--and got new ones as soon as we could. How eager
+we were to see the fashions! We had had no fashions for a long time.
+
+"When the Northern ladies appeared on the streets, they did not seem to
+have on any bonnets at all. They wore tiny, three-cornered affairs tied on
+with narrow strings, and all their hair showing in the back. We thought
+them the most absurd and trifling things! But we made haste to get some.
+How did we see the fashions when we kept our blinds closed? Why, we could
+peep through the shutters, of course. Remember, we had seen no fashions
+for a long time. Then, too, after the earlier days, we did not keep our
+windows shut.
+
+"I began braiding me a skirt at once. The Yankees couldn't teach me
+anything about braid! To the longest day I live, I will remember the reign
+of skirt-braid during the Confederacy! There was quite a while when we had
+no other trimming, yet had that in abundance, a large lot having been run
+through the blockade; it came to the Department. The Department got to be
+a sort of Woman's Exchange. Prices were absurd. I paid $75 for a paper of
+pins and thought it high, but before the war was over, I was thankful to
+get a paper for $100. I bought, once, a cashmere dress for the price of a
+calico, $25 a yard, because it was a little damaged in running the
+blockade. At the same time, Mrs. Jefferson Davis bought a calico dress
+pattern for $500 and a lawn for $1,000; one of my friends paid $1,400 for
+a silk, another, $1,100 for a black merino. Mine was the best bargain. It
+lasted excellently. I made it over in the new fashion after the
+evacuation. One of the styles brought by the Northern ladies was black
+alpaca skirts fringed. I got one as soon as I could.
+
+"The Yankees introduced some new fashions in other things besides clothes
+that I remember vividly, one being canned fruit. I had never seen any
+canned fruit before the Yankees came. Perhaps we had had canned fruit, but
+I do not remember it. Pleasant innovations in food were like to leave
+lasting impressions on one who had been living on next to nothing for an
+indefinite period."
+
+The mystery of her purchase of the alpaca skirt and the little bonnet is
+solved by her journal:
+
+"I am prospering with my needlework. I sew early and late. My friends who
+are better off give me work, paying me as generously as they can. Mammy
+Jane has sold some of my embroideries to Northern ladies. Many ladies,
+widows and orphans, are seeking employment as teachers. The great trouble
+is that so few people are able to engage them or to pay for help of any
+kind. Still, we all manage to help each other somehow.
+
+"Nannie, our young bride, is raising lettuce, radish, nasturtiums, in her
+back yard for sale. She is painting her house herself (with her husband's
+help). She is going to give the lettuce towards paying the church debt.
+She has nothing else to give. I think I will raise something to buy
+window-panes for this house. Window-panes patched with paper are all the
+fashion in this town.
+
+"The weather is very hot now. After supper, we go up on Gamble's Hill, our
+fashionable cooling-off resort, to get a breath of fresh air; then come
+back and work till late in the night. O, for a glimpse of the mountains! a
+breath of mountain air! But I can only dream of the Greenbrier White and
+the Old Sweet Springs!
+
+"Last night, on Gamble's Hill, we observed near us a party whom we
+recognized by accent and good clothes as Northerners. One of the ladies,
+looking down on our city, said: 'Behold the fruits of secession!' Below us
+in the moonlight lay Richmond on her noble river, beautiful in spite of
+her wounds. A gentleman spoke: 'Massachusetts thought of seceding once. I
+am sorry for these people.' How I wanted to shout: 'Behold the fruits of
+invasion!' But, of course, I did not. I thanked our advocate with my
+eyes."
+
+A few had a little store laid up previous to the evacuation. A short time
+before that, the Confederate Government was selling some silver coin at $1
+for $60 in notes; at Danville, it was sold for $70; and thrifty ones who
+could, bought.
+
+Women who had been social queens, who had had everything heart could wish,
+and a retinue of servants happy to obey their behests and needing nothing,
+now found themselves reduced to harder case than their negroes had ever
+known, and gratefully and gracefully availed themselves of the lowliest
+tasks by which they might earn enough to buy a dress for the baby, a pair
+of shoes for little bare feet, coffee or tea or other luxury for an
+invalid dear one, or a bit of any sort of food to replenish a nearly empty
+larder.
+
+The first greenbacks were brought to one family by a former dining-room
+servant. His mistress, unable to pay him wages, had advised him to seek
+employment elsewhere. At the end of a week, he returned, saying: "Mistiss,
+here is five dollahs. I'm makin' twenty dollahs a month, an' rations,
+waitin' on one uh de Yankee officers. I'll bring you my wages evvy week."
+"John," she said, "I don't know how to take it, for I don't see how I can
+ever pay it back." He knew she was in dire straits. "You took care uh me
+all my life, Mistiss, an' learnt me how to work. I orter do whut I kin
+fuh you." Seeing her still hesitate: "You got property, you kin raise
+money on presen'y. Den you kin pay me back, but I'd be proud ef you
+wouldn' bother yo'se'f." Could her son have done more? The Old South had
+many negroes as good and true. Was the system altogether wrong that
+developed such characters?
+
+Some of our people had Northern friends and relatives who contrived money
+to them. Mrs. Gracebridge was one of the fortunate; and everybody was
+glad. No one deserved better of fate or friends. She had entertained many
+refugees, was the most hospitable soul in the world. Had her table been
+large enough to seat the world, the world would have been welcome. From
+her nephew, living in New York, an officer of the United States Navy came
+with a message and money.
+
+She had a way of addressing everybody as "my dear friend." Her household
+teasingly warned her that she was going to call this messenger "my dear
+friend." "Never!" she exclaimed. "Never in the world will I call a Yankee,
+'my dear friend!' Never! How can you say such a thing to me! I am
+surprised, astonished, at the suggestion!" They listened, and before she
+and her guest had exchanged three sentences, heard her calling him "my
+dear friend," in spite of the insistent evidence of his gorgeous blue
+uniform, gold lace and brass buttons, that he was decidedly a Yankee.
+
+It was a custom, rooted and grounded in her being, to offer refreshments
+to guests; when nothing else was left with which to show good feeling, she
+would bring in some lumps of white sugar, a rarity and a luxury, and pass
+this around. Never will spying intimates forget the expression of that
+naval officer's countenance when, at her call, a little black hand-maid
+presented on an old-fashioned silver salver, in an exquisite saucer, a
+few lumps of white sugar! He looked hard at it; then grasped the
+situation and a lump, glancing first at her, then at the sugar, as if he
+did not know whether to laugh or to cry.
+
+She was a delightful woman. She and her two little darkeys afforded her
+friends no end of diversion. She had never managed her negroes in
+slavery-time. After the war, everybody's darkeys did as they pleased; hers
+did a little more so. At this pair, she constantly exclaimed, in great
+surprise: "They don't mind a word I say!" "My dear lady!" she was
+reminded, "you must expect that. They are free. They don't belong to you
+now."
+
+And she would ask: "If they don't belong to me, whose are they?" That was
+to her a hopeless enigma. They had to belong to somebody. It was out of
+decency and humanity that they should have nobody to belong to! They would
+stand behind her chair, giggling and bubbling over with merriment.
+
+
+
+
+THE GENERAL IN THE CORNFIELD
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+THE GENERAL IN THE CORNFIELD
+
+
+We did anything and everything we could to make a living. Prominent
+citizens became pie-sellers. Colonel Cary, of General Magruder's Staff,
+came home to find his family desperately poor, as were all respectable
+folks. He was a brave soldier, an able officer; before the war, principal
+of a male academy at Hampton. Now, he did not know to what he could turn
+his hand for the support of himself and family. He walked around his
+place, came in and said to his wife: "My dear, I have taken stock of our
+assets. You pride yourself on your apple-pies. We have an apple-tree, and
+a cow. I will gather the apples and milk the cow, and you will make the
+pies, and I will go around and sell them."
+
+Armed with pies, he met his aforetime antagonists at Camp Grant and
+conquered them quite. The pies were delicious; the seller was a soldier,
+an officer of distinction, in hard luck; and the men at Camp Grant were
+soldiers, too. There was sharp demand and good price; only the
+elite--officers of rank--could afford to indulge in these confections.
+Well it was that Yankee mothers had cultivated in their sons an appetite
+for pies. One Savannah lady made thirty dollars selling pies to Sherman's
+soldiers; in Georgia's aristocratic "City by the Sea," high-bred dames
+stood at basement windows selling cakes and pies to whoever would buy.
+
+Colonel Cary had thrifty rivals throughout Dixie. A once rich planter near
+Columbia made a living by selling flowers; a Charleston aristocrat peddled
+tea by the pound and molasses by the quart to his former slaves. General
+Stephen Elliott, Sumter's gallant defender, sold fish and oysters which he
+caught with his own hands. His friend, Captain Stoney, did likewise.
+Gentlemen of position and formerly of wealth did not pause to consider
+whether they would be discredited by pursuing occupations quite as humble.
+Men of high attainments, without capital, without any basis upon which to
+make a new start in life except "grit," did whatever they could find to do
+and made merry over it.
+
+Yet reporters going over our battle-swept, war-scarred land from whose
+fields our laboring class had been by one fell stroke diverted, judged us
+by evidences of inertia seen from windows of creepy little cars--(where we
+had any cars at all)--that stopped every few hours to take on wood or
+water or to repair something or other. For a long time, there was good
+reason why our creepy railroads should be a doubly sore subject. Under the
+reconstruction governments every State paid thousands of dollars for
+railroads that were never built.
+
+All that Southern white men did, according to some ready scribes, was to
+sit around cross-roads stores, expectorate tobacco-juice, swap jokes, and
+abuse Yankees and niggers. In honesty, it must be confessed there was too
+much of this done, any being too much. Every section has its corps of
+idlers, its crew of yarn-spinners and drinkers, even in ordinary times
+when war has not left upon men the inevitable demoralisation that follows
+in its train. Had railway travellers gone into cotton and cornfields and
+tobacco lots, they would have found there much of the flower and chivalry
+of the Old South "leading the row." Sons of fathers who had been the
+wealthiest and most influential men in Dixie came home from the war to
+swing the hoe and drive the plow as resolutely as ever they had manned a
+battery or charged the breastworks.
+
+But the young men of the South were not born tillers of the soil; not
+fitted by inheritance or education for manual toil. They were descendants
+of generations who had not labored with their hands but had occupied
+themselves as lawyers, doctors, politicians, gentlemen of leisure, and
+agriculturists commanding large working forces. Our nation might have been
+gainer had the Government devised measures by which talented men could
+have been at once bound to its interests and their gifts utilised for the
+common advantage. Instead of which, they were threatened with trial for
+treason, with execution or exile, were disfranchised, disqualified, put
+under the ban. Many who would have made brilliant and useful servants of
+the Republic were driven abroad and found honourable service in Mexico,
+Brazil, Egypt and Europe.
+
+It is difficult for us at this day to realise what little promise life
+held for the young American of the South; difficult even for the South of
+the present to appreciate the irritations and humiliations that vexed and
+chafed him. Many felt that they had no longer a country.
+
+Mischief was inevitable as the result of repressed or distorted energies,
+thwarted or stifled ambition. Some whose record for courage and steadiness
+on the field of battle reflects glory on our common country, failed
+utterly at adaptation. But as the patient effort of the great body politic
+changed the times and opened opportunity, middle-age and youth were ready
+to rush in with a will, occupying and improving fields of industry.
+
+But the old people of the South never reacted. Many simply sat down and
+died, succumbing to bereavement, hardships and heartbreak. They felt that
+their country was dead. Men of their own blood, their brothers, had set
+an alien race, an ignorant race, half-human, half-savage, above them; were
+insisting that they should send their children to school with children of
+this race, while their consciences cried out against the mere discussion
+of this thing as an evil to themselves and the negro, and against the
+thing itself as crime. Intermarriage was discussed in legislative halls;
+bills sanctioning it were introduced; and the horrible black, social evil
+due to passions of the white man and the half-human, half-savage
+woman--the incubus, the nightmare, under which the whole section had
+groaned with groanings that cannot be uttered--was flung in their faces as
+more than fair reason.
+
+With reconstruction there was strengthening of the tendency towards
+expatriation. Despair and disgust drove many away; and more would have
+gone had means been at hand. Whole families left the South and made homes
+in Europe; among these, a goodly proportion were proud old Huguenots from
+South Carolina. In some of the Cotton States it looked as if more white
+men were to be lost thus than had been lost in battle. In December, 1867,
+Mr. Charles Nathan, of New Orleans, announced through the press that he
+had contracted with the Emperor of Brazil to transport 1,000 yearly to
+that empire.
+
+Many went into the enemy's country--went North. Their reports to old
+neighbours were that they liked the enemy immensely at home; the enemy was
+serenely unconscious of the mischief his fad was working in other people's
+homes. He set down everything ill that happened South to the Southern
+whites' "race prejudice"; and sipped his own soup and ate his own pie in
+peace. The immigrant learned that it was wise to hold his tongue when
+discussion of the negro came up. He was considered not to know anything
+worth hearing upon the subject. His most careful and rational utterances
+would be met with a pitying look which said as plainly as words lips
+polite withheld: "Race prejudice hallucination!"
+
+General Lee raised no uncertain voice against expatriation; from his
+prison cell, Jefferson Davis deplored it in the first letters he was
+allowed to write. Lee set prompt example in doing what his hand found to
+do, and in choosing a task rather for public service than for private
+gain. I quote a letter written by Mrs. Lee to Miss Mason, dated Derwent,
+Virginia, December, 1865:
+
+"The papers will have told you that General Lee has decided to accept the
+position at Lexington. I do not think he is very fond of teaching, but he
+is willing to do anything that will give him an honourable support. He
+starts tomorrow _en cheval_ for Lexington. He prefers that way, and,
+besides, does not like to part even for a time from his beloved steed, the
+companion of many a hard-fought battle.... The kindness of the people of
+Virginia to us has been truly great, and they seem never to tire. The
+settlement of Palmore's surrounding us does not suffer us to want for
+anything their gardens or farms can furnish.... My heart sinks when I hear
+of the destitution and misery which abound further South--gentle and
+refined women reduced to abject poverty, and no hope of relief."
+
+Far more lucrative positions had been offered him; salaries without work,
+for the mere use of his name. Solicitations came from abroad, and
+brilliant opportunities invited across the ocean. He took the helm at
+Washington College with this avowal: "I have a self-imposed task which I
+must accomplish. I have led the young men of the South in battle. I have
+seen many of them fall under my standard. I shall devote my life now to
+training young men to do their duty in life." Urged in 1867 to run for
+office, he declined, believing that his candidacy might not contribute to
+sectional unification. As nearly perfect was this man as men are made. Our
+National Capitol is the poorer because his statue is not there. If it ever
+is, I should like to see on its pedestal Grant's tribute: "There was no
+use to urge him to do anything against his ideas of what was right."
+
+When the crippled and impoverished General Hood refused to receive money
+raised by subscription, the "Albany Evening Journal" commented: "It is the
+first instance we have ever seen recorded of a 'Southern gentleman' too
+proud or self-reliant to accept filthy lucre, come from what source it
+may." The "Petersburg Index-Appeal" responded:
+
+    "Hood has only done what Lee did a dozen times, what Beauregard did,
+    what Magruder did, and what President Davis did. The noble response of
+    Magruder to the people of Texas, who contributed a handsome purse to
+    procure him a fine plantation, was the impulse and utterance of the
+    universal spirit of the Southern soldier: 'No, gentlemen, when I
+    espoused the cause of the South, I embraced poverty and willingly
+    accepted it.'"
+
+Near Columbia, on the ruins of his handsome home which Sherman burned,
+General Wade Hampton, clever at wood-work, built with his own hands and
+with the help of his faithful negroes, a lowly cottage to shelter himself
+and family. A section was added at a time, and, without any preconceived
+design on his part, the structure stood, when completed, a perfect cross.
+Miss Isabella Martin, looking upon it one day, exclaimed: "General, you
+have here the Southern Cross!" So "Southern Cross" the place was called.
+Here, Mrs. Wade Hampton, who, as Miss McDuffie, had been the richest
+heiress in South Carolina, and as such and as Hampton's wife, the
+guardian angel of many black folk, wrought and ruled with wisdom and with
+sweetness unsoured by reverses. South Carolina offered Hampton a home, as
+Virginia and then Washington College offered Lee, but Hampton, almost in
+want, refused.
+
+This is the plight in which General M. C. Butler, Hampton's aide, came out
+of the war: "Twenty-nine years old, with one leg gone, a wife and three
+children to support, seventy slaves emancipated, a debt of $15,000, and,
+in his pocket, $1.75 in cash." That was the situation of thousands. It
+took manhood to make something of it.
+
+For months after the surrender, Confederates were passing through the
+country to their homes, and hospitality was free to every ragged and
+footsore soldier; the poor best the larder of every mansion afforded was
+at the command of the gray-jacket. How diffidently proud men would ask for
+bread, their empty pockets shaming them! When any man turned them off with
+cold words, it was not well for his neighbours to know, for so, he was
+like to have no more respectable guests. The soldiers were good company,
+bringing news from far and wide. Most were cheerful, glad they were going
+home, undaunted by long tramps ahead. The soldier was used to hard
+marches. Now that his course was set towards where loved ones watched for
+his coming, life had its rosy outlook that turned to gray for some who
+reached the spot where home had stood to find only a bank of ashes.
+Reports of country through which they came were often summed up: "White
+folks in the fields, negroes flocking to towns. Freedmen's Bureau offices
+everywhere thronged with blacks."
+
+A man who belonged to the "Crippled Squad," not one of whom had a full
+complement of arms and legs, told this story: As four of them were
+limping along near Lexington, they noticed a gray-headed white man in
+rough, mud-stained clothes turning furrows with a plow, and behind him a
+white girl dropping corn. Taking him for a hired man, they hallooed:
+"Hello, there!" The man raised his head. "Say," they called, "can you tell
+us where we can get something to eat?" He waved them towards a house,
+where a lady who was on the porch, asked them to have a seat and wait
+while she had food cooked.
+
+They had an idea that she prepared with her own hands the dinner to which
+they presently sat down, of hot hoe-cakes, buttermilk, and a little meat
+so smothered in lettuce leaves that it looked a great deal. When they had
+cleared up the table, she said: "I am having more bread cooked if you can
+wait a few minutes. I am sorry we have not more meat and milk. I know this
+has been a very light repast for hungry men, but we have entertained
+others this morning, and we have not much left. We hate to send our
+soldiers hungry from the door; they ought to have the best of everything
+when they have fought so long and bravely and suffered so much." The way
+she spoke made them proud of the arms and legs they didn't have.
+
+Now that hunger was somewhat appeased, they began to note surroundings.
+The dwelling was that of a military man and a man of piety and culture. A
+lad running in addressed the lady as "Mrs. Pendleton," and said something
+about "where General Pendleton is plowing."
+
+They stumbled to their crutches! and in blushing confusion, made humble
+apologies, all the instincts of the soldier shocked at the liberties they
+had taken with an officer of such high grade, and at the ease of manner
+with which they had sat at his table to be served by his wife. They knew
+their host for William Nelson Pendleton, late Brigadier-General, C. S. A.,
+Chief of Artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia, a fighting preacher.
+She smiled when they blundered out the excuse that they had mistaken him
+for a day-labourer.
+
+"The mistake has been made before," she said. "Indeed, the General is a
+day-labourer in his own field, and it does not mortify him in the least
+now that all our people have to work. He is thankful his strength is
+sufficient, and for the help that the schoolboys and his daughters give
+him." She put bread into their haversacks and sent them on their way
+rejoicing. The day-labourer and his plow were close to the roadside, and
+as they passed, they drew themselves up in line and brought all the hands
+they had to their ragged caps in salute.
+
+Dr. Robert G. Stephens, of Atlanta, tells me of a Confederate soldier who,
+returning armless to his Georgia home, made his wife hitch him to a plow
+which she drove; and they made a crop. A Northern missionary said in 1867,
+to a Philadelphia audience, that he had seen in North Carolina, a white
+mother hitch herself to a plow which her eleven-year-old son drove, while
+another child dropped into the furrows seeds Northern charity had given. I
+saw in Virginia's Black Belt a white woman driving a plow to which her
+young daughters, one a nursing mother, were hitched; and near the same
+time and place an old negro driving a milch-cow to his cart. "Uncle Eph,
+aren't you ashamed," I asked, "to work your milch-cow?" "Law, Miss,
+milch-white-'oman wuk. Huccom cow can't wuk?"
+
+
+
+
+TOURNAMENTS AND PARTIES
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+TOURNAMENTS AND STARVATION PARTIES
+
+
+It would seem that times were too hard and life too bitter for
+merry-making. Not so. With less than half a chance to be glad, the
+Southerner will laugh and dance and sing--and make love. At least, he used
+to. The Southerner is no longer minstrel, lover, and cavalier. He is
+becoming a money-maker. With cannons at our gates and shells driving us
+into cellars, guitars were tinkling, pianos were not dumb, tripping feet
+were not stayed by fear and sorrow. When boys in gray came from camp,
+women felt it the part of love and patriotism to give them good cheer,
+wearing smiles while they were by, keeping tears for them when absent.
+
+With the war over and our boys coming home for good, ah, it was not hard
+to laugh, sing and dance, poor as we were! "Soldiers coming up the road,"
+"Some soldiers here for tonight," the master of the house would say, and
+doors would fling wide. "Nice fellows, I know," or "I knew this one's
+father, and that one's uncle is Governor--and this one went to school with
+our Frank; and these fought side by side with friends of ours," or "Their
+names are so-and-so," or just, "They are gentlemen." Maidens would make
+themselves fair; wardrobes held few or no changes, but one could dress
+one's hair another way, put a rose in one's tresses, draw forth the
+many-times-washed-over or thrice-dyed ribbon for adornment. After supper,
+there would be music in the parlor, and perhaps dancing. But not always!
+too often, the guest's feet were not shod for dancing. It might be that
+he was clothed from shirt to shoe in garments from the host's own store.
+Many a soldier would decline entering the great house and beg off from
+presentations, feeling the barn a more fitting shelter for his rags, and
+the company of ladies a gift the gods must withhold.
+
+Joy reigned in every household when its owner came home from the war, joy
+that defeat at arms could not kill. The war was over! it had not ended as
+we had prayed, but there was to be no crying over spilt milk if young
+people had their way.
+
+Departure of old servants and installation of new and untried ones was
+attended with untold vexation, but none of this was allowed to interfere
+with the pleasure and happiness of young people when it was possible to
+prevent it. Southern mistresses kept domestic difficulties in the
+background or made merry over them. On the surface, domestic machinery
+might seem to move without a hitch, when in reality it was in so severe a
+state of dislocation that the semblance of smooth operation was little
+short of a miracle.
+
+Reserves of cotton and tobacco that had escaped the attention of the
+Yankee Army sold high. Fortunate possessors were soon flush with
+greenbacks which were put in quick circulation. It was a case of a little
+new bonnet and an alpaca skirt with girls everywhere; women had done
+without clothes so long, they felt they just must have some now; our boys
+had gone in rags so long, they must have new clothes, too; everybody had
+lived so hard and been so sad, there must be joy now, love-making and
+dancing. The "Starvation Party" did not go out of fashion with war. Festal
+boards were often thinly spread, but one danced not the less lightly for
+that. Enough it was to wing the feet to know that the bronzed young
+soldier with his arm about your waist must leave you no more for the
+battle.
+
+[Illustration: MISS ADDIE PRESCOTT
+
+(A Louisiana Belle)
+
+Afterwards Mrs. R. G. H. Kean, of Lynchburg, Va.]
+
+To show how little one could be festive on, we will take a peep at a
+starvation party given on a plantation near Lexington, North Carolina, by
+Mrs. Page, soon after General Kilpatrick's troops vacated the mansion. "We
+had all been so miserable," Mrs. Page tells, "that I was just bound to
+have some fun. So I gave a dining."
+
+She invited ten ladies, who all came wondering what on earth she could set
+before them. They walked; there was not a carriage in the neighbourhood.
+They were all cultured, refined women, wives and daughters of men of
+prominence, and accustomed to elegant entertainment. A few days before,
+one of them had sent to Mrs. Page for something to eat, saying she had not
+a mouthful in the house, and Mrs. Page had shared with her a small supply
+of Western pork and hardtack which her faithful coloured man, Frank, had
+gotten from the Yankees. Mrs. Page had now no pork left. Her garden had
+been destroyed. She had not a chair in the house, and but one cooking
+utensil, a large iron pot. And not a fork, spoon, cup, plate or other
+table appointment.
+
+With pomp and merriment, Mrs. Drane, a clergyman's widow, the company's
+dean and a great favourite with everybody, was installed at the head of
+the bare, mutilated table, where rude benches served as seats. Mrs.
+Marmaduke Johnston, of Petersburg, was accorded second place of honour.
+The _menu_ consisted of a pudding of corn-meal and dried whortle-berries
+sweetened with sorghum; and beer made of persimmons and honeyshucks, also
+sweetened with sorghum. The many-sided Frank was butler. The pudding,
+filling the half of a large gourd, was placed in front of Mrs. Drane, and
+she, using hardtack as spoon, dipped it up, depositing it daintily on
+other hardtack which answered for plates and saucers.
+
+The beer was served from another gourd into cups made of newspapers folded
+into shape; the ladies drank quickly that the liquid might not soak
+through and be lost. They enjoyed the beverage and the pudding greatly and
+assured their hostess that they had rarely attended a more delightful
+feast. The pudding had been boiled in the large iron pot, and Frank had
+transferred it to the gourd. In his kitchen and pantry, gourds of various
+sorts and sizes seemed to ask: "Why were vessels of iron, pewter, and
+copper ever invented, and what need has the world of china-ware so long as
+we grow on the backyard fence?"
+
+How Frank's mistress, a frail-looking, hospitable, resourceful little
+woman, provided for herself and family and helped her friends out of next
+to nothing; how her cheerfulness, industry, and enterprise never failed
+her or others; and how Frank aided her, would in itself fill a book.
+
+But then it is a story of Southern verve and inventiveness that could be
+duplicated over and over again.
+
+Did not Sir George Campbell write in an English magazine of how much he
+enjoyed a dinner in a Southern mansion, when all the feast was a dish of
+roasted apples and a plate of corn-bread? Not a word of apology was
+uttered by his host or hostess; converse was so cultured and pleasing,
+welcome so sincere, that the poverty of the board was not to be weighed in
+the balance. This host who had so much and so little to give his guest was
+Colonel Washington Ball, nearest living kinsman to General George
+Washington.
+
+The fall of 1865 was, in Virginia at least, a bountiful one. Planters'
+sons had come home, gone into the fields, worked till the crop was all
+laid by; and then, there was no lack of gaiety. A favourite form of
+diversion was the tournament, which furnished fine sport for cavalry
+riders trained under Stuart and Fitz Lee.
+
+One of the most brilliant took place in 1866, at a famous plantation on
+the North Anna River. The race-track had been beaten down smooth and hard
+beforehand by the daily training of knights. It was in a fair stretch of
+meadow-land beyond the lawns and orchards. The time was October, the
+weather ideal, the golden haze of Indian Summer mellowing every line of
+landscape. On the day appointed the grounds were crowded with carriages,
+wagonettes, buggies and vehicles of every sort, some very shabby, but
+borrowing brightness from the fair young faces within.
+
+The knights were about twenty-five. Their steeds were not so richly
+caparisoned as Scott's in "Ivanhoe," but the riders bestrode them with
+perhaps greater ease and grace than heavy armor permitted mediæval
+predecessors. Some wore plumed hats that had covered their heads in real
+cavalry charges, and more than one warrior's waist was girt with the red
+silk sash that had belted him when he rode at the head of his men as Fitz
+Lee's captain. A number were in full Confederate uniform, carrying their
+gray jackets as jauntily as if no battle had ever been lost to them. One
+of these attracted peculiar attention. He was of very distinguished
+appearance; and from his arm floated a long streamer of crape. Every one
+was guessing his name till the herald cried: "Knight of Liberty Lost!" The
+mourning knight swept before the crowd, bearing off on the point of his
+spear the three rings which marked his victory for at least that run.
+
+For this sport, three gibbet-like structures stand equal distances apart
+on a straight race-track. From the arm of each, a hook depends and on
+each hook a ring is hung. Each knight, with lance poised and aimed, rides
+full tilt down this track and takes off all the rings he can in a given
+number of rides. He who captures most rings is victor. It is his right to
+choose the Queen of Love and Beauty, riding up to her on the field and
+offering a ring upon his spear. The knight winning the second highest
+number chooses the First Maid of Honour; and so on, until there is a royal
+quartette of queen and maids.
+
+The tournament was to the South what baseball is to the nation; it was
+intensely exciting and picturesque, and, by reason of the guerdon won,
+poetic, investing an ordinary mortal with such power as Paris exercised
+when he gave the golden apple to Venus. It had spice of peril to make it
+attractive, if "danger's self is lure alone." Fine horsemanship, a steady
+hand, and sure eye were essentials.
+
+"Liberty Lost" won, and the mourning knight laid his laurels at the feet
+of a beautiful girl who has since reigned as a social queen in a Northern
+home. The coronation took place in the mansion that evening. After a
+flowery address, each knight knelt and offered a crown to his fair one.
+The symbols of royalty were wreaths of artificial flowers, the queen's
+shaped like a coronet, with sprays forming points. Her majesty wore a gown
+that had belonged to her great-grandmother; very rich silk in a bayadere
+pattern, that served as becoming sheath for her slim blonde loveliness.
+After the coronation, the knights led their fair ones out in the "Royal
+Set" which opened the ball.
+
+Perhaps it is better to say that George Walker, the negro fiddler, opened
+the ball. He was the most famous man of his craft in the Piedmont region.
+There he was that night in all his glory at the head of his band of
+banjoists, violinists and violincellist; he was grandeur and gloss
+personified when he made preliminary bow and flourish, held his bow aloft,
+and set the ball in motion!
+
+"Honour yo' pardners!"
+
+"And didn't we do as George told us to do!" Matoaca says. "Such
+dance-provoking melodies followed as almost bewitched one's feet. 'Life on
+the Ocean Wave,' 'Down-town Girls Won't You Come Out Tonight and Dance by
+the Light of the Moon!' 'Fisher's Horn-Pipe' and 'Ole Zip Coon' were some
+of them. Not high-sounding to folks of today, but didn't they make feet
+twinkle! People did what was called 'taking steps' in those days. I can
+almost hear George's fiddle now, and hear him calling: 'Ladies to the
+right! Gents to the right! Ladies to the center! Gents to the center!
+Hands all 'roun' an' promenade all!' Who could yell 'Do se do!' and
+'Sashay all!' with such a swing?"
+
+About one o'clock all marched in to supper, the queen and her knights and
+maidens leading. It was hard times in Virginia, but the table groaned
+under such things as folks then thought ought to adorn a festal board.
+There was not lacking the mighty saddle-o'-mutton, roast pig with apple in
+his mouth, Smithfield ham, roast turkey, and due accompaniments. The
+company marched back to the ball-room, and presently marched again to a
+second supper embracing sweets of all descriptions.
+
+Commencements at schools and colleges, which the South began to restore
+and refill as quickly as she was able, brought the young people together
+and were strong features in our social life. So were Sunday schools; and,
+in the country, protracted meetings or religious revivals. And barbecues.
+Who that has gone out to a frolic in the Southern woods and feasted on
+shote or mutton roasted over a pit and basted with vinegar and red pepper
+gravy, can forget what a barbecue is!
+
+Summer resorts became again meeting-grounds for old friends, and new.
+Social gatherings at the Greenbrier White Sulphur were notable. General
+Lee was there with his daughter, and the first to lead in extending
+courtesies to Northern guests attracted to the White by the reputation of
+that famous watering-place. Again, our women were at their ancient haunts,
+wearing silks and laces as they were prospering under the new order or as
+their great-grandmothers' trunks, like that of Love and Beauty's Queen,
+held reserves not yet exhausted. And under the silks and laces, hearts
+cried out for loved ones who would gather on the green lawns and dance in
+the great halls no more. But heroism presented a smiling face and took up
+life's measure again.
+
+In cities changes were not so acute as in the country, where people,
+without horses and vehicles, were unable to visit each other. The larger
+the planter, the more extreme his family's isolation was like to be, his
+land and his neighbours' lands stretching for miles between houses. I
+heard a planter's wife say, "Yours is the first white woman's face I have
+seen for six months." Her little daughter murmured mournfully: "And I
+haven't seen a little white girl to play with for longer than that."
+Multitudes who had kept open house could no longer. To a people in whom
+the social instinct was so strong and hospitality second nature, abrupt
+ending of neighbourly intercourse was a hard blow.
+
+Stay and bankrupt laws for the benefit of the debtor class and bearing
+much hardship on creditors, often orphan minors, were passed, and under
+these planters were sold out and moved to new places, their overseers
+often succeeding them and reigning in their stead. It was not an
+unknown thing for men to manage to get themselves sold out under these
+laws, thus evading payment of obligations and at the same time securing a
+certain quota for themselves, which the law allowed. It seemed to me that
+many who took it were better off than before. There were unfortunates who
+had to pay security debts for bankrupts. Much hard feeling was engendered.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. DAVID URQUHART, OF NEW ORLEANS
+
+A famous hostess, distinguished for her social graces and her good deeds.]
+
+Some measure for relief of the debtor class was necessary. A man who had
+contracted debts on the basis of thousands of acres at fifteen to fifty
+dollars an acre, and owning a hundred or more negroes, worth a thousand
+dollars each, could not meet in full such engagements when his land would
+not bring two dollars an acre, when his negroes were set free, and hired
+labour, if he had wherewithal to hire, could not be relied on. Some men
+took the Bankrupt Law for protection, then set themselves to work and paid
+obligations which could not be exacted by law.
+
+
+
+
+THE BONDAGE OF THE FREE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE BONDAGE OF THE FREE
+
+
+"Had slavery lasted a few years longer," I have heard my mother say, "it
+would have killed Julia, my head-woman, and me. Our burden of work and
+responsibility was simply staggering."
+
+In the ante-bellum life of the mistress of a Southern plantation there was
+no menial occupation, but administrative work was large and exacting. The
+giving out of rations, clothes, medicines, nursing of the sick, cutting
+out of garments, sewing, spinning, knitting, had to be directed. The
+everlasting teaching and training, the watch-care of sometimes several
+hundred semi-civilized, semi-savage people of all ages, dispositions and
+tempers, were on the white woman's hands.
+
+The kitchen was but one department of that big school of domestic science,
+the home on a Southern plantation, where cooks, nurses, maids, butlers,
+seamstresses and laundresses had understudies or pupils; and the white
+mistress, to whom every student's progress was a matter of keen personal
+interest and usually of affectionate concern, was principal and director.
+The typical Southern plantation was, in effect, a great social settlement
+for the uplift of Africans.
+
+For a complete picture of plantation life, I beg my readers to turn to
+that chapter in the "Life of Leonidas Polk" written by his son, Dr. W. M.
+Polk, which describes "Leighton" in the sugar-lands on Bayou La Fourche.
+Read of the industrial work and then of the Sabbath, when the negroes
+assembled in the bishop's house where the chaplain conducted the service
+while the bishop sat at the head of his servants. Worship over, women
+withdrew into another room, where Mrs. Polk or the family governess gave
+them instruction; the children into still another, where Bishop Polk's
+daughter taught them; the men remained with the chaplain for examination
+and admonition. The bishop made great efforts to preserve the sanctity of
+family life among his servants. He christened their babies; their weddings
+were celebrated in his own home, decorated and illuminated for them. The
+honour coveted by his children was to hold aloft the silver candlesticks
+while their father read the marriage service. If a couple misbehaved, they
+were compelled to marry, but without a wedding-feast.
+
+Andrew P. Calhoun, eldest son of John C. Calhoun, was President of the
+South Carolina Agricultural College and owner of large lands in Alabama
+and South Carolina. He took pride in raising everything consumed on his
+plantations. In the New York home of his son, Mr. Patrick Calhoun, three
+of his old servants live; his wife's maid says proudly: "I have counted
+thirty things on my Miss' dinner-table that were grown on the place."
+Cotton and wool were grown on the place and carded, spun, dyed, woven into
+cloth by negro women; in great rooms, well lighted, well aired, well
+equipped, negro cutters, fitters and seamstresses fashioned neat and
+comfortable garments for a contented, well-cared-for laboring force. Mrs.
+Calhoun devoted as much time to this department of plantation work, which
+included the industrial and moral education of negro women, as Mr. Calhoun
+devoted to the general management of his lands and the industrial and
+moral uplift of negro men. The Polk and Calhoun plantations were types of
+thousands; and their owners types of thousands of planters who applied
+the same principles, if sometimes on lesser scale, to farming operations.
+No institutional work can take the place of work of this kind. It is like
+play to the real thing. Without decrying Hampton, Petersburg and Tuskegee,
+it can be said with truth that these institutions and many more in
+combination would be unable to do for a savage race what the old planters
+and the old plantation system of the South did for Africa's barbarians.
+Employers of white labor might sit at the feet of those old planters and
+learn wisdom. Professor Morrison, of the Chair of History and Sociology at
+Clemson College, tells me that the instruction of students in their duty
+to their servants constituted a recognised department in some Southern
+colleges.
+
+[Illustration: FRANCES DEVEREUX POLK
+
+(Wife of General Leonidas Polk, the Warrior Bishop.)
+
+She was the spiritual and industrial educator of many negroes, and the
+mistress of a large sugar plantation.]
+
+Mammy Julia was my mother's assistant superintendent, so to speak. "I
+could trust almost anything to her," her mistress bore testimony, "for she
+appreciated responsibility and was faithfulness itself. I don't know a
+negro of the new order who can hold a candle to her." Mammy Julia and my
+mother had no rest night or day. Black folks were coming with troubles,
+wants, quarrels, ailments, births, marriages and deaths, from morning till
+night and night till morning again. "I was glad and thankful--on my own
+account--when slavery ended and I ceased to belong, body and soul, to my
+negroes." As my mother, so said other Southern mistresses.
+
+Perhaps the Southern matron's point of view may be somewhat surprising to
+those who have thought that under ante-bellum conditions, slavery was all
+on the negro's side and that all Southern people were fiercely bent on
+keeping him in bonds. Many did not believe in slavery and were trying to
+end it.
+
+Mrs. Robert E. Lee's father and uncle freed some five hundred slaves, with
+General Lee's approval, thus alienating from her over $500,000 worth of
+property. The Hampton family, of South Carolina, sent to Liberia a great
+colony of freed slaves, who presently plead to be brought home. General
+Preston, Confederate, of Kentucky, freed his negroes; he would not sell,
+and could not afford to keep, them; they were "over-running and ruining
+his plantation, and clearing up forests for firewood; slavery is the curse
+of the South."
+
+Many families had arranged for a gradual emancipation, a fixed percentage
+of slaves being freed by each generation. By will and otherwise, they
+provided against division of families, an evil not peculiar to slavery, as
+immigrant ships of today, big foundling asylums, and train-loads of
+home-seeking children bear evidence.
+
+But freedom as it came, was inversion, revolution. Whenever I pass "The
+House Upside Down" at a World's Fair, I am reminded of the South after
+freedom. In "South Carolina Women in the Confederacy,"[12] Mrs. Harby
+tells how Mrs. Postell Geddings was in the kitchen getting Dr. Geddings'
+supper, while her maid, in her best silk gown, sat in the parlour and
+entertained Yankee officers. Charleston ladies cooked, swept, scrubbed,
+split wood, fed horses, milked and watered the cattle; while filling their
+own places as feminine heads of the house, they were servants-of-all-work
+and man of the house. Mrs. Crittendon gives an anecdote matching Mrs.
+Geddings'. A Columbia lady saw in Sherman's motley train an old negress
+arrayed in her mistress' antiquated, ante-bellum finery, lolling on the
+cushions of her mistress' carriage, and fanning (in winter) with a huge
+ostrich-feather fan. "Why, Aunt Sallie, where are you going?" she called
+out impulsively. "Law, honey! I'se gwine right back intuh de Union!" and
+on rode Aunt Sallie, feathers and flowers on her enormous poke-bonnet all
+a-flutter.
+
+Mrs. Jewett, of Stony Creek, saw her negro man walking behind the Yankee
+Army with her husband's suit of clothes done up in a red silk handkerchief
+and slung on a stick over his shoulder. Her two mulatto nurse-girls laid
+down their charges, attired themselves in her best apparel and went; her
+seamstress stopped sewing, jumped on a horse behind a soldier who invited
+her, and away she rode.
+
+As victorious armies went through the country, they told the negroes, "You
+are free!" Negroes accepted the tidings in different ways. Old Aunt Hannah
+was not sure but that the assurance was an insult. "Law, marster!" she
+said, "I ain' no free nigger! I is got a marster an' mistiss! Dee right
+dar in de great house. Ef you don' b'lieve me, you go dar an' see."
+"You're a d----d fool!" he cried and rode on. "Sambo, you're free!" Some
+negroes picked up the master's saddle, flung it on the master's horse,
+jumped on his back and rode away with the Yankees. After every Yankee army
+swarmed a great black crowd on foot, men, women, and children. They had to
+be fed and cared for; they wearied their deliverers.
+
+Yankees told my father's negroes they were free, but they did not accept
+the statement until "Ole Marster" made it. I remember the night. They were
+called together in the back yard--a great green space with blossomy
+altheas and fruit-trees and tall oaks around, and the scent of
+honeysuckles and Sweet Betseys making the air fragrant. He stood on the
+porch beside a table with a candle on it. I, at his knee, looked up at
+him and out on the sea of uplifted black faces. Some carried pine
+torches. He read from a paper, I do not know what, perhaps the
+emancipation proclamation. They listened silently. Then he spoke, his
+voice trembling:
+
+"You do not belong to me any more. You are free. You have been like my own
+children. I have never felt that you were slaves. I have felt that you
+were charges put into my hands by God and that I had to render account to
+Him of how I raised you, how I treated you. I want you all to do well. You
+will have to work, if not for me, for somebody else. Heretofore, you have
+worked for me and I have supported you, fed you, clothed you, given you
+comfortable homes, paid your doctors' bills, bought your medicines, taken
+care of your babies before they could take care of themselves; when you
+were sick, your mistress and I have nursed you; we have laid your dead
+away. I don't think anybody else can have the same feeling for you that
+she and I have. I have been trying to think out a plan for paying wages or
+a part of the crop that would suit us all; but I haven't finished thinking
+it out. I want to know what you think. Now, you can stay just as you have
+been staying and work just as you have been working, and we will plan
+together what is best. Or, you can go. My crops must be worked, and I want
+to know what arrangements to make. Ben! Dick! Moses! Abram! line up,
+everybody out there. As you pass this porch, tell me if you mean to stay;
+you needn't promise for longer than this year, you know. If you want to go
+somewhere else, say so--and no hard thoughts!"
+
+The long line passed. One and all they said: "I gwi stay wid you,
+Marster." A few put it in different words. Uncle Andrew, the dean of the
+body, with wool as white as snow, a widower who went sparking every
+Sunday in my grandfather's coat and my grandfather's silk hat, said: "Law,
+Marster! I ain' got nowhar tuh go ef I was gwine!" Some wiped their eyes,
+and my father had tears in his.
+
+Next morning, old Uncle Eph, Andrew's mate, was missing; his aged wife was
+in great distress. She came to my father reproachfully: "Marster," she
+said, "I wish you wouldn' put all dat foolishness 'bout freedom in Eph's
+hade. He so ole I dunno what gwi become uh him 'long de road. When I wake
+up dis mo'nin', he done tied all his close up in his hankercher and done
+lit out." In a few days he returned, the butt of the quarters for many a
+day. "I jes wanter see whut it feel lak tuh be free," he said, "an' I
+wanter to go back to Ole Marster's plantation whar I was born. It don'
+look de same dar, an' I done see nuff uh freedom."
+
+Presently my father was making out contracts and explaining them over and
+over; he would sign his name, the negro would make his mark, the witnesses
+sign; and the bond for a year's work and wages or part of the crop, was
+complete. At first, contracts had to be ratified by a Freedmen's Bureau
+agent, who charged master and servant each fifty cents or more. After one
+of our neighbours told his negroes they were free, they all promised to
+stay, as had ours. Next morning all but two were gone. In a few days all
+returned. The Bureau Agent had made them come back.
+
+Many negroes leaving home fared worse than Uncle Eph. After the fall of
+Richmond, Mr. Hill, who had been a high official of the Confederacy, went
+back to his plantation, where he found but three negroes remaining, the
+rest having departed for Washington, the negro heaven. One of these, a man
+of seventy, said he must go, too. His ex-master could not dissuade him.
+He was comfortably quartered and Mr. Hill told him he would be cared for
+the rest of his life. Nothing would do but he must sell his chickens and
+his little crop of tobacco to one of the other negroes and go. Mr. Hill
+gave him provisions for ten days, had the wagon hitched up and sent him to
+Culpeper, where he was to take the train. On Culpeper's outskirts was the
+usual collection of negroes, snack-house, bad whiskey, gambling, and
+kindred evils. Here Uncle John stopped. He had started with $15 cash. In
+less than a week his money was gone and he was thrown out on the common.
+
+Mr. Hill, summoned before the Provost-Marshal on the charge of having
+driven Uncle John off, said: "The man sitting out there in my buggy can
+tell you whether I did that." The testimony of the black witness was
+conclusive, the Provost dismissed the case. Mr. Hill went to the commons.
+
+Lying in the sun, stone-blind, was Uncle John. He raised his head and
+listened. "Mistuh, fuh Gawd's sake, please do suppin fuh me!" "Old man,
+why are you here?" "Lemme hear dat voice again!" "Uncle John!" "Bless de
+Lawd, Marster! you done come. Marster, a 'oman robbed me uf all I had an'
+den th'owed me out. Fuh Gawd's sake, take me home!" "I will have you cared
+for tonight, and tomorrow I will come in the wagon for you." "Lawd,
+Marster, I sho is glad I gwine home! I kin res' easy in my min', now I
+_know_ I gwine home!"
+
+Mr. Hill returned to the Provost: "I shall come or send for the old man
+tomorrow," he said. "Meanwhile, he must be cared for." The Provost was
+indifferent. This was one of many cases. "If you do not provide food and
+shelter for that negro," he was sharply assured, "I shall report you to
+the authorities at Washington." The Provost promised and sent two
+orderlies to attend to the matter. Next morning the master was back. The
+old man was dead. He had been put in the scale-house, an open shed. There,
+instead of in his old home surrounded by friends who loved him, Uncle John
+had breathed his last.
+
+From many other stories, companions in pathos, I choose Mammy Lisbeth's.
+Her son went with the Yankee army. She grieved for him till her mistress'
+heart ached. The mistress returned one day from a visit to find Lisbeth
+much excited. "Law, Miss, I done hyerd f'om my chile!" "How, Mammy?" "A
+Yankee soldier come by an' I ax 'im is he seed my son whar he been goin'
+'long? An' I tell 'im all 'bout how my chile look. An' he say he done been
+seen 'im. An' I say, 'Law, mister, ain't my chile gwi come home?' An' he
+gimme de answer: 'He can't come ef he ain' got no money.' An' I answer,
+'Law, marster, I got a fi'-dollar gol' piece my ole miss dat's done dade
+gimme long time ago. Does you know any safe passin'?' An' he answer, jes
+ez kin', how he gwine datter way hisse'f, an' he'll kyar it. I run in de
+house an' got dat fi'-dollar gol' piece an' gi' to 'im. An' now my chile's
+comin' home, Miss! my chile's comin' home! He say, 'In 'bout two weeks,
+you go to de kyars evvy day an' look fuh im.'" Her mistress had not the
+heart to tell her the man had robbed her. Never before had a white man
+robbed her; it was second nature to trust the white face.
+
+"It is heart-breaking," her mistress wrote, "to see how she watches for
+him. She is at the depot every day, scanning the face of every coloured
+passenger getting off. I've been to the Bureau making inquiries. The Agent
+says if he could catch the rascal, the robber, he would string him up by
+the thumbs, but her description fits any strolling private. He says: 'Any
+woman who would trust a stranger so with her money deserves to be fooled.
+I wouldn't trouble about it, Madam!' Yankees do not understand our
+coloured people and us. How can I help being troubled by anything that
+troubles Mammy Lisbeth?"
+
+Here is another old letter: "Cousin mine: I came home from school a few
+days ago. Railroads all broken up and it took several days to make the
+journey in the carriage, stopping over-night along the route. At most
+houses, there was hardly anything to offer but shelter, but hospitality
+was perfect. Only cornbread and sassafras tea at one place; no servants to
+render attention; silver gone; family portraits punctured with bayonets;
+furniture and mirrors broken. Reaching home, found everything strange
+because of great change in domestic regime. Our cook, who has reigned in
+our kitchen for thirty years, is in Richmond, coining money out of a
+restaurant. Most of our servants have gone to the city. Our old butler and
+Mammy abide. I think it would have killed me had Mammy gone!
+
+"I cannot tell you how it oppressed me to miss the familiar black faces I
+have loved all my life, and to feel that our negroes cared so little for
+us, and left at the first invitation. I have something strange to tell
+you. Mammy has been free since before I was born. I never knew till now. I
+was utterly wretched, and exclaimed: 'Well, Mammy, I reckon you'll go
+too!' She took it as a deadly insult; I had to humble myself. While she
+was mad, the secret burst out: 'Ef I'd wanted to go, I could ha' gone long
+time ago. No Yankees sot me free! My marster sot me free.' She showed me
+her manumission papers in grandfather's hand, which she has worn for I
+don't know how long, in a little oil-silk bag around her neck, never
+caring to use them. Domestic cares are making me gray! But I get some fun
+trying to do things I never did before, while Mammy scolds me for
+'demeaning' myself." There was honour in the "gritty" way the Southern
+housewife adapted herself to the situation, humour in the way spoiled
+maidens played the part of milkmaid or of Bridget.
+
+"Do you know how to make lightbread?" one of our friends inquired, and
+proceeded to brag of her new accomplishments, adding: "I had never gotten
+a meal in my life until the morning after the Yankees passed, when I woke
+to find not a single servant on the place. There was a lone cow left. I
+essayed to milk her, but retired in dire confusion. I couldn't make the
+milk go in the pail to save my life! It squirted in my face and eyes and
+all over my hair. The cow switched her tail around and cut my countenance,
+made demonstrations with her hind feet, and I retired. One of my daughters
+sat on the milking-stool and milked away as if she had been born to it."
+
+"The first meal I got," another friend wrote, "my sons cooked. They
+learned how in the army. I thought the house was coming down while they
+were beating the biscuit! They drove me from the kitchen. 'We don't hate
+the Yankees for thrashing us,' they said, 'but God knows we hate them for
+turning our women into hewers of wood and drawers of water.' Now, I'm as
+good a cook as my boys. Can do everything domestic except kill a chicken.
+I turn the chicken loose every time."
+
+"I write in a merry vein," was another recital, "because it is no good to
+write in any other. But I have the heart-break over things. I see this big
+plantation, once so beautifully kept up, going to rack and ruin. I see the
+negroes I trained so carefully deteriorating every day. We suffer from
+theft, are humiliated by impertinence; and cannot help ourselves. Negroes
+call upon me daily for services that I, in Christian duty, must render
+whether I am able or not. And I cannot call upon them for one thing but I
+must pay twice over--and I have nothing to pay with. This is the first
+rule in their lesson of freedom--to get all they can out of white folks
+and give as little as possible in return."
+
+Letters teemed with experiences like this: "We went to sleep one night
+with a plantation full of negroes, and woke to find not one on the
+place--every servant gone to Sherman in Atlanta. Negroes are camped out
+all around that city. We had thought there was a strong bond of affection
+on their side as well as ours! We have ministered to them in sickness,
+infancy, and age. But poor creatures! they don't know what freedom is, and
+they are crazy. They think it the opening of the door of Heaven. Some put
+me in mind of birds born and raised in a cage and suddenly turned loose
+and helpless; others, of hawks, minks and weasels, released to do
+mischief.
+
+"We heard that there was much suffering in the camps; presently our
+negroes were all back, some ill from exposure. Maum Lucindy sent word for
+us to send for her, she was sick. Without a vehicle or team on the place,
+it looked like an impossible proposition, but my little boys patched up
+the relics of an old cart, borrowed the only steer in the neighbourhood,
+and got Maum Lucindy back. The raiders swept us clean of everything. We
+are unable to feed ourselves. How we shall feed and clothe the negroes
+when we cannot make them work, I do not know."
+
+My cousin, Mrs. Meredith, of Brunswick, Virginia, congratulated herself,
+when only one of her servants deserted his post to join Sheridan's trail
+of camp-followers. A week after Simeon's departure, she woke one morning
+to discover that six women had decamped, one leaving her two little
+children in her cabin from which came pitiful wails of "Mammy!" "Mammy!"
+Simeon had come in the night, and related of Black's and White's (now
+Blackstone) where a garrison had been established, that calico dresses
+were as plentiful as leaves on trees and that coloured women were parading
+the streets with white soldiers for beaux. My cousin, Mrs. White, said a
+whole wagon-load of negro women passed her house going to Blackstone, and
+that one of them insisted upon presenting her with a four-year-old child,
+declaring it too much trouble. It was not an unknown thing for negro
+mothers to leave their children along the roadsides.
+
+Blackstone drew recruits until there was just one woman-servant remaining
+with the Merediths. Why she stayed was a mystery, but as she was "the only
+pebble on the beach," everything was done to make home attractive. One day
+she asked permission (why, could not be imagined) to go visiting. She did
+not return. Shortly, Captain Meredith was haled before the Freedmen's
+Bureau at Black's and White's to answer the charge of thrashing Viny.
+Marched into court, he took a chair. "Get up," said the Bureau Agent, "and
+give the lady a seat." He rose, and Viny dropped into it. She was
+shamefaced and brazen by turns; finally, burst into tears and begged "Mars
+Tawm's" pardon, saying she had brought the charge because she had "no
+'scuse for leavin'" and had to invent one; "nevver knowed Mars Tawm was
+gwi be brung in cote 'bout it."
+
+The early stirrings of the social equality problem were curious.
+Adventurous Aunt Susan tried the experiment of "eatin' wid white folks."
+She was bursting to tell us about it, yet loath to reveal her
+degradation--"White folks dat'll eat wid me ain't fitten fuh me to eat
+wid," being the negro position. "But dese folks was rale quality, Miss,"
+Susan said when murder was out. "I kinder skittish when dee fus' ax me to
+set down wid 'em. I couldn' eat na'er mouthful wid white folks a-lookin'
+at me an' a rale nice white gal handin' vittles. An' presen'ly, mum, ef I
+didn' see dat white gal settin' in de kitchen eatin' her vittles by
+herse'f. Rale nice white gal! I say, 'Huccum you didn' eat wid tur white
+folks?' She say, 'I de servant.'"
+
+Mrs. Betts, of Halifax (Va.), was in her kitchen, her cook, who was in her
+debt, having failed to put in an appearance. The cook's husband approached
+the verandah and requested a dollar. "Where is Jane?" he was asked. "Why
+hasn't she been here to do her work?" "She are keepin' parlour." "What is
+that?" "Settin' up in de house hol'in' her han's. De Civilise Bill done
+been fulfill an' niggers an' white folks jes alike now."
+
+Coloured applicant for menial position would say to the door-opener: "Tell
+dat white 'oman in dar a cullud lady out here want to hire." "De cullud
+lady" was capricious. My sister in Atlanta engaged one for every day in
+one month, in fact, engaged more than that average, engaged every one
+applying, hoping if ten promised to come in time to get breakfast, one
+might appear.
+
+With two hundred black trial justices, South Carolina had more than her
+share of funny happenings, as of tragic. A gentleman who had to appear
+before some tribunal, wrote us: "Whom do you suppose I found in the seat
+of law? Pete, my erstwhile stable-boy. He does not know A from Z, had not
+the faintest idea of what was to be done. 'Mars Charles,' he said, 'you
+jes fix 'tup, please, suh. You jes write down whut you think orter be
+wroted, an' I'll put my mark anywhar you tell me.'"
+
+Into a store in Wilmington sauntered a sable alderman whom the merchant
+had known from boyhood as "Sam." "What's the matter with Sam?" the
+merchant asked as Sam stalked out. Soon, Sam stalked back. "Suh, you didn'
+treat me wid proper respecks." "How, Sam?" "You called me 'Sam,' which my
+name is Mr. Gary." "You're a d----d fool! There's the door!" Gary had the
+merchant up in the mayor's court. "What's the trouble?" asked the mayor.
+"Dis man consulted me." "You ought to feel flattered! What did he do to
+you?" "He called me 'Sam,' suh." "Ain't that your name?" "My name's Mr.
+Gary." "Ain't it Sam, too?" "Yessuh, but--" "Well, there ain't any law to
+compel a man to call another 'Mister.' Case dismissed." "Dar gwi be a law
+'bout dat," muttered Sam.
+
+Washington was the place of miracles. When Uncle Peter went there, some
+tricksters told him his wool could be made straight and his colour
+changed--"Said dee could make it jes lak white folks' ha'r," he informed
+his mistress mournfully, when he had paid the price--nearly his entire
+capital--and returned home with flaming red wool. His wife did not know
+him, or pretended not to, and drove him out of the house. He appealed to
+his mistress and she made Manda behave herself.
+
+"Ole Miss," asked my mother's little handmaiden, "now, I'se free, is I gwi
+tu'n white lak white folks?" "You must not be ashamed of the skin God gave
+you, Patsy," said her mistress kindly. "Your skin is all right." "But I
+druther be white, Ole Miss." And there was something pathetic in the
+aspiration.
+
+Some of the older and more intelligent blacks held their children back
+from doffing with undignified haste old ways for new. But in most cases,
+the Simian quality showed itself promptly ascendant. Negroes did things
+they saw white people do, not because these things were right or seemly,
+but because white people did them, selecting for imitation trifles in
+conduct which they thought marked the social dividing line between white
+and black. As, for instance, they dropped the old sweet "Daddy" and
+"Mammy" for the dreadful "Pa" and "Ma," or the infantile "Popper" and
+"Mommer" which white people inflict upon parents. It would be laughable to
+hear a big buck negro addressing his sire as "Popper."
+
+I have seen in a Southern street-car all blacks sitting and all whites
+standing; have seen a big black woman enter a car and flounce herself down
+almost into the lap of a white man; have seen white ladies pushed off
+sidewalks by black men. The new manners of the blacks were painful,
+revolting, absurd. The freedman's misbehaviour was to be condoned only by
+pity that accepted his inferiority as excuse. Southerners had taken great
+pains and pride in teaching their negroes good manners; they wanted them
+to be courtly and polished, and it must be said for the negroes, they took
+polish well. It was with keen regret that their old preceptors saw them
+throw all their fine schooling in etiquette to the winds.
+
+Interest in and affection for negroes made these new manners the more
+obnoxious. Here, in one woman's statement, is the point illustrated: "I
+considered Mammy part of our family; my family pride would have been
+aggrieved, I would have tingled with mortification, to see her so far
+forget what was due herself as to push herself into places where she was
+not wanted. These are things she could not possibly do of herself, her
+own good taste, perfect breeding, and sturdy self-respect forbidding. But
+her husband and son quickly succumbed to the demoralisation of freedom and
+were vulgar and troublesome; we were in fear and trembling lest they
+should lead her into some situation in church, theatre, or car, where she
+would find herself conspicuous and from which she would not know how to
+withdraw until officially escorted out in the midst of trouble created by
+her men."
+
+Many worthy negroes, the old, infirm and children, lost needed protection.
+Negroes had not been permitted to get drunk--except around corn-shucking
+and Christmas. There was no such restraint now. Formerly, a negro, if so
+disposed, could not beat his child unmercifully. Now, women and children
+might feel a heavy hand unknown before. White people might not interfere
+in family disputes as formerly, though they continued, at personal risk,
+to do what they could. A case in point was that of Mr. R., a respected
+merchant of Petersburg, who ejected his cook's drunken husband from the
+kitchen where the brute was cruelly maltreating her. The old gentleman was
+arrested and marched through the streets, as I have been told, by negro
+sergeants to trial before a negro magistrate.
+
+A characteristic common to uncultured motherhood is over-indulgence and
+over-severity by turns. When provoked, the negro mother would descend like
+a fury upon her offspring, beating it as a former master would never have
+suffered her to abuse his property. A word or suggestion from a white
+would bring fresh blows upon the luckless wight, the mother thinking thus
+to demonstrate independence and ownership.
+
+Under freedom, negroes developed bodily ills from which they had seemed
+immune. A consumptive of the race was rarely heard of before freedom.
+After freedom, they began to die of pulmonary complaints. There were
+frequent epidemics of typhoid fever, quarters not being well kept. "The
+race is dying out," said prophets. Negroes began to grow mad. An insane
+negro was rarely heard of during slavery. Regular hours, regular work,
+chiefly out of doors, sobriety, freedom from care and responsibility, had
+kept the negro singularly exempt from insanity and various other
+afflictions that curse the white. Big lunatic asylums established for
+negroes soon after the war and their continual enlargement tell their own
+story.[13]
+
+Freedom broke up families. Under stress of temptation, the young and
+strong deserted the aged, the feeble, the children, leaving these to shift
+for themselves or to remain a burden upon a master or mistress themselves
+impoverished and, perhaps, old and infirm.
+
+In the face of so much distraction, demoralisation and disorder, the
+example of those negroes who were not affected by it shines out with
+greater clearness as witness for the best that is in the race. Thousands
+stood steadfastly to their posts, superior to temptations which might have
+shaken white people, performing their duties faithfully, caring for their
+children, sick and aged, shirking no debt of love and gratitude to past
+owners. Some negroes still live in families for which their ancestors
+worked, the bond of centuries never having been broken.
+
+When this is true, the tie between white and black is yet strong, sweet
+and tender, like the tie of blood. The venerable "uncles" and "aunties"
+with their courtly manners, their good warm hearts, their love for the
+whites, are swiftly passing away, and their like will not be seen again.
+They were America's black pearl; and America had as good reason to be
+proud of her faithful and efficient serving-class as of her Anglo-Saxons.
+They were needed; they filled an honourable and worthy place and filled it
+well.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. ANDREW PICKENS CALHOUN
+
+Daughter of General Duff Green, of Georgia, and daughter-in-law of John C.
+Calhoun, the statesman, of South Carolina.
+
+This picture was taken when Mrs. Calhoun was 71 years of age.]
+
+This is not to justify slavery. Slavery was forced upon this country over
+Colonial protests, particularly from Southern sections fearing
+negroisation of territory; the slave-trade was profitable to the English
+Crown; our forefathers, coming into independence, faced a problem of awful
+magnitude in the light of Santo Domingo horrors; New England's slave-ships
+and Eli Whitney's cotton-gin complicated it; it is curious to read in the
+proceedings of the Sixth Congress how Mr. John Brown, of Rhode Island,
+urged that this Nation should not be deprived of a right, enjoyed by every
+civilised country, of bringing slaves from Africa[14]--particularly as
+transference to a Christian land was a benefit to Africans, a belief held
+by many who believed that the Bible sanctioned slavery. Through kindliness
+of temperament on both sides and the clan feeling fostered by the old
+plantation life of the South, the white man and the negro made the best
+they could of an evil thing. But the world has now well learned that a
+superior race cannot afford to take an inferior into such close company as
+slavery implies. For the service of the bond-slave the master ever pays to
+the uttermost in things precious as service, imparting refinements,
+ideals, standards, morals, manners, graces; in the end he pays that which
+he considers more precious than service; he pays his blood, and in more
+ways than one.
+
+
+
+
+BACK TO VOODOOISM
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+BACK TO VOODOOISM
+
+
+The average master and mistress of the old South were missionaries without
+the name. Religious instruction was a feature of the negro quarters on the
+Southern plantation--the social settlements for Africans in America.
+
+Masters and mistresses, if themselves religious, usually held Sabbath
+services and Sunday schools for blacks. Some delegated this task,
+employing preachers and teachers. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney was the
+first rice planter to introduce systematic religious instruction among
+negroes on the Santee, influenced thereto by Bishop Capers. He subscribed
+to the Methodist Episcopal Mission for them, and a minister came every
+week to catechise the children and every Sabbath to preach at the negro
+church which Mr. Pinckney, with the assistance of his neighbours,
+established for the blacks on his own and neighbouring plantations. Soon
+fifty chapels on his model sprang up along the seaboard. In the Methodist
+churchyard in Columbia, a modest monument marks the grave of Bishop
+Capers, "Founder of the Mission to the Slaves." Nearby sleeps Rev. William
+Martin, who was a distinguished preacher to whites and a faithful
+missionary to blacks. In Zion Presbyterian Church, Charleston, built
+largely through the efforts of Mr. Robert Adger, no less a preacher than
+Rev. Dr. Girardeau ministered to negroes. The South entrusted the
+spiritual care of her negroes to her best and ablest, and what she did for
+them is interwoven with all her history. You will hear to-day how the
+great clock on top of the church on Mr. Plowden Weston's plantation kept
+time for plantations up and down the Waccamaw. In that chapel, Rev. Mr.
+Glenrie and an English catechist diligently taught the blacks. After
+Sherman's visit to Columbia, Trinity (Episcopal) Church had no Communion
+service; the sacred vessels of precious metals belonging to the negro
+chapel on the Hampton place were borrowed for Trinity's white
+congregation.
+
+The rule where negroes were not so numerous as to require separate
+churches was for both races to worship in one building. Slavery usages
+were modelled on manorial customs in England, where a section of church or
+chapel is set apart for the peasantry, another for gentry and nobility.
+The gallery, or some other section of our churches, was reserved for
+servants, who thus had the same religious teaching we had; there being
+more of them, they were often in larger evidence than whites at worship.
+After whites communed, they received the Sacrament from the same hands at
+the same altar. Their names were on our church rolls. Our pastors often
+officiated at their funerals; sometimes an old "exhorter" of their own
+colour did this; sometimes our pastors married them, but this ceremony was
+not infrequently performed by their masters.
+
+The Old African Church, of Richmond, was once that city's largest
+auditorium. In it great meetings were held by whites, and famous speakers
+and artists (Adelina Patti for one) were heard. One of Mr. Davis' last
+addresses as President was made there. The regular congregation was black
+and their pastor was Rev. Robert Ryland, D. D., President of Richmond
+College; "Brother Ryland," they called him. He taught them with utmost
+conscientiousness; they loved him and he them. When called upon for the
+marriage ceremony, he would go to the home of their owners, and marry them
+in the "white folks' house" or on the lawn before a company of whites and
+blacks. Then, as fee, a large iced cake would be presented to him by a
+groomsman with great pomp.
+
+After the war, the old church was pulled down, and a new one erected by
+the negroes with assistance of whites North and South. Then they wrote Dr.
+Ryland, who had gone to Kentucky, asking him to return and dedicate it. He
+answered affectionately, saying he appreciated greatly this evidence of
+their regard and that nothing would give him greater pleasure, but he was
+too poor to come; he would be with them in spirit. They replied that the
+question of expense was none of his business; it was theirs. He wrote that
+they must apply the sum thus set aside to current expenses, to meet which
+it would be needed. They answered that they would be hurt if he did not
+come; they wanted no one else to dedicate their church. So he came,
+stopping at Mr. Maury's.
+
+He was greatly touched when he met his old friends, the congregation
+receiving him standing. So much feeling was displayed on their part, such
+deep emotion experienced on his, that he had to retire to the study before
+he could command himself sufficiently to preach.
+
+In religious life, after the war, the negro's and the white man's path
+parted quickly. Negro galleries in white churches soon stood empty.
+Negroes were being taught that they ought to sit cheek by jowl in the same
+pews with whites or stay away from white churches.
+
+With freedom, the negro, _en masse_, relapsed promptly into the voodooism
+of Africa. Emotional extravaganzas, which for the sake of his health and
+sanity, if for nothing else, had been held in check by his owners, were
+indulged without restraint. It was as if a force long repressed burst
+forth. "Moans," "shouts" and "trance meetings" could be heard for miles.
+It was weird. I have sat many a night in the window of our house on the
+big plantation and listened to shouting, jumping, stamping, dancing, in a
+cabin over a mile distant; in the gray dawn, negroes would come creeping
+back, exhausted, and unfit for duty.
+
+In some localities, devil-dancing, as imported from Africa centuries ago,
+still continues. I have heard of one place in South Carolina where
+worshippers throw the trance-smitten into a creek, as the only measure
+sufficiently heroic to bring them out of coma. Devil-worship was rife in
+Louisiana just after the war.
+
+One of my negro friends tells me: "Soon atter de war, dar wuz a
+trance-meetin' in dis neighbourhood dat lasted a week. De cook at
+marster's would git a answer jes befo' dinner dat ef he didn' bring a part
+uv evvything he cooked to de meetin', 'de Lawd would snatch de breath
+outen his body.' He brung it. Young gals dee'd be layin' 'roun' in
+trances. A gal would come to meetin' w'arin' a jacket a white lady gin
+'er. One uh de gals in a trance would say: 'De Lawd say if sich an' sich a
+one don' pull dat jacket off, he gwi snatch de breath out dar body.' One
+ole man broke dat meetin' up. Two uv his gran'sons was lyin' out in a
+trance. He come down dar, wid a han'-full uh hickory switches an' laid de
+licks on dem gran'chillun. Evvybody took out an' run. Dat broke de meetin'
+up.
+
+"Endurin' slavery, dar marsters wouldn' 'low niggers tuh do all dat
+foolishness. When freedom come, dee lis'n to bad advice an' lef' de white
+folks' chu'ches an' go to doin' all sorts uh nawnsense. Now dee done
+learnt better again. Dee goin' back sorter to de white folks' chu'ches.
+Heap uh Pristopals lak dar use tuh be. In Furginny, Bishop Randolph come
+'roun' an' confirm all our classes. An' de Baptis'es dee talk 'bout takin'
+de cullud Baptis'es under dar watch-keer. An' all our folks dee done
+learnt heap better an' all what I been tellin' you. I don' want you tuh
+put dat in no book lessen you say we-all done improved."
+
+Southern men who stand at the head of educational movements for negroes,
+state that they have advanced greatly in a religious sense, their own
+educated ministry contributing to this end. Among those old half-voodoo
+shouters and dreamers of dreams were negroes of exalted Christian
+character and true piety, and, industrially, of far more worth to society
+than the average educated product. I have known sensible negroes who
+believed that they "travelled" to heaven and to hell.[15]
+
+It has been urged that darkness would have been quickly turned to light
+had Southern masters and mistresses performed their full duty in the
+spiritual instruction of their slaves. To change the fibre of a race is
+not a thing quickly done even where undivided and intense effort is bent
+in this direction. The negro, as he came here from Africa, changed much
+more quickly for the better in every respect than under freedom he could
+have done. It has been charged that we had laws against teaching negroes
+to read. I never heard of them until after the war. All of us tried to
+teach darkeys to read, and nothing was ever done to anybody about it. If
+there were such laws, we paid no attention to them, and they were framed
+for the negroes' and our protection against fanatics.[16]
+
+I have treated this subject to show the swing back to savagery the instant
+the master-hand was removed; one cause of demoralisation in field and
+kitchen; the superstitious, volatile, inflammable material upon which
+political sharpers played without scruple.
+
+
+
+
+THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU
+
+
+Federal authorities had a terrific problem to deal with in four millions
+of slaves suddenly let loose. Military commanders found themselves between
+the devil and the deep sea.
+
+Varied instructions were given to bring order out of chaos. "Freedmen that
+will use any disrespectful language to their former masters will be
+severely punished," is part of a ukase issued by Captain Nunan, at
+Milledgeville, in fervent if distracted effort for the general weal. By
+action if not by order, some others settled the matter this way: "Former
+masters that will use any disrespectful language to their former slaves
+will be severely punished"; as witness the case where a venerable lady,
+bearing in her own and that of her husband two of the proudest names in
+her State, was marched through the streets to answer before a military
+tribunal the charge of having used offensive language to her cook.
+
+With hordes of negroes pilfering and pillaging, new rulers had an elephant
+on their hands. No vagrant laws enacted by Southern Legislatures in 1865-6
+surpassed in severity many of the early military mandates with penalties
+for infraction. The strongest argument in palliation of the reconstruction
+acts is found in these laws which were construed into an attempt to
+re-enslave the negro. The South had no vagrant class before the war and
+was provided with no laws to meet conditions of vagrancy which followed
+emancipation with overwhelming force.
+
+Comparing these laws with New England's, we find that in many respects the
+former were modelled on the latter, from which the words "ball and chain,"
+"master and mistress" and the apprentice system, which Mr. Blaine declared
+so heinous, might well have been borrowed, though New England never faced
+so grave a vagrancy problem as that which confronted the South.
+
+Negroes flocked to cities, thick as blackbirds. Federal commanders issued
+orders: "Keep negroes from the cities." "The Government is feeding too
+many idlers." "Make them stay on the plantations." "Impress upon them the
+necessity of making a crop, or famine is imminent throughout the South."
+"Do not let the young and able-bodied desert their children, sick, and
+aged." As well call to order the wild things of the woods! In various
+places something like the old "patter-roller" system of slavery was
+adopted by the Federals, wandering negroes being required to show passes
+from employers, saying why they were abroad.
+
+General Schofield's Code for the Government of Freedmen in North Carolina
+(May, 1865) says: "Former masters are constituted guardians of minors in
+the absence of parents or other near relatives capable of supporting
+them." The Radicals made great capital out of a similar provision in
+Southern vagrancy laws.
+
+Accounts of confusion worse confounded wrung this from the "New York
+Times" (May 17, 1865): "The horse-stealing, lemonade and cake-vending
+phase of freedom is destined to brief existence. The negro misunderstands
+the motives which made the most laborious, hard-working people on the face
+of the globe clamour for his emancipation. You are free, Sambo, but you
+must work. Be virtuous, too, O Dinah! 'Whew! Gor Almighty! bress my
+soul!'"
+
+The "Chicago Times" (July 7, 1865) gives a Western view: "There is chance
+in this country for philanthropy, a good opening for abolitionists. It is
+to relieve twenty-eight millions of whites held in cruel bondage by four
+million blacks, a bondage which retards our growth, distracts our
+thoughts, absorbs our efforts, drives us to war, ruptures our government,
+disturbs our tranquillity, and threatens direfully our future. There never
+was such a race of slaves as we; there never was another people ground so
+completely in the dust as this nation. Our negro masters crack their whips
+over our legislators and our religion."
+
+The Freedmen's Bureau was created March 3, 1865, for the care and
+supervision of negroes in Federal lines. Branches were rapidly established
+throughout the South and invested with almost unlimited powers in matters
+concerning freedmen. An agency's efficiency depended upon the agent's
+personality. If he were discreet and self-respecting, its influence was
+wholesome; if he were the reverse, it was a curse. If he were inclined to
+peculate, the agency gave opportunity; if he were cruel--well, negroes who
+were hung up by the thumbs, or well annointed with molasses and tied out
+where flies could find them had opinions.
+
+I recall two stories which show how wide a divergence there might be
+between the operations of two stations. A planter went to the agent in his
+vicinity and said: "Captain, I don't know what to do with the darkeys on
+my place. They will not work, and are committing depredations on myself
+and neighbours." The agent went out and addressed the negroes: "Men, what
+makes you think you can live without work? The Government is not going to
+support any people in idleness on account of their complexions. I shall
+not issue food to another of you. I have charged this planter to bring
+before me any case of stealing. If you stay on this plantation, you are to
+work for the owner."
+
+In a week, the planter reported that they still refused to labour or to
+leave; property was disappearing, wanton damage was being done; but it was
+impossible to spot thieves and vandals. The agent, a man of war, went up
+in a hurry, and his language made the air blue! "If I come again," was his
+parting salutation, "I'll bring my cannon, and if you don't hoe, plow, or
+do whatever is required, I'll blow you all to pieces!" They went to work.
+
+A gentleman of Fauquier tells me: "When I got home from prison, July,
+1865, I found good feelings existing between whites and their former
+slaves; everything was going on as before the war except that negroes were
+free and received wages. After a while there came down a Bureau Agent who
+declared all contracts null and void and that no negro should work for a
+white except under contract written and approved by him. This demoralised
+the negroes and engendered distrust of whites."
+
+"If a large planter was making contracts," I heard Mr. Martin, of the
+Tennessee Legislature, relate, "the agent would intermeddle. I had to make
+all mine in the presence of one. These agents had to be bribed to do a
+white man justice. A negro would not readily get into trouble with a
+gentleman of means and position when he would make short work of shooting
+a poor white. Yet the former had owned slaves and the latter had not."
+
+Planters, making contracts, might have to journey from remote points
+(sometimes a distance of fifty miles over bad roads), wherever a Bureau
+was located, whites and blacks suffering expense, and loss of time. Both
+had to fee the agent. A contract binding on the white was not binding on
+the negro, who was irresponsible. If the Bureau wrought much mischief, it
+also wrought good, for there were some whites ready to take advantage of
+the negro's ignorance in driving hard bargains with him; sorrowfully be it
+said, if able to tip the agent, they would usually be able to drive the
+hard bargain.
+
+After examination for the Government into Bureau operations, Generals
+Fullerton and Steedman reported, May, 1866: "Negroes regard the Bureau as
+an indication that people of the North look upon the whites here as their
+natural enemies, which is calculated to excite suspicion and bad feeling.
+Only the worthless and idle ask interference, the industrious do not
+apply. The effect produced by a certain class of agents, is bitterness and
+antagonism between whites and freedmen, a growing prejudice on the part of
+planters to the Government and expectations on the part of freedmen that
+can never be realised. Where there has been no such interference or bad
+advice given, there is a growing feeling of kindness between races and
+good order and harmony prevail." They condemned the "arbitrary,
+unnecessary and offensive interference by the agents with the relations of
+the Southern planters and their freedmen."
+
+General Grant had reported (Dec. 18, 1865) to President Johnson, after a
+Southern tour: "The belief widely spread among freedmen that the lands of
+former owners will, at least in part, be divided among them, has come
+through agents of this Bureau. This belief is seriously interfering with
+the willingness of the freedmen to make contracts."
+
+Whether agents originated or simply winked at the red, white and blue
+stick enterprise, I am unable to say. Into a neighborhood would come
+strangers from the North, seeking private interviews with negroes
+possessing a little cash or having access to somebody else's cash; to
+these would be shown, with pledges of secrecy, packages of red, white and
+blue sticks, four to each package. "Get up before light on such a date,
+plant a stick at the four corners of any piece of land not over a mile
+square, and the land is yours. Be wary, or the rebels will get ahead of
+you."
+
+Packages were five dollars each. One gentleman found a set for which he
+had lent part of the purchase money planted on his land. If a negro had
+not the whole sum, the seller would "trust" him for the balance till he
+"should come into possession of the land."
+
+Generals Fullerton and Steedman advised discontinuance of the Bureau in
+Virginia; and some similar recommendation must have accompanied the report
+for Florida and the Carolinas which contained such revelations as this
+about the Trent River Settlement, where 4,000 blacks lived in "deplorable
+condition" under the superintendency of Rev. Mr. Fitz, formerly U. S. A.
+Chaplain. "Four intelligent Northern ladies," teaching school in the
+Settlement, witnessed the harsh treatment of negroes by Mr. Fitz, such as
+suspension by the thumbs for hours; imprisonment of children for playing
+on the Sabbath; making negroes pay for huts; taxing them; turning them out
+on the streets. Interesting statements were given in regard to the
+"planting officials" who impressed negroes to work lands under such
+overseers as few Southern masters (outside of "Uncle Tom's Cabin") would
+have permitted to drive negroes they owned, the officials reaping profits.
+
+The Bureau had ways of making whites know their place. One could gather a
+book of stories like this, told me recently by an aged lady, whose name I
+can give to any one entitled to ask: "Captain B., of the Freedmen's
+Bureau, was a very hard man. He took up farms around and put negroes on
+them. We had a large place; he held that over a year and everything was
+destroyed. Saturdays, Captain B. would send many negroes out there--and it
+was pandemonium! My husband was in prison. My father was eighty; he would
+not complain, but I would. We went to the Bureau repeatedly about the
+outrages. Captain B. was obsequious, offered father wine; but he did not
+stop the outrages. Once he asked: 'Have you not had any remuneration for
+your place?' 'No,' I said, 'and we are not asking it. We only beg you to
+make the negroes you send out there behave decently.' He said he would do
+anything for us, but did nothing; at last, I went direct to General
+Stoneman, and he helped us."
+
+Not long after Generals Grant's, Fullerton's, and Steedman's reports,
+Congress enlarged the powers of the Bureau. Coincident with this, the
+negro became a voter, the Bureau a political machine, the agent a
+candidate. The Bureau had been active in securing negro enfranchisement.
+It was natural that ambitious agents should send hair-raising stories
+North of the Southerner's guile, cruelty and injustice, and touching ones
+of the negro's heavenly-mindedness in general and of his fitness to be an
+elector and law-maker in particular; all proving the propriety and
+necessity of his possession of the ballot for self-protection and defense.
+
+In signal instances, the Bureau became the negro's protector in crime, as
+when its officials demanded at one time of Governor Throckmorton, of
+Texas, pardon and release of two hundred and twenty-seven negroes from the
+penitentiary, some of whom had been confined for burglary, arson, rape,
+murder.
+
+The Bureau did not in the end escape condemnation from those for whom it
+was created, and who, on acquisition of the ballot, became its "spoiled
+darlings." "De ossifers eat up all de niggers' rations, steal all dey
+money, w'ar all dey Sunday clo'se," said Hodges, of Princess Anne, in
+Virginia's Black and Tan Convention. The failure of the Freedmen's Savings
+Bank was a scandal costing pain and humiliation to all honest Northerners
+connected with the institution, and many a negro his little hoard and his
+disposition to accumulate.
+
+It is not fair to overlook benefits conferred by the Bureau because it
+failed to perform the one great and fine task it might have accomplished,
+as the freedman's first monitor, in teaching him that freedom enlarges
+responsibility and brings no exemption from toil. If much harm, great good
+was also done in distribution of Government rations, in which whites
+sometimes received share with blacks. In numbers of places, both races
+found the agent a sturdy friend and wise counsellor.[17]
+
+No one who knows General O. O. Howard, who was Commissioner, can, I think,
+doubt the sincerity and purity of purpose which animated him and scores of
+his subordinates. From the start, the Bureau must have been a difficult
+organization to handle; once the negro entered into count as a possible or
+actual political factor, the combined wisdom of Solomon and Moses could
+not have made its administration a success nor fulfilled the Government's
+benign intention in creating it.
+
+
+
+
+PRISONER OF FORTRESS MONROE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE PRISONER OF FORTRESS MONROE
+
+
+An extract from a letter by Mrs. Robert E. Lee to Miss Mason, from
+Derwent, September 10, 1865, may interest my readers: "I have just
+received, dear Miss Em, a long letter from Mrs. Davis in reply to one of
+mine. She was in Augusta, Ga.; says she is confined to that State. She has
+sent her children to kindred in Canada. Says she knows nothing whatever of
+her husband, except what she has seen in the papers. Says any letter sent
+her under care of Mr. Schley will reach her safely. She writes very sadly,
+as she well may, for I know of no one so much to be pitied.... She
+represents a most uncomfortable state of affairs in Augusta. No one, white
+or black, can be out after ten o'clock at night without a pass.... We must
+wait God's time to raise us up again. That will be the best time." In a
+later letter, Mrs. Lee said: "I cannot help feeling uneasy about Mr.
+Davis. May God protect him, and grant him deliverance!"
+
+The whole South was anxious about Mr. Davis. Those who had come in close
+touch with him felt a peculiar sympathy for him inspired by a side of his
+character not generally recognized, as his manner often conveyed an
+impression of coldness and sternness. Under his reserve, was an almost
+feminine tenderness revealed in many stories his close friends tell. Thus:
+One night, Judge Minor, to see the President on business of state, sat
+with him in the room of the "White House" where the telegraph wire came in
+at the window (now, Alabama Room in the Confederate Museum), when in
+stumbles little Joe, in night-gown, saying: "Papa, I want to say my
+prayers." The President, caressing his child, despatched a message,
+answered Judge Minor's immediate question, and saying, "Excuse me a
+moment," led his little one's devotions. He was of wide reading and
+wonderful memory, yet was ignorant of "Mother Goose" until he heard his
+children babbling the jingles. Mrs. Davis brought "Babes in the Wood" to
+his notice. He suffered from insomnia after visits to the hospitals; his
+wife would try to read him to sleep. One night she picked up the "Babes"
+as the one thing at hand, and was astonished to find the poem unknown to
+him; at the children's desertion he rose, exclaiming: "Was there no one to
+help those poor tender babies? The thought is agonizing!" A part of his
+childhood was spent in a Kentucky monastery, where the good monks did not
+bethink themselves to teach him nursery rhymes.
+
+There was the story of the soldier's widow, to answer whose call the
+President left his breakfast unfinished. Mrs. Davis found him trying to
+comfort and to induce her to partake of a tray of delicacies sent in by
+his order. She was trying to find her husband's body, and feared that as
+he was a poor private due aid might not be given her; she had been certain
+that she would receive scant attention from the Chief Magistrate. But he
+was telling her that the country's strength and protection lay in her
+private soldier. "My father, Madam, was a private in the Revolution, and I
+am more proud of what he did for his country than if he had been an
+officer expecting the world's praise. Tell your sorrows to my wife. She
+will take you in her carriage wherever you wish to go, and aid you all she
+can."
+
+Dr. Craven, Mr. Davis' Federal physician at Fortress Monroe, testifies in
+his book to his patient's unusual depth and quickness of sympathy:
+"Despite a certain exterior cynicism of manner, no patient ever crossed my
+path who, suffering so much himself, appeared to feel so warmly and
+tenderly for others." In Confederate hospitals, he had not limited pity to
+wearers of the gray. A "White House" guest told me of his robbing his
+scant table more than once for a sick Federal who had served with him in
+Mexico. Another laughingly remarked: "I don't see how he managed to rob
+his table of a delicacy. When I sat down to it, it had none to spare. Yet
+certainly he might have kept a bountiful board, for Government stores were
+accessible to Government officials, and the President might have had first
+choice in purchasing blockade goods. But the simplicity of our White House
+regime was an object-lesson. I recall seeing Mr. Davis in home-spun,
+home-made clothes at State receptions. That required very positive
+patriotism if one could do better! 'Do look at Mr. Davis!' Mrs. Davis
+whispered, 'He _will_ wear those clothes, and they look lop-sided!' Their
+deficiencies were more noticeable because he was so polished and elegant."
+
+One of the faithful shows me in her scrap-book a dispatch, of May 25,
+1865, in the "Philadelphia Inquirer": "Jeff does not pine in solitude. An
+officer and two soldiers remain continually in the cell with him." And
+then points to these words from the pen of Hugh McCulloch, Mr. Davis'
+visitor from Washington: "He had the bearing of a brave and high-born
+gentleman, who, knowing he would have been highly honoured if the Southern
+States had achieved their independence, would not and could not demean
+himself as a criminal because they had not." She tells how men who had
+served under Mr. Davis in Mexico were among his guards at Fortress Monroe
+and showed him respect and kindness; and how almost everybody there grew
+to like him, he was so kind and courteous, and to the common soldier as to
+the strapped and starred officer.
+
+Our ladies sent articles for his comfort to Mr. Davis, but knew not if he
+received them. Dr. Minnegerode's efforts to see him were for a weary while
+without success. It seemed that his pastor, at least, might have had this
+privilege without question, especially such as Dr. Minnegerode, a man of
+signal peace and piety who had carried the consolations of religion and
+such comforts as he could collect in an almost famine-stricken city to
+Federals in prison. His first endeavour, a letter of request to President
+Johnson, met no response. Finally, appeal was made through Rev. Dr. Hall,
+Mr. Stanton's pastor; to the committee of ladies waiting on him, Dr. Hall
+said he did not wish to read the petition, wished to have nothing to do
+with the matter; they besought, he read, and secured privilege of
+intercourse between pastor and prisoner.
+
+For months, Mr. Davis was not allowed to correspond with his wife; was
+allowed no book but the Bible; June 8, 1865, Stanton reproved General
+Miles for permitting the prison chaplain to visit him. He was unprepared
+for his pastor's coming, when Dr. Minnegerode, conducted by General Miles,
+entered his cell. In a sermon in St. Paul's after Mr. Davis' death, Dr.
+Minnegerode described this meeting. Mr. Davis had been removed (on medical
+insistence) from the casemate, and was "in an end room on the second floor
+of Carroll Hall, with a passage and windows on each side of the room, and
+an anteroom in front, separated by an open grated door--a sentinel on each
+passage and before the grated door of the anteroom; six eyes always
+upon him, day and night." With these eyes looking on, the long-parted
+friends, the pastor and the prisoner, met.
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW OF FORTRESS MONROE
+
+Showing section of casemates overlooking the moat. In a casemate of this
+fort Mr. Davis was confined.
+
+Photographed in 1890]
+
+When the question of Holy Communion was broached, Mr. Davis hesitated. "He
+was a pure and pious man, and felt the need and value of the means of
+grace. But could he take the Sacrament in the proper spirit--in a
+forgiving mind? He was too upright and conscientious to eat and drink
+unworthily--that is, not at peace with God and man, as far as in him lay."
+In the afternoon, General Miles took the pastor to the prisoner again. Mr.
+Davis was ready to pray, "Father, forgive them!" "Then came the Communion.
+It was night. The fortress was so still that you could hear a pin fall.
+General Miles, with his back to us, leaned against the fire-place in the
+anteroom, his head on his hands--not moving; sentinels stood like
+statues."
+
+Of Mr. Davis' treatment, Dr. Minnegerode said: "The officers were polite
+and sympathetic; the common soldiers--not one adopted the practice of high
+dignitaries who spoke sneeringly of him as 'Jeff.' Not one but spoke of
+him in a subdued and kindly tone as 'Mr. Davis.' I went whenever I could,"
+he adds, "to see my friend, and precious were the hours spent with that
+lowly, patient, God-fearing soul. It was in these private interviews that
+I learned to appreciate his noble, Christian character--'pure in heart,'
+unselfish, without guile, and loyal unto death to his conscience and
+convictions." The prisoner's health failed fast. Officers thought it would
+be wise and humane to allow him more liberty; they knew that he not only
+had no desire to escape, but could not be induced to do so. He was begging
+for trial. The pastor, encouraged by Dr. Hall, called on Mr. Stanton. He
+had hoped to find the man of iron softened by sorrow; Mr. Stanton had lost
+a son; his remaining child was on his knees. His greeting was like ice--a
+bow and nothing more. The pastor expressed thanks for permit to visit the
+prisoner, and respectfully broaching the subject of Mr. Davis' health,
+suggested that, as he neither would nor could escape, he be allowed the
+liberty of the fort. Mr. Stanton broke his silence: "It makes no
+difference what the state of Jeff Davis' health is. His trial will come
+on, no doubt. Time enough till that settles it." "It settled it in my
+leaving the presence of that man," said the pastor. "I realise," Dr.
+Craven protested, "the painful responsibilities of my position. If Mr.
+Davis were to die in prison, without trial, subject to such indignities as
+have been visited upon his attenuated frame, the world would form unjust
+conclusions, but conclusions with enough colour to pass them into
+history." Arguments breathing similar appreciation of the situation began
+to appear in the Northern press, while men of prominence, advocating the
+application of the great principles of justice and humanity to his case,
+called for his release or trial; such lawyers as William B. Reed, of
+Philadelphia, and Charles O'Conor, of New York, tendered him free
+services. Strong friends were gathering around his wife. The Northern
+heart was waking. General Grant was one of those who used his influence to
+mitigate the severity of Mr. Davis' imprisonment.
+
+Again and again Mrs. Davis had implored permission to go to him. "I will
+take any parole--do anything, if you will only let me see him! For the
+love of God and His merciful Son, do not refuse me!" was her cry to the
+War Department, January, 1866. No reply. Then, this telegram to Andrew
+Johnson from Montreal, April 25, 1866: "I hear my husband's health is
+failing rapidly. Can I come to see him? Can you refuse me? Varina Davis."
+Stanton acquiesced in Johnson's consent. And the husband and wife were
+reunited.
+
+Official reports to Washington, changing their tone, referred to him as
+"State Prisoner Davis" instead of merely "Jeff Davis." The "National
+Republican," a Government organ, declared: "Something ought in justice to
+be done about his case. By every principle of justice as guaranteed by the
+Constitution, he ought to be released or brought to trial." It would have
+simplified matters had he asked pardon of the National Government. But
+this he never did, though friends, grieving over his sufferings, urged
+him. He did not hold that the South had committed treason or that he, in
+being her Chief Magistrate, was Arch-Traitor. Questions of difference
+between the States had been tried in the court of arms; the South had
+lost, had accepted conditions of defeat, would abide by them; that was all
+there was to it. Northern men were coming to see the question in the same
+light.
+
+Through indignities visited upon him who had been our Chief Magistrate was
+the South most deeply aggrieved and humiliated; through the action of
+Horace Greeley and other Northern men coming to his rescue was the first
+real balm of healing laid upon the wound that gaped between the sections.
+That wound would have healed quickly, had not the most profound
+humiliation of all, the negro ballot and white disfranchisement, been
+forced upon us.
+
+Among relics in the Confederate Museum is a mask which Mr. Davis wore at
+Fortress Monroe. His wife sent it to him when she heard that the
+everlasting light in his eyes and the everlasting eyes of guards upon him
+were robbing him of sleep and threatening his eyesight and his reason.
+Over a mantel is Jefferson Davis' bond in a frame; under his name are
+those of his sureties, Horace Greeley's leading the signatures of
+Cornelius Vanderbilt, Gerrit Smith, Benjamin Wood, and Augustus Schell,
+all of New York; A. Welsh and D. K. Jackson, of Philadelphia; and Southern
+sureties, W. H. McFarland, Richard Barton Haxall, Isaac Davenport, Abraham
+Warwick, Gustavus A. Myers, W. Crump, James Lyons, John A. Meredith, W. H.
+Lyons, John Minor Botts, Thomas W. Boswell, James Thomas. Thousands of
+Southerners would have rejoiced to sign that bond; but it must be pleasing
+now to visitors of both sections to see Northern and Southern names upon
+it. The mask and the bond tell the story.
+
+
+
+
+RECONSTRUCTION ORATORY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+RECONSTRUCTION ORATORY
+
+
+Northern visitors, drawn to Richmond in the Spring of 1867, to the Davis
+trial, came upon the heels of a riot if not squarely into the midst of
+one. Friday, May 10, began with a mass-meeting at one of the old
+Chimborazo buildings, where negroes of both sexes, various ages, and in
+all kinds of rags and raiment, congregated. Nothing could exceed the
+cheerfulness with which their initiation fees and monthly dues were
+received by the white Treasurer of the National Political Aid Society,
+while their names were called by the white Secretary--the one officer a
+carpet-bagger, the other a scalawag. Initiation fee was a quarter, monthly
+dues a dime; the Treasurer's table was piled with a hillock of small
+change. The Secretary added 400 names to a roll of 2,000.
+
+A negro leader, asked by a Northern reporter, "What's this money to be
+used for?" replied: "We gwi sen' speakers all 'roun' de country, boss; gwi
+open de eyes er de cullud folks, an' show 'em how dee gotter vote. Some
+niggers out in de country don' know whe'er dee free er not--hoein' an'
+plowin' fuh white folks jes lak dee always been doin'. An' dee gwi vote
+lak white folks tell 'em ef dar ain' suppin' did. De country's gwi go tuh
+obstruction ef us whar knows don' molighten dem whar don' know. Dat huccum
+you sees what you does see." When collection had been taken up, a young
+carpet-bagger led in speech-making:
+
+"Dear friends: I rejoice to find myself in this noble company of
+patriots. I see before me men and women who are bulwarks of the nation;
+ready to give their money, to work, to die, if need be, for freedom.
+Freedom, my friends, is another name for the great Republican Party.
+("Hise yo' mouf tellin' dat truf!" "Dat's so!" "Halleluia!" "Glory be tuh
+Gawd!") The Republican Party gave you freedom and will preserve it
+inviolate! (Applause; whispers: "What dat he spoken 'bout?" "Sho use big
+words!" "Dat man got sense. He know what he talkin' 'bout ef we don't!")
+That party was unknown in this grand old State until a few months ago. It
+has been rotten-egged!--("Now ain't dat a shame!") although its speakers
+have only advocated the teachings of the Holy Bible. ("Glory Halleluia!"
+"Glory to de Lamb!" "Jesus, my Marster!") The Republican Party is your
+friend that has led you out of the Wilderness into the Promised Land!"
+Glories and halleluias reached climax in which two sisters were carried
+out shouting. "Disshere gitten' too much lak er 'ligious meetin' tuh suit
+me," a sinner observed.
+
+"You do not need for me to tell you never to vote for one of these white
+traitors and rebels who held you as slaves. ("Dat we ain't!" "We'll see
+'em in h---- fust!") We have fought for you on the field of battle. Now you
+must organize and fight for yourselves. ("We gwi do it, too! Dat we is! We
+gwi fight!") We have given you freedom. We intend to give you property.
+We, the Republican Party, propose to confiscate the land of these white
+rebels and traitors and give it to you, to whom it justly belongs--forty
+acres and a mule and $100 to every one of you! (The Chairman exhausted
+himself seeking to subdue enthusiasm.) The Republican Party cannot do this
+unless you give it your support. All that it asks is your vote and your
+influence. If the white men of the South carry the elections, they will
+put you back into slavery."
+
+A scalawag delivered the gem of the occasion: "Ladies and gentlemen: I am
+happy to embrace this privilege of speaking to you. I desire to address
+first and very especially a few words to these ladies, for they wield an
+influence of which they are little aware. Whether poor or rich, however
+humble they may be, women exert a powerful influence over the hearts of
+men. I have been gratified to see you bringing your mites to the cause of
+truth. Emulate, my fair friends, the example of your ancestors who came
+over in the Mayflower, emulate your ancestors, the patriotic women of '76.
+Give your whole hearts, and all your influence to this noble work. And in
+benefits that will come to you, you shall be repaid an hundred-fold for
+every quarter and dime you here deposit!" The meeting closed with
+race-hatred stirred up to white heat in black breasts.
+
+Later in the day, Richmond firemen were entertaining visiting Delaware
+firemen with water-throwing. A policeman requested a negro, standing
+within reserved space, to move; Sambo would not budge; the officer pushed
+him back; Sambo struck the officer; there was a hubbub. A white bystander
+was struck, and struck back; a barber on the corner jerked up his pole and
+ran, waving it and yelling: "Come on, freedmen! Now's de time to save yo'
+nation!" Negroes of all sizes, sexes and ages, some half-clad, many drunk,
+poured into the street; brickbats flew; the officer was knocked down, his
+prisoner liberated. Screams of "Dem p'licemens shan't 'res' nobody, dat
+dee shan't!" "Time done come fuh us tuh stan' up fuh our rights!" were
+heard on all sides. The police, under orders not to fire, tried to
+disperse or hold them at bay, exercising marvellous patience when blacks
+shook fists in their faces, saying: "I dar you tuh shoot! I jes dar you
+tuh shoot!"
+
+Mayor Mayo addressed the crowd: "I command you in the name of the
+Commonwealth to go to your homes, every one, white and black; I give you
+my word every case shall be looked into and justice done." They moved a
+square, muttering: "Give us our rights, now--de cullud man's rights!" An
+ambulance rumbled up. Negroes broke into cheers. In it sat General
+Schofield, Federal Commandant, and General Brown, of the Freedmen's
+Bureau. "Speech! speech!" they called. "I want you to go to your homes and
+remain there," said General Schofield. They made no motion to obey, but
+called for a speech. "I did not come here to make a speech. I command you
+to disperse." They did not budge. The war lord was not there to trifle. In
+double-quick time, Company H of the Twenty-Ninth was on the ground and
+sent the crowd about its business. That night six companies were marched
+in from Camp Grant and disposed about the city at Mayor Mayo's discretion.
+
+High carnival in the Old African Church wound up the day. An educated
+coloured man from Boston presided, and Carpet-Bagger-Philanthropist
+Hayward (who, having had the cold shoulder turned on him in Massachusetts,
+had come to Virginia) held forth: "The papers have made conspicuous my
+remarks that the negro is better than the white man. Why, I had no idea
+anybody was so stupid as to doubt it. When I contemplate such a noble
+race, and look upon you as you appear to me tonight, I could wish my own
+face were black!" "Ne'm min', boss!" sang out a sympathetic auditor, "Yo'
+heart's black! Dat's good enough!" The speaker was nonplussed for a
+second.
+
+"When I go to Massachusetts, shall I tell the people there that you are
+determined to ride in the same cars on which white men and women ride?"
+"Yes! Yes!" "Shall I tell them you intend to go in and take your seats in
+any church where the Gospel is preached?" "Yes! Yes! Dat we is!" "Shall I
+tell them you intend to occupy any boxes in the theatre you pay your money
+for?" "You sho kin, boss!" "Yes, yes!" "Shall I tell them you intend to
+enjoy, _in whatever manner you see fit_, any rights and privileges which
+the citizens of Massachusetts enjoy?" "Dat you kin!" "Tell 'em we gwi have
+our rights!"
+
+"If you cannot get them for yourselves, the young men of the Bay State
+will come down and help you. We have made you free. We will give you what
+you want." The coloured gentleman from Boston had to employ all his
+parliamentary skill before applause could be subdued for the speaker to
+continue. "You are brave. I am astonished at evidences of your bravery. To
+any who might be reckless, I give warning. You would not endanger the life
+of the illustrious Underwood, would you?" (Judge Underwood, boss of the
+black ring, was in town to try Mr. Davis.) "Dat we wouldn'!" "_Well, then,
+as soon as he leaves, you may have a high carnival in whatever way you
+please. It is not for me to advise you what to do, for great masses do
+generally what they have a mind to._"
+
+Wrought up to frenzy, the negroes fairly shook the house; the chairman
+made sincere efforts to bring the meeting to order. The young white
+Secretary of the National Political Aid Society arose and said: "Mr.
+Speaker, you may tell the people of Massachusetts that the coloured people
+of Richmond are determined to go into any bar-room, theatre, hotel, or car
+they wish to enter." "Yes, you tell 'em dat! We will! We will!"
+
+Next morning, our war lord brought Hayward up in short order. The meeting
+had come to his notice through Cowardin's report in the "Dispatch." The
+hearing was rich, a cluster of bright newspaper men being present, among
+them the "New York Herald" reporter, who endorsed Mr. Cowardin's account,
+and declared Hayward's speech inflammatory. It developed that negroes had
+been petitioning to Washington for General Schofield's removal, a
+compliment paid all his predecessors.
+
+The idle and excitable negroes must not be accepted as fully
+representative of their race. Those not heard from were the worthy ones,
+remaining at the houses of their white employers or in their own homes,
+and performing faithfully their regular duties. They were in the minority,
+but I believe the race would prefer now that these humble toilers should
+be considered representative rather than the other class. Lending neither
+aid nor encouragement to insurrectionary methods, they yet dared not
+openly oppose the incendiary spirit which, had it been carried far enough,
+might have swept them, too, off their feet as their kindred became
+involved. Negroes stick together and conceal each other's defections; this
+does not proceed altogether from race loyalty; they fear each other; dread
+covert acts of vengeance and being "conjured." Mysterious afflictions
+overtake the "conjured" or bewitched.
+
+
+
+
+THE PRISONER FREE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+THE PRISONER FREE
+
+
+On a beautiful May afternoon, two years after Mr. Davis' capture, the
+"John Sylvester" swung to the wharf at Rocketts and the prisoner walked
+forth, smiling quietly upon the people who, on the other side of the blue
+cordon of sentinels, watched the gangway, crying, "It is he! it is he!"
+Always slender, he was shadowy now, worn and thin to emaciation. He did
+not carry himself like a martyr. Only his attenuation, the sharpness of
+his features, the care-worn, haggard appearance of the face, the hair
+nearly all gray, the general indications of having aged ten years in two,
+made any appeal for sympathy. With him were his wife, Judge Ould, and Mr.
+James Lyons, Dr. Cooper, Mr. Burton Harrison, and General Burton, General
+Miles' successor, whose prisoner he yet was, but whose attitude was more
+that of friend than custodian.
+
+A reserved and dignified city is the Capital on the James, taking joys
+sedately; but that day she wore her heart on her sleeve; she cheered and
+wept. The green hills, streets, sidewalks, were alive with people;
+porches, windows, balconies, roofs, were thronged; Main Street was a lane
+of uncovered heads as two carriages rolled swiftly towards the Spotswood,
+one holding Mr. Davis, General Burton, Dr. Cooper and Mr. Harrison; the
+other, Mrs. Davis and Mrs. Lyons, Mr. Lyons and Judge Ould; an escort of
+Federal cavalry bringing up the rear with clattering hoofs and clanging
+sabres. It was more like a victor's home-returning than the bringing of a
+prisoner to trial. Yet through popular joy there throbbed the tragic note
+that marks the difference between the huzzas of a conquering people for
+their leader, and the welcoming "God bless you!" of a people subdued.
+
+This difference was noticeable at the Spotswood, which famous hostelry
+entertained many Northern guests. A double line of policemen, dividing the
+crowd, formed an avenue from sidewalk to ladies' entrance. This crowd, it
+seems, had its hat on. Among our own people may have been some who thought
+it not wise in their own or the prisoner's interests to show him too much
+honour. But as the emaciated, careworn man with the lofty bearing, stepped
+from the carriage, a voice, quiet but distinct, broke the impressive
+stillness: "Hats off, Virginians!" Instantly every man stood uncovered.
+
+Monday he went to trial. The Court Room in the old Custom House was
+packed. In the persons of representative men, North and South were there
+for his vindication of the charge of high treason. Were he guilty, then
+were we all of the South, and should be sentenced with him.
+
+Reporters for Northern papers were present with their Southern brethren of
+scratch-pad and pencil. The jury-box was a novelty to Northerners. In it
+sat a motley crew of negroes and whites. For portrait in part of the
+presiding judge, I refer to the case of McVeigh vs. Underwood, as reported
+in Twenty-third Grattan, decided in favour of McVeigh. When the Federal
+Army occupied Alexandria, John C. Underwood used his position as United
+States District Judge to acquire the homestead, fully furnished, of Dr.
+McVeigh, then in Richmond. He confiscated it to the United States, denied
+McVeigh a hearing, sold it, bought it in his wife's name for $2,850
+when it was worth not less than $20,000, and had her deed it to himself.
+The first time thereafter that Dr. McVeigh met the able jurist face to
+face on a street in Richmond, the good doctor, one of the most amiable of
+men, before he knew what he was doing, slapped the able jurist over and
+went about his business; whereupon, the Honourable the United States
+Circuit Court picked himself up and went about his, which was sitting in
+judgment on cases in equity. In 1873, Dr. McVeigh's home was restored to
+him by law, the United States Supreme Court pronouncing Underwood's course
+"a blot upon our jurisprudence and civilisation." Underwood was in
+possession when he presided at the trial of Jefferson Davis.
+
+[Illustration: AN HISTORICAL PETIT JURY
+
+This is the Petit Jury impaneled to try President Jefferson Davis, being
+the first mixed Petit Jury ever impaneled in the United States. Judge
+Underwood, not Chief Justice Chase, presided.]
+
+His personal appearance has been described as "repellant; his head
+drooping; his hair long; his eyes shifty and unpleasing, and like a
+basilisk's; his clothes ill-fitting;" he "came into court, fawning,
+creeping, shuffling; ascended the bench in a manner awkward and ungainly;
+lifted his head like a turtle." "Hear ye! hear ye! Silence is commanded
+while the Honourable the United States Circuit Court is in session!" calls
+the crier on this May morning.
+
+General Burton, with soldierly simplicity, transfers the prisoner from the
+military to the civil power; Underwood embarrasses the officer and shames
+every lawyer present by a fatuous response abasing the bench before the
+bayonet. Erect, serene, undefiant, surrounded by mighty men of the
+Northern and Southern bar--O'Conor, Reed, Shea, Randolph Tucker,
+Ould--Jefferson Davis faces his judge, his own clear, fearless glance
+meeting squarely the "basilisk eye."
+
+The like of Underwood's charge to the jury was never heard before in this
+land. It caused one long blush from Maine to Texas, Massachusetts to
+California; and resembled the Spanish War that came years after in that it
+gave Americans a common grievance. This poor, political bigot thought to
+please his Northern hearers by describing Richmond as "comely and spacious
+as a goodly apple on a gilded sepulchre where bloody treason flourished
+its whips of scorpions" and a "place where licentiousness has ruled until
+a majority of the births are illegitimate," and "the pulpit prostituted by
+full-fed gay Lotharios." But the thing is too loathsome to quote! Northern
+reporters said it was not a charge, took no cognisance of the matter
+before the Court, was a "vulgar, inflammatory stump speech." The "New York
+Herald" pronounced it "The strangest mixture of drivel and nonsense that
+ever disgraced a bench," and "without a parallel, with its foul-mouthed
+abuse of Richmond." "A disgrace to the American bench," declared the "New
+York World." "He has brought shame upon the entire bench of the country,
+for to the people of other countries he is a representative of American
+judges."
+
+There was no trial. Motion was made and granted for a continuance of the
+case to November, and bail given in bond for $100,000, which Horace
+Greeley signed first, the crowd cheering him as he went up to write his
+name, which was followed by signatures of other well-known men of both
+sections. "The Marshal will discharge the prisoner!" a noble sentence in
+the judge's mouth at last! Applause shakes the Court Room. Men surge
+forward; Mr. Davis is surrounded; his friends, his lawyers, his sureties,
+crowd about him; the North and the South are shaking hands; a love-feast
+is on. Human nature is at its best. The prisoner is free. When he appears
+on the portico the crowd grows wild with joy. Somebody wrote North that
+they heard the old "Rebel yell" once more, and that something or other
+unpleasant ought to be done to us because we would "holler" like that
+whenever we got excited.
+
+It looks as if his carriage will never get back to the Spotswood, people
+press about him so, laughing, crying, congratulating, cheering. Negroes
+climb upon the carriage steps, shaking his hand, kissing it, shouting:
+"God bless Mars Davis!" No man was ever more beloved by negroes he owned
+or knew.
+
+The South was unchained. The South was set free. No! That fall the first
+election at which negroes voted and whites--the majority disqualified by
+test-oath provision--did not vote, was held to send delegates to a
+convention presided over by John C. Underwood. This convention--the Black
+and Tan--made a new Constitution for the Old Dominion.
+
+"If black men will riot, I will fear that emancipation is a failure." So
+spoke the great abolitionist, Gerrit Smith, from the pulpit of the Old
+African Church Tuesday night after the Davis trial. "Riots in Richmond,
+Charleston, and New Orleans have made me sick at heart." On the platform
+with him were Horace Greeley, Governor Pierpont, Colonel Lewis and Judge
+Underwood. His audience consisted of negroes, prominent white citizens of
+Richmond, Federal officers and their wives. The negroes, as ready to be
+swayed by good advice as bad, listened attentively to the wisest, most
+conservative addresses they had heard from civilians of the North, or than
+they were again to hear for a long time. Gerrit Smith, who was pouring out
+his money like water for their education, told them:
+
+"I do not consider the white people of the South traitors. The South is
+not alone responsible for slavery. Northern as well as Southern ships
+brought negroes to this shore. When Northern States passed laws abolishing
+slavery in their borders, Northern people brought their negroes down here
+and sold them before those laws could take effect. I have been chased in
+the North by a pro-slavery mob--never in the South." Referring to the
+South's impoverished condition, he said he wished the Federal Government
+would give the section six years' exemption from the Federal tax to make
+rapid rehabilitation possible. He plead for harmony between races; urged
+whites to encourage blacks by selling lands to them cheap; urged blacks to
+frugality, industry, sobriety; plead with them not to drink. "Why cannot
+you love the whites among whom you have been born and raised?" he asked.
+"We do! we do!" cried the poor darkeys who had yelled, "We will! we will!"
+when Hayward was inciting them to mischief.
+
+Horace Greeley said: "I have heard in Richmond that coloured people would
+not buy homes or lands because they are expecting these through
+confiscation. Believe me, friends, you can much sooner earn a home.
+Confiscation is a slow, legal process. (Underwood had not found it so.)
+Thaddeus Stevens, the great man who leads the movement--and perhaps one of
+the greatest men who ever sat in Congress--is the only advocate of such a
+course, among all our representatives and senators. If it has not taken
+place in the two years since the war, we may not hope for it now. Famine,
+disaster, and deadly feuds would follow confiscation." His voice, too, was
+raised against calling Southern whites "traitors." "This seems to me," he
+said, "to brand with the crime of treason--of felony--millions of our
+fellow-countrymen."
+
+It is to be said in reference to one part of Gerrit Smith's advice, that
+Southerners were only too ready to sell their lands at any price or on
+any terms to whoever would buy. Had the negroes applied the industrial
+education which they then possessed they might have become owners of half
+the territory of the South. Politicians and theorists who diverted negroid
+energies into other channels were unconsciously serving Nature's purpose,
+the preservation of the Anglo-Saxon race. Upon every measure that might
+thwart that purpose, Nature seems to smile serenely, turning it to reverse
+account.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A lively account of the seating of the first negro in the Congress of the
+United States was contained in a letter of February, 1870, from my friend,
+Miss Winfield, stopping in Washington. "Revels," she wrote, "occupies the
+seat of Jefferson Davis. The Republicans made as much of the ceremony as
+possible. To me it was infinitely sad, and infinitely absurd. We run
+everything in the ground in America. Here, away from the South, where the
+tragedy of it all is not so oppressively before me and where I see only
+the political clap-trap of the whole African business, I am prone to lose
+sight of the graver side and find things simply funny."
+
+A lively discussion preceded the seating. Senator Wilson said something
+very handsome about the "Swan Song of Slavery" and God's hand in the
+present state of affairs; as he was soaring above the impious Democrats,
+Mr. Casserly, one of the last-named sinners, bounced up and asked: "I
+would like to know when and where the Senator from Massachusetts obtained
+a commission to represent the Almighty in the Senate? I have not heard of
+such authorisation, and if such person has been selected for that office,
+it is only another illustration of the truism that the ways of Providence
+are mysterious and past finding out." Laughter put the "Swan Song" off
+key; Casserly said something about senators being made now, not by the
+voice of God and the people, but by the power of the bayonet, when
+somebody flung back at him, "You use the shelalah in New York!"
+
+"But the ceremony!" Miss Winfield wrote. "Nothing has so impressed me
+since the ball to Prince Arthur, nor has anything so amused me unless it
+be the pipe-stem pantaloons our gentlemen wear in imitation of His Royal
+Highness. Senator Wilson conducted Revels to the Speaker's desk with a
+fine air that said: 'Massachusetts has done it all!' Vice-President Colfax
+administered the oath with such unction as you never saw, then shook hands
+with great warmth with Revels--nobody ever before saw him greet a
+novitiate so cordially! But then, those others were only white men! With
+pomp and circumstance the sergeant-at-arms led the hero of the hour to his
+exalted position. 'Some day,' said my companion, 'history will record this
+as showing how far the race-madness of a people can go under political
+spurs.' Republican Senators fell over each other to shake Revels' hand and
+congratulate him. Poor Mississippi! And Revels is not even a native.
+General Ames, of Maine, is her other senator. Poor Mississippi!"
+
+
+
+
+A LITTLE PLAIN HISTORY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+A LITTLE PLAIN HISTORY
+
+
+For clearness in what has gone before and what follows, I must write a
+little plain history.
+
+Many who ought to have known Mr. Lincoln's mind, among these General
+Sherman, with whom Mr. Lincoln had conversed freely, believed it his
+purpose to recognise existing State Governments in the South upon their
+compliance with certain conditions. These governments were given no
+option; governors calling legislatures for the purpose of expressing
+submission, were clapped into prison. Thus, these States were without
+civil State Governments, and under martial law. Some local governments and
+courts continued in operation subject to military power; military
+tribunals and Freedmen's Bureaus were established.
+
+Beginning May 29, 1865, with North Carolina, President Johnson
+reconstructed the South on the plan Mr. Lincoln had approved, appointing
+for each State a Provisional Governor empowered to call a convention to
+make a new State Constitution or remodel the old to meet new conditions.
+His policy was to appoint a citizen known for anti-Secession or Union
+sentiments, yet holding the faith and respect of his State, as Perry, of
+South Carolina; Sharkey, of Mississippi; Hamilton, of Texas. The
+conventions abolished slavery, annulled the secession ordinance,
+repudiated the Confederate debt, acknowledged the authority of the United
+States. An election was held for State officers and members of the
+legislature, voters qualifying as previous to 1861, and by taking the
+amnesty oath of May 29. Legislatures reënacted the convention's work of
+annulling secession, abolishing slavery, repudiating debt; and passed
+civil rights bills giving the negro status as a citizen, but without the
+franchise, though some leaders advised conferring it in a qualified form;
+they passed vagrancy laws which the North interpreted as an effort at
+reënslavement.
+
+Congress met December, 1865; President Johnson announced that all but two
+of the Southern States had reorganised their governments under the
+conditions required. Their representatives were in Washington to take
+their seats. With bitter, angry, contemptuous words, Congress refused to
+seat them. April 2, 1866, President Johnson proclaimed that in the South
+"the laws can be sustained by proper civil authority, State and Federal;
+the people are well and loyally disposed;" military occupation, martial
+law, military tribunals and the suspension of the writ of _habeas corpus_
+"are in time of peace, dangerous to public liberty," "incompatible with
+the rights of the citizen," etc., "and ought not to be sanctioned or
+allowed; ... people who have revolted and been overcome and subdued, must
+either be dealt with so as to induce them voluntarily to become friends or
+else they must be held by the absolute military power and devastated ...
+which last-named policy is abhorrent to humanity and freedom."
+
+March 2, 1867, Congress passed an act that "Whereas, no legal State
+Governments exist ... in the rebel States ... said rebel States shall be
+divided into five military districts." Over each a Federal General was
+appointed; existing local governments were subject to him; he could
+reverse their decisions, remove their officials and install
+substitutes; some commanders made radical use of power; others, wiser and
+kindlier, interfered with existing governments only as their position
+compelled. Upon the commanders Congress imposed the task of reconstructing
+these already once reconstructed States. Delegates to another convention
+to frame another Constitution were to be elected, the negroes voting. Of
+voters the test-oath was required, a provision practically disfranchising
+Southern whites and disqualifying them for office. Thaddeus Stevens,
+leader of the party forcing these measures, said of negro suffrage: "If it
+be a punishment to rebels, they deserve it."
+
+[Illustration: AUGUSTA J. EVANS WILSON
+
+OCTAVIA WALTON LE VERT
+
+The South's two most prominent literary women at the close of the war; one
+a novelist and the other a writer of translations and books of travel.]
+
+Black and Tan Conventions met in long and costly sessions. That of
+Mississippi sat over a month before beginning the task for which convened,
+having passed the time in fixing per diems, mileages, proposing a bonus
+for negroes dismissed by employers, imposing taxes on anything and
+everything to meet the expenses of the convention; and badgering General
+Gillem, Commander of the District. The Black and Tan Conventions framed
+constitutions which, with tickets for State and National officers, were
+submitted to popular vote, negroes, dominated by a few corrupt whites,
+determining elections. With these constitutions and officials, "carpet-bag
+rule" came into full power and States were plundered. The sins of these
+governments have been specified by Northern and Southern authorities in
+figures of dollars and cents. At first, Southern Unionists and Northern
+settlers joined issues with the Republican Party. Oppressive taxation,
+spoliation, and other evils drove all respectable citizens into coalitions
+opposing this party; these coalitions broke up Radical rule in the
+Southern States, the last conquest being in Louisiana and South Carolina
+in 1876. No words can present any adequate picture of the "mongrel"
+conventions and legislatures, but in the following chapter I try to give
+some idea of the absurdities of one, which may be taken as type of
+all.[18]
+
+
+
+
+THE BLACK AND TAN CONVENTION
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+THE BLACK AND TAN CONVENTION: THE "MIDNIGHT CONSTITUTION"
+
+
+The Black and Tan Convention met December 3, 1867, in our venerable and
+historic Capitol to frame a new constitution for the Old Dominion. In this
+body were members from New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maine, Vermont,
+Connecticut, Maryland, District of Columbia, Ireland, Scotland, Nova
+Scotia, Canada, England; scalawags, or turn-coats, by Southerners most
+hated of all; twenty-four negroes; and in the total of 105, thirty-five
+white Virginians, from counties of excess white population, who might be
+considered representative of the State's culture and intelligence. It was
+officered by foreigners and negroes; John C. Underwood, of New York, being
+President.
+
+Capitol Square was garlanded with tables and stands; and the season was
+one of joy to black and yellow vendors of ginger-cakes, goobers, lemonade,
+and cheap whiskey. Early ornaments of the Capitol steps were ebony
+law-makers sporting tall silk hats, gold-headed canes, broadcloth suits,
+the coat always Prince Albert. Throughout the South this was the uniform
+of sable dignitaries as soon as emoluments permitted. The funny sayings
+and doings of negroes, sitting for the first time in legislative halls,
+were rehearsed in conversation and reported in papers; visitors went to
+the Capitol as to a monkey or minstrel show. Most of these darkeys, fresh
+from tobacco lots and corn and cotton fields, were as innocent as babes of
+any knowledge of reading and writing.
+
+They were equally guileless in other directions. Before the body was
+organised, an enthusiastic delegate bounced up to say something, but the
+Chair nipped him untimely in the bud: "No motion is in order until roll is
+called. Gentlemen will please remember parliamentary usage." The member
+sank limp into his seat, asking in awed whisper of his neighbour: "Whut in
+de worl' is dat?" Perplexity was great when a member rose to "make an
+inquiry." "Whut's dat?" "Whut dat he gwi make?" was whispered round, the
+question being settled summarily: "Well, it don' make no diffunce. We ain'
+gwi let him do it nohow case he ain' no Radicule." White constituents soon
+tried to muzzle black orators. Word was passed that white "Radicules"
+would talk and black members keep silent and vote as they were bid. "Shew!
+She-ew!" "Set down!" "Shut the door!" were household words, the last
+ejaculation coming into request when scraps seemed imminent and members
+wanted the sergeant-at-arms to take each other, yet preferred that the
+public should not be witness to these little family jars.
+
+Black, white, and yellow pages flew around, waiting on members; the
+blacker the dignitary, the whiter the page he summoned to bring pens, ink,
+paper, apples, ginger-cakes, goober-peas. And newspapers. No sooner did
+darkeys observe that whites sent out and got newspapers than they did
+likewise; and sat there reading them upside down.
+
+The gallery of coloured men and women come to see the show were almost as
+diverting as the law-makers. Great were the flutterings over the seating
+of John Morrissey, the "Wild Irishman," mistaken for his namesake, the New
+York pugilist. "Dat ain't de man dat fit Tom Higher?" "I tell you it am!"
+"Sho got muscle!" "He come tuh fit dem Preservatives over dar." According
+to the happy darkey knack of saying the wrong thing in the right place, a
+significant version of "Conservative" was thus applied to the little
+handful of representative white Virginians. Great, too, were the
+flutterings when Governor "Plowpint" (so darkeys pronounced Pierpont) paid
+his visit of ceremony; and when General Schofield and aide marched in in
+war-paint and feathers: the Chair waved the gavel and the convention rose
+to its feet to receive the distinguished guests. The war lord was to pay
+another and less welcome visit. The piety of neither gallery nor
+convention could be questioned if the fervor and frequency of "Amens!"
+interrupting the petitions of the Chaplain (from Illinois) were an
+indication; Dr. Bayne, of Norfolk, so raised his voice above the rest that
+his colleagues became concerned lest that seaport were claiming for
+herself more than just proportion of religious zeal.
+
+Curiosity was on tip-toe when motion was made that a stenographer be
+appointed. "'Snographer?' What's dat?" "Maybe it's de pusson whut takes
+down de speeches befo' dee's spoken," explains a wise one. The riddle was
+partly solved when a spruce, foreign individual of white complexion rose
+and walked to the desk, vacated in his favour by a gentleman of colour.
+"Dar he! dat's him!" "War's good close, anyhow!" was pronounced of the new
+official; then the retired claimed sympathy: "Whut he done?" "Whut dee
+tu'n him out fuh?" "Ain't dee gwi give niggers nothin'?" "Muzzling" was
+not yet begun; this occasion for eloquence was not to be ignored by the
+Honourable Lewis Lindsay, representing Richmond: "Mistah Presidet, I hopes
+in dis late hour dat Ole Fuhginny am imperilated, dat no free-thinkin' man
+kin suppose fuh one minute dat we 'sires tuh misrippersint de idee dat we
+ain' qualify de sability uh de sternogphy uh dis convention. I hopes, suh,
+dat we kin den be able tuh superhen' de principles uh de supposition."
+
+Lindsay would always rise to an occasion if his coat-tails were not pulled
+too hard. Fortunately, his matchless oration on the mixed school question
+was not among gems lost to the world: "Mistah Presidet, de real flatform,
+suh. I'll sw'ar tuh high Heaven. Yes, I'll sw'ar higher dan dat. I'll go
+down an' de uth shall crumble intuh dus' befo' dee shall amalgamise my
+rights. 'Bout dis question uh cyarpet-bags. Ef you cyarpet-baggers does go
+back on us, woes be unto you! You better take yo' cyarpet-bags an' quit,
+an' de quicker you git up an' git de better. I do not abdicate de
+supperstition tuh dese strange frien's, lately so-called citizens uh
+Fuhginny. Ef dee don' gimme my rights, I'll suffer dis country tuh be lak
+Sarah. I'll suffer desterlation fus! When I blows my horn dee'll hear it!
+When de big cannons was thund'in, an' de missions uh death was flyin' thu
+de a'r, dee hollered: 'Come, Mr. Nigguh, come!' an' he done come! I'se
+here tuh qualify my constituents. I'll sing tuh Rome an' tuh Englan' an'
+tuh de uttermos' parts uh de uth--" "You must address yourself to the
+Chair," said that functionary, ready to faint. "All right, suh. I'll not
+'sire tuh maintain de House any longer."
+
+That clause against mixed schools was a rock upon which the Radical party
+split, white members with children voting for separate education of races;
+most darkeys "didn' want no sech claw in de law"; yet one declared he
+didn't want his "chillun tuh soshate wid rebels an' traitors nohow"; they
+were "as high above rebels an' traitors ez Heaven 'bove hell!" Lindsay
+took occasion to wither white "Radicules" with criticism on colour
+distribution in the gallery. "Whar is de white Radicule members' wives
+an' chillun?" he asked, waving his hand towards the white section. "When
+dee comes here dee mos'ly set dar se'ves on dat side de House, whilst I
+brings mine on dis side," waving towards the black, "irregardless uh how
+white she is!"
+
+Hodges, of Princess Anne, was an interesting member; wore large,
+iron-rimmed spectacles and had a solemn, owl-like way of staring through
+them. One day, he gave the convention the creeps: "Dar's a boy in dis
+House," he said with awful gravity, "whar better be outen do's. He's done
+seconded a motion." The House, following his accusing spectacles and
+finger, fixed its eye upon a shrivelling mulatto youth who had slipped
+into a member's chair. A coloured brother took the intruder's part.
+Lindsay threw himself into the breach: "Mistah Presidet, I hears de
+correspondence dat have passed an' de gemmun obsarves it have been
+spoken." "I seen him open his mouf an' I seen de words come outen it!"
+cried Hodges. The usurper, seizing the first instant Hodges turned his
+head another way, fled for his life, while somebody was making motion "to
+bring him before the bar."
+
+The convention's thorn in the side was Eustace Gibson, white member from
+Giles and Pulaski, who had a knack for making the convention see how
+ridiculous it was. Negroes were famous for rising to "pints of order";
+they laughed at themselves one day when two eloquent members became
+entangled and fell down in a heap in the aisle and Mr. Gibson, gravely
+rising to a point of order, moved that it was "not parliamentary for two
+persons to occupy the floor at one time." When questions of per diem
+arose, sable eloquence flowed like a cataract and Gibson's wit played like
+lightning over the torrents. Muzzling was difficult. "Mistah Churman, ef
+I may be allowed tuh state de perquisition--" a member would begin and get
+no further before a persuasive hand on his coat-tails would reduce him to
+silence. Dr. Bayne's coat-tails resisted force and appeal.
+
+"I wants $9, I does," he said. "But den I ain' gwi be dissatisfied wid
+$8.50. Cose, I kin live widout dat half a dollar ef I choose tuh. But ef I
+don' choose tuh? Anybody got anything tuh say 'gins dat? Hey? Here we is
+sleepin' 'way f'om home, leavin' our wives an' our expenses uh bode an'
+washin'. Why, whut you gwi do wid de po' delegate dat ain' got no expenses
+uh bode an' washin'? Tell me dat? Why, you fo'ce 'em tuh steal, an' make
+dar constituen's look upon 'em as po' narrer-minded fellers." One member
+murmured plaintively: "I ain' had no money paid me sence 'lection--"
+"Shew! She-ew! Shew!" his coat-tails were almost jerked off. "You gwi tell
+suppin you ain' got no business!" "Mr. Churman, I adject. De line whar's
+his line, an' dat's de line I contain fuh--" "Shew! She-ew! Set down!"
+"What de Bible say 'bout it?" demanded a pious brother. "De Bible it say:
+'Pay de labour' de higher.' Who gwi 'spute de Book?" "This debate has
+already cost the State $400," Mr. Gibson interposed wearily.
+
+They finally agreed to worry along upon $8 a day--a lower per diem than
+was claimed, I believe, in any other State. When the per diem question
+bobbed up again, State funds were running low, but motion for adjournment
+died when it was learned that of the $100,000 in the treasury when the
+convention began to sit, $30,000 remained. Retrenchment was in order,
+however, and the "Snographer's" head fell. He was impeached for charging
+$3.33 a page for spider-legs, which he was not translating into English.
+Mr. Gibson showed that he had been drawing $200 a day in advance for ten
+days; had drawn $2,000 for the month of February, yet had not submitted
+work for January. The convention began to negotiate a $90,000 loan on its
+own note to pay itself to sit longer, when our war lord came to the front
+and gave opinion that it had sat long enough to do what it had been called
+to do, and that after ten days per diems must cease. Another hurrying
+process was said to be at work. Reports were abroad that the Ku Klux,
+having reached conclusion that Richmond had been neglected, was on the
+way. Solid reason for adjournment was death of the per diem; but for which
+the convention might have been sitting yet.
+
+The morning of the last day, the sergeant-at-arms flung wide the door,
+announcing General Schofield, who, entering with Colonels Campbell, Wherry
+and Mallory, of his Staff, was escorted to the Speaker's stand. He came to
+protest against constitutional clauses disqualifying white Virginians. He
+said: "You cannot find in Virginia a full number of men capable of filling
+office who can take the oath you have prescribed. County offices pay
+limited salary; even a common labourer could not afford to come from
+abroad for the purpose of filling them. I have no hesitation in saying
+that I do not believe it possible to inaugurate a government upon that
+basis." It was a business man's argument, an appeal to patriotism and
+common sense. It failed. When he went out, they called him "King
+Schofield," and retained those clauses in the instrument which they
+ratified that night when the hands on the clocks of the Capitol pointed to
+twelve and the Midnight Constitution came to birth.
+
+When General Schofield left in 1868 to become Secretary of War, the
+leading paper said: "General Schofield has been the best of all the
+military commandants placed over the Southern States. He has saved
+Virginia from much humiliation and distress that other States have
+suffered." What he did for Virginia, General Gillem, General Hancock and
+some other commanders tried to do for districts under their command.
+General Stoneman, who succeeded General Schofield, also fought the
+test-oath clauses.
+
+When our Committee of Nine went to Washington to protest against those
+clauses, General Schofield appeared with them before President-elect Grant
+and one of General Grant's first acts as President was to arrange with
+Congress that Virginia should have the privilege of voting upon those
+clauses and the constitution separately, and that other States should have
+like privileges in regard to similar clauses in their constitutions.
+
+Every American should study the history in detail of each Southern State
+during the period of which I write. He should acquaint himself at first
+hand with the attitude of the South when the war closed, and in this
+connection I particularly refer my reader to the address Governor Allen
+delivered to the people of Louisiana before going to Mexico, where he died
+in exile; and to the addresses of Perry, of South Carolina, and
+Throckmorton, of Texas.[19] He should compare the character and costs of
+the first legislatures and conventions assembling and the character and
+costs of the mongrel bodies succeeding them. He will then take himself in
+hand and resolve never to follow blindly the leadership of any party, nor
+attempt to put in practice in another man's home the abstract theories of
+speculative humanitarians.
+
+
+
+
+SECRET SOCIETIES
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+SECRET SOCIETIES
+
+LOYAL LEAGUE, WHITE CAMELIAS, WHITE BROTHERHOOD, PALE FACES, KU KLUX
+
+
+Parent of all was the Union or Loyal League, whose history may be briefly
+summarised: Organisation for dignified ends in Philadelphia and New York
+in 1862-3; extension into the South among white Unionists; formation,
+1866, of negro leagues; admission of blacks into "mixed" leagues; rapid
+withdrawal of native whites and Northern settlers until leagues were
+composed almost wholly of negroes dominated by a few white political
+leaders. Churches, halls, schoolhouses, were headquarters where mystic
+initiation rites, inflammatory speeches, military drills, were in order.
+The League's professed object was the training of the negro to his duties
+as a citizen. It made him a terror and forced whites into the formation of
+counter secret societies for the protection of their firesides.
+
+"To defend and perpetuate freedom and the Constitution, the supremacy of
+law and the inherent rights of civil and religious freedom, and to
+accomplish the objects of the organisation, I pledge my life, my fortune
+and my sacred honour." This was the oath in part. Members were sworn to
+vote only for candidates endorsed by the league. The ritual appealed to
+the negro's superstition. The catechism inculcated opposition to the
+Democratic Party, fealty to the Radical Republican, condemnation of
+Southern whites as traitors. Candidates for membership were conducted to
+the Council Chamber; here, the Marshal rapped the league alarm, the
+Sentinel called, "Who comes under our signal?" Answer given, the door
+opens cautiously, countersign is demanded, and given in the "Four Ls"--the
+right hand pointing upward with the word, "Liberty," sinking to shoulder
+level with "Lincoln," dropping to the side with "Loyal," folding to the
+breast with "League." The Council receives the novitiates standing, as
+they march in arm in arm, singing, "John Brown's Body" and take positions
+around the altar before which the President stands in regalia.
+
+The altar is draped with the flag, on which lies an open Bible, the
+Declaration of Independence, a sword, ballot-box, sickle, and anvil or
+other toy emblems of industry. At first the room may be in darkness with
+sounds of groans and clanking chains issuing from corners. The chaplain
+calls the league to prayer, invoking Divine vengeance on traitors. From a
+censer (sometimes an old stove vase) upon the altar blue flames, "fires of
+liberty," leap upward. The Council opens ranks to receive novitiates;
+joining hands, all circle round the altar, singing, "The Star-Spangled
+Banner" or other patriotic air. Novitiates lay hands upon the flag, kiss
+the Bible and swear: "I will do all in my power to elect true and loyal
+men to all offices of trust and profit." Instructions in pass-words,
+signals, etc., are given. Secret business is transacted.
+
+Negroes were drilled, armed and marched about. Into League rooms social
+features were introduced, League literature was read aloud, feminine
+branches were formed. Leagues furnished a secret service bureau. Coloured
+servants told what happened in white houses. "My cook and I were children
+together," a friend tells me. "As we grew up, she made me read and write
+her letters. One day, after freedom, she said, 'Miss, put 'tin dar fuh
+Jeems tuh write me suppin funny nex' time he do write. We has to have all
+our letters read out in church an' when dere's anything funny, de folks
+laugh.' Soon she ceased asking my services. Through this plan of having
+letters read out in church leagues and bureaus collected information of
+happenings in private homes from far and wide. Such gleanings might be
+useful in revealing political or self-protective movements among whites,
+in hunting a man down; or serving his political or social enemy, or
+would-be robber."
+
+In a South Carolina mansion, Mrs. Vincent and her daughter Lucy lived
+alone except for a few faithful ex-slaves. A cabin on the edge of the
+plantation was rented to Wash, a negro member of the Loyal League, whose
+organiser was Captain Johnson, commander of a small garrison in a nearby
+town. The captain was fond of imposing fines upon whites against whom
+negroes entered complaint. There seemed nice adjustment between fines and
+defendants' available cash. One day Wash, pushing past Lucy's maid into
+the Vincent parlor, said to Lucy's mother, "I'se come to cote Miss Lucy."
+"Leave the house!" "I ain' gwi leave no such a thing! I'se gwi marry Lucy
+an' live here wid you." Lucy appeared. "I'se come to ax you to have me.
+I'se de ve'y man fuh you to hitch up wid. Dis here place b'long to me. You
+b'long to me." She whipped out a pistol and covered him. "Run! Run for
+your life!" He ran. When he was out of pistol-shot, he turned and yelled:
+"You d----d white she-cat! I'll make you know!" She caught up a musket and
+fired. Balls whistled past his head; he renewed his flight.
+
+Next morning, as the ladies, pale and miserable, sat at breakfast, a squad
+of soldiers filed in, took seats, helped themselves and ordered the
+butler around. The ladies rose and were arrested. A wagon was at the door.
+"Please, marsters," said black Jerry humbly, "lemme hitch up de kerridge
+an' kyar Mistiss an' Miss Lucy in it. 'Taint fitten fuh 'em to ride in a
+waggin--an' wid strange mens." His request was refused. The ladies were
+arraigned before Captain Johnson on charge that they had used insulting
+language to Mr. Washington Singleton Pettigru; and that Lucy, "in defiance
+of law and morals and actuated by the devil," had "without provocation"
+fired on him with intent to kill. A fine of $1,000 or six months in jail
+was imposed. "I have not so much money!" cried Mrs. Vincent. "Jail may
+change your mind," said the captain. They were committed to a loathsome
+cell, their determination alone preventing separation.
+
+Lawyers flocked to their defense; the captain would hear none. Towards
+nightfall the town filled with white men wearing set faces. The captain
+sent for one of the lawyers. The lawyer said: "Unless you release those
+ladies from the jail at once, no one can tell what may happen. But this I
+believe: you, nor a member of your garrison, will be alive tomorrow." They
+were released; fine remitted; the captain left in haste. An officer came
+from Columbia to investigate "disorder in the district." He condemned
+Johnson's course and tried to reassure the community. It came out that
+Johnson had received information that Mrs. Vincent held a large,
+redeemable note; he had incited Wash to "set up" to Miss Lucy, urging that
+by marrying her he would become the plantation's owner: "Call in your best
+duds and ask her to marry you. If she refuses, we will find a way to
+punish her." Wash, it was thought, had fled the country. The negro
+body-servant of Lucy's dead brother had felt that the duty of avenger
+devolved upon him, and in his own way he had slain Wash and covered up
+the deed.
+
+A white congregation was at worship in a little South Carolina church when
+negro soldiers filed in and began to take seats beside the ladies. The
+pastor had just given out his text; he stretched forth his hands and said
+simply: "Receive the benediction," and dismissed his people. A
+congregation in another country church was thrown into panic by balls
+crashing through boards and windows; a girl of fourteen was killed
+instantly. Black troops swung by, singing. Into a dwelling a squad of
+blacks marched, bound the owner, a prominent aged citizen, pillaged his
+house, and then before his eyes, bound his maiden daughter and proceeded
+to fight among themselves for her possession. "Though," related my
+informant with sharp realism, "her neck and face had been slobbered over,
+she stood quietly watching the conflict. At last, the victor came to her,
+caught her in his arms and started into an adjoining room, when he wavered
+and fell, she with him; she had driven a knife, of which she had in some
+way possessed herself, into his heart. The others rushed in and beat her
+until she, too, was lifeless. There was no redress."
+
+In black belts, where such things happened and where negroes talked openly
+of killing out white men and taking white women for wives, the whites, few
+in number, poorly armed and without organisation, scattered over the
+country and leading themselves in no insignificant proportion the lives of
+the hunted, faced a desperate situation. Many who chanced to give offense
+to the ruling faction or who by force of character were considered
+obstacles to its advancement, found themselves victims of false charges,
+and, chased by troops, had to leave their families and dwell in swamps or
+other hiding-places. Compelled by necessity to labour in the field, white
+gentlemen going to their toil, let down gaps in surrounding fences so that
+they might fly at a moment's notice, and plowed with saddles on their
+horses' backs. Northerners, and Southerners who did not live in that day
+and in black belts, can form no conception of the conditions which gave
+rise to the white secret societies of which the most widely celebrated is
+the Ku Klux.
+
+Larger in numbers and wider in distribution was the order of the Knights
+of the White Camelia, originating in Louisiana; small protective bodies
+consolidating May 23, 1867, in New Orleans, took this title. Extension
+over the United States was purposed. Its first article of faith was
+preservation of the integrity of the white race, and, in government, white
+supremacy. At the door of the Council Chamber the blindfolded candidate
+for initiation vowed: "The cause of our race must triumph;" and "We must
+all be united as are the flowers that grow on one stem." He swore "Never
+to marry any woman but of the white race." Mongrel legislatures were
+enacting laws about co-education and intermarriage of races; the whites
+were a "bewildered people." In Mississippi, the order of the Knights of
+the White Rose was modelled on the White Camelias; in Alabama, the White
+Brotherhood and the White League; there were Pale Faces, Union Guards, and
+others, all of which, with the White Camelias, may be included in the Ku
+Klux movement.
+
+The Ku Klux originated near Pulaski, Tennessee, 1866, in something akin to
+a college boys' frolic. Some young ex-Confederates, of good families,
+finding time heavy on their hands after war's excitement, banded together
+in a fraternity, with initiation rites, signals, oaths of secrecy, and a
+name after the Greek, kyklos, a circle, corrupted into kuklos, kuklux, and
+adding klan. Their "den" was a deserted house near the town. They rode
+at night in queer disguises; at first, without other object than
+diversion. Their fear and fame spread; branches were formed in other
+counties and States. In their pranks and negro superstition, whites found
+weapon for protection and defense. Through troubled neighbourhoods, white
+horsemen riding in noiseless procession, restored peace by parade and
+sometimes by sterner measures.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. DAVID R. WILLIAMS, OF SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+(Daughter of Governor Miller)
+
+From a portrait by Osgood, photographed by Reckling & Sons]
+
+Notices left as warnings on doors or pinned to town-pumps or trees bore
+cross-bones and skull in red ink, and such inscriptions as:
+
+  K K K
+
+  The Raven Croaked
+  and we are come to Look on the Moon.
+  The Lion Tracks the Jackal
+  the Bear the Wolf
+  Our Shrouds are Bloody
+  But the Midnight is Black.
+
+  The Serpent and Scorpion are Ready.
+  Some Shall Weep and Some Shall Pray.
+  Meet at Skull
+  For Feast of the Wolf and
+  Dance of the Muffled Skeletons.
+
+  The Death Watch is Set
+  The Last Hour Cometh.
+  The Moon is Full.
+
+  Burst your cerements asunder
+  Meet at the Den of the Glow-Worm
+  The Guilty Shall be Punished.
+
+I have felt defrauded of my rights because I never saw a Ku Klux; my
+native Virginia seems not to have had any. I have seen them abundantly,
+however, through the eyes of others. One of my cousins went, during K. K.
+days, to be bridesmaid to a Georgia cousin. One night, as she and the
+bride-elect sat on the piazza, there appeared in the circular driveway a
+white apparition of unearthly height, on a charger in white trappings.
+Behind came another and another, the horses moving without sound; they
+passed in silent review before the girls, each spectre saluting. With cold
+chills running down her spine, Sue asked, "_What_ are they?" Her companion
+laughed. "Haven't you been saying you wanted to see the Ku Klux?" News
+enough next morning! A white man had been found tied to a tree, and over
+his head, pinned to the bark, a notice written in his blood, warning him
+to leave the county at once unless he desired to be carried out by a
+pathway to--a grave with headstone neatly drawn and showing epitaph with
+date of death, completed the sentence. He had been flogged and a scratch
+on his breast showed whence red ink had been drawn. As soon as untied, he
+left for parts unknown.
+
+Neighbourhood darkeys had eyes big as saucers. Many quarters had been
+visited. Sable uncles and aunties shook their heads, muttering: "Jedgment
+Day 'bout tuh come. Gab'el gwi blow his ho'n an' sinners better be
+a-moanin' an' a-prayin'. Yes, my Lawd!" And: "'Tain't jes one Death
+a-ridin' on a pale horse! it's tens uv thousan's uv 'em is ridin' now.
+Sinner, you better go pray!" A few who had been making themselves
+seriously obnoxious observed terrified silence and improved demeanour. An
+expert chicken-thief had received a special notice in which skulls and
+cross-bones and chicken-heads and toes were tastefully intermixed. Others
+were remembered in art designs of the "All-Seeing Eye," reminder that they
+were being watched.
+
+The white man was a receiver of stolen goods and instigator of
+barn-burnings; had been tried for some one of his offenses and committed
+to the penitentiary, only to be pardoned out by the State Executive. In a
+North Carolina case of which I heard, a negro firebug who could not be
+brought to justice through law, though the burning of two barns and a full
+stable were traced to him, disappeared as if the earth had swallowed him
+up after a night in which all the darkeys around smelled brimstone and saw
+fiery-eyed and long-tailed devils at large. People were hard put to it for
+protection against fire-fiends.
+
+In a South Carolina newspaper a notice appeared from a man who gave
+warning that he would take vengeance into his own hands if incendiaries
+fired his property again.
+
+The Ku Klux ruled its members with iron rod. Mr. M., of the order in
+Tazewell, N. C., was building a cabin on his place for a negro who had
+come under ban because of evil influence over other negroes; word had been
+passed that he was to be crowded out. A message reached Mr. M.: "Do not
+let this negro come on your place. K. K. K.", with due skull and
+cross-bones accompaniment. To close friends of the order Mr. M. said: "My
+rights shall not be abridged by the Klan." The cabin was finished on
+Saturday. Sunday he asked a visitor: "Let's take a stroll in the woods and
+a look at Henry's cabin." When they came to where the cabin had stood, Mr.
+M. exclaimed: "Why, what does this mean? Lo and behold, the cabin and
+everything is torn down and the logs scattered every which-a-way!" "And
+what's this?" his friend asked, pointing to three new-made graves with
+pine head-boards, inscribed respectively in epitaph to Mr. M., Henry, and
+Henry's wife, Mr. M.'s death dated the ensuing Sabbath. On a tiny hillock
+was a small gallows with grapevine attachment. As one of the order, Mr. M.
+knew enough to make him ill at ease. Friends begged him to leave the
+country for a time, and he went. "This may look like tyranny," said my
+informant, "but Mr. M. ought to have heeded the first message. The order
+could only do effective work through unfailing execution of sentence."
+
+Between a young lady and the son of a house in which she was a guest, a
+tender passion arose. He had mysterious absences lasting half or all
+night, after which his horse would be found in the stables, lathered with
+foam. The family rallied him on his devotion to a fair demoiselle in an
+adjoining county. Though under cold treatment from the guest, he gave no
+other explanation until one day he conducted her and his sister into his
+room, locked the door, swore them to secrecy, drew from its hiding-place
+up the chimney a Ku Klux outfit and asked them to make duplicates for a
+new Klan he was forming. The lovers came to understanding; the girl
+reproached him: "Why did you not tell me before?" "I did not know if you
+could keep a secret. I have a public duty to perform; the liberty of my
+men can be imperiled by a careless word."
+
+The widow of a Ku Klux captain tells me that one night, when her husband
+was absent on duty in a town where whites were in terror because the
+negroes were threatening to burn it, her own house was fired. She was in
+bed, her new-born baby at her side; stealthy steps were heard under her
+window. Her old black mauma was afraid to go to the window and look out.
+There was a smell of fire; the mauma ran to the door and shrieked alarm. A
+shout answered from the cellar, where a faithful negro man-servant was
+putting out flames. He had let the incendiaries go away thinking their
+purpose fulfilled. The returning husband, sorely perplexed, said: "I do
+not see how I can do my duty by my family and the public. I must give up
+my Klan." "No," she answered. "All have to take turns in leaving their own
+unprotected. I let you go into the army. Some one must lead, and your men
+will not follow and obey any one else as they will you." He had been their
+captain in the Confederate Army.
+
+To a Loyal League jury or magistrate a prisoner on trial had but to give
+the League signal to secure acquittal. A convicted and sentenced criminal
+would be pardoned by a Loyal League Governor. Klans took administration of
+justice into their own hands because courts were ineffective. In a den,
+regularly established and conducted, a man would be tried by due process
+before judge and jury, with counsel appointed for defense; evidence would
+be taken, the case would be argued; the jury would render verdict; the
+judge would dismiss the case or pronounce sentence. The man on trial might
+or might not be present. A Ku Klux captain tells me that great effort was
+made to give fair trials; acquittals were more frequent than convictions.
+But when the court imposed sentence, sentence was carried out.
+
+In the hill country of South Carolina, a one-armed ex-Confederate, a "poor
+white," made a scanty living for his large family by hauling. Once, on a
+lonely road when his load was whiskey, he was surrounded by negro
+soldiers, who killed him, took possession of the whiskey and drank it.
+Ring-leaders were arrested and lodged in jail; some were spirited away to
+Columbia and released; a plan was afoot to free the rest, among them the
+negro captain who had boasted of his crime, and flouted the whites with
+their powerlessness to punish him. The prison was surrounded one night by
+silent, black-robed horsemen on black-draped horses moving without sound;
+jailer and guards were overpowered; cells entered; prisoners tried--if
+proceedings interrupted by confessions and cries for mercy can be called
+trial. Sentences were pronounced. The black-robed, black-masked circle
+chanted "Dies Iræ, Dies Illa." The town awoke from a night of seeming
+peace and silence to behold dead bodies swinging from the trees.[20]
+
+The Stevens Mystery, of Yanceyville, N. C., has never been unravelled; the
+$5,000 reward which President Grant offered for answer to the question,
+"Who killed Stevens?" was never won, though skilled detectives tried for
+it. Stevens was a scalawag. He achieved his sobriquet, "Chicken Stevens,"
+through being chased out of his native county for stealing chickens. One
+of his adherents, when quite drunk, said before an audience of two
+thousand negroes: "Stevens stole chickens; that elected him to the
+Legislature; if he steals turkeys, it will elect him to Congress." The
+pleasantry was cheered to the echo. Stevens was charged with instigating
+riots and barn-burnings. He received a mystic warning to leave the
+country. He did not go.
+
+One day, while court was in full session, he was seen in the Court Room,
+in conversation with several people; was seen to leave in amicable company
+with a citizen who parted with him and went out by the street door, while
+Stevens entered a county office where clerks were busy; several persons
+recalled seeing and speaking to him here, but nobody could remember seeing
+him alive afterwards. Yet hall and offices were thronged with his
+adherents. He was soon missed by the negroes who set a guard around the
+building. Next day he was found in the Grand Jury Room, sitting bolt
+upright, dead, strangled or with his throat cut, I forget which. This room
+opened on the hall through which a stream of people, white and black, had
+been passing all day; a negro cabin commanded a view of the window; a
+negro janitor held the key.
+
+Kirke's cut-throats, sent down by Governor Holden, arrested prominent
+citizens and carried them to Raleigh. No evidence for conviction could
+ever be found, and they were liberated. Stevens' death has been charged to
+Ku Klux; also, to his confederates, who, it is said, received instructions
+from headquarters to "kill off Stevens," meaning politically, which they
+construed literally. I have been told that one of the slayers is living
+and that at his death, a true statement will be published showing who
+killed Stevens and how.
+
+These stories are sufficient to show the good and the evil of Ku Klux;
+there is public peril in any secret order which attempts to administer
+justice. Uniform and methods employed to justifiable or excusable ends by
+one set of people were employed to ends utterly indefensible by another.
+The Radicals were quick to profit by Ku Klux methods; and much was done
+under the name and guise that the Klan did not do. Yet, in its own ranks
+were men reckless, heedless, and wicked, avengers of personal grudges.
+
+The Invisible Empire, as the Klan was called in its organisation in 1867
+under the leadership of Grand Wizard, General Nathan Bedford Forrest, and
+with men like General Dudley Du Bose, of Georgia, for division commanders,
+had a code that might have served for Arthur's Round Table. Its first
+object was "To protect the weak, innocent and defenseless from the
+indignities, wrongs and outrages of the lawless, the violent and the
+brutal; to relieve the injured and oppressed, to succour the suffering and
+unfortunate, especially the widows and orphans of Confederate soldiers."
+Its second: "To protect and defend the Constitution of the United States
+and all laws passed in conformity thereto." Its third: "To aid and assist
+in the execution of all constitutional laws, and to protect the people
+from unlawful seizure and from trial except by their peers in conformity
+to the laws of the land."
+
+"Unlawful seizure" was practiced in South Carolina, Arkansas, Louisiana,
+Mississippi and other States, where white men would be arrested on blank
+warrants or no warrant at all; carried long distances from home, held for
+weeks or months; and then, as happened in some famous cases, be released
+without ever having been brought to trial; in other instances, they were
+beaten; in others, committed to penitentiaries; in others, it was as if
+the earth had swallowed them up--they have never been heard from. Some
+agency was surely needed to effect ends which the Klan named as object of
+its existence; that the Klan was effective of these ends in great degree
+no one conversant with facts will deny, nor will they deny that
+"Tom-foolery" and not violence was its most frequent weapon.
+
+Where Ku Klux rode around, negroes ceased to venture out after dark. Some
+told tales of ghastly nocturnal visitors who plead for a drink of water,
+saying, "Dee ain' had nay drap sence de Yankees killed 'em at Gettysburg.
+An' den, suh, when you han' 'em er gode-full, dee say: 'Kin you let me
+have de bucket? I'se jes come f'om hell an' I'se scotchin' in my insides.'
+An' den, mun, dat ar hant des drink down dat whole bucket at a gulp, an' I
+hyern it sizzlin' down his gullet des same ez you done flung it on de
+coals! I ain' gwi fool longer nothin' lak dat! Some folks say it's white
+folks tryin' tuh skeer we-all, but, suh, I b'lieve it's hants-er Ole Satan
+one!" Terrible experience it was when "A hant--or suppin nur--wid er hade
+mighty nigh high ez er chimley ud meet a nigger in de road an' say: 'I
+come f'om torment (hell) tuh shake han's wid you!' An' de nigger--he didn'
+wanter do it, but he feared tuh 'fuse--he tooken shuck han's wid dat ar
+hant, an' dat ar han' what he shuck was a skelumton's--de bones fa'r
+rattle!"
+
+The regular Ku Klux costume was a white gown or sheet, and a tall, conical
+pasteboard hat; for the horse a white sheet and foot-mufflers. Black gown,
+mask and trappings, and red ones, were also worn; bones, skulls of men and
+beasts, with foxfire for eyes, nose and mouth, were expedients. A rubber
+tube underneath robe or sheet, or a rubber or leather bag, provided for
+miraculous consumption of water. In negro tales of supernatural
+appearances, latitude must be allowed for imagination. A Ku Klux captain
+tells me that one night as he rose up out of a graveyard, one of his
+negroes passed with a purloined gobbler in possession; he touched the
+negro on the shoulder. The negro dropped the turkey and flew like mad, and
+the turkey flew, too. Next morning, the darkey related the experience to
+his master (omitting the fowl). "How tall was that hant, George?" "Des
+high ez a tree, Marster! an' de han' it toch my shoulder wid burnt me lak
+fire. I got mutton-suet on de place." "I was about three feet taller than
+my natural self that night," says Captain Lea. George wore a plaster on
+his arm and for some time complained that it was "pa'lised."
+
+Klans and Union Leagues came to an end conjointly when carpet-bag rule was
+expiring. The Invisible Empire was dissolved formally by order of the
+Grand Wizard, March, 1869. It had never been a close organisation, and
+"dens" and counterfeit "dens" continued in existence here and there for
+awhile, working good and evil. Ku Klux investigations instituted by State
+authorities and the Federal Government were travesties of justice. Rewards
+offered for evidence to convict caused innocent men to be hunted down,
+arrested, imprisoned, and on false accusation and suborned testimony,
+convicted and committed to State prisons or sent to Sing Sing. The jails
+of Columbia, at one time, overflowed with the first gentlemen of the
+state, thrown into filthy cells, charged with all manner of crimes.
+
+The Union League incited to murder and arson, whipped negroes and whites.
+But I never heard of Union Leaguers being tried for being Union Leaguers
+as Ku Klux were tried for being Ku Klux. There are no Southerners to
+contend that the Klan and its measures were justifiable or excusable
+except on the grounds that the conditions of the times called for them;
+informed Northerners will concede that the evils of the day justified or
+excused the Klan's existence. For my part, I believe that this country
+owes a heavy debt to its noiseless white horsemen, shades of its troubled
+past.[21]
+
+
+
+
+THE SOUTHERN BALLOT-BOX
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+THE SOUTHERN BALLOT-BOX
+
+
+Free negroes could vote in North Carolina until 1835, when a
+Constitutional Convention, not without division of sentiment, abolished
+negroid franchise on the ground that it was an evil. Thereafter, negroes
+first voted in the South in 1866, when the "Prince of Carpet-Baggers,"
+Henry C. Warmouth, who had been dismissed from the Federal Army, conferred
+the privilege in a bogus election; he had a charity-box attachment to
+every ballot-box and a negro dropping a ballot into one had to drop fifty
+cents into the other, contributions paying Warmouth's expenses as special
+delegate to Washington, where Congress refused to recognize him. He
+returned to Louisiana and in two years was governor and in three was worth
+a quarter of a million dollars and a profitable autograph. "It cost me
+more," said W. S. Scott, "to get his signature to a bill than to get the
+bill through the Legislature"--a striking comparison, for to get a bill
+through this Legislature of which Warmouth said, "there is but one honest
+man in it," was costly process. Warmouth said of himself, "I don't pretend
+to be honest, but only as honest as anybody in politics."
+
+Between the attitude of the army and the politicians on the negro
+question, General Sherman drew this comparison: "We all felt sympathy for
+the negroes, but of a different kind from that of Mr. Stanton, which was
+not of pure humanity but of politics.... I did not dream that the former
+slaves would be suddenly, without preparation, manufactured into
+voters.... I doubted the wisdom of at once clothing them with the elective
+franchise ... and realised the national loss in the death of Mr. Lincoln,
+who had long pondered over the difficult questions involved."
+
+April Fool's Day, 1870, a crowd clustered around General Grant in the
+White House; a stroke of his pen was to proclaim four millions of people,
+literate or illiterate, civilised or uncivilised, ready or unready,
+voters. When the soldier had signed the instrument politicians had
+prepared for him, the proclamation announcing that the Fifteenth Amendment
+had been added to the Constitution of the United States by the
+ratification of twenty-nine, some one begged for the historic pen, and he
+silently handed it over. One who was present relates: "Somebody exclaimed,
+'Now negroes can vote anywhere!', and a venerable old gentleman in the
+crowd cried out, 'Well, gentlemen, you will all be d----d sorry for this!'
+The President's father-in-law, Dent, Sr., was said to be the speaker." In
+Richmond, the Dent family had seen a good deal of freedmen. Negroes voted
+in 1867, over two years prior to this, Congress by arbitrary act vesting
+them with a right not conferred by Federal or State Constitutions. They
+voted for delegates to frame the new State Constitutions; then on their
+own right to vote!--this right forming a plank in said Constitutions.
+
+The Southern ballot-box was the new toy of the Ward of the Nation; the
+vexation of housekeepers and farmers, the despair of statesmen, patriots,
+and honest men generally. Elections were preceded by political meetings,
+often incendiary in character, which all one's servants must attend. With
+election day, every voting precinct became a picnic-ground, to say no
+worse. Negroes went to precincts overnight and camped out. Morning
+revealed reinforcements arriving. All sexes and ages came afoot, in carts,
+in wagons, as to a fair or circus. Old women set up tables and spread out
+ginger-cakes and set forth buckets of lemonade. One famous campaign
+manager had all-night picnics in the woods, with bonfires, barrels of
+liquor, darkeys sitting around drinking, fiddling, playing the banjo,
+dancing. The instant polls opened they were marched up and voted. Negroes
+almost always voted in companies. A leader, standing on a box, handed out
+tickets as they filed past. All were warned at Loyal Leagues to vote no
+ticket other than that given by the leader, usually a local coloured
+preacher who could no more read the ballots he distributed than could the
+recipients. Fights were plentiful as ginger-cakes. The all-day picnic
+ended only with closing of polls, and not always then, darkeys hanging
+around and carrying scrapping and jollification into the night.
+
+How their white friends would talk and talk the day before election to
+butlers, coachmen, hoers and plowers, on the back porch or at the woodpile
+or the stables; and how darkeys would promise, "Yessuh, I gwi vote lak you
+say." And how their old masters would return from the polls next day with
+heads hung down, and the young ex-masters would return mad, and saying,
+"This country is obliged to go to the devil!"
+
+There were a great many trying phases of the situation. As for example:
+Conservatives were running General Eppa Hunton for Congress. Among the
+General's coloured friends was an old negro, Julian, his ward of pity, who
+had no want that he did not bring to the General. Election day, he sought
+the General at the polls, saying: "Mars Eppie, I want some shingles fuh my
+roof." "You voted for me, Julian?" "Naw, naw, Mars Eppie, I voted de
+straight Publikin ticket, suh." He got the shingles. When "Mars Eppie"
+was elected, Julian came smiling: "Now, Mars Eppie, bein' how as you's
+goin' to Congress, I 'lowed you mought have a leetle suppin tuh gimme." A
+party of young lawyers tried to persuade their negro servant to vote with
+them. "Naw, naw," he said. "De debbul mought git me. Dar ain't but two
+parties named in de Bible--de Publikins an' Sinners. I gwi vote wid de
+Publikins."
+
+In everything but politics, the negro still reposed trust in "Ole
+Marster;" his aches, pains, "mis'ries," family and business troubles, were
+all for "Ole Marster," not for the carpet-baggers. The latter feared he
+would take "Ole Marster's" advice when he went to the polls, so they
+wrought in him hatred and distrust. The negro is not to blame for his
+political blunders. It would never have occurred to him to ask for the
+ballot; as greatness upon some, so was the franchise untimely thrust upon
+him, and he has much to live down that would never have been charged
+against him else.
+
+"Brownlow's armed cohorts, negroes principally," one of my father's
+friends wrote from Tennessee in 1867, "surround our polls. All the
+unlettered blacks go up, voting on questions of State interest which they
+do not in the least understand, while intelligent, tax-paying whites, who
+must carry the consequences of their acts, are not allowed to vote. I
+stayed on my plantation on election day and my negroes went to the polls.
+So it was all around me--white men at home, darkeys off running the
+government. Negro women went, too; my wife was her own cook and
+chambermaid--and butler, for the butler went."
+
+Educated, able, patriotic men, eager to heal the breaches of war, anxious
+to restore the war-wrecked fortunes of impoverished States, would have to
+stand idly by, themselves disfranchised, and see their old and faithful
+negroes marched up to the polls like sheep to the shambles and voted by,
+and for the personal advancement of, political sharpers who had no solid
+interest in the State or its people, white or black. It would be no less
+trying when, instead of this meek, good-natured line, they would find
+masses of insolent, armed blacks keeping whites from the polls, or receive
+tragic evidence that ambushed guards were commanding with Winchesters all
+avenues to the ballot-box. Not only "Secesh" were turned back, but Union
+men, respectable Republicans, also; as in Big Creek, Missouri, when a
+citizen who had lost four sons in the Union Army was denied right to vote.
+"Kill him! kill him!" cried negroes when at Hudson Station, Virginia, a
+negro cast a Conservative ticket.
+
+"This county," says a Southerner now occupying a prominent place in
+educational work for the negro, "had about 1,600 negro majority at the
+time the tissue ballot came into vogue. It was a war measure. The
+character and actions of the men who rode to power on the negro ballot
+compelled us to devise means of protection and defense. Even the negroes
+wanting to vote with us dared not. One of my old servants, who sincerely
+desired to follow my advice and example in the casting of his ballot, came
+to me on the eve of election and sadly told me he could not. 'Marster,' he
+said, 'I been tol' dat I'll be drummed outer de chu'ch ef I votes de
+Conserv'tive ticket.' A negro preacher said: 'Marse Clay, dee'll take away
+my license tuh preach ef I votes de white folks' ticket.' I did not cease
+to reproach myself for inducing one negro to vote with me when I learned
+that on the death of his child soon afterwards, his people showed no
+sympathy, gave no help, and that he had to make the coffin and dig the
+grave himself. I would have gone to his relief had I known, but he was too
+terrorised to come to me. I did not seek to influence negro votes at the
+next election; I adopted other means to effect the issue desired."
+
+"If the whites succeed at the polls, they will put you back into slavery.
+If we succeed, we will have the lands of the whites confiscated and give
+every one of you forty acres and a mule." This scare and bribe was used in
+every Southern State; used over and over; negroes only ceased to give
+credence when after Cleveland's inauguration they found themselves still
+free. On announcement of Cleveland's election, many negroes, prompt to
+choose masters, hurried to former owners. The butler of Dr. J. L. M. Curry
+(administrator of the Peabody Education Fund), appeared in distress before
+Dr. Curry, pleading that, as he now must belong to some one, Dr. Curry
+would claim him. An old "mammy" in Mayor Ellyson's family, distracted lest
+she might be torn from her own white folks and assigned to strangers, put
+up piteous appeal to her ex-owners.
+
+From the political debauchery of the day, men of the old order shrank
+appalled. Even when the test-oath qualification was no longer exacted and
+disabilities were removed, many Southerners would not for a time touch the
+unclean thing; then they voted as with averted faces, not because they had
+faith in or respect for the process, but because younger men told them the
+country's salvation demanded thus much of them. If a respectable man was
+sent to the Legislature or Congress, he felt called upon to explain or
+apologise to a stranger who might not understand the circumstances. His
+relatives hastened to make excuse. "Uncle Ambrose is in the Legislature,
+but he is honest," Uncle Ambrose's nieces and nephews hurried to tell
+before the suspicious "Honourable" prefixed to his name brought judgment
+on a good old man who had intended no harm, but had got into the
+Legislature by accident rather than by design--who was there, in fact, by
+reason of circumstances over which he had no control. The few
+representative men who got into these mixed assemblies had difficulty in
+making themselves felt. Judge Simonton, of the United States Circuit Court
+(once President of the Charleston Library Association, Chairman of the
+Board of School Commissioners, bearer of many civic dignities besides),
+was member of a reconstruction legislature. He has said: "To get a bill
+passed, I would have to persuade a negro to present it. It would receive
+no attention presented by me."
+
+Negroes were carried by droves from one county to another, one State to
+another, and voted over and over wherever white plurality was feared.
+Other tricks were to change polling-places suddenly, informing the negroes
+and not the whites; to scratch names from registration lists and
+substitute others. Whites would walk miles to a registration place to find
+it closed; negroes, privately advised, would have registered and gone.
+When men had little time to give to politics, patriotism was robust if it
+could devote days to the siege of a Registration Board, trying to catch it
+in place in spite of itself.
+
+The Southerner's loathing for politics, his despair, his inertia,
+increased evils. "Let the Yankees have all the niggers they want," he was
+prone to say. "Let them fill Congress with niggers. The only cure is a
+good dose!" But with absolute ruin staring him in the face, he woke with a
+mighty awakening. Taxpayers' Conventions issued "Prayers" to the public,
+to State Governments, to the Central Government; they raised out of the
+poverty of the people small sums to send committees to Washington; and
+these committees were forestalled by Radical State Governments who, with
+open State Treasuries to draw upon, sent committees ahead, prejudicing the
+executive ear and closing it to appeal.
+
+The most lasting wrong reconstruction inflicted upon the South was in the
+inevitable political demoralisation of the white man. No one could regard
+the ballot-box as the voice of the people, as a sacred thing. It was a
+plaything, a jack-in-the-box for the darkeys, a conjurer's trick that
+brought drinks, tips and picnics. It was the carpet-bagger's
+stepping-stone to power. The votes of a multitude were for sale. The votes
+of a multitude were to be had by trickery. It was a poor patriot who would
+not save his State by pay or play. Taxation without representation, again;
+the tissue ballot--a tiny silken thing--was one of the instruments used
+for heaving tea--negro plurality--into the deep sea.
+
+"As for me," says a patriot of the period, "I bless the distinguished
+Virginian who invented the tissue ballot. It was of more practical utility
+than his glorious sword. I am free to say I used many tissue ballots. My
+old pastor (he was eighty and as true and simple a soul as ever lived)
+voted I don't know how many at one time, didn't know he was doing it, just
+took the folded ballot I handed him and dropped it in, didn't want to vote
+at all." Others besides this speaker assume that General Mahone invented
+the tissue ballot, but General Mahone's intimates say he did not, and that
+to ask who invented the tissue ballot is to ask who struck Billy
+Patterson. Democrats waive the honour in favor of Republicans, Republicans
+in favor of Democrats; nobody wants to wear it as a decoration. For my
+part, I think it did hard work and much good work, and quietly what else
+might have cost shedding of blood.
+
+"We had a trying time," one citizen relates, "when negroes gained
+possession of the polls and officered us. Things got simply unendurable;
+we determined to take our town from under negro rule. One means to that
+end was the tissue ballot. Dishonest? Will you tell me what honesty there
+was, what reverence for the ballot-box, in standing idly by and seeing a
+horde of negroes who could not read the tickets they voted, cram our
+ballot-boxes with pieces of paper ruinous to us and them? We had to save
+ourselves by our wits. Some funny things happened. I was down at the
+precinct on Bolingbrook Street when the count was announced, and heard an
+old darkey exclaim: 'I knows dat one hunderd an' ninety-seben niggers
+voted in dis distric', an' dar ain' but th'ee Radicule ballots in de box!
+I dunno huccum dat. I reckon de Radicule man gin out de wrong ones. I
+knows he gin me two an' I put bofe uv 'em in de box.'"
+
+Tissue ballots were introduced into South Carolina by a Republican named
+Butts, who used them against Mackey, another Republican, his rival for
+Congressional honours; there was no Democratic candidate. Next election
+Democrats said: "Republicans are using tissue ballots; we must fight the
+devil with fire." A package arrived one night at a precinct whereof I
+know. The local Democratic leader said: "I don't like this business." He
+was told: "The Committee sent them up from the city; they say the other
+side will use them and that we've got to use them."
+
+According to election law, when ballots polled exceeded registration
+lists, a blindfolded elector would put his hand in the box and withdraw
+until ballots and lists tallied. Many tissue ballots could be folded into
+one and voted as a single ballot; a little judicious agitation after they
+were in the box would shake them apart. A tissue ballot could be told by
+its feel; an elector would withdraw as sympathy or purchase ran. Voting
+over at the precinct mentioned, the box was taken according to regulations
+into a closed room and opened. Democrats and Republicans had each a
+manager. The Republican ran his hand into the box and gave it a stir;
+straightway it became so full it couldn't be shut, ballots falling apart
+and multiplying themselves. The Republican laughed: "I have heard of
+self-raising flour. These are self-raising ballots! Butts' own game!" That
+precinct went Democratic.
+
+So went other precincts. Republicans had failed on tissues. A
+Congressional Committee, composed of Senators McDonald of Indiana,
+Randolph of New Jersey, and Teller of Colorado, came down to inquire into
+elections. Republicans charged tissue ballots on Democrats. But, alas! one
+of the printers put on the stand testified that the Republicans had
+ordered many thousand tissue ballots of him, but he had failed to have
+them on time!
+
+There were other devices. Witness, the story of the Circus and the Voter.
+"A circus saved us. Each negro registering received a certificate to be
+presented at the polls. Our people got a circus to come through and made a
+contract with the managers. The circus let it be known that registration
+certificates would be accepted instead of admission tickets, or entrance
+fees, we agreeing to redeem at admission price all certificates turned
+over to us. The arrangement made everybody happy--none more than the
+negroes, who got a better picnic than usual and saw a show besides. The
+circus had tremendous crowds and profited greatly. And one of the most
+villainous tickets ever foisted upon a people was killed quietly and
+effectually."
+
+An original scheme was resorted to in the Black Belt of Mississippi in
+order to carry the day. An important local election was to be held, and
+the whites felt that they could not afford to lose. But how to keep out
+the black vote was a serious question. Finally, a bright young fellow
+suggested a plan. For a week preceding election, he collected, by paying
+for it, negro hair from barbers serving negroes, and he got butchers to
+save waste blood from slaughter-pens. The night before the election,
+committees went out about a mile on every road and path leading to the
+town, and scattering wool and blood generously, "pawed up the ground" with
+foot-tracks and human body imprints. Every evidence of furious scuffle was
+faithfully carried out. The day dawned beautiful and bright, but not a
+black vote was cast--not a negro was to be seen. Hundreds had quit
+farm-work to come to vote, but stopped aghast at the appalling signs of
+such an awful battle, and fled to their homes in prompt and precipitate
+confusion.
+
+I heard a good man say, with humour and sadness, "I have bought many a
+negro vote, bought them three for a quarter. To buy was their terms. There
+was no other way. And we couldn't help ourselves." "There were Federal
+guards here and they knew just what we were doing," another relates, "knew
+we were voting our way any and everybody who came up to vote, had seen the
+Radicals at the same thing and knew just what strait we were in. I voted a
+dead man knowingly when some one came up and gave his name. I did the same
+thing unknowingly. I heard one man ask of a small funeral procession,
+'Who's dead?' 'Hush!' said his companion, 'It's the man that's just
+voted!'" "I never voted a dead man," a second manager chimes in, "but I
+voted a man that was in Europe. His father was right in front of the
+ballot-box, telling about a letter just received from his son, when up
+comes somebody in that son's name and votes. The old man was equal to the
+occasion. 'Why, my dear boy!'--had never seen the other before--'so glad
+you got back in time to cast your vote!' and off they walked, arms around
+each other."
+
+"The way we saved our city," one says, "was by buying the Radical manager
+of the election. We were standing right under the statue of George
+Washington when we paid the $500 he demanded. These things are all wrong,
+but there was no other way. Some stood off and kept clean hands. But a
+thing had to be done, and we did it, not minding the theoretical dirt. The
+negroes were armed with ballots and bayonets, and the bayonets were at our
+breasts. Our lands were taxed until we were letting our homes go because
+we could not pay the taxes, while corrupt officials were waxing fat. We
+had to take our country from under negro rule any way we could." It was
+not wounds of war that the Southerner found it hard to forget and forgive,
+but the humiliation put upon him afterward, and his own enforced
+self-degradation.
+
+I do not wish to be understood as saying that the Southerner re-won
+control of local government by only such methods as described; I emphasize
+the truth that, at times, he did use them and had to use them, because
+herein was his deep moral wound. He employed better methods as he could;
+for instance, when every white man would bind himself to persuade one
+negro to vote with him, to bring this negro to the polls, and protect him
+from Radical punishment. Also, he availed himself of weak spots in the
+enemy's armour. Thus in Hancock County, Georgia, in 1870, Judge Linton
+Stephens challenged voters who had not paid poll-tax, and, when election
+managers would not heed, had them arrested and confined, while their
+places were supplied and the election proceeded. The State Constitution,
+framed by the Radicals themselves, called for this poll-tax--a dollar a
+head--and its application to "educational purposes." The extravagant
+Radical regime, falling short of bribing money, remitted the poll-tax in
+lieu thereof. Judge Stephens caught them. Governor Bullock disapproved his
+action; United States Marshal Seaford haled him before United States
+Commissioner Swayze. The Federal Grand Jury ignored the charge against
+him, and that was the end of it. The Judge had, however, been put to
+expense, trouble, and loss of time.
+
+
+
+
+THE WHITE CHILD
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+THE WHITE CHILD
+
+
+Upon the Southern white child of due age for schooling the effects of war
+fell with cruel force.
+
+The ante-bellum planter kept a tutor or governess or both for his
+children; his neighbours' children sometimes attended the school which he
+maintained for his own. Thus, were sons and daughters prepared for academy
+and college, university, finishing school. Private schools were broken up
+quite generally by the war. It became quite the custom for the mother or
+an elder sister to fill the position of instructor in families on big
+plantations. Such schooling as this was none too plentiful in rural Dixie
+just after the war. Sisters of age and capacity to teach did not stay in
+one family forever. Sometimes they got married; though many a beautiful
+and brilliant girl sacrificed her future for little brothers and sisters
+dependent upon her for mental food. The great mass of Southern women had,
+however, to drop books for broomsticks; to turn from pianos and guitars
+and make music with kettles and pans. Children had to help. With labour
+entirely disorganised, in the direst poverty and the grasp of such
+political convulsions as no people before them had ever endured, the hour
+was strenuous beyond description, and it is no wonder if the claims of
+children to education were often overlooked, or, in cruel necessity, set
+aside.
+
+Sometimes neighbours clubbed together and opened an "old field school,"
+paying the teacher out of a common fund subscribed for the purpose; again,
+a man who could teach went around, drummed up pupils at so much a head,
+opened a school and took chances on collection of dues. Many
+neighbourhoods were too poor for even such expedients; to get bread itself
+was a struggle to which children must lend labour. The seventies found few
+or no rural districts without a quota of half-grown lads and lassies
+unable to read and write. It was no strange thing to see little white boys
+driving a plow when they were so small they had to lift their hands high
+to grasp the handles; or little white girls minding cows, trotting to
+springs or wells with big buckets to fill, bending over wash-tubs, and
+working in the crops.
+
+The public school system was not put in operation at once, and if it had
+been, could not have met conditions of the hour. Planters lived far apart;
+roads in some sections long unworked, in others lately plowed by cannons
+or wagon-trains, were often impassable for teams--if people were so
+fortunate as to have teams; and much more so for little feet; then, too,
+the reign of fear was on; highways and by-ways were infested by roving
+negroes; many were harmless; would, indeed, do a child a kindness; but
+some were dangerous; the negro, his own master now, was free to get drunk
+at other times than Christmas and corn-shucking. An argument against the
+success of the public as of the "old field" school, lay in the strong
+spirit of caste animating the high-born Southerner. It was against his
+grain to send his children--particularly his daughters--to school with
+Tom, Dick and Harry; it did not please him for them to make close
+associates of children in a different walk of life--the children of the
+"poor white trash." This spirit of exclusiveness marks people of position
+today, wherever found. Caste prejudice was almost inoperative, however,
+having small chance to pick and choose. Gaunt poverty closed the doors of
+learning against the white child of the South, while Northern munificence
+was flinging them wide to the black.
+
+Soon as war ended, schools for negroes were organised in all directions
+with Government funds or funds supplied by Northern charity; and under
+Northern tutelage--a tutelage contributing to prejudice between the races.
+These institutions had further the effect of aggravating the labour
+problem--a problem so desperate for the Southern farmer that he could not
+turn from it to give his own child a chance for intellectual life.
+
+He was not pleasantly moved by touching stories that went North of
+class-rooms where middle-age, hoary-head and pickaninny sat on the same
+bench studying the same page, all consumed with ambition to master the
+alphabet. It did not enter into these accounts that the plows and hoes of
+a sacked country had been deserted for the A B C book. He resented the
+whole tendency of the time, which was to make the negro despise manual
+labour and elevate book-learning above its just position. Along with these
+appealing stories did not go pictures of fields where white women and
+children in harness dragged plows through furrows; the artists did not
+portray white children in the field wistfully watching black children
+trooping by to school; had such pictures gone North in the sixties and
+seventies, some would have said, so bitter was the moment, "Just
+retribution for the whites," but not the majority. The great-hearted men
+and women of the North would have come to the rescue.
+
+"There were two reasons for Northern indifference to the education of the
+Southern white child," an embittered educator says; "natural prejudice
+against the people with whom they had been at war, and the feeling that
+the negro had been persecuted--had been 'snatched from his happy home in
+Africa' (they forgot they had done more than a full share of the
+snatching); brought over here and sold into slavery (they forgot they had
+done more than a full share of the selling), and thereby stripped of all
+his brilliant opportunities of life in Africa and the advancement he might
+else have had; the Southern white man, instead of sending him to college,
+had made him work in the fields; to even up matters now, the negro must go
+to college and the white man work in the fields. This was the will of
+Providence and they its executors."
+
+The two reasons given--undue prejudice against the Southern white and
+overweening pity for the negro--were the grand disposing cause of Northern
+indifference to the white child and abnormal sensibility about everything
+concerning the black. But at the bottom was ignorance of actual conditions
+here. The one story was put before them, the other was not. It was not to
+the interests of Freedmen's Bureau agents to let the other be known; and,
+of course, the business of teachers and missionaries was to make out the
+strongest case possible in order to draw funds for negro education. The
+negro's ignorance, in a literary sense, could hardly be exaggerated, nor
+his poverty; but he was a laborer and an artisan and held recuperative
+power in his hands.
+
+It was not in the thought of the proud old planter to cry for help; it was
+his habit to give, not take; he and his wife and children made as little
+parade as possible of their extremities to their nearest neighbour; such
+evidences as would not down were laughed over with a humour inherent as
+their spirit of independence.
+
+In 1867, Mrs. Sarah Hughes said: "Since leaving Kentucky last December, I
+have travelled many thousand miles in the South; I have seen spreading
+out before me in sad panorama solitary chimneys, burned buildings, walls
+of once happy homes, grounds and gardens grown with weeds and briers;
+groups of sad human faces; gaunt women and children; old, helpless men;
+young men on crutches, and without arms, sick, sad, heart-broken. Words
+cannot describe the destitute condition of the orphaned children. It
+excites my deepest commiseration. The children of the dead soldiers are
+wandering beggars, hand in hand with want. Except in large cities, there
+are no schools or homes for the fatherless. An attractive academy has been
+built near Atlanta by citizens of Northern cities for the children of the
+freedmen; and it is in a flourishing condition," etc. An editorial in a
+newspaper of the day reads: "The white children of the South are growing
+up in pitiful neglect, and we are wrong to permit it."
+
+General Pope, commanding Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida, wrote
+General Grant, April 14, 1867: "It may be safely said that the remarkable
+progress made in the education of these people (the negroes), aided by
+noble charitable institutions of Northern societies and individuals, finds
+no parallel in the history of mankind. If the white people exhibit the
+same indisposition to be educated that they do now, five years will have
+transferred intelligence and education so far as the masses are concerned,
+to the coloured people of the district." Does it not seem incredible that
+an Anglo-Saxon should regard with complacency a situation involving the
+supreme peril of his race, should consider it cause of congratulation? The
+state of affairs was urged as argument that the negro was or quickly would
+be qualified for exercise of the franchise with which he had been invested
+and his late master deprived.
+
+The Sunday School acquired new interest and significance. I remember one
+that used to be held in summer under the trees near a blacksmith's shop,
+in which Webster's Spelling Book divided attention with the New Testament.
+The school was gotten up by a planter in kindly effort to do what he could
+for the poor children in the neighbourhood. There were grown girls in it
+who spelled out rather than read Bible verses. On weekdays, the planter's
+daughter received and taught free of charge a class of poor whites. A
+Georgia friend, who was a little boy at the close of the war, tells me:
+"The Sunday Schools made more impression upon me than any other
+institution of the period. There were, I suppose, Sunday Schools in plenty
+before and during the war, but somehow they seemed a new thing
+thereafter."
+
+This movement was at once an expression of a revival of religious
+sentiment (there was a strong revival movement at the time), the desire
+for social intercourse, and an effort to advance the educational interests
+of the young, who in countless instances were deprived of ordinary means
+of instruction. Hon. Henry G. Turner wrote of the conditions of that day:
+"Cities and great tracts of country were in ashes. Colleges and schools
+were silent, teachers without pupils, pupils without teachers. Even the
+great charities and asylums were unable to take care of lunatics, the deaf
+and the blind.... Repudiation by States of bonds, treasury notes, and
+other obligations issued during the war reduced to penury thousands of
+widows and orphans, and many people too old to start life over again."
+Congress demanded this repudiation at the point of the bayonet.
+
+The South was not unmindful of her orphans; there were early organised
+efforts such as the land was capable of making; the churches led in many
+of these. And there were efforts of a lighter order, such as the bazaar
+which the Washington and Lee Association held in Norfolk. The Baltimore
+Society for the Liberal Education of Southern Children was a notable
+agency. Individual effort was not lacking. Few did more according to their
+might than Miss Emily V. Mason, who provided for many orphans gravitating
+towards her at a time when she was paying for her nieces' board with
+family silver, a spoon or a fork at a time. One of her most sympathetic
+aides was a Miss Chew, of the North, with whom during the entire war she
+had maintained an affectionate correspondence begun in times of peace.
+Illustrative of a rather odd form of relief is this extract from a letter
+by Mrs. Lee to Miss Mason:
+
+"My dear Miss Em, did I ever write you about a benevolent lady at the
+North who is anxious to adopt two little 'rebel' children, five or six
+years old--of a Confederate officer--and she writes General Lee to
+recommend such a party to her. She wants them of gentle blood. I have no
+doubt there are a great many to whom such an offer would be acceptable. Do
+you know of any?" In regard to Baltimore's work, she says: "How can we
+ever repay our kind friends in Baltimore for all they have done for us?"
+When the Confederate General, John B. Hood, died, he left a number of very
+young children in poor circumstances; one of their benefactors was the
+Federal General McClellan, I have heard.
+
+Doubtless many hands were outstretched from the North in some such manner
+as is indicated in Mrs. Lee's letter. Thousands would have extended help
+in every way had the truth been known. What the Southern white child
+really needed, however, was the removal of an oppressive legislation which
+was throttling his every chance in life, and a more temperate view on the
+part of the dominant section of the negro question--a question that was
+pressing painfully at every point upon his present and future. He had a
+right to an equal chance in life with the negro.
+
+That quality in Northern people which made them pour out money for the
+freedmen, would have stirred their sense of justice to the white child had
+the situation been clear to them. One of the earliest homes for orphans of
+Confederate soldiers was established at Macon by William H. Appleton, of
+New York, at the suggestion of his friend, Bishop Beckwith, of Georgia.
+Vanderbilt and Tulane Universities, the Seney benefactions to Emory and
+Wesleyan Colleges, and other evidences of awakening interest in the
+South's white youth, will occur at once to my readers. Chief of all was
+the Peabody Fund, in which white and black had share. Dr. Sears, of
+Boston, first administrator, was sharply blamed by William Lloyd Garrison
+and others because he did not make mixed schools a condition of bestowal
+upon whites; his critics grew quiet when shown that, under the terms of
+the gift, such a course would divert the whole fund to white children.
+
+To illustrate white need: Late as 1899, I heard, through Miss Sergeant,
+Principal of the Girls' High School, Atlanta, of a white school in the
+Georgia mountains where one short shelf held all the books--one grammar,
+one arithmetic, one reader, one history, one geography, one spelling-book.
+Starting at the end of the first bench, a book would pass from hand to
+hand, each child studying a paragraph. There are schools of scrimped
+resources now, where young mountaineers make all sorts of sacrifices and
+trudge barefoot seemingly impossible distances to secure a little
+learning. Nobody in these communities dreams of calling for outside help
+and sympathy, and when help is tendered, it must be with the utmost
+circumspection and delicacy, or native pride is wounded and rejects.
+Appalachia is a region holding big game for people hunting chances to do
+good.
+
+[Illustration: MISS EMILY V. MASON
+
+Photograph by Vianelli, Italy]
+
+The various Constitutional Conventions adopted public school systems for
+their commonwealths. In Virginia, it was not to go into operation until
+1871, after which there was to be as rapid extension as possible and full
+introduction into all counties by 1876. The convention made strenuous
+efforts, as did that of every other State, to force mixed schools, in
+which, had they succeeded, the white child's chance of an education would
+have suffered a new death.
+
+Early text-books used in public schools grated on the Southerner; they
+were put out by Northern publishing houses and gave views of American
+history which he thought unjust and untrue. The "Southern Opinion" printed
+this, August 3, 1867: "In a book circulating in the South as history, this
+occurs: 'While the people of the North were rejoicing because the war was
+at an end, President Lincoln, one of the best men in the world, was
+cruelly murdered in Washington by a young man hired by the Confederates to
+do the wicked deed.' It calls Lee 'a perjured traitor;' says 'Sherman made
+a glorious march to the sea;' prints 'Sheridan's Ride' as a school
+recitation." To comprehension of the Southern mind as it was then and is
+now in some who remember, it is essential that we get its view of the
+"Ride" and the "March."
+
+"Have you seen a piece of poetry," a representative Southern woman wrote
+another in the fall of 1865, "called 'Sheridan's Ride'? If you can get it,
+do send it to me. I want to see if there isn't some one smart enough to
+reply to it and give a true version of that descent of armed ruffians upon
+store-rooms, stables, hen-roosts and ladies' trunks--even tearing the
+jewelry from their persons--even robbing the poor darkies of their
+watches and clothing. Not a single Confederate soldier did they encounter.
+They ought to live in history! My Vermont friend, Lucy Adams, says these
+things 'are not true, no one at the North believes them, they are
+impossible.' But we know they are true. I was very anxious to send you
+Sherman's speech at Cincinnati--perhaps you have seen it--in which he
+unblushingly sanctions all the outrages committed by his men. I really
+think some notice ought to be taken of it, but our papers, you see, are
+all ruined now; and in New York, only 'The News' dares publish anything
+true.... I have found a copy, but this says at 'Lancaster, Ohio'; perhaps
+he said the same thing twice; it was at the close of a grand speech:
+'Soldiers, when we marched through and conquered the country of the
+rebels, we became owners of all they had; and I don't want you to be
+troubled in your consciences for taking, while on our great march, the
+property of the conquered rebels--they had forfeited their right to it.'"
+
+"For several years since the nineties it has been my privilege to serve a
+large charitable institution here," a Southern friend writes me from a
+Northern city. "On the Fourth of July I join with as much fervor as
+anybody in the flag salute, in singing 'America' and all the other
+patriotic songs, until they come to 'Marching Through Georgia.' That takes
+the very heart out of me! Sometimes it is all I can do to keep from
+bursting into tears! Then again I feel as if I must stand up and shout:
+'We should not teach any American child to sing that song!' You know the
+home of one of my dearest friends was in the way of that march; it was
+burned to the ground and she, a little girl, and her aged grandfather
+wandered homeless in the night. I wonder, O, I wonder, if our soldiers in
+the Philippines, Northern and Southern boys, are giving grounds for any
+such songs as that! I'd rather we'd lose the fight!"
+
+A cause operating against education of both races remains to be cited. The
+carpet-bag, scalawag and negroid State Governments made raids on
+educational funds. In North Carolina, $420,000 in railroad stock belonging
+to the Educational Fund for the Benefit of Poor Children were sold for
+$158,000, to be applied in part payment of extended per diems of
+legislators. These legislators gave at State expense lavish
+entertainments, and kept a bar and house of prostitution in the Capitol;
+took trips to New York and gambled away State funds by thousands; war had
+left a school fund, taxation increased it; but for two years no child,
+white or black, received benefits. There was money enough for the Governor
+to raise and equip two regiments, one of negroes, for intimidation of
+whites, but none for education. Of Georgia's public school fund of
+$327,000, there seems not to have been a penny left to the State when her
+million-dollar legislature adjourned in 1870.
+
+Louisiana's permanent school fund for parishes vanished with none to tell
+where it went. Attention was called to its disappearance by W. E. Brown,
+the negro State Superintendent of Education. When Warmouth, was
+inaugurated (1868), the treasury held $1,300,500 for free schools. "Bonds
+representing this," states Hon. B. F. Sage, "the most sacred property of
+the State, were publicly auctioned June, 1872, to pay warrants issued by
+Warmouth." Warmouth, like Holden of North Carolina, and Scott and Moses of
+South Carolina, raised and maintained at State expense a black army. In
+1870, the Radical Governor of Florida made desperate efforts to lay hands
+on the Agricultural Land Scrip, property of the Agricultural College of
+that State; to save it from his clutches C. T. Chase, President of Public
+Instruction, asked President Grant's intervention. A forger, embezzler and
+thief presided over Mississippi's Department of Education. In every State
+it was the same story of public moneys wasted by nefarious tricksters who
+had ridden to power on the negro ballot; the widow and the orphan robbed,
+the gray-beard and the child; the black man and the white.
+
+
+
+
+SCHOOLMARMS AND OTHERS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+SCHOOLMARMS AND OTHER NEWCOMERS
+
+
+Many good people came down to do good to us and the negroes; we were not
+always so nice to these as we ought to have been. But very good people can
+try other very good people sorely sometimes. Besides, some who came in
+sheep's clothing were not sheep, and gave false ideas of the entire flock.
+
+Terms of professional philanthropy were strange in the Southerner's mouth.
+It never occurred to the men, women and maidens who visited all the poor,
+sick, old and feeble negroes in their reach, breaking their night's rest
+or their hours of recreation or toil without a sense of sacrifice--who
+gave medicines, food, clothing, any and everything asked for to the blacks
+and who ministered to them in neighbourly ways innumerable--that they were
+doing the work of a district or parish visitor. Southerners have been
+doing these things as a matter of course ever since the negroes were
+brought to them direct from Africa or by way of New England, making no
+account of it, never organizing into charitable associations and taking on
+corresponding tags, raising collections and getting pay for official
+services; the help a Southerner gave a darkey he took out of his own
+pocket or larder or off his own back; and that ended the matter till next
+time.
+
+Yet, here come salaried Northerners with "Educator," "Missionary," or
+"Philanthropist" marked on their brows, broidered on their sleeves; and as
+far as credit for work for darkeys goes, "taking the cake" from the
+Southerner, who had no warm welcome for the avalanche of instructors
+pouring down upon him with the "I am holier than thou" expression, and
+bent as much upon teaching him what he ought to have been doing as upon
+teaching the negro to struggle indecorously for the semblance of a
+non-existent equality.
+
+Newcomers were upon us like the plagues of Egypt. Deserters from the
+Federal Army, men dismissed for cause, followers in its wake, political
+gypsies, bums and toughs. Everybody in New York remarked upon the thinning
+out of the Bowery and its growing orderliness during enlistments for the
+Spanish-American War; and everybody knew what became of vanishing
+trampdom; it joined the army. The Federal Army in the sixties was not
+without heavy percentage of similar element; and, when, after conquest, it
+returned North, it left behind much riff-raff. Riff-raffs became
+politicians and intellectual and spiritual guides to the negroes. From
+these, and from early, unwise, sometimes vicious Freedmen's Bureau
+instructors, Southerners got first ideas of Yankee schoolmasters and
+schoolmarms.
+
+"Yankee schoolmarms" overran the country. Their spirit was often noble and
+high as far as the black man's elevation--or their idea of it--was
+concerned; but towards the white South, it was bitter, judicial,
+unrelenting. Some were saints seeking martyrdom, and finding it; some were
+fools; some, incendiaries; some, all three rolled into one; some were
+straight-out business women seeking good-paying jobs; some were
+educational sharps.
+
+Into the Watkins neighbourhood came three teachers, a male preacher and
+two women teachers. They went in among the negroes, ate and slept with
+them, paraded the streets arm-in-arm with them. They were disturbed to
+perceive that, even among negroes, the familiarity that breeds contempt
+is not conducive to usefulness; and that they were at a disadvantage in
+the eyes of the negroes because white people failed to recognise them.
+
+Mr. Watkins, master of the manor, was a shining light to all who knew him.
+In summer his verandah, in winter his dining-room, was crowded Sunday
+afternoons with negroes on his invitation: "I will be glad to have you
+come to sing and pray with me." He would read a chapter from the Bible,
+lead the opening prayer, then call upon some sable saint to lead, himself
+responding with humble "Amens." White and black would sing together. When
+the newcomers found how things were, they felt aggrieved that they had not
+his countenance.
+
+He had seen one of them walk up to his ex-hostler and lay her hand on his
+coat-collar, while she talked away archly to him. I hardly believe a
+gentleman of New York, Boston or Chicago would conclude that persons
+making intimates of his domestic force could desire association with his
+wife and daughters or expect social attentions from them; I hardly believe
+he would urge the ladies of his family to call upon these persons. Mr.
+Watkins did not send his women-kind to see the newcomers; at last, the
+newcomers took the initiative and came to see his family. His daughters
+did not appear, but Mrs. Watkins received them politely. They went
+straight to the point, lodging complaint against the community.
+
+"We had no reason to suppose," said she, quietly, "that you cared for the
+coöperation of our white people. You acted independently of us; you did
+not advise with us or show desire for affiliation. We would have been
+forcing ourselves upon you. I will be as frank as you have been. Had you
+started this work in a proper spirit and manner, my husband for one would
+have responded to the limit of his power to any call you made upon him."
+
+They dragged in the social equality business and found her adamant. When
+they charged "race prejudice," she said promptly: "Were I to visit
+relatives in Boston, the nice people there would, I doubt not, show me
+pleasant attentions. Were I to put myself on equal terms with their
+domestics, I could hardly expect it. The question is not altogether one of
+race prejudice, but of fitness of things." "But we are missionaries, not
+social visitors." "We do not feel that you benefit negroes by teaching
+them presumption and to despise and neglect work and to distrust and hate
+us."
+
+A garrulous negress was entertaining one of these women with hair-raising
+accounts of cruelties practiced upon her by whites when, as a slave, she
+cooked for them. The schoolmarm asked: "Why didn't you black people poison
+all the whites and get your freedom that way? You're the most patient
+people on earth or you would have done so." A "mammy" who overheard
+administered a stinging rebuke: "Dat would ha' been a sin even ef our
+white folks wuz ez mean ez Sukey Ann been tellin'. Mine wuz good tuh me.
+Sukey Ann jes been tellin' you dem tales tuh see how she kin wuk you up."
+Perhaps the school-teacher had not meant to be taken more literally than
+Sukey Ann deserved to be.
+
+Until freedom, white and black children could hardly be kept apart. Boys
+ran off fishing and rabbit-hunting together; girls played dolls in the
+garret of the great house or in a sunny corner of the woodpile. They
+rarely quarrelled. The black's adoration of the white, the white's desire
+to be allowed to play with the black, stood in the way of conflict. An
+early result of the social equality doctrine was war between children of
+the races. Such strife was confined almost wholly to white and black
+schools in towns, where black and white children were soon ready to "rock"
+each other. A spirit of dislike and opposition to blacks, which their
+elders could hardly understand, having never experienced it, began to take
+possession of white children. The following story will give some idea of
+these dawning manifestations of race prejudice:
+
+Negro and white schools were on opposite sides of the street in
+Petersburg, the former a Freedmen's Bureau institution, the latter a
+private school taught by a very youthful ex-Confederate, Captain M., who,
+though he looked like a boy himself, had made, after a brilliant
+university course, a shining war record. The negro boys, stimulated by the
+example of their elders who were pushing whites off the sidewalks, and
+excited by ill-timed discourses by their imported white pedagogue,
+"sassed" the white boys, contended with them for territory, or aggravated
+them in some way. A battle ensued, in which the white children ran the
+black off the street and into their own schoolhouse, the windows of which
+were damaged by rocks, the only serious mischief resulting from exchange
+of projectiles.
+
+In short order six Federal soldiers with bayonets fixed marched into the
+white schoolhouse, where the Captain was presiding over his classes,
+brought by this time to a proper sense of penitence and due state of
+order, their preceptor being a military disciplinarian. The invading squad
+came to capture the children. The Captain indignantly protested, saying he
+was responsible for his boys; it was sufficient to serve warrant on him,
+he would answer for them; it was best not to make a mountain out of a
+mole-hill and convulse the town with a children's quarrel. The sergeant
+paid him scant courtesy and arrested the children. The Captain donned his
+old Confederate overcoat, than which he had no other, and marched down the
+street with his boys to the Provost's office.
+
+The Provost, a soldier and a gentleman, after examining into the case and
+considering the small culprits, all ranged in a terrified row and not
+knowing but that they would be blown next moment into Paradise or the
+other place, asked the Captain if he would guarantee that his children
+would keep the peace. The Captain assured him that he could and would if
+the teacher of the coloured boys would keep his charges in bounds, adding
+that he would have the windows repaired at his expense. The Provost
+accepted this pledge, and with a withering look at the pedagogic
+complainant, said to the arresting officer: "Sergeant, I am sorry it was
+necessary to send six armed men to arrest these little boys." This
+happened at ten o'clock in the morning. Before ten that night the Provost
+was removed by orders from Washington. So promptly had complaint been
+entered against him that he was too lenient to whites, so quickly had it
+taken effect! Yet his course was far more conservative of the public peace
+than would have been the court-martialing of the children of prominent
+citizens of the town, and the stirring-up of white and black parents
+against each other.
+
+"It's no harm for a hungry coloured man to make a raid on a chicken-coop
+or corn-pile," thus spoke Carpet-Bagger Crockett in King William County,
+Virginia, June, 1869, in the Walker-Wells campaign, at a meeting opened
+with prayer by Rev. Mr. Collins, Northern missionary. Like sentiment was
+pronounced in almost the same words by a carpet-bag officer of state, a
+loud advocate of negro education, from the steps of the State House in
+Florida. Like sentiment was taught in direct and indirect ways by no
+small number of preceptors in negro schoolhouses.
+
+A South Carolina schoolmarm, after teaching her term out at a fat salary,
+made of her farewell a "celebration" with songs, recitations, etc.; the
+scholars passed in procession before the platform, she kissed each, and to
+each handed a photograph of herself for $1. She carried off a harvest.
+Various other small ways of levying tribute were practiced by the
+thoughtless or the unscrupulous; and negroes pilfered to meet demands.
+Schoolmarms and masters did not always teach for sweet charity's sake.
+With moving stories some drew heavily upon the purse of the generous North
+for contributions which were not exactly applied to the negro's relief or
+profit. In order to attract Northern teachers to Freedmen's schools in
+Mississippi salaries were paid out of all proportion to their services or
+to the people's ability to pay. "Examinations for teachers' licenses were
+not such as to ascertain the real fitness of applicants or conduce to a
+high standard of scholarship," says James Wilford Garner in
+"Reconstruction in Mississippi." "They were asked a few oral questions by
+the superintendent in his private office and the certificate granted as a
+matter of course."
+
+"While the average pay of the teachers in Northern schools is less than
+$300 a year, salaries here range from $720 to $1,920," said Governor
+Alcorn to the Mississippi Legislature in 1871. The old log schoolhouses
+were torn down by the reconstructionists, new and costly frame and brick
+ones built; and elegant desks and handsome chairs, "better suited to the
+academy than the common school," displaced equipments that had been good
+enough for many a great American's intellectual start in life. In Monroe
+County, schoolhouses which citizens offered free of charge were rejected
+and new ones built; teachers' salaries ranged from $50 to $150 a month;
+schools were multiplied; heavy special taxes were levied. In Lowndes, a
+special tax of $95,000 over and above the regular tax for education was
+levied. Taxpayers protested in formal meetings. The Ku Klux whipped
+several male teachers, one an ex-Confederate, and warned a schoolmarm or
+two to leave. Expenses came down.
+
+What was true of one Southern State was true of others where costly
+educational machinery and a peculative system covering "deals" and "jobs"
+in books, furniture, schoolhouse construction, etc., were imposed.
+Whippings with which Ku Klux visited a few male teachers and school
+directors here and there, and warnings to leave served upon others of both
+sexes, were, in most cases, protests--and the only effective protests
+impoverished and tax-ridden communities could make--against waste of
+public funds, peculation, subordination of the teacher's office to that of
+political emissary, Loyal League organizer, inculcator of social equality
+doctrines and race hatred. Some whippings were richly deserved by those
+who got them, some were not; some which were richly deserved were never
+given. It was not always Ku Klux that gave the whippings, but their foes,
+footing up sins to their account. It became customary for white
+communities to assemble and condemn violence, begging their own people to
+have no part in it.
+
+I have known many instances where Southern clergy maintained friendly
+relations with schoolmarms, aiding them, operating with them, lending them
+sympathy, thinking their methods often wrong, but accepting their
+earnestness and devotion and sacrifice at its full value. I have heard
+Southerners speak of faculties of certain institutions thus: "Those
+teachers came down here in the spirit that missionaries go to a foreign
+land, expecting persecution and ostracism, and prepared to bear it." I
+have deeply respected the lovely and exalted character of some schoolmarms
+I have personally known, who suffered keenly the isolation and loneliness
+of their position; to missionaries and teachers of this type, I have seen
+the Southern attitude change as their quality was learned. I have seen
+municipal boards helping with appropriations Northern workers among
+negroes, while these workers were ungraciously charging them with race
+prejudice. And I have seen the attitude of such workers gradually change
+towards their white neighbours as they understood our white and black
+people better.
+
+Early experiments must have sometimes perplexed the workers. Negroes had
+confused ideas of education. Thus, a negress who did not know the English
+alphabet, went to a teacher in Savannah and demanded to be taught French
+right off. Others simply demanded "to know how to play de pianner." The
+mass were eager for "book-learnin'." Southerners who had been trying to
+instruct indifferent little negroes beheld with curiosity this sudden and
+intense yearning when "education" was held up as a forbidden fruit of the
+past.
+
+It has been said that Southern whites would not at first teach in the
+negro schools. "Rebels" were not invited and would not have been allowed
+to teach in Bureau schools. Reconstructionists preferred naturally their
+own ilk. Certainly all Southerners were not opposed _per se_ to negro
+schools, for we find some so influential as the Bishop of Mississippi
+advising planters in 1866 to open schools for their negroes. Leading
+journals and some teachers' conventions in 1867 advocated public schools
+for negroes, with Southern whites as teachers. It has been said, too, that
+Northern teachers who came to teach the negroes could not secure board in
+respectable white families, and, therefore, had no choice but to board in
+black. I think this may be wholly true. The Southerner firmly believed
+that the education given the negro was not best for him or the country;
+and he was deeply prejudiced against the Northern teacher and all his or
+her ways. The efforts of Black and Tan assemblies to force mixed schools
+upon the country was a ground of prejudice against teachers and the
+schools; so, too, the course of some teachers in trying to compel this.
+
+How could rational people, with the common welfare at heart, advocate
+mixed schools when such feelings were in evidence at outset as the captain
+and the pedagogue incident and many similar ones in many States proved
+existent? Such feelings were not and are not limited to the South. Only a
+year or two ago the mixed school question caused negroes to burn a
+schoolhouse near Boston. Many white and black educators at the North seem
+to agree that it is not best to mix the races there. Prominent negroes are
+now asserting that it is not best for the negro child to put him in
+schools with whites; he is cowed as before a superior or he exhibits or
+excites antipathy. Besides, he casts a reflection upon his own race in
+insisting upon this association.
+
+If white Southerners at first objected to teaching negroes, this objection
+speedily vanished before the argument: "We should teach the negroes
+ourselves if we do not wish them influenced against us by Yankees," and,
+"We should keep the money at home," and the all-compelling "I must make a
+living." As the carpet-bag governments went out of power, Northern
+schoolteachers lost their jobs and Southern ones got them. As negroes were
+prepared, Southern whites appointed negroes to teach negroes, which was
+what the blacks themselves desired and believed just.
+
+School fights between the races ceased as Southern whites or Southern
+negroes came in charge of schools for blacks, and as Northern people who
+came South to work in charitable enterprises understood conditions better.
+Those who had unwittingly wrought ill in the first place had usually meant
+well. The missionary of the sixties and seventies was not as wise as the
+missionary of today, who knows that he must study a people before he
+undertakes to teach and reform them, and that it is all in the day's work
+for him not to run counter heedlessly to established social usages or to
+try to uproot instantly and with violence customs centuries old. A
+reckless reformer may tear up more good things in a few weeks than he can
+replant, or substitute with better, in a lifetime.
+
+
+
+
+THE CARPET-BAGGER
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+THE CARPET-BAGGER
+
+
+The test-oath was invitation to the carpet-bagger. The statements of
+Generals Schofield and Stoneman show how difficult it was to find in the
+South men capable of filling office who could swear they had "never given
+aid or comfort" to a Confederate. Few or no decent people could do it. In
+the summer of 1865, President Johnson instructed provisional governors to
+fill Federal offices of mail, revenue and customs service with men from
+other States, if proper resident citizens--that is, men who could take the
+test-oath--could not be found. Office-seekers from afar swarmed as bees to
+a hive.
+
+The carpet-bagger was the all-important figure in Dixie after the war; he
+was lord of our domain; he bred discord between races, kept up war between
+sections, created riots and published the tale of them, laying all blame
+on whites. Neither he nor his running mate the scalawag or turn-coat
+Southerner, was received socially. Sentence fell harder upon the latter
+when old friends insulted him and the speaker on the hustings could say of
+him no word too bitter. His family suffered with him. The wife of the
+native Radical Governor of one Southern State said when her punishment was
+over: "The saddest years of my life were spent in the Executive Mansion.
+In a city where I had been beloved, none of my old friends, none of the
+best people, called on me." In times of great poverty, temptations were
+great; men, after once starting in politics, were drawn further than they
+had dreamed possible. Again, men with State welfare at heart, urged
+compromises as the only way to secure benefits to the State; on being
+irritated, urged unwisely; on being ostracized, out-Heroded Herod. Our
+foreign office-holders were not all bad men or corrupt. We will not call
+these carpet-baggers. The carpet-bagger has been defined: "A Yankee, in a
+linen duster and with a carpet-bag, appearing suddenly on a political
+platform in the South, and calling upon the negroes to vote him into
+office." I give portraits of two types.
+
+In the wake of Sherman's Army which passed through Brunswick, Virginia,
+toward Washington, came and stopped two white men, Lewis and McGiffen.
+They were desperadoes and outlaws, carried Winchester rifles and were fine
+shots; said they hailed from Maine; to intimates, the leader, Lewis,
+boasted that he had killed his step-father and escaped the hangman by
+playing crazy. They leased the farm of a "poor white," Mrs. Parrish. Lewis
+opened a negro school and a bank, issuing script for sums from twenty-five
+cents to five dollars; he organized a Loyal League, collecting the fees
+and dues therefrom. He armed and drilled negroes and marched them around
+to the alarm of the people. Court House records show lawful efforts of
+whites at self-protection. August 8, 1868, Lewis was tried before William
+Lett, J. P., for inciting negroes to insurrection, when, under pretense of
+preaching the Gospel to them, he convened them at Parrish's. He was
+sentenced to the penitentiary for seven years. The State was under
+military rule, and the decision of the civil court was set aside and Lewis
+left at large. John Drummond was a witness against Lewis.
+
+Lewis soon had the negroes well organised; he established a system of
+signal stations from the North Carolina line to Nottoway and Dinwiddie. By
+the firing of signal guns, they would receive notice to congregate.
+Suddenly, all hands on a man's plantation would stop work and say: "Got
+orders, suh, tuh go tuh de Cote House." And all at once roads would be
+lined with negroes from every direction bound for the Court House. In a
+few hours the little town would fill with darkeys, a thousand or more on
+the streets. They would collect thus from time to time, and hold secret or
+public political meetings, Lewis, McGiffen and other speakers working them
+up to a state of great excitement.
+
+At one meeting, a riot occurred in which several men were killed or
+wounded. Mr. Freeman Jones, later Sheriff of the County, gave me a version
+of it. He said: "Meade Bernard (afterwards Judge Bernard) and Sidney Jones
+were set upon. Negroes knocked the last-named gentleman senseless,
+continuing chastisement until he was rescued by the Freedmen's Bureau
+officer. When Bernard was attacked, his old coloured nurse, Aunt Sally
+Bland, rushed into the melée, crying: 'Save my chile! save my chile!'
+Sticks were raining blows on his head when she interfered, pleading with
+them to desist until they stopped. These white men had shown all their
+lives, only kindness to negroes. When set upon they were doing nothing to
+give offense, they were simply listening to the speeches. One negro,
+observing their presence, cried out: 'Kill the d----d white scoundrels!'
+Others took up the cry.
+
+"The whites, a little handful, retreated towards the village, followed by
+at least a thousand negroes, yelling intention to sack and fire the town.
+The road passed through a very narrow lane into Main Street. Here they
+were blocked and confronted by Mr. L. G. Wall, carrier of the United
+States Mail, who, as a Government official, halted them, telling them he
+had right of way and that they were obstructing Government service; he
+ordered them to move back and make room; they would not; he drew his
+pistol and fired five or six times. I believe every shot took effect.
+Several negroes were desperately wounded. The mob retired and Wall went
+on. In the suburbs the negroes held an angry meeting, but they had got
+enough of mob violence." Which was fortunate. The normal white male
+population of the village did not exceed forty or fifty. White men went to
+the polls soon after not knowing what to expect, and found everything
+quiet. Negroes had come, voted early and gone. They had learned a salutary
+lesson.
+
+Lewis claimed to be an officer duly commissioned, and went about making
+arrests, selecting some prominent men. One of his victims was William
+Lett, an old and wealthy citizen, and the justice before whom Lewis had
+been brought to trial. A complaint by Mr. Lett's cook was the ostensible
+ground of Lewis' call upon Mr. Lett; the real purpose was robbery. The
+outlaws had seduced into their service John Parrish, an unlettered boy who
+liked to hunt with them, and who, boy-like, was pleased with their
+daredevil ways. He composed the third in the "team" that went around
+arresting people. He recently gave me the next chapter in the Lewis story.
+
+"I was jes a little boy an' I done what I was ordered to. I was goin' out
+sqir'l huntin', an' I see Dr. Lewis, an' he had a paper in his han', an'
+he say: 'Johnny, I want you to go with me this evenin'.' I says: 'I wants
+to go squir'l huntin'.' He says: 'I summons you to go wid me to serve a
+warrant on Mr. Lett.' An' I lef' my dawgs at my sister's an' I taken my
+little dollar-an'-a-half gun along. He says: 'Johnny, people tell me this
+ole man is mighty hot-headed. If he comes out of his house an' I tell you
+to shoot, shoot.' Dr. Lewis called Mr. Lett out to de gate, an' read de
+warrant to him. An' Mr. Lett said he wouldn' be arrested by him, an' Dr.
+Lewis grabbed at his coat collar, an' Mr. Lett broke loose, an' hollered
+for somebody to han' him his gun outer de house. An' he went into de house
+an' got a gun an' shot Lewis, an' Lewis stepped behin' de gate-pos', an'
+he called to me: 'D---- him! where is he?' An' I said: 'Jes behin' de
+winder.' An' I stepped behin' de corner, an' Dr. Lewis called me, an' I
+stepped out, an' I thought I see a gun or pistol pointin' my way f'om de
+winder, an' I thought I heard Lewis say 'Shoot!' an' I shot. It warn't
+nothin' but a little bitter dollar-an'-a-half bird gun. But dem shot went
+through de weather-bo'din'. I heard Mr. Lett's gun when it fell an' I
+heard him when he fell. Lewis was standin' behin' de gate-pos'. The
+cook-woman hollered: 'Here he is! here he is, going out at de back door!'
+And thar was a little chicken-house. An' Lett shot Lewis with bird-shot."
+
+Mr. Freeman Jones summed it up simply thus: "When the gang came to capture
+Mr. Lett, the old man attempted a defense, ordering them off his place,
+and barricading himself behind the nearest thing at hand, which happened
+to be a chicken-coop. Lewis shot and nearly killed him; the old man
+lingered some time between life and death." Mr. Lett, it seems, was shot
+by both. "They toted Lewis away," concludes Parrish, "to de house of a
+feller named Carroll, an' he stayed thar. They sent for de military
+soldiers an' they came, an' I stated de case well as I could, an' they
+discharged me." Lewis was tried in the civil court, sentenced to a term in
+the penitentiary, was carried by the sheriff to that institution and
+pardoned next day by Governor Wells, military appointee of General
+Schofield; he got back to the county almost as soon as the sheriff.
+
+The people became more and more incensed at repeated outrages. Dr. Powell,
+whose assassination was attempted, tells me that the immediate cause of
+the final tragedies was that Lewis ordered Carroll to leave home. John B.
+Drummond, volunteering, was appointed special constable to arrest Lewis.
+He met Lewis and his gang in a turn of the road and halted them, telling
+Lewis he had a warrant for him. Lewis fired, killing him instantly. The
+temper of the public was now such that Lewis and McGiffen fled the State,
+enticing Parrish along. They sought asylum in North Carolina and sent
+Parrish back for some property. A reward was offered for them. In a little
+one-horse wagon which Parrish brought with Lewis' pony, they travelled by
+night to Charleston, South Carolina. Here Lewis opened a school and
+Parrish hired himself out. They staid there two years. McGiffen married
+again. He had taken his little child from his Brunswick wife; now he
+concluded to carry it back to her.
+
+"I went with him," says Parrish. "We come near a village an' we stopped at
+a man's house. He mistrusted something wrong." (Naturally! Dr. Powell says
+he saw his guests moulding bullets, ordered them out, and they defied him,
+declaring they would spend the night.) "He sent out an' got two men an'
+they come in thar wid thar guns an' staid all night. When we got up in de
+little town nex' mornin', thar come out twenty men wid guns in thar han's,
+an' de Mayor he was thar, an' McGiffen tole 'em to stop; an' they stopped.
+He tole 'em thar couldn' but one or two come near. They suspicioned about
+our having the little chile along. You see, thar was trouble 'bout dat
+time 'bout children bein' kidnapped an' carried off to de Dismal Swamp. I
+see ten or thirteen men on de railroad, an' they comin' pretty close.
+McGiffen hollered out for 'em to stop, or he would certainly shoot. An'
+they stopped. Then somebody hollered 'Close up!'
+
+"I had de little boy in my lap. To keep him f'om gittin' hurt, I set him
+down by de roadside. McGiffen an' me had been ridin' one horse, takin'
+turns, de one ridin' carryin' de baby. A feller kep' comin' closer, an' I
+hollered, 'Stop, sir, or I'm goin' to shoot you!' an' I shot him in de
+han'. He kep' hollerin' I had killed him, an' de other fellers sorter
+scattered, an' that give McGiffen chance to git away. An' I got away. Had
+to leave de baby settin' thar side de road. An' they follered me up an'
+got me, an' they got McGiffen. After they captured us, they heard about
+thar bein' three strangers down whar we had come f'om, an' they
+suspicioned we was de men dat had been advertised for because of de
+trouble in Brunswick. An' they sent after Lewis. It was one night. He had
+unbuckled his pistols an' laid 'em on his bureau, an' some visitors come
+to see him; an' he was talkin' to them, an' eight or ten men stepped up
+behin' him an' that's how they got him. An' they had de three of us. An'
+Governor Walker sent Bill Knox, de detective, an' Dr. Powell he was sent
+to identify us. An' we were carried to Richmond, an' then we were carried
+to Greensville, an' we were tried. De little boy was sent back to his
+mother. I was sent to de penitentiary for eight years, but I got out
+sooner for good behaviour; an' I learned a good trade thar. But I don't
+think they ought to ha' sent me, because I was jes a boy an' I done what I
+was ordered to do when I shot Mr. Lett--that what's they sent me for. An'
+de military soldiers had said I warn't to blame. Lewis he played off crazy
+like he done befo', an' they sent him to de asylum, an' he escaped like he
+done befo'. De superintendent was a member of de Loyal League. An'
+McGiffen was hung, an' I never thought he ought to ha' been hung."
+Military rule was at an end and Virginia was back in the Union when the
+fugitives were captured.
+
+There was another flutter of the public pulse in this county when,
+perhaps, the one thing that saved the day was the confidence of the
+negroes in Sheriff Jones. Court was in session when several people ran
+into the court room, shouting: "Sheriff! Sheriff! they are killing the
+negroes out here!" Sheriff Jones ran out and saw a crowd of five or six
+hundred negroes, some drunk, in the street, and in their midst two drunken
+white men. A few other whites were lined up against a fence, their hands
+on their pistols, not knowing what a moment would bring forth. People
+cried out: "Don't go into that crowd, Sheriff! You're sure to get shot!"
+"Here, boys!" called the Sheriff to some negroes he knew, "take me into
+that crowd." Two negroes made a platform of their hands, and on this the
+officer was carried into the mob, his bearers shouting as they went:
+"Lis'n to de sheriff! Hear what de sheriff say!" He called on everybody to
+keep the peace, had no trouble in restoring quiet, and arrested everybody
+he thought ought to be arrested. "But our coloured people soon became
+orderly and well-behaved after the carpet-baggers left us," says Sheriff
+Jones.
+
+In several Southern States at this period, such a termination to the last
+incident would have been almost impossible. Here, the officer was a
+representative native white; he understood the people and all elements
+trusted him; the interest of the community was his own. With an outsider
+in position, the case must have been quite different; the situation more
+difficult and the sequel probably tragic, even conceding to the officer
+sincere desire to prevent trouble, a disposition carpet-baggers did not
+usually betray. Riots in the South were breath of life to carpet-bag
+governments. July 25, 1870, Governor Smith, Republican, of Alabama, said
+over his signature, of a politician who had criticised him for not calling
+out negro militia to intimidate whites: "My candid opinion is that Sibley
+does not want the law executed, because that would put down crime, and
+crime is his life's blood. He would like very much to have a Ku Klux
+outrage every week, to assist him in keeping up strife between whites and
+blacks, that he might be more certain of the latter's votes. He would like
+to have a few coloured men killed weekly to furnish semblance of truth to
+Senator Spencer's libels against the State."
+
+In quiet country places where people did not live close enough for mutual
+sympathy and protection, the heavy hand was often most acutely felt. Such
+neighbourhoods were shortened, too, of ways to make oppression known at
+headquarters; it cost time and money to send committees to Washington, and
+influence to secure a hearing. When troubles accumulated, some hitherto
+peaceful neighbourhood, hamlet or town would suddenly find unenviable fame
+thrust upon it. There was, for instance, the Colfax Riot, Grant Parish,
+Louisiana, where sixty-three lives were lost. Two tickets had been
+announced elected. Governor Kellogg, after his manner of encouraging race
+wars, said, "Heaven bless you, my children!" to both, commissioned the two
+sets of officers, and told them to "fight it out," which they did with the
+result given and the destruction of the Court House by fire. Negroes had
+been called in, drilled, armed and taught how to make cannon out of
+gas-pipe.
+
+And now for the portrait of a carpet-bagger of whom all who knew him said:
+"He is the most brilliant man I ever met." I can only give fictitious
+names. Otherwise, innocent people might be wounded.
+
+A young lieutenant, discharged from the Federal Army, located in Roxmere,
+a college town. His first move was to pose as a friend to whites, and to
+insinuate himself into nice families. When there was trouble--which he
+stirred up--between the races, he would assume the authority--none was
+given him by the Government--to interfere and settle it. For instance, he
+would undertake to punish negroes for impertinence. He began to practise
+law. He married a young lady of the section, of means but not a daughter
+of the aristocracy; she had owned many negroes; he made out a list, which
+he kept, expecting the Government to pay for them. He said his father was
+an English clergyman, and he spoke beautifully and feelingly of his early
+life. When it became apparent that the negro was to be made a voter,
+Yankee Landon (as Roxmere called him), changed tactics; he organized Union
+Leagues, drilled negroes and made incendiary speeches.
+
+One day, Judge Mortimer, hurrying into the Court House, said: "Yankee
+Landon is on the hustings making a damnable speech to the negroes!"
+Landon's voice could be heard and the growls of his audience. The whites
+caught these words ringing clear and distinct: "We will depopulate this
+whole country of whites. We have got to do it with fire and sword!" Some
+one else, much excited, came in, saying, "A movement's on foot to lynch
+Landon." The old Judge hastened up the street. He met some stern-faced men
+and stopped them. "We know what Landon is saying," they told him, "and we
+intend to swing him." He tried to turn them from their purpose, but they
+declared: "There is no sense in waiting until that scoundrel has incited
+the negroes to massacre us." Another cool-headed jurist sought to stay
+them. "Do you realise what you are going to do?" he asked. "We are going
+to hang Yankee Landon." "That will not do!" "We've got to do it. The
+safety of our homes demands it." The combined efforts of conservative men
+stayed summary action. Landon got wind of what was brewing, and for a time
+was more prudent of tongue; then, concluding that the people were afraid
+to molest him, broke forth anew.
+
+In the Union League season, there was a tremendous negro crowd on the
+streets; whites had hardly room to walk; they got very sick of it all.
+Roxmere's college men decided to take a hand and disposed themselves for
+action. "Don't give way one inch to these old slavocrats!" Landon was
+shouting from a goods-box, when they sent Cobb Preston out. Cobb, in a
+dressing-gown trailing four feet, walked into the crowd. He placed a chip
+on his hat. "Will some one step on my dressing-gown or knock this chip
+off?" he asked loudly and suavely. Everybody gave him room to trail around
+in. Nobody stepped near the tail of that dressing-gown! No hand approached
+within yards of that chip! Any sudden turn he made was a signal for fresh
+scatterings which left wide swath for his processional. Did he flirt
+around quickly, calling on somebody to step on his gown or knock off his
+chip, darkeys fell over each other getting out of his way. Landon
+understood. He knew if the college boys succeeded in starting a row he
+would be killed. After that, whites could use sidewalks without being
+shoved off. Landon was adept in pocketing insults. Men cast fearful
+epithets in his teeth. "I have heard Vance McGregor call him a dog, a
+thief--and he would take it," says a lawyer who practised in the same
+courts with him.
+
+He and a negro "represented" the county in the Black and Tan Convention.
+He came back a much richer man. Nobody visited his family. One day, Rev.
+Dr. Godfrey encountered on the street a little girl, who asked: "Have you
+seen my papa?" "Who is your papa, little one?" "Yan-kee Landon!" she
+piped. He led her to the corner and tenderly directed her way. Rev. Dr.
+Godfrey did not hesitate to arraign Landon from his pulpit. One Sunday,
+when Landon and his wife sat in the front pew, and the conversion of
+Zaccheus happened to be his subject, the congregation was electrified to
+hear him draw comparisons between Zaccheus and carpet-baggers, to the
+great disparagement of the latter. He spoke of the fine horses, wines and
+cigars of modern Mr. Zaccheus, and of Mrs. Zaccheus' silks and jewels.
+"Zaccheus of old could say," he cried, "'If I have taken anything from any
+man, I restore him fourfold!' Not so Zaccheus of today," and he looked
+straight in Landon's face. Landon's contribution was equal to that of all
+the other people in the church put together. The Landons gave up their
+pew, and attended worship elsewhere, but presently came back to Dr.
+Godfrey's, the "swell" church. He spared them not. But he went to see
+Landon's wife and sent his wife to see her. "Mrs. Landon is a young
+mother, my dear," he said, "you should go."
+
+Twice Landon represented the district in the Legislature, first in the
+House, then in the Senate. While Commonwealth's Attorney, he made a
+startling record; he ran a gambling saloon, a thing it was his sworn duty
+to ferret out and prosecute. Hazard, chuck-a-luck and other games of
+chance were played there. It was a new departure in a quiet, religious
+town; the college boys were drawn in. Judge Mortimer's little son trotted
+into it at the heels of a grown-up relative, and going home innocently
+told his father about "the funny little things they play with; when they
+win, they take the money; when Mr. Landon wins, he takes it." In modern
+parlance, the old judge "pulled" that saloon next evening, bagging thirty
+of the nicest young fellows in the community. They were indicted for
+gambling and Landon for keeping a gambling saloon. Landon prosecuted
+everybody but himself, convicting the last one; then resigned, and
+McGregor conducted the case against him. His sentence was $100 fine and
+four months in jail. While in jail he studied law and acquired more
+knowledge of it than in all the years of his freedom; he had known little
+about it, shrewdness and sharpness standing him in place of knowledge. A
+hog-drover was put in the cell with him one night and he won $150 out of
+him at poker. The Governor pardoned him out at three months. He ran for
+Commonwealth's Attorney and was elected; he made an able and efficient
+officer. He would prosecute unswervingly his closest friend. His political
+ally built the new jail, Landon getting him the job. "I wonder who will be
+the first fool to get in here," he said to Landon. He was; Landon
+convicted him. Men who despised his principles admired his intellect. In
+court-room repartee he could take the wind out of McGregor's sails, and
+McGregor was past master in the art. He was able, brilliant, unscrupulous,
+without a moral conscience, but with a keen intellectual one. He was no
+spendthrift in rascality, economised in employment of evil means, using
+them no farther than self-interest required. He could show kindness
+gracefully; ceased to stir up negroes when it ceased to pay. A neighbour
+who was civil when others snubbed him, went to Washington when Landon, at
+his zenith, was there in a high Government position, and opened a law
+office. Landon threw work his way.
+
+One day McGregor, Governor of his State, got a letter from Landon; a great
+foreign dignitary, visiting this country, was to be entertained at
+Landon's palace; would McGregor lend the old State flag to be draped with
+the Stars and Stripes and the foreigner's flag over the end of the room
+where Landon and the dignitary would stand while receiving? McGregor sent
+it. In the little town in which he tricked and won his way, court was
+never paid to Landon on account of his wealth and power, but people
+gradually came to treat him less coldly as he changed with the times.
+Reconstruction tried men's souls and morals; a man who went to pieces
+under temptation sometimes came out a gentleman, or something like it,
+when temptation was over. Landon won favors of all parties. Cleveland gave
+him a position. A committee waited upon Mr. McKinley, asking appointment
+for Landon. Mr. McKinley demurred: "I understand that in the South, Mr.
+Landon is not considered a gentleman." "We promised him this if he would
+render the party the service which he has rendered." The President had to
+yield. Roosevelt, who came to the Presidency without election, turned this
+man down with a firm hand.
+
+
+
+
+THE DEVIL ON THE SANTEE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX
+
+THE DEVIL ON THE SANTEE
+
+(A Rice-Planter's Story)
+
+
+Between the plantation where harmony and industry still prevailed and that
+in which was complete upheaval of the old order, were thousands showing
+its disintegration in intermediate grades. On the James River, in
+Virginia, and on waterways in rice and cotton lands up which Federal
+gunboats steamed, and on the Sea Islands, plantations innumerable
+furnished parallel cases to that set forth in the following narrative,
+which I had from Captain Thomas Pinckney, of Charleston, South Carolina.
+When Captain Pinckney went down to El Dorado, his plantation on the
+Santee, in 1866, he found things "in a shocking condition and the very
+devil to pay." The night before reaching his place he spent at the house
+of an English neighbour, who had had oversight of his property. He
+received this report:
+
+"Your negroes sacked your house, stripped it of furniture, bric-a-brac,
+heirlooms, and divided these among themselves. They got it into their
+heads that the property of whites belongs to them; and went about taking
+possession with utmost determination and insolence. Nearly all houses here
+have been served the same way. I sent for a United States officer and he
+made them restore furniture--the larger pieces, which are much damaged.
+Small things--mementoes which you value as much or more--are gone for
+good. There was but one thing they did not remove--the mirror in the
+wall."[22] "The negroes have been dancing shin-digs in your house," the
+Englishman went on. "They have apportioned your land out among
+themselves."
+
+Yet the Captain was not fully prepared for the desolation that met his
+eyes when he went home next day. Ever before, he had been met with glad
+greetings. Now, instead of a merry crowd of darkeys rushing out with
+shouts of "Howdy do, Marster!" "Howdy do, Boss!", silence reigned and no
+soul bade him welcome as he made his way to his own door. Within the house
+one faithful servant raised her voice in lonely and pathetic notes of joy.
+"Where are the others?" he asked. "Where are the men?" "Don' know,
+Marster." "Tell any you can find to come here." She returned from search
+to say none could be found. Dinner-hour passed. The men kept themselves
+invisible. He said to her: "I will be back tomorrow. Tell the men I must
+see every one of them then." He returned armed. It was his known custom as
+a huntsman to carry a gun; hence he could carry one now without betraying
+distrust. "Indeed, I felt no fear or distrust," he says; "these were my
+own servants, between whom and myself the kindest feelings had always
+existed. They had been carefully and conscientiously trained by my
+parents; I had grown up with some of them. They had been glad to see me
+from the time that, as a little boy, I accompanied my mother when she made
+Saturday afternoon rounds of the quarters, carrying a bowl of sugar, and
+followed by her little handmaidens bearing other things coloured people
+liked. At every cabin that she found swept and cleaned, she left a present
+as an encouragement to tidiness. I could not realise a need of going
+protected among my own people, whom I could only remember as respectful,
+happy and affectionate."
+
+He bade the woman summon the men, and he waited under the trees. They
+came, sullen, reluctant, evincing no trace of old-time cordiality;
+addressed him as "you" or "Cap'n"; were defiant; brought their guns.
+"Men," he said, "I know you are free. I do not wish to interfere with your
+freedom. But I want my old hands to work my lands for me. I will pay you
+wages." They were silent. "I want you to put my place in order, and make
+it as fruitful as it used to be, when it supported us all in peace and
+plenty. I recognise your right to go elsewhere and work for some one else,
+but I want you to work for me and I will on my part do all I can for you."
+
+They made answer short and quick: "O yes, we gwi wuk! we gwi wuk all
+right. De Union Ginruls dee done tell us tuh come back f'om follin arter
+de army an' dig greenbacks outer de sod. We gwi wuk. We gwi wuk fuh
+ourse'ves. We ain' gwi wuk fuh no white man." "Where will you go?" "We
+ain' gwine nowhar. We gwi wuk right here on de lan' whar we wuz bo'n an'
+whar belongs tuh us." Some had not been born on the land, but had been
+purchased during the war by Captain Pinckney, in the kindness of his
+heart, to prevent family division in the settlement of an estate. One of
+this lot, returning from a Yankee gunboat, swaggered to conference under
+the trees, in a fine uniform, carrying a handsome rifle, and declared he
+would work or not as he pleased, come and go as he pleased and consider
+the land his own. He went to his cabin, stood in the door, looked the
+Captain in the eye, brought his gun down with a crash, and said: "Yes, I
+gwi wuk right here. I'd like tuh see any man put me outer dis house!"
+
+Captain Pinckney, after waiting for the men to think over the situation,
+assembled them again. Their attitude was more insolent and aggressive. He
+gave them ten days longer for decision; then all who would not work must
+go. His neighbours were having similar experiences. In a section where a
+few years before perfect confidence had existed between white and black,
+all white men went armed, weapons exposed to view. They were few, the
+blacks many. After consultation, they reported conditions to General
+Devens at Charleston, and suggested that he send down a representative. He
+sent a company under an officer whom the planters carried from plantation
+to plantation. Negroes were called and addressed: "I have come to tell you
+people that these lands belong to these planters. The Government has not
+given these lands to you; they do not belong to the Government to give.
+You are free to hire out to whom you will, or to rent lands. But you must
+work. You can't live without work. I advise you to make contracts quickly.
+If crops are not made, you and your families will suffer."
+
+This Federal visitation was not without wholesome effect. Yet the negroes
+would not work till starvation drove them to it. The Captain's head-plower
+came confessing: "Cap'n, I 'clar' 'fo' Gawd, suh, I ain' got no vittles
+fuh my wife an' chillun. I ain' got a day's rations in my cabin." "It's
+your own fault. You can go to work any minute you want to." "Cap'n, I'se
+willin'. I been willin' fuh right smart while. I ain' nuvver seed dis way
+we been doin' wuz zackly right. I been 'fused in my min'. But de other
+niggers dee won' let me wuk. Dee don' want me tuh wuk fuh you, suh. I'se
+feared." The Captain was sorely tempted to give rations without
+conditions, but realised that he must stand his ground. In a day or two
+the head-plower reappeared. "Cap'n, I come tuh ax you tuh lemme wuk fuh
+you, suh." "All right. There's your plow and mule ready. You can draw
+rations ahead." One by one all came back. They had suffered, and their
+ex-master had suffered with them.
+
+Many planters had severer trials than the Captain and his immediate
+neighbours. Down on the coast, negroes demanded possession of plantations,
+barricaded them and shot at owners. They pulled up bridges so owners could
+not reach their homes, and in this and other ways kept the whites out of
+property. Many planters never recovered their lands. When the time came
+that they might otherwise have done so, they were unable to pay
+accumulated taxes, and their homesteads passed forever out of their
+keeping.
+
+In making contracts, Captain Pinckney's negroes did not want money. "We
+don' trus' dat money. Maybe it git lak Confeddick money." In rice they saw
+a stable value. Besides a share in the general crop, the Captain gave each
+hand a little plot on which to grow rice for family consumption. When the
+general crop was divided into shares, they would say, after retaining a
+"sample": "Keep my part, suh, an' sell it wid yo's." They knew he could do
+better for them than they could for themselves. In business and in the
+humanities, they looked to him as their truest friend. If any got sick,
+got out of food and clothes, got into a difficulty or trouble of any sort,
+they came or sent for him; sought his advice about family matters wherein
+they would trust no other man's counsel; trusted him in everything except
+politics, in regard to which they would rely upon the word of the most
+unprincipled stranger did he but appear under the title "Republican,"
+"Radical," "Union Leaguer."
+
+Carpet-baggers told them: "If the whites get into power, they will put you
+back in slavery, and will not let your wives wear hoop-skirts. If we win
+the election we will give you forty acres and a mule." "I know for a
+fact," Captain Pinckney assured me, "that at Adam's Run negroes came to
+the polls bringing halters for mules which they expected to carry home."
+
+The excitement of the election of 1876, when native whites strained every
+nerve to win the negro vote, was fully felt on the Santee. The morning
+news reached El Dorado of Hampton's election, the Captain, according to
+custom, walked down to his wharf to give orders for the day. He found his
+wharf foreman sitting on an upturned canoe, his head hung down, the
+picture of dejection. "William," the Captain said, "I have good news."
+"Whut is it, suh?" "General Hampton is elected." Silence. Presently the
+negro half lifted his face, and looking into the eyes of the white man
+with the saddest, most hopeless expression in his own, asked slowly:
+"Well--Cap'n--_whut you goin' tuh do wid we, now?_" The master's heart
+ached for him! Remanded back to slavery--that was what negroes were taught
+to look for--to slavery not such as they had known, but in which all the
+follies and crimes to which they had been incited since freedom should be
+charged up to them. They did not, could not, realise how their old owners
+pitied, condoned, forgave.
+
+Next election the struggle was renewed. After a hopeful barbecue, the
+Captain's hands were threshing his rice crop. He called the foreman behind
+the stacks, and asked: "Well, Monday, what are you people going to do at
+the polls tomorrow?" "Dee gwi vote de 'Publican ticket, suh. Ef dee
+tells you anything else, dee's lyin'. I gwi vote de 'Publican ticket, suh.
+I got it tuh do. I b'lieve all what you white gent'muns been tellin' us at
+de barbecues. I knows myse'f dat dis way we niggers is a-doin' an'
+a-votin' ain' de bes' way fuh de country--anybody kin see dat. But den I
+got tuh vote de 'Publican ticket, suh. We all has. Las' 'lection I voted
+de Democrack ticket an' dee killed my cow. Abum, he vote de Democrack
+ticket; dee killed his colt." Monday counted off the negroes who had voted
+the "Democrack" ticket, and every one had been punished. One had been
+bombarded in his cabin; another's rice crop had been taken--even the
+ground swept up and every grain carried off, leaving him utterly
+destitute. "I tell you, suh," said Monday, "I got tuh do it on my 'count,
+an' on yo' 'count. You make me fo'man an' ef I didn' vote de 'Publican
+ticket, I couldn' make dese niggers wuk. I couldn' do nothin' 'tall wid
+'em."
+
+[Illustration: MRS. WADE HAMPTON
+
+(Daughter of Governor McDuffie, of South Carolina.)
+
+From a painting photographed by Reckling & Sons, Columbia, S. C.]
+
+The night before an election the Democratic Club was in session at
+McClellanville when Mr. McClellan came in and said there would be trouble
+next day. He had heard on the river that negroes were buying up ammunition
+and were coming armed to the polls. He had gone to stores and given orders
+that sale should be stopped. Whites now tried to buy but found stock sold
+out. They collected available arms and ammunition in village and
+neighbourhood, and concealed these under a hay-wagon, which appeared next
+day near the polls, one of many of similar appearance. Squads were
+detailed for duty near polls and wagon.
+
+Blacks came armed, and, demurring, stacked muskets at the cross-roads
+which marked the hundred-yard limit prescribed by election ruling; all day
+they were in terrible humour. "I heard my own servants," Captain Pinckney
+tells, "between whom and myself the kindliest feelings had existed, say
+in threatening tones: 'We's here tuh stan' up fuh our rights. We ain' gwi
+leave dese polls. None our colour got tuh leave dese polls 'fo' dee
+close.'"
+
+Whites preserved a front of unconcern they were far from feeling.
+Seventy-five whites and 500 blacks voted at this precinct. Guns once in
+the hands of the blacks, and turned against this little handful of whites,
+God help all concerned! Whites had begun to hope the day would end
+smoothly, when a trifling incident seemed to precipitate conflict. Two
+drunken white men rode hallooing along the road. The negroes, taking this
+as a pretext for a fight, rushed for their muskets. An old trial justice,
+Mr. Leland, sprang on a box and called loudly: "Come here! Come here!"
+They looked back. "I am the Peace Officer!" he yelled. "Come, listen to
+me!" Threatening, curious, sullen, they came back some paces with an air
+of defiance, of determination suspended for the moment. "I don't like the
+looks of things," said the old trial justice, "and I am going to call on
+the most influential men in the community to act as my constabulary force
+and help me maintain order. Pinckney!" The gunboat desperado stepped
+forward. "Calhoun! De Saussure! Huger! Horry! Porcher! Gaillard!" So the
+wily old justice went on, calling names famous in the annals of South
+Carolina, and black men answered. "Line up there! Take the Oath of Office!
+Hold up your hands and swear that, so help you God, you will help me
+maintain the laws and preserve the peace and dignity of the State of South
+Carolina!" He happened to have in his pocket a dozen old badges of office,
+and swift as he swore the men in, he pinned badges on them. He made them a
+flighty, heroic little speech and the face of events was changed.
+
+He had picked off ring-leaders in mischief for justices of the peace.
+Whites found it difficult to pocket smiles while beholding them strutting
+around, proud as peacocks, and reducing to meekness inoffensive negroes
+who would never have made any disturbance in the first place but for the
+prodding of these same new "limbs of the law." It was trying in a
+different way to see a peaceable, worthy negro knocked about incontinently
+by bullies "showing off." Yet the matter in hand was to get the day over
+without bloodshed. And this end was achieved.
+
+Avoidance of bloodshed was not attained at all public meetings, as
+students of reconstruction history know too well. "And all sorts of lies
+went North about us," says the Captain, "the Radicals and their paid
+allies sending them; and sometimes, good people writing about things they
+did not understand or knew by hearsay only. I stopped reading Northern
+papers for a long time--they made me mad. The 'Tribune's' false accounts
+of the Ellenton Riot exasperated me beyond endurance. It got its story
+from a Yankee schoolmarm who got it from a negro woman. I was so
+aggravated that I sat down and wrote Whitelaw Reid my mind. I told him I
+had subscribed to the 'Tribune' for years, but now it was so partisan it
+could not tell the truth; its reports were not to be trusted and I could
+not stand it any longer; and he would oblige me by never sending me
+another copy; he could give the balance of my subscription to some
+charity. I directed his attention to the account of the Ellenton Riot in
+the 'New York Herald' and reminded him that the truth was as accessible to
+one paper as the other. Reid did not answer my letter except through an
+editorial dealing with mine and similar epistles." He said in part, to the
+best of the Captain's memory:
+
+"We have received indignant letters from the South in regard to recent
+articles in this paper. A prominent South Carolinian writes: 'I can't
+stand the "Tribune" any longer!' One party from Texas says: 'Stop that
+d----d paper!' Now, all this for reasons which can be explained in a few
+words. When the 'Tribune' is exposing Republican rascalities, the
+Southerners read it with pleasure. But when it exposes Democratic
+rascalities, they write: 'Stop that d----d paper!'"
+
+
+
+
+BATTLE FOR THE STATE HOUSE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX
+
+BATTLE FOR THE STATE-HOUSE
+
+
+South Carolina's first Governor under her second reconstruction was
+General R. K. Scott, of Ohio, ex-Freedmen's Bureau Chief. His successor
+was Franklin J. Moses, Jr., scalawag, licentiate and débauché, four years
+Speaker of the House, the "Robber Governor." Moses' successor was D. H.
+Chamberlain, a cultivated New Englander, who began his public career as
+Governor Scott's Attorney General. A feature of the Scott-Moses
+administration was a black army 96,000 strong, enrollment and equipment
+alone costing over a half-million dollars, $10,000 of which, on Moses'
+admission, went into his own pocket as commission on purchases. The
+State's few white companies were ordered to surrender arms and disband.
+
+The State House was refurnished on this scale: $5 clocks were replaced by
+$600 ones; $4 looking-glasses by $600 mirrors; $2 window curtains by $600
+to $1,500 ones; $4 benches by $200 sofas; $1 chairs by $60 chairs; $4
+tables by $80 tables; $10 desks, $175 desks; forty-cent spittoons, $14
+cuspidors, etc. Chandeliers cost $1,500 to $2,500 each. Each legislator
+was provided with Webster's Unabridged, a $25 calendar ink-stand, $10 gold
+pen; railroad passes and free use of the Western Union Telegraph were
+perquisites. As "Committee Rooms," forty bed-rooms were furnished each
+session; legislators going home, carried the furniture. At restaurant and
+bar, open day and night in the State House, legislators refreshed
+themselves and friends at State expense with delicacies, wines, liquors,
+cigars, stuffing pockets with the last. Orders for outside entertainments,
+given through bar and restaurant, were paid by the State. An incident of
+Radical rule: "Hell Hole Swamp," purchased by the Benevolent Land
+Commission as site for homes for homeless negroes. Another: Moses lost
+$1,000 on a horse race; next day the House of Representatives voted him
+$1,000 as "gratuity." The order on the Treasurer, signed by Moses as
+Speaker, to pay this "gratuity" to Moses is on file in Columbia.
+
+Bills made by officials and legislators and paid by the State, reveal a
+queer medley! Costly liquors, wines, cigars, baskets of champagne, hams,
+oysters, rice, flour, lard, coffee, tea, sugar, suspenders, linen-bosom
+shirts, cravats, collars, gloves (masculine and feminine, by the box),
+perfumes, bustles, corsets, palpitators, embroidered flannel, ginghams,
+silks, velvets, stockings, chignons, chemises, gowns, garters, fans, gold
+watches and chains, diamond finger-rings and ear-rings, Russia-leather
+work-boxes, hats, bonnets; in short, every article that can be worn by
+man, woman or infant; every article of furniture and house furnishing from
+a full parlour-set to a baby's swinging cradle; not omitting a $100
+metallic coffin.
+
+Penitentiary bills display in abundant quantities fine liquors, wines,
+delicacies and plain provisions; yet convicts nearly starved; bills for
+the coloured Orphan Asylum, under coloured General Senator Beverly Nash's
+direction, show silks, satins, corsets, kid gloves, all manners of
+delicacies and substantials for the table, yet it came out that orphans
+got at "breakfast, hominy, mackerel and bean coffee--no milk. At dinner, a
+little bacon or beef, cornbread and hominy, sometimes a little baker's
+bread; at supper, a slice of baker's bread and black molasses, each
+child dipping a slice into a saucer passed around." The State-paid
+gardener worked Senator Nash's garden; coal and wood bought "for the
+Asylum" was delivered at Senator Nash's; ditto lumber and other supplies.
+The matron sold dry goods and groceries. I have mentioned trifles. For big
+"steals" and "hauls," Railroads, Bond and Printing Ring swindles, consult
+the Fraud Reports.
+
+[Illustration: RADICAL MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
+
+These are the photographs of sixty-three members of the "reconstructed"
+Legislature of South Carolina. Fifty of them were Negroes or Mulattos;
+thirteen were white men. Of the twenty-two among them who could read and
+write only eight used the vernacular grammatically. Forty-one made their
+mark with the help of an amanuensis. Nineteen were taxpayers to an
+aggregate of $146.10. The other forty-four paid no taxes, and yet this
+body was empowered to levy on the white people of the state taxes
+amounting to $4,000,000.]
+
+The State University was negroised, adult white and black men
+matriculating for the express purpose; its scholastic standard was reduced
+below that of an academy. Attempt to negroise the Deaf and Dumb Asylum
+closed it. At the Insane Asylum the tact and humanity of Dr. J. F. Ensor,
+Superintendent, made the situation possible to whites.[23]
+
+South Carolinians beheld Franklin J. Moses, Jr., owner of the beautiful
+and historic Hampton-Preston home; at receptions and fêtes the carriages
+of a ring-streaked, striped and speckled host rolled up gaily to ancient
+gateways hitherto bars exclusive to all that was not aristocratic and
+refined. One-time serving-maids sat around little tables under the
+venerable trees and luxuriant vines and sipped wine in state. A Columbian
+tells me she used to receive a condescending bow from her whilom maid
+driving by in a fine landau. Another maid, driving in state past her
+ex-mistress's door, turned her head in shame and confusion. One maid
+visited her ex-mistress regularly, leaving her carriage a square or two
+off; was her old, respectful, affectionate self, and said these hours were
+her happiest. "I'se jes myse'f den." A citizen, wishing to aid his butler,
+secured letters of influence for him and sent him among rulers of the
+land. George returned: "Marster, I have associated with gentlemen all my
+life. I can't keep comp'ny with these folks. I'd rather stay with you, I
+don' care how poor we are."
+
+One night when Rev. William Martin's family were asleep, there came a
+knocking at the door. Miss Isabella Martin answered. Maum Letty stood
+outside weeping: "Miss Isabella, Robert's (her son) been killed. He went
+to a party at General Nash's an' dee all got to fightin'. I come to ax you
+to let me bring 'im here." Permission was given. A stream of negroes
+flowed in and out of the basement rooms where the dead was laid. And it
+was, "The General says this," "The General says that." Presently the
+General came. "Good morning, Beverly," said Miss Martin. "Good morning,
+Miss Isabella;" he had been a butler and had nice manners. "This is a sad
+business, Beverly." "Yes, Miss Isabella. It happened at my house, but I am
+not responsible. There was a party there; all got to fighting--you know
+how coloured people will do--and this happened." It is law for the coroner
+to see a corpse, where death has occurred from violence, before any
+removal or change is made. The coroner did not see Robert until noon.
+General Nash had gotten the body out of his house quickly as possible.
+
+Belles of Columbia were Misses Rollins, mulattoes or quadroons. Their
+drawing-room was called "Republican Headquarters." Thick carpets covered
+floors; handsome cabinets held costly bric-a-brac; a $1,000 piano stood in
+a corner; legislative documents bound in morocco reposed with big albums
+on expensive tables. Jewelers' and other shops poured treasures at Misses
+Rollins' feet. In their salon, mingling white and dusky statesmen wove the
+destinies of the old Commonwealth. Coloured courtezans swept into
+furniture emporiums, silk trains rustling in their wake, and gave orders
+for "committee rooms"; rode in fine carriages through the streets,
+stopped in front of this or that store; bareheaded white salesmen ran out
+to show goods or jewels. Judge M. (who went over to the Radicals for the
+loaves and fishes and ever afterward despised himself) was in Washington
+with a Black and Tan Committee, got drunk, and for a joke took a yellow
+demi-mondaine, a State official's wife, on his arm and carried her up to
+President and Mrs. Grant and introduced her at a Presidential reception.
+
+Black Speaker Elliott said ("Cincinnati Commercial," Sept. 6, 1876): "If
+Chamberlain is nominated, I shall vote for Hampton." A member of the
+Chamberlain Legislature tells me this is how the Chamberlain-Elliot split
+began. Mrs. Chamberlain was a beautiful woman, a perfect type of
+high-born, high-bred, Anglo-Saxon loveliness, noble in bearing, lily-like
+in fairness. She brought a Northern Governor, his wife, and other guests
+to the State House. They were standing near my informant in the "white
+part" of the House, when Elliott, black, thick-lipped, sprang down from
+the Speaker's chair, came forward and asked a gentleman in attendance for
+introduction. This gentleman spoke to Alice Chamberlain. The lily-white
+lady lifted her eyes toward Elliott, shivered slightly, and said: "No!"
+Elliott did not forgive that.
+
+If the incident were not on good authority, I should doubt it. At
+Chamberlain's receptions, the black and tan tide poured in and out of his
+doors; he entertained black legislators, and presumably Elliott, at
+dinners and suppers. But all men knew Chamberlain's rôle was repugnant to
+him and his exquisite wife. What she suffered during the hours of his
+political successes, who can tell? Tradition says she was cut to the quick
+when a black minister was called in by her husband to perform the last
+rites of the church over her child. Any white clergyman of the city would
+have responded on call. There were many to say Chamberlain turned to
+political account even so sacred a thing. Others to say that if white
+ministers had shown him scant attention he was right not to call upon
+them. And yet I cannot blame the white clergy for having stood aloof,
+courting no favours, of the foreigner who fraternised with and was one of
+the leaders of the State's spoilers, whether he was a spoiler himself or
+no.
+
+Governor Chamberlain was fitted for a better part than he had to play; he
+won sympathy and admiration of many good citizens. He was a gentleman; he
+desired to ally himself with gentlemen; and the connections into which
+ambition and the times forced him was one of the social tragedies of the
+period. He began his administration denouncing corruption within his own
+party and promising reforms. At first, he investigated and quieted race
+troubles, disbanding negro militia, and putting a stop to the drilling of
+negroes. He bestowed caustic criticisms on "negrophilists," which Elliott
+brought against him later. He was at war with his legislature; when that
+body elected W. J. Whipper, an ignorant negro gambler, and ex-Governor
+Moses to high judicial positions, he refused to commission them.
+
+Of that election he wrote General Grant: "It sends a thrill of horror
+through the State. It compels men of all parties who respect decency,
+virtue, or civilisation, to utter their loudest protests." He prophesied
+immediate "reorganization of the Democratic Party as the only means left,
+in the judgment of its members, for opposing solid and reliable front to
+this terrible _crevasse_ of misgovernment and public debauchery." There
+was then no Democratic party within the State; Democrats had been
+combining with better-class Republicans in compromise tickets. To an
+invitation from the New England Society of Charleston, to address them on
+"Forefathers' Day," he said: "If there was ever an hour when the spirit of
+the Puritans, the spirit of undying, unconquerable enmity and defiance to
+wrong ought to animate their sons, it is this hour, here, in South
+Carolina. The civilisation of the Puritan and the Cavalier, the Roundhead
+and the Huguenot, is in peril."
+
+A new campaign was at hand. Chamberlain's name was heard as leader of a
+new compromise ticket. He had performed services that seemed inspired by
+genuine regard for the old State and pride in her history. He was
+instrumental in having the Washington Light Infantry, of Charleston, at
+Bunker Hill Centennial, and bringing the Old Guard, of New York, and the
+Boston Light Infantry to Fort Moultrie's Centennial, when he presented a
+flag to the Washington Light Infantry and made a speech that pleased
+Carolinians mightily. He and Hampton spoke from the same platform and sat
+at the same banquet. He was alive to South Carolina's interest at the
+Centennial in Philadelphia. The State began to honour him in invitations
+to make addresses at college commencements and on other public occasions.
+
+A Democratic Convention in May came near nominating him. Another met in
+August. Between these he shook confidence in his sincerity. Yet men from
+the low country said: "Let's nominate him. He has tried to give honest
+government." Men from the up country: "He can not rule his party, his
+party may rule him." Men from the low country: "We cannot elect a straight
+ticket." Men from the up country: "We have voted compromise tickets the
+last time. We are not going to the polls unless we have a straight, clean
+white ticket." They sent for Hampton and nominated him. His campaign reads
+like a tale of the old Crusades. To his side came his men of war, General
+Butler, General Gary and Colonel Haskell. At his name the people lifted up
+their hearts in hope.
+
+Governor Chamberlain had denounced the rascalities of Elliott, Whipper's
+election in the list. He was nominated by the Blacks and Tans, on a ticket
+with R. H. Cleaves, mulatto; F. L. Cardoza, mulatto; Attorney General R.
+B. Elliott, black, etc. He walked into the convention arm in arm with
+Elliott. Soon he was calling for Federal troops to control elections,
+charging all racial disorders to whites; ruling harsh judgments against
+Red Shirts and Rifle Clubs; classing the Washington Light Infantry among
+disorderly bodies, though he had been worthily proud of this company when
+it held the place of honour in the Bunker Hill parade and, cheered to the
+echo, marched through Boston, carrying the battle-flag of Colonel William
+Washington of the Revolution.
+
+That was a picturesque campaign, when every county had its "Hampton Day,"
+and the Red Shirts rode, and ladies and children raised arches of bloom
+and scattered flowers in front of the old cavalry captain's curvetting
+steed. Barbecues were spread for coloured brethren, and engaging speakers
+tried to amuse, instruct and interest them.
+
+The Red Shirts, like the Ku Klux, sprang into existence almost as by
+accident. General Hampton was to speak at Anderson. The Saturday before
+Colonel R. W. Simpson proposed to the Pendleton Club the adoption of a
+badge, suggesting a red shirt as cheap and conspicuous. Pickens men caught
+up the idea. Red store supplies ran out and another club donned white
+ones. The three clubs numbered a body of three hundred or more stalwart,
+fine-looking men of the hill-country, who had nearly all seen service on
+battlefields, and who rode like centaurs. Preceded by the Pendleton Brass
+Band, they made an imposing procession at the Fair Grounds on the day of
+the speaking, and were greeted with ringing cheers. The band-wagon was
+red; red flags floated from it and from the heads of four horses in red
+trappings; the musicians wore red garments; instruments were wrapped in
+red. The effect was electrical. In marching and countermarching military
+tactics were employed with the effect of magnifying numbers to the eyes of
+the negroes, who had had no idea that so many white men were alive.
+
+The red shirt uniform idea spread; a great red-shirted army sprang into
+existence and was on hand at public meetings to see that speakers of the
+White Man's Party had equal hearing with the Black Republicans. The Red
+Shirts rode openly by day and by night, and where they wound their scarlet
+ways women and children felt new sense of security. Many under its
+protection were negroes. Hampton strove hard to win the negro vote. He had
+been one of the first after the war to urge qualified suffrage for them.
+In public speeches he declared that, if elected, he would be "the governor
+of all the people of South Carolina, white and black." He got a large
+black vote. Years after, when he lay dying, friends bending to catch his
+last words, heard him murmur: "God bless my people, white and black!"
+
+Mrs. Henry Martin tells me of some fearful days following the pleasant
+ones when her father, Professor Holmes, entertained the Old Guard in his
+garden among the roses and oleanders. "One night, my brother, after seeing
+a young lady home from a party, was returning along King Street with Mr.
+Evaugh, when they encountered a crowd of negro rowdies and ran into a
+store and under a counter. The negroes threw cobble-stones--the street was
+in process of paving--on them. My brother was brought home in a wagon.
+When our mother removed his shirt, the skin came wholly from his back with
+it; he lived several years, but never fully recovered from his injuries.
+My father cautioned us to stoop and crawl in passing the window on the
+stairway to his room. In other houses, people were stooping and crawling
+as they passed windows; a shadow on a curtain was a target for a rock or a
+bullet. Black women were in arms, carrying axes or hatchets in their hands
+hanging down at their sides, their aprons or dresses half-concealing the
+weapons." "There are 80,000 black men in the State who can use Winchesters
+and 200,000 black women who can light a torch and use a knife," said
+"Daddy Cain," ex-Congressman and candidate for reëlection, in his paper,
+"The Missionary Record," July, 1876, and in addressing a large negro
+gathering, when Rev. Mr. Adams said, "Amen!"
+
+Northern papers were full of the Hamburg and Ellenton riots, some blaming
+whites, some blacks, some distributing blame impartially. Facts at Cainhoy
+blazed out the truth about that place, at least. The whites, unarmed
+except for pistols which everybody carried then, were holding peaceable
+meeting when fired into from ambush by negroes with muskets, who chased
+them, continuing to fire. A youth of eighteen fell, with thirty-three
+buckshot in him; another, dying, wrote his mother that he had been giving
+no trouble. A carpenter and a shoemaker from Massachusetts, and an aged
+crippled gentleman were victims.
+
+"Kill them! Kill them all! Dis town is ours!" Old Charlestonians recall
+hearing a hoarse cry like this from negro throats (Sept. 6, 1876), recall
+seeing Mr. Milton Buckner killed while trying to protect negroes from
+negroes. They recall another night of unforgettable horror, when stillness
+was almost as awful as tumult; frightened blacks were in-doors, but how
+long would they remain so? Rifle Clubs were protecting a meeting of black
+Democrats. Not a footfall was heard on the streets; not a sound broke the
+stillness save the chiming of St. Michael's bells. Women and children and
+old men listened for the alarm that might ring out any moment that the
+negroes had risen _en masse_ for slaughter. They thanked God when
+presently a sound of careless footsteps, of talk and laughter, broke upon
+the night; the Rifle Club men were returning in peace to their firesides.
+
+General Hunt, U. S. A., reported on the Charleston riot, November, 1876,
+when white men, going quietly to places of business, were molested by
+blacks, and young Ellicott Walker was killed. The morning after the
+election General Hunt "walked through the city and saw numbers of negroes
+assembled at corners of Meeting and Broad Streets," and was convinced
+there would be trouble, "though there was nothing in the manner of the
+whites gathered about the bulletin board to provoke it." Surgeon De Witt,
+U. S. A., told him "things looked bad on King and other streets where
+negroes insisted on pushing ladies off the sidewalks."
+
+When Walker was killed, and the real trouble began, General Hunt hurried
+to the Station House; the Marshal asked him for assistance; reports came
+in that negroes were tearing up trees and fences, assailing whites, and
+demanding arms of the police. General Hunt found at the Station House "a
+number of gentlemen, young and old," who offered aid. Marshal Wallace
+said, "But these are seditious Rifle Clubs." Said General Hunt, "They are
+gentlemen whom I can trust and I am glad to have them." Pending arrival of
+his troops, he placed them at the Marshal's disposal. The general relates:
+"They fell in with his forces; as I was giving instructions, he
+interposed, saying the matter was in his hands. He then started off. I
+heard that police were firing upon and bayonetting quiet white people. My
+troops arrived and additional white armed citizens. One of the civil
+authorities said it was essential the latter be sent home. I declined
+sending these armed men on the streets, and directed them to take position
+behind my troops and remain there, which direction they obeyed
+implicitly."
+
+With the Mayor and other Radical leaders General Hunt held conference; the
+negro police was aggravating the trouble, he proposed that his troops
+patrol streets; the mayor objected. "Why cannot the negroes be prevailed
+upon to go quietly home?" the General asked. "A negro has as much right to
+be on the streets armed as a white man." "But I am not here to discuss
+abstract rights. A bloody encounter is imminent. These negroes can be sent
+home without difficulty by you, their leaders." "You should be able to
+guarantee whites against the negroes, if you can guarantee negroes against
+the whites." "The cases are different. I have no control over the blacks
+through their reason or intelligence. They have been taught that a
+Democratic victory will remand them to slavery. Their excited fears,
+however unfounded, are beyond my control. You, their leaders, can quiet
+and send them home. The city's safety is at stake." The Mayor said he must
+direct General Hunt's troops; Hunt said he was in command. The Mayor wired
+Chamberlain to disband the Rifle Clubs "which were causing all the
+mischief." Hunt soon received orders to report at Washington.
+
+"Hampton is elected!" the people rejoiced. "Chamberlain is elected!" the
+Radicals cried, and disputed returns. The Radical Returning Board threw
+out the Democratic vote in Laurens and Edgefield and made the House
+Radical. The State Supreme Court (Republican) ordered the Board to issue
+certificates to the Democratic members from these counties. The Board
+refused; the Court threw the Board in jail; the United States Court
+released the Board. The Supreme Court issued certificates to these
+members. November 28, 1876, Democrats organised in Carolina Hall, W. H.
+Wallace, Speaker; Radicals in the State House, with E. W. Mackey, Speaker,
+and counting in eight Radical members from Laurens and Edgefield. The
+Democratic House sent a message to the Radical Senate in the State House
+that it was ready for business. Senate took no notice. On Chamberlain's
+call upon President Grant, General Ruger was in Columbia with a Federal
+regiment.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTHERN CROSS
+
+General Hampton, while Governor, built this, his residence, with his own
+hands and with the assistance of his faithful negroes. The men in the
+picture, from left to right, are: Hon. LeRoy F. Youmans, General Hampton,
+Judge McIver, Hon. Joseph D. Pope, General James McGowan.
+
+Photograph by Reckling & Sons, Columbia, S. C.]
+
+November 29, the Wallace House marched to the State House, members from
+Edgefield and Laurens in front. A closed door, guarded by United States
+troops, confronted them. J. C. Sheppard, Edgefield, began to read from the
+State House steps a protest, addressed to the crowd around the building
+and to the Nation. The Radicals, fearful of its effect, gave hurried
+consent to admission. Each representative was asked for his pistol and
+handed it over. At the Hall of Representatives, another closed and guarded
+door confronted them. They saw that they had been tricked and quietly
+returned to Carolina Hall.
+
+The people were deeply incensed. General Hampton was in town, doing his
+mightiest to keep popular indignation in bounds. He held public
+correspondence with General Ruger, who did not relish the charge that he
+was excluding the State's representatives from the State House and
+promised that the Wallace House should not be barred from the outer door,
+over which he had control. But its members knew they took their lives in
+their hands when they started for the Hall. A committee or advance guard
+of seven passed Ruger's guard at the outer door. Col. W. S. Simpson (now
+President of the Board of Directors of Clemson College), who was one of
+the seven, tells me:
+
+"On the first floor was drawn up a regiment of United States troops with
+fixed bayonets; all outside doors were guarded by troops. Upstairs in the
+large lobby was a crowd of negro roughs. Committee-rooms were filled with
+Chamberlain's State constables. General Dennis, from New Orleans, a
+character of unsavoury note, with a small army of assistants, was
+Doorkeeper of the Hall. Within the Hall, the Mackey House, with one
+hundred or more sergeants-at-arms, was assembled, waiting Mackey's arrival
+to go into session." The seven dashed upstairs and for the door of the
+Hall. The doorkeepers, lolling in the lobby, rushed between them and the
+door and formed in line; committee presented certificates; doorkeepers
+refused to open the door.
+
+"Come, men, let's get at it!" cried Col. Alex. Haskell, seizing the
+doorkeeper in front of him. Each man followed his example; a struggle
+began; the door parted in the middle; Col. Simpson, third to slip through,
+describes the Mackey House, "negroes chiefly, every man on his feet,
+staring at us with eyes big as saucers, mouths open, and nearly scared to
+death." Meanwhile, the door, lifted off its hinges, fell with a crash. The
+full Democratic House marched in, headed by Speaker Wallace, who took
+possession of the Speaker's chair. Members of his House took seats on the
+right of the aisle, negroes giving way and taking seats on the left.
+
+Speaker Wallace raised the gavel and called the House to order. Speaker
+Mackey entered, marched up and ordered Speaker Wallace to vacate the
+chair. Speaker Wallace directed his sergeant-at-arms to escort Mr. Mackey
+to the floor where he belonged. Speaker Mackey directed his
+sergeant-at-arms to perform that office for General Wallace. Each
+sergeant-at-arms made feints. Speaker Mackey took another chair on the
+stand and called the House to order. There was bedlam, with two Speakers,
+two clerks, two legislative bodies, trying to conduct business
+simultaneously! The "lockout" lasted four days and nights. Democrats were
+practically prisoners, daring not go out, lest they might not get in.
+Radicals stayed in with them, individual members coming and going as they
+listed, a few at a time.
+
+The first day, Democrats had no dinner or supper; no fire on their side of
+the House, and the weather bitterly cold. Through nights, negroes sang,
+danced and kept up wild junketings. The third night Democrats received
+blankets through windows; meals came thus from friends outside; and fruit,
+of which they made pyramids on their desks. Two negroes came over from the
+Mackey side; converts were welcomed joyously, and apples, oranges and
+bananas divided. The opposition was enraged at defection; shouting,
+yelling and rowdyism broke out anew. Both sides were armed. The House on
+the left and the House on the right were constantly springing to their
+feet, glaring at each other, hands on pistols. Wallace sat in his place,
+calm and undismayed; Mackey in his, brave enough to compel admiration;
+more than once he ran over to the Speaker's stand, next to the Democratic
+side, and held down his head to receive bullets he was sure were coming.
+Yet between these armed camps, small human kindnesses and courtesies went
+on; and they joined in laughter at the comedy of their positions. Between
+Speakers, though, there was war to the knife, there was also common bond
+of misery.
+
+The third afternoon Democrats learned that their massacre was planned for
+that night. Negro roughs were congregating in the building; the Hunkidory
+Club, a noted gang of black desperadoes, were coming up from Charleston. A
+body of assassins were to be introduced into the gallery overlooking the
+floor of the Hall; here, even a small band could make short work its own
+way of any differences below. Chamberlain informed Mackey; Mackey informed
+Wallace. Hampton learned of the conspiracy through Ruger; he said: "If
+such a thing is carried out, I cannot insure the safety of your command,
+nor the life of a negro in the State." The city seethed with repressed
+anxiety and excitement. Telegrams and runners were sent out; streets
+filled with newcomers, some in red shirts, some in old Confederate
+uniforms with trousers stuffed in boots, canteens slung over shoulders.
+Hampton's soldiers had come.
+
+Twenty young men of Columbia contrived, through General Ruger, it is said,
+to get into the gallery, thirty into the Hall, the former armed with
+sledge-hammers to break open doors at first intimation of collision. The
+Hook and Ladder Company prepared to scale the walls. The train bringing
+the Hunkidory Club broke down in a swamp, aided possibly by some
+peace-loving agency. The crowding of Red Shirt and Rifle Clubs into the
+city took effect. The night passed in intense anxiety, but in safety. Next
+day, Speaker Wallace read notification that at noon the Democrats, by
+order of President Grant, would be ejected by Federal troops if, before
+that time, they had not vacated the State House; in obedience to the
+Federal Government, he and the other Democratic members would go,
+protesting, however, against this Federal usurpation of authority. He
+adjourned the House to meet immediately in Carolina Hall. Blankets on
+their shoulders, they marched out. A tremendous crowd was waiting. Far as
+the eye could reach, Main Street was a mass of men, quiet and apparently
+unarmed.
+
+I have heard one of Hampton's old captains tell how things were outside
+the State House. "The young men of Columbia were fully armed. Clerks in
+our office had arms stowed away in desks and all around the rooms; we were
+ready to grab them and rush on the streets at a moment's notice. It was
+worse than war times. We had two cannon, loaded with chips of iron,
+concealed in buildings, and trained on the State House windows and to rake
+the street. We marched to the State House in a body. General Hampton had
+gone inside. He had told us not to follow him. He and General Butler, his
+aide, had been doing everything to keep us quiet. He knew we had come to
+Columbia to fight if need be. 'I will tell you,' he said, 'when it is time
+to fight. You have made me your governor, and, by Heaven, I will be your
+governor!' Again and again he promised that. Usually, we obeyed him like
+lambs. But we followed him to the State House.
+
+"Federal troops were stationed at the door. What right had they there? It
+was our State House! Why could roughs and toughs and the motley crowd of
+earth go in, on a pass from Doorkeeper Dennis, a Northern rascal imported
+by way of New Orleans, while we, the State's own sons and taxpayers, could
+not enter? We pressed forward. We were told not to. We did not heed. We
+were ready not to heed even the crossed bayonets of the guard. Things are
+very serious when they reach that pass. The guard in blue used the utmost
+patience. Federal soldiers were in sympathy with us. Colonel Bomford,[24]
+their officer, ran up the State House steps, shouting: 'General Hampton!
+General Hampton! For God's sake come down and send your men back!' In an
+instant General Hampton was on the steps, calmly waving back the
+multitude: 'All of you go back up the street. I told you not to come here.
+Do not come into collision with the Federal troops. I advise all, white
+and black, who care for the public welfare to go home quietly. You have
+elected me your Governor, and by the eternal God, I will be your Governor!
+Trust me for that! Now, go back!' We obeyed like children. On the other
+side of the State House a man ran frantically waving his hat and shouting:
+'Go back! go back! General Hampton says go back!' This man was ex-Governor
+Scott, who a few years before had raised a black army for the intimidation
+and subjugation of South Carolina!"
+
+The Wallace House sat, until final adjournment, in South Carolina Hall,
+the Mackey House in the State House. Governor Chamberlain, with the town
+full of Rifle Clubs supposed to be thirsting for his gore, rode back and
+forth in his open carriage to the State House and occupied the executive
+offices there, refusing to resign them to General Hampton. He was
+inaugurated inside the "Bayonet House"; General Hampton in the open
+streets. General Hampton conducted the business of the State in two
+office-rooms furnished with Spartan simplicity. The Wallace House said to
+the people: "Pay to tax collectors appointed by Governor Hampton, ten per
+cent of the tax rate you have been paying Governor Chamberlain's tax
+collectors, and we will run your Government on it." So the people paid
+their tax to Hampton's collectors and to no others. Without money, the
+Chamberlain Government fell to pieces.
+
+Northern sentiment had undergone change. Tourists had spread far and wide
+the fame of Black and Tan Legislatures. Mr. Pike, of Maine, had written
+"The Prostrate State." In tableaux before a great mass-meeting and
+torchlight procession in New York, South Carolina had appeared kneeling in
+chains before the Goddess of Liberty. The North was protesting against
+misuse of Federal power in the South. General Sherman said: "I have always
+tried to save our soldiers from the dirty work. I have always thought it
+wrong to bolster up weak State Governments by our troops." "Let the South
+alone!" was the cry. One of Grant's last messages reflected this temper.
+President Hayes was exhibiting a spirit the South had not counted on. He
+sent for Hampton and Chamberlain to confer with him in Washington. The old
+hero's journey to the National Capital and back was an ovation. Soon after
+his return, Chamberlain resigned the keys and offices of the State House.
+Chamberlain was bitter and felt that the Federal Government had played him
+false.
+
+With Governor Nicholls established in Louisiana and Governor Hampton in
+South Carolina, the battle between the carpet-baggers and the native
+Southerners for their State Houses was over. The Federal soldiers packed
+up joyfully, and the Southerners cheered their departure.
+
+Louisiana had been engaged in a struggle very similar to South Carolina's.
+For three months she had two governors, two legislatures, two Supreme
+Courts. Again and again was her Capitol in a state of siege. Once two
+Republican parties faced each other in battle array for its possession--as
+two Republican parties had faced each other in Little Rock contending for
+Arkansas's Capitol. One morning, Louisianians woke to find the entrance
+commanded by United States Artillery posted on the "Midnight Order" of a
+drunken United States District Judge. Once a thousand negroes, impressed
+as soldiers, lived within the walls, eating, drinking, sleeping, until the
+place became unspeakably filthy and small-pox broke out. More than once
+for its possession there was warfare on the levees, bloodshed in
+barricaded streets. Once the citizens were marching joyfully to its
+occupation past the United States Custom House, and the United States
+soldiers crowded the windows, waved their caps and cheered. Once members
+were ejected by Federal force; Colonel de Trobriand regretting that he had
+the work to do and the Louisianans bearing him no grudge; it was, "Pardon
+me, gentlemen, I must put you out." "Pardon us, that we give you the
+trouble."
+
+These corrupt governments had glamours. Officials had money to burn. New
+Orleans was like another Monte Carlo for one while. Gambling parlours
+stood open to women and minors. Then was its twenty-five-year charter
+granted the Louisiana State Lottery. At a garden party in Washington not
+long ago, a Justice of the Supreme Court said in response to some question
+I put: "It would take the pen of a Zola to describe reconstruction in
+Louisiana! It is so dark a chapter in our national history, I do not like
+to think of it." A Zola might base a great novel on that life and death
+struggle between politicians and races in the land of cotton and sugar
+plantations, the swamps and bayous and the mighty Mississippi, where the
+Carpet-Bag Governments had a standing army, of blacks chiefly, with
+cavalry, infantry, artillery, and navy of warships going up and down
+waterways; where prominent citizens were arrested on blank warrants,
+carried long distances, held for months; where women and children listened
+for the tramp, tramp, of black soldiers on piazzas, the crash of a musket
+on the door, the demand for the master or son of the house!
+
+Dixie after the war is a mine for the romancer, historian, ethnologist.
+Never before in any age or place did such conditions exist. The sudden
+investiture of the uncivilised slave with full-fledged citizenship wrought
+tragedy and comedy not ready to Homer's, Shakespeare's or Cervantes's pen.
+The strange and curious race-madness of the American Republic will be a
+study for centuries to come. That madness took a child-race out of a warm
+cradle, threw it into the ocean of politics--the stormiest and most
+treacherous we have known--and bade it swim for its own life and the life
+of the nation!
+
+
+
+
+CRIME AGAINST WOMANHOOD
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI
+
+CRIME AGAINST WOMANHOOD
+
+
+The rapist is a product of the reconstruction period. In the beginning he
+commanded observation North less by reason of what he did than by reason
+of what was done unto him. His chrysalis was a uniform; as a soldier he
+could force his way into private homes, bullying and insulting white
+women; he was often commissioned to tasks involving these things. He came
+into life in the abnormal atmosphere of a time rife with discussions of
+social equality theories, contentions for coeducation and intermarriage.
+
+General Weitzel, resigning his command, wrote from La Fourche and La Teche
+to Butler in New Orleans: "I can not command these negro regiments. Women
+and children are in terror. It is heartrending."[25] General Halleck
+wrote, April, 1865, to General Grant of a negro corps: "A number of cases
+of atrocious rape by these men have already occurred. Their influence on
+the coloured people is reported bad. I hope you will remove it." Similar
+reports were made by other Federal officers. Governor Perry, of South
+Carolina, says: "I continued remonstrances to Secretary Seward on the
+employment of negro troops, gave detail of their atrocious conduct. At
+Newberry ... (Crozier's story). At Anderson, they protected and carried
+off a negro who had wantonly murdered his master. At Greenville, they
+knocked down citizens in the streets without slightest provocation. At
+Pocotaligo, they entered a gentleman's house, and after tying him,
+violated the ladies." Mr. Seward wrote that Northern sentiment was
+sensitive about negro troops. When Governor Perry handed Generals Meade
+and Gillmore the Pocotaligo report, General Meade said he was opposed to
+negro troops and was trying to rid the army of them, but had to exercise
+great caution not to offend Northern sentiment. General Gillmore had some
+offenders executed. Federal commanders largely relieved the South of black
+troops, but carpet-bag officials restored them in the form of militia.
+
+I have told elsewhere Crozier's story. Let me contrast his slayers with a
+son of industry it was my honour to know, Uncle Dick, my father's
+coachman. During the war, when my father had occasion to send a large sum
+in gold coin through the country, Uncle Dick carried it belted around his
+body under his shirt. My father's ward was attending the Southern Female
+College in Danville when the President and his Cabinet, fleeing from
+Richmond, reached that place. Knowing that Danville might become a
+fighting center, Mr. Williams T. Davis, Principal, wrote my father to send
+for Sue. The way to reach Danville was by private conveyance, seventy
+miles or more. Uncle Dick, mounted high on his carriage-box, a
+white-headed, black-faced knight-errant of chivalry, set forth. Nobody
+knew where the armies were. He might have to cut his horses loose from his
+carriage, mount Sue on one, himself take the other, and bring her through
+the forest. In due time the carriage rolled into our yard, Uncle Dick
+proud and happy on his box, Sue inside wrapped in rugs, sound asleep, for
+it was midnight. That is the way we could trust our black men.
+
+The following account by an ex-Confederate captain shows how General
+Schofield handled a case of the crime which is now under discussion: "A
+young white girl on her way to Sunday School was attacked by a negro;
+'attempted' assault, the family said; it is usually put that way;
+'consummated' nails the victim to a stake. Our people were in a state of
+terror; they seemed paralysed; they were inured to dispossession and
+outrage. No one seemed to know what to do. I picked up several young men
+and trailed down the ruffian. Then I sent a letter to General Schofield
+(with whom I had some acquaintance, as we had met each other hunting),
+asking instructions. He sent two detectives and a file of soldiers,
+requesting that I call for further assistance if occasion demanded. I
+wrote full statement of facts, had the girl's testimony taken in private;
+evidence was laid before General Schofield; the negro was sent to the
+penitentiary for eighteen years. The promptness of his action inspired
+people here with hope. We had no Ku Klux in Virginia--one reason, I have
+always thought, was the swiftness with which punishment was meted out in
+that case."
+
+I have, as I believe, from Judge Lynch himself particulars of another case
+in which, the law being inactive, citizens took justice into their own
+hands:
+
+"Two young girls, daughters of a worthy German settler, were out to bring
+up cows, when attacked by a negro tramp; they ran screaming, but were
+overtaken; he seized the older; the younger, about ten years old,
+continued to run. Some passers on the nearest road, a private and lonely
+one, rushed to the relief of the older girl, who was making such outcry as
+she could. We found her prostrate, the negro having her pinioned with one
+knee on either arm. His jack-knife open, was held between his teeth, and
+he was stuffing his handkerchief in her mouth to stifle her cries. We
+rescued her, took him prisoner, carried him to the nearest magistrate, a
+carpet-bag politician, who committed him to jail to await the action of
+the grand jury. He made his escape a few days afterward, was recaptured
+and relodged in jail. Ten days later a band was organised among
+respectable citizens in and around our town; a Northern settler was a
+member. One detachment set out about dark for the rendezvous where they
+met a score more of resolute, armed men, some with masks, some without.
+They effected entrance into the jail, but their way was arrested when they
+found the prisoner in a casemated cell, which other negroes readily
+pointed out, one offering a lamp; a railroad section hand procured
+crow-bars with which the casemate was crushed in; the prisoner was taken
+in charge. He stood mute; seemed calm and unmoved; was put in a close
+carriage, the purpose being to drive him to the exact spot of his crime,
+but it coming on day, the company thought best to execute him at once. He
+was placed upon a mule; a rope attached to his neck was tied to the limb
+of a tree about ten feet above. The leader now learned of an intention to
+riddle his body with bullets when the drop occurred. Each member had
+pledged obedience to orders; each had been pledged to take no liquor for
+hours before, or during this expedition--pledges so far rigidly observed.
+The leader addressed them: 'We are here to avenge outrage on a helpless
+child, and to let it be well known that such crime shall not go unpunished
+in this community. But mutilation of this fiend's remains will be a
+reflection upon ourselves and not a dispensation of justice.'
+
+"The negro, seeing his end surely at hand, broke down, pleading for mercy;
+confessed that he had appreciated in advance the great peril in which his
+crime might place him, but had argued that, as a stranger, he would not be
+liable to identification, and that as the country was thickly wooded, he
+was sure of escape. 'But, fo' Gawd, gent'mun, ef a white man f'om de Norf
+hadn't put't in my hade dat a white 'oman warn' none too good fuh--'
+
+"Word was given, and he dropped into eternity. It was broad daylight when
+the party got back to town. They overtook several negro men going to work
+who knew full well what they had been about. But there was no sign of
+protest or demur. The Commonwealth's Attorney made efforts to ascertain
+the perpetrators of the deed, but as the company entered the town and jail
+so quietly and left it with so little disturbance that only one person in
+the village had knowledge of their coming and going, no one was discovered
+who could name a single member of the party or who had any idea of whence
+they came or whither they went. So of course no indictment could be
+found." This was in 1870; since then till now no similar crime has
+occurred in that community. Within the circumscribed radius of its
+influence, lynching seems to eradicate the evil for which administered.
+
+The moderation marking this execution has not always accompanied lynching.
+Reading accounts of unnecessary tortures inflicted, of very orgies of
+vengeance, people remote from the scenes, Southerners no less than others,
+have shuddered with disgust, and trembled with concern for the dignity of
+their own race. Only people on the spot, writhing under the agony of
+provocation, comprehended the fury of response to the crime of crimes.
+Vigilants meant to make their awful vengeance effective deterrent to the
+crime's repetition. No other crime offers such problems to relatives and
+officers of justice and to the people among whom it occurs; it is so
+outside of civilisation that there seem no terms for dispassionate
+discussion, no fine adjustment of civil trial and legal penalty.
+
+Listen to this out of the depths of one Southern woman's experience: "I
+stood once with other friends, who were trying to nurse her back to life
+and reason, by the bedside of a girl--a beautiful, gentle, high-born
+creature--who had been outraged. We were using all the skill and tact and
+tenderness at our command. It seemed impossible for her to have one hour's
+peaceful sleep. She would start from slumber with a shriek, look at us
+with dilated eyes, then clutch us and beg for help. But the most
+unspeakable pity of it all was her loathing for her own body; her prayers
+that she might die and her body be burned to ashes. I heard her physician
+say to an officer who came to take her deposition: 'I would be signing
+that girl's death warrant if I let you in there to make her tell that
+horrible story over again.' When a grim group came with some negroes they
+wanted to bring before her for identification, her brothers and her lover
+said: 'Only over our dead bodies.'"
+
+Lynching is inexcusable, even for this crime, which is comparable to no
+other, and to which murder is a trifle. So we may coolly argue when the
+blow has not fallen upon ourselves or at our own door. When it has, we
+think there's a wolf abroad and we have lambs. Those to whom the wrecked
+woman is dear are quiveringly alive to her irreparable wrong. The victim
+has rights, they argue; if, unhappily for herself, she survive the
+outrage, she is entitled to what poor remnants of reason may be left her;
+it is naturally their whole care to preserve her from memories that sear
+and craze, and from rehearsal before even the most private tribunal, of
+events that the merciful, even if not of her blood, must wish her to
+forget. Under such strain, men see as the one thing imperative the prompt
+and informal removal from existence of the offender, whom they look upon,
+not as man, but beast or fiend.
+
+The "poor white" is the most frequent sufferer from assault; the wife of
+the small farmer attending household duties in her isolated home while her
+husband is in the fields or otherwise absent about his work; or the small
+farmer's daughter when she goes to the spring for water, or to the meadow
+for the cows, or trudges a lonely road or pathway to school; these are
+more convenient material than the lady of larger means and higher station,
+who is more rarely unattended. In cases on record the ravished and slain
+were children, five, six, eight years old; in others, mothers with babies
+at their breasts, and the babies were slain with the mothers. Here is a
+case cited by Judge M. L. Dawson: A negro raped and slew a farmer's
+five-year-old child. Arrested, tried, convicted, appealed, sentence
+reversed, reappealed (on insanity plea); people took him out and hung him.
+
+In full-volumed indignation over lynching, the usual course of the
+Northern press was to almost lose sight of the crime provoking it. It was
+a minor fact that a woman was violated, that her skull was crushed or that
+she sustained other injuries from which she died or which made her a wreck
+for life--particulars too trivial to be noted by moulders of public
+opinion writing eloquent essays on "Crime in the South." Picking up a
+paper with this glaring headline, one would have a right to expect some
+outburst of indignation over the ravishment and butchering of womanhood.
+But there would be editorial after editorial rife with invectives against
+lynching and lynchers, righteous with indignation over "lawlessness in the
+South," and not one word of sympathy or pity for the white victim of negro
+lust! The fact that there was such a victim seemed lost sight of; the
+crime for which the negro was executed would often escape everything but
+bare mention, sometimes that. What deductions were negroes to draw from
+such distinctions, except that lynching was monstrous crime, rape an
+affair of little moment, and strenuous objection to it only one feature of
+damnable "Race Prejudice in the South"?
+
+"They do not care, the men and women of the North," I have heard a
+Southern girl exclaim, "if we are raped. They do not care that we are
+prisoners of fear, that we fear to take a ramble in the woods alone, fear
+to go about the farms on necessary duties, fear to sit in our houses
+alone; fear, if we live in cities, to go alone on the streets at hours
+when a woman is safe anywhere in Boston or New York."
+
+From the Northern attitude as reflected in the press and in the pulpit,
+negroes drew their own conclusions. Violation of a white woman was no
+harm; indeed, as a leveler of social distinctions, it might almost be
+construed into an act of grace. The way to become a hero in the eyes of
+the white North and to win the crown of martyrdom for oneself and new
+outbursts of sympathy for one's race was to assault a white woman of the
+South. This crime was a development of a period when the negro was
+dominated by political, religious and social advisers from the North and
+by the attitude of the Northern press and pulpit. It was practically
+unknown in wartime, when negroes were left on plantations as protectors
+and guardians of white women and children.
+
+"There was only one case,[26] as far as the writer can ascertain, of the
+negro's crime against womanhood during all the days of slavery," said
+Professor Stratton in the "North American Review" a few years ago, "while
+his fidelity and simple discharge of duty during the Civil War when the
+white men were away fighting against his liberty have challenged the
+admiration of the world; but since he has been made free, his increase in
+crime and immorality has gone side by side with his educational
+advancement--and even in greater ratio." The Professor gave figures, as
+others have done, which proved his case, if figures can prove anything.
+Considered with reference to the crime under discussion, it is difficult
+to see how purely intellectual training tends to its increase, if there is
+any truth in the doctrine that brain development effects a reduction of
+animal propensities. Only in moral education, however, rests any real
+security for conduct. Negroes educated and negroes uneducated, in a
+technical sense, have committed this crime.[27]
+
+The rapist is not to be taken as literal index to race character; he is an
+excrescence of the times; his crime is a horror that must be wiped out for
+the honour of the land, the security of womanhood, the credit of our
+negro citizenhood. The weapon for its destruction is in the hands of
+Afro-Americans; overwhelming sentiment on their part would put an end to
+it; they should be the last to stand for the rapist's protection; rather
+should they say to him: "You are none of us!" They should be quick to aid
+in his arrest, identification and deliverance to the law. Such attitude
+would be more effective than any other one force that can be brought to
+bear upon this crime and that of lynching. I chronicle here as worthy of
+record, that in June, 1870, William Stimson, rapist, was tried before a
+negro jury, convicted on negro evidence, and hung November 4. This
+happened in North Carolina during negro rule.
+
+The negro guilty of this hideous offense has committed against his race a
+worse crime than lynching can ever be. By the brutish few the many are
+judged--particularly when the many in vociferous condemnation of the
+penalty visited upon the criminal seem to condone his awful iniquity
+against themselves. Black men who have been and will be womanhood's
+protectors outnumber the beasts who wear like skins as many thousands to
+one; and it is not fair to themselves that they pursue any course, utter
+any sentiment, which causes them to be classed in any way whatever with
+these. Black men are seeing this and are setting their faces towards
+stamping out the crime which causes lynching. Utterances from some of
+their pulpits and resolutions passed by some of their religious bodies
+indicate this.
+
+The occurrence of rapes, lynchings and burnings in the North and West has
+had beneficial influence upon the question at large. It has led white
+people of other sections to understand in some degree the Southern
+situation and to express condemnation of the crime that leads to lynching.
+The attitude of the Northern press has undergone great change in recent
+years, change effective for reform, in that while lynching is as severely
+under the ban as ever--which it should be--the companion crime goes with
+it. Southern sentiment is against lynching; I recall seven
+governors--Aycock of North Carolina, Montague of Virginia, Heyward of
+South Carolina, Candler and Terrell of Georgia, Jelks of Alabama, Vardaman
+of Mississippi--who have so placed themselves conspicuously on record. All
+our newspapers have done so, I believe, from the "Times-Dispatch" of
+Richmond, the Charlotte "Observer," the "Constitution" and the "Journal"
+of Atlanta, the "State" of Columbia, the Charleston "News-Courier," the
+Savannah "News," to the "Times-Democrat" of New Orleans, and "Times-Union"
+of Jacksonville.
+
+One hope and promise of the new constitutions with which Southern States
+lately replaced the Black and Tan instruments is the eradication of this
+method of procedure. Soon after Virginia adopted hers, three negro rapists
+in that State received legal trial and conviction and not over hasty
+execution. On motion of District Attorney E. C. Goode, reprieve was
+granted after conviction that a case in Mecklenburg might be looked into
+more fully. Such deliberation has not been exceeded--if, indeed, it has
+been equaled--north of Mason & Dixon's line. But as long as rapes are
+committed, so long will there be danger of lynchings, not only in the
+South, but anywhere else. In the presence of this worse than savage crime
+the white race suffers reversion to savagery.
+
+
+
+
+RACE PREJUDICE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII
+
+RACE PREJUDICE
+
+
+As late as 1890, Senator Ingalls said: "The use of the torch and dagger is
+advised. I deplore it, but as God is my judge, I say that no people on
+this earth have ever submitted to the wrongs and injustice which have been
+put upon the coloured men of the South without revolt and bloodshed."
+Others spoke of the negro's use of torch and sword as his only way to
+right himself in the South. When prominent men in Congressional and
+legislative halls and small stump speakers everywhere fulminated such
+sentiments, the marvel would have been if race prejudice had not come to
+birth and growth. Good men, whose homes were safe, and who in heat of
+oratory or passion for place, forgot that other men's homes were not, had
+no realisation of the effect of their words upon Southern households,
+where inmates lay down at night trembling lest they wake in flames or with
+black men shooting or knifing them.
+
+But for a rooted and grounded sympathy and affection between the races
+that fierce and newly awakened prejudice could not kill, the Sepoy
+massacres of India would have been duplicated in the South in the sixties
+and seventies. Under slavery, the black race held the heart of the white
+South in its hands. Second only in authority to the white mother on a
+Southern plantation, was the black mammy; hoary-headed white men and
+women, young men and maidens and little children, rendered her reverence
+and love. Little negroes and little white children grew up together,
+playing together and forming ties of affection equal to almost any
+strain. The servant was dependent upon his master, the master upon his
+servant. Neither could afford to disregard the well-being of the other. No
+class of labour on earth today is as well cared for as were the negroes of
+the Old South. Age was pensioned, infancy sheltered. There was a state of
+mutual trust and confidence between employer and employee that has been
+seen nowhere else and at no time since between capital and labour.
+
+Had the negro remained a few centuries longer the white man's dependant,
+often an inmate of his home, and his close associate on terms not raising
+questions and conflicts, his development would have proceeded. Through the
+processes of slavery, the negro was peaceably evolving, as agriculturist,
+shepherd, blacksmith, mechanic, master and mistress of domestic science,
+towards citizenship--inevitable when he should be ready for it;
+citizenship all the saner, because those who were training him were
+unconscious of what they were doing and contemplated making no political
+use of him. They were intent only on his industrial and moral education.
+His evolution was set back by emancipation.
+
+Yet, if destruction of race identity is advancement, the negro will
+advance. The education which he began to receive with other Greek gifts of
+freedom has taught him to despise his skin, to loath his race identity, to
+sacrifice all native dignity and nobility in crazy antics to become a
+white man. "Social equality!" those words are to be his doom. It is a pity
+that the phrase was ever coined. It is not to say that one is better than
+the other when we say of larks and robins, doves and crows, eagles and
+sparrows, that they do not flock together. They are different rather than
+unequal. Difference does not, of itself, imply inequality. To ignore a
+difference inherent in nature is a crime against nature and is punished
+accordingly by nature.
+
+The negro race in America is to be wiped out by the dual process of
+elimination and absorption. The negro will not be eliminated as was the
+Indian--though the way a whole settlement of blacks was made to move on a
+few years ago in Illinois, looks as if history might repeat itself in
+special instances. Between lynchings and race riots in the North and West
+and those in the South there has usually been this difference: in the
+former, popular fury included entire settlements, punishing the innocent
+with the guilty; in the latter, it limited itself to the actual criminal.
+Another difference between sectional race problems. I was in New York
+during Subway construction when a strike was threatened, and overheard two
+gentlemen on the elevated road discussing the situation: "The company
+talks of bringing the blacks up here." "If they do, the tunnel will run
+blood! These whites will never suffer the blacks to take their work." I
+thought, "And negroes have had a monopoly of the South's industries and
+have scorned it!" I thought of jealous white toilers in the slime of the
+tunnel; and of Dixie's greening and golden fields, of swinging hoes and
+shining scythes and the songs of her black peasantry. And I thought of her
+stalwart black peasants again when I walked through sweat-shops and saw
+bent, wizened, white slaves.
+
+The elimination of the negro will be in ratio to the reduction of his
+potentiality as an industrial factor. Evolutionary processes reject
+whatever has served its use. History shows the white man as the exponent
+of evolution. There were once more Indians here than there are now
+negroes. Yet the Indian has almost disappeared from the land that belonged
+to him when a little handful of palefaces came and found him in their
+way. Had he been of use, convertible into a labourer, he would have been
+retained; he was not so convertible, and other disposition was made of him
+while we sent to Africa for what was required. The climate of the North
+did not agree with the negro; he was not a profitable labourer; he
+disappeared. He was a satisfactory labourer South; he throve and
+multiplied. He is not now a satisfactory labourer in any locality. What is
+the conclusion if we judge the white man's future by his past?
+
+The white man does not need the negro as _littérateur_, statesman,
+ornament to society. Of these he has enough and to spare, and seeks to
+reduce surplus. What he needs is agricultural labour. The red man would
+not till the soil, and the red man went; if the black man will not,
+perhaps the yellow man will. Sporadic instances of exceptional negroid
+attainments may interest the white man--in circumscribed circle--for a
+time. But the deep claim, the strong claim, the commanding claim would be
+that the negro filled a want not otherwise supplied, that the negro could
+and would do for him that which he cannot well do for himself--for
+instance, work the rice and cotton lands where the negro thrives and the
+white man dies.
+
+The American negro is passing. The mulatto, quadroon, octoroon, strike the
+first notes in the octave of his evolution--or his decadence, or
+extinction, or whatever you may call it. The black negro is rare North and
+South. Negroes go North, white Northerners come South. In States
+sanctioning intermarriage, irregular connections obtain as elsewhere
+between white men and black women; and, in addition, between black men and
+white women of most degraded type or foreigners who are without the saving
+American race prejudice. Recent exposure of the "White Slave Syndicate" in
+New York which kidnapped white girls for negro bagnios, is fresh in the
+public mind.
+
+Under slavery many negroes learned to value and to practice virtue; many
+value and practice it now; but the freedwoman has been on the whole less
+chaste than the bond. With emancipation the race suffered relapse in this
+as in other respects. The South did not do her whole duty in teaching
+chastity to the savage, though making more patient, persistent and heroic
+struggle than accredited with. The charge that under slavery miscegenation
+was the result of compulsion on the part of the superior race finds answer
+in its continuance since. Because he was white, the crying sin was the
+white man's, but it is just to remember that the heaviest part of the
+white racial burden was the African woman, of strong sex instincts and
+devoid of a sexual conscience, at the white man's door, in the white man's
+dwelling.[28]
+
+In 1900, negroes constituted 20.4 per cent. of the population of Texas,
+the lowest rate for the Southern States; in Mississippi, 58.6, the
+highest. In Massachusetts, they were less than two per cent. Questions of
+social intermingling can not be of such practical and poignant concern to
+Massachusetts as to Mississippi, where amalgamation would result in a
+population of mulatto degenerates. Prohibitions are protective to both
+races. Fortunately, miscegenation proceeds most slowly in the sections of
+negro concentration, the sugar and cotton lands of the lower South. In
+these, it is also said, there is lower percentage of negro crime of all
+kinds than where negroes are of lighter hue.
+
+Thinkers of both races have declared amalgamation an improbable,
+undesirable conclusion of the race question; that it would be a
+propagation of the vices of both races and the virtues of neither. In a
+letter (March 30, 1865) to the Louisville "Courier-Journal," recently
+reproduced in "The Outlook," Mr. Beecher said: "I do not think it wise
+that whites and blacks should mix blood ... it is to be discouraged on
+grounds of humanity." Senator Ingalls said: "Fred Douglas once said to me:
+'The races will blend, coalesce, and become homogeneous.' I do not agree
+with him. There is no affinity between the races; this solution is
+impossible.... There is no blood-poison so fatal as the adulteration of
+race."
+
+At the Southern Educational Conference in Columbia, 1905, Mr. Abbott, in
+one of the clearest, frankest speeches yet heard from our Northern
+brotherhood, declared the thinking North and South now one upon these
+points: the sections were equally responsible for slavery; the South
+fought, not to perpetuate slavery, but on an issue "that had its beginning
+before the adoption of the Federal Constitution;" racial integrity should
+be preserved. In one of the broadest, sanest discussions of the negro
+problem to which the American public has been treated, Professor Eliot, of
+Harvard, has said recently: "Northern and Southern opinion are identical
+with regard to keeping the races pure--that is, without admixture of the
+one with the other ... inasmuch as the negroes hold the same view, this
+supposed danger of mutual racial impairment ought not to have much
+influence on practical measures. Admixture of the two races, so far as it
+proceeds, will be, as it has been, chiefly the result of sexual vice on
+the part of white men; it will not be a wide-spread evil, and it will not
+be advocated as a policy or method by anybody worthy of consideration."
+
+"It will not be a wide-spread evil!" The truth stares us in the face.
+Except in the lower South the black negro is now almost a curiosity. In
+any negro gathering the gamut of colour runs from ginger-cake to white
+rivaling the Anglo-Saxon's; and according as he is more white, the negro
+esteems himself more honourable than his blacker fellow; though these
+gradations in colour which link him with the white man, were he to judge
+himself by the white man's standard, would be, generally speaking, badges
+of bastardy and shame.
+
+In Florida, a tourist remarked to an orange-woman: "They say Southerners
+do not believe in intermingling of the races. But look at all these
+half-white coons!" "Well, Marster," she answered, "don't you give Southern
+folks too much credit fuh dat. Rich Yankees in de winter-time; crap uh
+white nigger babies in de fall. Fus' war we all had down here, mighty big
+crap uh yaller babies come up. Arter de war 'bout Cuba, 'nother big crap
+come 'long. Nigger gal ain' nuvver gwi have a black chile ef she kin git a
+white one!" Blanch, my negro hand-maiden, is comely, well-formed, black;
+the descendant of a series of honest marriages, yet feels herself at a
+disadvantage with quadroons and octoroons not nearly her equals in point
+of good looks or principle. "I'd give five hundred dollars ef I had it, ef
+my ha'r was straight," she tells me with pathetic earnestness; and "I wish
+I had been born white!" is her almost heart-broken moan.[29] She would
+rather be a mulatto bastard than the black product of honest wedlock.
+
+The integrity of the races depends largely upon the virtue of white men
+and black women; also, it rests _on the negroid side upon the aspiration
+to become white_, acknowledgment in itself of inferiority and
+self-loathing. The average negress will accept, invite, with every wile
+she may, the purely animal attention of a "no-count white man" in
+preference to marriage with a black. The average mulatto of either sex
+considers union with a black degradation. The rainbow of promise spanning
+this gloomy vista is the claim that the noble minority of black women who
+value virtue is on the increase as the race, in self-elevation, recognises
+more and more the demands of civilisation upon character, and that dignity
+of racehood which will not be ashamed of its own skin or covet the skin of
+another. The virtuous black woman is the Deborah and the Miriam of her
+people. She is found least often in crowded cities, North and South; most
+often in Southern rural districts. Wherever found, she commands the white
+man's respect.
+
+Hope should rest secure in the white man. If the faith of his fathers, the
+flag of his fathers, the Union of his fathers, are worthy of preservation,
+is not the blood of his fathers a sacred trust also? Besides, before
+womanhood, whatever its colour or condition, however ready to yield or
+appeal to his grosser senses, the white man should throw the ægis of his
+manhood and his brotherhood.
+
+The recent framing of State Constitutions in the South to supersede the
+Black and Tan creations revived the charge of race prejudice because their
+suffrage restrictions would in great degree disfranchise the negro. As
+compared with discussion of any phase of the race issue some years ago,
+the spirit of comment was cool and fair. "The Outlook" led in justifying
+the South for protecting the franchise with moderate property and
+educational qualifications applying to both races, criticising, however,
+the provision for deciding upon educational fitness--a provision which
+Southerners admit needs amendment. One effect of these restrictions will
+be to stimulate the negro's efforts to acquire the necessary education or
+the necessary three hundred dollars' worth of property. Another effect
+will be decrease of the white farmer's scant supply of negro labour; this
+scarcity, in attracting white immigrants, provides antidote for
+Africanisation of the South.
+
+As to whether negro ownership of lands improves country or not, I will
+give a Northern view. I met in 1903 at the Jefferson Hotel in Richmond, a
+wealthy Chicagoan and his wife (originally from Massachusetts), who were
+looking for a holiday residence in Tidewater Virginia. They made various
+excursions with land agents, and one day reported discovery of their ideal
+in all respects but one. "The people around are ruining property by
+selling lands to negroes. A gentleman at whose house we stopped, a
+Northerner, had just bought, as he told us, at much inconvenience, a
+plantation adjoining his own to make sure it would not be cut up and sold
+by degrees to negroes." I hear Southern farmers in black belts say: "I had
+much rather have a quiet, orderly negro for neighbour than a troublesome
+white." But the fact remains that negro ownership of property reduces
+value of adjoining lands. Besides the social reason, the average negro
+exhausts and does not improve lands.
+
+"Why don't the negroes live up North?" one is asked; "they go up there and
+make a little money and come back and buy lands."
+
+"Land is cheap here. It is almost beyond their reach there. The climate
+here appeals. Then, this is home." Thus I answered in 1902, in Southside,
+Virginia. After further travel, I amend: Negroes do not wish to work for
+white land-owners; they wish to remain in the South or to return to the
+South, as land-owners. They are acquiring considerable property. But,
+generally speaking, they are thinning out. One may journey miles along
+Southern railroads and see but few in fields where once were thousands. In
+Northern cities and pleasure resorts negroes increase. The race problem is
+broadening, changing territory.
+
+The daughter of an Ohioan gave me a glimpse of this changing base.
+"Columbus negroes--those born there or who came there long ago, are very
+different from Southern negroes. They will have nothing to do with the
+negroes coming direct. The Southern negroes have nice, deferential
+manners; the Northern negroes hate them for it. Columbus negroes--why,
+they will push white ladies off the streets!" In a New York store in 1904,
+I observed two negresses in a crowd near a window where articles of
+baggage were on check. They pushed their way to the front and demanded
+belongings without the courteous "please" which any Southerner, or which
+Northern gentlefolks, would have used; the young white girl in charge--it
+was a hot day and she looked faint--was doing her cheerful best to meet
+the noon rush, but was not quick enough for the coloured persons; they
+hurried and reproved her; as she turned about within, confused by their
+descriptions and commands, they exclaimed: "That's it! Right befo' you!
+Don't you see that case right there? What a fool!" She never thought of
+resenting; came up humbly, loaded with their property, glad to have found
+it. Their manners would have scandalised a black aristocrat of the Old
+South.
+
+We cannot afford to wrong this race as we wronged the Indian. We must aid
+the negro's advancement in the right direction. But we should not
+discriminate against the white race. Educational doors are open to the
+negro throughout the land; the South is rich in noble institutions of
+learning for him; in black belts Southerners are paying more to educate
+black children than white. In black belts, in white belts, in the
+mountains, white children are put into fields and factories when they
+ought to be going to school. Educational odds are against the white
+children. In regard to schools of manual training, to limit the negro to
+these and these to the negro is to put a stigma on manual labor in the
+eyes of white youth and to continue the negro's monopoly of a field which
+he does not appreciate. We should do more educationally for the white
+child and not less for the negro. The negro pays small percentage of the
+Southern educational tax and enjoys full benefits. The negro needs to
+realize that if the white man owes him a debt, he owes the white man one;
+and that he cannot safely despise the school of service in house and field
+which white people from Europe and yellow people from the Orient are eager
+to enter.
+
+I would close no door of opportunity to the negro. But I must say my
+affection is for the negro of the old order. I owe reverence to the memory
+of a black mammy and a debt to negroes generally for much kindness. The
+real negro I like, the poet of the veldt and jungle, the singer in field
+and forest, the tiller of the soil, the shepherd of the flocks, the
+herdsman of the cattle, the happy, soft-voiced, light-footed servitor. The
+negro who is a half-cut white man is not a negro, and it can be no offense
+to the race to say that he is unattractive when compared with the dear old
+darkey of Dixie who was worth a million of him! At Fort Mill, S. C., hard
+by a monument to a forgotten people, the Catawba Indians, stands a
+monument to the "Faithful Slaves of the Confederacy," type of a memorial
+many hearts yet hold. The new negro, in reaching out for higher and
+better things than the old attained, will be wise not to sacrifice those
+qualities which told in his ancestor in spite of all shortcomings.
+
+The one true plane of equalisation is that of mutual service, each race
+doing for the other all it can. The old negro and the white man stood more
+surely on this plane than do their descendants, yet not more surely than
+all must wish their descendants to stand. My regard for the negro, my
+pride in what he has really accomplished under the hammering of
+civilisation, call, in his behalf, for a race pride and reserve in him
+which shall match the Anglo-Saxon's. There are negroes who have it and who
+deplore efforts placing them in the position of postulants for a social
+intermingling which they do not consider essential to their dignity or
+happiness.[30] Between blacks and whites South we constantly see race
+pride maintained on one side as on the other while humanities are observed
+in manifold exchanges of kindness and courtesy that make a bond of
+brotherhood.[30] Whatever position the white Southerner takes
+theoretically on manufactured race issues, he will usually fight rather
+than see his inoffensive black neighbour or employe maltreated; his black
+neighbour or employe will often do as much for him. This attitude is
+sometimes an expression of the clan habit surviving the destruction of
+clan-life (old plantation-life in which the white man was Chief and his
+negroes his clansmen); also, it exists in the recognition of a common bond
+of humanity more than skin deep. Upon this rock the future may be
+builded.[30] As a useful, industrious, citizen, the negro is his own
+argument and advocate.[30]
+
+
+
+
+MEMORIAL DAY
+
+
+Daughters of all the South! Sons of all the South! We, your own old
+soldiers, pause a moment this day in our march and facing to the front,
+touching eternity on our right, we stand erect before you as if on dress
+parade. We know that the day of our personal presence has passed its noon,
+but we would cast no shadow upon the land we leave to you and yours, nor
+raise one barrier to your full possession of local and national rights. We
+are but the living Color Guard of the great army of your Southern fathers,
+and their history and honor are safely in your keeping. The war flag of
+precious memory waves peacefully above us, and we ask you for our sakes,
+and its own sake, to love it forever. The Star-spangled Banner of our
+country waves over all of us and over all our States and people,
+commanding the respect of every nation. Let it never be dishonored. With
+the feeling of pride that we are Confederate soldiers, we salute you, not
+by presenting arms, but with the salutations of our beating hearts. And
+now we will march on, march forward in column: and, as we go you will hear
+from us the echo of the angels' song--Peace on earth, good will to
+men.--_From an address by General Clement A. Evans, Commander of the
+Georgia Division, U. C. V., Memorial Day, 1905, Atlanta, Ga._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII
+
+MEMORIAL DAY AND DECORATION DAY. CONFEDERATE SOCIETIES
+
+
+Peculiar interest attaches to the inauguration of Memorial Day in
+Richmond, in 1866, when Northerners, watching Southerners cover the graves
+of their dead with flowers, went afterwards and did likewise, thus
+borrowing of us their "Decoration Day" and with it a custom we gladly
+share with them.[31] In Hollywood and Oakwood slept some 36,000 Southern
+soldiers, representing every Confederate State. On April 19, Oakwood
+Memorial Association "was founded by a little band in the old Third
+Presbyterian Church, after prayer by Rev. Dr. Proctor." The morning of May
+10 a crowd gathered in St. John's Church,[32] and after simple exercises
+led by Dr. Price and Dr. Norwood, "the procession, numbering five hundred
+people, walking two and two, their arms loaded with spring's sweetest
+flowers, walked out to Oakwood" and strewed with these the Confederate
+graves. May 3, the Hollywood Memorial Association was formed, and May 31
+was its first Memorial Day. The day before, an extraordinary procession
+wended its way to the cemetery.
+
+The young men of Richmond, the flower of the city, marched to Hollywood,
+armed with picks and spades, and numbering in their long line, moving with
+the swing of regulars, remnants of famous companies, whose gallantry had
+made them shining marks on many a desperate battlefield. "It was a
+striking scene," wrote a witness, "as the long line filed by, not as in
+days of yore when attired in gray and bearing the glittering muskets, they
+were wont to step to the strains of martial music while the Stars and Bars
+of the young Republic floated above them; but in citizens' garbs, bearing
+the peaceful implements of agriculture, performing a pilgrimage to the
+shrine of departed valour." It was symbolic. The South sought to honour
+her past in peaceful ways, and to repair by patient industry the ravages
+of war, wielding cheerfully weapons of progress to which her hands were as
+yet unaccustomed. As the soldier-citizens marched along, people old and
+young, by ones and twos and threes, or in organised bodies, fell into the
+ever-lengthening line. At the cemetery, the pick-and-spade bearers were
+divided into squads and companies, and under the direction of commanders,
+worked all day, raking off rubbish, rounding up graves, planting
+head-boards and otherwise bringing about order. Old men and little boys
+helped. Negroes faithful to the memory of dead friends and owners were
+there, busy as the whites in love's labour. Several men in Federal uniform
+lent brotherly hands. When the sun went down the place was transformed.
+That first fair Memorial Day looked as though it were both Sabbath and
+Saints' Day. Over or on doors of business houses was the legend, garlanded
+with flowers or framed in mourning drapery: "Closed in Honour of the
+Confederate Dead." Federal soldiers walking the quiet streets would pause
+and study these symbols of grief and reverence. Carloads of flowers
+poured into the city. Every part of the South in touch with Richmond by
+rail or wagon sent contribution. Grace Church was a floral depot; maids,
+matrons and children met there early to weave blossoms and greenery into
+stars, crosses, crowns and flags--their beloved Southern cross. Vehicles
+lent by express and hotel companies formed floral caravanseries moving
+towards the cemetery.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. REBECCA CALHOUN PICKENS BACON
+
+Daughter of Francis W. Pickens, the "Secession Governor" of South
+Carolina: organizer of the D. A. R. in her state.]
+
+Then, another procession wound its way to Hollywood, the military
+companies and the populace, flower-laden, and a long, long line of
+children, many orphans. There were few or no carriages. The people had
+none. Old and young walked. The soldiers' section was soon like one great
+garden of roses white and red; of gleaming lilies and magnolias; of all
+things sweet-scented, gay and beautiful. Scattered here and there like
+forget-me-nots over many a gallant sleeper was the blue badge in ribbon or
+blossom of the Richmond Blues. Thousands visited the green hillside where
+General Jeb Stuart lay, a simple wooden board marking the spot; his grave
+was a mound of flowers. From an improvised niche of evergreens,
+Valentine's life-like bust of the gay chevalier smiled upon old friends.
+No hero, great or lowly, was forgotten. What a tale of broken hearts and
+desolate homes far away the many graves told! Here had the Texas Ranger
+ended his march; here had brave lads from the Land of Flowers and all the
+States intervening bivouacked for a long, long night, from whose slumbers
+no bugle might wake them. What women and children standing in lonely
+doorways, hands shading their eyes, watched for the coming of these marked
+"Unknown"!
+
+Little Joe Davis' lonely grave was a shrine on which children heaped
+offerings as they marched past in procession, each dropping a flower,
+until one must thrust flowers aside to read the inscriptions that make of
+that tiny tomb a mile-stone in American history--"Joseph, Son of our
+Beloved President, Jefferson Davis," "Erected by the little boys and girls
+of the Southern Capital." As blossoms fell, the hearts of the
+flower-strewers beat tenderly for little Joe's father, then the Prisoner
+of Fortress Monroe, and for his troubled mother and her living children.
+
+In freedom to honour the Confederate dead by public parade, Virginia was
+more fortunate than North Carolina. In Raleigh, the people were not
+allowed to march in procession to the cemetery for five long years. Yet,
+even so, the old North State faithfully observed the custom of decorating
+her graves at fixed seasons, the people going out to the cemetery by twos
+and threes. Indeed, the claim has been made that Dixie's first Memorial
+Day was observed in Raleigh rather than in Richmond, and the story of it
+is too sad for telling. March 12, 1866, Mrs. Mary Williams wrote the
+"Columbus Times," of Georgia, a letter, from which I quote: "The ladies
+are engaged in ornamenting and improving that portion of the city cemetery
+sacred to the memory of our gallant Confederate dead.... We beg the
+assistance of the press and the ladies throughout the South to aid us in
+the effort to set apart a certain day to be observed, from the Potomac to
+the Rio Grande, and to be handed down through time as a religious custom
+of the South, in wreathing the graves of our martyred dead with flowers."
+All our cities, towns and hamlets shared in the honour of originating
+Memorial Day, for, throughout the fair land of Dixie, soon as flowers
+began to bloom, her people began to cover graves with them; and the North
+did likewise.
+
+In reading the recently published "History of the Confederated Memorial
+Associations of the South," I am newly impressed with the devotion of
+Southern women, their promptness, energy and resourcefulness in gathering
+from hillside and valley their scattered dead and providing marked and
+sheltered sepulture and monuments when there was so little money in their
+land. I am impressed, too, with the utter lack of sectional bitterness in
+this volume, which consists chiefly of unpretentious reports of work done.
+Here and there is a word of grateful acknowledgment to former foes for aid
+rendered. The simple records throb with a deep human interest to which the
+heart of the world might make response.
+
+At a meeting of the Atlanta Memorial Association, May 7, 1897, Mrs.
+Clement A. Evans offered a resolution providing for concert of action
+among State Associations on questions relating to objects and purposes in
+common. Before long, this movement was absorbed in a larger. One of the
+latest formed local associations was at Fayetteville, Arkansas, where
+war's end found "homes in ashes, farms waste places" and "every foot of
+soil, marked by contest, red with blood"; six long years of care and toil
+passed before the women found time for organised work. Yet from this body,
+not large in numbers nor rich in treasury, sprang the measures--Miss
+Garside (afterwards Mrs. Welch) suggesting--which resulted in the
+organisation, May 30, 1900, in the Galt House, Louisville, Kentucky, of
+the Confederated Southern Memorial Associations with Mrs. W. J. Behan, of
+New Orleans, President. In 1903, Mrs. Behan, in the name of the order,
+thanked Senator Foraker of Ohio for bringing before Congress a bill for an
+appropriation for marking Confederate graves in the North, a bill Congress
+passed without delay.
+
+As Ladies' Memorial Associations developed out of the war relief
+societies, so the United Daughters of the Confederacy grew out of
+Memorial Associations and Ladies' Auxiliaries to the United Confederate
+Veterans. Immediate initiative came from "Mother Goodlett," of Nashville,
+Tennessee, seconded by Mrs. L. H. Raines, of Savannah, the "Nashville
+American" aiding the movement by giving it great publicity; the U. D. C.
+was organized at Nashville in the fall of 1894. Of the United Confederate
+Veterans, a member of the Association tells me: "The Ku Klux--not the
+counterfeit, but the real Ku Klux working under the code of Forrest--was
+the Confederate soldier protecting his home and fireside in the only way
+possible to him. General Forrest disbanded the order; then, for purely
+memorial, historical, benevolent and social purposes, Confederate Veteran
+Camps came into existence, springing up here and there without concert of
+action; presently they united," the federation being effected in New
+Orleans, June 16, 1889, by representatives of about fifty camps, General
+John B. Gordon in command. There are now some 1,600 camps with 30,000
+members. Of about 300,000 Confederates at the end of the war, this 30,000
+is left--"the thin, gray line."
+
+When our veterans have gone North a-visiting, the North has been unsparing
+in honour and hospitality. Our old gray-jackets give some illustrations
+like this. Two, walking into a Boston fruit store, handed the dealer a
+five-dollar bill to be changed in payment of purchases, and received it
+back with the words: "It cannot pass here." A veteran laid down silver.
+"That is no good." Concerned lest all his money be counterfeit, the
+gray-jacket said to his comrade: "May be you have some good money." The
+comrade's wealth was refused; but in opening his purse, he revealed a
+Confederate note. "Now," said the smiling storekeeper, "if I could only
+change that into the same kind of money, it would pass. That's the only
+good money in Boston today."
+
+The object and influence of these Confederate orders are primarily
+"memorial and historical"; they occasionally transcend these--as when, for
+instance, a few years ago, U. C. V. camps passed resolutions condemning
+lynching. Their tendency is the reverse of keeping bitter sectional
+feeling alive. It is their duty and office to see to it that new
+generations shall not look upon Southern forefathers as "traitors," but as
+good men and true who fought valiantly for conscience's sake, even as did
+the good men and true of the North. While the Daughters of the American
+Revolution, a larger and richer body, are worthily engaged in rescuing
+Revolutionary history from oblivion, it is the no less patriotic care of
+the Confederate orders, whose members are active in Revolutionary work
+also, to preserve to the future landmarks and truths about the War of
+Secession. Upon Memorial Hall, New Orleans, the Confederate relic rooms at
+Columbia and Charleston; the "White House," Montgomery; the Mortuary
+Chapel, "Old Blandford," Petersburg; the Confederate Museum, Richmond;
+other relic rooms; and monuments and tablets scattered throughout the
+South; the work of the Confederate Memorial Literary Society; the Battle
+Abbey to be erected in Richmond for reception of historic treasures;--upon
+these must American historians rely for records of facts and for object
+lessons in relics that would have been lost but for the patient and
+faithful endeavours of these orders.
+
+Mrs. Joseph Thompson, in welcoming the Daughters of the American
+Revolution to Atlanta during the Exposition of 1895, commended in the name
+of the South, the "broadening and nationalising influence" of the order.
+To no other one agency harmonising the sections does our country owe more
+than to patriotic societies. In 1866, Northern and Southern women found
+their first bond of reunion in the Mount Vernon Association, which began
+in 1853, as a Southern movement, when the home and tomb of Washington were
+for sale and Ann Pamela Cunningham, of South Carolina, called upon
+America's women to save Mount Vernon, won Edward Everett to lecture for
+the cause, coaxed legislators, congressmen and John Washington to terms,
+and rested not until Mount Vernon belonged to the Nation; during the war
+it was the one spot where men of both armies met as brothers, stacking
+arms without the gates; Miss Cunningham held her regency, and Mrs. Eve, of
+Georgia, Mme. Le Vert and the other Southern Vice Regents continued on the
+Board with women of the North. In 1889, when the tomb of Washington's
+mother was advertised for sale, Margaret Hetzel, of Virginia, appealed
+successfully through the "Washington Post" to her countrywomen to save it
+to the Nation. The founders, in 1890, of the Daughters of the American
+Revolution were Eugenia Washington of Virginia, Mary Desha of Kentucky,
+Ellen Hardin Walworth of Virginia and Kentucky ancestry; a most active
+officer was Mary Virginia Ellett Cabell, of Virginia. The First Regent of
+the New York City Chapter was a Virginian, Mrs. Roger A. Pryor. Flora
+Adams Darling, widow of a Confederate officer, had a large hand in
+originating the order and founded that of the Daughters of the Revolution
+and the Daughters of the United States, 1812. The daughter of the
+Secession Governor of South Carolina, Mrs. Rebecca Calhoun Pickens Bacon,
+started the D. A. R. in her State, delivering seven flourishing chapters
+to the National society. The daughter of General Cook, C. S. A., Mrs.
+Lawson Peel, of Atlanta, is a power in D. A. R. work. The present
+National Regent, Mrs. Donald McLean, is a Marylander and, therefore, a
+Southerner, as Mrs. Adlai E. Stevenson, one of her predecessors, avowed
+herself to be in part if her Kentucky and Virginia ancestry counted. In no
+movement of patriotism, in no measures promoting good feeling, has the
+South been unrepresented.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. ROGER A PRYOR]
+
+"Mary, when I die, bury me in my Confederate uniform. I want to rise a
+Confederate." So said to his wife Dr. Hunter Maguire, the great
+Stonewall's Surgeon-in-Chief, a short time before his death. He was no
+less true to the living Union because he was faithful to the dead
+Confederacy. Visitors used to love to see General Lee at the Finals of
+Washington College in his full suit of Confederate gray; it became him to
+wear it in the midst of the draped flags and stacked arms, for while he
+was teaching our young men to love our united country and to reverence the
+Stars and Stripes, he did not want them to fail in reverence to the past.
+None can want us so to fail. Mrs. Lizzie George Henderson, President of
+the U. D. C., says in the "Confederate Veteran": "Wherever there is a
+chapter North or West, our Northern friends are so kind and help so much
+that it brings us closer together as one people."
+
+The thought of her who was "Daughter of the Confederacy" is inseparable
+from my text. One afternoon Matoaca and I called on Miss Mason at her
+quaint old house in Georgetown, D. C., a place of pilgrimage for patriotic
+Southerners. We sat on the little back porch which is on a level with Miss
+Emily's flower-garden, and she gave us tea in little old-fashioned cups,
+pouring it out of a little old-fashioned silver tea-pot that sat on a
+little old-fashioned table. She and Matoaca fell to talking about Mr.
+Davis.
+
+"I shall never forget him as I saw him first," said Miss Emily, "a young
+lieutenant in the United States Army, straight as an arrow, handsome and
+elegant. It was at the Governor's Mansion in Detroit; my young brother was
+Governor of Michigan, the State's first Executive; Lieutenant Davis was
+our guest; the Black Hawk War, in which he had greatly distinguished
+himself, was just ended, and he was bringing Black Hawk through the
+country. I was much impressed with the young Lieutenant. I watched his
+career with interest. I met him again when he was a member of President
+Pierce's Cabinet. He made a very able Secretary of War.
+
+"Strange how events turn, that it should have been Mr. Davis who sent
+General McClellan (then Colonel) and General Lee (then Colonel) to the
+Crimea to study the art of war as practised by the Russians. General
+McClellan's son, now Mayor of New York, has said that his father had ample
+opportunity to form unbiassed opinion of the Secretary, as he spent much
+time in Washington before and after his mission to Russia and was in close
+touch with Mr. Davis. He quoted his father as saying: 'Colonel Davis was a
+man of extraordinary ability. As an executive officer, he was remarkable.
+He was the best Secretary of War--and I use _best_ in its widest sense--I
+ever had anything to do with.'"
+
+"I like 'Little Mac' for saying that and his son for repeating it. 'Little
+Mac' fought us like a gentleman. When his son runs for the Presidency
+perhaps I shall urge everybody to vote for him," said Matoaca.
+
+"Unless a Southerner runs," I suggested.
+
+"Alas! When will a Southerner be President of the United States? I heard
+Mr. Davis make his famous speech bidding farewell to the Senate when
+Mississippi seceded. It was the most eloquent thing I ever listened to!
+All the women--and even men--were in tears. Senators went up to him and
+embraced him. I saw Mr. Davis in Richmond as President of the Confederacy.
+I saw him in prison; His Eminence, the Cardinal, secured me permission. He
+was very thin and feeble, but he rose in his old graceful manner and
+offered me his seat, a little wooden box beside his bed, a small iron one.
+The eyes of the guard were on us all the time. General Miles came and
+looked in. I asked Mr. Davis if I could do anything for him. He said he
+would like some reading matter. I had had some newspapers, but had not
+been permitted to bring them in. I was allowed to remain only a few
+moments.
+
+"I next saw him in Paris. I am so glad to have that memory of him. So many
+Southerners came abroad in those days. During reconstruction the
+procession seemed endless! While in Rome I introduced so many Southerners
+to Pope Pius IX. that His Holiness used to call me '_L'Ambassadrice du
+Sud_.' Mr. Davis was much fêted in France, as he had been in England.
+While he was at Mr. Mann's in Chantilly, Judah P. Benjamin came from
+London to see him. Mr. Benjamin was delightful company. I was at Mr.
+Charles Carroll's when Mr. Davis was entertained there. I recall one
+dinner when the Southern colony flocked around him in full force and
+played a game on him. You know of his wonderful memory and wide reading.
+We laid our heads together before he came in and studied up puzzling
+quotations to trip him. But the instant one of us would spring couplet,
+quatrain or epigram on him, he would answer with the author. He perceived
+our friendly conspiracy and entered merrily into the spirit of it. I alone
+tripped him--with something I had read in early childhood. I am glad to
+have this happy memory of Mr. Davis. Otherwise I should always be seeing
+him as he looked in prison."
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Davis came to Paris for their young daughter, Winnie, who was
+under Miss Emily's care. They had left her some years before at school in
+Carlsruhe. Knowing in the early part of 1881 that Miss Mason was
+travelling in Germany, they wrote her to bring Winnie to Paris, where the
+girl was to abide until their arrival, studying music and acquiring
+Parisian graces. When Miss Mason called at Carlsruhe, Winnie rushed into
+her arms joyously: "I am so glad," she cried, "to see someone from home!"
+
+She had many questions to ask; no sooner were they alone in their railway
+compartment than Winnie turned to Miss Mason: "At last I see a Southern
+woman! Now I can learn all that happened to my parents just after the war,
+when I was a baby. Miss Em, what did Papa do just after the war--just
+after Richmond fell? What happened to my papa then?" Miss Emily caught her
+breath! "Winnie, what your papa did not think best you should know, I must
+decline to tell you. You will soon see him in France." Winnie took small
+interest in acquiring Parisian graces. "Miss Em, what are papa's favourite
+songs?" Miss Mason sought faithfully to turn her attention to _chansons_
+of the day and to operatic airs in vogue. "But I am only going to sing to
+papa. I am going to the plantation--to Beauvoir. How shall I need to sing
+opera airs there? Tell me, dear Miss Em, the songs my father loves!"
+
+"When I met her father," Miss Mason says, "I ventured to question him
+concerning Winnie's ignorance of his prison life, expressing surprise that
+he had not claimed the sympathy of his child. 'I was unwilling to
+prejudice her,' he said, 'against the country to which she is now
+returning and which must be hers. I thought that but justice to the child.
+I want her to love her country.'"
+
+[Illustration: THE DAUGHTER OF THE CONFEDERACY
+
+Winnie (Varina Anne), youngest child of Jefferson Davis; born in Richmond,
+Va., June 27, 1864, and died at Narragansett Pier, R. I., September 18,
+1895. General John B. Gordon gave her the above title by which she was
+known.]
+
+Years later, in Georgia, Veterans gathered to hear her father speak,
+greeted Winnie's appearance with ringing cheers. General John B. Gordon,
+placing his hands on her shoulders as he drew her forward, said:
+"Comrades! here is our daughter, the Daughter of the Confederacy!" She
+lived much in the North and died there. An escort from the Grand Army of
+the Republic bore her remains from the hotel at Narragansett Pier to the
+railway station; in New York, a Guard of Honour from the Confederate
+Veterans and the Southern Society received her and brought her to
+Richmond, and Richmond took her own. North, South, East and West sent
+flowers to deck the bier of the Daughter of the Confederacy, and the North
+said: "Let us be brothers today in grief as we were only yesterday
+brothers-in-arms at Santiago."
+
+Men in blue followed Gordon, Fitzhugh Lee and Joe Wheeler to their graves;
+Joe Johnston and Buckner were Grant's pall-bearers. Our dead bind us
+together. The voices of Lee, our Beloved, Davis, our Martyr, Stephens, our
+Peacemaker, Grady, our Orator, of Hampton, Gordon and all their noble
+fellowship, have spoken for true Unionism; blending with theirs is the
+voice of Grant, in his last hours at McGregor, the voice of McKinley in
+Atlanta, the voice of Abraham Lincoln, as, just before his martyrdom, he
+stood pityingly amid the ruins of Richmond.
+
+When President McKinley declared that the Confederate as well as the
+Federal dead should be the Nation's care, he said the right word to "fire
+the Southern heart," albeit our women were not ready to yield to the
+government their holy office. The name of Charles Francis Adams, of
+Massachusetts, is a household word in the South because of his tributes to
+Lee when Virginia thought to place Lee's statue in Washington. The names
+of Col. W. H. Knauss, of Columbus, and W. H. Harrison, of Cincinnati, and
+of others of the North should be, for the pious pains they have taken to
+honour our dead who rest in Northern soil. In Oakwoods Cemetery, Chicago,
+stands the first Confederate Monument erected in the North; the Grand Army
+of the Republic, the Illinois National Guards, the City Troop, the Black
+Hussars, took part with the Confederate Veterans in its dedication. After
+Katie Cabell Currie, of Texas, and her aides had consecrated the historic
+battery given by the Government, the Guards paid tribute by musket and
+bugle to Americans who died prisoners at Camp Douglas. A sectional bond
+exists in the National Park Military Commission, on which Confederate
+Veterans serve with Grand Army men; General S. D. Lee, Commander-in-Chief
+of the U. C. V., is Chairman of the Vicksburg board of which General Fred
+Grant is a member. When Judge Wilson on behalf of Bates' Tennesseeans
+presented the Confederate Monument at Shiloh to the Commission, General
+Basil Duke accepted it in the name of the Nation.
+
+When President Roosevelt and Congress sent Dixie's captured battle-flags
+home, the Southern heart was fired anew. In all our history no more
+impressive reception was given to a President than when on his recent
+visit to Richmond, Mr. Roosevelt was conducted by a guard of Confederate
+Veterans in gray uniforms to our historic Capitol Square. In other
+Southern cities he found similar escort. Earlier, when he visited
+Louisville, a Confederate guard attended him, General Basil W. Duke, who
+followed Mr. Davis's fortunes so faithfully, being on conspicuous duty.
+
+True to her past, the South is not living in it. A wonderful future is
+before her. She is richer than was the whole United States at the
+beginning of the War of Secession; in a quarter of a century her cotton
+production has doubled, her manufactures quadrupled. In one decade, her
+farm property increased in value twenty-six per cent, her manufacturing
+output forty-seven; her farm products nearly one hundred. Her railroad and
+banking interests give as strong indications of her vigorous new life.
+Immigrants from East and West and North and over seas are seeking homes
+within her borders. The South is no decadent land, but a land where "the
+trees are hung with gold," a land of new orchards and vineyards and
+market-gardens; of luscious berries and melons; of wheat and corn and
+tobacco and much cattle and poultry; of tea-gardens; and rice and sugar
+plantations and of fields white with cotton for the clothing of the
+nations. She is the land of balm and bloom, of bird-songs, of the warm
+hand and the open door.
+
+I prefaced this book with words uttered by Jefferson Davis; I close with
+words uttered by Theodore Roosevelt, in Richmond, which read like their
+fulfilment:
+
+"Great though the meed of praise which is due the South for the soldierly
+valor her sons displayed during the four years of war, I think that even
+greater praise is due for what her people have accomplished in the forty
+years of peace which have followed.... For forty years the South has made
+not merely a courageous but at times a desperate struggle. Now, the
+teeming riches of mines and fields and factory attest the prosperity of
+those who are all the stronger because of the trials and struggles through
+which this prosperity has come. You stand loyally to your traditions and
+memories; you stand also loyally for our great common country of today and
+for our common flag."
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Abbeville, S. C., 56, 58, 61, 84.
+
+  Abbott, Ernest H., 396.
+
+  Abrahams, Captain, 61.
+
+  Adam's Run, 346.
+
+  Adams, Charles Francis, 417.
+
+  Adams, Lucy, 306.
+
+  Adams, Rev. Mr., 362.
+
+  Adger, Mr. Robert, 201.
+
+  Africa, 197, 311, 394, 395.
+
+  African Church, Old, Richmond, 202, 232, 241.
+
+  Agricultural College of Florida, 308.
+
+  Agricultural College, South Carolina, 180.
+
+  Agricultural Land Scrip, 307-308.
+
+  Aiken, ex-Governor William, 85.
+
+  Alabama, 62, 63, 180, 301, 333, 387.
+
+  Alabama Room, Confederate Museum, 220.
+
+  Albany, N. Y., 101.
+
+  "Albany Evening Journal," 160.
+
+  Alcorn, Gov. James Lusk, 317.
+
+  Alexandria, Va., 34.
+
+  Allen, Gov. Henry Watkins, of La., 260.
+
+  Ames, Senator Adelbert, 244.
+
+  Anderson, S. C., 365, 377.
+
+  Anderson, General Joseph, 32.
+
+  Anderson, Mary (Mrs. Navarro), 111.
+
+  Anderson, General Robert, 79.
+
+  Andrews, E. B., 250.
+
+  Appleton, Maj. William, 85.
+
+  Appleton, William H., 304.
+
+  Appomattox, 113.
+
+  Arkansas, 276, 372, 409.
+
+  "Armies of the Potomac and the Cumberland," 115.
+
+  Armistead Burt House, Abbeville, S. C., 56, 84.
+
+  Arthur, Prince, 111, 244.
+
+  Astor House, 135.
+
+  Athens (Ga.), "Maid of," 109.
+
+  Atlanta, Ga., 3, 12, 93, 96, 190, 192, 411, 417.
+
+  "Atlanta Constitution," The, 387.
+
+  "Atlanta Journal," The, 387.
+
+  Atlanta Memorial Association, 409.
+
+  Atlantic Monthly, 250, 278.
+
+  Augusta, Ga., 58, 60, 85, 114, 219.
+
+  Aycock, Governor Charles B., N. C., 387.
+
+
+  Bacon, Mrs. Rebecca Calhoun Pickens, 412.
+
+  Ball, Washington, 170.
+
+  Baltimore, Md., 101.
+
+  Baltimore Soc. for Liberal Education, etc., 303.
+
+  Bankrupt Law, 174-5.
+
+  Bannister, Anne, 109.
+
+  Bannister, Molly, 109.
+
+  Bartlett, General William Francis, 112.
+
+  Bates' Tennesseeans, 418.
+
+  Battle Abbey, The, 411.
+
+  Battle for State-House, 353.
+
+  Bayard, Captain, 139-140, 144.
+
+  Bayne, Dr., of Norfolk, 255, 258.
+
+  "Bayonet House," The, 370.
+
+  Bayou la Fourche, 179.
+
+  Beauregarde, General Pierre G. T., 160.
+
+  Beckwith, Bishop John Watrus, Ga., 304.
+
+  Beecher, Henry Ward, 79, 89.
+
+  Behan, Mrs. W. J., 409.
+
+  Bellows, Henry W., 89.
+
+  Benevolent Land Commission, 354.
+
+  Benjamin, Judah P., 60, 415.
+
+  Bernard, Meade, 327.
+
+  Betts, Mrs., of Halifax, 192.
+
+  Black, Colonel, 370.
+
+  Black Hawk, 414.
+
+  Black and Tan Assemblies, 249, 253, 320, 335, 360, 387, 398.
+
+  Black's and White's (Blackstone), 191.
+
+  Blaine, Jas. G., 210.
+
+  Blair, General Francis P., 127, 128.
+
+  Bland, Aunt Sally, 327.
+
+  Bolling, Tabb, 109.
+
+  Bomford, Colonel, 370.
+
+  Booth, J. Wilkes, 82, 89, 104.
+
+  Boston, 22, 313, 314, 320, 359, 360, 384, 410.
+
+  Boston Light Infantry, 359.
+
+  Boswell, Thomas W., 226.
+
+  Botts, John Minor, 226.
+
+  Bowery, The, 312.
+
+  Brazil, 157;
+    Emperor of, 158.
+
+  Breckinridge, General John Cabell, 60, 83.
+
+  Brown, General Orlando, 232.
+
+  Brown, John, R. I., 197.
+
+  Brown, Julius, 58.
+
+  Brown, W. E., 307.
+
+  Brown, William Garrott, 250.
+
+  Brownlow's Machine, Tennessee Legislature, 124, 128.
+
+  Brunswick, Va., 326, 331.
+
+  Bryan, Mary E., 110.
+
+  Buckner, Milton, 362.
+
+  Buena Vista, 49.
+
+  Bullock, Gov. Rufus B., Ga., 293.
+
+  Bunker Hill Centennial, 359, 360.
+
+  Burgess, J. W., 250.
+
+  Burns, W. A., Dallas, Sarah, 142.
+
+  Burton, General, 237, 239.
+
+  Butler, General B. F., 110, 134, 377.
+
+  Butler, General M. C., 161, 360, 369.
+
+  Butts and tissue ballots, 289, 290.
+
+
+  Cabaniss, Betty, 109.
+
+  Cabaniss, Henry, 58.
+
+  Cabell, Mary Virginia Ellett, 412.
+
+  Calhoun, Andrew P., 180.
+
+  Calhoun, Mrs. Andrew P., 180.
+
+  Calhoun, John C., 49, 180.
+
+  Calhoun, Patrick, 180.
+
+  Calhoun, Mayor, of Atlanta, 3, 96.
+
+  Campbell, Captain Given, 60.
+
+  Campbell, Col. John Allen, 259.
+
+  Campbell, Judge John A., 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 63, 78, 91, 92,
+        132.
+
+  Campbell, Sir George, 170.
+
+  Camp Douglas, Chicago, 418.
+
+  Camp Grant, 123, 155.
+
+  Canada, 39, 135, 219, 253.
+
+  Canby, General Edward R., 63;
+    and Mrs. Canby, 108.
+
+  Candler, Gov. Allen D., Ga., 387.
+
+  Capers, Bishop William, 201.
+
+  Capital, Last of Confederacy, 47.
+
+  Cardoza, F. L., 360.
+
+  Carolina Hall, 365, 369, 370.
+
+  Carolinas, The, 214.
+
+  Carrington, Mr., 125.
+
+  Carroll, Mr. Charles, 415.
+
+  Carroll, Mr., 329, 330.
+
+  Cary, Colonel, 155.
+
+  Casserly, Senator Eugene, 243, 244.
+
+  Castle Thunder, 29.
+
+  Catawba Indians, 401.
+
+  Centennial, The, Philadelphia, 359.
+
+  Chamberlain, Daniel H., 358, 360, 364, 365, 368, 370, 371.
+
+  Chamberlain, Mrs. Daniel H., 357.
+
+  Chamblee, Canada, 135.
+
+  Charleston, S. C., 78, 85, 155, 182, 241, 330, 341, 344, 359, 361, 368.
+
+  Charleston "News-Courier," 387.
+
+  Charlotte, N. C., 56, 57, 83, 84.
+
+  Charlotte "Observer," 387.
+
+  Chase, C. T., 308.
+
+  Chase, Salmon P., and his daughter, Kate, 108.
+
+  Chattanooga, Tenn., 58.
+
+  Chesnut, Mrs. James, 110.
+
+  Chew, Miss, 303.
+
+  Chicago, Ills., 22, 101, 313, 399;
+    Dedication Confederate Monument, 418;
+    Black Hussars, City Troop, Confederate Veterans, Illinois National
+        Guards, Grand Army of the Republic, 418.
+
+  "Chicago Times," 211.
+
+  Chilton, General, 20.
+
+  Chimborazo Hospital, 16, 17, 229.
+
+  Chittenden, Mr. L. E., 89.
+
+  Christian Commission, The, 78.
+
+  Christmas, Washington, 33.
+
+  Chubbuck, Rev. F. E., 135.
+
+  Churches:
+    in _Alabama_, 133-135;
+    _Canada_, Chamblee, 135;
+      Niagara, St. Mark's, 135;
+    _Louisiana_, New Orleans, Christ Church and other churches, 134-135;
+    _Mississippi_, Vicksburg, 134;
+    _Missouri_, Lexington, 135;
+    _S. Carolina_, Charleston, St. Michael's, 363;
+      Zion Presbyterian, 201;
+      Columbia Trinity, 202;
+      Washington St. M. E., 4, 201;
+      Hampton plantation Chapel, 202;
+      Plowden Weston Chapel, 202;
+    _Virginia_, Richmond, Churches of, 9, 132;
+      Grace, 407;
+      Dr. Hoge's, 9;
+      Northern Methodist Society, 108;
+      Old African Church, 202;
+      St. John's, 405;
+      St. Paul's, 9, 130, 222.
+
+  Cincinnati, 306, 418.
+
+  "Cincinnati Commercial," The, 357.
+
+  Citadel Cadets, Charleston, 58.
+
+  City Point, Va., 32, 41.
+
+  Clarke, Gov. Charles, of Mississippi, 92, 93.
+
+  Clarke, Ellen Meade, 120.
+
+  Clarke, Captain H. M., 61, 62.
+
+  Clay, Clement C., 84, 85.
+
+  Clay, Mrs. Clement C., 85, 94, 110.
+
+  Clay, Henry, 49.
+
+  Clayton sisters, the, 110.
+
+  Cleaves, R. H., 360.
+
+  Clemson College, 181, 366.
+
+  Cleveland's inauguration, President, 286.
+
+  Cleveland, O., 101.
+
+  "Clyde," The, 102.
+
+  Cobb, Howell, 129.
+
+  Cocke, Nannie, 109.
+
+  Colfax (Schuyler), Vice-President, 244.
+
+  Colfax Riot, La., 333.
+
+  Colquhoun, A. R., 395.
+
+  Columbia, "The State," 387.
+
+  Columbia, S. C., 3-6, 12, 16, 19, 84, 141, 155, 160, 201, 266, 273, 278,
+        354, 365, 369, 396, 411.
+
+  Columbia University (N. Y.) Studies, 250.
+
+  Columbus, Ohio, 101, 400, 418.
+
+  "Columbus Times," Ga., 408.
+
+  Confederacy, United Daughters of the, 409-410.
+
+  Confederate Army, 1.
+
+  Confederate Memorial Literary Society, 411.
+
+  Confederate Museum, Richmond, Va., 60, 126, 225, 411.
+
+  Confederate relic rooms, 411.
+
+  Confederate Scrap-book, Mrs. Lizzie Cary Daniel's, 126.
+
+  "Confederate Veteran," The, 413.
+
+  Confederate Veterans, The United, 410, 418.
+
+  Confederated Memorial Associations of the South, 409.
+
+  Cooper, Dr. George E., 237.
+
+  Council, W. H., 402.
+
+  Courtney, Major John, 83.
+
+  Cowardin, of "The Dispatch," 234.
+
+  Cowles, Patty, 109.
+
+  Craven, Dr. John J., 221, 224.
+
+  Crittendon, Mrs., 182.
+
+  Crockett, Carpet-Bagger, 316.
+
+  Crozier, Calvin S., 140-141, 377, 378.
+
+  Crump, W., 226.
+
+  Cuba, 20.
+
+  Culpeper, Va., 186.
+
+  Cummings, Father John A., 128.
+
+  Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 412.
+
+  Currie, Katie Cabell, 418.
+
+  Curry, Dr. J. L. M., 286.
+
+
+  "Daddy Cain," 362.
+
+  Dahlgren's fleet, 78, 79.
+
+  Dana, Charles A., 41, 103, 131.
+
+  Daniel's Confederate Scrap-Book, Miss Lizzie Cary, 126.
+
+  Danville, Va., 47, 50, 52, 54, 55, 150, 378.
+
+  Darling, Flora Adams, 412.
+
+  Daughters of the American Revolution, 411, 412.
+
+  Daughters of the Confederacy, 411.
+
+  Daughters of the Revolution, 412.
+
+  "Daughter of the Confederacy, The," Winnie Davis, 413, 416-417.
+
+  Daughters of the United States, 1812, 412.
+
+  Davenport, Isaac, 226.
+
+  Davis, Maj. B. K., 135.
+
+  Davis, Jefferson, 9, 32-34, 38, 47-57, 59-63, 72, 83-85, 90-91, 94-95,
+        101-104, 130, 132, 202, 219, 223-225, 233, 237, 239, 240, 241,
+        243, 413-418, 419.
+
+  Davis, Mrs. Jefferson, 57, 84, 102, 148, 159, 219, 220-222, 224-225,
+        229, 237, 408.
+
+  Davis, little Joe, 220, 407-8.
+
+  Davis, Winnie, 57, 95.
+
+  Davis, Williams T., 378.
+
+  Dawson, Judge M. L., 383.
+
+  Deaf and Dumb Asylum, S. C., 355.
+
+  Decoration Day, 405.
+
+  Delaware Firemen, 231.
+
+  Dennis, General, 366, 369.
+
+  Dents, The, 113, 282.
+
+  Derwent, Va., 159, 219.
+
+  Desha, Mary, 412.
+
+  Devens, General Charles, 344.
+
+  Devens' Division, First Brigade, 24, 25.
+
+  Devereaux, 111.
+
+  De Witt, Surgeon, 363.
+
+  Dismal Swamp, 330.
+
+  "Dixie" (the song), 43, 63.
+
+  Dodge, Maj.-Gen., 135.
+
+  Douglas, Frederick, 396.
+
+  Drane, Mrs., 169, 170.
+
+  Drummond, John, 326, 330.
+
+  Du Bose, Dudley, 275.
+
+  Du Bose, Mrs., 94.
+
+  Duke, General Basil W., 418.
+
+  Duke's Camp, General Basil, 61.
+
+  Dunning, W. A., 250.
+
+
+  Educational Fund, N. C., 307.
+
+  Education, Mississippi's Department of, 308.
+
+  Egypt, 157.
+
+  Elder, W. H., Bishop, of Natchez, Miss., 134.
+
+  El Dorado, S. C., 341, 346.
+
+  Eliot, Professor C. W., of Harvard, 396.
+
+  Elliott, Speaker, 357, 358, 360.
+
+  Elliott, General Stephen, 156.
+
+  Ellis, Rev. Rufus, 89.
+
+  Ellyson, ex-Mayor J. Taylor, 205, 286.
+
+  Elzey, General, 57, 58.
+
+  Emory and Wesleyan Colleges, Ga., 304.
+
+  Ensor, Dr. J. F., 355.
+
+  Europe, 157.
+
+  Evans, Mrs. Clement A., 409.
+
+  Evans Wilson, Augusta, 110.
+
+  Evaugh, Mr., 361.
+
+  Eve, Mrs. Philoclea, 412.
+
+  Everett, Edward, 412.
+
+  Ewell, General, 85.
+
+  Expatriation, 157, 159.
+
+  Ezzard, Ella, 110.
+
+
+  Farmville, Va., 205.
+
+  Fauquier, Va., 212.
+
+  Faver, David, 57, 58.
+
+  Fayetteville, Ark., 409.
+
+  Federal Prisons, Confederates released from, 140.
+
+  Fifteenth Amendment, Grant signing, 282.
+
+  Fitz, Rev. Mr., 214.
+
+  Fleming, Walter A., 135, 250, 278.
+
+  Florida, Agricultural Land Scrip, 307-308.
+
+  Florida, 214, 301, 307, 391.
+
+  Florida, State House of, 316.
+
+  Florida, "Times-Union," Jacksonville, 387.
+
+  Foraker, Senator, 409.
+
+  Ford's Theatre, 82.
+
+  "Forefathers' Day," 359.
+
+  Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 62, 275, 410.
+
+  Fort Lafayette, 134.
+
+  Fort Pulaski, 92.
+
+  Fortress Monroe, 92, 102, 103, 219, 222.
+
+  Fort Warren, 85.
+
+  Foss, Rev. A., 135.
+
+  Freedmen's Bureau, 143, 211, 353.
+
+  Freedmen's Saving Bank, 216.
+
+  Fullerton, General J. S., 213, 214, 215.
+
+  Fulton, Rev. Mr., 134.
+
+
+  Galt House, Louisville, Ky., 409.
+
+  Gamble's Hill, Richmond, 149.
+
+  Gambling parlours, 372.
+
+  Garner, James Wilford, 317.
+
+  Garrison, William Lloyd, 79, 304.
+
+  Garside, Miss (Mrs. Welch), 409.
+
+  Gary, General, 360.
+
+  Geddings, Dr., 182.
+
+  Geddings, Mrs. Postell, 182.
+
+  Georgia, 109, 120, 206, 269, 275, 292, 301, 307, 408, 412.
+
+  Georgia Military Institute Battalion, 58.
+
+  Georgetown, D. C., 413.
+
+  Gettysburg, 38.
+
+  Gibson, Eustace, 257, 258-9.
+
+  Gildersleeve, Dr. J. R., 16.
+
+  Gillem, General Alvan Cullem, 249, 260.
+
+  Gilmer, General Jerry (Jeremy Francis), 125.
+
+  Gillmore, General Quincy Adams, 79, 85, 378.
+
+  Girardeau, Rev. Dr., 201.
+
+  Glenrie, Rev. Mr., 202.
+
+  Godfrey, Rev. Dr., 336.
+
+  Goode, E. C., 387.
+
+  Goode, Eugenia, 110.
+
+  "Goodlett, Mother" (Mrs. M. C.), 410.
+
+  Goodrich, Rev. Dr., 134.
+
+  Goodwin, Mayor of Columbia, S. C., 4.
+
+  Gordon, General John B., 410, 417.
+
+  Grace Church, Richmond, 407.
+
+  Gracebridge, Mrs., 151.
+
+  Grady, Henry Woodfin, 417.
+
+  Graham, John M., 85.
+
+  Grand Army of the Republic, 405, 417, 418.
+
+  Grant, General Frederick Dent, 418.
+
+  Grant, General Ulysses S., 23, 40, 41, 50, 79-80, 82, 85, 90-92, 97,
+        113-114, 132, 160, 213, 215, 224, 260, 274, 282, 301, 308,
+        357-358, 365, 368, 371, 377, 417.
+
+  Grant, Mrs. Ulysses S., 82, 107, 113, 114, 357.
+
+  Gray, Helen, 134.
+
+  Greeley, Horace, 36, 225, 226, 240, 241, 242.
+
+  Greenbrier White Sulphur (Springs), The, 149, 174.
+
+  Greenleaf, Mrs., 135.
+
+  Greensboro, N. C., 55, 56, 61, 83.
+
+  Greenville, S. C., 378.
+
+  Gregory, Alice, 109.
+
+
+  Hahn, Governor Michael, 34.
+
+  Hale, Edward Everett, 89.
+
+  Hall, Rev. Dr. Charles H., 222-223.
+
+  Halleck, General Henry W., 91, 92, 114, 125, 127, 377.
+
+  Hamilton, Gov. A. J., Texas, 247.
+
+  Hamilton, "Handsome Tom," 58.
+
+  "Hampton Day," 360.
+
+  Hampton family freeing slaves, 182.
+
+  Hampton, Wade, 6, 129, 160-161, 346, 359, 360-361, 364-365, 368-369,
+        370-371, 417.
+
+  Hampton, Mrs. Wade, 160-161.
+
+  Hampton, Va., 181.
+
+  Hampton Roads Peace Commission, 33.
+
+  Hancock, General Winfield Scott, 260.
+
+  Harby, Mrs. Lee, 182.
+
+  Hardy, Sally, 109.
+
+  "Harper's Weekly," 12, 49.
+
+  Harrison, Burton, 57, 237.
+
+  Harrison, W. H., 418.
+
+  Haskell, Col. Alex. C., 366.
+
+  Haxall house, 112.
+
+  Haxall, Richard Barton, 226.
+
+  Hayes, President Rutherford B., 371.
+
+  Hayward, 232, 234.
+
+  "Hell Hole Swamp," 354.
+
+  Henderson, Mrs. Lizzie George, 413.
+
+  Henry, Patrick, 405.
+
+  Herbert, Hilary, 127, 142.
+
+  Hetzel, Margaret, 412.
+
+  Heyward, Gov. Duncan C., of S. C., 387.
+
+  Hill, Augusta, 110.
+
+  Hill, Mr., 185-187.
+
+  Hodges, of Princess Anne, 216, 257.
+
+  Hoge, Rev. Dr. Moses D., 9.
+
+  Holden, Gov. William Woods, N. C., 275, 307.
+
+  Hollywood, Richmond, 405, 406, 407.
+
+  Hollywood Memorial Association, 405.
+
+  Holmes, Professor, 361.
+
+  Honoré, Bertha (Mrs. Potter Palmer), 111.
+
+  Hood, General John B., 3, 60, 303.
+
+  Howard, General O. O., 216.
+
+  Howell, Miss Maggie, 57.
+
+  Hughes, Mrs. Sarah, 300.
+
+  Hull, Robert W., 93.
+
+  Hunkidory Club, The, 368.
+
+  Hunt, General, 363, 364.
+
+  Hunt, Mrs. Sallie Ward, 111.
+
+  Hunter, General, 377.
+
+  Hunter, R. M. T., 33, 91, 92.
+
+  Huntington, Dr. (Bishop) F. E., 89.
+
+  Hunton, General Eppa, 116, 283-284.
+
+  Huntsville, Ala., 135.
+
+
+  Illinois, 81, 393.
+
+  Illinois National Guards, 418.
+
+  Indian, The, 393-4, 400, 401.
+
+  Indianapolis, Ind., 101.
+
+  Ingalls, Senator John G., 391.
+
+  Iowa University Studies, 216.
+
+  Irvin, Charles E., 94.
+
+  Irwinsville, Ga., 95.
+
+
+  Jackson, D. K., 226.
+
+  James River, Va., 341.
+
+  Jefferson Hotel, Richmond, 399.
+
+  Jelks, Gov. W. D., 387.
+
+  Jewett, Mrs., Stony Creek, 183.
+
+  "John Sylvester," The, 237.
+
+  Johns, Annie E., 18.
+
+  Johns Hopkins U. Studies, 250.
+
+  Johnson, Andrew, 83, 84-85, 90, 101, 130, 132, 133, 213, 222, 224, 247,
+        248, 325.
+
+  Johnson, Captain, 265, 266.
+
+  Johnson, Reverdy, 135.
+
+  Johnston, Joseph E., 47, 53, 56, 57, 60-62, 80-81, 84, 96, 417.
+
+  Johnston, Mrs. Marmaduke, 169.
+
+  Jones, Freeman, 327, 329, 332.
+
+
+  Kaye, Colonel, 37.
+
+  Keatley, Colonel J. H., 3.
+
+  Keene, Laura, 82.
+
+  Keiley, Anthony M., 37.
+
+  Kellogg, Gov. W. P., La., 333.
+
+  Kentucky, 220, 300, 412.
+
+  Kilpatrick's troops, General H. J., 169.
+
+  King, Grace, 110.
+
+  King, Jule (Mrs. Henry Grady), 109.
+
+  King St., Charleston, 361.
+
+  Kirke's cut-throats, 275.
+
+  Knauss, Colonel W. H., 418.
+
+  Knights of the White Camelia, 268.
+
+  Knox, Bill, 331.
+
+  Kohn, Mr. August, 182.
+
+  Kohn, Mrs. August, 182.
+
+  Ku Klux, 259, 268, 269-272, 275-278, 318, 360, 379, 410.
+
+
+  La Fourche, 377.
+
+  Lancaster, Ohio, 306.
+
+  La Têche, 377.
+
+  Laurens and Edgefield, 365.
+
+  Lea, Captain, 277.
+
+  Leacock, Rev. Dr., 134-135.
+
+  Leacock sisters, The, 110.
+
+  Lee, General Fitzhugh, 171, 417.
+
+  Lee's mother (Anna Maria Mason), General Fitzhugh, 20.
+
+  Lee, General Robert E., 9, 43, 50, 67-68, 70-72, 89, 90-92, 97, 129,
+        130, 136, 159, 161, 174, 181, 303, 305, 413-414, 417.
+
+  Lee, Mrs. Robert E., 20, 47, 50, 70, 159, 181, 219, 303.
+
+  Lee's surrender, 50, 53, 62.
+
+  Lee, General Sidney Dill, 418.
+
+  Lee, General Rooney (W. H. F.), his sweetheart, 109.
+
+  Lee, Susan Pendleton, 197.
+
+  Leland, J. P., Mr., 348.
+
+  "Leslie's Weekly," 385.
+
+  Letcher, Gov. John, 35.
+
+  Lett, J. P., William, 326, 329, 331.
+
+  Le Vert, Mme. (Octavia Walton), 110, 412.
+
+  Lewis, Colonel, 241.
+
+  Lewis, Dr., 326, 327, 328, 330, 331.
+
+  Lexington, N. C., 169.
+
+  Lexington, Va., 159, 162.
+
+  Libby Prison, 20, 29, 91, 92.
+
+  Liberty Hall, A. H. Stephens' mansion, 93.
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham, 23, 29-43, 56, 57, 78, 79-89, 90, 91, 96-97, 101, 130,
+        132, 133, 247, 264, 282, 305, 377, 417.
+
+  Lincoln, Mrs. Abraham, 81, 107.
+
+  Lincoln, Robert, 80.
+
+  Lincoln, "Tad," 30, 31.
+
+  Lindsay, Lewis, 255, 256.
+
+  Little Rock, Ark., 372.
+
+  Logan, General John A., 405.
+
+  London, Bishop of, 134.
+
+  Longfellow's sister, Mrs. Greenleaf, 135.
+
+  Louisiana, 80, 204, 250, 260, 268, 276, 281, 307, 333, 371, 372.
+
+  Louisiana State Lottery, 372.
+
+  Louisville "Courier-Journal," 396.
+
+  Louisville, Ky., 111, 409, 418.
+
+  Lowndes Co., Miss., 318.
+
+  Loyal or Union League, 263-265, 273, 277-278, 326, 334.
+
+  Ls, The Four, 264.
+
+  Lynchburg, Va., 35.
+
+  Lyons, James, 226, 237.
+
+  Lyons, Judge, 15.
+
+  Lyons, W. H., 226.
+
+
+  McCaw, Dr. James B., 16, 17, 67, 113.
+
+  McCaw, William, 67-68.
+
+  McClellan, General George B., 303, 414.
+
+  McClellan, George B., Mayor of New York, 414.
+
+  McClellan, Mr., 347.
+
+  McClellanville, S. C., 347.
+
+  McCulloch, Hugh, 221.
+
+  McDonald, Senator Joseph Ewing, 290.
+
+  McFarland, W. H., 226.
+
+  McGiffen, 326, 327, 330, 331.
+
+  McGregor, Vance, 335, 337, 338.
+
+  McKinley, President William, 89, 338, 417.
+
+  McLaws, General Lafayette, 60.
+
+  McLean, Mrs. Donald, 413.
+
+  McPherson, General James B., 133, 134.
+
+  McVeigh, Dr., 238, 239.
+
+  McVeigh vs. Underwood, 238.
+
+  Mackey, E. W., Speaker, 365, 367, 368, 370.
+
+  Mackey, Rep. candidate, 289.
+
+  Mackey House, 366.
+
+  Macon, Ga., 85, 304.
+
+  Magill, Bishop, 18.
+
+  Magruder, General J. B., 62, 155, 160.
+
+  Maguire, Dr. Hunter, 113, 114.
+
+  Mahone, General William, 288.
+
+  Mallory, Colonel, 259.
+
+  Mallory, Stephen Russell, Sec. Navy, 60.
+
+  Manchester, Va., 30.
+
+  Mann's, Mr., in Chantilly, France, 415.
+
+  "Marching Through Georgia," 305-307.
+
+  "Marriage Order," The, 124-127, 128.
+
+  Marston, Mrs. Dr., 135.
+
+  Martin, Mr., of Tenn. Leg., 212.
+
+  Martin, Mrs. Henry, 361.
+
+  Martin, Rev. William, 4, 201, 356.
+
+  Martin, Isabella D., 160, 356.
+
+  Mason, Miss Emily V., 18, 159, 219, 303, 413-417.
+
+  Mason, Gov. Stevens Thomson, of Michigan, 414.
+
+  Massachusetts, 48, 150, 232, 233, 243, 244, 395-399, 417.
+
+  Matoaca, 11, 21-23, 42, 67-69, 77, 82, 108, 113, 123, 129, 147, 173, 413.
+
+  Maury, General Dabney Herndon, 62, 63.
+
+  Maury, Mr., 203.
+
+  Mayflower, The, 231.
+
+  Mayo, Mayor Joseph, 15, 16, 24, 91, 232.
+
+  Meade, General George G., 54, 114, 120, 378.
+
+  Meade, Julia, Mary and Marion, 109.
+
+  Meade, Mary, 111.
+
+  Means, Celina E., 274.
+
+  Mecklenburg, Va., 387.
+
+  Memminger, Mr. and Mrs. Charles G., 51.
+
+  "Memorial Associations of the South, History of the Confederated," 408.
+
+  Memorial Day, 405.
+
+  Memorial Hall, New Orleans, 411.
+
+  Meredith, Captain, 191.
+
+  Meredith, John A., 226.
+
+  Meredith, Judge, 15.
+
+  Meredith, Mrs., of Brunswick, 190.
+
+  Meridian, Miss., 63.
+
+  Mexico, 35, 49, 157, 221, 260.
+
+  Michigan, 414.
+
+  Miles, General Nelson A., 222, 223, 415.
+
+  Milledgeville, Ga., 209.
+
+  Minnegerode, Rev. Dr. Charles, 9, 18, 131, 222, 223.
+
+  Minor, Judge, 219, 220.
+
+  "Missionary Record," The, 362.
+
+  Mississippi, 62, 244, 247, 249, 268, 276, 290, 301, 308, 317, 395.
+
+  Mississippi, Bishop of, 319.
+
+  Mississippi, 134.
+
+  Missouri, 135.
+
+  Missouri, 127, 128, 135, 285.
+
+  Molineux, General Edward Leslie, 61.
+
+  Money, facts and incidents about, 51-52, 61-62, 77, 140, 143, 148, 149,
+        150, 155, 168, 175, 185, 186, 187, 188, 203, 212, 214, 229, 258,
+        265-266, 291-292, 293, 302, 304, 307, 317, 320, 326, 336-337,
+        344-345, 353, 355-356, 372, 409, 410, 411, 419.
+
+  Monroe Co., Miss., 317.
+
+  Montague, Gov. A. J., Va., 387.
+
+  Monterey, Mexico, 49.
+
+  Montgomery, Ala., The "White House," 411.
+
+  Montreal, Canada, 224.
+
+  Monumental, The, 108.
+
+  Mordecai, 111.
+
+  Morgan, John H. (his command), 61.
+
+  Morrisey, John, 254.
+
+  Morrison, Mrs. Edwin, 111.
+
+  Morrison, Prof. W. S., 181.
+
+  Morse, Samuel F. B., 135.
+
+  Mortimer, Judge, 334, 336.
+
+  Moses, Jr., Franklin J., 307, 351, 353, 355, 358.
+
+  Moses, Raphael, J., 61.
+
+  Mount Vernon, 412.
+
+  Mount Vernon Association, 111, 412.
+
+  Murray, Dr., 116.
+
+  Myers, Gustavus A., 226.
+
+
+  Nash, Beverly, 354, 355, 356.
+
+  "Nashville American," The, 410.
+
+  Nashville, Tenn., 410.
+
+  Nassau Island, 94.
+
+  Nathan, Charles, 158.
+
+  "Nation," The, 385.
+
+  National Park Military Commission, 418.
+
+  National Political Aid Society, 229, 233.
+
+  Newberry, S. C., 140-1, 377.
+
+  New England, 48, 210, 311.
+
+  New England Society, 359.
+
+  New Grenada, Central America, 37.
+
+  New Orleans, 3, 12, 110, 134-135, 158, 241, 268, 366, 369, 372, 377,
+        409, 410, 411.
+
+  Newspapers, 135.
+
+  New York, 22, 101, 135, 151, 263, 307, 312, 313, 371, 384, 393, 395.
+
+  New York Custom House, 89.
+
+  "New York Herald," The, 71, 104, 240, 349.
+
+  New York "News," 306.
+
+  New York, Old Guard of, 359, 361.
+
+  New York "Times," 210.
+
+  New York "Tribune," The, 48, 349, 350.
+
+  "New York World," The, 240.
+
+  Niagara, Canada, 135.
+
+  Nichols, Gov. Francis T., La., 371.
+
+  North American Review, 377, 385, 395.
+
+  North Anna River, 171.
+
+  North Carolina, 80, 96, 210, 247, 270, 271, 274, 307, 326, 330, 386, 408.
+
+  Norwood, Rev. Dr., 405.
+
+  Nunan, Captain, 209.
+
+
+  Oakwood, Richmond, 405.
+
+  Oakwood Memorial Association, 405.
+
+  Oakwoods, Chicago, 418.
+
+  Oath of Allegiance, The, 37-38, 70-71, 91-92, 124-125, 128.
+
+  Oath, The Test, 127, 128, 249, 259, 260, 325.
+
+  O'Connell, Father, 5.
+
+  O'Conor, Charles, New York, 224, 239.
+
+  Ohio, 409.
+
+  Old Bank, Washington, Ga., 56.
+
+  "Old Blanford," Petersburg, Va., 411.
+
+  Old Guard, of New York, 359.
+
+  Old Sweet Springs, Va., 149.
+
+  Orangeburg, S. C., 141.
+
+  Ord, General E. O. C., 41, 42, 69, 91, 92;
+    and Mrs. Ord, 112.
+
+  Orphan Asylum, Colored, 354.
+
+  Osband, General, 93.
+
+  Osborne, Betty and Jeannie, 109.
+
+  Ould, Judge, 126, 237, 239.
+
+  Ould, Mattie, 109.
+
+  "Outlook," The, 396, 398.
+
+
+  Page, Betty and Lucy, 109.
+
+  Page, Mrs., 169.
+
+  Pale Faces, 268.
+
+  Palmore's, Va., 159.
+
+  Paris, France, 415.
+
+  Parker, W. T., 377.
+
+  Parks, H. B., 402.
+
+  Parrish, John, 328, 330.
+
+  Patrick, General Marsena R., 21, 69, 92.
+
+  Patti, Adelina, 202.
+
+  Paul, D'Arcy, 111.
+
+  Payne, Lewis, 82, 104.
+
+  Peabody Fund, 286, 304.
+
+  Peel, Mrs. Lawson, 412.
+
+  Pendleton, General and Mrs., 162-163.
+
+  Pendleton Club, S. C., The, 360.
+
+  Penn, J. Garland, 402.
+
+  Penrose, Major, 30.
+
+  Perry, Gov. Benj. F., S. C., 143, 144, 260, 377, 378.
+
+  Petersburg, 37, 40, 43, 108, 109, 129, 160, 205.
+
+  Petersburg "Index-Appeal," 160.
+
+  Peyster, Lieutenant de, 12.
+
+  Philadelphia, Pa., 101, 163, 263, 359.
+
+  "Philadelphia Inquirer," 221.
+
+  Philippines, 20, 306.
+
+  Phillips, Wendell, 102.
+
+  "Picayune," The, 110.
+
+  Pickens County men, 360.
+
+  Pickett, Gen. Geo. E., 38.
+
+  Pierce's Cabinet, President, 414.
+
+  Pierce, Paul Skeels, 216.
+
+  Pierpont, Gov. F. H., 34, 92, 241, 255;
+    and Mrs. Pierpont, 108.
+
+  Pike, Mr. J. S., of Maine, 371.
+
+  Pinckney, Captain Thomas, 341, 343-347, 349.
+
+  Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth (of the Revolution), 201, 342.
+
+  Pius IX., Pope, 415.
+
+  "Planting officials," The, 214.
+
+  Platt, Mrs. William H., 111.
+
+  Pocotaligo, S. C., 378.
+
+  Polk, Bishop Leonidas and Mrs., 179.
+
+  Polk, Dr. W. M., 179.
+
+  Polk, President James K., 48.
+
+  Poole, Maggie, 110.
+
+  Pope, General John, 301.
+
+  Pope, Mrs. Sallie Ewing, 111.
+
+  Poppenheim, Miss M. B., 182.
+
+  Porter, Admiral David D., 30, 40, 41.
+
+  Portridge, Sophia, 111.
+
+  Potter, Bishop Horatio, 135.
+
+  Potter, Mrs. James Brown, 110.
+
+  Powell, Dr., 330, 331.
+
+  Powhatan, Va., 129.
+
+  Prescott, Addie, 110.
+
+  Preston, Cobb, 335.
+
+  Preston, General William, 182.
+
+  Price, Rev. Dr., 405.
+
+  Prince Arthur, 111, 244.
+
+  Proctor, Rev. Dr., 405.
+
+  Pryor, Mrs. Roger A., 110, 412.
+
+
+  Raines, Mrs. L. H., 410.
+
+  Raleigh, N. C., 84, 114, 140, 275, 408.
+
+  Raleigh, Mr. Bennett's house near, 84.
+
+  Ralls, General, 95.
+
+  Randall, James R., 85.
+
+  Randolph, Bishop Alfred Magill, 205.
+
+  Randolph, Senator Theodore F., 290.
+
+  Randolph, Uncle, 12, 23, 35, 113, 133.
+
+  Raymond, Henry J., 31.
+
+  Raymond, Miss, 22.
+
+  Reagan, John H., 59.
+
+  Red Shirts, The, 360, 368.
+
+  Reed, William B., 224, 239.
+
+  Reid, Whitelaw, 349.
+
+  Revels, Hiram R., 243, 244.
+
+  Rhett, Mrs., 20.
+
+  Richardson, Mrs. Ida B., 110.
+
+  Richmond, Va., 3, 9-25, 37, 62-63, 69, 72, 91, 92, 109, 111, 123, 139,
+        150, 185, 187, 205, 229, 231, 240, 241, 255, 399, 405-408, 417-418.
+
+  Richmond Blues, The, 407.
+
+  Richmond College, 202.
+
+  Richmond Theatre, 107.
+
+  Richmond "Times-Dispatch," 25, 387.
+
+  Rifle Clubs, The, 360, 363, 364, 368, 370.
+
+  Riots:
+    Brunswick, 332-333;
+    Cowboy, 362;
+    Charleston, 241, 363;
+    Colfax, 333;
+    Ellenton, 349;
+    Hamburg, 362;
+    Little Rock, 371-372;
+    New Orleans, 241, 372;
+    Richmond, 229, 234, 241.
+
+  Ripley, General Edward H., 24-25, 131.
+
+  Robertson, Dr. and Mrs., 57, 59, 60;
+    Kate Joyner Robertson (Mrs. Faver), 59, 61;
+    Willie Robertson, 59.
+
+  Rockett's, 29.
+
+  Rollins, Misses, 356.
+
+  Rome, Italy, 415.
+
+  Roosevelt, President Theodore, 338, 418, 419.
+
+  Rosemont Cemetery, Newberry, S. C., 140.
+
+  Rousseau, General, 135.
+
+  Roxmere, 334.
+
+  Ruger, General Thomas Howard, 365, 368, 370.
+
+  Ryland, Rev. Dr. Robert, 202-203.
+
+
+  Sage, B. F., 307.
+
+  Saint, Captain, 4th Iowa, 93.
+
+  St. John, General I. M., 59.
+
+  St. Michael's bells, 363.
+
+  Santo Domingo, 197.
+
+  Salisbury, N. C., 56.
+
+  Santee River, The, 341.
+
+  Savannah, Ga., 58, 135, 155, 410.
+
+  Savannah "News," The, 387.
+
+  Saxton, General and Mrs. Rufus, 119, 120;
+    General, 143.
+
+  Schell, Augustus, 226.
+
+  Schley, Mr., Augusta, Ga., 219.
+
+  Schofield's Code for Freedmen, 210.
+
+  Schofield, General J. M., 232, 234, 255, 259, 260, 325, 329, 379.
+
+  Scott, Gov. R. K., S. C., 281, 307, 351, 370.
+
+  Seaford, U. S. Marshal, 293.
+
+  Sea Islands, The, 79, 341.
+
+  Sears, Dr. Barnas, 304.
+
+  Selma, Ala., 78.
+
+  Seney (George Ingraham), benefactions, 304.
+
+  "Sentinel," The, 22.
+
+  Sepoy Massacres, 391.
+
+  Sergeant, Miss, of Atlanta, 304.
+
+  Sewanee Review, 250.
+
+  Seward, William H., 82, 378.
+
+  Sharkey, Gov. William L., Miss., 247.
+
+  Shea, George, 239.
+
+  Shepley, General George F., 11, 12, 22, 30, 31, 32, 36, 39, 41, 131.
+
+  Sheppard, J. C., 365.
+
+  "Sheridan's Ride," 305.
+
+  Sherman, General, 3-6, 16, 18, 37, 50-51, 57, 80, 81, 84, 96, 97, 115,
+        128, 132, 135, 182, 190, 202, 247, 281, 305, 326, 330, 371, 377.
+
+  Shiloh, National Park, 418.
+
+  Sibley, 333.
+
+  Simonton, Judge C. H., 287.
+
+  Simpson, Colonel R. W., 360.
+
+  Simpson, W. S., 366.
+
+  Sing Sing, N. Y., 278.
+
+  Sligo, Lord, 134.
+
+  Sloan, Captain, 125.
+
+  Slocomb, Mrs., 110.
+
+  Slocomb family, 110.
+
+  Smith, Gerrit, 226, 241, 242.
+
+  Smith, W. B. (author), 395.
+
+  Smith, Gov. William H., Ala., 333.
+
+  Smith, Gov. William, 34, 35, 92.
+
+  Smythe, Mrs. A. T., 182.
+
+  South Carolina, 4-6, 37, 54, 140, 143, 158, 160-161, 180, 192, 204, 206,
+        247, 250, 260, 265, 267, 271, 273, 276, 289, 317, 348, 359, 370,
+        371, 377, 412.
+
+  South Carolina Agricultural College, 180.
+
+  South Carolina, State University, 355.
+
+  "South Carolina Women in the Confederacy," 182.
+
+  Southern Ballot-Box, 281.
+
+  "Southern Cross," Hampton's cottage, 160.
+
+  Southern Educational Conference, 1905, 396.
+
+  "Southern Opinion," The, 305.
+
+  Southside Virginia, 399.
+
+  Spanish-American War, 312.
+
+  Spencer, C. B., 402.
+
+  Spencer's libels, Senator G. E., 333.
+
+  Spotswood, The, 108, 237.
+
+  Springfield, Ills., 101.
+
+  Stanton, Edwin M., 41-43, 51, 57, 80, 82, 90, 92, 96, 97, 132, 223, 224,
+        281.
+
+  "State," The Columbia, 387.
+
+  Steedman, General James Barrett, 213-215.
+
+  Stephens, Alexander H., 33, 55, 58, 93, 94, 95, 417.
+
+  Stephens, Judge Linton, 292-293.
+
+  Stephens, Lint, 58.
+
+  Stephens, Dr. Robert G., 163.
+
+  Stevens, Atherton H., 12, 16.
+
+  Stevens Mystery, Yanceyville, N. C., 274.
+
+  Stevens, Thaddeus, 242.
+
+  Stevenson, Mrs. Adlai E., 413.
+
+  Stewart, Hon. Charles, 142-143.
+
+  Stimson, William, 386.
+
+  Stoneman, General George, 260, 325.
+
+  Stoney, Captain, 156.
+
+  Storrs, Rev. Dr. Richard S., 79.
+
+  Stratton, Professor, 385.
+
+  Strong, Major George C., 134.
+
+  Stuart, J. E. B., 171, 407.
+
+  Sumner, Charles, 81.
+
+  Sumter's anniversary, 79.
+
+  Surratt, Mrs., 104.
+
+  Sutherlin, Major, 47, 48, 52, 53-55.
+
+  Sutherlin Mansion, 47, 48, 51, 52, 56.
+
+  Sutherlin, Mrs., 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53-56.
+
+  "Sun," The New York, 103.
+
+  Swayze, U. S. Commissioner, 293.
+
+
+  Taylor, Mrs. Thomas, 182.
+
+  Taylor, General Richard, 62, 63, 92.
+
+  Teller, Senator Henry Moore, 290.
+
+  Tennessee, 268, 418.
+
+  Tennesseeans, Bates', 418.
+
+  Terrell, Gov. Joseph M., of Ga., 387.
+
+  Texas, 62, 142, 160, 215, 247, 260, 350, 395, 418.
+
+  Texas Ranger, 407.
+
+  Thomas, James, 226.
+
+  Thomas, Judge, 32, 33, 34, 40, 41.
+
+  Thomas, William Hannibal, 385.
+
+  Thompson, Mrs. Joseph, 411.
+
+  Throckmorton, Gov. J. W., 215, 260.
+
+  Tidewater Virginia, 399.
+
+  Tillinghast, J. A., 395.
+
+  Tilton, Theodore, 79.
+
+  "Times-Democrat," The, New Orleans, 387.
+
+  Tissue Ballots, 288.
+
+  Titlow, Captain, 103.
+
+  Todd, Dr. Scott, 58.
+
+  Toombs, General Robert, 57, 59, 60, 61, 93.
+
+  Toombs, Mrs. Robert, 94, 143.
+
+  Tournaments, 167.
+
+  Traveller, 68, 109.
+
+  Trenholm, G. A., 60, 92.
+
+  Trent River Settlement, 214.
+
+  Trescot, W. H., 143.
+
+  Triplett, Mary, 109.
+
+  Trobriand, General Philippe Regis de, 372.
+
+  Trowbridge, Colonel, 141.
+
+  Tucker, John Randolph, 239.
+
+  Tulane University, 304.
+
+  Tupper, Rev. Dr., 60.
+
+  Turner, Henry G., 302.
+
+  Tuskegee, Ala., 181.
+
+
+  "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 214.
+
+  Underwood, Judge John C., 233, 239, 241, 242, 253.
+
+  Upton, General, 60, 93.
+
+  Urquhart, Captain David, 110.
+
+  Urquhart, Mrs. David, 110.
+
+  Urquhart, Cora (Mrs. James Brown Potter), 110.
+
+  Ursuline Convent, 4.
+
+
+  Valentine's, Stuart, 407.
+
+  Valliant, Theodosia Worthington, 111.
+
+  Van Alen, General, 42.
+
+  Vance, Betty, 111.
+
+  Vance, Gov. Zebulon B., N. Carolina, 96, 102.
+
+  Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 226.
+
+  Vanderbilt University, 304.
+
+  Van Lew, Miss, 108.
+
+  Vardaman, Gov., of Miss., 387.
+
+  Vest, Senator, 127.
+
+  Vicksburg, Miss., 128;
+    pastors of, 133, 134, 418.
+
+  Vincent, Mrs., and Lucy, 265-266.
+
+  Virginia, 34-35, 39, 41, 42, 71, 80, 115, 139, 161, 170, 214, 232,
+        260-269, 285, 305, 326, 341, 379, 387, 399, 408, 412.
+
+
+  Wade, Senator Benj. F., 90.
+
+  Walker, George, 172-173.
+
+  Walker, Gov. Gilbert C., Va., 331.
+
+  Walker-Wells Campaign, 316.
+
+  Walker, J. M., Mayor, of Danville, 53.
+
+  Wall, L. G., 327, 328.
+
+  Wallace House, The, 365, 370.
+
+  Wallace, Marshal, 363.
+
+  Wallace. W. H., Speaker, 365, 366, 367, 368.
+
+  Walworth, Ellen Hardin, 412.
+
+  Warmouth, Henry C., 281, 307.
+
+  Warwick, Abraham, 226.
+
+  Washington Artillery, N. O., 110.
+
+  Washington, Booker T., 402.
+
+  Washington, D. C., 33, 39, 41, 79, 81, 83, 91, 97, 101, 104, 113, 130,
+        185, 187, 221, 225, 234, 243, 248, 260, 281, 287, 316, 333, 337,
+        364, 371, 372, 417.
+
+  Washington, Ga., 57, 59, 60, 94.
+
+  Washington (and Lee) College, Lexington, Va., 159, 161, 413.
+
+  Washington and Lee Association, 303.
+
+  Washington, Eugenia, 412.
+
+  Washington, George, 170;
+    Statue of, 292;
+    tomb of, 412;
+    his mother's tomb, 412.
+
+  Washington, John, 412.
+
+  Washington, Colonel William, 360.
+
+  Washington Light Infantry, Charleston, 359.
+
+  Washington, Miss, of S. Carolina, 182.
+
+  "Washington Post," The, 412.
+
+  Watkins, Judge, 205.
+
+  Watkins Neighbourhood, 312.
+
+  Watkins, Mr. and Mrs., 313.
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 49.
+
+  Weems, Colonel, 60.
+
+  Weitzel, Godfrey, 16, 17, 20, 22-24, 36, 39-42, 107, 131-133, 377.
+
+  Welch, Mrs. (Miss Garside), 409.
+
+  Wellington, Mrs. 129.
+
+  Wells, Gov. Henry H., 329.
+
+  Welsh, A., 226.
+
+  West Point, N. Y., 20, 38, 48, 126.
+
+  West Virginia, 34.
+
+  W. Virginia University Studies, 250, 278.
+
+  Wharton, Captain, 69, 70.
+
+  Wheeler, General Joe, 94-95, 102, 417.
+
+  Wheeless, John F., 62.
+
+  Wherry, Col. W. M., 259.
+
+  "Whig," The, 24, 39, 41, 42, 107.
+
+  Whipper, W. J., 358, 360.
+
+  White, Mrs., of Brunswick, 191.
+
+  White Brotherhood, The, 268.
+
+  White House, The, Montgomery, Ala., 411.
+
+  White House, The Davis Mansion, Richmond, 29, 36, 60, 126, 219, 221, 411.
+
+  White House, The, Washington, D. C., 37, 43, 80, 282.
+
+  White League, 268.
+
+  White Rose, Order of the, 268.
+
+  Whitney, Eli, 197.
+
+  Wigfall, Louise (Mrs. Wright), 110.
+
+  Wilde, General, 143.
+
+  Williams, Mrs. David R., 110.
+
+  Williams, Mrs. Mary, 408.
+
+  Wilmer, Bishop, of Alabama, 133.
+
+  Wilmington, N. C., 193.
+
+  Wilson, General James H., 85.
+
+  Wilson, Judge S. F., 418.
+
+  Wilson, Senator Henry, 243, 244.
+
+  Wilson, Woodrow, 250.
+
+  Winfield, Miss, 243, 244.
+
+  Wingfield, Rev. J. H. L. (Bishop), 129.
+
+  Winnsboro, S. C., 6.
+
+  Wise, Captain George, 70, 71.
+
+  Wise, Henry A., 50, 71.
+
+  Wise, Lieutenant, 50.
+
+  Wood, Benjamin, 226.
+
+  Wood's house in Greensboro, Col., 56.
+
+  Woods, General William B., 133.
+
+  Wortham, Miss, 125.
+
+  Wright, General Horatio D., 52, 53, 54.
+
+  Wright, Mary (Mrs. Treadwell), 111.
+
+
+  Yulee, Senator D. L., 92.
+
+  Yulee, Mrs. D. L., 110.
+
+  Yankee Landon, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338.
+
+
+  Zola, 372.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Gentlemen of the old regime would say: "A woman's name should appear
+in print but twice--when she marries and when she dies"; the "Society"
+page of to-day was unknown to them. They objected to newspaper notoriety
+for themselves, and were prone to sign pseudonyms to their newspaper
+articles. Matoaca, loyal to her uncle's prejudices, requires that I print
+him only by the name she gives him and the title, one which was
+affectionately applied to him by many who were not his kin. To give his
+real name in full would be to give hers.
+
+[2] General Ripley, in "Confederate Column" of the "Times-Dispatch,"
+Richmond, Virginia, May 29, 1904.
+
+[3] In 1793, 1803, 1812-14, 1844-50, Northern States threatened to secede.
+Of Massachusetts' last movement Mr. Davis said in Congress: "It is her
+right." Nov. 1, Dec. 17, Feb. 23, 1860-61, the "New York Tribune" said:
+"We insist on letting the Cotton States go in peace ... the right to
+secede exists."
+
+[4] For full statement, see Captain H. M. Clarke's paper in Southern Hist.
+Society Paper, Vol. 9, pp. 542-556, and Paymaster John F. Whieless'
+report, Vol. 10, 137.
+
+[5] The account which I had from Colonel Randall at the home of Mr. John
+M. Graham, Atlanta, Ga., in the spring of 1905, does not quite coincide
+with that given by Mrs. Clay in "A Belle of the Fifties." In years
+elapsing since the war, some confusion of facts in memory is to be
+expected.
+
+[6] Fac-simile of the order under which Mr. Davis was chained appears in
+Charles H. Dana's "Recollections of the Civil War," p. 286. The hand that
+wrote it, when Mr. Davis died, paid generous tribute to him in the "Sun,"
+saying: "A majestic soul has passed."
+
+[7] General Halleck to General Stanton (Richmond, April 28, 1865): "I
+forward General Orders No. 4.... You will perceive from paragraph V, that
+measures have been taken to prevent, as far as possible, the propagation
+of legitimate rebels." Paragraph V: "No marriage license will be issued
+until the parties desiring to be married take the oath of allegiance to
+the United States; and no clergyman, magistrate, or other party authorized
+by State laws to perform the marriage ceremony will officiate in such
+capacity until himself and the parties contracting matrimony shall have
+taken the prescribed oath of allegiance," all under pains of imprisonment,
+etc.
+
+[8] "Why Solid South," Hilary Herbert. To this book I owe a large debt for
+information, as does every other present-day writer on reconstruction.
+
+[9] An Englishman of Queen's College; the Bishop of London had sent him as
+Chaplain to Lord Sligo, Governor of Jamaica, but at this time he was
+Rector of Christ Church, New Orleans.
+
+[10] "Civil War & Reconstruction in Alabama," W. L. Fleming.
+
+[11] See Stewart on "Texas" in "Why Solid South," by Hilary Herbert and
+others.
+
+[12] A collection of records, sketches, etc., edited and published by Mrs.
+Taylor, Mrs. Smythe, Mrs. Kohn, Miss Poppenheim and Miss Washington, of
+that State. Owner, August Kohn, Columbia, S. C. For confirmation of first
+chapter of this book, see same.
+
+[13] Syphilitic diseases, from which under slavery negroes were nearly
+exempt, combine with tuberculosis to undermine racial health.
+
+[14] See Susan Pendleton Lee's "History of Virginia."
+
+[15] Among Southerners assuring me that education is advancing negroes, I
+may mention ex-Mayor Ellyson, of Richmond, and Judge Watkins, of
+Farmville, who credit educated negro clergy with such moral improvement in
+the race. Both gentlemen were deeply interested in the educational work at
+Petersburg. Said Mayor Ellyson: "We take equal care in selecting teachers
+for both races."
+
+[16] Such laws were adopted after 1830 in Alabama, Georgia and South
+Carolina, when secret agents of the abolitionists were spreading
+incendiary literature. It is a fact, though not generally understood, that
+abolition extremists arrested several emancipation movements in the South;
+whites dared not release to the guidance of fanatics a mass of
+semi-savages in whose minds doctrines of insurrection had been sown. See
+recent articles on Slavery in the "Confederate Veteran"; "The Gospel to
+the Slaves"; "An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United
+States; with an Historical Sketch of Slavery," by Thomas R. R. Cobb; and
+Southern histories of the Southern States.
+
+[17] See University of Iowa Studies, "Freedmen's Bureau," by Paul Skeels
+Pierce.
+
+[18] See "History of the Last Quarter Century in the United States," by E.
+B. Andrews; "Reconstruction and the Constitution," by J. W. Burgess;
+"Destruction and Reconstruction," by Richard Taylor; "History of the
+American People; Reunion and Nationalism," by Woodrow Wilson; "A Political
+Crime," by A. M. Gibson; "The Lower South" and "History of the United
+States since the Civil War," by W. G. Brown; "Essays on the Civil War and
+Reconstruction" and "Reconstruction, Political and Economic," by W. A.
+Dunning; articles in "Atlantic Monthly" during 1901; Johns Hopkins
+University Studies and Columbia University Studies; Walter L. Fleming's
+"Documents Illustrative of the Reconstruction Period"; besides treating
+every phase of the subject, these "Documents" give a full bibliography; "A
+New South View of Reconstruction," Trent, "Sewanee Review," Jan., 1901;
+and other magazine articles.
+
+[19] Phelps' "Louisiana," Perry's "Provisional Governorship," "Why Solid
+South," Hilary Herbert.
+
+[20] This case was used by Celina E. Means in "Thirty-four Years." The
+Stevens case is misused by Tourgee in "A Fool's Errand."
+
+[21] See "Documents Illustrative of the Reconstruction Period," by Walter
+L. Fleming, Professor of History, West Virginia University; also articles
+in the "Atlantic Monthly."
+
+[22] This mirror had been built into the wall when the house was erected
+by the Captain's grandfather, General Thomas Pinckney, of the Revolution,
+soon after his return from the Court of St. James, where he served as
+United States Minister by Washington's appointment. It was Charles
+Cotesworth, brother of this Thomas, who threw down the gage to France in
+the famous words: "The United States has millions for defense but not one
+cent for tribute!"
+
+[23] See "Reconstruction in South Carolina," by John S. Reynolds, in the
+Columbia "State."
+
+[24] I think this was General Ruger or Colonel Black, but I let the name
+stand as my informant gave it.
+
+[25] See Sherman-Halleck correspondence in Sherman's "Memoirs" on "the
+inevitable Sambo." Also, W. T. Parker, U. S. A., on "The Evolution of the
+Negro Soldier," N. Amer. Rev., 1899. Lincoln disbanded the troops
+organised by General Hunter.
+
+[26] In Boston, 1676. I suppose this is the case meant as it rests on
+court records. "The Nation," 1903, published letters showing four specific
+cases from slavery's beginning to 1864; that just cited, one mentioned in
+Miss Martineau's "Society in America"; one reported in "Leslie's Weekly,"
+1864; one reported in a periodical not named. In the earliest days of
+slavery, laws enacted against negro rape (the penalty was burning) seem to
+show that the crime existed or that the Colonists feared it would exist.
+The fact that during the War of Secession, Southern men left their
+families in negro protection is proof conclusive that this tendency, if
+inherent, had been civilised out of the race.
+
+[27] For other reasons for rape than I have given see "The Negro; The
+Southerner's Problem," by Thomas Nelson Page, p. 112, and "The American
+Negro," by William Hannibal Thomas (negro), pp. 65, 176-7, 223.
+
+[28] "The Negro in Africa and America," J. A. Tillinghast. On
+miscegenation see "The Color Line," W. B. Smith; also A. R. Colquhoun, N.
+Amer. Rev., May, 1903.
+
+[29] Fakirs, taking advantage of the general racial weakness, are selling
+"black skin removers," "hair straighteners," etc.
+
+[30] See Council, Penn, and Spencer, "Voice of Missions" (H. B. Parks,
+Ed.), Sept., Nov., Dec., 1905. See Booker T. Washington's "Up from
+Slavery," "Character Building," "Future of the American Negro."
+
+[31] "'Decoration Day,' a legal holiday. The custom of 'Memorial Day,' as
+it is otherwise called, originated with the Southern States and was copied
+scatteringly in Northern States. On May 5, 1868, General John A. Logan,
+then Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, issued an order
+appointing May 30."--Encyclopedia Americana.
+
+[32] In this church, Patrick Henry said: "Give me liberty or give me
+death!"
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41730 ***