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diff --git a/41704-h/41704-h.htm b/41704-h/41704-h.htm index 348d8fa..fa62264 100644 --- a/41704-h/41704-h.htm +++ b/41704-h/41704-h.htm @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg E-text of The Religion of Ancient Palestine, by Stanley A. Cook @@ -123,42 +123,7 @@ img.imgcenter { margin-left: auto; </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's The Religion of Ancient Palestine, by Stanley A. Cook - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Religion of Ancient Palestine - In the Second Millenium B.C. - -Author: Stanley A. Cook - -Release Date: December 25, 2012 [EBook #41704] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RELIGION OF ANCIENT PALESTINE *** - - - - -Produced by Al Haines - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41704 ***</div> <p><br /><br /><br /></p> @@ -179,7 +144,7 @@ IN THE SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C.<br /> </p> <p class="t3"> -<i>In the Light of Archæology and the Inscriptions</i><br /> +<i>In the Light of Archæology and the Inscriptions</i><br /> </p> <p><br /></p> @@ -445,7 +410,7 @@ placed in a new light. <p> Successive discoveries of contemporary <span class="pagenum">{<a id="P2"></a>2}</span> -historical and archæological material have made it +historical and archæological material have made it impossible to ignore either the geographical position of Palestine, which exposes it to the influence of the surrounding seats of culture, or its political @@ -483,7 +448,7 @@ relics for the study of the past. Indeed, the resemblance and difference among widely-severed peoples, can avail itself in our case of Oriental conservatism, and may range over a single but -remarkably extensive field. From the archæology +remarkably extensive field. From the archæology and inscriptions of Ancient Babylonia to Punic Carthage, from the Old Testament to the writings of Rabbinical Judaism, from classical, Syrian, and @@ -629,7 +594,7 @@ But a temple with an old-established and contemporary cult, half Egyptian and half Semitic, has been recovered by Professor Petrie at Serabit el-Khadem in the Sinaitic Peninsula, and the -archæological evidence frequently illustrates the +archæological evidence frequently illustrates the results of the excavations in Palestine. Excavations have been undertaken at Tell el-Hesy (Lachish), at various sites in the lowlands of @@ -646,7 +611,7 @@ Isles; but, as a whole, it is the result of a gradual development, which extends without abrupt gaps to the time of the Hebrew monarchy and beyond. Chronological dividing-lines cannot yet be drawn, -and consequently the archæological evidence +and consequently the archæological evidence which illustrates the 'Amarna' age is not characteristic of that age alone. </p> @@ -764,7 +729,7 @@ stage it had reached, which concerns us. <p class="footnote"> <a id="chap01fn2"></a> -[<a href="#chap01fn2text">2</a>] See Th. Nöldeke, <i>Sketches from Eastern History</i> (London, +[<a href="#chap01fn2text">2</a>] See Th. Nöldeke, <i>Sketches from Eastern History</i> (London, 1892), chap. i., 'Some Characteristics of the Semitic Race.' </p> @@ -805,7 +770,7 @@ monoliths, which stretch in a slightly concave line, about 75 feet in length, from north to south. They are erected upon a platform of stones about <span class="pagenum">{<a id="P14"></a>14}</span> -8 feet wide; they vary from 5-½ ft. to 10 ft. in +8 feet wide; they vary from 5-½ ft. to 10 ft. in height, and have uniformly a fairer surface on the western (front) than on the eastern side. Number 1, on the extreme right, is the largest @@ -949,7 +914,7 @@ remains of an adult. Continued excavation will no doubt throw fuller light upon the old sacred places, their varying types, and their development; even the recent -discovery of a small pottery model of the façade +discovery of a small pottery model of the façade of a shrine is suggestive. It represents an open fore-court and a door-way on either side of which is a figure seated with its hands upon its knees. @@ -974,7 +939,7 @@ reputation for sanctity, it will retain its fame throughout political and even religious vicissitudes. The history of Gezer, for example, goes back to the neolithic age, but the religious -development, to judge from the archæological +development, to judge from the archæological evidence, is unbroken, and although there came a time when the city passed out of history, Palestine still has its sacred stones and rock-altars, @@ -1024,12 +989,12 @@ without any essential change.[<a id="chap02fn2text"></a><a href="#chap02fn2">2</ <p class="footnote"> <a id="chap02fn1"></a> -[<a href="#chap02fn1text">1</a>] G. Dalman, <i>Petra und seine Felsheiligtümer</i> (Leipzig, 1908). +[<a href="#chap02fn1text">1</a>] G. Dalman, <i>Petra und seine Felsheiligtümer</i> (Leipzig, 1908). </p> <p class="footnote"> <a id="chap02fn2"></a> -[<a href="#chap02fn2text">2</a>] R. Kittel, Studien zur Hebräischen Archäologie und +[<a href="#chap02fn2text">2</a>] R. Kittel, Studien zur Hebräischen Archäologie und Religionsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1908), chap. i. Chap. ii. illustrates primitive rock-altars of Palestine and their development. @@ -1355,7 +1320,7 @@ attributes take another form in various rude and almost shapeless objects of bronze which have been interpreted, thanks to a more realistic <span class="pagenum">{<a id="P31"></a>31}</span> -specimen from the Judæan Tell Zakariya, as +specimen from the Judæan Tell Zakariya, as models of an amphibious creature with human head and the tail of a fish. Here it is natural to see the famous Derceto or Atargatis, well @@ -1664,7 +1629,7 @@ is recognised as a substitute, and vulgar superstition still associates with the foundation of buildings some vague danger to human life—if not its loss. Traditions of human sacrifice -are recorded by mediæval and older writers, and +are recorded by mediæval and older writers, and excavation has disclosed authentic examples. At Gezer the skeleton of an adult female had been placed under the corner of a house, and the bones @@ -2042,7 +2007,7 @@ objects (when not originally possessed by Egyptian settlers) may have as much bearing upon the question of Egyptian influence upon the religion of Palestine as the use of foreign -(Phoenician?) formulæ in Egyptian magical texts. +(Phoenician?) formulæ in Egyptian magical texts. </p> <p><br /></p> @@ -2996,7 +2961,7 @@ upon the throne. <p class="footnote"> <a id="chap06fn5"></a> -[<a href="#chap06fn5text">5</a>] <i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i>, xiv. p. 142, +[<a href="#chap06fn5text">5</a>] <i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i>, xiv. p. 142, xv. p. 205. The stele, known as the 'stone of Job,' has entered into the worship of a Moslem place of prayer, and is appropriately connected with a story of the patriarch, many @@ -3226,7 +3191,7 @@ Known as Teshub (p. <a href="#P70">70</a>), Hadad, Ramman (comp. the Biblical Rimmon), Adad, Dad, Bir, etc., the form ADDU, which was recognised as the god's 'Amorite' designation, is adopted here -in preference to the more familiar Aramæan +in preference to the more familiar Aramæan HADAD. This is supported by the spelling of the name of Rib-Addi, king of Byblos. The interchange of Baal and Addu in certain names @@ -3379,7 +3344,7 @@ meet with the personal names 'servant of Melek' <p class="footnote"> <a id="chap07fn3"></a> -[<a href="#chap07fn3text">1</a>] M.-J. Lagrange, <i>Études sur les Rel. Sémitiques</i>, p. 107 <i>sq.</i> +[<a href="#chap07fn3text">1</a>] M.-J. Lagrange, <i>Études sur les Rel. Sémitiques</i>, p. 107 <i>sq.</i> </p> <p><br /></p> @@ -3842,7 +3807,7 @@ in accordance with specific religious beliefs </p> <p> -Some archæological details may next be summarised. +Some archæological details may next be summarised. An altar at Taanach, with protuberances suggestive of horns, bore in bold relief winged animals with human faces, lions, a tree with @@ -3883,7 +3848,7 @@ The more gods, the more powerful the charm. <p class="footnote"> <a id="chap08fn3"></a> [<a href="#chap08fn3text">3</a>] The former is given by F. L. Griffith, <i>Proceedings of the -Society of Biblical Archæology</i>, xvi. p. 87, the latter by +Society of Biblical Archæology</i>, xvi. p. 87, the latter by A. Jeremias, <i>Alte Test.</i>, etc., p. 456 <i>sqq.</i>, fig. 151. </p> @@ -3975,7 +3940,7 @@ by the Hittites who preserve distinctive features of their own. According to Professor Sayce most of the seals we have been noticing are Syrian modifications of the Babylonian type, and 'the -more strictly archæological evidence of Babylonian +more strictly archæological evidence of Babylonian influence upon Canaan is extraordinarily scanty.'[<a id="chap08fn5text"></a><a href="#chap08fn5">5</a>] It is obvious that one must allow for the direct influence exerted upon the religious conditions @@ -3994,7 +3959,7 @@ Palestinian pottery, which has neither originality of concept nor fertility of resource. But it has vigour and vitality, and has not developed into the superior art with which it came into contact. -In general the archæological evidence shows very +In general the archæological evidence shows very <span class="pagenum">{<a id="P113"></a>113}</span> clearly that Palestine was not absorbed by Babylonian culture, still less by that of Egypt.[<a id="chap08fn7text"></a><a href="#chap08fn7">7</a>] @@ -4004,7 +3969,7 @@ Babylonian culture, still less by that of Egypt.[<a id="chap08fn7text"></a><a hr <p class="footnote"> <a id="chap08fn5"></a> -[<a href="#chap08fn5text">5</a>] A. H. Sayce, <i>Archæology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions</i> +[<a href="#chap08fn5text">5</a>] A. H. Sayce, <i>Archæology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions</i> (London, 1907), <i>pp.</i> 151 <i>sq.</i> </p> @@ -4089,7 +4054,7 @@ regarding his nature must be sought in the native Israelite records themselves, and in such external evidence as the future may produce. Our task is finished when we point out that the external -(archæological) evidence does not reveal that +(archæological) evidence does not reveal that hiatus which would have ensued had there been a dislocation of earlier conditions by invading Israelite tribes; earlier forms are simply @@ -4103,7 +4068,7 @@ developed, the evolution is a progressive one.[<a id="chap08fn8text"></a><a href [<a href="#chap08fn8text">8</a>] Cp. R. A. S. Macalister, 'Excavation of Gezer,' <i>Quarterly Statements</i>, 1904, p. 123; 1907, p. 203; Sellin, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 102; <i>id.</i>, -<i>Der Ertrag der Ausgrabungen in Orient für die Erkenntnis der +<i>Der Ertrag der Ausgrabungen in Orient für die Erkenntnis der Entwicklung der Religion Israels</i> (Leipzig, 1905), <i>pp.</i> 33, 36 <i>sq.</i>, 39 <i>sq.</i>, see, in general, Vincent, @@ -4132,8 +4097,8 @@ Mound of Gezer</i> (London, 1906, numerous illustrations); Ernst Sellin, 'Tell Ta'annek,' in the <i>Denkschriften</i> of the Vienna Academy (1904-5); W. M. Flinders Petrie, <i>Researches in Sinai</i> (London, 1906); Hugues Vincent, -<i>Canaan d'après l'Exploration Recente</i> (Paris, 1907; a -valuable account, from the archæological standpoint, of +<i>Canaan d'après l'Exploration Recente</i> (Paris, 1907; a +valuable account, from the archæological standpoint, of the results of excavation contained in the above works and elsewhere); G. Schumacher, <i>Tell el-Mutesellim</i> (Leipzig, 1908), vol. i., text and plates. @@ -4152,8 +4117,8 @@ Lichte des Alten Orients</i> (Leipzig, 1906); M. Jastrow, </p> <p> -Egyptian Sources: W. M. Müller, <i>Asien und Europa nach -Alt-ägyptischen Denkmälern</i> (Leipzig, 1893); +Egyptian Sources: W. M. Müller, <i>Asien und Europa nach +Alt-ägyptischen Denkmälern</i> (Leipzig, 1893); <span class="pagenum">{<a id="P117"></a>117}</span> J. H. Breasted, <i>History of Egypt</i> (London, 1906); <i>id.</i>, <i>Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents</i> (1906-7); @@ -4166,7 +4131,7 @@ the Semites: the Fundamental Institutions</i> (London, 1894), is naturally indispensable. Important, also, are G. A. Barton, <i>A Sketch of Semitic Origins, Social and Religious</i> (New York, 1902); Marie-Joseph Lagrange, -<i>Études sur les Religions Sémitiques</i> (Paris, 1905); +<i>Études sur les Religions Sémitiques</i> (Paris, 1905); J. G. Frazer, <i>Adonis, Attis, and Osiris: Studies in the History of Oriental Religion</i> (London, 1907). For Modern Semitic Religion there is a large mass of scattered @@ -4340,7 +4305,7 @@ Arabia, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P87">87</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#P92">92 </p> <p class="index"> -Archæology, <a href="#P2">2</a>, <a href="#P7">7</a> <i>sq.</i>, etc. +Archæology, <a href="#P2">2</a>, <a href="#P7">7</a> <i>sq.</i>, etc. </p> <p class="index"> @@ -5287,380 +5252,7 @@ By Professor JASTROW. <p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Religion of Ancient Palestine, by -Stanley A. 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