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diff --git a/41702.txt b/41702.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 23b0725..0000000 --- a/41702.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9854 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Trees of Indiana, by Charles Clemon Deam - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: Trees of Indiana - First Revised Edition (Publication No. 13, Department of Conservation, State of Indiana) - - -Author: Charles Clemon Deam - - - -Release Date: December 26, 2012 [eBook #41702] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES OF INDIANA*** - - -E-text prepared by Carol Wilbur, Bruce Albrecht, Tom Cosmas, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original 137 illustrations. - See 41702-h.htm or 41702-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41702/41702-h/41702-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41702/41702-h.zip) - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). - - - - - -TREES OF INDIANA - -(First Revised Edition) - -by - -CHAS. C. DEAM - - - - - - - -April, 1921 - -Fort Wayne Printing Company -Contractors for Indiana State Printing and Binding -Fort Wayne, Indiana -1921 - -The Department of Conservation -State of Indiana -W. A. Guthrie, Chairman. -Stanley Coulter. -John W. Holtzman. -E. M. Wilson, Secretary. - -Publication No. 13 - -Richard Lieber. -Director. - - -[Illustration: Plate 1. - -SYCAMORE NEAR WORTHINGTON. IND., THE LARGEST BROAD-LEAVED TREE IN THE -U. S. FIVE FEET ABOVE THE GROUND IT IS 42 FT. 3 IN. IN CIRC.; THE EAST -BRANCH IS 27 FT. 3 IN. IN CIRC. AND THE WEST BRANCH IS 23 FT. 2 IN. -IN CIRC. SEE JOUR. HEREDITY, VOL. 6:407:1915.] - - - - -Preface - - -The first edition of Deam's "Trees of Indiana" was published in 1911. -By limiting the distribution, the edition of 10,000 lasted about three -years. The demand for a book of this kind was so great that a second -edition of 1,000 copies was published in March 1919. This edition was -exhausted within five days after its publication was announced, and -thousands of requests for it could not be filled. These came from all -classes of people, but the greatest demand was from the school teachers -of the State. - -Since forestry is an integral part of agriculture which is now taught in -our public schools, and since a book on the trees of the State is in -demand, the Conservation Commission has authorized a revised edition of -"The Trees of Indiana." What was formerly Bulletin No. 3 of the Division -of Forestry is now published as Publication No. 13 of the Department. -The reader's attention is called to a new departure in illustrations, -which were made from photographic reproductions of specimens in Mr. -Deam's herbarium. The photographs were taken by Mr. Harry F. Dietz of -the Division of Entomology. It is believed that it will be gratefully -received by the public and will stimulate an interest in forestry that -should achieve practical results. - - RICHARD LIEBER, - Director, The Department of Conservation. - - - - -Table of Contents. - - - Preface 7 - - List of illustrations 10 - - Introduction 13 - - Key to families 17 - - Trees of Indiana 19 - - Excluded Species 290 - - Measurements of some large trees that grow in Indiana 297 - - Specific gravity of Indiana woods 299 - - Index 305 - - - - -Illustrations. - - - PLATE NUMBER PLATES PAGE - - 1. Frontispiece; Sycamore, largest hardwood tree in U.S. 5 - 2. Pinus Strobus (White Pine) 21 - 3. Pinus Banksiana (Gray or Jack Pine) 23 - 4. Pinus virginiana (Scrub Pine) 24 - 5. Larix laricina (Tamarack) 27 - 6. Tsuga canadensis (Hemlock) 29 - 7. Taxodium distichum (Cypress) 31 - 8. Thuja occidentalis (Arbor-Vitae) 33 - 9. Juniperus virginiana (Red Cedar) 35 - 10. Salix nigra (Black Willow) 37 - 11. Salix amygdaloides (Peach-leaved Willow) 39 - 12. Salix alba (White Willow) 41 - 13. Salix fragilis (Crack Willow) 42 - 14. Salix discolor (Pussy Willow) 44 - 15. Populus alba (Silver-leaf Poplar) 46 - 16. Populus heterophylla (Swamp Cottonwood) 48 - 17. Populus deltoides (Cottonwood) 49 - 18. Populus grandidentata (Large-toothed Aspen) 51 - 19. Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen) 53 - 20. Juglans cinerea (Butternut) 55 - 21. Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) 57 - 22. Carya illinoensis (Pecan) 60 - 23. Carya cordiformis (Pignut Hickory) 62 - 24. Carya ovata (Shellbark Hickory) 64 - 25. Carya laciniosa (Big Shellbark Hickory) 67 - 26. Carya alba (White Hickory) 69 - 27. Carya glabra (Black Hickory) 71 - 28. Carya ovalis (Small-fruited Hickory) 73 - 29. Carya Buckleyi var. arkansana 77 - 30. Carpinus caroliniana (Water Beech) 79 - 31. Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood) 81 - 32. Betula lutea (Yellow Birch) 83 - 33. Betula populifolia (Gray or White Birch) 86 - 34. Betula papyrifera (Paper or Canoe Birch) 87 - 35. Betula nigra (Black or Red Birch) 89 - 36. Alnus incana (Speckled Alder) 91 - 37. Alnus rugosa (Smooth Alder) 93 - 38. Fagus grandifolia (Beech) 95 - 39. Castanea dentata (Chestnut) 97 - 40. Quercus alba (White Oak) 102 - 41. Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak) 105 - 42. Quercus Muhlenbergii (Chinquapin Oak) 106 - 43. Quercus Michauxii (Cow or Basket Oak) 108 - 44. Quercus Prinus (Chestnut Oak) 111 - 45. Quercus stellata (Post Oak) 113 - 46. Quercus macrocarpa (Bur Oak) 115 - 47. Quercus lyrata (Overcup Oak) 118 - 48. Quercus imbricaria (Shingle Oak) 120 - 49. Quercus rubra (Red Oak) 122 - 50. Quercus palustris (Pin Oak) 124 - 51. Quercus Schneckii (Schneck's Red Oak) 125 - 52. Quercus ellipsoidalis (Hill's Oak) 128 - 53. Quercus velutina (Black Oak) 129 - 54. Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak) 132 - 55. Quercus falcata (Spanish Oak) 134 - 56. Quercus marilandica (Black Jack Oak) 136 - 57. Ulmus fulva (Slippery or Red Elm) 139 - 58. Ulmus americana (White Elm) 141 - 59. Ulmus Thomasi (Hickory or Rock Elm) 143 - 60. Ulmus alata (Winged Elm) 144 - 61. Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry) 147 - 62. Celtis pumila var. Deamii (Dwarf Hackberry) 149 - 63. Celtis mississippiensis (Sugarberry) 152 - 64. Morus rubra (Red Mulberry) 154 - 65. Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange) 156 - 66. Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber Tree) 158 - 67. Liriodendron Tulipifera (Tulip Tree or Yellow Poplar) 160 - 68. Asimina triloba (Pawpaw) 162 - 69. Sassafras officinale (Sassafras) 164 - 70. Liquidambar Styraciflua (Sweet Gum) 167 - 71. Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore) 169 - 72. Malus glaucescens (American Crab Apple) 173 - 73. Malus lancifolia (Narrow-leaved Crab Apple) 175 - 74. Malus ioensis (Western Crab Apple) 176 - 75. Amelanchier canadensis (Juneberry or Service Berry) 178 - 76. Amelanchier laevis (Smooth Juneberry or Service Berry) 179 - 77. Crataegus Crus-galli (Cock-spur Thorn) 183 - 78. Crataegus cuneiformis (Marshall's Thorn) 184 - 79. Crataegus punctata (Large-fruited Thorn) 186 - 80. Crataegus Margaretta (Judge Brown's Thorn) 187 - 81. Crataegus collina (Chapman's Hill Thorn) 189 - 82. Crataegus succulenta (Long-spined Thorn) 190 - 83. Crataegus neo-fluvialis (New River Thorn) 192 - 84. Crataegus Calpodendron (Pear Thorn) 193 - 85. Crataegus chrysocarpa (Round-leaved Thorn) 195 - 86. Crataegus viridis (Southern Thorn) 196 - 87. Crataegus nitida (Shining Thorn) 198 - 88. Crataegus macrosperma (Variable Thorn) 199 - 89. Crataegus basilica (Edson's Thorn) 201 - 90. Crataegus Jesupi (Jesup's Thorn) 202 - 91. Crataegus rugosa (Fretz's Thorn) 204 - 92. Crataegus filipes (Miss Beckwith's Thorn) 205 - 93. Crataegus Gattingeri (Gattinger's Thorn) 207 - 94. Crataegus pruinosa (Waxy-fruited Thorn) 208 - 95. Crataegus coccinoides (Eggert's Thorn) 210 - 96. Crataegus coccinea (Scarlet Thorn) 211 - 97. Crataegus mollis (Red-fruited or Downy Thorn) 213 - 98. Crataegus Phaenopyrum (Washington's Thorn) 215 - 99. Prunus americana (Wild Red Plum) 217 - 100. Prunus americana var. lanata (Woolly-leaf Plum) 219 - 101. Prunus nigra (Canada Plum) 220 - 102. Prunus hortulana (Wild Goose Plum) 222 - 103. Prunus pennsylvanica (Wild Red Cherry) 224 - 104. Prunus serotina (Wild Black Cherry) 225 - 105. Cercis canadensis (Redbud) 228 - 106. Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey Locust) 229 - 107. Gleditsia aquatica (Water Honey Locust) 231 - 108. Gymnocladus dioica (Coffeenut Tree) 234 - 109. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia (Black Locust) 236 - 110. Ailanthus altissima (Ailanthus or Tree of Heaven) 238 - 111. Acer Negundo (Box Elder) 241 - 112. Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) 243 - 113. Acer rubrum (Red Maple) 245 - 114. Acer nigrum (Black Maple) 247 - 115. Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) 249 - 116. Aesculus glabra (Buckeye) 252 - 117. Aesculus octandra (Sweet Buckeye) 254 - 118. Tilia glabra (Linn or Basswood) 256 - 119. Tilia heterophylla (White Basswood) 258 - 120. Nyssa sylvatica (Black Gum) 260 - 121. Cornus florida (Dogwood) 262 - 122. Oxydendrum arboreum (Sour Wood or Sorrel Tree) 264 - 123. Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon) 266 - 124. Fraxinus americana (White Ash) 269 - 125. Fraxinus biltmoreana (Biltmore Ash) 271 - 126. Fraxinus lanceolata (Green Ash) 273 - 127. Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Red Ash) 275 - 128. Fraxinus profunda (Pumpkin Ash) 277 - 129. Fraxinus quadrangulata (Blue Ash) 279 - 130. Fraxinus nigra (Black Ash) 281 - 131. Adelia acuminata (Pond Brush or Crooked Brush) 283 - 132. Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa) 285 - 133. Catalpa speciosa (Hardy Catalpa) 286 - 134. Viburnum prunifolium (Black Haw) 289 - 135. County Map of Indiana 301 - 136. Map showing certain areas of forest distribution 302 - 137. English and Metric Scales compared 303 - - - - -Trees of Indiana - - - - -_INTRODUCTION_ - - -The present edition has been entirely rewritten. While the general plan -of the first edition has been followed, some changes have been made. - -The number of trees included has been wholly arbitrary. All woody plants -of the State which generally attain a maximum diameter of 10 cm. (4 -inches) at breast high are regarded as tree forms. _Alnus rugosa_ which -so closely resembles _Alnus incana_, is an exception, and a description -of it is given to aid in the identification of our tree form of _Alnus_. -Also several species of Crataegus are included which commonly do not -attain tree size. The species of all Crataegus begin to flower and fruit -many years before they attain their maximum size. The genus is much in -need of study, and the smaller forms are included to stimulate a study -of the genus, and in order that the larger forms may be more easily and -certainly identified. - -The number of introduced trees has been limited to those that more or -less freely escape at least in some parts of the State. The one -exception is _Catalpa bignonioides_, which is given to help separate it -from our native catalpa, both of which are now commonly planted. - -=Botanic Description.=--The botanic descriptions have been made from -specimens collected in Indiana. In most instances the material has been -quite ample, and collected from all parts of the State. Technical terms -have been avoided, and only when precision and accuracy were necessary -have a few been used which can be found in any school dictionary. The -length of the description varies in proportion to the importance and -interest of the species and the number of characters necessary to -separate it from other forms. The characters used are those which are -the most conspicuous, and are generally with the specimen at hand. In -most instances mature leaves are at hand, and these are most fully -described. When leaves are discussed, only mature and normal leaves are -considered. The descriptions are not drawn to include the leaf forms, -and sizes of coppice shoots or seedlings. Measurements of simple leaves -do not include the petiole unless mentioned. - -When the term twig is used, it means the growth of the year. Branchlets -and branches mean all growth except the present year. By seasons are -meant the calendar seasons. - -The size of trees is designated as small, medium and large. These terms -are defined as follows: Small trees are those that attain a diameter of -2 dm.; medium-sized trees are those whose maximum diameter is between 2 -dm. and 6 dm.; large-sized trees are those which are commonly more than -6 dm. in diameter. Diameter measurements are at 14 dm. (4-1/2) feet -above the ground, or breast high. - -The common names given are those most generally used in our area. Where -common names are rarely applied to our forms, the common commercial or -botanical common name is given. In some instances where a tree is known -by several names, one or more of which are often applied to a related -species, the liberty has been taken to select a common name which should -be restricted to the one species. - -Botanical names are usually pronounced according to the English method -of pronouncing Latin. The accented syllables have been marked as -follows: the grave (\) accent to indicate the long English sound of the -vowel and the acute (/) accent to show the short or otherwise modified -sound. - -Measurements have been given in the metric system, and in some instances -the English equivalent has also been given. - -The nomenclature attempted is that of the International Code. The -sequence of families is that of Gray's Manual, 7th Edition. - -=Distribution.=--The general distribution of the species is first given, -which is followed by the distribution in Indiana. The general -distribution has been obtained by freely consulting all the local floras -and general works on botany. The Indiana distribution has been obtained -for the greater part from specimens represented in the writer's -herbarium and from notes in doing field work during the past 24 years. -Since the first edition of the "Trees of Indiana" was published the -writer has traveled over 27,000 miles in Indiana, via auto, making a -special study of the flora of the State, and has visited every county -and has traversed practically every township in the State. In discussing -numbers in distribution it was decided to use terms already in common -use, but to assign a definite meaning to each as follows: Very common -means more than 25 trees to the acre; common, 5-25 trees to the acre; -frequent 1-5 trees to the acre; infrequent, 1 tree to 2-10 acres; rare, -1 tree to every 11-100 acres; very rare, 1 tree to more than 100 acres; -local when the distribution is circumscribed or in spots. - -Where a species has the limit of its range in our area, its distribution -is sometimes given at length for scientific reasons. It should be -remembered that some of the older records of distribution were made by -geologists or inexperienced botanists, and when such records are -questioned it is done with a spirit of scientific accuracy. Some of our -early authors did not distinguish between cultivated and native trees, -which involves the distribution of certain species. - -The habitat of many species is discussed; which suggests forestal, -horticultural and ornamental possibilities. Then too, the habitat of a -tree, helps to identify it. When associated trees are given, those are -enumerated which are characteristic of the species throughout its range -in our area and they are arranged in the order of their abundance. - -A county map of the State is included which will assist in finding the -range of each species. A forestal area map is also added to visualize -certain habitats of the State. - -The range and distribution of the species in the State has been given -considerable attention to encourage investigation along this line. - -=Remarks.=--Under this title the economic uses of the trees and their -products have been given. In addition horticultural and unclassified -information is included. - -=Illustrations.=--All of the illustrations except two are photographic -reproductions of specimens in the writer's herbarium. The two drawings -were used in the first edition. - -About 20 of the photographs were made by Paul Ulman, and the remainder -by Harry F. Dietz, who has laboriously tried to obtain good -reproductions from the material at hand. - -=Explanation of Map of Certain Forestal Areas.=--In describing the -distribution of certain species of trees within the State, it was found -convenient to speak of certain forestal areas which are here described, -and are illustrated by a map which may be found at the end of the text. - -_Lake Region_:--The southernmost lakes in Indiana are those located in -the southwestern part of Wells County; Lake Galacia about five miles -northeast of Fairmount in Grant County; Lake Cicott in Cass County; and -Kate's Pond about 1-1/2 miles northwest of Independence in Warren -County. Roughly estimated, all of Indiana north of a line connecting -these lakes might be considered the lake area of the State. _Prairie -Area_:--While the interior of Indiana has quite a few small areas called -prairies, the real western prairie did not extend far into the State. -The dividing line is very irregular, and several elongated lobes -extended farther east than indicated by the map. The larger areas east -of the line were the extensive prairie area of the Kankakee Valley; the -northern part of Pulaski County; and parts of White and Tippecanoe -Counties. _"Knob" Area_:--This is the hilliest part of the State and is -located in the southcentral part. It is contained in the unglaciated -portion of the State, and includes the "knobs" of the Knobstone, Chester -and Mansfield sandstone areas of Indiana. In this area are included the -scrub pine and chestnut oak, with one exception; sorrel tree and the -chestnut, with two possible exceptions. _The Flats_:--This is a level -stretch of country, here and there deeply eroded. Being level, and the -soil a fine compact clay, the drainage is poor which suggested the local -name "flats." _The Lower Wabash Valley_:--This is part of Knox, Gibson -and Posey Counties which is usually inundated each year by the Wabash -River. - -=Acknowledgments.=--The character and qualities of the wood have for the -greater part been taken from the works of Britton and Brown, Hough, and -Sargent, to whom indebtedness is acknowledged. - -The _Salicaceae_, except the genus _Populus_ was written by C. R. Ball, -of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. The _Malaceae_ was -contributed by W. W. Eggleston, also of the Bureau of Plant Industry, -Washington, D. C. These authors were asked to make their part conform to -the general plan of the book. Mr. Ball and Mr. Eggleston are recognized -authorities on the respective parts they have written and users of this -book will appreciate the value of having these difficult parts written -by our best authorities. The author wishes to gratefully acknowledge -this great favor. - -The most grateful acknowledgement is given to Prof. Stanley Coulter, -Dean, School Science, Purdue University, who has read all of the -manuscript and made valuable suggestions, corrections and criticisms. - -I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Stella M. Deam, my wife, in -field and clerical work. - -I wish to thank the Department of Conservation for the opportunity of -doing this work. - - - - -Key to the Families. - - - PAGE - - Leaves linear or scale-like. Pinaceae 19 - - Leaves not as above. - - A. Leaves compound. - - Leaves palmately compound. Aesculaceae 251 - - Leaves without an odd leaflet at the end. Caesalpinaceae 226 - - Leaves with an odd leaflet at the end. - - Leaves alternate. - - Leaflets toothed all around. Juglandaceae 52 - - Leaflets entire, or with 1-4 teeth near - the base. - - Trees with thorns, leaflets entire, - generally less than 4 cm. - (1-1/2 inches) long. Fabaceae 233 - - Trees without thorns, leaflets entire - or with 1-4 teeth near the base, - generally longer than 4 cm. - (1-1/2 inches). Simarubaceae 237 - - Leaves opposite. - - Leaflets 3-5, fruit in pairs. Aceraceae 239 - - Leaflets 5-11, fruit single. Oleaceae 267 - - A. Leaves simple. - - Leaves opposite or whorled. - - Petioles more than 4 cm. (1-1/2 inches) long. - - Blades palmately 3-5 lobed. Aceraceae 239 - - Blades entire or with 1 or 2 lateral lobes. Bignoniaceae 284 - - Petioles less than 4 cm. (1-1/2 inches) long. - - Flowers 4-parted, stone of fruit round. Cornaceae 259 - - Flowers 5-parted, stone of fruit flattened. Caprifoliaceae 288 - - Leaves alternate. - - B. Leaves entire. - - Trees with thorns and a milky sap. Maclura in - Moraceae 155 - - Trees without thorns, sap not milky. - - Leaves 3-5 nerved at the base. - - Leaves 3-nerved at the base. Celtis in - Ulmaceae 146 - - Leaves 5-nerved at the base. Cercis in - Caesalpinaceae 227 - - Leaves with 1 primary nerve. - - Leaves usually more than 1.5 dm. - (6 inches) long, flowers solitary. - - Flowers appearing before or with the - leaves. Anonaceae 161 - - Flowers appearing after the leaves. Magnoliaceae 155 - - Leaves less than 1.5 dm. (6 inches) long, - flowers in clusters. - - Bark and leaves aromatic Lauraceae 163 - - Bark and leaves not aromatic. - Fruit dry, an acorn Quercus - imbricaria - in Fagaceae 119 - - Fruit fleshy. - - Fruit with one seed, stone - cylindrical Nyssa in - Cornaceae 259 - - Fruit with more than one seed, - rarely one, seeds flat Ebenaceae 265 - - B. Leaves finely serrate, coarsely toothed - or lobed. - - C. Leaves with one primary vein. - - Bark and leaves aromatic Lauraceae 163 - - Bark and leaves not aromatic. - - Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit in - catkins. - - Scales of winter buds 2, ovary many-seeded, - seeds with a tuft of hairs at the summit Salix in - Salicaceae 34 - - Scales of winter buds more than 2, ovary - 1-seeded, seeds without a tuft of hairs - at the summit Betulaceae 78 - - Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit not - in catkins. - - Fruit dry. - - Fruit a samara Ulmus - in Ulmaceae 137 - - Fruit not a samara - - Bark smooth; fruit spiny Fagaceae 92 - - Bark furrowed; fruit a smooth capsule Ericaceae 263 - - Fruit fleshy. - - Flowers more than 8 mm. (1/3 inch) broad, - fruit edible, apple-like. - - Trees mostly with thorns, fruit with - remnant of calyx at apex of fruit, - normally with more than 1 seed. Malaceae 171 - - Trees without thorns, fruit with no - remnant of calyx at the apex, fruit - a 1-seeded edible drupe. Amygdalaceae 216 - - Flowers less than 8 mm. (1/3 inch) across, - fruit a non-edible drupe Cornaceae 259 - - C. Leaves with more than 1 primary vein. - - Staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins. - - Fruit dry Populus in - Salicaceae 45 - - Fruit fleshy Morus in - Moraceae 151 - - Staminate and pistillate flowers not in catkins. - - Pistillate and staminate flowers separate. - - Leaves 3-nerved at the base, fruit a - 1-seeded drupe Celtis in - Ulmaceae 146 - - Leaves 5-nerved at the base, fruit a head of - carpels or achenes. - - Bark fissured, not peeling off in flakes, - leaves aromatic Altingiaceae 166 - - Bark peeling off in flakes, leaves not - aromatic Platanaceae 168 - - Pistillate and staminate flowers in one. - - Fruit dry Tiliaceae 255 - - Fruit fleshy Malaceae 171 - - - - -=PINACEAE.= The Pine Family. - - -Trees and shrubs with a resinous sap, which yields rosin, tar, -turpentine and essential oils. The leaves are linear or scale-like, -alternate, whorled or clustered; flowers naked, appearing in the spring; -fruit a cone or sometimes berry-like. A large family of trees and -shrubs, containing over 200 species, found in many parts of the world, -and of great economic importance. In Indiana only nine species are -native, and the distribution of seven of these species has always been -very limited. - - Leaves linear, in clusters of 2, 3, 5 or more than 5. - - Leaves in bundles of 2-5. 1 Pinus. - - Leaves in bundles of more than 5. 2 Larix. - - Leaves linear and solitary, or scale-like. - - Leaves all linear. - - Leaves obtuse. 3 Tsuga. - - Leaves sharp-pointed. - - Leaves green on both sides, alternate. 4 Taxodium. - - Leaves glaucous beneath, opposite or whorled. 6 Juniperus. - - Leaves all scale-like, or some of the branches with - linear sharp-pointed leaves. - - Leaves all scale-like, fruit a cone of 8-12 - imbricated scales. 5 Thuja. - - Leaves scale-like or some linear and sharp-pointed, - fruit berry-like. 6 Juniperus. - - -=1. PINUS.= The Pines. - -Evergreen trees with needle-shaped leaves in bundles of 2-5 or 7; -flowers appearing in the spring, the staminate clustered at the base of -the season's shoots, the pistillate on the side or near the end of the -shoots; fruit a woody cone which matures at the end of the second -season, or more rarely at the end of the third season; scales of the -cone variously thickened; seeds in pairs at the base of the scales. - -There are about 70 species of pines of which three are native to -Indiana. Commercially the pines are classed as soft and hard. In our -area the soft pines are represented by the white pine, while the gray -and Jersey pines are classed as hard pines. - - Leaves 5 in a bundle, 6-12 cm. long. 1 P. Strobus. - - Leaves 2-3 in a bundle. - - Scales of cones unarmed, leaves usually 2-4 cm. long. 2 P. Banksiana. - - Scales of cones tipped with a short spine, leaves - usually over 4 cm. long. 3 P. virginiana. - -=1.= =Pinus Strobus= Linnaeus. White Pine. Plate 2. Bark greenish and -smooth on young trees, becoming reddish or gray and furrowed on old -trees; young twigs scurvy-pubescent, soon smooth and light brown; leaves -normally 5 in a bundle, sometimes more, 6-12 cm. long, 3-sided, -sharp-pointed, bluish-green, maturing and falling at end of second -season; cones ripening at end of second season, usually 10-20 cm. long; -wood light, soft, not strong, works easily, takes a good polish, and -warps little. - -=Distribution.=--Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Iowa, Kentucky and -along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia. The mass distribution -of this species is to the north of our area, and in Indiana it is local -and found in small numbers. It is a common tree on some of the dunes -bordering Lake Michigan, and is found locally throughout the area -bordering Lake Michigan. Its distribution in this part of the State has -not been studied, but it is believed that in Lake and Porter Counties it -is not at present found far from the Lake. Blatchley[1] reports "a -thicket of this species about a peat bog on the Hayward farm one mile -east of Merrillville in Lake County." The writer has seen it as a -frequent tree in a black oak woods about four miles southwest of -Michigan City, also quite a number of large trees seven miles northeast -of Michigan City in a swampy woods, associated with white elm, black -ash, soft maple, etc. - -Nieuwland[2] reports a single tree found in a tamarack swamp 25 miles -east of Michigan City near Lydick in St. Joseph County. The next -appearance of this species is to the south in Warren County on the -outcrops of sandstone along Big Pine, Little Pine, Rock and Kickapoo -Creeks. It is found more or less on bluffs of these creeks. It was the -most abundant along Big Pine Creek, and followed up the creek for a -distance of about ten miles, or midway between Rainsville and Indian -Village. To the south it is next found in Fountain County on the -outcrops of sandstone along Big Shawnee and Bear Creeks. Franklin Watts -who owns the "Bear Creek Canyon" just south of Fountain says he -remembers the area before any cutting was done along the creek. He says -that the white pine was a common tree along the creek for a distance of -half a mile and that a few scattered trees were found as far as 40 rods -from the creek. He stated that the largest trees were about 30 inches in -diameter and as high as the highest of the surrounding trees. Moving -southward it is next found on a ridge of sandstone in Montgomery County -on the south side of Sugar Creek about a mile east of the shades. Here -it is closely associated with hemlock which is absent in all of the -stations to the north. Coulter[3] reports a colony in the "knobs" of the -northeast corner of Floyd County. This species was also reported from -Clark County by Baird and Taylor. The writer has made inquiry and -diligently searched for this species in this county but failed to locate -it. In the vicinity of Borden where the Jersey pine grows, millmen -distinguish two kinds of pines. Investigation showed that both are -Jersey pine. The one with resinous exudations along the trunk is one -kind, and trunks without exudation is the other. Since Baird and Taylor -include cultivated trees in their list of the plants of Clark County, it -is proposed to drop this reference. - -[Illustration: Plate 2. - -PINUS STROBUS Linnaeus. (x 1/2.) White Pine.] - -=Remarks.=--White pine on account of the excellent qualities of its wood -is in great demand, and has always ranked as one of our leading timber -trees. In fact it was so highly prized that practically all of the -original stand of this species has been cut. - -The tree adapts itself to many habitats, hence has been used extensively -for forestry purposes both in America and Europe. In fact it was the -most used tree in forestry until about ten years ago when the white pine -blister rust was discovered in America. This disease is now found in -practically all of the states where this species forms dense stands. -However, Federal and State authorities are trying to stamp out the -disease. In Indiana it is a species well worth a trial for forestry -purposes, especially in windbreaks where other species are used. - -=2.= =Pinus Banksiana= Lambert. Gray Pine. Jack Pine. Plate 3. A small -tree 10-15 m. high with reddish-brown bark, broken into short flakes; -shoots of season yellow-green, turning reddish-brown, smooth; leaves -dark green, in twos, 2-5 cm. long, divergent, curved or twisted, rigid, -sharp-pointed, persisting for two or three years; cones sessile, -sharp-pointed, oblique at the base, 3-5 cm. long, usually pointing in -the direction of the branch; wood light, soft and weak. - -=Distribution.=--The most northern of all of our pines. Nova Scotia to -northern New York, northern Illinois, Minnesota and northward. In -Indiana it is found only on and among the sand dunes in the immediate -vicinity of Lake Michigan, and in no instance has it been seen more than -three miles from the Lake. Found sparingly in Lake, Porter and Laporte -Counties. It is the most abundant in the vicinity of Dune Park. - -[Illustration: Plate 3. - -PINUS BANKSIANA Lambert. Gray or Jack Pine. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 4. - -PINUS VIRGINIANA Miller. Jersey or Scrub Pine. (x1/2.)] - -=3.= =Pinus virginiana= Miller. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. Plate 4. Bark -dark-brown with rather shallow fissures, the ridges broken, somewhat -scaly; shoots green, light brown or purplish with a bloom, becoming a -gray-brown; leaves in bundles of two, rarely three, twisted, usually -about 4-5 cm. long, deciduous during the third or fourth year; cones -sessile or nearly so, narrowly conic when closed, 4-7 cm. long, opening -in the autumn of the second season; scales armed with a curved spine 2-4 -mm. long; wood light, soft, weak, brittle and slightly resinous. - -=Distribution.=--Long Island to South Carolina, Alabama and north to -Indiana and Licking County, Ohio. The distribution in Indiana is quite -limited, and has never been understood by authors who variously give it -as found throughout the southern part of Indiana. It is confined to the -knob area of Floyd, Clark and Scott Counties, and the southeastern part -of Washington County. In the original forest it is confined to the tops -of the knobs where it is associated with Quercus Prinus (Gray's Man. 7th -Edition). It propagates easily from self-sown seed, hence is soon found -on the lower slopes of cut-over lands, and soon occupies fallow fields. -It is now found in the open woods several miles east of the knobs in the -preceding counties, but pioneers of this section say it was not a -constituent of the original forests but has come in since the original -forests were heavily cut over. It is believed that it crowned the knobs -over our area from 5-10 miles wide extending through the counties named -and extending northward about 25 miles. This species is found in the -open woods on a few hills on the Millport Ridge in the northern part of -Washington County, and it appears as if native, but investigation showed -that it had spread from a tree on the site of a pioneer's cabin. It is -also found as a frequent escape on the wooded bluff of Raccoon Creek in -the southern part of Owen County, and appears as native here. It is -associated on the bluff and slope with hemlock. Chas. Green, a man of -sixty years, who owns the place says the trees were seeded by a tree -planted in his father's yard nearby. His father also planted a white -pine in his yard, and it is to be noted while the Jersey Pine has freely -escaped the white pine has not, although the habitat seems favorable. - -=Remarks.=--In its native habitat on the exposed summits of the "knobs" -it is usually a small tree about 3 dm. in diameter and 10 m. high. When -it finds lodgement on the lower slopes and coves it may attain a -diameter of 7 dm. and a height of 25 m. This tree is really entitled to -be called "old field pine" on account of its ability to establish itself -on them. - -From the ease with which this species propagates itself from seed it -seems worthy a trial for forestry purposes in the "knob" area of the -State. However, all attempts to grow this species from seedlings at the -Forest Reserve have failed. - - -=2. LARIX.= The Larches. - -=Larix laricina= (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. Plate No. 5. Tall spire-like -trees, usually 2-3 dm. in diameter, rarely as large as 5 dm. in -diameter; bark gray or reddish-brown, scaly; twigs slender, smooth, -light brown, becoming a dark gray brown; leaves scattered along the -shoots of the season, in fascicles on the older branches, usually 20-50 -in a bundle; filiform, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse at apex, triangular in -cross-section, all falling off late in autumn; staminate flowers borne -on the short leafless branches, the pistillate appear with the leaves on -the branches of the previous season; cones borne on short, stout -branchlets, normally erect or inclined to be so, 10-20 mm. long, -purplish brown while growing, turning to a light brown at maturity, -persisting on the tree for about a year; wood hard, heavy, light brown, -variable in strength. - -=Distribution.=--Labrador, Newfoundland south to southern New York, West -Virginia, northern Ohio and Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota and northward. -In Indiana it is confined to the northern part of the State, and has not -been reported south of the northern part of Cass County. The most -southern station in the eastern part of the State is about Lake Everett -in the northwest part of Allen County. It is found on low borders of -lakes, in swamps and in bogs. In all of its stations in Indiana it is -found growing near the water level in great depths of organic matter -more or less decomposed or in beds of peat, which contain little or -practically no soil. Where it is found, it usually forms a pure stand. - -=Remarks.=--Formerly the tamarack was a common tree in its area. -Recently many of the tamarack swamps have been drained. This with heavy -cutting has reduced the supply of tamarack in Indiana to an -insignificant amount. The tamarack is popularly classed as white and -yellow--the yellow being considered the better of the two. In our area -it is used principally for poles and posts. There is a diversity of -opinion as to the durability of tamarack in contact with the soil. The -most authentic information places the life of fence posts at about ten -years. - -[Illustration: Plate 5. - -LARIX LARICINA (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. (x1.)] - - -=3. TSUGA.= The Hemlocks. - -=Tsuga canadensis= (Linnaeus) Carriere. Hemlock. Plate 6. Tall trees, 3-7 -dm. in diameter, with reddish-brown or grayish bark, deeply furrowed; -shoots very slender and hairy, becoming smooth in a few years; leaves -apparently 2-ranked, persisting for about three years, linear, short -petioled, 6-13 mm. long, usually about 10 mm. long, usually flat, obtuse -or notched at apex, bright green and shiny above, bluish-white beneath; -staminate flowers appear early in the spring from buds in the axils of -the leaves of the previous season, the pistillate terminal, erect, -oblong; cones almost sessile and pendulous, borne on the end of last -year's branch, maturing the first season, ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; wood -light, soft, brittle, not durable, difficult to work, splintery but -holds a nail well. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia south to Delaware, west to Minnesota and -southeastward through Indiana and eastern Kentucky, thence southward on -the mountains to northern Alabama. In Indiana it is not found[4] north -of Brown County. It is found in limited numbers at the following places: -on a bluff of Bean Blossom Creek in Brown County; on a steep wooded -slope on the south side of a small creek about one and a half miles -north of Borden in Clark County, and also reported on the bank of Silver -Creek between Clark and Floyd Counties; a few trees on the top and sides -of the cliffs about one mile east of Taswell in Crawford County; a few -trees on the bluff of Guthrie Creek in Jackson County; a few trees along -the north fork of the Muscatatuck River between Vernon and North Vernon -in Jennings County; a few trees on the south bank of Back Creek near -Leesville in Lawrence County; frequent on the banks of Sugar Creek near -the "Shades" in Montgomery County; a few trees on the bank of Raccoon -Creek in the southern part of Owen County; frequent on the bank of Sugar -Creek in Turkey Run State Park in Parke County; a few trees on the banks -of Raccoon and Walnut Creeks in Putnam County. Also reported by -Beeler[5] as found on a bluff of White River in Morgan County. - -In all of its stations it is found on sandstone bluffs on the south side -of streams, giving it a north or northwest exposure. In a few of the -stations there are no small trees, but in Montgomery County along Sugar -Creek it is reproducing well. - -=Remarks.=--Hemlock is of no economic importance in Indiana. The bark is -much used in tanning. Hemlock is frequently used for a hedge plant, also -as a specimen tree in parks, etc. - -[Illustration: Plate 6. - -TSUGA CANADENSIS (Linnaeus) Carriere. Hemlock. (x1/2.)] - - -=4. TAXODIUM.= The Bald Cypress. - -=Taxodium distichum= (Linnaeus) L. C. Richard. Cypress. Plate 7. Large -tall straight trees, up to 18 dm. in diameter and 45 m. high, usually -with a buttressed base which is frequently hollow. In wet situations it -develops steeple-shaped projections from the roots to above the water -level, known as "knees"; bark gray or reddish-brown, separating from the -trunk in long thin narrow strips; shoots light green, smooth, turning -reddish-brown the first year, then a darker brown; leaves spirally -arranged, appearing as if 2-ranked on vegetative shoots, linear, 5-15 -mm. long, sessile, acute, yellowish-green, turning brown in the fall and -dropping off; staminate flowers numerous, borne on long terminal -panicles, pistillate flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; fruit -a cone, globose, about 2.5 cm. in diameter, the surface with some -wrinkles made by the edges of the closely fitting scales; wood light, -soft and straight-grained, rather weak, does not warp or shrink much and -reputed to be very durable when exposed to soil or weather. - -=Distribution.=--Along the Atlantic coast from Delaware to Florida and -along the Gulf west to Texas and north along the Mississippi Valley to -Indiana. In Indiana it has a peculiar and limited distribution. The mass -distribution was just north and west of Decker in Knox County. -Collett[6] estimates that 20,000 acres were "covered with a fine forest -of cypress". Wright[7] maps the other places in the southern part of -Knox County where the cypress was known to have occurred. At present the -only cypress in Knox County is in the extreme southwest part of the -county, and is known as Little Cypress swamp. Here it is associated with -such trees as white elm and Schneck's oak. It is believed that it -extended only a few miles north of the Deshee River. Going southward it -has not been seen in Gibson County, and is first noted in Posey County -along the Wabash River in a cypress pond about 12 miles southwest of Mt. -Vernon. Then again in Posey County along the Ohio River on the shores of -Hovey Lake, and in a slough about 3 miles east of Mt. Vernon. It -occurred in a few spots in Vanderburg County along the Ohio River -southwest of Evansville. It again appears in limited numbers along -Cypress Creek a few miles east of Newburg in Warrick County, which is -its eastern[8] known limit. - -The cypress in all of its stations is found only in places that are for -the greater part of the year under water. - -=Remarks.=--The original stand of cypress in Indiana has practically all -been cut, and the swamps drained and now under cultivation. In the -slough east of Mt. Vernon for several years, thousands of seedlings of -the year have been noted, but for some reason they do not survive a -second year. The present indications are that the cypress will be -extinct in Indiana before many years because practically no small trees -can be found. - -[Illustration: Plate 7. - -TAXODIUM DISTICHUM (Linnaeus) L. C. Richard. Cypress. (x 1/2.)] - -This species is highly recommended by some nurserymen for ornamental -planting. It proves hardy in the southern part of the state. It is a -fast growing tree, adapted to a wet soil, but will succeed in drier -situations. - - -=5. THUJA.= Arbor-Vitae. - -=Thuja occidentalis= Linnaeus. Arbor-Vitae. Plate 8. Small evergreen trees -with a conical crown, bark on old trees reddish-brown or dark gray, -shreddy; branchlets compressed, reddish-brown; leaves all closely -appressed, in alternate pairs, scale-like, about 3 mm. long on young -branchlets, on old branches somewhat longer together with a spine 2-3 -mm. long; flowers appear early in the spring from the ends of the -branches; cones mature the first season, about 1 cm. long and .5 cm. in -diameter; wood soft, brittle, weak and durable. - -=Distribution.=--New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Minnesota and New -Jersey thence southward along the Alleghanies to North Carolina and -Tennessee. In Indiana it is found native[9] only in Lake and Porter -Counties. In Lake County a few isolated specimens have been found in -several places near Lake Michigan. In Porter County it is known only in -a large tamarack swamp north of the Mineral Springs stop on the Traction -line, and about a mile from Lake Michigan. Here about 100 trees are -found scattered over an area of less than two acres. The largest -specimen measures 70 cm. in circumference. This species is doomed to -early extinction in our area. No doubt it already has vanished from Lake -County, and it is probable that the colony north of Mineral Springs is -the last of the species in Indiana. - -=Remarks.=--While only found in a swamp in Indiana, this species adapts -itself to all kinds of soils and exposures. It transplants readily and -is used for ornamental purposes, and for windbreaks. Dwarf forms are -frequently planted for hedges. The wood is used principally for poles -and posts, and is commercially known as white cedar. - - -=6. JUNIPERUS.= The Junipers. - -Evergreen shrubs or trees, leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, -scale-like or short-linear; fruit berry-like; seeds 1-3. - -=Juniperus virginiana= Linnaeus. Red Cedar. Plate 9. A small tree, -usually 1-2 dm. and rarely up to 5 dm. in diameter; bark shreddy; -branches usually more or less ascending which gives the tree a narrow -conic appearance; shoots green, soon turning light to reddish-brown and -on older branches gray or dark brown; leaves 4-ranked, scale-like and -1.5-2 mm. long, or subulate, decurrent at base and 3-10 mm. long on -vigorous branches or very small trees; flowers terminal; fruit ripening -the first season, berry-like, globose but longer than wide, with a bloom -and a very resinous pulp about the seeds which are usually 1 or 2; wood -light, brittle, close-grained, durable and fragrant. - -[Illustration: Plate 8. - -THUJA OCCIDENTALIS Linnaeus. Arbor-Vitae. (x 1/2.).] - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia south to Florida, west to Texas and north -to South Dakota. It is found in all parts of Indiana, although sparingly -in the northern part, especially where streams with bluffs are absent. -No doubt this species in the original forests was confined principally -to the bluffs of streams and rocky ravines. Since the forests have been -cut, it is now found growing along fences, in open dry woods, and in -southern Indiana it is a common tree in old abandoned fields, and in -waste places. - -=Remarks.=--Red cedar has had many uses, and the large trees have been -practically all harvested. It is now used principally for poles, posts, -crossties, cigar boxes and lead pencils. It is the best wood known for -lead pencils. The odor is so objectionable to insects that a market has -been made for chests of this wood in which to store clothing and furs. - - - - -=SALICACEAE.=[10] The Willow Family. - - -Trees or shrubs with bitter bark; simple alternate leaves; flowers in -catkins, which fall off as a whole, the staminate after flowering, the -pistillate after ripening and scattering of the seeds, the staminate and -pistillate on different plants (dioecious); flower scales single, below -each flower; fruit a lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate capsule opening -lengthwise into 2 recurving carpels or valves; seeds numerous, minute, -oblong, bearing a tuft of hairs at the base. Genera 2, _Salix_, the -willows, and _Populus_, the aspens and poplars, or cottonwoods, -separated by the following characters, those applying only to Indiana -trees species in parentheses: - - Buds covered by a single scale; (leaf-blades mostly - enlongated, more than twice as long as wide); flower - scales entire or rarely shallowly toothed at apex; - stamens mostly 2 or 3-8 or 10 1 Salix. - - Buds covered by numerous scales; (leaf-blades mostly - cordate-ovate, less than twice as long as broad); - flower scales deeply cut or lacerate; stamens more - than 10 2 Populus. - -[Illustration: Plate 9. - -JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA Linnaeus. Red Cedar. (x 1/2.)] - - -=1. SALIX.= The Willows. - -Trees or shrubs (occasionally herbaceous) with usually clustered teims, -twigs round; leaf-blades lanceolate and long-acuminate or -elliptic-lanceolate and short pointed in all Indiana tree species, -finely toothed or nearly entire; catkins appearing before (precocious), -with (coetaneous), or after the leaves (serotinous); each pistillate -flower with a little gland at the base of the pedicel on the inside. - -A large genus of several hundred species varying from tiny shrubby or -subherbaceous plants scarcely an inch in height to 0.5 m. (2 feet) or -more in diameter, in alluvial lowlands; occurring under Indiana -conditions from cold bogs and river banks to dry sand dunes. Willows are -used for many purposes, among them ornament, shade, hedges, posts, -poles, mattresses, revetments to protect levees, baskets, fish-weirs, -whistles, etc., while the wood is used for charcoal, which is especially -prized for gunpowder making, and the bark is used for tanning and -furnishes salicin, which is used in medicine as a substitute for quinine -and as a tonic and febrifuge. - - Small to large trees; leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate, - mostly long pointed, finely and rather closely toothed; - flowers appearing with the leaves; capsules not hairy. - - Native trees; leaves green on both sides (No. 1) or white - (glaucous) beneath (No. 2), and then with very long - points and long slender twisted petioles which are - never glandular; stamens 3-5-7 or more. - - Twigs dark green, spreading; leaves narrowly - lanceolate, green on both sides; petioles - short 1 S. nigra. - - Twigs yellowish, somewhat drooping; leaves broadly - lanceolate, glaucous beneath; petioles long, - twisted 2 S. amygdaloides. - - European trees, cultivated for ornament and use; - leaves always glaucous beneath; stamens always 2. - - Teeth on edge of leaf 8-10 to each cm. (20-25 to - the inch); petioles usually glandular; - capsules almost sessile 3 S. alba. - - Teeth on edge of leaf 6-8 per cm. (15-20 to the - inch); petioles usually glandular; pedicels - 0.5-1 mm. long 4 S. fragilis. - - Shrubs or rarely small trees; leaves elliptical or - oblanceolate, short pointed; margin entire or - coarsely wavy or shallow-toothed; flowers before - the leaves; stamens 2; capsules long, hairy. - - Twigs and leaves not hairy; leaves thin 5 S. discolor. - - Twigs and sometimes the lower surface of the leaves - densely hairy, leaves thicker 6 S. discolor - eriocephala. - -[Illustration: Plate 10. - -SALIX NIGRA Marshall. Black Willow. (x 1/2.)] - -=1.= =Salix nigra= Marshall. Willow. Black Willow. Plate 10. Shrub or -tree 5-20 m. (17-65 feet) high, dark green in mass color; bark of trunk -thick, rough, flaky, dark brown to nearly black; twigs brittle at base, -the younger pubescent and green, becoming glabrous and darker with age; -buds ovate, small, 2-3 mm. (1/8 inch) long; petioles 3-6 or 8 mm. -(1/8-3/8 inch) long; stipules small, ovate to roundish; leaf blades -narrowly lanceolate, acute or rounded at base, long-acuminate at the -apex, 6-11 cm. (2-1/4-4-1/4 inches) long, 7-12 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) wide, -often falcate (scythe-shaped), the so-called variety =falcata=, finely -serrate, green on both sides, shining above, paler and dull beneath, -glabrous or sometimes pubescent beneath on midrib and larger veins; -flowers appearing with the leaves in late April in the southern part of -the State and well into May in the northern part; catkins slender, 2-5 -or 6 cm. (4/5-2 or 2-1/2 inches) long, the staminate bright yellow; -capsules 3-5 mm. (1/8 inch) long, ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, on pedicels -1-2 mm. (1/16 inch) long. - -=Distribution.=--New Brunswick and New England, westward to the eastern -part of the Great Plains area from North Dakota to Texas, and, in some -forms, westward across that State and into Mexico. It is interesting -that this species, the first willow published in America, in the first -book on American Botany ever published in this country, should be -abundantly and widely distributed in the United States. - -Specimens have been seen from the following counties in Indiana:--Allen -(Deam); Bartholomew (Deam); Clark (Deam); Crawford (Deam); Dearborn -(Deam); Dubois (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Floyd (Deam); Fulton (Deam); -Harrison (Deam); Hendricks (Deam); Henry (Deam); Jackson (Deam); Jay -(Deam); Jennings (Deam); Knox (Deam); Kosciusko (Deam); Lagrange (Deam); -Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Marshall (Deam); Miami (Deam); Morgan -(Deam); Noble (Deam); Ohio (Deam); Parke (Deam); Perry (Deam); Porter -(Deam); Posey (Deam); Pulaski (Deam); Ripley (Deam); Steuben (Deam); -Sullivan (Deam); Tippecanoe (Deam); Vermillion (Deam); Wabash (Deam); -Warrick (Deam); White (Deam). - -=Economic Uses.=--The black willow is used very extensively along the -lower reaches of the Mississippi River in making mattresses which -protect the levees from washing. In 1912, it was estimated that 150,000 -cords were used annually. - -=2.= =Salix amygdaloides= Andersson. Willow. Peach-leaved Willow. Plate -11. Trees 3-12 m. (10-40 feet) high, yellowish-green in mass color; bark -of trunk fissured, dark brown or reddish-brown; twigs longer and less -brittle than those of _Salix nigra_, yellowish to reddish-brown, usually -somewhat drooping, giving a "weeping" effect, which, with the color, -makes the species easily recognizable from a distance; buds ovoid, about -3 mm. (1/8 inch) long, colored as the twigs; petioles long, slender, -twisted, 5-15 or 20 mm. (1/4-4/5 inch) long; leaves lanceolate to -broadly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or somewhat acute at -base, long-pointed at apex, closely serrulate, 5-12 cm. (2-5 inches) -long, 1.5-3 cm. (3/5-1-1/4 inches) wide, yellowish-green above, glaucous -beneath, glabrous; flowers appear from late April throughout May, -usually later than those of _Salix nigra_; catkins slender, 3-5 cm. -(1-2 inches) long, the fertile becoming 4-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long in -fruit; capsules lanceolate, 4-5 mm. (1/6 inch) long; pedicels slender, 2 -mm. (1/12 inch) long. - -[Illustration: Plate 11. - -SALIX AMYGDALOIDES Andersson. Peach-leaved Willow. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--From Western Quebec and Central New York, west to the -Cascade Mountains in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, south to -Colorado and northwest Texas. In Indiana fairly common in the northern -third, rare in the central third, and lacking in the southern portion of -the State. - -Specimens have been seen from Indiana from the following counties: -Elkhart (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Henry (Deam); Jasper (Deam); Kosciusko -(Deam); Lake (Deam), (Umbach); Laporte (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. -Deam); Marshall (Deam); Pulaski (Deam); Steuben (Deam); Wells (Deam); -White (Deam). - -=3.= =Salix alba= Linnaeus. Willow. White Willow. Plate 12. Trees with -1-5 spreading stems, 5-20 m. (17-65 feet) high; bark rough, coarsely -ridged, gray to brownish; twigs brittle at base, green or yellowish, -glabrous; buds 5-6 mm. (1/4 inch) long; petioles 5-10 mm. (1/5-2/5 inch) -long, seldom glandular; leaves lanceolate, 5-12 cm. (2-5 inches) long, -1-2.5 cm. (2/5-1 inch) wide, acuminate at apex, usually acute at base, -leaves bright green above, glaucous beneath, thinly to densely silky on -both sides when young, often permanently silky beneath, margins with -about 9-10 teeth per cm. (2/5 inch), usually glandular; flowers with the -leaves, in April and May; catkins slender, cylindrical, 3-6 cm. -(1-1/4-2-1/2 inches) long; scales pale yellow; capsules ovoid-conical, -3-5 mm. (1/4 inch) long, almost sessile. The common form usually is -referred to variety =vitellina= (Linnaeus) Koch, with orange twigs and -more glabrate leaves. - -=Distribution.=--A native of Europe which has been frequently planted -and sometimes escapes. - -Specimens have been seen from Indiana from the following counties: -Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Harrison (Deam); -Switzerland (Deam); Warren (Deam); Wells (Deam). - -=4.= =Salix fragilis= Linnaeus. Willow. Crack Willow. Plate 13. Tree very -similar to _Salix alba_; twigs very brittle at the base (hence the -name), green to reddish; petioles 7-15 mm. (1/4-5/8 inch) long, -glandular just below the base of the leaf; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, -7-15 cm. (3-6 inches) long, 2-3.5 cm. (4/5-1-1/2 inches) wide, coarsely -serrate with 5-6 teeth to each cm. (2/5 inch) of margin, dark green and -shining above, paler to glaucous beneath, rarely green, glabrous on both -sides; catkins appearing with the leaves in late April and during May, -4-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long; capsules slenderly conical, 4-5 mm. (1/5 -inch) long, on pedicels 0.5-1 mm. (1/16 inch) long. - -[Illustration: Plate 12. - -SALIX ALBA Linnaeus. White Willow. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 13. - -SALIX FRAGILIS Linnaeus. Crack Willow. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--A native of Europe. It has been frequently planted and -often escapes. - -Specimens have been seen from the following Indiana counties: Benton -(Deam); Clark (Deam); Laporte (Deam); Switzerland (Deam); Union (Deam); -Wells (Deam). - -=Economic Uses.=--This species and the white willow are introduced from -Europe and extensively grown for the production of charcoal to use in -powder making. - -=5.= =Salix discolor= Muhlenberg. Pussy Willow. Swamp Willow. Glaucous -Willow. Plate 14. Shrub or small tree, 2-4 or occasionally 7-5 m. (7-15 -or 25 feet) high; bark thin, usually smooth, reddish brown; twigs -stoutish, reddish-purple to dark brown, often pubescent (see the -variety); buds large, 5-10 mm. (1/5-2/5 inch) long, colored as the -twigs; stipules large, mostly roundish, entire or toothed; leaves -short-lanceolate to elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, acute or -short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or acute at the base, 5-10 cm. (2-4 -inches) long, 2-3.5 cm. (4/5-1-1/2 inches) wide, nearly entire to -coarsely wavy-toothed on the margins, dark shining green above, densely -glaucous and occasionally somewhat pubescent beneath, especially on -midrib and primaries; flowers appear in late March or in April before -the leaves; catkins sessile, on old wood, stout, dense, the staminate -very beautiful (pussies), without leaf-bracts at base, 2-5 cm. (1-2 -inches) long, the pistillate becoming 3-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long in -fruit; scales elliptic-oblanceolate, densely clothed with long shining -hairs; capsules conic-rostrate, 7-10 or 12 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) long, -densely gray-woolly; pedicels 1.5-3 mm. (1/16-1/8 inch) long. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia south to Delaware and west to the eastern -edge of the Great Plains area. Fairly well distributed over the entire -State of Indiana. Specimens have been seen from the following counties: -Allen (Deam); Dearborn (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Elkhart (Deam); Fulton -(Deam); Gibson (Schneck); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Henry (Deam); -Jackson (Deam); Jay (Deam); Jefferson (Deam); Jennings (Deam); Knox -(Deam); Lake (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Marshall (Deam); -Newton (Deam); Porter (Deam); Randolph (Deam); Ripley (Deam); Shelby -(Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Tippecanoe (Deam); Wabash (Deam); -Warren (Deam); Wayne (Deam); Wells (Deam); White (Deam). - -=5a.= =Salix discolor= variety =eriocephala= (Michaux) Andersson. -Differs from the species chiefly in rather densely pubescent twigs and -buds; thicker and more lanceolate leaves, usually more or less pubescent -beneath; and the sometimes more densely pubescent catkins. - -[Illustration: Plate 14. - -SALIX DISCOLOR Muhlenberg. Pussy Willow. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Range of the species but less common. Specimens have -been seen from the following Indiana counties: Cass (Deam); Decatur -(Deam); Fulton (Deam); Gibson (Schneck); Jackson (Deam); Jay (Deam); -Knox (Deam); Laporte (Deam); Pulaski (Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Warren -(Deam); Wayne (Deam). - - -=2. POPULUS.= The Poplars. - -Rapidly growing trees; buds usually large, scaly and more or less -resinous; leaves alternate, broad, toothed or sometimes lobed; flowers -appearing before the leaves on large pendulous catkins; anthers red or -purple. - -In the following key mature leaves from trees are considered: - - Petioles round or channeled, scarcely or not at all - flattened laterally. - - Leaves chalky-white tomentose beneath, some of them - more or less lobed, blades 6-10 cm. long 1 P. alba. - - Leaves pubescent or whitish tomentose while young, - never lobed, blades 10-17 cm. long 2 P. heterophylla. - - Petioles strongly flattened laterally especially near - the blade. - - Winter buds more than 8 mm. in length, stamens more - than 20, capsules more than 3 mm. in diameter, - leaves broadly deltoid, majority more than - 8 cm. wide 3 P. deltoides. - - Winter buds less than 8 mm. in length, stamens fewer - than 20, capsules less than 3 mm. in diameter, - leaves roundish ovate, majority less than 8 cm. wide. - - Winter buds more or less pubescent, dull; leaves - generally with less than 12 teeth to a side 4 P. grandidentata. - - Winter buds smooth or rarely somewhat pubescent, - glossy; leaves with more than 12 teeth to a - side 5 P. tremuloides. - - -=1.= =Populus alba= Linnaeus. Silver-leaf Poplar. Plate 15. Short-trunked -trees with a round top, up to a meter or more in diameter; bark on young -trees smooth, greenish-white or gray, becoming furrowed on old trees, -gray or dark brown; shoots white tomentose, becoming smooth in age; -leaves ovate or triangular, 3-5 lobed or irregularly toothed, hairy on -both surfaces on expanding, becoming dark green and glabrous above, -remaining white tomentose beneath; stamens about 8; wood light, soft and -weak. - -=Distribution.=--Introduced from Europe and escaped in all parts of the -State. - -=Remarks.=--This tree has long been under cultivation, and several -horticultural forms have been introduced. It is falling into disuse on -account of its habit of sending up root shoots. It adapts itself to all -kinds of soil, grows rapidly, transplants easily, stands pruning well -and has few insect or fungous enemies. - -[Illustration: Plate 15. - -POPULUS ALBA Linnaeus. Silver-leaf Poplar. (x 1/2.)] - -=2.= =Populus heterophylla= Linnaeus. Swamp Cottonwood. Swamp Poplar. -Plate 16. Tall trees up to 5-8 dm. in diameter; bark of old trees very -thick, broken into long ridges which are separated by deep furrows, -reddish-brown but generally weathered to ash-color; shoots densely -woolly at first, becoming glabrous before the second season; leaves -broadly-ovate with petioles 2-10 cm. long, more or less woolly on both -surfaces on unfolding, becoming glabrous above and remaining woolly -beneath, at least on the larger veins, rarely becoming entirely -glabrous, usually cordate at the base, blunt at apex, margins rather -regularly crenate-serrate; flowers in April; capsules ripening in June, -about 6 mm. in diameter, on stalks 5-10 mm. long; wood same as the next -species. - -=Distribution.=--Along the Atlantic Coast from Connecticut to Florida -and along the Gulf to Louisiana, and northward along the Mississippi -Valley to Michigan. It is found in many parts of Indiana. In the -northern counties it is found in "gumbo" soils in swamps. It is a common -tree in the river swamps of the lower Wabash Valley where it reaches its -greatest size. There are no records for the extreme southeastern part -of the State, although it has been found in swamps in Harrison and Clark -Counties and is found in many counties of Ohio. - -=Remarks.=--The pith of the shoots of this species is orange which -easily distinguishes it from all other species of the genus which have a -white pith. This species in all of its range is closely associated with -the common cottonwood, and millmen make no distinction in the price or -qualities of the timber. - -=3.= =Populus deltoides= Marshall. Cottonwood. Carolina Poplar. -(_Populus balsamifera_ var. _virginiana_ (Castiglioni) Sargent). Plate -17. One of the largest trees of the Indiana forests; bark of very old -trees very thick, broken into ridges up to 1 dm. or more in thickness, -separated by deep furrows, reddish-brown, weathering to a gray; leaves -hairy on both surfaces as they unfold, soon glabrous except on the -margins which are more or less ciliate, broadly-deltoid, usually 7-12 -cm. long, and about as wide, base more or less truncate or cordate, or -somewhat wedge-shaped, with rather short acuminate tips, -crenate-serrate; capsules ovate, about 6 mm. in diameter, on stalks 1-2 -mm. long; wood light, soft, weak, sap wood white, heartwood small and -brown; warps badly on drying. - -=Distribution.=--Quebec to Florida and west to the Rocky Mountains. -Throughout Indiana in low ground along streams, in swamps and about -lakes. On account of its habit of growing only in low ground it is -infrequent in the hill country of southern Indiana. - -[Illustration: Plate 16. - -POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA Linnaeus. Swamp Cottonwood. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 17. - -POPULUS DELTOIDES Marshall. Cottonwood. (x 1/2.)] - -=Remarks.=--The cottonwood is adapted to a moist soil, propagates -easily, grows rapidly and is one of the best trees for forestry purposes -for planting overflow lands, and for planting where a quick shade is -desired or for temporary windbreaks. - -The leaves of this tree are quite variable and several forms have been -described. The Carolina poplar of nurserymen has an upright habit of -growth and was formerly much planted as a shade tree. Its undesirable -qualities have condemned it, and most cities now prohibit its planting. - -Cottonwood has many uses, and was formerly a very important timber tree, -but the supply has so diminished that large trees have become quite -scarce. The thick bark was much used by the boys of the pioneers for -whittling out toys, etc. - -=4.= =Populus grandidentata= Michaux. Large-toothed Aspen. Plate 18. A -small or medium-sized tree, 1-4 dm. in diameter; bark smooth, -grayish-green or whitish, becoming furrowed and dark brown on the trunks -of old trees that grow in the northern part of the State, especially -when growing in a swampy habitat. In the southern part of the State -where the tree usually grows on the top of hills, the bark does not -darken so much, frequently remaining a light to dark gray until -maturity. Shoots more or less woolly at first, becoming glabrous, -reddish-brown; leaves on sprouts and very young trees very velvety -beneath, slightly hairy above, ovate in outline, cordate at base and -with blades up to 20 cm. in length; leaves on older trees a yellow -green, glabrous, ovate, blades usually 6-10 cm. long, coarsely and -unevenly toothed, the base slightly rounded, rarely truncate or slightly -cordate, the apex pointed or rounded; petioles strongly flattened -laterally; stamens 6-12; capsule about 5 mm. long on a stalk about 1 mm. -long; wood soft, light and not strong. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia west to northern Minnesota and south to the -Ohio River, and along the Alleghany Mountains to South Carolina. Found -throughout Indiana, except we have no authentic records for Gibson[11] -and Posey[12] Counties. In the northern part of Indiana it is found in -great colonies about lakes, etc. or rarely a few trees on the crests of -gravel and sand ridges. In southern Indiana it is found in the "knob" -area in small colonies on the tops of the ridges associated with scrub -pine and chestnut oak and is rarely found in low ground in this part of -the State. - -=Remarks.=--This species is too rare to be of much economic importance. -It could be most profitably used for excelsior and pulp wood. - -[Illustration: Plate 18. - -POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA Michaux. Large-toothed Aspen. (x 1/2.)] - -=5.= =Populus tremuloides= Michaux. Quaking Aspen. Plate 19. A straight -narrow tree up to 3 dm. in diameter, usually about 1-5 dm. in diameter; -bark usually smooth, greenish-white or gray, on older trees becoming -rough or fissured, and turning darker; shoots glabrous or with a few -hairs, turning reddish-brown the first season, later to a gray; leaves -of sprouts and very small trees usually ovate with a cordate base and -two or three times as large as leaves of older trees; mature leaves on -older trees variable, glabrous, the prevailing type has a bluish-green -leaf which is widely ovate or nearly orbicular, 3-7 cm. long, truncate -or slightly rounded at the base, usually abruptly short-pointed at apex, -finely and regularly serrate, the unusual type of leaf is thinner, -yellow-green, ovate, 2/3 as wide as long, rounded or wedge-shaped at -base, gradually tapering to a point at the apex, otherwise as the -prevailing form; stamens 6-12; capsules about 6 mm. long, on stalks -about 1 mm. long; wood light, soft and weak. - -=Distribution.=--One of the most widely distributed of North American -trees. It ranges from Labrador south to Pennsylvania, thence southwest -to northern Mexico, and then north to northern Alaska. It is found at -sea level and at elevations of 10,000 feet. There are records of its -occurrence in all parts of Indiana. In all of its Indiana stations it -grows only in low ground about lakes, swamps, ponds, low places between -sand dunes, and along streams. In many places in the lake region it is -found in almost pure stands over small areas. - -=Remarks.=--In Indiana this species is not of sufficient size and -abundance to be of much economic importance. - - - - -=JUGLANDACEAE.= The Walnut Family. - - -Trees with large, aromatic, odd pinnate leaves; flowers appearing after -the leaves unfold, the staminate in catkins, the pistillate solitary or -in clusters; fruit a nut in a fleshy or hard fibrous shell; kernel -edible or astringent. - - Pith of twigs chambered; staminate catkins thick, sessile - or short stalked; stamens 8-40, glabrous; nuts with a - network of rough projections 1 Juglans. - - Pith of twigs not chambered; staminate catkins slender, - long-stalked; stamens 3-10, hairy; nuts more or less - angled but smooth 2 Carya. - - -=1. JUGLANS.= The Walnuts. - -Trees with furrowed bark; pulp surrounding nut continuous, without lines -of dehiscence on the surface. - -[Illustration: Plate 19. - -POPULUS TREMULOIDES Michaux. Quaking Aspen. (x 1/2.)] - - Bark gray, ridges smooth; upper part of leaf-scar of last - year's twigs with a mat of hairs; pith dark-brown; - fruit oblong, husk clammy 1 J. cinerea. - - Bark dark brown, ridges rough; upper part of leaf-scar of - last year's twigs without a mat of hairs; pith light - brown; fruit orbicular to slightly elongate, husk not - clammy 2 J. nigra. - -=1.= =Juglans cinerea= Linnaeus. Butternut. Plate 20. A medium sized -tree, usually less than 6 dm. in diameter; leaf-scars with upper margin -convex or rarely notched; leaves 3-6 dm. in length; leaflets 7-19, the -middle pairs the longest, clammy, almost sessile, oblong-lanceolate, -6-12 cm. long, fine serrate, rounded at base and acuminate at apex; -flowers in May or June; fruit ripens in October, 4-8 cm. long with 4 -prominent longitudinal ridges; kernel sweet and very oily; wood light, -soft, not strong, coarse-grained but takes a good polish. - -=Distribution.=--Valley of the St. Lawrence River south to the Gulf -States and west to Nebraska. Found in all parts of Indiana, although -very sparingly in some counties. It is an infrequent tree in our range, -and in only a few localities is it frequent or common. It is found along -streams and in ravines, and in two instances it has been noted in old -tamarack marshes. It prefers a well drained gravelly soil, and is rarely -if ever found in a compact soil. - -Thrifty trees of any size in the woodland are now rarely seen. The tops -of the larger trees are usually found in a more or less dying condition. -Benedict and Elrod[13] as early as 1892 make the following observation -in a catalogue of the plants of Cass and Wabash Counties: "A few -scrubby, half dead trees were seen, the last of their race. It seems -unable to adapt itself to new conditions, and is rapidly dying out." - -=Remarks.=--This tree is often called the white walnut to distinguish it -from the black walnut from which it is easily separated. It is too rare -in Indiana to be of economic importance, except that trees growing in -the open are spared for the nut crop. Trees growing in the open develop -a short trunk with a wide spreading top and are apparently much -healthier than when grown under forest conditions. The bark of the root -is used in medicine as a hepatic stimulant. - -[Illustration: Plate 20. - -JUGLANS CINEREA Linnaeus. Butternut. (x 1/2.)] - -=2.= =Juglans nigra= Linnaeus. Walnut. Plate 21. One of the largest and -most valuable trees of the Indiana forest. Leaf-scars with the upper -margin notched; leaves 3-7 dm. long, mature leaves glabrous above and -pubescent beneath, leaflets, usually 11-23, almost sessile, -ovate-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, finely serrate, long-pointed at apex; -flowers in May or June; fruit ripens the first year, in September and -October, globose to oblong, 5-8 cm. in diameter; nut variable, from -subglobose to ovoid or elliptical, more or less rounded or pointed at -the ends, 1.5-3.5 cm. through the widest diameter; kernel edible; wood -heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse, heart wood dark brown, durable, -works easily and takes a high polish. - -=Distribution.=--Ontario south to the Gulf States and west to Texas and -Nebraska. It was more or less frequent to common in all parts of Indiana -in well drained rich soils. - -=Remarks.=--This tree is frequently called black walnut. On account of -the many excellent qualities of the wood, the walnut has been a choice -timber tree from pioneer days to the present. It served the pioneer for -rails, and in his buildings for sleepers, rafters, interior finish, -furniture, etc. It soon sprung into commercial importance, and has been -used for almost everything for which wood is used. Indiana and Ohio have -furnished the greatest amount of walnut. The supply of lumber from old -forest-grown trees has become so scarce that it is sought in old -buildings, rail fences, old stumps and old furniture has been worked -over. That the demand for walnut timber will not cease is assured; this -should encourage land owners to grow this tree. It is adapted to a -moist, rich, deep soil and will do well in such a habitat in all parts -of the State. Where such land is set aside for forestry purposes, no -better tree could be used for planting. Since the tree develops a long -tap root which makes it difficult to transplant, it is recommended that -the nuts be stratified in the fall, and the germinated nuts be planted -in April or May. The foliage of the walnut is often attacked by the -"tent caterpillar" which can be easily destroyed by burning about sun -down when the larvae collect in a bunch on or near the trunk of the tree. -Since the nut of the walnut is of considerable commercial value, it is -recommended that the walnut be planted along fences, about orchards and -as one of the species in windbreaks. - - -=2. CARYA.= The Hickories. - -Trees with hard, tight or scaly bark; leaflets alternate, odd-pinnate, -glandular-dotted beneath; leaflets serrate, usually unequal at the base, -the lateral sessile or nearly so, the terminal short-stalked, the lowest -pair the smallest, upper pair and terminal the largest, bruised leaflets -characteristically aromatic; staminate flowers in slender catkins, -anthers hairy; pistillate flowers in small clusters; fruit a bony nut -contained in a woody husk which separates more or less completely from -the nut into four parts. - -[Illustration: Plate 21. - -JUGLANS NIGRA Linnaeus. Black Walnut. (x 1/2.)] - -There are now recognized[14] fifteen species and several varieties of -hickory, all of which grow in the United States east of the Rocky -Mountains. Hickory grows in no other place in the world, except one -species in northern Mexico. The wood of the different species of hickory -is not of equal commercial value, but the wood of the commercial species -heads the list of Indiana woods for strength, toughness and resiliency. - -The individuals of the several species vary much in respect to their -bark, size and pubescence of the twigs, number and size of the leaflets, -size and shape of the nuts. No attempt will be made to deal with all of -the extreme forms, and only those reported by Heimlich[15] and -Sargent[16] will be discussed. - - Bud scales 4-6, valvate (in pairs), leaflets generally - curved backward. - - Leaflets 9-17, generally about 13; nut elongated, - circular in cross-section; kernel sweet 1 C. illinoensis. - - Leaflets 5-9, generally 5-7; nut about as broad as - long, compressed in cross-section; kernel bitter 2 C. cordiformis. - - Bud scales more than 6, imbricated (not in pairs); - leaflets not curved backward. - - Branchlets usually stout; terminal buds large, 7-25 mm. - long; the year's growth usually more or less hairy; - dry husks 4-10 mm. thick. - - Prevailing number of leaflets 5 3 C. ovata. - - Prevailing number of leaflets more than 5. - - Trees of low ground; bark of young trees tight and - light, of older trees scaly, separating into - long thin plates; branchlets usually light - orange color; nuts usually large, compressed, - 3-6 cm. long, pointed at base 4 C. laciniosa. - - Trees of high ground; bark of young trees tight - and dark, of older trees tight and deeply - furrowed, the thick ridges broken into short - lengths which on very old trees loosen at the - base; branchlets reddish-brown; nuts usually - about half as large as the preceding and - usually with a rounded base 5 C. alba. - - Branchlets usually slender; terminal buds small, - 5-12 mm. long; the year's growth usually glabrous, - rarely hairy; dried husk 1-2.5 mm. thick. - - Branchlets and leaves not covered when they first - appear with rusty-brown pubescence. - - Prevailing number of leaflets 5; fruit usually - smooth and tapering at base to a short stem - (fig-like); shell of nut thick, kernel sweet - and astringent 6 C. glabra. - - Prevailing number of leaflets generally 7; fruit - usually granular, rarely tapering at the base - to a short stem (fig-like); shell of nut - thin, kernel sweet without astringency 7 C. ovalis. - - Branchlets and leaves densely covered when they first - appear with rusty-brown pubescence 8 C. Buckleyi. - -=1.= =Carya illinoensis= (Wangenheim) K. Koch. Pecan. Plate 22. Very -tall slender trees up to 15 dm. in diameter; bark tight, sometimes -becoming scaly on very old trees, fissured, ridges narrow, ashy-brown -tinged with red; twigs at first hairy, becoming smooth or nearly so and -reddish-brown by the end of the season; leaves 3-5 dm. long; leaflets -9-17, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat curved backward, 7-15 cm. -long, taper-pointed, hairy when they unfold, becoming at maturity smooth -or nearly so, dark green above, and a yellow-green beneath; clusters of -staminate catkins sessile; fruit single or in small clusters, oblong -3.5-6 cm. long, the winged sutures extending to the base, the husk -splitting to below the middle; nut ovoid-oblong, reddish-brown; wood -heavy, hard and not strong. - -=Distribution.=--In the Mississippi Valley from Indiana and Iowa south -to Texas. In Indiana it was a native of the southwest part of the State. -It was a common tree in the river bottoms of Point Township of Posey -County, and in the bottoms of the southwest part of Gibson County. It -was found more or less frequently in the bottoms of the Wabash Valley, -as far north as to within four miles of Covington where the author -collected specimens in 1918. It followed the bottoms of the Ohio River -east at least as far as Clark County. Michaux[17] gives it as rare in -the vicinity of Louisville. Victor Lyons of Jeffersonville says that it -was a native to the east part of Survey 29 of the Illinois Grant, and -one tree in the northwest corner of No. 32; and there were nine trees -9-10 dm. in diameter in Floyd County on "Loop Island". A large tree grew -in the bottoms near Bethlehem in Clark County, which is said to have -been a native. - -Young[18] says that there are two trees in Jefferson County, one -planted, the other probably native. Coulter[19] says "there are several -trees in the river bottoms." - -[Illustration: Plate 22. - -CARYA ILLINOENSIS (Wangenheim) K. Koch. Pecan. (x 1/2.) - -The two nuts to right are from the McCallister hybrid pecan tree.] - -There are several trees on the Elisha Golay farm about one mile east of -Vevay which are in rows, which show that they were planted. The largest -has a trunk 2.2 m. long and a circumference of 31 dm. It followed the -north fork of White River as far as Greene County, and the south fork of -White River as far as Seymour. A pioneer told me he remembered a small -colony in the eastern part of Washington County in the bottoms near the -Muscatatuck River. In Indiana it is found only in very low land which is -subject to overflow. - -=Remarks.=--So far as the wood is concerned, the pecan is the poorest of -all hickories. It has only about one-half the strength and stiffness of -the shellbark hickory. Although the wood is inferior, the pecan has the -distinction of producing the best nut of any native tree of America. The -pecan was well known to the Indians, and some authors say the range of -the species was extended by planting by the Indians. It has been a nut -of commerce ever since the area of its range has been settled. It was -planted by the pioneers, and recently nurserymen took up the subject of -growing stock by budding and grafting from superior trees. At present -there are about 100 horticultural varieties. The horticulturist has -developed forms twice the size of the native nuts, and with shells so -thin as to be styled "paper-shelled." The pecan has been extensively -planted for commercial purposes in the southern states, but information -obtained from owners of pecan trees in Indiana indicate that the winters -are too severe for profitable pecan culture in Indiana. During the -winter of 1917-18 the whole of a tract of 13 year old pecan trees on the -Forest Reserve in Clark County was killed back to the ground. In Noble -County about one mile south of Wolf Lake is a tree planted about 50 -years ago that is about 9 dm. in circumference that frequently sets nuts -but they never mature on account of the early frosts. - -=2.= =Carya cordiformis= (Wangenheim) K. Koch. Pignut Hickory. Plate 23. -Large tall trees with tight bark, usually a light gray, sometimes -darker, fissures shallow and very irregular; twigs at first green, -somewhat hairy, soon becoming smooth or nearly so, and a -yellowish-brown, or reddish-brown by the end of the season; leaves and -leaflets variable, the prevailing type of trees have smaller leaves with -long and narrow leaflets, the unusual form has larger leaves up to 4 dm. -in length with terminal leaflets up to 2 dm. in length and 8.5 cm. in -width, and the last pair almost as large; fruit subglobose or rarely -oblong, 2-3.5 cm. long; wings of sutures extending to below the middle, -rarely one reaching the base; husk about 1.5 mm. thick, tardily -separating to about the middle; nut ovoid or oblong, slightly flattened -laterally, often as wide or wider than long, depressed, obcordate, with -a short or long point at the apex, ovoid or rounded at the base, smooth -or rarely with four distinct ridges; shell very thin and brittle; kernel -very bitter; wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough and close-grained. It -has about 92 per cent of the strength and about 73 per cent of the -stiffness of shellbark hickory. - -[Illustration: Plate 23. - -CARYA CORDIFORMIS (Wangenheim) K. Koch. Pignut Hickory. (x 1/2.) - -The nuts are from different trees to show variation.] - -=Distribution.=--Valley of the St. Lawrence River west to Nebraska and -south to the Gulf States. In Indiana a map distribution of the species -in the State shows that it has been found in practically all of the -counties on the west, north and east borders. It is usually found in -rich soil along streams and in rich woods, and may be found in all of -the counties of the State. Despite the fact that no animal agency was -active against the propagation of this tree, it was rarely found more -than as an infrequent tree throughout our range. - -=Remarks.=--The hickories as a class, except the pecan, can not stand -"civilization," especially much tramping about the base. It appears that -the pignut hickory is the most easily affected. In Parke County about -Coxville great numbers of the trees have been killed by the borers. For -the uses of the wood see shellbark hickory. Since this species does not -produce as much marketable lumber as the shellbark hickory, and the nuts -are valueless, it should not be recommended for planting in the farmer's -woodlot. The rossed bark of this species is preferred by manufacturers -of split-bottomed chairs, and is known by them as "yellow-bud" hickory. - -=3.= =Carya ovata= (Miller) K. Koch. Shellbark Hickory. Plate 24. Large -and very tall trees; bark of young trees tight, beginning to scale when -the trees reach 1-2 dm. in diameter, separating into long thin strips on -old trees; twigs at the end of the season usually stout, 3-5 mm. in -diameter near the tip, but some are slender and as small as 2.5 mm. in -diameter, at first covered with hairs, becoming smooth at the end of the -season or remaining hairy, reddish-brown; winter buds hairy, the -terminal one on vigorous shoots long-ovoid, outer scales sharp-pointed; -ordinary leaves 2-4 dm. long; leaflets 3-5, the lateral sessile or -nearly so, the terminal one on a stalk about 1 dm. long, up to 10 cm. -wide and 22 cm. long, leaflets variable in shape from ovate to oval, -oblong-oval or obovate, all long taper-pointed, hairy beneath when they -unfold and remaining hairy until maturity or sometimes becoming almost -glabrous; fruit variable in size, 3-6 cm. long, usually subglobose, -furrowed along the sutures at least near the outer end; husk freely -splitting to the base, except one tree which was noted where the husk -remains on the nut, rarely opening for only a short distance at the -apex, very variable in thickness from 4-10 mm.; nut exceedingly -variable, compressed, 4-angled, the angles generally visible to the -base, 2-3 cm. long, more or less pointed, rarely rounded at the base or -obcordate at the apex, generally ovate to oval in outline, some almost -freakish in shape; shell generally thin; kernel sweet; wood heavy, very -hard and strong, close-grained, light brown, sap wood white and thin on -old trees. - -[Illustration: Plate 24. - -CARYA OVATA (Miller) K. Koch. Shellbark Hickory. (x 1/2.) - -The nuts are from different trees to show variation.] - -=Distribution.=--Quebec west to southern Minnesota, Kansas and eastern -Texas, thence eastward to the Atlantic through the north part of the -Gulf States. It is frequent to common in all parts of Indiana except on -the hills of the southern part. It prefers rich moist soil and is -generally found in bottom lands or on rolling land, and if in dryer -situations on the sides of hills. It is generally associated with red -oak, big shellbark hickory, swamp white oak, sweet gum, linn, white ash, -slippery elm, sugar maple, beech, etc. In the forest it is a tall -straight tree with few main branches for a crown. No tree carries its -taper better than this species. When grown in the open the side branches -do not shade off, and it grows to a medium height with a wide spreading -crown. - -=Remarks.=--The writer has one specimen from Wells County which no doubt -should be referred to this species, but the description has not been -drawn to cover it. The twigs are very slender and pubescent; the leaves -are normal and pubescent; the fruit is obovoid, 2-4 cm. long; husk less -than 1 mm. thick at outer end and 2 mm. thick at the base; nut obovoid, -1-8 cm. long, little compressed, rounded at the base, rounded at the -apex, slightly angled, angles obscure on lower half; otherwise as the -type. - -The species is very variable and no dependence can be placed upon such -characters as pubescence of the twigs, leaves or fruit, size of the -twigs, color of the anthers, size or shape of the nuts. - -The wood of the shellbark and the big shellbark hickories is the most -used of all the hickories because it is generally freer from knots and -blemishes. Hickory is used principally for carriage and wagon stock, -agricultural implements, handles and fuel. The supply of hickory is fast -waning, and in the near future will be limited. - -The hickories are very slow growing trees. They develop a long tap root, -hence are hard to transplant. Hickory should constitute an important -part of the woodlot. If this species is not well represented, germinated -nuts should be planted. The nut of this species usually sells for $3.00 -to $5.00 per bushel, which should encourage land owners to plant it in -the open along fences and about the orchard. It should be remembered -that hickory will not stand much tramping by stock. - -=3a.= =Carya ovata= variety =fraxinifolia= Sargent. Trees and Shrubs -2:207:1913. Is described as having leaflets lanceolate to slightly -oblanceolate, acuminate, thick and firm in texture, lustrous above, -pubescent along the midribs below, the terminal 1.4-1.5 dm. long from -4.4-5 cm. wide, and raised on a slender puberulous petiolule, the -lateral leaflets unsymmetrical at the base, sessile, those of the -lowest pair 7-9 cm. long, and from 2.5-3 cm. wide. Sargent[20] says -"this variety occurs in Indiana," basing his authority upon my specimens -of which he has duplicates. Heimlich[21] reports this variety from White -County, and at the same time he reported the variety from Daviess, -Martin and Wells Counties, based upon specimens collected by the author -and determined by Sargent. I have carefully studied the specimens from -Daviess, Martin and Wells Counties, and they do not agree with Sargent's -description of the variety. While most of the leaves of the specimens in -question agree with the description, some do not, which excludes it from -the variety. - -=3b.= =Carya ovata= variety =Nuttallii= Sargent. Trees and Shrubs -2:207:1913. This variety is described as having "nut rounded, obcordate -or rarely pointed at apex, rounded or abruptly pointed at the base, much -compressed, prominently angled, about 1.5 cm. long and 1-1.2 cm. thick; -the involucre 4-10 mm. thick, splits freely to the base. Except in size -of the fruit there appears to be no character by which the variety can -be distinguished from the common Shagbark." Heimlich[22] reported this -variety from Dekalb County, based upon specimens collected by the author -and determined by Sargent. The nuts of the specimens from Dekalb County -are 2 cm. long. The author has specimens from Wells County that agree -with the description. - -=4.= =Carya laciniosa= (Michaux filius) Loudon. Big Shellbark Hickory. -Plate 25. Large tall trees with trunks like those of the shellbark -hickory; bark of young trees tight, beginning to scale when the trees -reach a diameter of 1-2 dm., on older trees separating and scaling off -into long thin narrow strips; twigs at the end of the season stout, 4-7 -mm. thick near the tip, the twigs of the season hairy at first, becoming -glabrous or nearly so by the end of autumn, yellowish or late in autumn -a rusty brown, frequently retaining the leaf-stalks of the leaves of the -previous season until spring which is peculiar to this species; terminal -buds large, ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 10-25 mm. long; ordinary leaves 3-5 -dm. long; leaflets 5-9, prevailing number 7, ovate to oblong-lanceolate -or obovate, the largest 1-2 dm. long, velvety beneath when they unfold -and remaining hairy beneath until maturity, rarely nearly glabrous; -fruit ovate, subglobose, oblong or obovate, 3.5-7 cm. long; dry husk -3.5-11 mm. thick; nut variable, generally much compressed, up to 5.5 cm. -long, usually circular in outline, but varying from ovate to obovate and -oblong, usually each side has 2 or 3 ridges which extend more or less -often to the base; shell very thick; kernel sweet; wood and uses same as -that of the shellbark hickory. - -[Illustration: Plate 25. - -CARYA LACINIOSA (Michaux filius) Loudon. Big Shellbark Hickory. (x 1/2.) - -The nuts are from different trees to show variation.] - -=Distribution.=--Southwestern Ontario south to Alabama and west to -Louisiana, Nebraska and Iowa. Found throughout Indiana, except there are -as yet no records from the extreme northwest counties. It is frequent to -common in moist rich woods, or in river bottoms which is its favorite -habitat. It is usually associated with the shellbark hickory where it -grows in moist situations. Sometimes in the river bottoms it grows in -situations too wet for the shellbark hickory. In the lower Wabash -bottoms it becomes a common tree. - -=Remarks.=--This hickory is also known as the big scaly-bark hickory and -hard-head hickory. The nuts are an article of commerce and by some are -preferred to the shellbark hickory although the nuts are hard to crack. -This objection is easily overcome by wetting the nuts, and drying them -by using heat which cracks the shell, making them easy to crack. - -=5.= =Carya alba= (Linnaeus) K. Koch. White Hickory. Plate 26. Medium -sized tall trees up to 10 dm. in diameter; bark tight, of two types, one -light colored, thin and fissured into a network. This form has been seen -only in the river bottoms of the southwestern part of the State. The -common type of bark is thick, with thick ridges, dark but on the older -trees it weathers to a light gray and becomes thickly covered with -lichens; terminal twigs of branches at end of season stout, 3.5-7 mm. in -diameter near the tip, densely hairy at first and remaining hairy -throughout the season or becoming almost glabrous, reddish-brown; -terminal bud large, ovate, 10-20 mm. long; ordinary leaves 2-4 dm. long, -the rachis and under side of leaflets densely hairy when they unfold, -remaining pubescent until maturity; leaflets 5-9, prevailing number 7, -long-oval, ovate-lanceolate, or obovate; fruit usually globose, more -rarely short elliptic, ovate or obovoid, the husk rather tardily opening -to nearly the base, or only checking open at the top; dried husk 3-8 mm. -thick; nut variable in shape, little compressed, somewhat globose, a -little longer than wide, more rarely wider than long or short elliptic, -usually 2.5-3.5 cm. long, generally rounded at the base and -short-pointed at the apex, more rarely pointed at the base and long -pointed at the apex, (one specimen is at hand that is almost a square -box), usually with 4-6 angles, on some forms obscure; shell thick; -kernel very small, sweet; wood and uses same as shellbark hickory. - -[Illustration: Plate 26. - -CARYA ALBA (Linnaeus) K. Koch. White Hickory. (x 1/2.) - -The nuts are from different trees to show variation.] - -=Distribution.=--Southwestern Ontario south to the Gulf and west to -Texas, Missouri and Iowa. Found throughout Indiana, except there are no -records from the extreme northwestern counties. This species except in -the lower Wabash Valley is confined to the uplands. It is rather a rare -tree in northern Indiana, but becomes more or less frequent in the -western part of the State south of the Wabash River and more or less -frequent to common on the hills in all of the State south of Marion -County. It is most abundant in the unglaciated area. - -=Remarks.=--This species is called mockernut by text books, and bull -hickory in the vicinity of New Albany. - -=5a.= =Carya alba= variety =subcoriacea= Sargent. Trees and Shrubs -2:207:1913. Only one tree of this variety is known in Indiana and it is -located in Posey County on the bank of the cypress swamp about 13 miles -southwest of Mt. Vernon. Specimens from this tree were sent to Sargent -and he referred them to this variety.[23] It differs from the type in -the larger size and shape of the fruit and nut. The dried fruit is 5 cm. -long, oblong. The nut is oblong, 4.4 cm. long, pointed at both ends, or -some nuts somewhat ovate in shape and more rounded at the base, little -compressed and strongly angled; shell very thick, 5 mm. at the thinnest -place; kernel very small and sweet. The nut easily distinguishes it from -all forms of hickory. The author has bought hickory nuts for table use -for several years from Posey County and this nut is frequently found in -the assortment which shows that this variety is more or less frequent in -that section. - -=6.= =Carya glabra= (Miller) Spach. Black Hickory. Plate 27. Very tall -medium sized trees, up to 7 dm. in diameter; bark tight, usually dark, -fissures shallow on some and quite deep on others; twigs reddish-brown, -glabrous, terminal buds small, ovoid, about 7-12 mm. long; ordinary -leaves 2-3 dm. long; leaflets generally lanceolate, sometimes quite -wide, or wider beyond the middle, prevailing number 5, the terminal -usually 11-19 cm. long, somewhat pubescent on unfolding, more or less -pubescent below at maturity, usually only the midrib, axils and larger -veins with hairs; fruit generally smooth and obovoid, rarely globose or -oval, 22-40 mm. long; husk sometimes not opening, more often one or more -of the sutures open to less than half way, 1-2 mm. thick; nut about -20-30 mm. long and 16-25 mm. wide, rounded at the apex, elongated and -rounded at the base, angles wanting or obscure; shell very hard and -thick, about 1.5 mm. thick at the thinnest point; kernel sweet and -astringent; wood and uses same as that of the shellbark hickory. - -[Illustration: Plate 27. - -CARYA GLABRA (Miller) Spach. Black Hickory. (x 1/2.) - -Fruit from different trees to show variation.] - -=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario south to the Gulf States and west to -Texas and Iowa. This species is reported for all parts of the State. -However, the records for the northern counties were made when this -species was not separated from _Carya ovalis_, and since the latter -species is quite frequent in the northern counties it is best to refer -the early records to _Carya ovalis_. The most northern station based -upon an existing specimen is the north side of the Mississinewa River -east of Eaton in Delaware County. It is a frequent, common to very -common tree on the hills in the southern part of the State. It has its -mass distribution in the unglaciated part of the State, although it is -locally a frequent to a common tree of the hills of the other southern -counties. It appears that this species has the ability to invade areas -after the virgin forest is cut, and it is not an uncommon sight to see -this species in almost pure stands on the hills of cut-over lands. - -=Remarks.=--This species is often called pignut. Sargent wisely suggests -that this name be used exclusively for _Carya cordiformis_. The great -abundance of this species in Brown, Morgan and Monroe Counties has been -instrumental in building up a large business in the manufacture of -hickory chairs and furniture. Frames of furniture are made from the very -young trees, and backs and seats from the bark of old trees, which are -cut, stripped of their bark, and often left to rot. - -=6a.= =Carya glabra= variety =megacarpa= Sargent[24]. This variety was -reported for Indiana by Heimlich.[25] His report was based on a specimen -collected by the author in Franklin County. It was named by Sargent who -has a duplicate specimen. Sargent in his revision of the hickories does -not include Indiana in its range. The size of the fruit is the character -that marks the variety and I do not believe this is sufficient to -warrant its separation. I have, therefore, included all Indiana forms -under the type. - -=7.= =Carya ovalis= (Wangenheim) Sargent. Small-fruited Hickory. Plate -28. Medium sized tall trees; bark usually tight on the trunk for a -distance up to 1.5-3 m., then becoming more or less scaly like the -shellbark hickory, on some trees the bark is very thick and is quite -scaly but it does not flake off in thin plates as the shellbark hickory; -twigs purplish or reddish-brown, generally smooth by the end of the -season, generally 3-4 mm. thick near the tip; terminal winter buds -ovoid, 7-10 mm. long, covered with yellow scales and more or less -pubescent; average size leaves 2-3 dm. long; leaflets 3-7, prevailing -number usually 7, sometimes 5, usually lanceolate, frequently oval or -slightly obovate, the terminal 12-21 cm. long, at maturity usually -pubescent beneath in the axils of the veins, more rarely also the veins -covered with hairs; fruit varies greatly in size and shape, the most -common form is obovoid, more rarely oval, or subglobose, 25-42 mm. in -length, granular and covered with yellow scales; husk usually splitting -to the base, although tardily on some, often quite aromatic, dry husk -1.1-3 mm. thick; nut variable in size and shape, from elliptic to -obovoid, 15-30 mm. long, compressed, generally about 20 per cent wider -than thick, usually rounded at the base, generally slightly obovoid with -the apex rounded, or obcordate; a common form has the four sides -rounded, as wide as long or almost so, with the ends abruptly rounded so -as to appear almost truncate, the elliptic form with both ends pointed -is our rarest and smallest form; the surface on all forms is quite -smooth, except the elliptic forms which have the angles usually -extending from the tip to the base, on other forms the nuts are usually -not prominently angled and on some the angles are very obscure except at -the apex; shell usually thin, 1-1.5 mm. thick; kernel sweet; wood and -uses the same as that of the shellbark hickory. - -[Illustration: Plate 28. - -CARYA OVALIS (Wangenheim) Sargent. Small-fruited Hickory. (x 1/2.) - -The nuts show the species and its varieties.] - -Sargent[26] has described five varieties of this species, three of which -he credits to Indiana. The writer has sent him specimens from over 100 -trees of this species, and he has variously distributed them to the type -and varieties. Heimlich has reported Sargent's determination of many of -these specimens in the Proc. Ind. Acad. Science, 1917:436-439:1918. The -writer cannot agree with the determinations and believes further field -study is necessary to discover characters by which the several forms can -consistently be divided. - -To stimulate the study of this species, the original description of the -varieties together with Sargent's characterization of the type are -quoted because they are contained in a book not usually found in -libraries. To these descriptions are added new characters which Sargent -gives in his revision of the hickories in Bot. Gaz. 66:245-247:1918. - -=Carya ovalis= (type). - -"In the shape of the fruit and in the thickness of its involucre this -tree is of four distinct forms; in all of them the involucre splits -freely to the base, or nearly to the base, the shell of the nut is thin -and the seed, although small, is sweet and edible. The extremes of these -forms are very distinct, but there are forms which are intermediate -between them, so that it is difficult to decide sometimes to which of -the forms these intermediate forms should be referred. The first of -these forms, as the fruit agrees with Wangenheim's figure, must be -considered the type of the species. The fruit is oval, narrowed and -rounded at the base, acute at the apex, usually from 2.5-3 cm. long and -about 1.5 cm. in diameter. The involucre is from 2-2.5 mm. thick and -occasionally one of the sutures remains closed. The nut is oblong, -slightly flattened, rounded at the base, acute or acuminate and -four-angled at the apex, the ridges extending for one-third or rarely -for one-half of its length, from 2-2.5 cm. long and about 1.5 cm. in -diameter. The shell is usually about 1 mm. thick." "The type of this -species and its varieties have glabrous or rarely slightly pubescent -leaves, with usually 7 thin leaflets." - -=7a.= =Carya ovalis= variety =obcordata= (Muhlenberg) Sargent. "The -fruit varies from subglobose to short-oblong or to slightly obovate, -showing a tendency to pass into that of the other varieties of the -species. It varies from 2-3 cm. in diameter, and the involucre, which is -from 2-5 mm. thick, splits freely to the base or nearly to the base by -narrowly winged sutures, one of them rarely extending only to the middle -of the fruit. The nut is usually much compressed, often broadest above -the middle, slightly angled sometimes to below the middle, rounded at -the base and much compressed, often broadest above the middle, slightly -angled sometimes to below the middle, rounded at the base and rounded -and often more or less obcordate at the apex." - -=7b.= =Carya ovalis= variety =odorata= (Marshall) Sargent. "The name may -have been given by Marshall to this variety on account of the strong -resinous odor of the inner surface of the fresh involucre of the fruit, -which I have not noticed in that of the other forms. The fruit is -subglobose or sometimes slightly longer than broad, flattened and -usually from 1.3-1.5 cm. in diameter. The involucre varies from 1-1.5 -mm. in thickness and splits freely to the base by distinctly winged -sutures. The nut is rounded or acute at the base with a short point, -rounded at the apex, very slightly or not at all ridged, pale colored, -from 1.2-1.5 cm. long and wide and from 1-1.2 cm. thick." - -=7c.= =Carya ovalis= variety =obovalis= Sargent. "In the fourth form the -fruit is more or less obovate, about 2.5 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter, -and the involucre varies from 2-4 mm. in thickness. The nut is much -compressed, pointed or rounded at the apex, rounded at the base, usually -about 2 cm. long, nearly as broad and about 1.5 cm. thick." "The fruit -resembles in shape that of _Carya glabra_, but the involucre is thicker -and splits easily to the base or nearly to the base." - -=7d.= =Carya ovalis= variety =obcordata=, =f. vestita= Sargent. Bot. -Gaz. 66:246:1918. This is a form described from a specimen collected by -the author on the border of Dan's Pond in Knox County. It differs from -"the variety _obcordata_ in the thick tomentose covering of the -branchlets during their first year. The leaves of this form are slightly -pubescent in the autumn on the under surface of the midribs. Although -the nuts are more compressed than those of the ordinary forms of var. -_obcordata_, the fruit is of that variety. The branchlets are unusually -stout for a form of _Carya ovalis_ and are covered with rusty tomentum -during their first year and are more or less pubescent in their second -and third seasons." - -=Distribution.=--Western New York west to Illinois and south to North -Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas and Missouri. The -species is found in all parts of the State, although the distribution of -the varieties has not been worked out. The habitat of this species is -high ground, and only rarely is it found in low ground. It prefers -hills, slopes, base of the terraces of streams, and in the northern part -of the State gravelly ridges and sandy soil. In all of its range it is -usually associated with white and black oak. It is infrequent in the -southern part of the State but north of the Wabash River it becomes more -frequent and in some places it becomes common to very common. It is a -common tree in Wells County north of the Wabash River and in the -northern part of Lagrange County, and in both places a wide range of -forms occur, some of which are not covered by the preceding description. -No one of our trees offers a better opportunity for intensive study than -this hickory. - -=Remarks.=--Text books call this species the small-fruited hickory. It -is not commonly distinguished from the other hickories, but in Wells -County where it is common the boys call it "Ladies' Hickory." - -=8.= =Carya Buckleyi= variety =arkansana= Sargent.[27] Plate 29. Medium -sized trees, bark tight, dark, deeply furrowed; mature twigs more or -less pubescent, reddish brown; terminal buds ovoid, about 8 mm. long, -thickly covered with yellow scales, and more or less pubescent; leaves -2-3.5 dm. long, rachis permanently pubescent; leaflets 5-7, prevailing -number 7, lanceolate, terminal one about 15 cm. long, tawny pubescent on -unfolding, more or less glabrous at maturity; fruit ellipsoid to -slightly obovoid, very aromatic, about 3.5-4 cm. long, covered with -yellow scales; husk usually splitting to below the middle, 3-4 mm. -thick; nut oblong to slightly obovoid, 3-3.5 cm. long, scarcely -compressed, rounded at each end, the four ridges faint except at the -apex; shell thick, about 2 mm. at the thinnest point; kernel sweet; wood -same as the white hickory which it most closely resembles. - -=Distribution.=--Southwestern Indiana, south in the Mississippi Valley -to Louisiana and Texas. Known in Indiana only from one tree in Knox -County on the sand ridge on the east side of what was formerly a cypress -swamp, about two miles north of Decker. The soil is the Knox sand. It is -associated with black and black jack oaks. - -=Remarks.=--The description has been drawn from ample material from this -single tree. - -[Illustration: Plate 29. - -CARYA BUCKLEYI var. ARKANSANA Sargent. (x 1/2.)] - - - - -=BETULACEAE.= The Birch Family. - - -Trees or shrubs with simple, petioled, alternate (in pairs on the older -branches of _Betula_) leaves; staminate flowers in long drooping -catkins, 1-3 in the axil of each bract, the pistillate in short lateral -or terminal aments; fruit a nut or samara. - - Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, - without a calyx, pistillate flowers with a calyx; - nut wingless. - - Bark of tree smooth; staminate aments in winter enclosed - in bud scales; nut exposed, its subtending bract - more or less irregularly 3-cleft 1 Carpinus. - - Bark of older trees shreddy; staminate aments in winter - naked; nut enclosed in a bladder-like bract 2 Ostrya. - - Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract, with a - calyx, pistillate flowers without a calyx; nut winged. - - Winter buds sessile; stamens 2; fruit membranous and - hop-like; fruiting bract deciduous at the end of - the season when the nut escapes 3 Betula. - - Winter buds stalked; stamens 4; fruit woody and - cone-like; fruiting bracts woody and persisting - after the nuts escape 4 Alnus. - - -=1. CARPINUS.= The Hornbeam. - -=Carpinus caroliniana= Walter. Water Beech. Blue Beech. Plate 30. A -small tree up to 3 dm. in diameter, usually 1-1.5 dm. in diameter with -fluted or ridged trunks; bark smooth, close, gray; twigs hairy at first, -soon becoming glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, average leaves 6-10 cm. -long, pointed at the apex, double-serrate, hairy when young, glabrous at -maturity except on the veins and in the axils beneath, pubescent, not -glandular, staminate catkins appearing in early spring; nut at the base -of a 3-cleft bract about 2 cm. long, nut broadly ovate, compressed, -pointed and about 5 mm. long; wood heavy, hard, tough and strong. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia west to Minnesota and south to Florida and -Texas. In Indiana it is frequent to common throughout the State in moist -rich woods. It prefers a moist rich soil; however, it has a range from -the tamarack bog to the dry black and white oak slope. It is tolerant of -shade and is seldom found outside of the forest. - -=Remarks.=--This tree is too small and crooked to be of economic -importance. It is regarded as a weed tree in the woodland, and should be -removed to give place to more valuable species. - -[Illustration: Plate 30. - -CARPINUS CAROLINIANA Walter. Water or Blue Beech. (x 1/2.)] - - -=2. OSTRYA.= The Hop Hornbeam. - -=Ostrya virginiana= (Miller) Willdenow. Ironwood. Plate 31. Small trees -up to 5 dm.[28] in diameter, usually about 1-2 dm. in diameter; bark -smooth and light brown on small trees, shreddy on older trees; shoots -hairy, becoming at the end of the season glabrous or nearly so and a -reddish-brown; leaves oblong-ovate, other forms rare, average size about -7-12 cm. long, acuminate, usually double-serrate, hairy on both surfaces -when they unfold, glabrous or nearly so above at maturity, more or less -pubescent beneath, especially on the midrib and veins; staminate spikes -develop in early winter; fruit hop-like about 2-4 cm. long; nut -oblong-ovate about 7 mm. long and half as wide, compressed, light brown; -wood very hard, tough, close-grained, strong, light brown. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia west to Manitoba, south to the Gulf States -and west to Texas. It is frequent to common in all of the counties of -the State. However, it is entirely absent in the lower Wabash bottoms, -except rarely on high grounds in this area. It prefers well drained dry -soil, and is most frequent when it is associated with beech and sugar -maple, although it is often quite plentiful in white oak woods. It is -shade enduring and is one of the under trees in the forest where it -grows very tall and slender and free from branches. When it grows in -exposed places such as bluffs, it retains its side branches and is -usually bushy. - -=Remarks.=--The trees are too small to be of much economic importance. -It is 30 per cent stronger than white oak, and 46 per cent more elastic. -These exceptional qualities were recognized by the Indians and it was -used by them where wood of great strength and hardness was desired. -Likewise the pioneer used it where he could for handles, wooden wedges, -etc. Since it grows neither large nor fast, it is usually regarded as a -weed tree in the woodland, and should be removed to give place to more -valuable species. - -=Ostrya virginiana= variety =glandulosa= Spach. This is the name given -to the form which has the twigs, petioles, peduncles and often the -midrib and veins of the leaves beneath covered more or less with short -erect, reddish, glandular hairs. - -It is found with the species, but is not so frequent. - -[Illustration: Plate 31. - -OSTRYA VIRGINIANA (Miller) K. Koch. Ironwood. (x 1/2.)] - - -=3. BETULA.= The Birches. - -Trees and shrubs with bark tight, scaly or separating into very thin -plates and peeling off transversely, whitish or dark colored; staminate -catkins developing in autumn and dehiscing in early spring before or -with the appearance of the leaves, pistillate catkins ovoid or -cylindric; fruit a small winged flat seed, bearing at the apex the two -persistent stigmas. - - Bark of twigs usually with a slight wintergreen flavor; - leaves with 7-15, usually 9-11 pairs of prominent - veins; rounded or slightly cordate at the base; - fertile catkins generally 10 mm. or more in - diameter. 1 B. lutea. - - Bark of twigs usually bitter, not wintergreen flavored; - leaves with 4-11, usually 4-9 pairs of prominent - veins, more or less obtusely angled at the base; - fertile catkins generally less than 10 mm. in - diameter (rarely 10 mm. or more, _B. nigra_). - - Bark of trunk chalky-white; fruiting aments drooping - or spreading. - - Bark below base of lateral branches darkened-triangular - in outline; leaves long acuminate and lustrous - above; staminate catkins usually solitary. 2 B. populifolia. - - Bark below base of lateral branches not darkened; - leaves ovate and not lustrous above; staminate - catkins usually 2-3. 3 B. papyrifera. - - Bark of trunks dark; fruiting aments erect or - nearly so. 4 B. nigra. - -=1.= =Betula lutea= Michaux filius. Birch. Yellow Birch. Plate 32. -Medium size trees; bark of small trees and of the branches of old trees -smooth, silver or dark gray, freely peeling off in thin strips, becoming -on older trees a dark brown, rarely tight, usually fissured into wide -plates and rolling back from one edge; the shoots of the year hairy, -greenish gray, becoming glabrous or nearly so and reddish-brown by the -end of the second year, not aromatic when bruised but when chewed -sometimes a faint wintergreen odor can be detected; winter buds pointed, -reddish-brown, the lower scales more or less pubescent, generally with a -fringe of hairs on the margins; leaves usually appearing in pairs, ovate -to ovate-oblong, 4-14 cm. long, taper-pointed, oblique and wedge-shape, -rounded or slightly cordate at the base, sharply and rather coarsely -serrate, hairy on both sides when they appear, becoming at maturity -glabrous or nearly so above, and remaining more or less pubescent below, -especially on the veins, both surfaces with few to numerous resinous -dots; petioles permanently hairy, generally 5-13 mm. long; flowers -appear in May; staminate spikes in clusters at the ends of the branches, -about 6 cm. long, scales broadly ovate, blunt, fringed with hairs, -green-tipped with a margin of reddish-brown; pistillate spikes solitary -in the axils of the leaves, mature spikes 2.5-5 cm. long, generally -2.5-3 cm. long, commonly about half as thick as long, recurved to -ascending, commonly about horizontal, sessile or on short stalks; scales -very variable, 5-11 mm. long, generally 7-8 mm. long, sometimes as wide -as long but generally about one-fourth longer than wide, densely -pubescent on the back, or rarely glabrous on the back, ciliate, glabrous -or nearly so on the inside, commonly with a few brown or black glands on -the margin, commonly lobed to more than one-third of their length, lobes -ascending or divaricate, the lateral generally the larger and almost as -long as the narrower middle lobe; nuts divested of the wings, slightly -obovate, about 3 mm. long, wings about two-thirds as wide as the nut and -usually with a fringe of hairs at the blunt apex. - -[Illustration: Plate 32. - -BETULA LUTEA Michaux filius. Yellow Birch. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--The distribution of this species is variously given as -from Newfoundland west to Manitoba and south in the Alleghenies to -Georgia. It is now definitely known that the species of _Betula_ -hybridize which may account for the peculiar forms often encountered. -That there are geographic races or Mendelian segregates of this species -is evidenced by the different interpretations given this species by -different authors. _Betula alleghanensis_ Britton appears to be one of -them. The descriptive difference between _Betula lenta_ and _Betula -lutea_ is not clear, which has resulted in many authors crediting -_Betula lenta_ to Indiana and the area west of Indiana. - -The preceding description does not agree with that of _Betula lutea_ -exactly, and has been drawn to cover the specimens at hand from Indiana -which the author has from Allen, Crawford, Lagrange, Lake, Marshall, -Porter and Steuben Counties. It has recently been reported from White -County by Heimlich.[29] He says: "Specimens were taken from two trees -about two miles south of Buffalo near the water's edge of the river." -The writer has visited this locality and found here, and also on the -island above the bridge a little farther down the river, _Betula nigra_, -but could not find _Betula lutea_. Since Heimlich did not report _Betula -nigra_, which unmistakably occurs here, I assume he has confused the two -species. It is very local in its distribution, and appears to be -confined to swamps, borders of lakes, and streams in the extreme -northern part of the State. It has not been seen south of the northern -end of the State, except a few small trees found clinging to the walls -of the cliffs of a ravine about one mile east of Taswell in Crawford -County. The walls of this ravine are about 25 meters high; associated -with it were a few trees of hemlock, and on the top of the cliffs, -laurel (_Kalmia latifolia_). - -Large trees of this species in Indiana are usually from 4-6 dm. in -diameter and about 15 m. high. The number in any one station is usually -few, although there were formerly patches where it was plentiful. Van -Gorder[30] reports for Noble County _Betula lenta_ which should be -transferred to this species, and he says: "There is a marsh of several -acres of birch in Section 15 of York Township." The largest area now -known is that contained in the large tamarack swamp near Mineral Springs -in Porter County. In this swamp are found tamarack and white cedar. It -was in this swamp that the writer found a peculiar form of birch which -has been determined as _Betula Sandbergi_. Since this species[31] is -recognized as a hybrid of _Betula papyrifera_ and _Betula pumila_ -variety _glandulifera_, and the last parent of this hybrid is not found -in the vicinity, a discussion of this form is not presented. In the -immediate vicinity are found only _Betula lutea_ and _Betula pumila_. -_Betula papyrifera_ is found about a mile distant to the south. It is -assumed that this form is a cross between _Betula lutea_ and _Betula -pumila_. - -=2.= =Betula populifolia= Marshall. Gray or White Birch. Plate 33. A -small tree; bark a chalky-white, not separating into thin layers, inner -bark orange, on the trunks of old trees nearly black; shoots at first -covered with numerous glands, becoming smooth and yellowish or -reddish-brown; leaves generally long-deltoid, average blades 3-6 cm. -long, usually long taper-pointed, truncate or nearly so at the base, -irregularly double-serrate, slightly pubescent on the veins when young, -soon becoming glabrous; fertile catkins 1.5-3 cm. long and about 7 mm. -in diameter; bracts of eastern trees differ from those of Indiana trees -which are about 3-4 mm. long, lobed to about 1/3 of the distance from -the apex, lateral lobes the largest and strongly divaricate, puberulent -on the back; seed strongly notched at the apex; nut slightly obovoid; -wings much broader than the nut. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia west to southern Ontario and south to -Delaware and Pennsylvania. In Indiana it has been reported from Lake, -Laporte, Porter, St. Joseph and Tippecanoe Counties. There may be some -doubt about the Tippecanoe record, since many of the older records were -made from cultivated trees. The numbers of the species in Indiana were -always limited. It is not able to meet changed conditions and it has -already almost disappeared from our area. I was told that formerly this -species was found all about a lake in Laporte County, but it has all -died out. Its appearance in Indiana is peculiar since it is not found -west of us, or north in Michigan or east in Ohio. This small group of -trees near Lake Michigan is three or four hundred miles from the nearest -of their kind. - -=Remarks.=--This species is called white and gray birch. The largest -tree seen in Indiana was about 2 dm. in diameter and 13 m. high. - -[Illustration: Plate 33. - -BETULA POPULIFOLIA Marshall. White or Gray Birch. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 34. - -BETULA PAPYRIFERA Marshall. Paper or Canoe Birch. (x 1/2.)] - -=3.= =Betula papyrifera= Marshall. Paper or Canoe Birch. Plate 34. -Rather a small tree; bark thin, creamy white; chalky, dark near the base -on old trees, separating in thin papery layers; shoots green, glandular -and hairy, becoming glabrous and reddish-brown; leaves ovate or -rhombic-ovate, acute to long taper-pointed, truncate, rounded or -wedge-shape at the base, average blades 5-8 cm. long, usually -irregularly double-serrate, hairy at first, becoming glabrous above or -nearly so, remaining more or less pubescent below, especially on the -veins and with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins, minutely -glandular on both surfaces, sometimes with only a few glands on the -midribs above; fertile catkins 2-4 cm. long and about 6-9 mm. wide, -bracts about 4 mm. long, pubescent on both faces, lobed to about -one-third the distance from the apex, the lateral lobes the largest, -divaricate or slightly recurved; seed deeply notched at apex, nut oval, -pubescent at the apex, wings as broad as, or broader than the nut. - -=Distribution.=--Alaska to Labrador, south to New York, northern -Indiana, Colorado and Washington. In Indiana it has been reported from -Lake, Laporte, Marshall and St. Joseph Counties. It has not been found -as a native in Ohio. This species is another example of a northern form -finding its southern limit near Lake Michigan. - -=Remarks.=--This species in other parts of the country is known as -white, paper and canoe birch. I have not seen specimens more than 2 dm. -in diameter in Indiana. - -=4.= =Betula nigra= Linnaeus. Black or Red Birch. Plate 35. A medium -sized tree; bark on young trees peeling off transversely in thin -reddish-brown strips which roll back and usually persist for several -years, bark of older trees dark brown, furrowed and separating into -short plates or peeling off in strips; young twigs hairy, becoming -glabrous and reddish at the end of the season; leaves rhombic-ovate, -acute, short and broadly wedge-shaped at the base, blades of ordinary -leaves 4-8 cm. long, irregularly toothed, glabrous above and pubescent -beneath, rarely entirely glabrous; fertile catkins generally 2-3 cm. -long, and usually slightly less than 1 cm. wide; bracts 6-10 mm. long, -pubescent, ciliate, lobed to near the middle, the lobes about equal; -nuts broadly ovate, broader than its wings, pubescent at the apex; wood -light, strong, close-grained, heart wood light brown. - -=Distribution.=--Massachusetts west to Minnesota and south to Florida -and Texas. In Indiana it is found more or less frequent in the counties -bordering the Kankakee River, and as far east as St. Joseph, Marshall -and Miami Counties. Along the Kankakee River it is frequently a tree of -6-8 dm. in diameter. This species has not been found in Michigan, -northeastern Indiana or northern Ohio. It has never been noted near Lake -Michigan, and the nearest point is Cedar Lake in Lake County about 20 -miles south of the Lake. It is more or less frequent along certain -streams throughout the southwestern part of the State. It is found as -far north as Putnam and Marion Counties and eastward as far as -Bartholomew, Scott and Clark Counties. There are no records for this -species for eastern Indiana or western Ohio. About Hovey Lake in Posey -County it reaches its greatest size, where trees up to 8 dm. in diameter -and 30 m. high are to be found. In the "flats" in certain parts of -Jackson and Scott Counties it becomes a common tree, associated with pin -oak and sweet gum. - -[Illustration: Plate 35. - -BETULA NIGRA Linnaeus. Black or Red Birch. (x 1/2.)] - -=Remarks.=--This is the most abundant birch of Indiana. In fact all -other species are too rare to be of economic importance. The fact that -other species of birch are so rare in Indiana, is the reason that this -species is simply called "Birch." Outside of Indiana it is known as red -birch and river birch. The principal use of this wood in this State is -for heading. - -All of the birches, especially the horticultural forms, are used more or -less for ornamental planting. They are beautiful trees but are short -lived. - - -=4. ALNUS.= The Alders. - -Trees or shrubs; bark astringent; staminate and pistillate catkins begin -to develop early in summer and flower the following year early in the -spring before the leaves appear; bracts of the fertile catkins thick and -woody, obdeltoid with 3-rounded lobes at the apex; nuts obovate, -reddish-brown. - - Leaves sharply double-serrate, the ends of the primary - veins forming the apex of the larger teeth, glaucous - beneath; nuts with a narrow thick margin 1 A. incana. - - Leaves single-serrate, pale beneath; nuts without margins 2 A. rugosa. - -=1.= =Alnus incana= (Linnaeus) Muenchhausen. Speckled Alder. Plate 36. -Shrubs or small trees; bark generally smooth and a reddish-brown with a -tinge of gray, with grayish dots, hence its name; twigs hairy at first, -becoming smooth by the end of the season and a golden or reddish-brown -with many fine dark specks; leaves broadly-oval, acute or short-pointed -at apex, usually broadly rounded at the base, average blades 6.5-11 cm. -long, glaucous beneath, hairy on both sides on unfolding, at maturity -becoming glabrous above or with a few hairs on the veins, beneath -remaining more or less hairy until late in autumn when usually only the -veins are hairy; pistillate catkins resembling small cones, 1-1.5 cm. -long and usually 7-12 mm. wide, near the ends of the branches, usually -in clusters of 2-7. - -[Illustration: Plate 36. - -ALNUS INCANA (Linnaeus) Muenchhausen. Speckled Alder. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Newfoundland to the Saskatchewan, south to New York, -northeastern Ohio, northern Indiana and Nebraska. In Indiana it is -confined to the northern tier of counties. I have specimens from -Elkhart, Lagrange, Lake and Porter Counties. It was reported from -Carroll County by Thompson, but in the absence of a verifying specimen I -am inclined to think this citation should be referred to _Alnus_ -_rugosa_. This species grows in low ground on the borders of streams, -borders of swamps and in almost extinct sloughs near Lake Michigan. It -is also found along Pigeon River in the eastern part of Lagrange County. -In the vicinity of Mineral Springs in Porter County it is locally a -common shrub or tree. It has the habit of stooling out, and commonly the -several specimens will be deflected from a vertical from 20-45 degrees. -The largest specimens are from 1-1.4 dm. in diameter and about 10 m. -high. - -=Remarks.=--This species could be used to good advantage in ornamental -planting in low ground. It grows rapidly, is easily transplanted and its -foliage is dense and attractive. - -=2.= =Alnus rugosa= (Du Roi) Sprengel. Smooth Alder. Plate 37. Shrubs -with fluted or angled trunks, resembling _Carpinus_; bark thin, smooth -or nearly so, reddish-brown, weathering gray; twigs hairy at first, -becoming gray or reddish-brown by the end of the season and more or less -glabrous and covered with small dark specks; leaves obovate, barely -acute or rounded at apex, wedge-shape at base, average blades 6-10 cm. -long, hairy on both surfaces while young, becoming smooth or nearly so -above, remaining more or less hairy beneath, especially on the veins, -under surface of leaves sufficiently glutinous to adhere to paper if -pressure be applied, margins set with short callous teeth, about .5-1 -mm. long; fertile catkins cone-shape, 10-20 mm. long and about 7 mm. in -diameter, borne at the ends of branches in clusters of 2-5. - -=Distribution.=--Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. In -Indiana it is quite local. It has been reported in many of the counties -of northern Indiana north of the Wabash River. It has been found in -several of the southern counties and as far north as Salt Creek in -Monroe County. No reports for the central part of the State. It is -absent also in all of the eastern counties of the State, and the western -part of Ohio. It is found growing in clumps in wet woods, swamps, cold -bogs and along streams. It is usually a tall slender shrub; however, a -specimen has been seen that measured 7 cm. in diameter and 5 m. in -height. - -=Remarks.=--Of no value except for ornamental planting in wet ground. - - - - -=FAGACEAE.= The Beech Family. - - -Trees with simple, alternate, petioled leaves; flowers of two kinds; -fruit a one-seeded nut. This is the most important family of trees -occurring in the State. - -[Illustration: Plate 37. - -ALNUS RUGOSA (Du Roi) Sprengel. Smooth Alder. (x 1/2.)] - - Winter buds long and slender, at least 4 times as long as - wide; staminate flowers in globose heads on drooping - peduncles; nuts sharply 3-angled 1 Fagus. - - Winter buds not long and slender and less than 4 times as - long as wide; staminate flowers in slender catkins; - nuts not as above. - - Staminate catkins erect or spreading; nut flattened on - one side and enclosed in a spiny, woody husk 2 Castanea. - - Staminate catkins drooping; nuts not flattened on one - side, seated in a scaly, woody cup 3 Quercus. - - -=1. FAGUS.= The Beech. - -=Fagus grandifolia= Ehrhart. Beech. Plate 38. Large tall trees with bark -from light to dark gray; twigs densely covered at first with long hairs, -soon becoming glabrous and turning to a reddish-brown; terminal winter -buds about 2 cm. long; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, long taper-pointed -to merely acute, wedge-shape to cordate at base, regularly and usually -minutely serrate, average blades 7-12 cm. long, silky when young, -becoming at maturity glabrous above and nearly so beneath except on the -veins; flowers appear in May; fruit a bur, supported on a club-shaped -pubescent peduncle about 1.5 cm. long, covered with short recurved -prickles, densely rufous-pubescent, its 4-valves enclosing the two -triangular brown nuts; nuts edible; wood very hard, strong, usually -tough, difficult to season, close-grained, takes a high polish, sap wood -white, heart wood reddish. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia, southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to -the Gulf States and Texas. It is found in every county of the State, -although it is local in the prairie and dry sandy regions of the -northwestern part of the State. It is a frequent to a very common tree -on the high ground in many parts of the State. If the high ground and -hills of the State are not forested with white and black oak, beech is -almost certain to be the prevailing species. Wherever beech is found it -is usually a frequent to a common tree, and it is not uncommon to see -areas which are almost a pure stand of this species. It is also a -frequent to a common tree in southern Indiana in what is called the -"flats." Here it is associated with sweet gum and pin oak. On the slopes -of hills of the southern counties it is associated with a great variety -of trees. In the central part of the State its most frequent associate -is the sugar maple. In the northern counties it has a wider range of -associates, including white oak, ash, slippery elm, buckeye, ironwood, -etc. It should be added that tulip is a constant associate except in the -"flats." In point of number it ranks as first of Indiana trees. - -[Illustration: Plate 38. - -FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA Ehrhart. Beech. (x 1/2.)] - -=Remarks.=--Specimens with the habit of retaining their branches which -lop downward, usually have thicker sap wood and are harder to split. -This form is popularly styled the white beech. The form with smooth tall -trunks with upright branches usually has more heart wood, splits more -easily and is popularly distinguished as red beech. The term yellow -beech is variously applied. This species is a large tree in all parts of -the State, although the largest specimens are found in the southeastern -part of the State. In the virgin forests trees almost 1 m. in diameter -and 30 m. high were frequent. - -Beech was formerly used only for fuel, but in the last few decades it -has been cut and used for many purposes, and the supply is fast -diminishing. The beauty of this tree both in summer and winter, sunshine -or storm makes it one of the most desirable for shade tree planting, but -I have failed to find where it has been successfully used. It is one of -the few trees that does not take to domestication. When the original -forest is reduced to a remnant of beech, as a rule, the remaining beech -will soon begin to die at the top. It is difficult to transplant. When -planted the hole should be filled with earth obtained from under a -living tree, in order to introduce the mycorrhiza that is necessary to -the growth of the tree. - - -=2. CASTANEA.= The Chestnut. - -=Castanea dentata= (Marshall) Borkhausen. Chestnut. Plate 39. Large -trees with deeply fissured bark, smooth on young trees; young twigs more -or less hairy, soon becoming glabrous and a reddish-brown; leaves -lanceolate, average blades 13-22 cm. long, taper-pointed, wedge-shape or -obtuse at the base, coarsely serrate, teeth usually incurved, at -maturity glabrous on both sides; flowers appear after the leaves in the -latter part of June or early in July, the staminate catkins from the -axils of the leaves of the year's growth, 1.5-3 dm. long, pistillate -flowers in heads on short stalks in the axils of the leaves, usually on -the branch beyond the greater part of the staminate catkins; fruit a -globular spiny bur 5-7 cm. in diameter which contains the nuts; nuts -usually 1-3, rarely 5, flattened on one side, edible; wood light, soft, -not strong, checks and warps on seasoning, yellowish-brown, durable in -contact with the ground. - -[Illustration: Plate 39. - -CASTANEA DENTATA (Marshall) Borkhausen. Chestnut. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario, Michigan, south to Delaware -and in the mountains to Alabama, and west to Arkansas. In Indiana it is -found locally in the south central counties. The most northern station -where I have seen trees that are native to a certainty is in Morgan -County a short distance north of Martinsville. There are a few trees on -the south bank of White River in Mound Park about 2 miles east of -Anderson. This site was formerly an Indian village, and the trees may -have been introduced here. The late A. C. Benedict formerly of the State -Geological Survey, told me he saw a colony in 1878 in Fayette County on -the farm of Dr. B. Ball, about 3 miles west of Connersville on the east -side of Little Williams Creek. The trees were at least 6 dm. in -diameter. The western line of distribution would be a line drawn from -Martinsville to a point a few miles west of Shoals and south to Tell -City. - -=Remarks.=--The greatest numbers of this species are found on the -outcrops of the knobstone in Clark, Floyd, Harrison, Jackson, Lawrence, -Martin, Orange and Washington Counties. It grows on high ground, -associated with white and black oak, beech, etc. The species in all of -our area grows to be a large tree. In the Ind. Geol. Rept. 1874:70:1875 -there is a reference to a "stump in Jackson County that was 9 ft. and 2 -in. in diameter." This species is rather gregarious in habit, and rarely -are isolated trees found. It is quite local in its distribution, but -where found it is usually a common tree. The bark was much used in -tanning, and the timber for poles, ties and posts. The demand for this -species has led to heavy cutting, so that the present supply is -practically limited to inferior or small trees. The nut crop in this -State is usually badly infested by the weevil. - -This species is easily propagated by seed or seedlings. It is -recommended for forest planting in all parts of its natural range and -other parts of the State where the soil is very sandy and free from -limestone. This species never attains to an old age when growing close -to the limestone. It grows rapidly and requires little pruning. The only -objection to planting it for forestry purposes is that it might be -infested by the chestnut bark disease which is fatal to this tree. This -disease is far to the east of us, and there are wide barriers to its -western migration. Since a chestnut grove would soon grow into post and -pole size, in the event the grove would be killed by the bark disease, -the crop could be harvested and the loss would be more of the nature of -a disappointment than a financial one. If planted in a cleared area the -seedlings should be spaced about 5 x 5 feet if no cultivation can be done. -If the trees can be cultivated, plant 7 x 7 or 8 x 8 feet and grow corn for -one or two years between the rows. - - -=3. QUERCUS.= The Oaks. - -The leaves of Indiana oaks are deciduous; flowers appear in April or -May, very small, the staminate on slender pendulous catkins, the -pistillate solitary or in clusters in scaly bud-like cups; fruit an -acorn which takes one or two years to mature, ripening in September or -October. The species that mature their fruit the first year are -popularly and commercially classed as "white oaks." Those that mature -their fruit the second year are classed as "red, black or bristle-tipped -oaks." - -The oaks are the largest genus of Indiana trees, and commercially are -the most important of all trees of the State. They are the longest lived -of all the trees that occur in the State, and while they have numerous -insect enemies none of them prove fatal to it, except a certain gall -insect. - -Note:--In collecting leaf specimens of oaks for identification it should -be borne in mind that the foliage is quite variable. The leaves of -seedlings, coppice shoots and of vigorous shoots of old trees sometimes -vary considerably in size, form and leaf-margins. Also leaves of old -trees that grow in the shade usually have the margins more nearly entire -than the typical leaves. For example leaves may be found on the lower -and interior branches of a pin oak which are not lobed to beyond the -middle, which throws them into the red oak group. - - Bark gray, (except in No. 5) more or less scaly; mature leaves - never with bristle tips; fruit maturing the first year. - - Mature leaves smooth beneath. 1 Q. alba. - - Mature leaves pubescent beneath. - - Primary veins beneath show regular pinnate venation. - - Some of the primary veins beneath end in a - sinus. 2 Q. bicolor. - - All primary veins beneath end in teeth of the margin. - - Tips of leaves of fruiting branches sharp-pointed, - usually forming an acute angle; fruit - sessile or nearly so. 3 Q. Muhlenbergii. - - Tips of leaves of fruiting branches rounded or if - sharp-pointed, it rarely forms an acute angle; - fruit peduncled. - - Petioles green and woolly pubescent beneath - (rarely almost glabrous); under surface - of leaves velvety to the touch; bark gray, - scaly, of the white oak type; trees of low - ground. 4 Q. Michauxii. - - Petioles yellowish and smooth beneath, or rarely - somewhat pubescent; under surface of leaves - not velvety to the touch; bark dark, and - tight, of the red oak type; trees of high - ground (in Indiana confined to the - "knobstone" area). 5 Q. Prinus. - - Primary veins beneath show irregular venation. - - Last year's growth pubescent; acorns generally - less than 12 mm. in diameter. 6 Q. stellata. - - Last year's growth glabrous or nearly so; acorns more - than 12 mm. in diameter. - - Leaves sinuate dentate, sometimes lobed near the - base, velvety to the touch beneath; peduncles - of fruit longer than the petioles. 2 Q. bicolor. - - Leaves irregularly lobed, harsh or rarely velvety - or smooth to the touch beneath; peduncles of - fruit shorter than the petioles. - - Cup of fruit fringed; apex of lobes of leaves - generally rounded; trees of lowland. 7 Q. macrocarpa. - - Cup of fruit not fringed; apex of lobes of - leaves generally acute; trees of swamps - in the extreme southwestern counties of - Indiana. 8 Q. lyrata. - - Bark dark, tight and furrowed; leaves with bristle - tips; fruit maturing the second year. - - Leaves entire 9 Q. imbricaria. - - Leaves more or less deeply lobed, the lobes and teeth - conspicuously bristle pointed. - - Mature leaves smooth beneath, except tufts of hairs - in the axils. - - Leaves lobed to about the middle, the lateral lobes - broadest at the base; cup saucer-shaped; nut - about 1.5-2 cm. in diameter; terminal buds - reddish. 10 Q. rubra. - - Leaves lobed to beyond the middle, frequently those - grown in dense shade not so deeply lobed, some or - all of the lateral lobes broadest toward the apex. - - Cup saucer-shaped, rarely enclosing the nut for - more than 1/3 its length; trees of the low - lands and swamps. - - Leaves glossy above; blades usually 10-12 - cm. long; cups usually 1.5 cm. or less - broad; terminal buds chestnut brown. 11 Q. palustris. - - Leaves dull above, usually about 15 cm. - long; cups 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, rarely - as narrow as 1.5 cm.; terminal buds - grayish brown. 12 Q. Schneckii. - - Cup hemispheric, generally enclosing the nut - for half its length; trees of the uplands. - - Inner bark yellowish or orange; kernel of nut - yellowish or orange, and very bitter. - - Terminal buds usually 5 mm. or less in - length, ovoid and generally blunt, - reddish-brown; scales of cup closely - appressed; trees local in the extreme - northwest part of the State. 13 Q. - ellipsoidalis. - - Terminal buds usually longer than 6 mm., - usually angled and sharp-pointed; - scales of cup not closely appressed; - trees of all parts of the State 14 Q. velutina. - - Inner bark reddish or gray; kernel white - and not very bitter 15 Q. coccinea. - - Mature leaves more or less pubescent on the whole - under surface. - - Leaves grayish or yellowish pubescent beneath; - scales of cup with a reddish-brown border; - nut enclosed for about 1/3 its length 16 Q. falcata. - - Leaves brownish or rusty pubescent beneath, sometimes - appearing grayish; scales of cup without a dark - border; nut enclosed for about half of its length. - - Leaves expanded at the apex, and generally with - three lobes; mature twigs generally - scurvy-pubescent 17 Q. marilandica. - - Leaves deeply lobed; mature twigs generally - glabrous. 14 Q. velutina. - -=1.= =Quercus alba= Linnaeus. White Oak. Plate 40. Large trees with gray, -fissured bark, flaky on the branches, on the upper part of the trunks of -some trees the bark loosens at the fissures and peels back, forming flat -strips which remain attached at one side; twigs at first hairy, becoming -smooth; leaves mostly obovate in outline, generally 8-20 cm. long on -petioles 0.5-2 cm. long, more or less deeply lobed into 5-9 lobes, the -lobes ascending and generally blunt and entire, sometimes the lobes have -one or two secondary lobes, leaves narrowed and oblique at the base, -smooth above, smooth and glaucous beneath; acorns sessile or on stalks -up to 2 cm. long; nuts quite variable on different trees as to size and -shape, ovoid or oblong, 18-30 mm. long; cup flat on the bottom, -tuberculate and encloses about 1/4 of the nut; scales blunt and woolly. - -=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario, Minnesota south to Florida and -Texas. Found in all parts of Indiana. In point of number it is exceeded -only by the beech, although it has a more general distribution. It is -adapted to many types of soil, and is found in almost all situations in -Indiana except in very wet soils. It is sparingly found in the sand dune -area. On the clay soils of the northern part of the State it is a -frequent to an abundant tree, and in the southern part of the State it -often forms complete stands on the slopes of the hills. - -The white oak is one of the largest and possibly the longest lived tree -of Indiana. While it is able to adapt itself to many situations, it -grows to the largest size in a porous, moist and rich soil. - -=Remarks.=--Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, tough, strong and durable. -On account of its abundance, and wide range of uses, it has always been -the most important timber tree of Indiana. - -Formerly the woods were full of white oak 1-1.5 meters (3-5 ft.) in -diameter, but today trees of a meter (3 ft.) in diameter with long -straight trunks are rare indeed. Michaux who traveled extensively in -America 1801-1807, while the whole Mississippi Valley was yet a -wilderness, remarks: "The white oak is the most valuable tree in -America." He observed the ruthless destruction of this valuable tree, -and predicted that the supply would soon be depleted, and that America -would be sorry that regulations were not adopted to conserve the supply -of this valuable tree. Michaux's prediction has come true, and yet no -constructive measures have been provided to insure the Nation an -adequate supply of this timber. It should be remembered that it requires -two to three hundred years to grow a white oak a meter in diameter, and -if we are to have white oak of that size in the next generation the -largest of our present stand must be spared for that harvest. - -[Illustration: Plate 40. - -QUERCUS ALBA Linnaeus. White Oak. (x 1/2.) - -Acorns from different trees to show variation.] - -White oak was formerly much used in construction work, but it has become -so costly that cheaper woods take its place. At present it is used -principally in cooperage, interior finish, wagon and car stock, -furniture, agricultural implements, crossties, and veneer. Indiana has -the reputation of furnishing the best grade of white oak in the world. - -Little attention has been given this valuable species either in -horticultural or forestal planting. This no doubt is due in a great -measure to the slow growth of the tree. It should be used more for shade -tree, ornamental and roadside tree planting. There are good reasons why -white oak should be much used in reforestation. The cheapest and most -successful method of propagating white oak is to plant the seed in the -places where the trees are desired to grow. This is best done by -planting the acorns as soon as they fall or are mature. The best results -will be obtained if the nuts are planted with the small end down, and -covered about an inch deep with earth. If the ground is a hard clay soil -and the small end of the nut is placed down a half inch of earth on the -nut is sufficient. Rodents often destroy the nuts, and if this danger is -apprehended it is best to poison the rodents or to stratify the seed, or -grow seedlings and plant them when they are one year old. In forestal -planting it is suggested that the planting be 4 x 4 feet. - -The white oak is quite variable in the lobing of the leaves, and in size -and shape of the fruit, and in the length of its peduncle. The variable -lobing of the leaves has lead several authors to describe varieties -based on this character. The latest is that of Sargent[32] who -describes: "The trees with leaves less deeply divided, with broad -rounded lobes and usually smaller generally sessile fruit," as =Quercus -alba= variety =latiloba=. - -=Quercus alba x Muhlenbergii= (x _Quercus Deami_ Trelease). This rare -hybrid was discovered in a woods about 3 miles northwest of Bluffton -Indiana by L. A. Williamson and his son E. B. Williamson in 1904.[33] - -The tree is still standing and in 1918 bore a heavy crop of seed. A -liberal quantity was sent for propagation to the Arnold Arboretum, New -York Botanical Gardens, and Missouri Botanical Gardens. The Arboretum -succeeded in germinating several seed. The New York Gardens succeeded in -getting 5 seedlings. The Missouri Gardens failed to get any to -germinate. About a gallon of seeds was planted in the Clark County State -forest nursery and all failed. - -=2.= =Quercus bicolor Willdenow.= Swamp White Oak. Plate 41. Large -trees; leaves on petioles 5-20 mm. long, 8-18 cm. long, obovate, -wedge-shaped or narrowly rounded at base, rounded or pointed at the -apex, margins coarsely divided with rounded or blunt teeth or somewhat -pinnatifid, primary venation beneath somewhat regular, but usually some -of the veins end in a sinus of the margin, both surfaces hairy at first, -becoming smooth above and remaining velvety pubescent beneath; the upper -surface of the leaf a bronze or dark green and the under surface grayish -due to the dense tomentum, which in some instances becomes sparse and -short, in which case the under surface is a light green; acorns usually -in pairs on stalks 2-7 cm. long; nuts ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long, enclosed -for 1/3-1/2 their length in the cup; scales of cup acute to very long -acuminate, scurvy pubescent and frequently tuberculate; kernel sweetish. - -=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota south to -Georgia and Arkansas. Found in all parts of Indiana. It is always found -in wet places. In most of its range it is associated with the bur oak -from which it is not commonly separated. In the northern counties it is -usually associated with pin and bur oak, and white elm; in the flats of -the southeastern part of the State it is usually associated with cow oak -and sweet gum, while in the southwestern counties it is found most -commonly with Spanish and pin oak. - -=Remarks.=--Commercially the wood is not distinguished from white oak, -and the cut is sold for that species. - -=3.= =Quercus Muhlenbergii= Engelmann. Chinquapin Oak. Sweet Oak. Yellow -Oak. Chestnut Oak. Plate 42. Large trees; leaves on petioles 1-3 cm. -long, blades very variable in size, shape and leaf margins, generally -10-20 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate to broadly obovate, narrowed or -rounded and more or less unequal at the base, taper-pointed at the apex, -the apex always forming an acute angle, margins coarsely and rather -regularly toothed, primary veins beneath regular and straight, and end -in a prominent gland in the point of the teeth, teeth more or less -incurved, leaves smooth and dark green above, and grayish pubescent -beneath; acorns generally sessile, but often on short stalks up to 1 cm. -long; nut ovoid to oblong ovoid, 10-18 mm. long, enclosed for 1/4-1/2 -its length in a very thin cup; scales of cup ovate, blunt-pointed or -merely acute, sometimes tuberculate near the base of the cup, grayish -pubescent without; kernel sweet, and the most edible of all of our -oaks. - -[Illustration: Plate 41. - -QUERCUS BICOLOR Willdenow. Swamp White Oak. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 42. - -QUERCUS MUHLENBERGII Engelmann. Chinquapin Oak. (x 1/2.) - -Detached acorns and leaves from different trees.] - -=Distribution.=--Vermont, southwestern Ontario to Wisconsin and south to -Florida and west to Texas. Found in limited numbers in all parts of -Indiana, although Hill's record for Lake county is the only record in -the block of the 12 northwest counties. It is without a doubt found in -every county south of the Wabash River. It is a rare or an infrequent -tree in practically all parts of its range. It is generally found on the -dry banks of streams, river terrace banks, rocky bluffs of streams, and -only rarely in level dry woods. In the southern counties it is sometimes -found on clay or rocky ridges. In most of its range it is now so rare -that most of the inhabitants do not know the tree. - -=Remarks.=--Wood similar to white oak, and with the same uses. - -In White County a pioneer was found who knew the tree only by the name -of pigeon oak. He said it received this name from the fact that the wild -pigeons were fond of the acorns. - -The leaves of this tree vary greatly in size, shape, and leaf margins. -The fruit also varies on different trees in the shape of the nut, and -the depth of the cup. These variations have lead some authors to -separate the forms and one histological study[34] seems to support minor -differences. It has been observed that the leaves in the top of some -trees may be thick, narrow and with long incurved teeth, while the -leaves of the lower branches will be strongly obovate, thinner, and the -teeth more dentate. In a general study it is best to include the -polymorphic forms under one name. The distribution of the shallow and -deep cup forms is so general that no regional or habitat areas can be -assigned to either of them in Indiana. - -=4.= =Quercus Michauxii= Nuttall (_Quercus Prinus_ Sargent). Cow Oak. -Basket Oak. Plate 43. Large trees; leaves on petioles 1-3 cm. long, -generally 1-2 dm. long, obovate, narrowed or narrowly rounded at the -base, short taper-pointed, the apex generally blunt, the margins -coarsely toothed, the teeth broad and rounded or more rarely acute, -shaded leaves sometimes with margins merely undulate, hairy on both -surfaces when young, becoming at maturity a dark yellow green and -glabrous above, sometimes remaining somewhat pubescent along the midrib -and the principal veins, leaves grayish and woolly pubescent beneath; -acorns solitary or in pairs, sessile or on very short stalks, up to -almost a cm. in length; nuts ovoid or oval with a broad base, enclosed -for about 1/3 their length by the cup, the cups thick and generally 2-3 -cm. broad; scales ovate, acute, rather blunt-pointed and more or less -tuberculate near the base of the cup, tomentose on the back; kernel -sweet. - -[Illustration: Plate 43. - -QUERCUS MICHAUXII Nuttall. Cow or Basket Oak. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Delaware, southern Indiana, Missouri, south to Florida -and west to Texas. In Indiana it is believed that its distribution is -pretty well known and well defined. It is an inhabitant of low wet -woods, although large trees may be found in fairly dry woods which have -been made dry by drainage. In discussing the distribution it must be -remembered that this species was reported as _Quercus Prinus_ before the -sixth edition of Gray's Manual which was published in 1890. Gorby's[35] -reference to Miami County should be ignored, because he compiled his -list of trees from a list of common names to which he appended the -scientific names. His list includes several species which are not -native, and his water willow (_Dianthera americana_) is an herbaceous -plant. Wilson's[36] report for Hamilton County I believe also to be an -error. Wilson preserved no specimen. Since Hamilton County has no cow -oak habitat, and Wilson was not acquainted with the species, I think -this reference should be transferred to the broad-leaf form of _Quercus -Muhlenbergii_. The author has collected and distributed authentic -specimens from a point 2-1/2 miles southwest of Napoleon in Ripley -County. This species is reported by Meyncke for Franklin County as -scarce, and by Collins for Dearborn County. Since the habitat of the -species is found in these counties, it is fair to admit them into the -range of the species. This species is a frequent to a very common tree -in the flats of Clark, Scott, Jefferson, Jackson, Jennings, and Ripley -Counties, where it is usually associated with beech and sweet gum. It is -now known to range as far north as the northern parts of Jackson, -Jennings and Ripley Counties. It is an infrequent tree of the Lower -Wabash Valley as far north as southern Knox County and no doubt followed -eastward along White River. It follows the Ohio River eastward at least -to a point six miles east of Grandview in Spencer County. It no doubt -was an occasional tree along the Ohio River up to Dearborn County. It -has also been reported by Aiken for Hamilton County, Ohio. In the Lower -Wabash Valley it is associated with Spanish and pin oak. - -=Remarks.=--Wood and uses similar to white oak. In the flats of -southeastern Indiana it is generally called white oak, and in some -places it is known as bur oak. It grows very rapidly and to a large -size. A tree was measured in 1919 in the Klein woods about 4 miles north -of North Vernon that was 3.57 meters (11 feet, 7 inches) in -circumference, breast high, and was estimated to be 15 m. (50 feet) to -the first branch. - -This species when grown in the open forms a large oval head, and in -moist soil would make one of the best shade and roadside trees to be -had. It is not known how it would adapt itself to high ground, but it -is believed this species is worthy a trial as a shade tree. It is -apparently hardy in the northern counties. - -=Quercus Beadlei= Trelease. (_Quercus alba x Michauxii_). This hybrid -between the white and cow oak was found by the writer in 1913 in the -White River bottoms 3 miles east of Medora in Jackson County. - -The tree measured 3.54 meters (139 inches) in circumference breast high. -Specimens were distributed under No. 19,037, and the determination was -made by William Trelease, our leading authority on oaks. - -=5.= =Quercus Prinus= Linnaeus. (_Quercus montana_ Willdenow of some -recent authors). Chestnut Oak. Plate 44. Medium to large sized tree; -bark dark, tight, deeply fissured, the furrows wide, and the ridges -continuous; leaves on petioles 1-3 cm. long, 1-2 dm. long, obovate to -lanceolate, those growing in the shade usually the widest, rounded at -the base, usually narrowly so or even wedge-shaped, short or long -taper-pointed at the apex, the apex blunt, margins coarsely and nearly -regularly crenate-toothed, the teeth broad and rounded, dark green above -at maturity, a lighter and usually a yellow or grayish green beneath, -only slightly hairy above when young, soon becoming entirely glabrate, -very pubescent beneath when young and usually remaining so until -maturity; petioles, midrib and primary veins beneath are usually -conspicuously yellow, which is a distinctive character of this species; -acorns solitary or in pairs, on short stalks usually about 1 cm. long, -sometimes sessile; nuts large ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2-3 cm. long, -enclosed generally for about 1/3 their length in a thin cup; scales with -triangular blunt tips, generally somewhat tuberculate and pubescent on -the back; kernel sweet. - -=Distribution.=--Maine, northern shore of Lake Erie, to west central -Indiana and south to northern Georgia and Alabama. In Indiana its -distribution is limited to the knobstone and sandstone area of the -State. Its distribution has been fairly well mapped. Two large trees on -the edge of the top of the bluff of the Ohio River at Marble Hill which -is located in the south corner of Jefferson County is the eastern limit -of its range. It crowns some of the ridges, sometimes extending down the -adjacent slopes a short distance, from Floyd County north to the south -side of Salt Creek in Brown County. Its range then extends west to the -east side of Monroe County, thence southwestward to the west side of -Martin County, thence south to the Ohio River. Where it is found it is -generally such a common tree that the areas are commonly called chestnut -oak ridges and are regarded as our poorest and most stony land. In Floyd -and Clark counties it is usually associated with scrub pine. In the -remainder of its range it is generally associated with black jack post -and black oaks. In our area this species is never found closely -associated with limestone, and reports of this species being found on -limestone areas should be referred to _Quercus Muhlenbergii_. - -[Illustration: Plate 44. - -QUERCUS PRINUS Linnaeus. Chestnut Oak. (x 1/2.) - -Acorns and loose leaves from different trees.] - -=Remarks.=--Wood similar and uses generally the same as white oak. The -tree usually grows in such poor situations that it never acquires a -large diameter, and it is only when a tree is found in a cove or in -richer and deeper soil that it grows to a large size. The amount of this -species is very limited and it is therefore of no especial economic -importance as a source of timber supply. The bark is rich in tannin. The -crests of chestnut oak ridges are often cut bare of this species. The -trunks are made into crossties, and the larger branches are peeled for -their bark. The nuts germinate on top of the ground as soon as they -fall, or even before they fall. Usually a large percentage germinate. -The tree grows rapidly where soil conditions are at all favorable. It is -believed that this species should be used to reforest the chestnut oak -ridges of the State, and possibly it would be one of the best to employ -on the slopes of other poor ridges. - -=6.= =Quercus stellata= Wangenheim. Post Oak. Plate 45. Medium to large -trees; bark resembles that of the white oak except on old trees the -fissures are deeper when compared with a white oak of equal size, and -the ridges are usually broken into shorter lengths; twigs stout, -yellowish-brown at first, remaining this color more or less to the end -of the season, at first densely covered with hairs which remain -throughout the season, and usually one year old branchlets are more or -less tomentose; leaves on hairy petioles 0.3-3 cm. long, generally about -1 cm. long; leaves obovate in outline, commonly 1-2 dm. long and about -2/3 as wide, and generally lobed into five principal lobes which are -disposed as follows: the two basal are formed by two deep sinuses just -below the middle of the leaf which cut off a large roughly triangular -portion, one angle of which forms the base, the top two angles prolonged -on each side into a rounded lobe which may be long or short; the -terminal lobe is produced by two deep sinuses which constrict the blade -at about 1/4-1/3 its length from the apex; the two basal and two -terminal sinuses form the two lateral lobes which in size are equal to -about one half of the leaf area; the lateral lobes are generally -ascending with the terminal portion usually indented with a shallow -sinus which produces two short lobes; the terminal lobe of the leaf -commonly has two or three shallow secondary lobes; all the lobes of the -leaf are rounded; base of leaf narrowed or rounded; leaves very thick at -maturity, when they first appear both surfaces are densely covered with -a yellowish pubescence, at maturity the upper surface is a dark glossy -green, and smooth or nearly so, except some leaves retain fascicles of -hairs, and the midrib and principal veins may be more or less rough -pubescent, the under surface at maturity is a gray-green, and remains -more or less densely covered with fascicles of hairs; acorns single or -in clusters, sessile or nearly so; nuts small, ovoid 10-15 mm. long and -6-10 mm. wide, inclosed for about 1/2 their length in the cup; scales -ovate, gray or reddish brown, tomentose on the back, blunt except those -near the top of the cup which are sometimes acute; kernel sweet. - -[Illustration: Plate 45. - -QUERCUS STELLATA Wangenheim. Post Oak. (x 1/2.) - -Acorns from different trees.] - -=Distribution.=--Massachusetts, Indiana, south to Florida, and west to -Oklahoma and Texas. In Indiana it is confined to the southwestern part -of the State. In our area it is found on the crest of ridges in the knob -area where it is generally associated with black, and black jack oaks, -hence in our poorest and thinnest soils. West of the knob area it takes -up different habitats. From Vigo County southward it is found on sand -ridges associated with black and black jack oaks. West of the knob area -it is frequently found in black oak woods and in Warrick County about -two miles southwest of Tennyson it is a frequent tree in the Little -Pigeon Creek bottoms which are a hard light clay soil. Here it is -associated with pin oak and cork elm (_Ulmus alata_). In the Lower -Wabash Valley, especially in Point Township of Posey County in the hard -clay of this area it is a frequent to a common tree, associated with -Spanish, pin, swamp, white and shingle oaks, and sweet gum. In this area -it grows to be a large tree. - -This species has been reported for Hamilton County by Wilson, but I -regard this reference a wrong identification which will relieve Hamilton -County of the reputation of having "post oak" land. It was reported, -also, by Gorby for Miami County. Since Gorby's list is wholly -unreliable, it is best to drop this reference. Higley and Raddin[37] -reported a single tree near Whiting. Nieuwland[38] reported this species -from near Mineral Springs in Porter County, the report being based on -his number 10,207 which I have not seen. There is no reason to doubt -these references, because it is not an unusual thing to find a southern -form jump from southern Indiana to a congenial habitat about Lake -Michigan. - -=Remarks.=--Wood is similar but tougher than white oak, and its uses are -the same as white oak. Since in our area the tree is usually medium -sized, most of the trees are worked up into crossties. A tree in a black -oak woods 4 miles east of Washington in Daviess County measured 2.22 -meters (87-1/2 inches) in circumference breast high. This species in -some localities is called iron oak, and in Gibson County on the sand -dune area it is called sand bur oak. - -[Illustration: Plate 46. - -QUERCUS MACROCARPA Michaux. Bur Oak. (x 1/2.) - -Acorns from different trees. - -The right two belong to the variety OLIVAEFORMIS.] - -=7.= =Quercus macrocarpa= Michaux. Bur Oak. Plate 46. Large trees; -branchlets of young trees generally develop corky wings which are -usually absent on mature trees; leaves on petioles 1-2 cm. long, obovate -in outline, generally 1-2.5 dm. long, the margins more or less deeply -cut so that there are usually 7 lobes, sometimes only 5, or as many as 9 -or 11, sometimes the sinuses extend to the midrib, giving the leaf a -"skeleton" appearance, the lobes are very irregular in shape and -variously arranged, but often appear as if in pairs, lobes rounded and -ascending, the larger lobes are sometimes somewhat lobed, the three -terminal lobes are usually the largest and considered as a whole would -equal in size one half or more of the entire leaf area, the base of the -leaf is wedge-shape or narrowly rounded; leaves at maturity are dark -green and smooth above, or somewhat pubescent along the midrib, a -gray-green and woolly pubescent beneath; acorns usually solitary, -sometimes in pairs or clusters of three, sessile or on short stalks, -sometimes on stalks as long as 2.5 cm.; nuts very variable in size and -shape, ovoid to oblong, often very much depressed at the apex, 2-3 cm. -long, enclosed from 1/3 to almost their entire length in the cup which -is fringed at the top; cups thick and large, sometimes 4.5 cm. in -diameter; scales tomentose on the back and somewhat tuberculate, blunt -near the base of the cup, but at and near the top of the cup they become -long attenuate and on some trees appear almost bristle like; kernel -sweet. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Georgia and west to -Texas and Wyoming. Found in all parts of Indiana, although we have no -reports from the knob area where no doubt it is only local. It is a tree -of wet woods, low borders of streams, etc., except among the hills of -southern Indiana, it is an occasional tree of the slopes. In favorable -habitats it was a frequent to a common tree. Its most constant -associates are white elm, swamp white and red oak, linn, green and black -ash, shellbark hickory, etc. It is sometimes called mossy-cup oak. - -=Remarks.=--Wood and uses similar to that of white oak. In point of -number, size and value it ranks as one of the most valuable trees of the -State. Michaux[39] says: "A tree three miles from Troy, Ohio, was -measured that was fourteen feet and nine inches in diameter six feet -above the ground. The trunk rises about fifty feet without limbs, and -with scarcely a perceptible diminution in size." - -=7a.= =Quercus macrocarpa= var. =olivaeformis= (Michaux filius) Gray. -This variety is distinguished from the typical form by its shallow cup, -and the long oval nut which is often 3 cm. long. The cup is -semi-hemispheric, and encloses the nut for about one-half its length. - -Authentic specimens are at hand from Wells County, and it has been -reported from Gibson and Hamilton Counties. No doubt this form has a -wider range. - -=8.= =Quercus lyrata= Walter. Overcup Oak. Plate 47. Medium sized trees; -bark generally intermediate between that of the swamp white and bur oak; -leaves on petioles 5-30 mm. long which are generally somewhat reddish -toward the base, 10-20 cm. long, obovate or oblong-obovate, margins very -irregularly divided into 5-9 short or long lobes, ascending and -generally acute, ordinarily the three terminal lobes are the largest, -base of leaves wedge-shape, or narrowly rounded, upper surface at -maturity dark green and smooth, the under surface densely covered with a -thick tomentum to which is added more or less long and single or -fascicled straight hairs; when the leaves are as described on the under -surface they are gray beneath; however, a form occurs which is yellow -green beneath and has little or no tomentum, but is thickly covered with -long single or fascicled straight hairs; acorn single or in pairs, on -stalks generally about 1 cm. long, sometimes the stalks are 3 cm. long, -the stalk lies in a plane at a right angle to the base of the acorn -which is a characteristic of this species; nut depressed-globose, about -1.5 cm. long, generally almost completely enclosed in the cup, or -sometimes enclosed only for about 2/3 its length; cup generally very -thick at the base, gradually becoming thinner at the top, and often it -splits open; scales tomentose on the back, those near the base, thick -and tuberculate on the back and blunt, but those near the top of the cup -are acute or long attenuate; kernel sweet. - -=Distribution.=--Maryland to Missouri,[40] and south to Florida and west -to Texas. In Indiana it is found only about river sloughs or deep swamps -in the southwestern counties. At present it is known only from Knox, -Gibson, Posey and Spencer Counties. It was reported by Nieuwland[41] for -Marshall County on the authority of Clark. This specimen was taken -during a survey of Lake Maxinkuckee, and is deposited in the National -Museum. I have had the specimen examined by an authority, who reports -that it is some other species. Its habitat is that of areas that are -inundated much of the winter season. It is so rare that its associates -could not be learned. In one place it grew in a depression lower than a -nearby pin oak, and in another place it grew in a depression in a very -low woods, surrounded by sweet gum, big shell bark hickory, and pin oak. -It is generally found singly in depressions, but it is a common tree on -the low border of the west side of Burnett's pond in Gibson County. - -=Remarks.=--Wood and uses similar to that of white oak. In our area it -is usually known as bur oak. - -[Illustration: Plate 47. - -QUERCUS LYRATA Walter. Overcup Oak. (x 1/2.) - -Acorns from different trees.] - -=9.= =Quercus imbricaria= Michaux. Shingle Oak. Plate 48. Medium to -large sized trees; leaves on petioles generally 0.5-1 cm. long, 7-16 cm. -long, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed or rounded at the base, -apex generally sharp-pointed and ending with a bristle, sometimes very -wide leaves are blunt at the apex, margins entire, when they first -appear the upper surface is somewhat woolly and the under surface -whitish with a dense tomentum, soon glabrous and a dark green above, -remaining more or less densely woolly or pubescent beneath; acorns -sessile or nearly so, solitary or in pairs; nuts ovoid, about 1 cm. long -and enclosed for about 1/2 their length in the cup; cup rounded at the -base; scales pubescent on the back and obtuse. - -=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania, Michigan to Nebraska, south to Georgia -and west to Arkansas. Found throughout Indiana. It is essentially a tree -of low ground, but it is sometimes found near the base of slopes, and in -the knob area it is sometimes found on the crest of ridges. In all parts -of Indiana except the southwestern part it is found only locally and -then usually in colonies of a few trees. In Wells County, I know of only -two trees located at the base of a slope bordering a pond in Jackson -Township. In the southwestern part of the State it is frequent to a -common tree in its peculiar habitat. It appears that when drainage -basins decrease in size, and leave sandy river bottoms, and bordering -low sand dunes, that the shingle oak is the first oak to occupy the -area. On the sand ridges it is crowded out by the black, black jack and -post oaks. In the bottoms it is succeeded by pin, Schneck's, Spanish, -swamp white and post oaks. Special notes were made on its distribution -on a trip through Gibson, Pike, Daviess, Greene and Sullivan Counties, -going from Francisco northward through the Patoka bottoms where in many -places it forms pure stands. Usually in situations a little higher than -the pin oak zone. Thence eastward to Winslow and then north to Sandy -Hook in Daviess County, thence north to Washington, Montgomery, Odon, -Newberry, Lyons, Marco and Sullivan. In its habitat all along this route -it was a frequent to a very common tree. A few miles northeast of -Montgomery is a small area which a pioneer informed me was originally a -prairie. Typical prairie plants are yet found along the roadside and -fences in the area. I was informed that the shingle oak was the only -species found on the area, and on the border of the area. It is believed -the mass distribution of the species was in the area indicated by the -preceding route. Both east and west of this area the species becomes -less frequent. - -=Remarks.=--Wood similar to red oak, but much inferior. Evidently it is -rather a slow growing tree, but it might find a use as a shade or -ornamental tree in sandy habitats where the pin oak would not thrive. It -is also called black oak, peach oak, jack oak and water oak. - -[Illustration: Plate 48. - -QUERCUS IMBRICARIA Michaux. Shingle Oak. (x 1/2.)] - -=10.= =Quercus rubra= Linnaeus. [_Quercus maxima_ (Marshall) Ashe of some -recent authors]. Red Oak. Plate 49. Large trees; winter buds ovoid, -pointed, reddish, outer scales glabrous, sometimes pubescent on the -edges; twigs soon smooth and reddish; leaves on petioles 2.5-5 cm. long, -10-20 cm. long, oval to oblong-obovate, broadly wedge-shape or truncate -at the base, the margins divided by wide or narrow sinuses generally -into 7-9 lobes, sometimes as many as 11, the lobes not uniform in size -or shape, lobes broadest at the base and ending generally in 1-5 bristle -points, pubescent above and below at first, soon becoming smooth at -maturity and a dark green above, paler and yellowish-green beneath and -smooth or with tufts of tomentum in the axils of the veins; acorns -solitary or in pairs, sessile or on very short stalks; nuts ovoid, flat -at the base, and rounded at the apex, 2-3 cm. long, enclosed for about -1/4 their length in the shallow cup; cups 2-3 cm. in diameter, thick, -saucer-shape, flat or only slightly rounded at the base; scales ovate, -blunt, appressed, and pubescent on the back; kernel somewhat bitter, -eaten by hogs and cattle, but not relished by wild animals. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and west to -Texas. Found throughout Indiana, although local in the knob area. Its -preferred habitat is that of moist, rich and fairly well drained woods. -It does not thrive in situations that are inundated much of the winter -season such as the pin oak will endure. In the southern part of the -State, especially in the flats it is frequently found on the high bluffs -of streams and very large forest trees are frequent on a dry wooded -slope of ten acres, on the Davis farm four miles south of Salem. In a -congenial habitat it was a frequent to a common tree, although such a -thing as nearly a pure stand would never be met with, such as was often -formed by the white, black, shingle or pin oak. - -=Remarks.=--Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, but not as good as -white oak in any of its mechanical qualities. Commercially all of the -biennial oaks are usually considered as red oak. The true red oak, -however, is generally considered the best of all the biennial oaks. -Until recently, when white oak became scarce, red oak was not in much -demand, and was used principally for construction material. Now it is -substituted in many places for white oak, and the uses now are in a -great measure the same as those of white oak. - -The red oak grows rapidly, and is able to adapt itself to many soil -conditions. It has been used in European countries for two centuries for -shade and ornamental planting. It reproduces easily by planting the -acorns, and should receive attention by woodlot owners as a suitable -species for reinforcing woodlands, or in general forest planting. - -[Illustration: Plate 49. - -QUERCUS RUBRA Linnaeus. Red Oak. (x 1/2.) - -Acorns from different trees.] - -=11.= =Quercus palustris= Du Roi. Pin Oak. Plate 50. Medium to large -trees with very tight bark, the furrows shallow and generally wide; -twigs at first pubescent, soon becoming smooth and reddish-brown; leaves -on petioles generally 1-5 cm. long, blades about 7-15 cm. long, usually -about 2/3 as wide, sometimes as wide as long, ovate to obovate in -outline, narrowed to broadly truncate at the base, the margins divided -into 5-7 lobes by deep and wide sinuses, except leaves that grow in the -shade, the sinus cuts the blade to more than half way to the midrib, the -lobes are widest at the base, or sometimes widest near the apex, the -lobes usually somewhat toothed or lobed and end in 1-7 bristle tips, -leaves hairy when they first appear, soon becoming glabrate and a glossy -dark green above, a paler green beneath and smooth except tufts of hairs -in the axils of the principal veins; acorns sessile or nearly so, single -or in clusters; nuts subglobose or ovoid, generally 10-12 mm. long, the -ovoid form somewhat smaller, covered about 1/4 their length by the -shallow cups; cups saucer-shape and generally flat on the bottom, those -with the ovoid nuts are rounded on the bottom; scales pubescent on the -back, and rounded or blunt at the apex. - -=Distribution.=--Massachusetts, southwestern Ontario, Michigan to Iowa -and south to Virginia and west to Oklahoma. Found in every county of -Indiana. It is found only in wet situations where it is a frequent to a -common tree. It prefers a hard compact clay soil with little drainage -hence is rarely met with on the low borders of lakes where the soil is -principally organic matter. - -=Remarks.=--Wood similar to red oak, but much inferior to it. It is -tardy in the natural pruning of its lower branches, and when the dead -branches break off they usually do so at some distance from the trunk. -The stumps of the dead branches which penetrate to the center of the -tree have given it the name of pin oak. It is also sometimes called -water oak, and swamp oak. - -For street and ornamental planting it is one of the most desirable oaks -to use. It is adapted to a moist soil, grows rapidly, and produces a -dense shade. When grown in the open it develops a pyramidal crown. - -The nut of this species always has a depressed form, except a tree or -two in Wells County which produce ovate nuts which are cone-pointed, and -in bulk about half the size of the ordinary form. This form should be -looked for to ascertain its area of distribution. - -[Illustration: Plate 50. - -QUERCUS PALUSTRIS Muenchhausen. (x 1/2.) - -Acorns from different trees. Those on the left the common form, those on -the right the rare form.] - -[Illustration: Plate 51. - -QUERCUS SCHNECKII Britton. Schneck's Oak. (x 1/2.) - -Specimens from type tree.] - -=12.= =Quercus Schneckii= Britton. Schneck's Oak. Plate 51. Large trees; -bark somewhat intermediate between pin and red oak; twigs gray by -autumn; winter buds large, about 0.5 cm. long, ovoid, glabrous and gray; -leaves on petioles 2-6 cm. long, blades generally 8-18 cm. long, -generally truncate at the base, sometimes wedge-shaped, leaves ovate to -obovate in outline, divided into 5-7 lobes, by deep rounded and wide -sinuses, the sinuses cutting the blade to more than half way to the -midrib, except the leaves of lower branches that grow in the shade, the -lobes variable in shape and size, usually the lowest are the shortest -and smaller, the middle the longest and largest, the lobes are sometimes -widest at the base, and sometimes widest at the apex, the end of the -lobes are more or less toothed or lobed; the leaves at maturity are -bright green, glossy and smooth above, a paler and yellow green and -smooth beneath except tufts of hairs in the axils of the principal -veins; acorns solitary or in pairs, usually on stalks about 0.5 cm. -long; nuts ovoid, sometimes broadly so, or oblong, broad and flat or -slightly convex at base, usually 1.5-2 cm. long, enclosed in the cup -from 1/4-1/3 their length; cups flat or convex at the base: scales -generally pubescent on the back, gray or with a reddish tip on those of -the Lower Wabash Valley, or reddish gray and with margins more or less -red of trees of the Upper Wabash Valley. - -=Distribution.=--In Indiana this species has been reported only from -Wells, Bartholomew, Vermillion, Knox, Gibson and Posey Counties. This -species was not separated from our common red oak until after all of the -local floras of Indiana had been written, and it may have a much wider -range than is at present known. In Wells County it is the prevailing -"red oak" of the county, and no doubt is distributed throughout the -Wabash Valley. In this area it is associated with all moist ground -species. In the lower Wabash Valley, especially in Gibson, Knox and -Posey Counties it is associated with Spanish, pin, and shingle oaks, -sweet gum, etc. Several trees were noted in Knox County in Little -Cypress swamp where it was associated with cypress, pin oak, white elm, -red maple and swell-butt ash. - -=Remarks.=--This anomalous red oak has a range from Indiana to Texas. -When the attention of authors was directed to it, several new species -were the result. Later authors are not agreed as to whether this form, -which has such a wide range and hence liable to show considerable -variation within such a long range, is one or several species. C. S. -Sargent who for years has studied this form throughout its range has -seen the author's specimens and calls those with shallow cups typical or -nearly typical _Quercus Shumardii_ Buckley[42] and those with the deep -cups _Quercus Shumardii_ variety _Schneckii_ (Britton) Sargent. - -The writer has made rather an intensive study of the forms in Wells -County and in the Lower Wabash Valley and has not been able to satisfy -himself that, allowing for a reasonable variation, there is even a -varietal difference in Indiana forms. The description has been drawn to -cover all of the forms of Indiana. - -Dr. J. Schneck of Mt. Carmel, Illinois, was one of the first to discover -that this form was not our common red oak, and when he called Dr. -Britton's attention to it, Dr. Britton named it _Quercus Schneckii_ in -honor of its discoverer. - -=13.= =Quercus ellipsoidalis.= E. J. Hill. Hill's Oak. Plate 52. Medium -sized trees; inner bark yellowish; twigs pubescent at first, becoming -smooth and reddish brown by autumn; leaves on petioles 2-5 cm. long, -ovate to slightly obovate or nearly orbicular in outline, 7-15 cm. long, -wedge-shape or, truncate at the base, margin divided into 5-7 long lobes -by wide sinuses which usually extend to more than half way to the -midrib, sinuses rounded at the base, lobes broadest at the base or the -apex, ending in 1-7 bristle points, leaves at first pubescent, both -above and below, soon becoming glabrous above, and smooth beneath except -tufts of hairs in the axils of the principal veins; acorns nearly -sessile or on short stalks, single or in pairs; nuts oval to oblong, -12-20 mm. long, enclosed for 1/3-1/2 their length in the cup; scales -obtuse, light reddish-brown, pubescent on the back; kernel pale yellow -and bitter. - -=Distribution.=--Northwestern Indiana to Manitoba and south to Iowa. In -Indiana it has been reported only from Lake and Porter Counties by Hill, -and from White County by Heimlich. According to Hill, who has made the -most extensive study of the distribution of this species in our area, -the tree is found on sandy and clayey uplands, and in moist sandy -places. It closely resembles the pin oak for which it has been mistaken. -It also resembles the black and scarlet oaks. We have very little data -on the range or distribution of the species in this State. - -=14.= =Quercus velutina= Lamarck. Black Oak. Plate 53. Medium to large -sized trees; inner bark yellow or orange; leaves on petioles 2-8 cm. -long, ovate oblong or obovate, very variable in outline and in size, -those of young trees and coppice shoots being very large, those of -mature trees usually 12-18 cm. long, wedge-shape or truncate at the -base, the margin divided into 5-9 lobes by wide and usually deep sinuses -which are rounded at the base, the lobes variable in shape and size, the -terminals of many of the lobes toothed or slightly lobed and ending in -one or more bristles, leaves pubescent on both sides at first, soon -becoming smooth, glossy and a dark green above; leaves of fruiting -branches usually smooth beneath except the tufts of brown hairs in the -axils of the principal veins, or rarely more or less pubescent over the -whole under surface, the under surface of leaves of sterile branches and -young trees usually are the most pubescent beneath, the leaves of some -trees are much like those of the scarlet oak, but on the whole are -larger; acorns sessile or nearly so, single or in pairs; nuts ovoid, -oblong or subglobose, 1.5-2 cm. long, enclosed for about half their -length in the cup-shaped cup; scales light-brown, densely pubescent on -the back, obtuse, loose above the middle of the cup; kernel bitter. - -[Illustration: Plate 52. - -QUERCUS ELLIPSOIDALIS E. J. Hill. Hill's Oak. (x 1/2.) - -Specimens from type tree.] - -[Illustration: Plate 53. - -QUERCUS VELUTINA Lamarck. Black Oak. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, southern -Nebraska south to Florida and west to Texas. Found throughout Indiana. -It was no doubt found in every county or nearly every county of the -State. It of course would be a rare tree throughout the rich black loam -soils of the central Indiana counties. The black oak is confined to the -poorer soils of the State, such as clay and gravelly ridges, sand dunes, -sand ridges, and the hills of southern Indiana that are not covered with -beech or white oak. It is a frequent to a common tree in the -southwestern part of the State in the bottom lands where it is -associated with Schneck's, shingle, and post oaks. In the northern part -of the State it is generally associated with the white oak and if the -soil is very poor it will form almost pure stands. On the poor ridges of -southern Indiana it is generally associated with the white, and scarlet -oaks, and invades habitats still poorer which are occupied by post, -black jack, or chestnut oaks. Wherever the black oak is found it is -generally more than a frequent tree and is usually a common tree or -forms the principal stand. While the black is not so uniformly -distributed over the State as the white oak, yet in point of numbers it -nearly equals it, or may even exceed it. - -In Floyd and Harrison Counties are certain small areas which were known -to the early settlers as the "barrens." These areas were treeless. They -were covered with a growth of some sort of oak which the natives call -"scrub" oak, hazel, and wild plum. The height of the growth in any part -would "not hide a man on horse back." These areas are now all under -cultivation, and are no longer distinguished from the forested areas. -However, many parts of the barrens are now covered with forests, but -these forests are a complete stand of black oak. Last year one of these -areas was cut off, and the age of the trees were ascertained to be about -65 years old. The barrens of southern Indiana and adjacent States offer -a good problem for ecologists. - -=Remarks.=--Wood similar to that of red oak, but often much inferior. -The uses of the best grades of black oak are practically the same as red -oak. - -Where the black and scarlet oaks are associated, the scarlet oak is -rarely separated from it. The two species superficially much resemble -each other. The black oak is always easily distinguished by cutting into -the inner bark which is yellow, while that of scarlet oak is gray or -reddish. The inner bark imparts a yellow color to spittle, and the -scarlet does not. When mature fruiting branches are at hand they may be -separated by the appearance of the acorns. The scales of the cups of -the black oak are dull, and loosely imbricated near the top while those -of the scarlet oak are rather glossy and closely imbricated. The scales -of the scarlet oak, however, become somewhat loose after the acorn has -matured, and fallen for some time. - -This species is sometimes called yellow oak. Since the chinquapin oak is -also often called yellow oak, it is best to always call this species -black oak. - -=15.= =Quercus coccinea= Muenchhausen. Scarlet Oak. Plate 54. Medium -sized trees with bark resembling the black oak, inner bark gray or -reddish; twigs reddish by autumn; winter buds reddish-brown and -pubescent; leaves on petioles 2.5-6 cm. long, broadly oval to obovate, -blades 7-15 cm. long, truncate or wedge-shape at the base, the blade -divided into 5-7 lobes by deep and wide sinuses which cut the blade more -than half the distance to the midrib, sinuses rounded at the base, the -lobes variable in size and shape, usually the lowest are the shortest -and smallest, the middle lobes the largest and longest, the lobes widest -either at the base or the apex, the terminal part toothed or lobed, the -terminal lobe generally 3-lobed or 3-toothed, both surfaces of the -leaves at first pubescent, soon smooth and a dark glossy green above, -and paler and smooth beneath except tufts of hairs in the axils of the -principal veins; acorns sessile or nearly so, solitary or in pairs; nuts -ovoid to oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long, enclosed for about half their length in -the thick cup-shape cup; scales triangular but blunt, closely appressed, -pubescent on the back except the center which is generally elevated and -smooth and shiny, giving the cup a glossy appearance which easily -separates it from its nearest ally the black oak whose cup is a dull, -ash or reddish gray color; kernel white within, and less bitter than the -black oak. - -=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario to southern Nebraska, south to -North Carolina, Alabama and Arkansas. It has been reported for the -northwest counties and the southern part of Indiana, but we have no -records for the east-central portion of the State. Clark reports it as -common about Winona Lake, but does not report _Quercus velutina_ which -is a common tree of the vicinity, and it is believed that Clark has -confused the two species. In the northern part of the State its habitat -is that of sand and gravel ridges associated with black oak. In the hill -part of southern Indiana it is intimately associated with the black oak -on the poorer ridges. We have no authentic records for the southwestern -counties. The author has Schneck's specimens on which the record for -Gibson and Posey County was based. I determined the specimens as -belonging to the Spanish oak, and William Trelease verified the -determination. I have no doubt that scarlet oak occurred on the sand -ridges of that area. - -[Illustration: Plate 54. - -QUERCUS COCCINEA Muenchhausen. Scarlet Oak. (x 1/2.)] - -In the northern part of the State it is a rare or infrequent tree, while -in favorable habitats in the hill country of the southern part of the -State it is a frequent to a common tree. - -=Remarks.=--Wood similar but much inferior to red oak. The cut in this -State is marketed as black oak, from which it is rarely separated. - -=16.= =Quercus falcata= Michaux. Spanish Oak. Plate 55. Large trees; -bark thick, rather deeply fissured, furrows usually narrow, ridges -generally broad and broken into short lengths, the outer bark is -reddish, except sometimes it becomes grayish by weathering; twigs -densely pubescent at first, remaining more or less pubescent during the -first year, or becoming smooth or nearly so and a reddish brown by -autumn; leaves on petioles 0.5-6 cm. long, ordinarily about 2-3 cm. -long, blades very variable in outline, ovate, ovate-oblong or obovate, -usually somewhat curved, wedge-shaped, rounded or truncate at the base, -shallow or deeply lobed, generally about 2/3 of the distance to the -midrib; lobes 3-11, commonly 5-9, the number, size and shape of the -lobes exceedingly variable, the longest lateral lobes are generally near -the middle of the leaf, sometimes the lowest pair, sometimes the upper -pair are the longest, terminal lobe triangular or oblong, generally -widest at the base, although frequently widest at the apex, lateral -lobes widest at the base and gradually becoming narrower, towards the -apex, rarely somewhat wider at the apex, generally somewhat curved, -lobes generally sharp-pointed, sometimes wide-angled or rounded at the -apex, margins of lobes entire, wavy, toothed or lobed, sinuses wide and -rounded at the base; leaves densely pubescent on both surfaces at first, -gradually becoming smooth and dark green above by autumn, the under -surface remaining covered with a tomentum which is grayish or yellowish; -acorns sessile or nearly so, solitary or in pairs; nuts broadly ovoid, -generally 10-12 mm. long, broadly rounded at the base, rounded at the -apex, enclosed about one-half their length by the cup; cups strongly -convex at the base; scales blunt, grayish and pubescent on their backs, -their margins reddish and generally smooth. - -=Distribution.=--New Jersey and Missouri, south to Florida and west to -Texas. The known distribution in Indiana would be that part of the State -south of a line drawn from Vincennes to North Madison. It is local -except in the southwestern counties. In our area it is found on both -high and low ground. In Jefferson and Clark Counties it is found only in -the flats where it is associated with beech, sweet gum, pin oak, red -maple and black gum. A colony was found in Washington County on high -ground, about eight miles southwest of Salem associated with black and -post oak. In Harrison County about two miles southeast of Corydon it was -found on the crest of a ridge with white and black oak. In Daviess -County about four miles east of Washington it is associated with black -and post oak. In Knox, Gibson, Pike and Warrick Counties it is local on -sand ridges with black oak. It occurs in the greatest abundance in the -river bottoms of Gibson, Posey and Spencer Counties, where it is -generally associated with pin, Schneck's, shingle, swamp white, black -and post oaks, and sweet gum. In the last named counties it is fairly -well distributed, and is a frequent to a common tree. Brown's[43] report -for Fountain County should not be recognized without a verifying -specimen, since his list was compiled from a list of common names of the -trees which he obtained. - -[Illustration: Plate 55. - -QUERCUS FALCATA Michaux. Spanish Oak. (x 1/2.)] - -=Remarks.=--Wood and uses similar to that of red oak. In Indiana it is -all sold as red oak. In all parts of its range in Indiana it is known as -red or black oak. However, the best accepted common name of this species -throughout its range is Spanish oak, and since no other species is known -by this name, it should be used for this species. - -The bark of this species varies considerably in color and tightness. The -leaves are exceedingly variable in form. The leaves on the same tree -will vary from 3-lobed to 11-lobed. Usually the lobing is deepest in the -leaves nearest the top of the tree. Leaves of small trees, coppice -shoots, and of the lower branches of some trees are often all or for the -greater part 3-lobed. The color of the pubescence of the lower surface -of the leaves varies from a gray to a yellow-gray. The variations have -lead authors to divide this polymorphic species into several species and -varieties. The author has included all the forms that occur in Indiana -under one name. - -This species is variously known as _Quercus digitata_, _Quercus -triloba_, _Quercus pagodaefolia_, and by the most recent authors as -_Quercus pagoda_ and _Quercus rubra_ and its varieties. Specimens in the -author's collection from Jefferson County were reported by Sargent[44] -as _Quercus rubra_ var. _triloba_. - -=17.= =Quercus marilandica= Muenchhausen. Black Jack Oak. Plate 56. -Mature trees generally 10-30 cm. in diameter; bark resembles that of a -gnarled black oak; twigs generally scurvy-pubescent the first year; -leaves on petioles from nearly sessile to 2.5 cm. long, usually less -than a cm. long, blades 7-15 cm. long, broadly obovate, often almost as -wide as long, narrowly rounded at the base, with three primary lobes at -the apex, sometimes with two small lateral lobes, the apex is sometimes -almost rounded and the position where the lobes usually occur is -indicated by three primary veins which end in a bristle, the apex of the -leaf is generally about equally divided into three lobes by two very -shallow rounded sinuses, the lobes are rounded or merely acute; -sometimes the terminal lobes develop a secondary lobe, leaves very -pubescent both above and beneath when they first appear, becoming smooth -and glossy above at maturity, and remaining more or less pubescent -beneath; acorns sessile or nearly so, single or in pairs; nuts ovoid or -oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, broadly rounded at the base, rounded or somewhat -conic at the apex, enclosed for about half their length in the -cup-shaped cup; scales blunt, not closely appressed, pubescent on back, -light reddish-brown; kernel bitter. - -[Illustration: Plate 56. - -QUERCUS MARILANDICA Muenchhausen. Black Jack Oak. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--New York to Nebraska, south to Florida and west to -Texas. In Indiana it is known to the author from Sullivan, Greene and -Clark Counties and southwestward. It has been reported from Jefferson -County by Barnes which is no doubt correct. Doubtful records are those -by Brown for Fountain County, Miami County by Gorby, and Phinney's -report for the area of Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne Counties. It -has been reported for the vicinity of Chicago by Higley and Raddin. It -may be local on sterile, sandy ridges of the northern part of the State, -but very local if it does occur. It is generally found in very poor soil -on the crest of ridges associated with black and post oak. However, it -has been found in Greene, Sullivan and Knox counties on sand ridges and -at the base of sand ridges associated with black and post oak. The -species has a very limited mass distribution and is only occasionally -found and in colonies of a few trees each. - -=Remarks.=--Trees too small and scarce to be of any economic importance. - - - - -ULMACEAE. The Elm Family. - - -Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, 2-ranked, petioled leaves; -sepals 3-9, petals none, stamens as many as the sepals and opposite -them, stigmas 2. - - Branchlets with solid pith; leaves with primary veins - parallel; flowers borne on the twigs of the preceding - season 1 Ulmus. - - Branchlets with chambered pith at the nodes; leaves - 3-veined at the base; flowers borne on the twigs of - the season 2 Celtis. - - -1. ULMUS. The Elms. - -Trees with furrowed bark; leaves short petioled, with lateral veins -prominent and parallel, oblique or unequally heart-shaped at the base, -taper-pointed at the apex, mostly double-serrate; flowers of Indiana -species expanding before the leaves in March or April; fruit a samara -surrounded with a wide membranous margin, maturing in the spring. - - Inner bark mucilaginous; leaves very rough above; flowers - nearly sessile; fruit not ciliate 1 U. fulva. - - Inner bark not mucilaginous; leaves smooth or somewhat rough - above; flowers on slender pedicils; fruit ciliate. - - Branches without corky wings; sides of samara glabrous 2 U. americana. - - Branches (at least some of them) with corky wings; at least - one side of the samara pubescent. - - Buds ovate, not twice as long as wide, obtuse, or - short-pointed, dark brown; scales pubescent and - ciliate; leaves usually not twice as long as wide, - base of petiole glabrous beneath; calyx lobes 7-9 3 U. Thomasi. - - Buds small, narrow, twice as long as wide, very - sharp-pointed, light brown; scales glabrous or - merely puberulent; leaves usually twice as long - as wide, base of petiole pubescent all around 4 U. alata. - -=1. Ulmus fulva= Michaux. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. Plate 57. Fairly large -trees with deeply fissured reddish-brown bark without white streaks -between the layers of the ridges, twigs very pubescent and green at -first, becoming gray or reddish-brown at the end of the season and -remaining more or less pubescent for a year or more; buds ovate, a very -dark reddish brown, the scales more or less pubescent; leaves ovate, -oval or slightly obovate, average blades 8-15 cm. long, hairy on both -surfaces at first, remaining more or less pubescent beneath until -maturity, and becoming very rough above with a few scattered hairs -remaining, fragrant when dried, fragrance remaining for years; fruit -ripening the last of April or the first of May before or with the -unfolding of the leaves; samara orbicular or obovate, usually longer -than wide, average size 13-17 mm. long and 9-12 mm. wide, the margin as -wide or wider than the seed, margin glabrous, seed densely pubescent on -both sides; wood hard, strong, light when well seasoned and not warping -as badly as white elm. - -=Distribution.=--Quebec south to Florida, west to Texas, Nebraska and -North Dakota. Found in all parts of Indiana. In the prairies or in the -"flats" it may be absent in one or more contiguous counties and may be -entirely absent on the crests and upper slopes of ridges. It prefers a -moist well drained soil, and where it is found it is usually a frequent -to a common tree, although rarely is it found as a very common tree. It -is usually associated with sugar maple, beech, white ash, linn, tulip, -white oak, etc. - -=Remarks.=--This tree usually is from 3-6 dm. in diameter and tall for -its diameter. However, larger trees occur. In the Ind. Geol. Rept. -6:70:1875 mention is made of a tree in Jackson County that was "18 feet -in circumference." The uses of the wood are similar to that of white -elm. The inner bark collected in spring is much used in medicine under -the name of slippery elm. - -[Illustration: Plate 57. - -ULMUS FULVA Michaux. Red or Slippery Elm. (x 1/2.)] - -=2. Ulmus americana= Linnaeus. White Elm. Plate 58. Large trees; bark -deeply fissured, gray, the ridges showing white streaks between the -layers; twigs more or less hairy at first and usually becoming glabrous -by the end of the season; buds ovate, acute and glabrous; leaves ovate, -oval or obovate, average blades 8-12 cm. long, hairy on both sides on -expanding, becoming at maturity glabrous above and smooth or rough, -sometimes very rough on vigorous young shoots, remaining pubescent -beneath, rarely glabrous; fruit ripening before or as the leaves unfold, -generally oval in shape, about 1 cm. long, both surfaces glabrous, -margins about as wide as the seed and fringed with hairs; wood hard, -tough, flexible, generally hard to split, warps badly in seasoning. - -=Distribution.=--Quebec to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska. Found -throughout Indiana, and doubtless in every county. It is frequent to -common or very common on the flood plains of streams, in wet woods and -in low ground generally. - -=Remarks.=--This species is also called water elm, swamp elm, gray elm, -bitter elm, sour elm and in southwestern counties it is often called red -elm. In Perry County it is often called hub elm. It is generally known -as "elm" and when this term is used, it refers to this species. The wood -has a very wide range of uses. The greatest amount has been used for -hoops, staves and heading. Large quantities have been used in the -manufacture of agricultural implements, hubs, furniture, basket handles, -etc. White elm is usually considered very difficult to split, but I was -informed by a pioneer timber cutter that the heart wood of the veterans -of the forest splits as well as oak, and that he worked many a tree up -into staves. He told me that he made into staves a tree in Paulding -County, Ohio, that was eight feet in diameter at the stump. There is -little attempt being made by woodlot owners to propagate this tree. -However, the natural propagation of the species is probably greater than -any other species because it produces seed at an early age, and culls of -the forest are not cut because they are not good for fuel which leaves -them to produce seed. Then the seed are light, and are scattered to -great distances by the wind and water. It is propagated very easily from -seedlings. - -The tree when grown in the open has a tendency to be bushy and unless it -is given some pruning will have a very short clear trunk. It has always -been regarded as one of the best species for shade tree planting. For -beauty of form it is not excelled by any tree for shade or ornamental -planting. However, it has several insect enemies that require spraying -to keep them under control. - -[Illustration: Plate 58. - -ULMUS AMERICANA Linnaeus. White Elm. (x 1/2.)] - -=3. Ulmus Thomasi= Sargent. Hickory Elm. Rock Elm. Plate 59. Large -trees; bark deeply fissured and grayish like the bark of the white elm; -twigs light brown, generally densely hairy and remaining more or less -pubescent until the end of the season or later, the twigs of some -specimens are glabrous or only slightly hairy at first and soon become -glabrous and somewhat glaucous, after the first year some of the -branchlets begin to develop 1-4 corky ridges from a few millimeters to 5 -or 6 mm. in thickness, the ridges are wide and rounded at the top, dark -gray, brown and discontinuous, rarely a corky ridge will appear on a -branchlet the first year; leaves oval or obovate, average blades 8-15 -cm. long, at maturity glabrous and smooth or rough to very rough above, -permanently pubescent beneath especially on the veins; fruit ripens late -in May or early in June when the leaves are from 1/2 to 2/3 grown; -samara oval, usually 1.5-2 cm. long, oblique at the base, with a beak -2-5 mm. long at the apex, both faces pubescent, wing about as wide as -the seed; wood hard heavy, strong, flexible, uses the same as white elm. - -=Distribution.=--Southern Quebec and Ontario south to northern New -Jersey and west to Minnesota and Missouri. The distribution in Indiana -has not been studied. The frequency of its occurrence is not known, and -all of the known stations are given. The published records are as -follows: Dearborn (Collins); Franklin (Meyncke); Hamilton (Wilson); -Jefferson (Barnes) and (Deam); Noble (VanGorder); Parke (Hobbs); St. -Joseph (Nieuwland); Steuben (Bradner); Wayne (Petry and Markle); Wells -(Deam). Additional records are Hendricks, Noble, Ripley, Vermillion and -Wayne by Deam. The published record for Posey County by Deam and Schneck -should be referred to _Ulmus alata_. It prefers a well drained soil and -is most frequently found near the base of the slope or on the top of -flood plain banks of streams, in ravines, or in a habitat like a -beech-sugar maple woods. It is reported to have been frequent in -Franklin, Noble and Wells Counties. - -Its appearance and habit of growth is so much like the white elm that it -is not commonly distinguished from it, which accounts for the lack of -definite knowledge of its range in our area. - -[Illustration: Plate 59. - -ULMUS THOMASI Sargent. Hickory or Rock Elm. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 60. - -ULMUS ALATA Michaux. Winged Elm. (x 1/2.)] - -=4. Ulmus alata= Michaux. Winged Elm. Plate 60. Small to medium sized -trees; bark rather closely fissured, grayish or reddish-brown, in -appearance like white elm; twigs hairy at first, generally remaining -more or less pubescent throughout the season, rarely becoming entirely -glabrous before the end of the season, a light brown gradually becoming -a gray-brown; branchlets usually begin to develop two thin narrow corky -ridges, becoming by the end of the second year 4-7 mm. thick, the year's -growth of corky layer a light brown, the older layers a darker brown, -the two main corky ridges are on opposite sides of the twigs, and -between these there are generally additional corky excrescences, -especially on the older branches; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oval, some -somewhat falcate, average blades 4-8 cm. long, pubescent on both sides -on unfolding, becoming at maturity glabrous or nearly so above, some are -rough above at maturity, remaining pubescent until maturity beneath; -petioles short, generally 2-3 mm. long, rarely 5 mm. or longer; fruit -ripening before or with the unfolding of the leaves; samara 6-10 mm. -long, pubescent on both faces. - -=Distribution.=--Virginia west through southern Indiana to southern -Missouri, south to the Gulf and west to Texas. In Indiana it is confined -to the southwestern part of the State. Gorby's report for Miami should -be ignored. It has been reported as far north as Vigo and Monroe -Counties by Blatchley, and as far east as Clark County by Baird and -Taylor. The author has collected it in Crawford, Dubois, Martin, Orange, -Perry, Posey, Spencer and Warrick Counties. - -The tree has two rather distinct habitats. In the hill counties it is -found on the sides of cliffs, steep slopes or on the top of the ridges -with such species as the black, chestnut and scarlet oaks and chestnut. -In this habitat it is usually a small scrubby tree with an excessive -number of side branches. Such specimens usually have the corky ridges -well developed on all of the branches and the tree presents a weird -appearance. The second habitat is in the hard clay flats of the -southwestern counties. In Warrick County along Big Pigeon Creek west of -Boonville I measured a specimen 21 dm. in circumference and I estimated -the clear bole at 8 m. It was associated with sweet gum, black gum, -white elm, red birch, red oak, etc. It is found throughout this county -both in the "flats" and on the sandy ridges. In Posey County it is a -frequent tree in the low woods about 10 miles southwest of Mt. Vernon. -In these woods it acquires a diameter of 3-6 dm. and is associated with -post oak, Spanish oak, sweet gum, shingle oak, etc. It is to be noted -that specimens that grow in these conditions and those that acquire a -large size do not develop such conspicuous corky branches. A large tree -over 6 dm. in diameter was noted in the eastern part of Gibson County -growing in low sandy soil which was destitute of corky branches so far -as could be seen from the ground. All of the branches examined were free -from corky ridges, and only a few corky excrescences were present. The -specimen could easily be identified by the leaves. Another large tree 12 -dm. in circumference in a black oak woods 4 miles south of Marengo in -Crawford County was also free from corky ridges. - -This is an interesting tree and requires further study to establish its -range in Indiana and to learn its habits. In Jasper, Indiana, it is a -frequent shade tree. No doubt the trees were obtained from a nearby -woods along the Patoka River where this species is known to occur. - - -=2. CELTIS.= The Hackberries. - -Trees with pith of branchlets chambered; flowers in Indiana species -appear before the leaves, the leaves generally with 3 primary veins at -the base; staminate flowers usually in clusters, the pistillate solitary -or few together in the axils of the leaves, and near the end of the -twigs; fruit a globose drupe, sometimes elongated, pulp thin and sweet, -frequently remaining on the tree until late winter, relished by birds; -stone bony, wrinkled. - -Some of the American species of hackberry are very variable. The habitat -of the species varies from deep swamps to arid rocky slopes. In fact, a -single species as now understood may have a variable habitat. The -following variations may be noted on the same tree or on different trees -of the same species. The twigs may be glabrous, or pubescent; the leaves -may vary in size, shape and texture, leaf margin, and in the roughness -or smoothness of the surfaces; the petioles may be smooth or hairy; the -pedicels may be glabrous or pubescent, shorter or longer than the -petioles; the fruit also varies in shape. Leaves have been seen on the -same tree which were smooth above, while others were quite rough above, -the difference being due to the exposure to light. - -The original descriptions of the species are too short to sufficiently -characterize the species, which adds to the confusion. However, C. S. -Sargent[45] has recently revised the species and varieties of our area. - -Prof. Sargent has examined and named all of my material for me. Mr. B. -F. Bush, who has extensively studied the hackberries in the field, also -has examined my specimens. - -The writer has paid special attention to the hackberries of the State -for the past few years and is still in doubt as to the status of the -species that occur in the State. Since I am not following the -determinations made by Sargent and Bush, and am following the -nomenclature of the first edition, I regard the present treatment as -tentative only. - - Margins of all the leaves sharply serrate all around - except at base; nutlets 6-8 mm. long 1 C. occidentalis. - - Margins of leaves of fruiting branches generally entire, - or some with a few teeth on one side or with a few - teeth on both sides; margins of the leaves of - vegetative branches and shoots similar to those of - fruiting branches or with the margins serrate nearly - all around; nutlets 5-6 mm. long. - - Leaves of a rather broad ovate type; mature fruit a - dark cherry-red; usually shrubs, sometimes very - small trees, of a dry habitat 2 C. pumila. - - Leaves of an ovate-lanceolate type; mature fruit a - light cherry-red; medium-sized trees of a wet - habitat 3 C. - mississippiensis. - -[Illustration: Plate 61. - -CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS Linnaeus. Hackberry. (x 1/2.)] - -=1. Celtis occidentalis= Linnaeus. Hackberry. Plate 61. Medium to -large-sized trees; bark of old trees irregularly furrowed, sometimes -some of the surface warty and rough; twigs smooth or pubescent, the -fruiting ones generally smooth; leaves of an ovate type on petioles -0.5-2 cm. long, the blades of fruiting twigs 5-15 cm. long, those of -vegetative twigs sometimes larger, oblique or slightly cordate at base, -gradually tapering to a point at apex, or long acuminate at the apex, -often becoming thick at maturity, especially those exposed to full -sunlight, generally smooth above at maturity, especially those of -fruiting twigs, or sometimes rough, especially those of vegetative -branchlets or those growing in the shade, the under surface more or less -pubescent along the veins at maturity; fruit matures in late autumn, -very dark red, sometimes appearing almost black, globose or somewhat -oblong, generally about 9-10 mm. in diameter, borne on pedicels which -are longer or up to twice as long as the petioles; the pedicels which -are always ascending are straight or somewhat curved upwards; nutlets -globose, a little longer than wide. - -=Distribution.=--Valley of the St. Lawrence River, southern Ontario, to -North Dakota, and south to the Gulf States and west to Texas. More or -less frequent along streams throughout the State, except in the hilly -counties of the southern part of the State. It is always found in moist -soil, except in the hilly counties where it may be found on wooded -slopes or on high rocky bluffs bordering streams. In all of our area the -species is practically confined to drainage basins, and is generally -close to streams. - -=Remarks.=--The wood is yellowish-white and before seasoning very much -resembles ash for which it was generally sold. It has good bending -qualities and is now much sought after for hoops. It was formerly often -known as hoop ash. The supply is now becoming scarce, but when bought -sells for the same price as good white elm. - -Some writers include under the name _Celtis occidentalis_ only those -forms which are small trees and have ovate, short-pointed leaves. This -type of tree has not been found in Indiana. The form with long acuminate -pointed leave which is the common form in our area, is regarded as a -variety of _Celtis occidentalis_. Trees having the upper surface of the -leaves very rough are called _Celtis crassifolia_ Lamarck, or are merely -regarded as a variety of _Celtis occidentalis_. This form is found -throughout our area. - -The hackberry is sometimes used as a shade tree. It can scarcely be -recommended because its leaves and twigs are often affected by galls -which detract from its appearance. - -[Illustration: Plate 62. - -CELTIS PUMILA var. DEAMII Sargent. Dwarf Hackberry. (x 1/2.)] - -=2. Celtis pumila= (Muhlenberg) Pursh. Dwarf Hackberry. Plate 62. Bark -thin, smooth and gray on shrub-like forms, warty or deeply fissured on -the larger forms; ridges flat and broken, dark gray-brown; twigs at -first hairy, becoming smooth or nearly so by autumn; leaves of an ovate -type, broadly-ovate, oblong-ovate to narrow ovate, on petioles 0.5-1.5 -cm. long, blades of fruiting branchlets 3-10 cm. long, those of sterile -twigs sometimes larger, oblique, rounded or somewhat cordate at the -base, taper-pointed, sometimes acuminate at the apex, margins entire or -with a few teeth usually about or above the middle, becoming thick and -smooth above at maturity, sometimes rough, especially on vigorous -shoots, generally somewhat pubescent along the veins beneath; fruit -matures late in the autumn, usually an orange or light cherry color late -in summer, becoming a very dark cherry color late in the autumn, globose -to ellipsoidal, on pedicels about as long as the petioles; sometimes the -pedicels are shorter but usually about one-half longer; pedicels -generally ascending, rarely recurved, when recurved the pedicels are -short. - -=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania to northern Illinois, south to Florida and -west to Arkansas. Local in Indiana. It has been collected by the writer -in Lake County near the mouth of the Grand Calumet River where it was -collected by E. J. Hill who has given us the most detailed account of -this species.[46] Also collected on a high, gravelly hill on the east -side of Hog-back Lake, Steuben County; on a rocky wooded slope in -Hamar's Hollow southeast of Mitchell in Lawrence County; on a "knob" in -Floyd County; on a rocky wooded slope near Big Spring in Washington -County; frequent on a rocky wooded slope near the Ohio River east of -Elizabeth in Harrison County; on the bank of Blue River near Milltown in -Crawford County; and in Perry County along the bluffs of the Ohio River -about six miles east of Cannelton, and also on the crest of a ridge -about six miles southwest of Derby. It has also been reported by -Nieuwland for Clark in Marshall County. - -=Remarks.=--This species is usually a small shrub, and usually bears -fruit when only 1.5-2 meters (5 or 6 feet) tall. Only a few trees have -been seen that were 40 cm. (4 inches) in diameter. The small size at -which this species fruits, easily distinguishes it from other species in -our area. Its habitat also serves to distinguish it. Along Lake Michigan -it grows on the dry sand dunes, and in southern Indiana it grows on dry -rocky slopes. - -Sargent who has examined all of my specimens credits Indiana with the -typical species, and separates from it a form which he calls _Celtis -pumila_ variety _Deamii_[47]. This variety is based upon my No. 18,727, -and the type specimen has been photographed to illustrate this species. -The writer is not able to separate the two forms in our area, and -believes that all belong either to _Celtis pumila_ or to the new -variety. - -=3. Celtis mississippiensis= Bosc. (_Celtis laevigata_ Willdenow). -Sugarberry. Hackberry. Plate 63. Medium sized trees with the bark of the -trunk of large trees irregularly covered with wart-like excrescences, -rarely somewhat irregularly fissured, bark of the upper part of trunk -and larger branches resembling that of the beech; leaves of an -ovate-lanceolate type, as a whole narrower than the preceding species; -on petioles 5-12 mm. long, blades of fruiting twigs 4-8 cm. long, -usually rounded at the base, sometimes oblique, slightly cordate or -somewhat narrowed at the base, usually gradually long-taper pointed at -apex, margins generally entire, rarely a few teeth toward the apex, -green on both surfaces, generally mature leaves are smooth above and -below, more rarely somewhat rough above, and with some pubescence along -the veins beneath; fruit in late summer an orange red color, gradually -becoming darker until late autumn when it becomes red; pedicels shorter -or longer than the petioles, usually slightly longer and ascending, -fruit nearly globose, a trifle smaller than the preceding, and about -two-thirds as large as the first. - -=Distribution.=--Virginia, southern Indiana, Missouri, eastern Kansas, -south to the Gulf States and west to Texas. In Indiana it is confined to -the southwestern counties. It is now known to definitely occur in -Sullivan, Gibson, Posey, Warrick and Spencer Counties. Two trees were -noted also, in the Muscatatuck bottoms near Delany Creek in Washington -County. A "single bush about eight feet high" was reported from -Jefferson County by Young. This may have been the preceding species. It -was also reported by Haymond from Franklin County. - -=Remarks.=--With one exception all the specimens of this species have -been found in very low ground. Usually it is associated with such low -ground species as pecan, sweet gum, swell-butt ash, and the cane. One -very peculiar specimen was found on the crest of a ridge about seven -miles north of Salem in Washington County. It was a tree about fifteen -feet tall, and had very narrow entire leaves. - - - - -=MORACEAE.= The Mulberry Family. - - -Trees or shrubs with a milky sap; leaves simple, alternate, petioled, -3-5 nerved at the base; fruit fleshy. - - Branches without spines; leaves serrate; pistillate - flowers in spikes 1 Morus. - - Branches with spines; leaves entire; pistillate flowers - in heads. 2 Maclura. - -[Illustration: Plate 63. - -CELTIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS Bosc. Sugarberry. (x 1/2.)] - - -=1. MORUS.= The Mulberries. - -Trees with leaves 3-nerved at the base; flowers of two kinds on -different branches of the same tree or on different trees; the staminate -in long catkins, calyx 4-parted, petals none, stamens 4, the pistillate -catkins short; fruit an aggregate of drupes. - - Leaves softly pubescent beneath 1 M. rubra. - - Leaves glabrous beneath, or with a few hairs on the veins - or in the axils 2 M. alba. - - -=1. Morus rubra Linnaeus.= Red Mulberry. Plate 64. Medium sized trees -with short trunks and round heads; twigs at first green and puberulent, -soon becoming glabrous and later usually turning gray; leaves ovate or -somewhat orbicular, frequently 2-3 lobed, average mature blades 10-15 -cm. long, more or less cordate at the base, abruptly taper-pointed, -rough and glabrous above and finely pubescent beneath; fruit ripening in -June or July, 1.5-3 cm. long, dark purple or nearly black, edible; wood -light, soft, rather tough, coarse-grained, and durable in contact with -the soil. - -=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario west to eastern Dakotas, south to the -Gulf States and west to Texas. Found throughout Indiana, although there -are no records for the extreme northwestern counties. Throughout our -area it must be regarded as infrequent. It is only here and there that -you find a tree, and I have never seen it where there were even a small -number of trees close together. In the northern part of the State it is -usually found in a moist well drained soil, associated with trees such -as beech and sugar maple, or in lower ground with slippery elm and linn. -It has no particular affinity for streams. In the southern part of the -State it is found in both rich and poor soils. However, it is most often -met with near the base of slopes. - -=Remarks.=--This tree seldom has a clear bole of more than 3-5 m. and is -usually a tree about 20 cm. in diameter, rarely as large as 6 dm. in -diameter, although there is a record[48] of a tree in Georgia that was -"7 feet in diameter at 3 feet above the ground." - -The wood has been a favorite for fence posts since pioneer times. It -transplants easily. The fruit is a favorite with birds and for this -reason it should be planted about orchards and in woodlots. It is -sometimes called the red mulberry to distinguish it from the following -species.[49] - -[Illustration: Plate 64. - -MORUS RUBRA Linnaeus. Red Mulberry. (x 1/2.)] - - -=2. MACLURA.= The Osage Orange. - -=Maclura pomifera= (Rafinesque) Schneider. Hedge. Osage Orange. -(_Toxylon pomiferum Raf._) Plate 65. Trees with brown shreddy bark on -old trees; mature twigs greenish gray, zigzag; spines about 10-15 mm. -long; leaves ovate to oblong lanceolate, average blades 7-12 cm. long, -wedge-shape, rounded or cordate at the base, long taper-pointed at the -apex, margins entire, pubescent on both sides while young, becoming at -maturity lustrous and glabrous above, remaining pubescent beneath; fruit -globose, about 1 dm. in diameter; wood heavy, very hard and strong, the -most durable in contact with the soil of any of our post timbers. - -=Distribution.=--Missouri and Kansas south to Texas. Introduced into -Indiana for hedge fences. There is some question as to the ability of -this species to escape. I have heard that it frequently sends up root -shoots at several feet from hedge fences, and that it frequently seeds -itself along old hedge fences. For the past few years I have given the -species especial attention and I have never seen it as an escape except -in three instances. - -=Remarks.=--This species was formerly much planted for farm fences, but -since land has become so valuable, its use has been discontinued, and -the old fences are being dug up. The tree grows a short trunk, and one -was noted in Grant County that was at least 6 dm. in diameter that was -estimated to be less than fifty years old. This species is subject to -the San Jose scale and in some localities it has been killed by it. It -has been but little used for forest planting, and the plantations are -not yet old enough to measure their success. - -[Illustration: Plate 65. - -MACLURA POMIFERA (Rafinesque). Schneider. Osage Orange. (x 1/2.)] - - - - -=MAGNOLIACEAE.= The Magnolia Family. - - -Trees or shrubs with alternate and petioled leaves; flowers large, -terminal and solitary with numerous stamens and pistils. - - Buds silky white pubescent; leaves entire; fruit fleshy, - dehiscent 1 Magnolia. - - Buds glabrous; leaves lobed; fruit a cone of dry carpels, - indehiscent 2 Liriodendron. - - - -=1. MAGNOLIA.= The Magnolias. - -=Magnolia acuminata= Linnaeus. Cucumber Tree. Plate 66. Large trees with -furrowed bark which is gray and much resembles the tulip tree except the -ridges are shallower and closer; twigs downy at first, becoming glabrous -or nearly so and a light to a cherry brown by the end of the season; -leaves oval, average blades 15-22 cm. long, rounded to truncate at the -base, abruptly short-pointed, pubescent on both sides at first, becoming -glabrous above, and remaining pubescent beneath, rarely entirely -glabrous; flowers about 6 cm. long, bell-shaped, pale yellowish-green; -fruit cylindrical, 5-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. diameter, the large scarlet -seeds begin to push out of their receptacle in September; wood light, -soft, not strong, close-grained and durable. - -=Distribution.=--North shore of Lake Erie, western New York, eastern -Ohio, southern Indiana, southern Illinois and along the Appalachian -Mountains to southern Alabama and west to Arkansas. It doubtless -occurred in all or nearly all of the counties in southern Indiana south -of a line drawn from Franklin to Knox Counties. It no doubt was -extremely local. For instance a pioneer 81 years old who had always -lived in Washington County told me that there were two trees on his farm -near Pekin, and these were the only two trees he knew of in the -vicinity. These trees were popular because the neighbors came for the -fruit to put into whisky for making bitters which were a specific for -all ailments. I have seen only a shrub on the Forest Reserve in Clark -County. On a beech and sugar maple ridge about 4 miles northwest of -Medora in Jackson County on the Geo. W. Scott farm two trees were still -standing in 1915. Mr. Scott, a pioneer, said the species was found on -the ridge for about 2 miles and that there were about a half dozen trees -to the acre, and the largest was about a meter in diameter. It is known -in two other places in this county. A tree is still standing in Lawrence -County on the Sam Mitchell farm 2-1/2 miles south of Bedford. Mr. -Mitchell is a pioneer and says that a few trees were found in the -vicinity on the ridges. It has been reported for Franklin, Floyd and -Jefferson Counties. There is hearsay evidence that it occurred in other -counties. - -[Illustration: Plate 66. - -MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA Linnaeus. Cucumber Tree. (x 1/2.)] - -=Remarks.=--The cucumber tree has been too rare in Indiana to be of -economic importance. The greatest interest with us is its distribution. -The uses of the wood are similar to that of tulip with which it is -botanically related. It is said that the greater part of the lumber -which is produced in the south is sold as tulip. The seeds of this tree -are extremely bitter and no bird, squirrel or mouse will carry or touch -them. However, man after macerating them in whisky can use them for -medicine. - - -=2. LIRIODENDRON.= The Tulip Tree. - -=Liriodendron Tulipifera= Linnaeus. Tulip. Yellow Poplar. Plate 67. Large -trees with deeply furrowed grayish bark; twigs glabrous and glaucous at -first, becoming reddish-brown by the end of the season, then gray or -dark brown; leaves very variable, 4-6 lobed, average blades 5-12 cm. -long, truncate and notched at the apex, more or less rounded, truncate -or cordate at the base, glabrous above and below at maturity or with a -few hairs on the veins beneath; flowers appear in May or June, large -bell-shaped, about 4 cm. deep, greenish-yellow, sometimes tinged with -orange-red; fruit upright, cone-shaped, 5-7 cm. long; wood light, weak, -soft, stiff, straight and moderately coarse-grained, seasons and works -well. Sap wood white, heart wood a light yellow. - -=Distribution.=--Vermont, southern Ontario, southern Michigan, south to -Florida and west to Arkansas and Missouri. Found throughout Indiana, and -doubtless is found in every county. It is rare to infrequent in most of -the counties north of the Wabash River. It gradually becomes more -frequent toward the south and where its habitat is found it is frequent -to common. It prefers a moist rich well drained soil and thrives best in -protected coves and near the lower part of slopes of hills. It is found -with beech, sugar maple and white oak. It is rarely found in a black -loam soil, but prefers a sandy soil. It was generally a common tree and -of very large size in practically all of the counties in the southern -two-thirds of the State. - -=Remarks.=--This tree is generally known by botanists as tulip tree. By -lumbermen it is usually known as yellow poplar, or more often shortened -to poplar. It is also known as blue, white and hickory poplar, or as -white wood. The tulip tree is the second largest tree of Indiana. In the -Ind. Geol. Rept. 6:70:1875, is the following: "I measured four poplar -trees that stood within a few feet of each other; the largest was -thirty-eight feet in circumference three feet from the ground, one -hundred and twenty feet high, and about sixty-five feet to the first -limb. The others were, respectively eighteen and a half, eighteen and -seventeen feet in circumference at three feet from the ground." The -range of the uses of the wood is not so great as the oak, but it has -many uses. The demand has been so great that practically all of the -large trees have been cut. Small trees have so much sap or white wood -that they are not sought for lumber, but can be used for pulp and -excelsior. - -[Illustration: Plate 67. - -LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA Linnaeus. Tulip or Yellow Poplar. (x 1/2.)] - -The tulip transplants easily, grows rapidly, tall and with short side -branches. Experiments in growing this tree indicate that it is one of -the very best trees for reinforcing the woodlot, and other forest -planting. It can be recommended for roadside planting because it grows -tall and has a deep root system. Where conditions of life are not too -severe it could be used for shade tree planting. - - - - -=ANONACEAE.= The Custard Apple Family. - - -=ASIMINA.= The Pawpaw. - -=Asimina triloba= (Linnaeus) Dunal. Pawpaw. Plate 68. Shrubs or small -trees; bark smooth except on very old trees when it becomes somewhat -furrowed; twigs at first covered with rusty brown hairs, becoming -glabrous and reddish-brown by the end of the season; leaves -obovate-lanceolate, average blades 16-30 cm. long, abruptly -taper-pointed, wedge-shape at base, margins entire, somewhat rusty -pubescent at first, becoming at maturity glabrous above, and glabrous or -nearly so beneath; flowers appear in May or early June, maroon color, -drooping; fruit edible, ripening in September and October, 7-13 cm. -long, greenish-yellow, smooth, pulp white or yellow, with a few large, -dark-brown flattened seeds; wood light, soft and weak. - -=Distribution.=--New York, north shore of Lake Erie, southern Michigan, -Nebraska, south to Florida and west to Texas. Found in all parts of -Indiana, although it is found in the greatest abundance in the central -counties. It prefers a moist rich soil, although it is quite adaptive. -Sometimes it is found in a black loam soil in low woods or about lakes, -but its preference is for a beech and sugar maple woods or habitats -approximating it. In the southern counties it is absent on the sterile -wooded ridges, but may be a common shrub at the base of the slopes. It -is a constant companion of the tulip tree and where one will grow the -other is likely to be found. It is a great tree to send up suckers, -hence it is always found in clumps, or forms real thickets. This species -with us is usually 2-7 meters high; however, there are records of large -trees. Collett in Ind. Geol. Rept. 5:404:1874, in a geological report of -Gibson County says: "A forest of pawpaw bushes attracted our attention -by their tree-like size, being nearly a foot in diameter." - -[Illustration: Plate 68. - -ASIMINA TRILOBA (Linnaeus) Dunal. Pawpaw. (x 1/2.)] - -=Remarks.=--This species is also known as the yellow and white pawpaw. -Recently some enthusiasts have christened it the "Hoosier Banana". There -has been an attempt for years to cultivate the pawpaw, and some -varieties have been named. The fruit is variable. The one with a white -pulp is rather insipid and is not considered good to eat. The form with -a yellow pulp is the kind that is regarded as the most palatable. The -two forms are not botanically separated but Prof. Stanley Coulter has -made some observations on the two forms in the Ind. Geol. Rept. -24:745:1899. He says: "Two forms, not separated botanically are -associated in our area. They differ in time of flowering, in size, -shape, color and flavor of the fruit, in leaf shape, venation and odor -and color of the bark. They are of constant popular recognition and -probably separate species, never seeming to intergrade." - -It is desirable for ornamental planning on account of its interesting -foliage, beautiful and unique flowers and delicious fruit. It is very -difficult to transplant a sucker plant, and in order to get a start of -this species it is best to plant the seed or seedlings. It is usually -found growing in the shade, but does well in full sunlight. - -Mr. Arthur W. Osborn of Spiceland, who has done much experimental work -in propagating this species, reports some interesting cases of pawpaw -poisoning. He says he knew a lady whose skin would be irritated by the -presence of pawpaws. Some individuals after eating them develop a rash -with intense itching. In one instance he fed a person, subject to the -rash from eating the pawpaw, a peeled pawpaw with a spoon, and the -subject never touched the pawpaw, and the results were the same. The -American Genetic Association has taken up the subject of improving the -fruit of this tree, and there is no doubt but that in the future this -species will be of considerable economic importance. The tree is free -from all insect enemies, and since it can be grown in waste places, -there is no reason why it should not receive more attention than it -does. - - - - -=LAURACEAE.= The Laurel Family. - - -=SASSAFRAS.= The Sassafras. - -=Sassafras officinale= Nees and Ebermaier. Sassafras. Red Sassafras. -White Sassafras. Plate 69. Small to large trees; bark aromatic, smooth -on young trees, reddish-brown and deeply furrowed on old trees, -resembling that of black walnut; branchlets yellowish-green, splotched -more or less with sooty spots; twigs at first more or less hairy, soon -becoming smooth or remaining more or less hairy until autumn, more or -less glaucous, especially the smooth forms; buds more or less pubescent, -the axillary ones usually more or less hairy, the outer scales of the -terminal one usually smooth and glaucous; leaves simple, alternate, -ovate, elliptic to obovate, blades 5-16 cm. long, entire or with 1-5 -lobes, narrowed at the base, the apex and terminal of the lobes acute, -both surfaces hairy when they expand, generally becoming smooth above -and beneath, or more often remaining more or less pubescent beneath, the -midrib and two lateral veins usually prominent beneath; petioles 0.5-5 -cm. long, hairy at first, becoming smooth or more often retaining some -pubescence; flowers appear before or with the leaves in April or May, -small, yellow or greenish, the male and female generally on different -trees, on racemes up to 4 cm. long; flower stalks usually pubescent, -sometimes smooth; fruit an oblong, blue-black, glaucous berry which -matures late in summer; fruit generally 7-10 mm. long, on a stalk -including the pedicel and raceme up to 9 cm. long. - -[Illustration: Plate 69. - -SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE Nees and Ebermaier. Sassafras. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario to Iowa and south to Florida -and west to Texas. No doubt it was formerly found in every county of -Indiana. In the northern part of the State it is more local in its -distribution than in the southern counties. In the northern counties -where it is local it is found in colonies on sandy or clayey ridges. -Sassafras is usually considered an indicator of poorer soils, hence, in -the central counties it is often very local. It is frequent to common -throughout the hilly counties of the southern part of the State. In this -part of the State it becomes a pernicious weed tree. It soon invades -fence rows and fallow fields, and is extremely difficult to kill out. It -is rarely found in wet situations; however, in Sullivan and Clay -Counties large trees have been observed in low alluvial ground, -associated with the white elm, etc. - -=Remarks.=--Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, aromatic, heartwood -brownish. In our area sassafras wood is used principally for posts and -crossties. The roots contain a volatile oil which is much used in -medicine and perfumery. Every one is familiar with the sassafras peddler -who in the Spring sells a small bundle of roots or bark for making -sassafras tea. The tea is reputed "to thin the blood." The aromatic -character of the wood led the earliest inhabitants to attribute many -medicinal and other qualities to the wood which, in many instances -bordered on superstition. In some of the southern States bedsteads were -made of sassafras with the belief that they would produce sounder sleep. -Floors were made of sassafras to keep out the rats and mice. Perches of -chicken houses were made of sassafras poles to keep off the lice. To -successfully make soap, it was necessary to stir the contents of the -kettle with a sassafras stick. - -The sassafras is usually about one-fourth of a meter in diameter. -However, on the Charles Hole farm about three miles southeast of -Butlerville grew two of the largest trees of which we have record. The -trees grew within seven meters of each other on a slope now grown up -with large sugar maple. They were cut by Mr. Hole's father, on whose -farm they were located. The largest was cut in the later sixties and the -smaller in the early seventies. The stumps were seen by the writer in -1918. Both are now hollow although the outside is quite solid after -having been cut about fifty years. Chips were cut from the root spurs -and the wood was almost as aromatic as if the tree had just been cut. -"The stumps have been burned at least three times," says Mr. Hole, yet -the smaller now measures 1.09 m. (43 inches) in diameter at a meter -high. The largest stump now measures 1.22 m. (48 inches), in diameter at -a meter high. Mr. Hole says that the smallest tree had a clear hole of -at least 18 meters, and the largest tree was .92 m. (36 inches) in -diameter 20 meters from the stump. - -Sassafras deserves more consideration than it has received as a shade -and ornamental tree. The autumnal coloring of its foliage is scarcely -surpassed by any tree; and it is free from injurious insect pests. It -adapts itself to almost all kinds of soils, and grows rapidly. It is, -however, transplanted with difficulty; this means only more care in -digging the tree and planting it. - -Commonly the sassafras is classed as red and white sassafras. The roots -of the white sassafras are said to be whiter, the aroma of the wood has -a suggestion of camphor, and the wood is less durable. This belief is -common throughout the area of its distribution, but so far as the writer -knows, no scientific work has been published to verify this division of -the species. - -Sassafras is extremely variable, but most botanical authors have -considered the many variations as one species. Nuttall in 1818 was the -first author to make a division of the forms, and he has been followed -by some recent authors. Nuttall separated those forms with smooth twigs, -buds, and under surface of leaves, from those with pubescent twigs, -buds, and under surface of leaves. Nieuwland[50] separates a variety -from the smooth forms which he calls =Sassafras albida= variety -=glauca=, and reports it as occurring in the counties in the vicinity of -Lake Michigan. - -The writer has at hand 46 specimens from 41 counties in Indiana, -including all of the Lake Michigan Counties, and he has not been able to -find a single character that is constant enough to make a division of -our forms, consequently all the Indiana forms are included under one and -the old name for sassafras. - -[Illustration: Plate 70. - -LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA Linnaeus. Sweet or Red Gum. (x 1/2.)] - - - - -=ALTINGIACEAE.= Sweet Gum Family. - - -=Liquidambar Styraciflua= Linnaeus. Sweet Gum. Plate 70. Large trees with -resinous sap; bark deeply furrowed, grayish; twigs when very young -somewhat hairy, soon becoming glabrous, a light reddish-brown by the end -of the season, later a gray, usually some or all of the branchlets -develop one or more corky ridges running lengthwise of the branchlets, -or in some cases only corky excrescences; leaves simple, alternate, -long-petioled, orbicular in outline, cleft into 5 wedge-shaped lobes, -rarely 7 lobes, average blades 5-12 cm. long, truncate or cordate at the -base, margins finely serrate, hairy on both surfaces on unfolding, soon -becoming glabrous above, and remaining more or less hairy beneath -especially in the axils of the veins, at maturity turning to a dull or -brilliant red; flowers in heads, expanding in April or May; fruit a -globular, horny aggregate of carpels, 3-4 cm. in diameter including the -horns; wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, inclined to shrink -and warp in seasoning, takes a good polish, heart wood a rich brown -which can be finished to imitate walnut or mahogany. - -=Distribution.=--Connecticut, southern Ohio to Missouri, south to -Florida and west to Texas, and in the mountains in Mexico south to -Guatemala. In Indiana it is confined to wet woods in the southern half -of the State. The most northern records are from Franklin, Shelby, -Putnam and Parke Counties. Wherever it is found it is usually a frequent -to a common or very common tree. It is most frequently associated with -the beech, but in the very wet woods it is found with pin oak, red -birch, cow oak and white elm. - -=Remarks.=--This species grows rapidly; is somewhat hard to transplant; -grows straight and tall with few side branches, and adapts itself to a -wet, compact soil. In the "flats" of southern Indiana where it is -associated with pin oak, red birch and beech, it is to be preferred for -forest planting to these or any other species that could be grown in the -"flats." It is practically free from all injurious insects. Sweet gum -should be one of the principal species in wet places of the woodlots of -southern Indiana. - -This species is one of the best for ornamental planting in all parts of -the State where it is hardy. It is doubtful if it is wise to use it in -the northern part of the State. Several trees in the northern part of -the State are known to be quite hardy, but there are reports that it -sometimes winter-kills. It can also be recommended for roadside and -street planting. - -[Illustration: Plate 71. - -PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS Linnaeus. Sycamore. (x 1/2.)] - - - - -=PLATANACEAE.= The Plane Tree Family. - - -=PLATANUS.= The Plane Tree. - -Platanus occidentalis Linnaeus. Sycamore. Plate 71. The largest tree of -the State; bark thin, smooth, on age separating into thin plates and -exfoliating, base of the trunks of very old trees somewhat roughened or -fissured, gray to grayish-green, splotched with white; twigs at first -covered with a scurvy pubescence, becoming at maturity glabrous except a -ring at the node about the leaf-scar, gray or light brown, and zigzag; -leaves alternate, long-petioled, nearly orbicular in outline, the blades -somewhat deltoid, blades large, variable in size and shape, average -blades 9-17 cm. long, frequently much larger on vigorous shoots, -generally with 3-5 main lobes, sometimes the lobes are indistinct and -the leaves appear only irregularly toothed, margins toothed, rarely -entire between the lobes, truncate or cordate at the base, acute or -acuminate at the apex; one form has been noted with leaves obovate, -scarcely lobed and with a wedge-shaped base; leaves covered on both -sides at first with a dense tomentum, becoming at maturity glabrous -above--rarely tardily pubescent, nearly glabrous beneath, except on the -veins and in the axils, petioles remaining pubescent; flowers appear in -May with the leaves in heads on long woolly peduncles; fruit a globose -head of many seeds, 2-3.5 cm. in diameter, maturing late in the year; -the seed are scattered by the wind during the winter months; wood heavy, -hard, weak, close-grained, difficult to split and work, takes a high -polish; when used as a container it does not communicate an objectional -taste or odor to contents. - -=Distribution.=--Maine, Ontario to Nebraska, south to the Gulf States -and west to Texas. Found in all parts of Indiana, although there are no -records for the extreme northwestern counties. It is a tree of a low -ground habitat, and is found principally in low ground along streams, -about lakes, and ponds. In such habitats it is a frequent tree in all -parts, except in the "flats" of the southern counties. In some places it -is a common to a very common tree, especially along the upper courses of -White River. - -=Remarks.=--In this State this species is always called the sycamore -tree. It is the largest tree of the State, and the largest deciduous -tree of the United States. Indiana has the distinction of having the -largest living sycamore in the United States. It is located near -Worthington, Indiana, and "in 1915, measured 43 feet and 3 inches in -circumference at five feet above the ground." See frontispiece. The -sycamore grew to great diameters in all parts of the State. It was -commonly hollow, because it is believed the tree in early life is -usually more or less injured by floating ice and debris which starts -inner decay. Hollow sycamore logs were commonly used by the pioneers in -which to smoke their meat, and sections of hollow logs about 12 dm. (4 -feet) long were used to store grain in, and were known as "gums." - -The value of sycamore lumber has been very much underestimated. It has -many uses such as butcher blocks, interior finish, furniture, piling, -tobacco boxes, veneer berry boxes, handles, wooden ware, etc. Indiana -has led in the production of sycamore lumber for years. - -The sycamore is well adapted for shade, ornamental and forestry -purposes. It transplants easily, grows rapidly, stands pruning well and -is comparatively free from injurious insects. It grows straight, tall -and usually with a rather narrow crown. It prefers a moist soil, but -adapts itself to dry situations. For planting overflow lands, or on the -banks of streams it is one of the best species we have. It is also one -of the best species for roadside tree planting, because it is deep -rooted, grows tall, and does not produce a dense shade. - - - - -=MALACEAE.=[51] The Apple Family. - - -The trees of this family that occur in our area have simple, alternate -leaves; perfect, regular flowers, 5-merous calyx and corolla; fruit a -more or less fleshy pome. - - Flowers in racemes, cavities of mature fruit twice as many - as the styles, seeds less than 4 mm. (1/8 inch) long 2 Amelanchier. - - Flowers in cymes or corymbs, cavities of mature fruit as - many as the styles, seeds more than 4 mm. (1/8 inch) - long. - - Fruit green, mature carpels papery 1 Malus. - - Fruit red, orange, blue-black or yellow, mature carpels - bony 3 Crataegus. - - -=I. MALUS.= The Apples. - -_Malus angustifolia_ has been reported from the State, but it is a -species of more southern range. Both _Malus ioensis_ and _Malus -lancifolia_ may easily be mistaken for this species. - - Leaves and petioles glabrous or only slightly pubescent; - calyx tube and outside of calyx lobes glabrous or only - slightly pubescent. - - Leaves distinctly lobed, at least those of vigorous - shoots; petioles pubescent above 1 M. glaucescens. - - Leaves serrate, not lobed; petioles glabrous 2 M. lancifolia. - - Leaves (at least the lower surfaces) and petioles - densely tomentose; calyx lobes densely tomentose - on both sides 3 M. ioensis. - -=1. Malus glaucescens= Rehder. American Crab Apple (_M. fragrans_ -Rehder). Plate 72. Bark reddish, fissured and scaly; leaves on glandless -petioles, petioles usually 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) long, leaves -narrow ovate to almost triangular, those on the lateral branchlets of -the ovate type, those of the terminal branchlets and vigorous shoots of -the triangular type, 3-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long, acute at the apex, -mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at the base, sometimes tapering, -those of the triangular type usually truncate, margin of the ovate type -of leaves more or less sharply serrate, the basal third of the leaf with -shallow teeth or entire, margins of the triangular type more deeply -serrate to almost lobed, hairy above and below when they expand, -becoming smooth both above and below, sometimes a few hairs are found on -the veins beneath at maturity, bright green above, paler beneath; -flowers appear in May when the leaves are about half grown, usually 5 or -6 in a cluster, white or rose-color, very fragrant, 3-4 cm. (1-1/2-2 -inches) broad when fully expanded; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, -tomentose on the inside, glabrous outside; fruit depressed-globose, -without angles, yellow-green, 2-4.5 cm. (3/4-2 inches) thick, 2-2.5 cm. -(3/4-1 inch) long, very fragrant and covered with a waxy bloom. - -=Distribution.=--Central New York, lower peninsula Michigan, western New -Jersey to northern Alabama and Missouri. Found in all parts of Indiana. -No doubt in the original forests it was rare, but the removal of the -large trees has been favorable to its growth until today it is somewhat -frequent in moist open woods, along streams and neglected fences. It is -most frequent among the hills in southern Indiana, and in all its -distribution it is usually found in clumps. - -In our area it is a small tree about 10-20 cm. (4-8 inches) in diameter -and 4-6 m. (12-18 feet) high, with a spreading crown. An exceptionally -large tree is located on the south bank of Round Lake in Whitley County -which measures 1.3 m. (51 inches) in circumference at one meter (3 feet) -above the ground where the first branch appears. - -Specimens which were collected by the person whose name follows the -county have been seen by the writer from the following counties of -Indiana: Allen (Deam) 1919; Brown (Deam) 1911; Clark (Deam) 1913; -Daviess (Deam) 1910; Decatur (Deam) 1911; Delaware (Deam) 1911; Floyd -(Very) 1896; Fountain (Deam) 1919; Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam) 1913; -Kosciusko (Deam) 1910; Laporte (Deam) 1911; Morgan (Deam) 1910; Noble -(Deam) 1919; Owen (Deam) 1911; Posey (Deam) 1911; Randolph (Deam) 1916, -1919; Steuben (Deam) 1905; Warren (Deam) 1911; Wayne (Deam) 1919; Wells -(E. B. Williamson) 1896, (Deam) 1898, 1907, 1916, 1919. - -[Illustration: Plate 72. - -MALUS GLAUCESCENS Rehder. American Crab Apple. (x 1/2.)] - -=2. Malus lancifolia= Rehder. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. (_M. -coronaria_ of manuals, in part.) Plate 73. Leaves ovate, oblong to -oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. (1/2-1-1/4 inches) wide, 3.5-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 -inches) long, acute or shortly acuminate at the apex; rounded or broadly -cuneate at the base, finely serrate often doubly serrate, slightly -tomentose when young, becoming entirely glabrous; bright yellow-green on -both sides. Flowers 3-3.5 cm. broad, 3-6 in a cluster, pedicels slender, -glabrous. Calyx lobes oblong, lanceolate, glabrous outside, slightly -villous inside, fruit subglobose, 2-3 cm. (3/4-1-1/3 inches) in -diameter, green. - -=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania to the mountains of North Carolina, west -to Indiana and south to Missouri. - -Specimens have been seen from the following counties of Indiana: Allen -(Deam) 1919; Daviess (Deam) 1919; Delaware (Deam) 1911; Dubois (Deam) -1919; Fountain (Deam) 1919; Henry (Deam) 1917, 1919; Jay (Deam) 1919; -Jennings (Deam); Knox (Deam) 1918, 1919; Noble (Deam) 1919; Posey (Deam) -1919; Spencer (Deam) 1919; Starke (Deam) 1911; Union (Deam) 1919; -Vermillion (Deam) 1911. - -=3. Malus ioensis= (Wood) Britton. Western Crab Apple. Iowa Crab Apple. -Plate 74. Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong, 4-10 cm. (1-1/2-4 inches) long, -2-8 cm. (3/4-3-1/4 inches), wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded -or broadly cuneate at the base, dentate-crenate or doubly so, slightly -pubescent above, becoming glabrous, dark green, slightly rugose above, -densely white-tomentose below, remaining so at least along the veins; -petioles 1.5-4 cm. (1/2-1-1/2 inches) long, densely white-tomentose; -corymbs 2-5 flowered, pedicels pubescent; calyx densely white-tomentose, -calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, densely tomentose on both sides; -flowers similar to those of _Malus coronaria_; fruit globose, without -angles, green, 2-3.5 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) thick, 2-3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 -inches) long. - -=Distribution.=--Indiana, central Kentucky, Louisiana, Wisconsin, -southern Minnesota, eastern Kansas and Texas. A tree in habit, similar -to _Malus glaucescens_. - -Specimens have been seen from Allen (Deam) 1915; Benton (Deam) 1919; -Cass (Deam) 1916; Daviess (Deam) 1919; Delaware (Deam) 1911; Floyd -(Very) 1896; Huntington (Deam); Jasper (Deam) 1919; Knox (Deam) 1917; -Lake (Deam) 1919; Lagrange (Deam) 1915; Laporte (Deam) 1913, 1919; -Newton (Deam) 1919; Porter (Deam) 1915; Posey (Deam) 1919; Putnam -(Grimes); Sullivan (Deam) 1917, 1919; Tippecanoe (Dorner) 1900, (Deam) -1917; Vigo (Deam) 1917, 1919; Warren (Deam) 1919; White (Deam) 1916; -Whitley (Deam) 1919. - -[Illustration: Plate 73. - -MALUS LANCIFOLIA Rehder. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 74. - -MALUS IOENSIS (Wood) Britton. Western Crab Apple. (x 1/2.)] - -=Malus ioensis x lancifolia= n. hyb. Specimens collected by Deam in -Grant County in 1907 and Huntington County in 1919 appear to be this -cross. It would be strange indeed if such closely related species as -these _Malus_ and many _Crataegus_ would not cross. - - -=2. AMELANCHIER.= The Service Berries. - - Leaves densely white tomentose when young, - becoming green. 1 A. canadensis. - - Leaves nearly or quite glabrous 2 A. laevis. - -=1. Amelanchier canadensis= (Linnaeus) Medicus. Juneberry. Service Berry. -Plate 75. Leaves obovate, ovate, oval or oblong, 4-10 cm. (1-1/2-3 -inches) long, 2.5-5 cm. (1-2 inches) wide, cordate at base, acute, or -acuminate at apex, sharply and doubly serrate; blades and petioles -densely white tomentose when young, persisting particularly on petioles -with age, green or yellowish green, not unfolded at flowering time; -racemes short, dense, silky tomentose pedicels, 15-25 mm. (1/2-1 inch) -long in fruit; petals linear or linear-oblong 10-14 mm, (3/8-5/8 inch) -long; calyx 2.5-3 mm. broad, campanulate, glabrous or somewhat woolly, -calyx lobes oblong-triangular, obtuse, tomentose 2-3 mm. long, abruptly -reflexed at the base when the petals fall; summit of ovary glabrous; -fruit scanty, maroon-purple, dry and tasteless; flowers in April or May; -fruit ripening June or July. - -=Distribution.=--Southern Maine to southern Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, -Missouri and south to Georgia and Louisiana. - -Bushy tree or shrub sometimes 10 meters (35 feet) high. - -Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Clark (Deam) 1913; -Clay (Deam) 1913; Crawford (Deam) 1911; Floyd (Deam) 1913; Fountain (L. -A. Williamson) 1908; Jackson (Deam) 1911; Jefferson (Deam) 1918; -Jennings (Deam); Lagrange (Deam) 1915; Tippecanoe (Dorner) 1900; Warren -(Deam) 1911. - -=2. Amelanchier laevis= Wiegand. Smooth Juneberry. Service Berry. -(_Amelanchier canadensis_ of Manuals, in part.) Plate 76. Leaves -ovate-oval to ovate-oblong or sometimes obovate or elliptical, 4-6 cm. -(1/2-2-1/4 inches) long, 2.5-4 cm. (1-1-1/2 inches) wide, apex short, -acuminate, base cordate, rounded or sometimes acute, sharply serrate, -glabrous or with a few hairs when young, dark green and slightly -glaucous when mature, one-half or two-third grown at flowering time; -petioles glabrous; racemes many flowered, drooping, glabrous or nearly -so; fruiting pedicels 30-50 mm. (1-1/4-2 inches) long; petals -oblong-linear, 10-18 mm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long; calyx campanulate, 2.75-5 -mm. wide, glabrous, sepals triangular, lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, -abruptly reflexed at base when petals fall; summit of ovary glabrous; -fruit purple to nearly black, glaucous, edible; flowers in April or May; -fruit, June or July. - -[Illustration: Plate 75. - -AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS (Linnaeus) Medicus. June or Service Berry. -(x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 76. - -AMELANCHIER LAEVIS Wiegand. Smooth Juneberry or Service Berry. -(x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Newfoundland, northern Michigan, Kansas, Missouri and -south in the mountains to Georgia and Alabama. - -Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Brown (Deam) 1910; -Dubois (Deam) 1912; Grant (Deam) 1916; Jackson (Deam) 1918; Jefferson -(Deam) 1918; Lagrange (Deam) 1915; Lake (Deam) 1911; Laporte (Deam) -1911, 1913; Lawrence (Deam) 1918; Owen (Deam) 1912; Perry (Deam) 1919; -Porter (Deam) 1911 and (Agnes Chase); Putnam (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam) 1913; -Ripley (Deam) 1915; St. Joseph (Deam) 1916; Steuben (Deam) 1905; Wells -(Deam) 1898. - -Trees or shrubs, sometimes 13 meters (45 feet) high. In the mountains of -Vermont the fruit is often abundant, very juicy and sweet, and in much -demand both by man and the birds. The berries on the long racemes ripen -at different times and are perhaps two weeks in maturing, thus -furnishing food for some time. - - -=3. CRATAEGUS.= Thorn Apples. Red Haws. - -Large shrubs or small trees, most at home in a limestone region. This -genus has been studied a great deal in this country. Much work is still -necessary in Indiana since there are a number of other species that -belong in this range. The "knob country" and southwestern Indiana are -likely to produce the best results. - - A. Leaves not deltoid-cordate; pubescent or glabrous. - - I. Leaves broadest at the middle or apex, cuneate. - - a. Leaves broadest towards the apex. - - Leaves not impressed-veined above, shining I. Crus-galli. - 1 C. Crus-galli. - - Leaves impressed-veined above, dull. II. Punctatae. - - Fruit glabrous; calyx lobes entire. - - Fruit ellipsoidal; nutlets usually - 3 or 4. - - Leaves bright yellow-green, - slightly impressed above; - fruit ellipsoidal. 2 C. cuneiformis. - - Leaves dull gray-green, strongly - impressed-veined; fruit short - ellipsoidal. 3 C. punctata. - Fruit globose. 4 C. Margaretta. - - Fruit villous; calyx lobes - glandular-serrate. 5 C. collina. - - b. Leaves broadest at the middle. - - Leaves impressed-veined; nutlets deeply - pitted on inner face. III. Macracanthae. - - Leaves dark green, glabrous and shining above, coriaceous. - - Fruit sometimes 16 mm. (2/3 inch) - thick; stamens usually 10; - leaves and anthers large. 6 C. succulenta. - - Fruit sometimes 12 mm. (1/2 inch) - thick; stamens 15-20; leaves - and anthers small. 7 C. neo-fluvialis. - - Leaves gray-green, pubescent and - dull above, subcoriaceous. 8 C. Calpodendron. - - Leaves not impressed-veined; nutlets without pits. - - Calyx glandular margined, fruit more than - 8 mm. (1/8 inch) thick; leaves not - trilobate. IV. Rotundifoliae. - 9 C. chrysocarpa. - - Calyx lobes not glandular margined; fruit 4-8 mm. - (1/16-1/8 inch thick); leaves often trilobate - towards the apex. V. Virides. - - Fruit bright red, glaucous, - 4-6 mm. (1/6-1/4 inch) thick; - leaves serrate. 10 C. viridis. - - Fruit dull dark red, 6-8 mm. - (1/4-1/3 inch) thick; - leaves coarsely serrate. 11 C. nitida. - - II. Leaves broadest at the base. - - a. Leaves 1.5-6 cm. (1/2-2-1/2 inches) long and wide, - membranaceous; calyx lobes usually entire. - - Leaves yellow-green, often slightly pubescent; fruit soft - at maturity. VI. Tenuifoliae. - - Fruit ellipsoidal, ovoid or - pyriform. 12 C. macrosperma. - - Fruit compressed, globose or - subglobose. 13 C. basilica. - - Leaves blue-green, glabrous; fruit hard at - maturity. VII. Pruinosae. - - Leaves elliptic-ovate. 14 C. Jesupi. - - Leaves usually cordate. - - Fruit conspicuously angled, - strongly pruinose. 15 C. rugosa. - - Fruit without conspicuous - angles, slightly pruinose. 16 C. filipes. - - Leaves usually cuneate. - - Leaves deltoid. 17 C. Gattingeri. - - Leaves ovate. 18 C. pruinosa. - - b. Leaves 3-10 cm. (1-4 inches) long and wide; - calyx lobes usually serrate. VIII. Coccineae. - - Mature leaves usually glabrous above; young - foliage bronze-green; anthers pink. - - Corymbs and fruit glabrous. 19 C. coccinioides. - - Corymbs and fruit pubescent or - tomentose. 20 C. coccinea. - - Mature leaves tomentose above; - young foliage yellow-green; - anthers yellow. 21 C. mollis. - - B. Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate. IX. Cordatae. - 22 C. Phaenopyrum. - -=1. Crataegus Crus-galli= Linnaeus. Cock-spur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn. -Plate 77. Bark dark gray, scaly; spines many, strong, straight, 3-18 cm. -(1-7 inches) long; leaves obovate to elliptical, 2-10 cm. (3/4-4 inches) -long, 1-4 cm. (1/4-1-1/2 inches) wide, sharply serrate, except towards -the base, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate, dark green and shining -above, coriaceous, glabrous or occasionally slightly pubescent; petioles -slightly winged above, glandless, 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long; corymbs -glabrous or occasionally pubescent, many flowered; flowers appear in May -or June, about 1.5 cm. (2/3 inch) wide; stamens 10-20; anthers usually -pink; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; styles and nutlets -usually 2; fruit ripens in October, ellipsoidal-ovoid to subglobose, -about 1 cm. (3/8 inch) thick, greenish to red; flesh hard and dry, -rather thin. - -=Distribution.=--Northern New York to Ontario, eastern Kansas and south -through western Connecticut to Georgia and Texas. Introduced near -Montreal, about Lake Champlain and Nantucket Island. Well distributed in -Indiana (but apparently more common in the southern part of the State). - -A small tree, sometimes 10 m. (35 feet) high, with spreading branches -and a broad crown; but often a large shrub. This is a variable species -and has received many names. - -I have seen specimens from the following counties: Allen (Deam); -Crawford (Deam); Dearborn (Deam); Decatur (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Delaware -(Deam); Dubois (Deam); Franklin (Deam); Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Grant -(Deam); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Jackson (Deam); Knox (Schneck); -Lawrence (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Posey (Deam); Owen -(Grimes); Randolph (Deam); Scott (Deam); Tippecanoe (Deam); Vermillion -(Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); Washington (Deam); Wells (Deam). - -=2. Crataegus cuneiformis= (Marshall) Eggleston. (_C. pausiaca_ Ashe). -Marshall's Thorn. Plate 78. Bark dark brown, scaly; spines numerous, -2-18 cm. (3/4-7 inches) long; leaves oblanceolate-obovate, acute at the -apex, cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate 3-6 cm. (1/2-1-1/2 -inches) wide, dark vivid yellow-green, glabrous and impressed veined -above when mature, subcoriaceous; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, -slightly winged above; corymbs usually slightly pubescent, many -flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.2-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) wide; calyx -lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; stamens, 10-15; anthers dark pink; -styles and nutlets 2-4; fruit ripens in October, ellipsoidal-pyriform, -scarlet or dark red, about 8 mm. (3/8 inch) thick, flesh hard, thick. - -=Distribution.=--Western New York and Pennsylvania to southwestern -Virginia, west to central Illinois. - -[Illustration: Plate 77. - -CRATAEGUS CRUS-GALLI Linnaeus. Cock-spur Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 78. - -CRATAEGUS CUNEIFORMIS (Marshall) Eggleston. Marshall's Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -A small tree sometimes 8 m. (25 feet) high, with spreading branches, -forming a flat or round crown. This species is intermediate between -_Crus-galli_ and _punctata_ and has been found as yet only in a region -where both these species are known. - -I have seen specimens from the following counties: Clark (Deam); Floyd -(Deam); Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Knox -(Schneck); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Posey (Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); -Wells (Deam). - -=3. Crataegus punctata= Jacquin. Large-fruited Thorn. Dotted Haw. Plate -79. Bark grayish-brown, scaly; leaves light grey, 2-5 cm. (3/4-4 inches) -long, 1-5 cm. (1/4-2 inches) broad, dull gray-green and markedly -impressed-vein above, pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous above when -mature, acute or obtuse at the apex, sharply cuneate at the base, -serrate, doubly serrate or lobed at the apex, subcoriaceous; petioles -1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly winged above; corymbs tomentose or -canescent, many flowered; flowers appear in June, about 2 cm. (5/6 inch) -wide; calyx lobes lanceolate, acuminate, entire; stamens about 20; -anthers white or pink; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; fruit ripens -in October or November, green, yellow or red, short-ellipsoidal, 1.2-2.5 -cm. (1/2-1 inch) thick, flesh hard, thick; calyx lobes spreading. - -=Distribution.=--Quebec to Pennsylvania, southeastern Minnesota, Iowa, -Kentucky and south to the high Alleghenies. Well distributed over -Indiana. A small tree, sometimes 10 m. (35 feet) high, with distinctly -horizontal branches and a broad, flat crown. - -Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); -Bartholomew (Deam); Dearborn (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Gibson (Deam); Grant -(Deam); Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Hendricks (Deam); Howard (Deam); -Jennings (Deam); Johnson (Deam); Marion (Deam); Noble (Deam); Putnam -(Grimes); Vermillion (Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); Wayne (Deam); Wells -(Deam). - -=4. Crataegus Margaretta= Ashe. Judge Brown's Thorn. Mrs. Ashe's Thorn. -Plate 80. Bark dark grayish-brown; spines curved, 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 -inches) long; leaves oblong-obovate or ovate, sometimes broadly so, 2-6 -cm. (3/4-2-1/2 inches) long, 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) wide, obtuse or -acute at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, serrate or doubly -serrate with 2 or 3 pairs of acute or obtuse lobes towards the apex, -glabrous when mature, dark green above, membranaceous; petioles 1-3 cm. -(3/8-1-1/4 inches) long, slightly winged; corymbs slightly pubescent, -becoming glabrous, 5-12 flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.5-2 cm. -(1/2-5/6 inch) wide; stamens about 20; anthers yellow; styles and -nutlets usually 2; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, slightly pubescent -inside; fruit ripens in October, dull rusty green, yellow or red, -compressed-globose, to short ellipsoidal, angular, 8-25 mm. (1/2-2/3 -inch) thick, flesh yellow, mealy, hard, thick; calyx lobes reflexed, -deciduous. - -[Illustration: Plate 79. - -CRATAEGUS PUNCTATA Jacquin. Large-fruited Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 80. - -CRATAEGUS MARGARETTA Ashe. Judge Brown's Thorn. Mrs. Ashe's Thorn. -(x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario to central Iowa, western Virginia, -Tennessee and Missouri. Known in Indiana only from the northern part of -the State. - -A small tree sometimes 8 m. (25 feet) high, with spreading branches. - -Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); -Blackford (Deam); Cass (Mrs. Ida Jackson); Delaware (Deam); Elkhart -(Deam); Fulton (Deam); Grant (Deam); Henry (Deam); Huntington (Deam); -Johnson (Deam); Lagrange (Deam); Lawrence (Deam); Noble (Deam); Randolph -(Deam); Steuben (Deam); Tipton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Wayne (Deam); Wells -(Deam). - -=5. Crataegus collina= Chapman. Chapman's Hill Thorn. Plate 81. Bark -dark gray, scaly; spines numerous, about 3-7 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) long; -often numerous branched thorns on the trunk 15-20 cm. (6-8 inches) long, -brown; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2-1/4 inches) long, -1.5-5 cm. (1/2-2 inches) wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, strongly -cuneate, serrate or doubly serrate with obtuse lobes towards the apex, -subcoriaceous, yellow-green, young leaves somewhat pubescent, becoming -glabrous with age; petioles about 2.5 cm. (1 inch) long, slightly hairy, -somewhat winged; corymbs and calyx pubescent; flowers about 15 mm. (3/4 -inch) wide; stamens 10-20, usually 20, anthers usually yellow; styles -and nutlets, 4-5; calyx lobes glandular-ciliate or glandular-serrate; -fruit ripens in October, globose or compressed-globose, red or -orange-red, 9-12 mm. (3/8-1/2 inch) thick; calyx tube somewhat -prominent, the lobes reflexed. - -=Distribution.=--Virginia to Georgia, Indiana, Missouri and Mississippi. - -Only one station known in Indiana; Deam's No. 12449 from Dearborn -County. - -A tree sometimes 8 meters (25 feet) high with spreading branches and a -broad flat crown. - -=6. Crataegus succulenta= Schrader. Long-spined Thorn. Plate 82. Bark -gray; spines numerous, strong, 3-10 cm. (1-1/2-4 inches) long, -chestnut-brown; leaves rhombic-ovate to obovate, 3-8 cm. (1-1/4-3-1/4 -inches) long, 2.5-6 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) wide, acute at the apex, -broadly cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with fine teeth, -often lobed towards the apex, coriaceous, dark shining green above, -pubescent along the veins beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, -slightly winged above; corymbs slightly villous, many-flowered; flowers -appear in May, about 2 cm. (3/4 inch) broad; stamens 10-20, usually 10; -anthers pink or occasionally yellow or white, large; styles and nutlets -usually 2 or 3; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-laciniate, -villous; fruit ripens in September, subglobose, 5-15 mm. (1/4-2/3 inch) -thick, dark red, shining, flesh thin, glutinous; nutlet with deep pits -on the inner faces; calyx-lobes villous, reflexed. - -[Illustration: Plate 81. - -CRATAEGUS COLLINA Chapman. Chapman's Hill Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 82. - -CRATAEGUS SUCCULENTA Schrader. Long-spined Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Nebraska and south in the -higher Alleghenies to North Carolina and in the Rocky Mountains to -southern Colorado. As yet reported only from northern to central -Indiana. - -A small tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending branches and -a broad, irregular crown; more often, however, a large shrub. - -Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); Cass -(Mrs. Ida Jackson); Fulton (Deam); Noble (VanGorder); Putnam (Grimes); -Tippecanoe (Deam); Wells (Deam). - -=Horticultural Uses.=--Highly ornamental for parks and hedges because of -the abundant flowers, dark green shining leaves and its dark red shining -fruit. - -=7. Crataegus neo-fluvialis= Ashe. New River Thorn. Plate 83. Bark -grayish; spines numerous, 2.5-8 cm. (1-3 inches) long; leaves -elliptical-ovate to obovate, 2.5-8 cm. (1-3 inches) long, 2-6 cm. -(3/4-2-1/2 inches) wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the -base, sharply and doubly serrate, with obtuse or acute lobes towards the -apex, coriaceous, dark green and shining above, pubescent along the -veins beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly -winged-above; corymbs and calyx-tubes glabrous or slightly villous, -many-flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.2-1.6 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) broad, -stamens 15-20, anthers usually pink, small; styles and nutlets usually 2 -or 3; calyx lobes more villous on the inside, lanceolate-acuminate, -glandular-laciniate; fruit ripens in September, globose or short -ellipsoidal, dark red, 4-13 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) thick, flesh thin, -glutinous, nutlets with deep pits in the inner faces; calyx lobes -reflexed, glabrous or slightly hairy. - -=Distribution.=--Western Vermont to eastern Wisconsin, Iowa and south in -the Alleghenies to North Carolina. - -A small tree sometimes 8 m. (30 feet) high, with ascending and spreading -branches. - -Specimens have been seen from Allen (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Shelby -(Deam); Wells (Deam). - -[Illustration: Plate 83. - -CRATAEGUS NEO-FLUVIALIS Ashe. New Riverthorn. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 84. - -CRATAEGUS CALPODENDRON (Ehrhart) Medicus. Pear-thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -=8. Crataegus Calpodendron= (Ehrhart) Medicus. Pear-thorn. Pear or Red -Haw. Plate 84. Bark pale gray to dark brown, furrowed; spines -occasional, slender 3-5 cm. (1-1/4-2 inches) long; leaves rhombic-ovate, -4-11 cm. (1-1/2-4-1/2 inches) long, 3-8 cm. (1-1/4-3 inches) wide, acute -or acuminate at the apex, finely and doubly serrate, those on the -vegetative shoots obtuse and more entire than the others, pubescent on -both sides, becoming scabrate above, subcoriaceous, dull green above; -petioles about 2 cm. (3/4 inch) long, wing margined, glandular hairy; -corymbs white-tomentose, many flowered; flowers appear in June, about -1.5 cm. (2/3 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers small, pink; styles -and nutlets usually 2 or 3; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, glandular -laciniate; fruit ripens in September, pyriform to ellipsoidal, -orange-red or red, 8-10 mm. (1/3 inch) thick, flesh glutinous; nutlets -with deep pits in their inner faces; calyx lobes reflexed. - -=Distribution.=--Central New York, northeastern New Jersey to Minnesota -and Missouri and south in the mountains to northern Georgia. - -A large shrub or occasionally a tree 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending -branches forming a broad crown. - -Specimens have been examined from the following counties: Boone (Deam); -Floyd (Deam); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Harrison (Deam); Marion -(Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Posey (Deam); Putnam (Grimes); Tippecanoe (Stanley -Coulter); Wells (Deam); White (Deam); Whitley (Deam). - -=9. Crataegus chrysocarpa= Ashe. (_Crataegus Dodgei_ Sargent. _Crataegus -rotundifolia_, Borckhausen.) Round-leaved Thorn. Plate 85. Bark dark -red-brown, scaly; spines numerous, chestnut-brown, curved, 2-5 cm. (1-2 -inches) long; leaves ovate-orbicular or obovate, 3-6 cm. (1-1/4-2-1/4 -inches) long, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2-1/4 inches) wide, acute at the apex, -broadly cuneate at the base, doubly serrate with rather coarse teeth and -with 3 or 4 pairs of acute lobes, subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green and -shining above, slightly pubescent or glabrous; corymbs glabrous or -slightly pubescent; flowers 10-15 mm. (1/2-3/4 inch) wide; stamens 5-10; -anthers light yellow; styles and nutlets usually 3-4; calyx lobes -lanceolate, acuminate, usually entire, but glandular margined; fruit -depressed-globose to short ovoid, about 10 mm. (1/2 inch) thick, flesh -soft; calyx lobes reflexed. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south to -Nebraska and Pennsylvania and in the mountains to North Carolina and New -Mexico. - -Round topped shrub or tree sometimes 8 meters (25 feet) high. - -Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Delaware and -Lagrange (Deam). - -[Illustration: Plate 85. - -CRATAEGUS CHRYSOCARPA Ashe. Round-leaved Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 86. - -CRATAEGUS VIRIDIS Linnaeus. Southern Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -=10. Crataegus viridis= Linnaeus. Southern Thorn. Plate 86. Bark gray to -light orange; spines uncommon, 2-5 cm. (3/4-3-1/4 inches) long; leaves -oblong-ovate, 2-8 cm. (3/4-3-1/4 inches) long, 2-5 cm. (1/2-2 inches) -wide, acute, acuminate or even obtuse at the apex, serrate or doubly -serrate, often with acute or obtuse lobes towards the apex, dark green, -shining and slightly impressed veined above, sometimes pubescent along -the veins beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly -winged above; corymbs glabrous, many flowered; flowers appear in May, -1-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers usually -yellow, sometimes pink; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; calyx lobes -lanceolate-acuminate, entire, slightly pubescent inside; fruit ripens in -October, globose or compressed-globose, bright red or orange, glaucous, -4-6 mm. (1/4 inch) thick, flesh thin, hard, edible. - -=Distribution.=--Moist, alluvial soil along streams and lakes, -southeastern Virginia to northern Florida and southwestern Indiana to -eastern Kansas and Texas. - -A tree from 6-11 m. (20-35 feet) high, with ascending branches and a -broad crown. - -Specimens have been examined from the following counties: Dubois (Deam); -Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Knox (Schneck); Posey (Deam). - -=11. Crataegus nitida= (Engelmann) Sargent. Shining Thorn. Plate 87. -Bark dark and scaly; spines occasional, 3-5 cm. (1-2 inches) long; -leaves oblong-ovate to oval, 3-8 cm. (1-1/4-3 inches) long, 2-6 cm. -(3/4-2-1/4 inches) wide, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, -coarsely serrate or twice serrate with acute lobes towards the apex, -dark green and shining above, glabrous; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) -long, slightly winged above, slightly villous when young; corymbs -glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.2-2 cm. (1/2-3/4 inch) -broad; stamens about 20; anthers light yellow; styles and nutlets 3-5; -calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; fruit ripens in October, -globose to short-ellipsoidal, dark dull red, 6-9 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) -thick; flesh yellow, mealy, hard. - -=Distribution.=--River bottoms southwestern Indiana to southern -Illinois. A tree sometimes 9 m. (30 feet) high, with ascending and -spreading branches and a broad crown. - -Specimens have been seen from Gibson (Schneck); Posey (Deam). - -[Illustration: Plate 87. - -CRATAEGUS NITIDA (Engelmann) Sargent. Shining Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 88. - -CRATAEGUS MACROSPERMA Ashe. Variable Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -=12. Crataegus macrosperma= Ashe. Variable Thorn. Plate 88. Bark brown, -scaly; spines numerous, stout, curved, 2-7 cm. (3/4-2-3/4 inches) long; -leaves broadly elliptical-ovate to broadly ovate, 2-7 cm. (3/4-2-3/4 -inches) long and wide, acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or rarely -cordate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate, slightly villous, -becoming glabrate, dark yellow-green above, membranaceous; petioles -slender, 2-3 cm. (1/2-1-1/4 inches) long, slightly winged above; corymbs -glabrous or slightly villous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, -1.5-2 cm. (1/2-3/4 inch) broad; stamens 5-20, usually 5-10; styles and -nutlets usually 3 or 4; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; fruit -ripens in August or September, ellipsoidal or pyriform, scarlet to -crimson, often glaucous, 1-1.8 cm. (1/3-3/4 inch) thick, flesh -succulent, edible; calyx lobes persistent, erect or spreading. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia and Maine to southeastern Minnesota and -south in the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. - -Usually a large shrub but occasionally a small tree, sometimes 8 m. (25 -feet) high, with ascending branches. - -Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); -Bartholomew (Deam); Clark (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Hancock -(Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Madison (Deam); Porter (Deam); Randolph (Deam); -Shelby (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Washington (Deam); Wells (Deam); Whitley -(Deam). - -=Crataegus macrosperma= Ashe. var. =matura= (Sargent) Eggleston. Lobes -of the leaves acuminate, often recurved; fruit ripens early. - -=Distribution.=--Known in Indiana only from Deam's specimen No. 14187 -from Wells County. - -=13. Crataegus basilica= Beadle. (_Crataegus alnorum_ Sargent. -_Crataegus Edsoni_ Sargent). Edson's Thorn. Plate 89. Bark brown, scaly; -spines 2.5-4 cm. (1-1-1/2 inches) long, stout, curved; leaves ovate, 3-7 -cm. (1-1/4-2-3/4 inches) long, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or -truncate at base, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes, dull dark -yellow-green above, paler beneath; corymbs glabrous, many flowered; -flowers 15-20 mm. (5/8-7/8 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers pink; -styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit subglobose, slightly angular, dark -cherry-red, 12-15 mm. (1/2-5/8 inch) thick, flesh succulent; calyx lobes -erect or spreading. - -=Distribution.=--New England to southern Michigan, northern Indiana and -Pennsylvania to mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. - -A broad shrub or small tree sometimes 4.5 meters (15 feet) high, -branches ascending. - -Specimens examined: Wells (Deam). - -[Illustration: Plate 89. - -CRATAEGUS BASILICA Beadle. Edson's Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 90. - -CRATAEGUS JESUPI Sargent. Jesup's Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -=14. Crataegus Jesupi= Sargent. Jesup's Thorn. Twin Mountain Thorn. -Plate 90. Bark grayish-brown; spines stout, straight 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 -inches) long; leaves elliptical-ovate, 3.5-7 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long, -2-5.5 cm. (1-2 inches) wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly -cuneate to truncate-cordate, serrate or doubly serrate, with 4 or 5 -pairs of acute lobes, yellow-green above, paler beneath, glabrous; -petioles slender, 2-3.5 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) long, slightly winged -above; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, about 2 -cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens about 10; anthers dark red; styles and -nutlets usually 3 or 4; calyx lobes entire; fruit ripens in October, -short-ellipsoidal to pyriform, dark red, slightly angled, lacking bloom -when mature, about 1 cm. (3/8 inch) thick, flesh yellow, firm; calyx -lobes mostly deciduous. - -=Distribution.=--Western Vermont, to southwestern Wisconsin and south to -Pennsylvania and Owen County, Indiana. - -A shrubby tree, sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending branches -and a round crown. - -Specimens examined: Owen (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam). - -=15. Crataegus rugosa= Ashe. (_Crataegus deltoides_ Ashe). Fretz's -Thorn. Plate 91. Spines numerous, 3-6 cm. (1-1/4-2-1/2 inches) long, -stout curved; leaves broadly ovate, 3-7 cm. (1-2-3/4 inches) long and -broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, -serrate or twice serrate with 4-6 pairs of broad acuminate lobes, -glabrous, membranaceous; petioles 1-3 cm. (3/8-1-1/4 inches) long, -glabrous; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous; flowers appear in May, about -2 cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens 10-20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets -usually 4 or 5; calyx lobes deltoid-acuminate, entire or slightly -serrate at the base; fruit ripens in October, depressed-globose, bright -red, angular, glabrous, waxy, 1-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) thick, flesh -yellow, somewhat succulent; calyx lobes persistent, spreading, the tube -rather prominent. - -=Distribution.=--Southwestern New England to southern Indiana and the -mountains of North Carolina. - -A shrub or tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending branches -and an irregular crown. - -Specimens examined: Allen (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Grant (Deam); Jennings -(Deam); Owen (Deam); Perry (Deam); Wells (Deam). - -=16. Crataegus filipes= Ashe. Miss Beckwith's Thorn. (_Crataegus -silvicola_ var. _Beckwithae_ (Sargent) Eggleston). Plate 92. Spines -numerous, curved, chestnut-brown, 2.5 to 6 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) long; -bark slightly scaly; leaves 2-7 cm. (3/4-2-3/4 inches) long, 2-6 cm. -(3/4-2-1/2 inches) wide; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, -rounded, truncate or on vegetative shoots cordate at base, serrate or -doubly serrate, lower pair of acuminate lobes often deeply cut, -membranaceous, glabrous; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 2 cm. (3/4 -inch) broad; stamens about 10; anthers pink; styles and nutlets 3-5; -fruit globose or compressed-globose, cherry-red, 8-10 mm. (1/3 inch) -thick, ripens in October. - -[Illustration: Plate 91. - -CRATAEGUS RUGOSA Ashe. Fretz's Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 92. - -CRATAEGUS FILIPES Ashe. Miss Beckwith's Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Western New England to central Michigan and south to -Pennsylvania and southern Indiana. - -A shrub or tree sometimes 9 meters (30 feet) high, with irregular -ascending branches. - -Specimens have been seen from Perry County, Deam's No. 27104. - -=17. Crataegus Gattingeri= Ashe. (_Crataegus coccinea_ var. _oligandra_ -Torrey and Gray). Dr. Clapp's Thorn. Gattinger's Thorn. Plate 93. Spines -numerous, 2.5-6 cm. (1-2 inches) long; leaves narrowly ovate to deltoid, -2.5-6 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) long, 2-5 cm. (3/4-2 inches) wide, acuminate -at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, serrate or doubly -serrate, lobed towards the apex, membranaceous, glabrous, dark green -above; petioles glabrous, 2-3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 inches) long; corymbs -glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, about 2 cm. (3/4 inch) -broad; stamens 10-20; anthers small, pink; styles and nutlets usually 3 -or 4; fruit ripens in October, globose, angular, red, slightly waxy, -0.8-1.2 cm. (1/3-1/2 inch) thick, flesh hard; calyx tube prominent, the -lobes triangular, spreading. - -=Distribution.=--Southern Pennsylvania and southern Indiana to West -Virginia and central Tennessee. - -Shrub or small tree sometimes 4.5 m. (15 feet) high, with ascending, -irregular branches. - -Specimens seen from: Floyd (Dr. Clapp, before 1840); Knox (Schneck); -Perry (Deam); Steuben (Deam); Wells (Deam). - -=18. Crataegus pruinosa= (Wendland) K. Koch. Waxy-fruited Thorn. Plate -94. Bark dark brown; spines numerous, slender, 3-6 cm. (1-1/4-2-1/2 -inches) long; leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, 2.5-6 cm. (1-2-1/2 -inches) long and wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly cuneate, -rounded or occasionally cordate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate -with 3 or 4 pairs of broad acute lobes towards the apex, blue-green, -glabrous, membranaceous; petioles 2 or 3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 inches) long, -glabrous; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, about -2 cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens 10-20; anthers pink or sometimes yellow -or white; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, -entire, slightly serrate at the base; fruit ripens in October, -depressed-globose to short-ellipsoidal, strongly angled, waxy, apple -green, becoming scarlet or purple, 1.2-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch), thick, -firm, yellow, sweet; calyx tube prominent, the lobes spreading, -persistent. - -=Distribution.=--Rocky, open woods, western New England to Michigan and -south to North Carolina and Missouri. Well distributed in Indiana. - -[Illustration: Plate 93. - -CRATAEGUS GATTINGERI Ashe. Dr. Gattinger's Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 94. - -CRATAEGUS PRUINOSA (Wendland) K. Koch. Waxy-fruited Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -A small shrubby tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with irregular -branches and crown. - -Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); -Clark (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Delaware (Deam); Gibson (Deam); Hamilton -(Deam); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Lagrange (Deam); Madison (Deam); -Marion (Deam); Monroe (Deam); Porter (Deam); Putnam (Grimes); Randolph -(Deam); Steuben (Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Tipton (Deam); Vermillion -(Deam); Warren (Deam); Wayne (Deam); Wells (Deam). - -=19. Crataegus coccinioides= Ashe. Eggert's Thorn. (_Crataegus Eggertii_ -Britton). Plate 95. Bark grayish-brown, scaly; spines curved, 2-6 cm. -(3/4-2-1/2 inches) long; leaves broadly ovate, 4-9 cm. (1-1/2-3-1/2 -inches) long, 3.5-8 cm. (1-3/4-3 inches) wide, acute at the apex, -rounded or truncate at the base, doubly serrate with several pairs of -broad, acute lobes, dark green above, paler and slightly tomentose along -the veins beneath, membranaceous; petioles 2 to 3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 inches) -long, slightly pubescent; corymbs glabrous, 5-12 flowered; flowers -appear in May, about 2 cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers -pink; styles and nutlets usually 4 or 5; calyx lobes ovate, acute, -glandular-serrate; fruit ripens in September, subglobose, obtusely -angled, 1.5-2 cm. (3/4-1 inch) thick, flesh reddish, subacid, edible; -calyx tube prominent, the lobes spreading. - -=Distribution.=--Montreal Island to Rhode Island and west to eastern -Kansas and Missouri. - -A small tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending and spreading -branches and a broad, round-topped crown. - -Specimens have been seen from: Floyd (Dr. Clapp, before 1840), (Deam); -Gibson (Schneck); Marion (Deam); Martin (Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); -Whitley (Deam). - -=20. Crataegus coccinea= Linnaeus. Scarlet Thorn. Red Haw. (_Crataegus -pedicillata_ Sargent). Plate 96. Bark light gray, spines stout, curved, -2-6 cm. (3/4-2 inches) long; leaves broadly ovate, 3-10 cm. (1-1/4-4 -inches) long, 3-9 cm. (1-1/4-3-1/2 inches) wide, acute or acuminate at -the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, serrate, doubly -serrate or lobed, slightly pubescent, becoming scabrous above, nearly -glabrous beneath, membranaceous; corymbs glabrous or sometimes slightly -villous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.5-2 cm. (2/3-5/6 inch) -broad; stamens 10-20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit ripens -in September, pyriform to short ellipsoidal, scarlet or red, glabrous or -slightly pubescent, 1.5-2 cm. (3/4-5/6 inch) thick, flesh thick, dry and -mealy; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-serrate, erect or -spreading, rather persistent. - -[Illustration: Plate 95. - -CRATAEGUS COCCINOIDES Ashe. Eggert's Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 96. - -CRATAEGUS COCCINEA Linnaeus. Scarlet Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Connecticut to Ontario, Illinois, Delaware and -Pennsylvania. - -A small tree sometimes 8 m. (25 feet) high, with ascending and spreading -branches and a broad, round-topped crown. - -Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Floyd (Deam); Knox -(Deam); Noble (VanGorder); Steuben (Deam); White (Deam). - -=Horticultural Uses.=--This fine tree has been in the gardener's hands -several centuries. There are specimens in the Kew Gardens, England, more -than two hundred years old. - -=20a. Crataegus coccinea= var. =Ellwangeriana=, n. nom. (_Crataegus -pedicillata_ var. _Ellwangeriana_ (Sargent) Eggleston). Corymbs densely -villous; fruit slightly villous. - -=Distribution.=--Known in Indiana from Deam's specimen No. 27355 from -Warren County. - -=21. Crataegus mollis= (Torrey and Gray) Scheele. Red-fruited or Downy -Thorn. Red Haw. Plate 97. Bark grayish-brown, fissured and scaly; spines -curved, 3-5 cm. (1-2 inches) long; leaves broadly ovate, acute at the -apex, cordate to truncate at the base, serrate or twice serrate with -narrow acute lobes, 4-13 cm. (1-1/2-5 inches) long, 4-10 cm. (1-1/2-4 -inches) wide, slightly rugose, densely tomentose beneath, tomentose -above, becoming scabrous, membranaceous; petioles 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 -inches) long, tomentose; corymbs tomentose, many-flowered; flowers -appear in May, about 2.5 cm. (1 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers -light yellow; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; fruit ripens in September, -short-ellipsoidal to subglobose, scarlet, 1.5-2.5 cm. (1/2-1 inch) -thick, flesh thick, yellow, edible; calyx lobes glandular-serrate, -swollen, erect or spreading, deciduous. - -=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario to South Dakota, south to central -Tennessee and Arkansas. This thorn is well distributed over Indiana. - -A small tree often 13 m. (40 feet) high, with ascending and spreading -branches, forming a broad, round-topped crown. - -Specimens have been examined from the following counties: Allen (Deam); -Cass (Mrs. Ida Jackson); Dearborn (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Delaware -(Deam); Floyd (Deam); Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Hancock (Deam); -Hendricks (Deam); Henry (Deam); Jackson (Deam); Knox (Schneck), (Deam); -Madison (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Montgomery (Grimes); Posey -(Deam); Putnam (Grimes); Shelby (Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Vermillion -(Deam); Wells (Deam); Whitley (Deam). - -[Illustration: Plate 97. - -CRATAEGUS MOLLIS (Torrey and Gray) Scheele. Red-fruited Thorn. (x 1/2.)] - -=22. Crataegus Phaenopyrum= (Linnaeus fils) Medicus. Washington Thorn. -Scarlet Haw. (_Crataegus cordata_ Aiton). Plate 98. Bark grayish-brown, -scaly; spines numerous, slightly curved, 2-5 cm. (3/4-2 inches) long; -leaves ovate-triangular, 2-8 cm. (3/4-3 inches) long and wide, simply or -doubly serrate, often 3-5 lobed, acute at the apex, rounded to cordate -at the base, bright green above, glabrous; petioles slender, 1.5-5 cm. -(1/2-2 inches) long, glabrous; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered; flowers -appear in June, 8-12 mm. (1/3-1/2 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers -pink; styles and nutlets usually 5; calyx lobes deltoid, entire, -deciduous; fruit ripens in October or November, depressed-globose, -scarlet, 4-6 mm. (1/6-1/4 inch) thick, nutlets with a bare apex and -smooth back, flesh thin, firm. - -=Distribution.=--Virginia to Georgia, Indiana to Arkansas. Moist rich -soil. Naturalized in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Possibly it may be -naturalized at the Indiana station. More knowledge of distribution in -southern Indiana is needed to settle this question. - -A shrubby tree sometimes 9 m. (30 feet) high, with nearly erect branches -and an oblong crown. - -Specimens have been seen from Wayne (Deam). It also occurs in the Wabash -Valley. - -=Horticultural Uses.=--This is one of the most desirable thorns for -ornamental planting and hedges. Its scarlet autumn foliage and beautiful -little scarlet fruit persist for a long time. It is also one of the -American thorns long in cultivation, both in Europe and the United -States. - -=Crataegus albicans= Linnaeus. This species was reported for Indiana by -Heimlich.[52] - -The material at hand is not sufficient to make a satisfactory -determination, hence it is omitted in the text. - -According to the treatment of the genus Crataegus in Britton and Brown's -Illustrated Flora, 2nd Edition, the range of the following species -extend into Indiana. - - Throughout the State-- In the northern part of the State-- - - C. Boyntoni. C. Brainerdi. - C. lucorum. - In the southern part of the State-- C. roanensis. - C. beata. - C. berberifolia. C. villipes. - C. denaria. C. Pringlei. - C. fecunda. - C. ovata. - -[Illustration: Plate 98. - -CRATAEGUS PHAENOPYRUM (Linnaeus filius) Medicus. Washington Thorn. -(x 1/2.)] - - - - -=AMYGDALACEAE.= The Plum Family. - - -Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, petioled and usually serrate -leaves; flowers perfect, calyx and corolla 5 numerous, stamens 15-30; -fruit a 1-seeded drupe. - -The characters which separate the species are not at all constant, and -the species often vary much in the extremes of their range. - - -=PRUNUS.= The Plums and Cherries. - - Flowers in umbel like clusters, or somewhat corymbose, - appearing before or with the leaves on branchlets - of the preceding year. - - Margins of leaves with sharp teeth. - - Petioles glabrous beneath 1 P. americana. - - Petioles more or less pubescent all around. 2 P. americana - var. lanata. - Margins of leaves with blunt or crenate teeth. - - Teeth of center of leaves about 10 per cm.; calyx lobes - glandular; fruit more than 10 mm. in diameter. - - Principal leaves of fruiting branches generally - more than 4 cm. broad; flowers white and - generally more than 17 mm. wide. 3 P. nigra. - - Principal leaves of fruiting branches generally - less than 4 cm. broad; flowers white which on - age show a tinge of pink and generally less - than 17 mm. wide. 4 P. hortulana. - Teeth of center of leaves about 20 per cm.; calyx - lobes glandless; fruit less than 10 mm. in - diameter. 5 P. pennsylvanica. - - Flowers in racemes, appearing after the leaves on - twigs of the present year 6 P. serotina. - -=1. Prunus americana= Marshall. Wild Red Plum. Plate 99. Small trees -with crooked branches; bark of old trees exfoliating in irregular -plates; twigs smooth; leaves obovate or oval, 5-9 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. -wide, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, acuminate at apex, -margins sharply serrate or doubly serrate, glabrous above and smooth -below, or hairy on the veins and sometimes more or less pubescent over -the whole under surface, inner surface of petiole more or less hairy and -sometimes bearing one or two glands; flowers appear in April or May -before or with the leaves in clusters of 2-4 or sometimes singly, about -2 cm. in diameter, calyx smooth or with some hairs near the base of the -lobes which are pubescent within and smooth or hairy without, lobes -entire or cut-toothed above the middle, glandless or with inconspicuous -glands; fruit ripens in August or September, usually globose, about 2 -cm. in diameter, red; stone doubly convex, oval to nearly orbicular, -surface usually smooth. - -[Illustration: Plate 99. - -PRUNUS AMERICANA Marshall. Wild Red Plum. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Massachusetts to Florida, west to Manitoba and south to -New Mexico. Found throughout Indiana. While it has a general -distribution, it is not generally distributed through the forests, but -is local in colonies in low grounds along streams or in low places in -the forest. In the southern counties it is found on the ridges and -commonly about the basins of sink-holes. Large single trees may be found -but they are usually surrounded by many smaller ones which are root -shoots. From this habit of the tree to produce root shoots large -colonies are formed which has given rise to the term "plum thickets." - -=Remarks.=--The wood of this tree is of no economic importance, but the -species from a horticultural standpoint is one of the most important of -all of the plums. Many named varieties belong to this species. - -It should be noted that all species of plums are quite variable, and one -must not be surprised to find specimens that will not come entirely -within the descriptions. - -=2. Prunus americana= var. =lanata= Sudworth. Woolly-leaf Plum. Plate -100. Small trees with the characteristic wild plum tree bark, except on -age it becomes more furrowed; twigs generally puberulent or sometimes -smooth; leaves obovate, oblong-obovate, or sometimes somewhat ovate, -generally about 6-10 cm. long, and 4-6 cm. wide, rounded at the base, -acute or short acuminate at the apex, margins sharply serrate, or doubly -serrate, upper surface covered with short appressed hairs, lower surface -permanently pubescent with longer hairs; petioles more or less pubescent -and often bearing one or more glands; flowers appear in April or May in -umbels of 2-4, upper part of calyx, and its lobes pubescent both inside -and out, the lobes more or less cut-toothed and bearing inconspicuous -glands; fruit ripening in September, globose, reddish with a bluish -bloom; stone nearly orbicular and turgid. - -=Distribution.=--Indiana west to Indian Territory and south to the Gulf. -The range of this variety has not been well understood, and it is -believed that forms of this variety in the northern part of its range -have been included in the preceding species. It is certain that in our -area the two forms are separated with difficulty; especially is this -true of certain individuals. Specimens at hand show it to occur in -Floyd, Clark, Bartholomew, Martin, Warren, Vermillion, Gibson, Warrick, -and Perry Counties. - -=Remarks.=--This form intergrades with the preceding to such an extent -that there is little difference between the extremes of the two forms. - -[Illustration: Plate 100. - -PRUNUS AMERICANA variety LANATA Sudworth. Woolly-leaf Plum. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 101. - -PRUNUS NIGRA Aiton. Canada Plum. (x 1/2.)] - -=3. Prunus nigra= Aiton. Canada Plum. Plate 101. Small trees with the -characteristic bark of the genus; twigs smooth; leaves obovate or oval, -5-11 cm. long and 3-6 cm. wide, rounded or somewhat narrowed at the -base, abruptly short acuminate toward the apex, smooth or sparsely -covered above with a short appressed pubescence, more or less pubescent -beneath especially along the veins, usually pubescent on the veins at -maturity, margins crenate-serrate, the teeth ending in persistent -glands, petioles more or less pubescent on the inner surface, and -generally bearing a pair of glands, which number varies from 1 to 3, or -sometimes absent; flowers appear in April or May in umbels of 2-3, about -2 cm. in diameter--the largest of the genus in Indiana, calyx smooth, -the lobes smooth without and within, except toward the base which is -pubescent, the lobes reddish and the margins studded with numerous red -glands; fruit ripens in July, globose, red; stone short oval and very -flat. - -=Distribution.=--New Brunswick to Massachusetts and west to Minnesota -and south to central Indiana. In Indiana it is definitely known only -from Wells, Blackford and Marion Counties. No doubt it ranges throughout -the northern part of Indiana, but it has not been separated from _Prunus -americana_. Higley and Raddin[53] in 1891, when our text books did not -separate this species, in a flora which included a part of Lake County -Indiana, remark: "There are two distinct forms of _Prunus americana_; -one with slender branches and large flowers with glandular calyx, found -in swamps and another found with stout branches and much smaller flowers -with the calyx less glandular, grows in dry soil." This no doubt refers -to the species under discussion. - -In 1898 the author found this species growing in a swamp in Wells -County, and transplanted a specimen to high ground in his orchard. It -has persisted ever since, growing vigorously and freely suckering from -the roots, but it has been quite susceptible to the San Jose scale. - -=4. Prunus hortulana= Bailey. Wild Goose Plum. Plate 102. Small trees -with bark exfoliating in plates or rolls on old trees; twigs smooth; -leaves oblong-oval, oval, slightly ovate or obovate, generally 6-11 cm. -long and 2.5-5.5 cm. wide, rounded and often slightly oblique at the -base, acuminate at the apex, margins finely serrated with short rounded -and glandular teeth, generally glossy and smooth above, more or less -pubescent all over beneath with long hairs, the midrib and lateral veins -usually prominent below, petioles pubescent on the inner face and -usually bearing one or more glands; flowers appear with the leaves in -April or May in umbels of 2-4; calyx glabrous, the lobes glabrous on the -outer face, and more or less pubescent within, margins glandular; fruit -ripens in August, generally globose, red; stone generally short oval, -very turgid, face reticulated. - -[Illustration: Plate 102. - -PRUNUS HORTULANA Bailey. Wild Goose Plum. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Central Kentucky northwestward to central Iowa and -southwestward to Kansas and east to northwest Tennessee. In Indiana the -specimens at hand show it to be confined to the southwestern part of the -State, although Pepoon[54] reports a single tree found near Dune Park in -Porter County. It is found on sandy roadside cuts, base of sandy wooded -slopes, etc., and is a common tree in Sullivan County for miles on the -wooded bank of the terrace of the Wabash River. - -=5. Prunus pennsylvanica= Linnaeus filius. Wild Red Cherry. Plate 103. -Small trees with smooth cherry-like bark, somewhat roughened near the -base on old trees; twigs smooth, at least at maturity; leaves oval, -oval-lanceolate, or ovate, sometimes slightly falcate, 4-10 cm. long, -and 1.5-4 cm. wide, rounded or narrowed at the base, long acuminate at -the apex, margins finely serrate with glandular incurved teeth, glossy -and smooth above, generally smooth beneath, sometimes pubescent along -the midrib and veins, petioles generally smooth, rarely pubescent; -flowers appear with the leaves in May in umbels of 3-7, or sometimes -raceme-like but the rachis shorter than the pedicels; calyx glabrous, -the lobes glabrous within and without, entire and glandless; fruit -ripens in August, globose, 6-7 mm. in diameter, red; stone -roundish-oval, surface granular. - -=Distribution.=--Newfoundland and New England to the Rocky Mountains, -south to Colorado and eastward through northern Indiana to Pennsylvania -and thence in the mountains to North Carolina. In Indiana it is -definitely known to occur only in Lake, Porter, Laporte, St. Joseph and -Lagrange Counties. It is frequently found on the black oak ridges about -Lake Michigan. All other reports of this species for Indiana should be -looked upon with suspicion. The one by Chipman from Kosciusko County may -be correct. The one by Ridgway[55] for Posey County is undoubtedly an -error. No doubt Phinney's[56] record for Central Eastern Indiana (Jay, -Delaware, Randolph and Wayne Counties) is an error. - -The range of the species is to the north of our area, and like a few -others it is found about the Great Lakes south of its general range. In -Ohio it is reported only from Cuyahoga County which borders Lake Erie. - -[Illustration: Plate 103. - -PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA Linnaeus fils. Wild Red Cherry. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 104. - -PRUNUS SEROTINA Ehrhart. Wild Black Cherry. (x 1/2.)] - -=6. Prunus serotina= Ehrhart. Wild Cherry. Cherry. =Wild Black Cherry.= -Plate 104. Medium to large sized trees; bark of young trees smooth, -becoming on old trees irregularly fissured and separating in small scaly -plates; twigs slender and smooth, sometimes pubescent while young; -leaves oval, oblong-oval, ovate or narrowly ovate, generally 5-12 cm. -long and 2-4 cm. wide, generally narrowed at the base, sometimes -rounded, short or long acuminate at the apex, margin finely serrate with -incurved sharp callous teeth, smooth above and below, sometimes slightly -pubescent beneath while young; flowers appear in May, when the leaves -are almost grown, on the ends of the year's growth, in racemes generally -5-10 cm. long; fruit ripens in July and August, globose, about 6-10 mm. -in diameter, dark red to almost black. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to South Dakota, south to Florida and west -to Texas. Found in all parts of Indiana. It prefers a moist loose soil -and is usually found with beech, sugar maple, tulip, white ash and white -oak. In the original forest it was a rare to a frequent tree, and only -rarely and locally did it ever become common. It grew to be several feet -in diameter and was as tall as the highest trees of the forest. The -trunk of the tree, however, was inclined to be crooked. It has now -become a frequent tree along fences. - -=Remarks.=--The wood of wild cherry from pioneer times has been a -favorite wood, and for this reason the tree soon disappeared and today -large trees are very rare. The wood is strong, close-grained, -reddish-brown, and very much resembles mahogany. In value it stands -second in Indiana woods. It is used principally for furniture, office -and store fixtures. - -The wild cherry grows readily from seed; is not difficult to transplant; -adapts itself to almost all kinds of soils and grows rapidly. In Spring -it is one of the very first trees to put out its leaves. It is not shade -enduring, which no doubt, in a great measure, accounts for its rarity in -the primeval forests. When grown in the open the tree usually produces -an abundance of fruit which is much relished by birds. This species has -many good features, and might be used to advantage in forest planting. - - - - -=CAESALPINACEAE.= The Senna Family. - - - Leaves simple; flowers pink; seed pod papery 1 Cercis. - - Leaves compound; flowers not pink; seed pod woody or - leathery. - - Trees with thorns; stamens 3-5, longer than the corolla; - pods flat and leathery; seeds about 1 cm. - (1/2 inch) long 2 Gleditsia. - - Trees without thorns; stamens 10, shorter than the - corolla; pods swollen, woody; seeds about 2 cm. - (1 inch) long 3 Gymnocladus. - - -=1. CERCIS.= The Redbud. - -=Cercis canadensis= Linnaeus. Redbud. Plate 105. Small trees; bark of -trunk of old trees fissured, reddish-brown; twigs glabrous, light brown, -becoming a dark brown; leaves alternate, broadly ovate, average blades -6-14 cm. long, cordate at base, short-pointed, sometimes short-acuminate -or rarely rounded at the apex, margins entire, glabrous or pubescent on -unfolding, at maturity usually glabrous on both sides, or with a few -hairs in the axils of the veins or along the veins, sometimes more or -less pubescent beneath, and with hairs on the veins above; petioles -generally 2-6 cm. long; flowers appear in April or May before the -leaves, in clusters of 4-8 on the branches of the preceding season, pink -or rose color; pods 5-10 cm. long, thin, flat and glabrous; wood heavy, -hard and weak. - -=Distribution.=--In Canada along the shores of Lake Erie and Ontario, -New York west through Michigan to Iowa, south to the Gulf States and -west to Texas. Found throughout Indiana except there are no records from -the counties bordering Lake Michigan. In the northern part of the State -it is rare or frequent in alluvial soil along streams or in rich woods. -In the southern part of the State it is a frequent to a common tree in -ravines and on slopes. It is never found in wet situations, and -consequently is absent in the "flats" of the southern counties. - -=Remarks.=--The redbud is the common name for this tree throughout the -State. In one locality it was known as the fish blossom because the -larger fish spawn when this tree is in flower. In text books it is also -called Judas tree. It is usually a tree 1-1.5 dm. in diameter and 5-10 -m. high. It is of no economic importance and is classed as a weed tree -in the woodlot and should be removed. - -It is frequently recommended for ornamental planting. It prefers a rich -moist soil, and is shade enduring, although it succeeds best in the open -or in a light shade. - - -=2. GLEDITSIA.= The Honey Locust. - - Pods more than 8 cm. long; seeds oval 1 G. triacanthos. - - Pods less than 8 cm. long; seeds orbicular 2 G. aquatica. - -=1. Gleditsia triacanthos= Linnaeus. Honey Locust. Plate 106. Medium to -large sized trees; bark of old trunks fissured and peeling off in -strips; spines on trunk large and often much branched, sometimes 4 dm. -long; spines on branches not so large, generally more or less forked; -twigs at first green, turning a light brown; leaves pinnate or -bipinnate, 1-2 dm. long, rachis permanently pubescent; leaflets 9-14 -pairs, fewer on the bipinnate forms, petiolules about 1 mm. long, form -variable from ovate to lanceolate, sometimes somewhat falcate, generally -2-3 cm. long, usually more or less pubescent beneath; flowers appear in -May or June, inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, rich in honey, their -appearance being announced by the hum of the swarm of insects visiting -them; fruit a flat, linear twisted pod, 2-4 dm. long, glabrous and -lustrous or pubescent on the sides; seeds several, oval, about 6 mm. -wide, and 10 mm. long, glabrous and chestnut brown; wood heavy, hard, -strong, coarse-grained and takes a good polish. - -[Illustration: Plate 105. - -CERCIS CANADENSIS Linnaeus. Redbud. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 106. - -GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS Linnaeus. Honey Locust. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania, southern Michigan to Iowa, and south to -the Gulf States and west to Texas. Found infrequently throughout Indiana -along streams, except that it is absent about Lake Michigan and that in -the southwestern counties it becomes a frequent tree in the Wabash -bottoms. In its native habitat it is rarely found except near a stream, -pond, lake, etc. However, in the southeastern counties it has spread all -over many of the hillsides which were once cleared and have been -abandoned for agricultural purposes and left to natural forest -regeneration. It was interesting to learn how this tree was able to -propagate itself on the steep bare slopes. It was found that the seeds -were scattered by cattle that greedily eat the fruit. It is a medium -sized tree, except in the Wabash bottoms of the southwestern part of the -State where it grows to be one of the largest trees of the forest, and -is more luxuriant than in any other part of its range. - -=Remarks.=--In making a study of the fruit of this species, it was found -that the sides of all the pods of all the specimens at hand except one -are glabrous, even those of young fruit. The margins of the pods are -pubescent. However, a specimen collected on August 27th in Vermillion -County has the entire pod covered with long hairs. In consulting the -literature on the subject it is found that some authors describe the -fruit as glabrous while others describe it as hairy. It would be -interesting to study the significance of this character to learn if each -form has a geographic range. - -The wood is used principally for interior finish, furniture, posts and -crossties. The tree has a grace that recommends it for ornamental -planting despite its thorns. However, a thornless variety is now offered -by nurserymen. It adapts itself to all kinds of soils, although it -prefers a moist rich soil; grows rapidly and is comparatively free from -insect damage. - -[Illustration: Plate 107. - -GLEDITSIA AQUATICA Marshall. Water Honey Locust. (x 1/2.)] - -=2. Gleditsia aquatica= Marshall. Water Honey Locust. Plate 107. A -medium sized tree with rather smooth bark, which becomes rough and flaky -on large trees; twigs greenish, turning to a light brown by the end of -the year; branchlets a greenish-gray brown; spines all usually more or -less flattened, those of the branchlets and branches, rather few and -usually simple, 4-10 cm. long, those of the trunk branched, spines do -not develop on the year's growth; leaves from old wood pinnate, from the -year's growth bipinnate; rachis grooved and pubescent or puberulent -above and smooth below; leaflets generally 7-11 pairs, variable in shape -and size, generally lanceolate and 1.5-2.5 cm. long, on petiolules about -1 mm. long, glabrous; flowers similar to the preceding species; fruit a -glabrous, shining, oblique pod about 4-5 cm. long, containing 1 seed; -seeds orbicular, flat, chestnut brown, about 1 cm. in diameter. - -=Distribution.=--Atlantic Coast from North Carolina south to Florida, -and the Mississippi Valley from southwestern Indiana southward to Texas. -In Indiana this species is rare and limited to the banks of river -sloughs, locally called ponds and to one cypress swamp. It is known to -have occurred on the banks of Wabash and Dan's ponds and Little Cypress -swamp in the southwest corner of Knox County, and in Gibson County on -the bank of a slough near Skelton and about Burnett's pond. The -reference to Posey County is without a verifying specimen, although it -may be found in the county. The writer has visited about every place in -the county where the species might occur, and has never found it. -Gorby's[57] reference for Miami County is without doubt an error. In our -area it is a low crooked tree and grows with its base submerged more or -less during the year. The idea of the proportions of this tree can be -obtained from the measurements taken from the largest tree now known in -Indiana, which is located on the shore of Dan's pond in Knox County. It -measures 158 cm. (66 inches) in circumference at 1 m. above the ground, -and is estimated to be 10 m. (30 feet) high. This species is too rare to -be of economic importance. - -=Gleditsia aquatica x triacanthos.= Dr. Schneck[58] found two honey -locust trees which he described as hybrids of the two species. The one -was located on the bank of Dan's pond in Knox County, and the other in -Gibson County. The original description is as follows: "In both -instances the pods are the distinguishing feature. These are very much -alike in both trees, being about 5 inches long, 1-1/2 inches wide, -smooth, shining, of a light brown color and entirely destitute of pulp. -Otherwise the tree cannot be distinguished from the trees among which -they stand. They are both about 50 feet high, with short stems and -spreading branches, and stand about 5 miles apart." The writer has five -fruiting specimens from these two trees, taken by Dr. Schneck. Two of -the sheets have the round and branched spines of _G. triacanthos_. - - -=3. GYMNOCLADUS.= The Coffee Tree. - -=Gymnocladus dioica= (Linnaeus) Koch. Coffeenut Tree. Plate 108. Medium -sized trees; bark of trunks fissured, the ridges often curling up along -the sides, very hard; twigs at first hairy, becoming glabrous and -mottled gray-brown by the end of the season, robust, usually about 1 cm. -in diameter; leaves alternate, twice pinnate, 3-9 dm. long, leaflets -usually 6-10 pairs, ovate, generally from 3-4 cm. long, generally -oblique and rounded, wedge-shape or truncate at the base, acute or very -sharp-pointed at the apex, petiolules about 1 mm. long, pubescent on -both sides at first, becoming glabrous or nearly so at maturity; flowers -of two kinds, the male and female on separate trees, appearing in May or -June; fruit a pod generally about 1-2 dm. long, thick, curved; seeds -generally 4-7, large, flattened about 2 cm. in diameter; wood heavy, not -hard, coarse-grained and takes a high polish. - -=Distribution.=--New York, southwestern Ontario to southern Minnesota -south to Tennessee and Arkansas. This species has been reported or is -known to exist in 33 counties in various parts of the State. It no doubt -was native to every county of the State, except it be those bordering -Lake Michigan from which we have no reports. It is a rare tree in all -parts. Only exceptionally is it found even frequently. A few trees may -be found in one place, and it will not be found again for many miles. No -doubt there are many areas with a radius of 5 to 10 miles where this -tree never occurred. It is usually found in alluvial soil along streams, -or nearby terraces. - -=Remarks.=--This species generally is not very tall, and is usually -found in open places in the forest or cut-over lands. However, one -specimen was seen in Posey County that was as tall as a specimen of -pecan of equal size that grew nearby. This species was so rare in this -vicinity that I was asked to drive three miles to identify this tree -which no one could name. - -Coffeenut, which is sometimes called Kentucky coffeenut, has always been -so rare as to be of little economic importance. It has no qualities to -recommend it for ornamental planting. - - - - -=FABACEAE.= The Pea Family. - - -Trees, shrubs, vines or herbs with alternate leaves, mostly compound; -flowers with five petals which are pea-like (papilionaceous); stamens -generally 10; fruit a legume. - -[Illustration: Plate 108. - -GYMNOCLADUS DIOICA (Linnaeus) Koch. Coffeenut Tree. (x 9/20).] - - - - -=ROBINIA.= The Locusts. - - -=Robinia Pseudo-Acacia= Linnaeus. Locust. Black Locust. Plate 109. Medium -sized trees with deeply furrowed bark; twigs at first green and hairy, -becoming at the end of the season glabrous and a light brown, the -stipules developing in about a year into a pair of woody spines about 2 -cm. long; leaves pinnate, 1.5-3 dm. long; leaflets 7-17 on short stalks, -ovate to oblong, 2-6 cm. long, rounded at base, rounded or pointed and -with a small indenture at apex, margin entire, pubescent on both sides -at first, becoming at maturity glabrous above and remaining more or less -pubescent below, especially on the midrib; flowers in loose racemes, -white, expanding in May or June; fruit a flat and slightly curved pod -about 5-10 cm. long, glabrous; seeds usually 4-8 in each pod, about 4 -mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide; wood heavy, very hard, close-grained, takes a -good polish, very durable in contact with the soil. - -=Distribution.=--Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania south to -northern Georgia, and in Arkansas. In Indiana it is found as an escape -in all parts and was doubtless native along the Ohio River, at least in -the southeastern part of the State. Thomas[59] says: "We had gazed at -the majestic beech of this country (near Rising Sun) three feet in -diameter; we had seen the honey locust, the black walnut, a buckeye of -equal magnitude; and then we saw with surprise, the black locust almost -a rival in stature." Drake[60] says: "The flowering locust is abundant -in Kentucky. Along the Ohio River it is rarely found more than 30 miles -north of the river." - -=Remarks.=--This tree is generally known as the locust tree, but is -sometimes called the yellow locust. - -Locust wood is somewhat lighter than white oak, but it is 34 percent -stiffer and 45 per cent stronger. These remarkable qualities added to -its durability in contact with the ground make it one of the most -desirable trees for forest planting. The wood has been used principally -for posts, ties, tree nails, etc. The locust when grown close together -usually grows to 8-12 inches in diameter. There are, however, specimens -that have grown in the open that are almost three feet in diameter. The -pioneers used it extensively for ornamental planting, and it has escaped -from such planting in all parts of the State. It propagates easily by -root shoots which is the principal mode of spreading, except where the -seed fall on exposed soil. - -[Illustration: Plate 109. - -ROBINIA PSEUDO-ACACIA Linnaeus. Black Locust. (x 1/2.)] - -The locust has of recent years been extensively planted for post timber. -It is very easily propagated from seedlings and grows rapidly. It is -adapted to all kinds of soil, except a wet one. It prefers a well -drained soil and seems to grow as fast in a loose clay soil as in a -black loam. When used for forest planting the spacing should be from 5 x 5 -feet to 8 x 8 feet. The spacing should be governed by the quality of the -soil, and the amount of pruning that can be done. The locust has the -habit of having the terminal to end in a fork and having one or more -very large side branches. The best management requires that the very -large side branches be removed as soon as they are noted, and one part -of the terminal forks be cut off. - -The locust until recently gave great promise of being an important tree -for planting sterile, washed and eroded slopes, on which it usually -thrives and in many cases grows thriftily. However, reports from all -parts of the State show that locust groves wherever planted are being -killed by the locust body borer. The locust has also been attacked by -the twig borer, bag worm and the leaf miner. At present there are no -known economic means of controlling these destructive pests, and until -they can be controlled, the planting of locust for commercial purposes -will not prove profitable. - - - - -=SIMARUBACEAE.= The Quassia Family. - - -=AILANTHUS.= Tree of Heaven. - -=Ailanthus altissima= (Miller) Swingle. Tree of Heaven. Stink Tree. -(_Ailanthus glandulosa_ Desfontaines). Plate 110. Medium sized trees -with dark gray bark, thin, rough or fissured on old trees; branchlets -very robust; twigs smooth; leaves compound and very large, especially on -coppice shoots, usually about 4-6 dm. long, odd-pinnate, arranged -spirally on the branchlets; leaflets 13-41, ovate-oblong, acuminate, -oblique at base, entire or with a few blunt teeth toward the base, -smooth or hairy when they unfold, becoming smooth at maturity, dark -green above, lighter beneath; flowers appear in June in large terminal -panicles, the staminate and pistillate on different trees; fruit -maturing in autumn, consists of many light brown, twisted and -broadly-winged samaras which are about 1 cm. wide and 4-5 cm. long. - -=Distribution.=--A native of China. Introduced and spreading in cities, -and into fields and woods in the southern part of the State. The most -notable occurrence is in Jefferson County on the wooded bluffs of the -Ohio River between Madison and Hanover. - -=Remarks.=--Where the sugar and black maple can not be used for shade -tree planting this tree should receive attention. It adapts itself to -all kinds of soils, and to all kinds of growing conditions such as -smoke, etc. The crown is of an oval or rounded type. It stands pruning -and injury to trunk or branches quite well. It is practically free from -all diseases and insect injury. The leaves appear late but they do not -fall until the first killing frost when they are killed, and frequently -practically all of the leaves will fall in one day. The staminate -flowers exhale a fetid odor for a few days which is about the only -objectionable feature in this tree. In order to obviate this objection, -nurserymen are now offering for sale pistillate trees which have been -grafted on common stock. - -[Illustration: Plate 110. - -AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA (Miller) Swingle. Ailanthus or Tree of Heaven. -(x 1/2.)] - - - - -=ACERACEAE.= The Maple Family. - - -=ACER.= The Maples. - -Trees with terete branches; scaly buds; long petioled, opposite leaves; -fruit consists of two long-winged samaras which are joined at their -base, separating at maturity. The sap of some of the species, when -concentrated, yields the maple sugar and sirup of commerce. - - Leaves trifoliate or pinnate 1 A. Negundo. - - Leaves simple. - - Winter buds blunt; flowers appear from lateral buds before - the leaves; fruit maturing in the spring or early summer. - - Leaves entirely glabrous beneath at maturity, 5-lobed; - the two sinuses between the three largest lobes - generally somewhat closed, formed as it were by - the arcs of two circles which meet to form the - sinus, and which if they were extended outward - would cross each other within a few dm. of the - sinus; fruit more or less pubescent at maturity 2 A. saccharinum. - - Leaves are never all entirely glabrous at maturity, - 3-5 lobed; the two largest sinuses are generally - angular with straight sides which if extended - outward would never cross; fruit smooth at maturity. - - Twigs smooth at maturity; leaves at maturity smooth - beneath except a few hairs in the axils of the - veins, or more rarely the entire lower surface - covered more or less with a short pubescence; - mature fruit generally 2-3.5 cm. long 3 A. rubrum. - - Twigs more or less pubescent at maturity; leaves - beneath covered with a dense tomentum which - remains until maturity or sometimes becoming - scanty; fruit about 4-5 cm. long var. Drummondii. - - Winter buds acute, sometimes somewhat blunt; flowers - appear from terminal buds after the leaves; fruit - maturing in the autumn. - - Leaves yellow green beneath; base of the petiole of - the terminal leaves enlarged at the base, smooth - or somewhat pubescent about the enlarged base. 4 A. nigrum. - - Leaves not yellow green beneath; base of the petiole - of the terminal leaves not enlarged, petioles smooth, - or if pubescent at the base the pubescence will be - more or less evident the entire length of the petiole. - - Petioles smooth; leaves 3-5 lobed, blade as long - or longer than wide, not densely pubescent - beneath at maturity. 5 A. saccharum. - - Petioles smooth; leaves 3-lobed, blades wider than - long. A. saccharum var. - Rugelii. - Petioles pubescent, rarely smooth; leaves 5-lobed, - rarely 3-lobed, the under surface densely - pubescent at maturity. A. saccharum var. - Schneckii. - -=1. Acer Negundo= Linnaeus. Box Elder. Plate 111. A medium-sized tree -with a short trunk and round head; bark of young trees smooth and gray, -becoming thick on old trees, light to dark brown and more or less -furrowed or rarely somewhat flaky; twigs smooth and greenish; leaves of -average size are 1.5-3 dm. long, generally with 3 leaflets on the -flowering branches, sometimes 5 or rarely with 7, on sterile branches or -on growing shoots 3-7, the petioles generally 1/3-1/2 the length of the -leaf and glabrous or nearly so at maturity; leaflets all on stalks more -or less pubescent, the lateral stalks short, the terminal ones much -longer, leaflets of varying size and shape, the margins usually varying -from lobed to serrate or entire, pinnately veined, smooth above at -maturity and remaining more or less pubescent beneath, especially along -the veins; flowers appear just before the leaves the last of April or -the first of May, the staminate and pistillate on separate trees; fruit -matures late in summer, the body of the samara green and more or less -pubescent. - -=Distribution.=--New England to Florida, west to Minnesota and south to -eastern Texas. In Indiana, it is found throughout the State in moist or -wet places along creeks and rivers, and infrequently on the highlands -along roadsides and fences. Its original distribution in the State can -only be conjectured. Judging from its tolerance to shade and its -habitat, and from the earliest reports of its occurrence in the State, -this species was quite rare in the northern part of the State, becoming -infrequent to frequent in its habitat in the southern part of the State. -Even today it is rather local in its distribution. I have never seen it -on the low mucky border of a lake. - -=Remarks.=--This species on account of its rapid growth was formerly -much used in our area as a shade tree. It is believed that most of the -trees now found along roadsides, fences, clearings and on the drier -banks of streams are from seed distributed by the wind from planted -trees. This species is now little used as a shade tree and is never -recommended because it sheds its leaves early, and is subject to injury -from disease and insects. - -[Illustration: Plate 111. - -ACER NEGUNDO Linnaeus. Box Elder. (x 1/2.)] - -=1a. Acer Negundo= variety =violaceum= Kirchner. (_Rulac Nuttallii_ -Nieuwland). This variety is distinguished by its glaucous twigs and by -the body of the fruit being glabrous at maturity. In most instances when -the bloom is rubbed from the twigs they show a purple tinge, hence the -varietal name. - -=Distribution.=--I have this variety in Indiana from the following -counties: Brown, Cass, Elkhart, Franklin, Fulton, Hendricks, Henry, -Jennings, Lagrange, Martin, Posey, St. Joseph, Vermillion and Wayne. - -=2. Acer saccharinum= Linnaeus. Silver Maple. Soft Maple. White Maple. -Plate 112. Medium sized trees; bark of small trees smooth and gray, -becoming on old trees reddish-brown, and freely splitting into thin -scales; branchlets light to reddish-brown and generally turning upward -at their tips; leaves generally about 1 dm. long, generally somewhat -cordate at the base, sometimes truncate, deeply 3-lobed, each of the -lateral lobes with an additional lobe below, margins of all of the lobes -more or less irregular or even lobed, the two principal sinuses -generally show a tendency to close, leaves hairy beneath when young, -glabrous above and below at maturity and very glaucous beneath; flowers -appear in March or April in the axils of the leaves of the previous -year, the staminate and pistillate in separate clusters on the same or -different trees; fruit on pedicels 1.5-6 cm. long, maturing in the -spring or early summer, green, densely hairy while young and remaining -more or less hairy at maturity, 4-7 cm. long, wings 1-2 cm. wide. - -=Distribution.=--New Brunswick to Florida, west to South Dakota and -south to Texas. Locally frequent to very common in all parts of Indiana. -This species is always found in wet or moist places, and in the lower -Wabash bottoms in low overflow lands or in or about old sloughs it often -forms the principal stand. It is more frequently associated with black -willow, white elm, red birch, sycamore, etc. - -=Remarks.=--The silver maple has been used extensively for shade tree -planting. The branches are very brittle, and ice storms sometimes break -off so many branches that the tree may be badly injured. The shade trees -of this species are in many parts of the state being killed by scale -insects, and for this reason it should not be used. On account of its -rapid growth it has also been much used for windbreaks but this practice -should be discouraged and better species used. - -[Illustration: Plate 112. - -ACER SACCHARINUM Linnaeus. Silver Maple. (x 1/2.)] - -=3. Acer rubrum= Linnaeus. Red Maple. Soft Maple. Swamp Maple. Plate 113. -Medium to large sized trees; bark of small trees smooth and gray, -becoming dark brown on old trees, somewhat furrowed and scaly; -branchlets smooth and reddish; twigs generally smooth but sometimes -hairy, becoming glabrous by autumn; leaves 5-12 cm. long, 3-5 lobed, -more or less cordate at the base, sometimes truncate or rounded, sinuses -acute, those of 3-lobed leaves generally wider angled than those of -5-lobed ones, the lobes more or less irregularly serrate or dentate, -hairy while young, glabrous above and more or less hairy beneath at -maturity, glaucous beneath; flowering period March or April; flowers red -or reddish, in the axils of the leaves of the previous year, the -staminate and pistillate in separate clusters on the same or different -trees; fruit maturing late in spring, on pedicels 3-8 cm. long, -generally red, sometimes green, glabrous at maturity, rarely somewhat -pubescent, 1.5-3.5 cm. long. - -=Distribution.=--Newfoundland to Florida, west to Minnesota and south to -Texas. It is found in all parts of Indiana. Its preferred habitat is -that of low ground about lakes, swamps, along streams and in the "flats" -in the southeast part of the State. Throughout its range in Indiana -where it is found in low ground, it is in places rich in organic matter, -except in the "flats" of the southern part of the State where it grows -in a hard clay soil with sweet gum, red birch, etc. In contrast the -silver maple is generally found growing in wet places with little -organic matter; especially is this true in the lower Wabash bottoms. The -red maple grows also on high ground. In the northern part of the State -it is only an occasional tree of gravelly ridges or on high ground about -lakes or along streams. In the southern part of the State it is a local -to a frequent tree in most parts of the "knob" area where it is -associated with white oak, black oak, black gum, etc. It is also an -occasional tree on the top of bluffs and cliffs. - -=Remarks.=--The red maple is not abundant enough in Indiana to be of any -economic importance. It grows rapidly and should replace the silver -maple for shade tree planting since its branches are not broken off as -easily by ice storms and it is more resistant to insect attack. - -=3a. Acer rubrum= variety =Drummondii= (Hooker and Arnott) Torrey and -Gray. This variety of the red maple is a form found in the dense swamps -of the lower Wabash Valley. It is distinguished from the type by its -twigs which generally remain more or less hairy until maturity; by the -under surface of the leaves remaining more or less tomentose during the -summer, and by its larger fruit. This variety is known with certainty -only from Little Cypress Swamp in Knox County about 12 miles southwest -of Decker. Here it is a frequent to a common tree associated with -cypress, swell-butt ash, button-bush, sweet gum, etc. All of the trees -of this locality have 5-lobed leaves. - -[Illustration: Plate 113. - -ACER RUBRUM Linnaeus. Red Maple. (x 1/2.)] - -A specimen collected in the "bottoms" about two miles east of -Huntingburg in Dubois County has 3-lobed leaves which are tomentose -beneath at fruiting time and has fruit intermediate in size between the -type and variety _Drummondii_ which I doubtfully refer to variety -tridens Wood. - -=4. Acer nigrum= F. A. Michaux. Black Maple. Black Sugar. Plate 114. -Medium to large sized trees with dark furrowed bark on old trees; leaves -a little wider than long, 6-15 cm. long, on petioles usually 3-15 cm. -long which are more or less swollen at the base and by maturity develop -a scale like appendage on each side of the petiole at the -base--especially on each of the terminal pair of leaves, sometimes with -foliar stipules which are 2-3 cm. long on stalks of equal length, leaves -with three main lobes, the two lower lobes generally have a small lobe -at their base, margins of lobes entire and undulating, sinuses between -main lobes generally rounded at the base, wide and shallow, base with a -narrow sinus, the lower lobes often overlapping, rarely somewhat -dentate, dark green above and a paler yellow green below, hairy on both -surfaces when young, becoming at maturity glabrous above and remaining -more or less pubescent beneath; flowers appear in May when the leaves -are about half grown on long hairy pedicels, the staminate and -pistillate in separate clusters on the same or different trees; fruit -matures in autumn, the samaras about 3 cm. long. - -=Distribution.=--Quebec to Georgia, west to South Dakota and south to -Louisiana. Found in all parts of Indiana and invariably associated with -sugar maple, and often with beech in addition. Frequently almost pure -stands of sugar maple may be found with the black maple absent. Where -found it is usually a frequent to common tree, and when it occurs on a -wooded slope it is more frequent near the base and appears to be able to -advance farther into moist situations than its congener. - -=Remarks.=--This tree cannot be distinguished from the sugar maple by -its form, but at short range can be separated from it by its richer -green foliage and by the drooping habit of the lower lobes of the -leaves. It is commonly separated from the sugar maple by the darker -color and by the narrower and shallower furrows of the bark, but these -characters will not always separate the two species. Hence, when buying -black maple trees from a nurseryman you may receive the sugar maple. -Those who distinguish the two species agree that the black maple is the -more desirable tree for shade tree planting. The black and sugar maple -are the two most desirable trees for shade tree planting in Indiana. -They are long lived, have a very desirable form, beautiful foliage, a -long leaf period, and are quite free from disease and insect injury. - -[Illustration: Plate 114. - -ACER NIGRUM. F. A. Michaux. Black Maple. (x 1/2.)] - -=5. Acer saccharum= Marshall. Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Hard Maple. Rock -Maple. Plate 115. Usually large, tall trees. The bark of small trees is -smooth or rough, becoming fissured on old trees, tight or on very old -trees sometimes the ridges loosen on one edge and turn outward. The -leaves are extremely variable on different trees, and frequently show a -wide variation on the same tree, as to form and in the presence or -absence of hairs on the petioles and on the under surface of the leaves. -In our area all of the forms which have the majority of the leaves -longer than wide or about as wide as long, may be considered as falling -within the type. The average sized leaves are 6-12 cm. long, 3-5 lobed, -more or less cordate at the base, generally with a broad sinus, -sometimes truncate or slightly wedge-shape, sinuses generally -wide-angled and rounded at the base, sometimes acute, hairy beneath when -young, becoming smooth at maturity except for a few hairs along the -veins or in the main axils of the veins, or sometimes remaining more or -less pubescent over the whole under surface, more or less glaucous -beneath; flowers appear in April or May, on hairy pedicels 3-7 cm. long, -the staminate and pistillate in clusters on the same or different trees; -fruit ripening in autumn, samaras glabrous and usually 2-4 cm. long. - -=Distribution.=--Newfoundland to Georgia, west to Manitoba and south to -Texas. A frequent to a very common tree in all parts of Indiana. It is -confined to rich uplands, or along streams in well drained alluvial -soil. Throughout our area it is constantly associated with the beech. It -is absent in the "flats" of the southeastern part of the State, and on -the crest of the ridges of the "knob" area of Indiana, but it is a -frequent or common tree on the lower slopes of the spurs of the "knobs." - -=Remarks.=--The under surface of the leaves of the sugar maple in the -northern part of its range are green, while those of the southern part -of its range are quite glaucous beneath. To distinguish these two -intergrading forms the southern form has been called =Acer saccharum= -var. =glaucum= Sargent[61]. All of the trees seen in Indiana have leaves -more or less glaucous beneath. This character, however, is not always -evident in dried specimens. The writer prefers not to apply the varietal -name to the forms of our area. The sugar maple always has been and will -continue to be one of the most important trees of the State. In its mass -distribution in Indiana it ranks not less than third. In the quality and -uses of its wood it is equalled or exceeded only by the oak, ash and -hickory. When compared with white oak it is a little lighter but thirty -per cent stronger and fifty-three per cent stiffer. The greatest amount -of the annual cut of maple is worked into flooring which is shipped to -all parts of the world. It is much used in the manufacture of furniture -and ranks third in use for veneer and hard wood distillation, and as a -fuel wood is excelled only by hickory. Since pioneer times, the sap of -this tree has been made into sirup and sugar and their manufacture now -forms a valuable industry. On an average it takes 3 to 4 gallons of sap -to make a pound of sugar, and an average sized tree will annually yield -about 3 to 4 pounds of sugar. - -[Illustration: Plate 115. - -ACER SACCHARUM Marshall. Sugar Maple. (x 1/2.)] - -The sugar maple on account of its slow growth has not been used much in -reforestation. It is very tolerant of shade, can adapt itself to almost -all kinds of soils, thrives either in a pure or mixed stand, and is -practically free from injury of insects and diseases. It has, however, -been extensively used as a shade tree. For this purpose it is scarcely -excelled by any other tree. When grown in the open it almost invariably -assumes a symmetrical oval form, and the autumnal coloration of its -foliage is rarely surpassed by any of our trees. Where a large tree is -desired for street or ornamental planting the sugar maple can safely be -recommended. - -=5a. Acer saccharum= variety =Rugelii= (Pax) Rehder. This variety of the -sugar maple has leaves much wider than long, smaller and 3-lobed. The -lobes are long acuminate and usually entire, sometimes the lower lobe -has a small lobe near the base. This variety is included in our flora on -the authority of C. S. Sargent who has given this name to specimens from -Indiana in the writer's herbarium. The specimens so named are from the -southern part of the State. While there is a wide range of difference in -the shape of the leaves of the typical 5-lobed _Acer saccharum_ and its -variety _Rugelii_, all intermediate forms can be easily found. The -leaves of a tree will vary most on those trees whose average shaped -leaves are farthest from the typical form. - -=5b. Acer saccharum= variety =Schneckii= Rehder. This variety in its -extreme form is well marked by having the petioles and under surface of -the leaves densely covered with hairs. The variety is characterized by -having a "fulvous pubescence," but the 18 specimens at hand show the -color of the pubescence on both young and mature specimens to range from -white to fulvous. The leaves of all specimens at hand are 5-lobed and -show a variation of leaves with petioles and under surface of leaves -densely pubescent to those with petioles glabrous and with densely -pubescent under surface. The habitat is that of a dry soil and -associated with beech. It has been found in Gibson, Martin, Perry, Posey -and Vanderburgh counties. - - - - -=AESCULACEAE.= The Buckeye Family. - - -=AESCULUS.= The Buckeyes. - -Trees with dark or ashy-gray colored bark; twigs stout; buds large, -leaves opposite, palmately divided into 5-9 ovate or oblong divisions, -the divisions serrate; flowers in terminal panicles; fruit a 3-lobed -capsule. The fruit is poisonous to stock, although it rarely proves -fatal. - - Anthers protruding from the flower; fruit warty 1 A. glabra. - - Anthers included in the flower; fruit smooth 2 A. octandra. - -=1. Aesculus glabra= Willdenow. Buckeye. Plate 116. Medium to large sized -trees[62]; bark of old trees fissured, not tight; branchlets robust; -twigs at first more or less pubescent, remaining more or less hairy -until maturity; leaves large, 5-foliate, rarely 6 or 7 foliate, petioles -more or less pubescent; leaflets sessile or on very short stalks, -ovate-oblong, oval-oblong, or obovate, about 1 dm. long, acuminate, -narrowed to a wedge-shaped base, more or less pubescent beneath until -maturity, especially along the principal veins, margins irregularly -serrate except near the base; flowers generally appear in May when the -leaves are almost full size, but in the southern part of the State the -flowers sometimes appear the last of March, flower clusters 1-1.5 dm. -long, the whole inflorescence usually densely covered with white hairs, -flowers pale-greenish yellow; fruit a globular spiny capsule, generally -3-6 cm. in diameter, which usually contains 1-3 large glossy -chocolate-colored nuts. - -The pubescence on the petioles, leaflets and inflorescence is generally -white, but often with it are reddish and longer hairs which are -scattered among the other hairs, except in the articulations of the -flowers, pedicels and leaflets, where they appear in tufts. - -=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania south to Alabama, west to Iowa and south -to the Indian Territory. Found in all parts of Indiana. It is usually -associated with beech, sugar maple and linn. On account of the poisonous -character of its fruit, land owners have almost exterminated it. - -From the data at hand it appears that the buckeye was a rare tree in the -northern tier of counties. However, as soon as the basin of the Wabash -is reached it becomes a frequent to a common tree where beech, sugar -maple, and linn are found. In all of our area it prefers a rich moist -soil, except in the southern counties it may be found even on the bluffs -of streams with the species just named. In the lower Wabash Valley -especially in Posey County it was a rare tree, or entirely absent. - -[Illustration: Plate 116. - -AESCULUS GLABRA Willdenow. Buckeye. (x 1/2.)] - -=Remarks.=--In our area the buckeye is the very first tree to put out -its leaves. On this account in early Spring it can be easily -distinguished in the forest. This character together with its large -clusters of flowers which appear early are features which recommend it -for shade tree and ornamental planting. The tree has now become so rare -in Indiana as to have no economic importance. - -=2. Aesculus octandra= Marshall. Buckeye. Sweet Buckeye. Plate 117. -Medium to large sized trees with smooth bark which on old trees becomes -more or less scaly. This tree closely resembles the preceding from which -it can be easily distinguished by the following characters. Its smoother -and lighter colored bark; by the entire under surface of the leaves -remaining permanently pubescent; the hairs more or less fulvous; by the -included anthers; and by its smooth capsule. - -=Distribution.=--Western Pennsylvania, westward along the Ohio to Iowa, -south to Georgia and west to Louisiana and Texas. In Indiana it is -confined to a few counties along the Ohio River. The records of McCaslin -for Jay and Phinney for Delaware counties are doubtless errors in -determination. The writer has diligently tried to extend the range of -this species in Indiana and has found it only in Dearborn, Jefferson, -Clark and Crawford Counties, and in no place more than a mile from the -Ohio River. No doubt under favorable situations it found its way to a -greater distance from the River. On account of the poisonous character -of its fruit, it has been almost exterminated, and only along the -precipitous bluffs of the Ohio River are trees yet to be found. -Doubtless its exact range in our area can never be determined. Dr. -Drake[63] minutely described this species and remarks: "This species -delights in rich hills, and is seldom seen far from the Ohio River. It -frequently arrives at the height of 100 feet and the diameter of four -feet." - -=Remarks.=--The wood is soft, white and resembles the sap wood of the -tulip tree for which wood it is commonly sold. Too rare in Indiana to be -of economic importance. Young[64] reported a purple flowered form of -buckeye from Jefferson County, but since no specimen was preserved and -the size of the plant is not given, it will not be considered here. The -form was reported as rare under the name of =Aesculus flava= var. -=purpurascens=. - -[Illustration: Plate 117. - -AESCULUS OCTANDRA Marshall. Sweet Buckeye. (x 1/2.)] - - - - -TILIACEAE. The Linden Family. - - -TILIA. The Basswoods. - -Trees with medium sized twigs; leaves alternate, mostly taper-pointed, -oblique cordate or truncate at the base, serrate; flowers in axillary or -terminal cymes, white or yellow, fragrant, peduncles of the cymes with a -leaf-like bract adhering to about half their length; fruit nut-like, -woody, 1-celled. - - Leaves smooth or nearly so beneath 1 T. glabra. - - Leaves densely white or gray pubescent beneath 2 T. heterophylla. - - -=1. Tilia glabra= Ventenat (_Tilia americana_ Linnaeus of authors). Linn. -Basswood. Plate 118. Medium to large sized trees with deeply furrowed -bark, much resembling that of white ash or black walnut; twigs when -chewed somewhat mucilaginous, usually somewhat zigzag; leaves on -petioles 2-6 cm. long, blades ovate to nearly orbicular, 5-15 cm. long, -short or long acuminate at the apex, margins more or less coarsely or -finely serrate with teeth attenuate and ending in a gland, dark green -and smooth above, a lighter green and generally smooth beneath at -maturity except tufts of hairs in the axils of the principal veins, or -sometimes with a scanty pubescence of simple or stellate hairs beneath; -flowers appear in June or July, when the leaves are almost mature; -bracts of the peduncles very variable, generally about 8-10 cm. long, -rounded, or tapering at the base, obtuse or rounded at the apex, smooth -both above and beneath at maturity; peduncles from very short up to 6 -cm. in length; pedicels of flowers variable in length on the same and on -different trees, generally about one cm. long; styles pubescent near the -base on all of the specimens at hand; fruit woolly, globose or somewhat -ellipsoidal, generally about 6 mm. in diameter. - -=Distribution.=--New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Georgia and west to -Texas. More or less frequent to common in rich moist soil in all parts -of Indiana. It is the most frequent and common in the lake area of the -State but was almost as frequent and common throughout the central part -of the State until the hilly area is reached where its habitat -disappears for the greater part. In the hill area it is confined to the -basins of streams, although sometimes found on the high rocky bluffs of -streams. Rare or absent in the flats. In most of its area it is -associated with white ash, slippery elm, beech, maple, shellbark -hickory, etc. - -=Remarks.=--Wood soft, light, straight and close-grained, white and -seasons well. On account of its softness and lightness it has always -been a favorite wood where these two factors were important -considerations. Is practically odorless, hence, is a desirable wood to -contain food products. Its principal uses are lumber, heading, excelsior -and veneer. The supply of this species in Indiana is now practically -exhausted. - -[Illustration: Plate 118. - -TILIA GLABRA Ventenat. Linn or Basswood. (x 1/2.)] - -In Indiana this species is commonly called linn, and only in a few -counties near the Michigan line is it known as basswood. The name -basswood is a corruption of the name bastwood, meaning the inner tough -and fibrous part of the bark, which was used by pioneers for tying -shocks of corn, and other cordage purposes. However, Dr. Schneck gives -the name whittle-wood as one of its common names; and in some localities -it is called bee tree, because bees find its flowers rich in honey. - -Linn is adapted to a rich moist soil, transplants fairly well, and grows -rapidly. It has been used to some extent as an ornamental and shade -tree, but its use as a street shade tree is no longer recommended -because it is not adapted to city conditions, and is killed by the -scale. It could, however, be recommended as an integral part of a -windbreak, or woodlot where the land owner has an apiary. - -=2. Tilia heterophylla= Ventenat. Linn. White Basswood. Plate 119. -Usually large trees; bark similar to the preceding but lighter in color; -twigs similar to the preceding species; leaves on petioles 2-8 cm. long, -blades ovate to nearly orbicular, generally 7-15 cm. long, generally -oblique at the base, oblique-truncate or cordate at the base, abruptly -short or long acuminate at the apex, margins serrate with teeth -attenuate and ending in a gland, at maturity smooth and a dark -yellow-green above, the under surface generally densely covered with a -silvery or gray tomentum, however, on some specimens the pubescence is -thin and appears as a stellate pubescence, the tufts of hairs in the -principal axils of the veins are reddish brown, in addition to the -pubescence reddish glands are often found on the veins beneath; flowers -appear in June or July when the leaves are almost mature; bracts very -variable. 4-15 cm. long, generally on short peduncles, rounded or -wedge-shape at the base, generally rounded at the apex, sometimes merely -obtuse, glabrous both above and below, or more or less densely pubescent -beneath and generally sparingly pubescent above; pedicels of flowers -variable in length, usually about 1 cm. long; styles of flowers -pubescent at the base; fruit globose or somewhat ellipsoidal generally -6-8 mm. in diameter. - -=Distribution.=--This species as understood by Sargent ranges from West -Virginia to Indiana and south to Florida and west to Alabama. In Indiana -it is confined to counties near the Ohio River. Specimens are in the -writer's herbarium from Dearborn, Ripley, Switzerland, Jefferson, Clark, -Harrison, Crawford, Perry, southeastern Dubois and east Spencer -Counties. Practically in all of its range in Indiana it is found on the -tops of high bluffs along streams or on the slopes of deep ravines. It -is an infrequent to a common tree where found. In general in the -counties just mentioned it supplants the other species of _Tilia_. It -was reported from Wayne County by Phinney, and Schneck says a single -tree was found near the mouth of White River. The last named tree may be -_Tilia neglecta_ which is said to be found just west in Illinois. - -[Illustration: Plate 119. - -TILIA HETEROPHYLLA Ventenat. White Basswood. (x 1/2.)] - -=Remarks.=--Wood and uses similar to that of the preceding species. In -Indiana the species are not commercially separated. - -A satisfactory division of the species of _Tilia_ of the United States -has long been a puzzle. C. S. Sargent[65] has recently published his -studies of the species and credits Indiana with two species and one -variety. His range of _Tilia neglecta_ might include a part of Indiana, -and it may be that the pubescent forms of _Tilia glabra_ in our area -should be referred to that species. Specimens No. 28043 and 28047 in the -writer's herbarium collected from trees on the high bluff of Graham -Creek in Jennings County, Sargent refers to =Tilia heterophylla= variety -=Michauxii= Sargent. While Sargent's key to _Tilia_ quite distinctly -separates the species and varieties, yet when specimens are collected -from an area where the species overlap and seem to intergrade, the task -of referring a specimen to the proper species or variety is not an easy -one. In fact the writer acknowledges his inability to satisfactorily -classify our forms of _Tilia_, and the present arrangement should be -accepted as provisional. - - - - -CORNACEAE. The Dogwood Family. - - -Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, opposite or whorled; fruit -mostly a drupe, 1 or 2 seeded. - - Leaves alternate; flowers of two kinds, the staminate in - heads, 5-parted; stigmas lateral. 1 Nyssa. - - Leaves opposite; flowers perfect, 4-parted; stigmas - terminal. 2 Cornus. - - -=1. NYSSA.= The Tupelos. - -=Nyssa sylvatica= Marshall. Gum. Black Gum. Sour Gum. Yellow Gum. -Pepperidge. Plate 120. Medium to large sized trees; bark on old trees -deeply and irregularly furrowed, the ridges broken up into small -lengths; twigs at first pubescent, becoming glabrous; leaves -oval-obovate or oblong, blades 5-12 cm. long on petioles 0.5-2 cm. long, -rather abruptly acuminate at apex, narrowed at the base, sometimes -rounded, margins entire, petioles and both surfaces pubescent when they -unfold, becoming glabrous above and glabrous or nearly so beneath at -maturity; flowers appear in May or June, the staminate in clusters, -numerous, small greenish-white, the pistillate 2-8 or solitary; fruit -ripens in autumn, a fleshy drupe, 1-3 of a cluster ripening on a pedicel -2-6 cm. long, ovoid, usually 10-12 mm. long, blue-black, sour and -astringent; stone generally cylindric and tapering at each end and with -10-12 indistinct ribs. - -[Illustration: Plate 120. - -NYSSA SYLVATICA Marshall. Black Gum. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario, southern Michigan, -southeastern Wisconsin[66] to Missouri and south to the Gulf. Found -throughout Indiana and no doubt was a native of practically every -county. It is an infrequent to a very rare tree in the northern half of -the State, becoming a common tree in certain parts of the southern -counties. In the northern part of the State it is usually found on dry -ground associated with the oaks, although it is also found with sugar -maple and beech. - -=Remarks.=--Wood heavy, soft, very difficult to split. Woodsmen always -speak of two kinds of black gum. There is one form which splits easily -which is designated as "yellow gum." This distinction has not been -substantiated. The uses of gum are many. The quality of not splitting -makes many uses for it. The greater amount of gum is used as rough -stuff. In the manufactures it is used for mine rollers, heading, boxes, -hatter's blocks, water pipes, firearms, wooden ware, musical -instruments, etc. - -The distinctive habit of growth of the black gum together with the -gorgeous coloring of the autumnal foliage recommend this species for -ornamental planting. It has an upright habit of growth, although the -trunk is more or less crooked. The crown when grown in the open is -usually pyramidal, composed of horizontal crooked branches. - - -=2. CORNUS.= Dogwood. - -=Cornus florida= Linnaeus. Dogwood. Flowering Dogwood. Plate 121. Usually -a small tree[67] 1-2 dm. in diameter; bark deeply fissured, the ridges -divided into short oblong, pieces; branchlets slender, in winter -condition turning up at the tips; twigs green and smooth or nearly so -from the first; leaves oval or slightly obovate, blades generally 5-12 -cm. long on petioles about 1 cm. long, generally abruptly taper-pointed -at apex, gradually narrowed and generally oblique at the base, margins -thickened and entire, or very slightly crenulate, appressed pubescent -both above and beneath, light green above and a grayish-green beneath; -flowering heads surrounded by an involucre of 4 large white or pinkish -bracts; the mature bracts are obovate, 2-4 cm. long, notched at the -apex, appear before the leaves in April or May; flowers are in a head, -numerous, small and greenish, opening usually about the middle of May as -the leaves appear or even when the leaves are one-third grown; fruit -ripens in September or October, an ovoid red drupe about 1 cm. long, -usually about 3-5 flowers of a head mature fruit; stone elliptic and -pointed at each end. - -[Illustration: Plate 121. - -CORNUS FLORIDA Linnaeus. Dogwood. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Southern Maine, southern Ontario, southern Michigan, to -Missouri and south to Florida and west to Texas. Found in all parts of -Indiana. Frequent to very common in all beech-sugar maple woods of the -State. It is very rare or absent in the prairie area of the northwest -part of the State, although it has been found in upland woods in all of -the counties bordering Lake Michigan. It is also a frequent or more -common tree in most parts of the State associated with white oak, or in -the southern part of the State with black and white oak. It prefers a -dry habitat, and is rarely found in wet situations. - -=Remarks.=--Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained and takes a high -polish. The Indians made a scarlet dye from the roots. It was used much -by the pioneers for wedges, mallets and handles for tools. The trees are -so small that they do not produce much wood. The present supply is used -principally for shuttles, golfheads, brush blocks, engraver's blocks, -etc. - -The mature fruit is much relished by squirrels and birds. - -The tree is quite conspicuous in the flowering season, and when the -fruit is maturing. These features recommend it for ornamental planting, -and it is used to some extent. The tree has a flat crown, and is quite -shade enduring. It is very difficult to transplant, and when the tree is -transplanted, if possible, some earth taken from under a live dogwood -tree, should be used to fill in the hole where it is planted. - - -=ERICACEAE.= The Heath Family. - -=Oxydendrum arboreum= (Linnaeus) DeCandolle. Sour Wood. Sorrel Tree. -Plate 122. Small trees with a gray and deeply fissured bark, much -resembling that of a young sweet gum tree; twigs and branchlets greenish -and smooth; leaves alternate, on petioles about a cm. long, oblong-oval, -generally 10-15 cm. long, narrowed at the base, acute or acuminate at -the apex, margins entire toward the base or sometimes all over, usually -about three-fourths is irregularly serrate with very short incurved -teeth, glabrous above and beneath except a puberulence on the midrib and -sometimes on the petiole to which an occasional prickle is added -beneath; flowers appear in June when the leaves are full grown, in large -panicles at the end of the year's growth, white, the whole inflorescence -covered with a short gray pubescence; fruit a capsule about 0.5 cm. long -on an erect and recurved pedicel of about the same length, maturing in -autumn. - -[Illustration: Plate 122. - -OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM (Linnaeus) DeCandolle. Sour Wood. Sorrel Tree. -(x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--A tree of the elevated regions of the area from -southeastern Pennsylvania to Florida and west to southern Indiana and -south to Louisiana. In Indiana it is definitely known to occur only in -Perry County at the base of a beech spur of the Van Buren Ridge about 7 -miles southeast of Cannelton. Here it is a common tree over an area of -an acre or two. The largest tree measured was about 1.5 dm. in diameter -and 12 meters high. Here it is associated with beech, sugar maple, -dogwood, sassafras, etc. When coppiced it grows long slender shoots -which the boys of the pioneers used for arrows. A pioneer who lived near -this colony of trees is the author of this use of the wood and he called -the tree "arrow wood." - - - - -=EBENACEAE.= The Ebony Family. - - -=Diospyros virginiana= Linnaeus. Persimmon. Plate 123. Small or medium -sized trees with deeply and irregularly fissured bark, the ridges broken -up into short lengths; twigs pubescent; leaves alternate, oval, -oblong-oval or ovate, generally 8-15 cm. long and 3-7 cm. wide, -narrowed, rounded or cordate at the base, short pointed at the apex, -margin entire but ciliate, slightly pubescent above when young, becoming -glabrous on age, more or less pubescent beneath, sometimes glabrous -except the midrib and margin; flowers appear in May or June on the -year's growth when the leaves are about half grown, greenish yellow, the -staminate on one tree and the pistillate on another; fruit ripens in -August, September or October, depressed-globose or oblong in shape, 2-3 -cm. in diameter, generally with 1-4 very hard flat seed. - -=Distribution.=--Connecticut to Iowa and south to the Gulf. In Indiana -it is confined to the south half of the State. We have no record of wild -trees being found north of Indianapolis, except Prof. Stanley Coulter -reports three trees growing in Tippecanoe County in situations such as -to indicate that they are native. It is doubtful if it was ever more -than a frequent tree in the original forest. In some of the hill -counties of the south central part of the State, it has become a common -tree in clearings and abandoned fields. It grows long surface roots from -which numerous suckers grow which form the "persimmon thickets." It -seems to thrive in the poorest and hardest of soils. However, it reaches -its greatest size in the alluvial bottoms of the Lower Wabash Valley. -Here large and tall trees have been observed on the low border of -sloughs, associated with such water-loving plants as water-locust, -button-bush, swell-butt ash, etc. It thrives equally well on the high -sandy ridges of Knox and Sullivan Counties. - -[Illustration: Plate 123. - -DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA Linnaeus. Persimmon. (x 1/2.)] - -=Remarks.=--The fruit is edible and the horticultural possibilities of -this tree have never received the attention they deserve. The opinion is -current that the fruit does not ripen and is not edible until it is -subjected to a frost. This is an error. The best and largest fruit I -have ever eaten ripened without a frost. A large native tree on the -Forest Reserve in Clark County ripens its fruit in August, which is of -an excellent quality and usually has only one, and rarely more than -three seeds. The fruit of this tree is of the oblong type. The fruit -varies much in size, time of ripening and quality. Some is scarcely -edible. Some of the native trees bear fruit when they are not over eight -feet tall, some are usually prolific bearers while others bear -sparingly. For this reason if one wishes to grow persimmon trees it is -best to buy grafted trees from some reliable nurseryman. The tree is -hardy throughout Indiana and while it is a very slow growing tree, it -can nevertheless be recommended for ornamental and roadside tree -planting. It is to be noted that cattle will not browse persimmon, and -that hogs greedily eat the ripe fruit. The fruit of many trees does not -fall until early winter, and such trees are a granary for several kind -of animals of the forest. - -The wood is hard, heavy, strong and close-grained. Practically the whole -output of persimmon lumber is used in making shuttles. In Indiana the -tree is too rare to furnish much lumber. - - - - -=OLEACEAE.= The Olive Family. - - - Leaves compound; fruit dry, a samara. 1 Fraxinus. - - Leaves simple; fruit fleshy, a drupe. 2 Adelia. - - -=1. FRAXINUS.= The Ashes. - -Trees with opposite, odd-pinnate leaves; flowers appear in April or May -in clusters from the axils of last year's leaves, the staminate and -pistillate on different or sometimes on the same tree; fruit a 1-seeded -samara. - - Bark of mature trees furrowed; fruit not winged to the base. - - Body of fruit robust, round and rather abruptly passing - into the wing; the body rarely winged 1/3 its length. - - Shoots and axis of leaves smooth. 1 F. americana. - - Shoots and axis of leaves velvety pubescent, at least - when young. 2 F. biltmoreana. - - Body of fruit flattened and gradually passing into the - wing; the body usually winged more than 1/3 its length. - - Shoots glabrous, or practically so. 3 F. lanceolata. - - Shoots velvety pubescent, at least when young. - - Calyx of fruit less than 3 mm. long; body of - samara just below the wing less than 3 mm. - wide, rarely 4 mm. wide, usually 1.5-2.5 - mm. wide; samaras 3-4.5 cm. long. 4 F. pennsylvanica. - - Calyx of fruit more than 3 mm. long, generally - 4-5 mm. long; body of samara just below the - wing more than 3 mm. wide, usually 4-5 mm. - wide; samaras generally 4-6 cm. long. 5 F. profunda. - - Bark of mature trees scaly or flaky; fruit winged to the base. - - Twigs usually 4 angled; leaflets on very short - stalks. 6 F. quadrangulata. - - Twigs round; leaflets sessile. 7 F. nigra. - -=1. Fraxinus americana= Linnaeus. White Ash. Gray Ash. Plate 124. Large -trees with deeply furrowed bark; twigs smooth, greenish gray and often -covered with a bloom; leaves generally 2-3.5 dm. long, rachis smooth; -leaflets 5-9, usually 7, generally 5-14 cm. long, on stalks generally -0.3-1 cm. long, the terminal one on a stalk 2-4 times as long, leaflets -ovate to narrow-oblong, narrowed, rounded or oblique at base, short or -long acuminate at apex, sometimes merely acute, margins entire or -irregularly serrate, usually not serrated to the base, teeth short, dark -green and smooth above, glaucous beneath, sometimes almost green beneath -about Lake Michigan and in the northern tier of counties, usually -pubescent beneath along the midrib and along the veins, sometimes -glabrous; calyx persistent on the fruit, about 1 mm. long; fruit ripens -in September and October, linear, 3-4.5 cm. long, variable in size and -shape, body of samara cylindrical, somewhat narrower than the wing and -usually 1/3-1/4 the length of the samara, each face of the body usually -striated longitudinally with about 8 faint lines; wing terminal, -generally about 0.5 cm. wide, pointed or notched at apex. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to Minnesota and south to the Gulf. -Frequent to common in all parts of Indiana. It is the most abundant in -the northern two-thirds of the State, where it is associated principally -with beech, sugar maple, linn, slippery elm and red oak. In the hilly -part of the State it is found principally near water courses and in -ravines, and rarely on the white and black oak ridges. It is rarely -found in the low "flats" of the southeast part of the State, or in the -shingle oak bottoms along the Patoka River. - -=Remarks.=--The foliage of the white ash is quite variable in the -texture of the leaflets. Leaflets on some trees are quite thin while -those of other trees are thick and leathery, and no doubt would be -classed by Sargent as variety =subcoriacea=[68]. - -[Illustration: Plate 124. - -FRAXINUS AMERICANA Linnaeus. White Ash. (x 1/2.)] - -A form of white ash with reddish-purple fruit is found from Steuben to -Clark County. This form is the prevailing type of white ash in Wayne -County in the vicinity of Centerville. It has been described by Fernald -as forma =iodocarpa=.[69] - -The wood is heavy, hard, strong, elastic, sap wood white and the heart -wood light brown. It is one of the most valuable of Indiana woods, and -is used by almost all wood using industries. Its principal uses include -handles, butter tubs, car and vehicle stock, automobiles and implements. - -The white ash has been under cultivation at the Clark County State -Forest for fifteen years, and the present indications are that it is one -of the very best species to use for forest planting. It is hardy; grows -in nearly all kinds of soil, although it prefers a moist, rich soil; -transplants successfully; grows rapidly; bears pruning well; erect in -habit of growth, and so far in our area forest plantings have not been -destroyed by injurious insects. However, in some parts of the State, -where trees have grown in the cities, some have been killed by scale -insects. Aside from this the white ash would be an excellent tree for -roadside planting, because it comes into leaf late, and never produces a -dense shade. - -At present seed collectors are not able to separate the species of ash, -and as a consequence white ash seedlings bought from a nursery are not -always true to name. For this reason it is suggested that to obtain -seedlings true to name that seed be collected and planted from a tree -true to name. The seed should be planted in a sandy soil in rows, about -25 seeds to the foot, and covered about an inch deep with earth. The -trees should be planted 4 x 4 ft. to 8 x 8 ft. apart. - -=2. Fraxinus biltmoreana= Beadle. Biltmore Ash. Plate 125. Large forest -trees, resembling the white ash. Young trees acquire the furrowed bark -character earlier than the white ash, furrows of the bark of mature -trees are usually deeper, and the ridges correspondingly farther apart; -twigs are robust like the white ash and always velvety pubescent except -in age when they may become smooth; leaves generally 2-3.5 dm. long, -rachis pubescent; leaflets 5-11, usually 7-9, generally 5-14 cm. long, -on stalks generally 0.3-1 cm. long, the terminal one on a stalk 2-4 -times as long, leaflets broadly ovate to narrow ovate, or oblong to -narrow oblong, narrowed, rounded, or oblique at the base, short or long -acuminate at apex, sometimes merely acute, margins generally entire, -sometimes with a few short teeth toward the apex, dark green and smooth -above, glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath; fruit similar to the -preceding species. - -[Illustration: Plate 125. - -FRAXINUS BILTMOREANA Beadle. Biltmore Ash. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--This species has only recently been separated from the -white ash and its range has not been ascertained. It is known to occur -in the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. In Indiana it -is known to occur as far north as Wells County. It is commonly -associated with the white ash, but much less frequent except in a few -districts where it is the prevailing type. Such a district is in Gibson -County north of Owensville. Here as well as in other parts of Gibson -County very large trees have been observed. In the original forest the -pioneers called the very large specimens of ash with deeply furrowed -bark "the old fashion" ash. It is believed that most of these specimens -were of this species. In the hilly parts of Indiana this species is -found in situations too dry for the white ash, and for this reason -should be given preference in hillside planting. - -On the wooded bluff of White River in Fairview Park north of -Indianapolis is a specimen that measures 31 dm. in circumference, b.h. -The deepest furrows on the north side of the tree are 6 cm. deep. - -=Remarks.=--This species is not yet commonly separated from the white -ash and is known to the trade as white ash. Mr. Beadle who first -recognized the species, named it Biltmore ash in honor of the Biltmore -Estate on which the first tree was discovered. Authors ever since have -so called it, and the common name which this form should bear is -Biltmore ash. - -On the Clark County State Forest is a planting of sixteen year old white -ash in which are mixed quite a number of Biltmore ash. This species at a -distance, can be distinguished from the white ash by the rougher bark of -the trunks and the darker green color of its foliage, and in the autumn -by its more colored foliage. A closer view shows that the leaflets of -the Biltmore ash stand in a plane above the rachis higher than those of -the white ash. - -The wood is not commercially distinguished from the white ash, but its -mechanical properties rank it somewhat below that species.[70] - -[Illustration: Plate 126. - -FRAXINUS LANCEOLATA Borkhausen. Green Ash. (x 1/2.)] - -=3. Fraxinus lanceolata= Borckhausen. White Ash. Green Ash. Swamp Ash. -Plate 126. Medium to large sized trees with fissured bark, the ridges -and furrows narrower than those of the white ash; twigs slender and -glabrous at maturity; leaves generally 2-3 dm. long, rachis smooth, -rarely slightly pubescent; leaflets 5-9, usually 7, generally 5-15 cm. -long, on stalks generally about 0.5 cm. or less in length, the terminal -one on a stalk 2-4 times as long, leaflets generally narrow-oblong or -ovate to narrow ovate-oblong, generally with a narrowed base, sometimes -rounded and oblique, short or long acuminate at apex, margin entire near -the base, the remainder of the margin generally sparsely serrate with -short teeth, dark green and smooth above, a lighter green beneath and -more or less pubescent on the petiolules, midrib and veins; calyx -persistent, about 1 mm. long; fruit ripens in September and October, -linear or spatulate, 3-5 cm. long, variable in size and shape, body -1/3-1/2 the length of samara, compressed or flattened and gradually -narrowed to the base, usually less than half as wide as the wing, each -face of the body usually striated with about 2-4 lines which are -stronger than those near the edge of the body; wing generally 5-6 mm. -wide, pointed or notched at apex, and decurrent on the sides of the body -for about one-half of its length. - -=Distribution.=--Lake Champlain to the Saskatchewan and south to the -Gulf. Found in all parts of Indiana. It is usually found in low ground -along streams, in swamps, and in low woods. It is usually associated -with white elm, red maple, cottonwood, aspens, linn, bur oak, etc., in -the south to this list should be added silver maple and cypress. It -prefers a habitat wetter than that of the white ash, although the two -are found together in wet woods. In swampy woods it is often a common -tree. While it has a general distribution in the State, it is much more -local than the white ash. - -=Remarks.=--This form is not usually separated from the next species, -and both are known in books and by nurserymen as green or red ash. The -common name, green ash, should be applied to this species to separate it -from the true white ash, and the next. - -In ash forest plantings on the Clark County State Forest, it is to be -noted that this and the next species bear fruit while the trees are as -small as 1.5 cm. in diameter, while the white and Biltmore ash which are -much older and 6-8 cm. in diameter have never borne fruit. This species -and the next bear fruit oftener and in greater abundance than the white -or Biltmore ash. It is also to be noted that practically all of the -volunteer ash trees found along fences and roadsides, except very large -trees, are of the green ash species. - -The wood is similar to that of white ash, and the cut is usually sold as -that species. However, it ranks below white ash in its mechanical -qualities.[71] - -While the native green ash is found growing in swamps, it adapts itself -to drier situations. It is planted more than any other species of ash in -the cold and dry regions of the West and Northwest. - -[Illustration: Plate 127. - -FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA Marshall. Red Ash. (x 1/2.)] - -=4. Fraxinus pennsylvanica= Marshall. Red Ash. White Ash. Swamp Ash. -Plate 127. Usually medium sized trees much like the preceding; twigs -velvety pubescent at maturity; leaves generally 2-3 dm. long, rachis -pubescent; leaflets 5-9, usually 7, generally 5-15 cm. long, on stalks -generally about 0.5 cm. long, the terminal one on a stalk 2-4 times as -long, leaflets generally ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong to -narrow-oblong, generally with a narrowed base, sometimes rounded and -oblique, short or long acuminate at the apex, margins sometimes entire, -generally entire near the base, the remainder more or less serrated with -shallow teeth, dark green and smooth above, a lighter green beneath and -more or less densely pubescent all over the lower surface, especially on -the midrib and veins; calyx persistent, about 1 mm. long; fruit can not -be distinguished from the preceding. - -=Distribution.=--Quebec to Manitoba, and south to Florida. Found -sparingly in all parts of Indiana. It is usually found in low ground, -but frequently on bluffs, and flood plain banks. - -=Remarks.=--This species is not commonly separated from the white ash -group, but in books it is known as the red ash. This is the common name -that should be applied to this form. - -This species is not usually separated from the preceding, but it is -easily distinguished from it by its pubescent twigs. It can be -distinguished from the next by its smaller twigs, smaller calyx and -smaller fruit. - -The wood is similar to that of the white ash, and the cut is usually -sold as that species. In mechanical qualities it is on a par with the -green ash. - -=5. Fraxinus profunda= Bush. Swell-butt Ash. Plate 128. Medium or large -trees with fissured bark similar to the white ash; twigs robust and -velvety pubescent at least while young; leaves generally 2-4 dm. long, -rachis densely pubescent, rarely almost smooth; leaflets 5-9, generally -7, on stalks 0.5-1 cm. long, the terminal one on a stalk 2-4 times as -long, leaflets ovate, narrow-ovate to narrow-oblong, narrowed or rounded -and oblique at the base, short or long taper-pointed at the apex, -margins entire, rarely with a few short teeth, dark green and smooth -above, a lighter green and densely pubescent beneath, rarely somewhat -smooth; calyx persistent, generally 4-5 mm. long, rarely as short as 3 -mm.; fruit ripening in September and October, linear, generally 4-6 cm. -long, variable in size and shape, body about 1/3 the length of the -samara, compressed or flattened and gradually narrowed to the base, the -striations on the face of the body not prominent and usually not -distinct the full length of the body, samara often unilateral or -somewhat falcate; wings notched or merely rounded at the apex, decurrent -on the body 1/4-1/2 its length, sometimes almost terminal. - -[Illustration: Plate 128. - -FRAXINUS PROFUNDA Bush. Swell-butt or Pumpkin Ash. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Virginia, Indiana and Missouri, and south to Florida. -In Indiana the distribution has not been determined. It is a common to -an infrequent tree of the river sloughs and cypress swamps of the -southwestern counties. Authentic specimens are at hand from Knox, -Gibson, Posey, Perry, Bartholomew, Jackson, Marion and Daviess Counties, -and specimens from Hamilton, Tipton and Starke Counties, I doubtfully -refer to this species. The preferred habitat of this species is -inundated swamps, and when it grows in such situations it generally -develops a base swollen to a point somewhat above the water level. In -Bartholomew County it was found associated with the cow oak, and the -trunk resembled the white ash. - -=Remarks.=--This species is known by authors and commercially as pumpkin -ash. The wood is similar to white ash but is inferior to that species. -On account of its habitat this species was little cut until the past few -years when ash became scarce. During the past few years most of the deep -river and cypress swamps have been invaded and all of the ash cut. - -=6. Fraxinus quadrangulata= Michaux. Blue Ash. Plate 129. Medium to -large sized trees with light gray bark, not regularly fissured, scaly at -least above; twigs and branchlets more or less distinctly 4-angled, the -angles of vigorous shoots develop corky wings about 2 mm. high; leaves -generally 2-3 dm. long; leaflets 7-11, generally 7-15 cm. long, on short -stalks, usually 1-5 mm. long, sometimes sessile, the terminal one on a -stalk generally about 1-2 cm. long, leaflets ovate to lanceolate, -narrowed or rounded at the base, generally long acuminate at the apex, -margins rather regularly and coarsely serrated with short incurved -teeth, yellow-green and smooth above, about the same color beneath and -generally smooth except along the veins, midrib and petiolules which are -permanently pubescent; calyx very small, usually about 0.5 mm. long, and -persisting more or less in fruit; fruit ripens last of June to August, -samaras twisted, generally 3-4 cm. long and 8-10 mm. wide, rounded at -the base, notched or rounded and apiculate at the apex, the apical end -of all specimens at hand twisted to the right, the wing surrounds the -body. - -=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario to Iowa, and south to northern Alabama -and Arkansas. Found sparingly in most parts of Indiana, except the -northwest part. There are no records northwest of White and Noble -Counties. In the northern two-thirds of the State it is a rare to very -rare tree, generally found only along the bluffs of streams. In many -areas it is so rare that even the pioneers do not know the tree. It was -the most frequent in the southeastern part of the State. Here also it is -found principally along the higher banks of streams. While the species -is confined principally to high ground it also grew in lower ground. The -largest tree seen is on level ground at a fork of the road between -Charlestown and Jeffersonville about 3 miles northeast of -Jeffersonville. In 1918 this tree measured 28.2 dm. (104-1/2 inches) in -circumference breast high. - -[Illustration: Plate 129. - -FRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA Michaux. Blue Ash. (x 1/2.)] - -This species has not been observed in the "knob" area of the State or -anywhere in the flats of the Lower Wabash Valley. Schneck reports it as -rare on the hills of this area. The tree is too rare to definitely -determine its associates, although sugar maple is usually found with it. - -=Remarks.=--This species is becoming too scarce to be of much economic -importance. The cut is usually sold as white ash. The uses of the wood -are practically the same as the white ash. - -The fruit and foliage of this species most closely resembles that of the -black ash, from which it can be distinguished by its greenish-yellow -foliage and the habitat in which it grows. - -=7. Fraxinus nigra= Marshall. Black Ash. Plate 130. Medium sized, tall -and straight trees with a light gray bark, broken up into small thin -plates on old trunks; twigs round, robust and smooth at maturity; leaves -2.5-4 dm. long, leaflets generally 7-11 and 7-13 cm. long, sessile, the -terminal one generally on a stalk 0.5-1 cm. long, oblong or -oblong-lanceolate, narrowed or rounded at the base, and short or long -acuminate at the apex, margins coarsely and rather irregularly serrate -with short teeth which are usually somewhat incurved, dark green and -glabrous above, not much lighter beneath and glabrous or pubescent along -the midrib and larger veins; calyx and corolla none; fruit ripens the -last of June to August, similar to the fruit of the blue ash, samaras -generally 3-4 cm. long, and 7-10 mm. wide, body winged all around, the -base of the samara rounded, the apex notched or rounded, the apical end -of the samara twisted more or less to the right in all specimens at -hand. - -=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Virginia and northern -Arkansas. Local in all parts of Indiana except in the "knob" area of the -State. It is generally found in places that are inundated much of the -winter season. Its habitat is in cold swampy woods or similar places -about lakes. It has no special affinity for streams. It is local in its -distribution. Where it is found it is generally a frequent to common -tree. In the lake area of Indiana its habitat conditions are frequent, -consequently colonies of it are frequent. South of the lake area of the -State it becomes rare to extremely local. In the southwest part of the -State it has been sparingly found in a few cypress swamps. It is usually -associated with white elm, cottonwood, aspens, red maple, bur oak, and -is one of the first species to invade extinct tamarack swamps. - -[Illustration: Plate 130. - -FRAXINUS NIGRA Marshall. Black Ash. (x 1/2.)] - -=Remarks.=--The wood is tougher but in most qualities is inferior to -white ash and cannot be used for handles. The layers of growth separate -easily which enables the wood to be separated into thin strips. This -fact was known to the Indians who used this wood for making baskets. -This use was continued by the white man and in addition it was a -favorite wood for making hoops, and in many sections it is known as the -"hoop ash." The wood has many uses such as for baskets, splint boxes, -butter tubs, vehicle stock, interior finish, furniture, etc. The black -burls of the trunk are much sought for by veneer manufacturers. - - -=2. ADELIA.= - -=Adelia acuminata Michaux.= Pond Brush. Crooked Brush, Plate 131. Small -trees, or shrub like, with gray smooth bark, becoming rough or fissured -on large trees, the ridges short and broken; branchlets numerous and -somewhat spiny; twigs glabrous; leaves opposite on petioles about 1 cm. -long, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 4-11 cm. long, with a long narrow base, -long acuminate at the apex, margins entire near the base, the remainder -more or less coarsely serrated with short rounded teeth, rarely entire, -smooth above and beneath; flowers appear last of March to the first of -May, the staminate in small sessile clusters along the branchlets, the -pistillate in short panicles; fruit a dark purple drupe, oblong, about -15 mm. long; stone with many longitudinal ribs. - -=Distribution.=--Southwestern Indiana and southern Illinois south to -northern Florida and Texas. In Indiana it has been found only in Knox, -Gibson, Posey and Perry Counties. It grows on the low borders of river -sloughs, swamps and river banks. It is very tolerant of shade and may be -found growing under larger trees. It usually forms dense thickets on the -bank that surrounds standing water and is usually associated with -button-bush. A straight specimen is rarely seen because the area where -it grows overflows each winter, and the small trees are usually covered -more or less with debris, and then the following season the side -branches assume a vertical growth. The top may be released by the next -inundation, and then other branches may assume leadership, and so on -until the top is a mass of branches growing in several directions. The -specimens found in Perry County grew on the low bank of the Ohio River -about 6 miles east of Cannelton. The species is quite local in the area -where it is found. It may border one river slough, and be entirely -absent from another nearby. - -=Remarks.=--Of no economic use. In books it is called "swamp privet" but -in the area where it grows it is not known by that name. - -[Illustration: Plate 131. - -ADELIA ACUMINATA Michaux. Pond Brush. Crooked Brush. (x 1/2.)] - - - - -=BIGNONIACEAE.= The Trumpet Creeper Family. - - -=CATALPA.= The Catalpas. - -Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, with long petioles; flowers in -terminal panicles or corymbs; fruit a long round pod which splits into -halves; seed many, flat, papery with a tuft of long hairs at each end. - -A small genus of widely distributed trees. The species freely hybridize, -and have been cultivated and planted so extensively that it is difficult -to find typical specimens. - - Bark of old trees thin and scaly; odor of bruised leaves - fetid; lower lobe of corolla entire. 1 Catalpa - bignonioides. - - Bark of old trees fissured and ridgy; odor of bruised - leaves not fetid; lower lobe of corolla notched at - the apex. 2 Catalpa - speciosa. - -=1. Catalpa bignonioides= Walter. Catalpa. (_Catalpa Catalpa_ (Linnaeus) -Karsten). Plate 132. Medium to large sized trees, usually with a trunk -1-3 meters in length, and a wide crown; bark a grayish-brown, scaly and -flaking off in small thin plates; leaves ovate, blades usually 1.5-2 dm. -long, cordate at the base, taper-pointed at apex, margins entire, or -with 1 or 2 lateral lobes, yellow-green and smooth above, and pubescent -beneath; flowering period the last of May to the first of July, about -two weeks later than the next species; inflorescence in a rather compact -large panicle; flowers white, usually 2-3 cm. across at expanded end; -marked on the lower inner surface by two rows of yellow blotches, the -lower lobes marked with purplish spots, the lower lobe entire or nearly -so; fruit a long pod, generally 4-10 develop in each panicle, usually -1.5-4 dm. long, about 1 cm. thick, somewhat flattened, the valves -meeting at an angle which forms a ridge which is sensible to the -fingers, the valves of the pod are thin, and become flat after they -open; seed 2.5-4.5 cm. long, including the tufts of hairs at each end, -and about 4-5 mm. wide, the tuft of hairs usually converging to a point. - -=Distribution.=--Supposed to be native to parts of Florida, Georgia, -Alabama and Mississippi. It has been introduced throughout the eastern -part of the United States. In Indiana it has been used in all parts as -an ornamental and shade tree. It has few qualities to recommend it, and -since the difference between this and the next species has been known -the next species is usually substituted for it. - -[Illustration: Plate 132. - -CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES Walter. Catalpa. (x 1/2.)] - -[Illustration: Plate 133. - -CATALPA SPECIOSA Warder. Catalpa. Hardy Catalpa. (x 1/2.)] - -=2. Catalpa speciosa= Warder. Catalpa. Hardy Catalpa. Catalfa. Plate -133. Medium to large sized trees with long and rather straight trunks -when grown in the forest; bark dark grayish-brown, fissured and much -resembling the bark of a linden or black walnut in appearance; leaves -ovate, generally 1.5-3 dm. long, cordate or somewhat rounded at the -base, long taper-pointed at apex, margins entire, dark green and smooth -above, pubescent beneath; flowering period May or June; flowers in large -terminal panicles, white with yellow and purplish spots within, expanded -part about 4 cm. across; fruit a long cylindrical pod which matures late -in autumn or early winter, 2-5 dm. long, and about 1.5 cm. in diameter, -usually 1 or 2 and rarely 3 pods develop in a panicle, the valves of the -pod remaining semi-terete after separating; seed many, thin and papery, -2.5-5 cm. long, and 4-8 mm. wide, body of samara about equals in length -the tuft of hairs at each end, the hairs remain separated and are little -inclined to form a tuft at the end. - -=Distribution.=--Known to have been a native of the southwestern part of -Indiana, and to have followed the valley of the Ohio and Mississippi -Rivers to the southeastern part of Missouri and the northeastern part of -Arkansas. The tree has practically disappeared from the forests of -Indiana, and the exact range in Indiana can never be known. Being such a -conspicuous tree, it was thought that the memory of living pioneers -might be relied upon to fix the limits of its range in Indiana. One -pioneer living near Austin in Scott County said it was a native of the -Muscatatuck bottoms, and another said it was a native in the flats of -the southwestern part of Clark County. In its native habitat it was -found only in very low ground, usually with such associates as pin oak, -sweet gum, southern hackberry, big shellbark hickory, pecan, etc. In its -native habitat it was an infrequent to a frequent tree, never a common -tree. A pioneer was interviewed who settled in the Knox County bottoms -about three miles west of Decker, when the whole area was a virgin -forest. He said the catalpa was an occasional tree in the bottoms -throughout the area; that he did not recall that it was ever found in as -low situations as the cypress; that the tree was as tall as its -associates, straight, and usually about 6 dm. in diameter, and that he -never saw a tree a meter in diameter; that on account of the durable -quality of the wood that it was cut for fence posts and rails. A pioneer -who lived near the mouth of Deer Creek in Perry County said it was a -native in his vicinity. The information at hand would fix the mass -distribution of the species to the southwest of a line drawn from Terre -Haute to a point about 6 miles east of Grandview in Spencer County. - -=Remarks.=--Attention was directed to this tree about 1880 by Dr. John -A. Warder and Dr. Geo. Engelmann, and it has had enthusiastic admirers -ever since. In Indiana its most enthusiastic advocate was John P. Brown -of Connersville. Its popularity was based upon the durability of its -wood and its rapid growth. Nurserymen grew seedlings and through their -agents plantations of all sizes were sold in many States. The trees -were planted to grow posts, telephone poles and crossties. In Indiana -there is one plantation 42 years old, but the majority are only 10 to 15 -years old. The tree has been planted long enough in our area to -definitely conclude that it should not be planted in any part of Indiana -for economic purposes. The range of the catalpa sphinx which defoliates -the tree is rapidly increasing, and now ranges as far north as Wells -County. In the southern part of the State the trees are usually -defoliated twice each year by the larvae of this insect, and as a -consequence the trees make very little growth, and some owners of -plantations have abandoned them on this account. A new insect is -appearing which kills the young shoots, which will interfere with the -upright habit of the tree. The catalpa is not recommended for forest -planting in Indiana, and its use for this purpose has practically -ceased. - -The catalpa prefers a moist, deep, rich soil, but will grow in almost -all kinds of situations. In the northern part of the State, the young -trees are frequently winter killed. The tree is quite tenacious of life -and when cut off at the ground, usually sends up several coppice shoots. - -This species can be recommended for planting for shade for hog lots, and -as a specimen tree in parks, etc. It is not a desirable street tree. - - - - -=CAPRIFOLIACEAE.= The Honeysuckle Family. - - -=VIBURNUM.= The Viburnums. - -=Viburnum prunifolium= Linnaeus. Black Haw. Plate 134. Small trees or -shrubs; bark of old trees reddish-brown, furrowed and the ridges broken -into short lengths; leaves simple, opposite, on petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. -long; the lower pairs of leaves are generally smaller and have their -petioles more or less winged, red and more or less densely covered with -a rusty tomentum which may extend along the midrib and veins beneath or -may sometimes cover a considerable part of the lower surface of the leaf -while young, sometimes the margined petioles are only rough on the -margins; leaf blades very variable in size and shape, usually 4-10 cm. -long, ovate to slightly obovate, or narrow-oval to nearly orbicular, -narrowed or rounded at the base, pointed at the apex, or sometimes -rounded, margins finely serrate, glabrous both above and beneath at -maturity; flowers appear the last of April or in May in cymes which are -sessile or nearly so, flowers white, numerous, and generally about 0.5 -cm. in diameter, fruit ripens in September and October, oval, oblong or -nearly globose, generally 10-14 mm. long, dark blue, covered with a -bloom, edible, and if not eaten by birds they persist on the branches -until late autumn; stone oval and very flat. - -[Illustration: Plate 134. - -VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM Linnaeus. Black Haw. (x 1/2.)] - -=Distribution.=--Connecticut to Iowa and south to Georgia and west to -Texas. It is more or less frequent in moist woods throughout Indiana, -except in the hilly counties where it becomes more or less rare. In the -hilly counties its place is taken by the southern black haw, _Viburnum -rufidulum_ which only rarely attains tree size. - -=Remarks.=--This species could be used to advantage in ornamental -planting where small trees or shrubs are required for a screen or back -ground. The fruit of the black and red haws attract several species of -birds. - -This species is quite variable in the shape, and texture of its leaves, -and in the size and shape of its fruit. In the southern part of the -State specimens are found that have very thick leaves with margined and -tomentose petioles which very much resemble the southern species. - - - - -=SPECIES EXCLUDED.= - - -The following species have been reported for Indiana but have been -excluded for want of satisfactory evidence to warrant their inclusion: -The reasons for exclusion are discussed under the name of the species. -It is needless to say that critical examination has been given doubtful -species, and doubtful records, and every effort possible has been made -to validate them. - -=Pinus echinata= Miller. Short-leaf Pine. This species does not occur in -our area and all reference to it should be transferred to _Pinus -virginiana_. References to this species are instances of wrong -determination. - -=Pinus resinosa= Aiton. Norway Pine. This species was reported as an -escape in Wabash County by Coulter[72] for Jenkins. - -=Pinus rigida= Miller. Pitch Pine. Baird and Taylor[73] reported this -species for Clark County. The range of this species is to the east of -our area. They also reported _Pinus Strobus_, which has not been seen -since they reported it, and they failed to report _Pinus virginiana_ -which is a common tree on the "knobs" of Clark County. A study of their -flora of Clark County shows that they did little or no collecting in the -"knobs." They also freely reported field crop, garden and flower -escapes, and it is believed that their reference to _Pinus rigida_ and -_Pinus Strobus_ should be regarded as to cultivated trees. - -=Abies balsamea= (Linnaeus.) Miller. Balsam Fir. Heimlich[74] reports -this as occurring in Porter County about Dune Park. He cites for his -authority Bot. Gaz. Vol. 27: Apr. 1899. The article referred to is -Cowles' article on the flora of the sand dunes of Lake Michigan, in -which he discusses the flora from Glen Haven in northern Michigan to -Dune Park, Indiana in Porter County, which has confused Heimlich in -separating the trees reported at several stations. It has never been -found in Indiana. - -=Chamaecyparis thyoides= (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns and Poggenberg. White -Cedar. The range of this species is east of the Alleghany mountains and -no doubt was never native in our area. The first reference to it is by -Dr. Drake in his Picture of Cincinnati, published in 1815, page 83, in -which he says: "The White Cedar and Cypress are found on the banks of -the Wabash." Schneck[75] in his Flora of the Lower Wabash Valley says: -"Wet places near the mouth of the Wabash River." I am certain it is not -on the Indiana side of the river. Gorby[76] reports it for Miami County. -All of his botanical records are too unreliable to receive serious -consideration. Coulter[77] reports it as found in Allen County on the -authority of Dr. C. R. Dryer. I saw Dr. Dryer recently and he says he -has no recollections about it. - -=Juniperus communis= Linnaeus. Juniper. This species has been reported -from all parts of the State. The distribution of the species is to the -north of Indiana, and examining herbarium specimens it is found that -subulate forms of _Juniperus virginiana_ are frequently named _Juniperus -communis_. In the older floras it was a custom to include cultivated -forms, and not distinguish them as such. Since juniper has been for -years a common ornamental shrub, especially in cemeteries, it is highly -probable that many records have such a basis. It is proposed to drop -this species from our flora. I refer Higley and Raddin's[78] record to -the decumbent variety. VanGorder's and Bradner's records may also be the -decumbent form. Heimlich's record I regard as an error, see remarks -under _Abies balsamea_. - -=Populus balsamifera= Linnaeus. Balsam Poplar. This species was reported -by Bradner for Steuben County. In a letter from the late Prof. Bradner, -he said he had no specimen and had no recollection of the tree. J. M. -Coulter reported it for Jefferson County, but Young who also wrote a -flora of Jefferson County does not mention it. Baird and Taylor also -reported it for Clark County. The last two records may have been from -cultivated trees or mistaken for _Populus grandidentata_ which was not -reported and is in the area, and is a frequent tree in the "knobs" in -Clark County. Heimlich reports it in Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. -1917:404:1918 for Cowles. I regard this as an error. See discussion -under _Abies canadensis_ on page 290. Since the range of the species is -to the north of Indiana, it is here proposed to drop it from our flora. -It should be looked for on the "divide" in Steuben County and about Lake -Michigan. - -=Populus candicans= Aiton. Balm of Gilead. This species has been -included in a few local floras, but it is believed that it has not yet -escaped from cultivation. Phinney[79] gives it as "an important timber -tree of Delaware County," which is an error. - -=Populus nigra= var. =italica= Du Roi. Lombardy Poplar. Reference is -made to this tree by Blatchley[80], Meyncke[81] and Nieuwland[82] but it -is scarcely more than an accidental escape. - -=Carya aquatica= Nuttall. Water Hickory. This species is listed as one -of the principal trees occurring along the Wabash in the Coblenz edition -of Prince Maximilan's travels in North America. It is recorded as "Water -Bitternut (_Juglans aquatica_)." If it occurs in our area it most likely -would be found in the extreme southwestern counties. It has been -reported from Gallatin County, Illinois, bordering Posey County on the -west. There are two other records of its occurrence in the State, which -are doubtful. Ryland T. Brown[83] reported it in a list of the principal -trees of Fountain County in a report of the geology of Fountain County. -_Carya laciniosa_, which is sometimes called swamp hickory and which is -more or less frequent in the county, he failed to report. It is believed -this reference to _Carya aquatica_ should be referred to _laciniosa_. B. -C. Hobbs also reported it as common in Parke County in a short list of -the principal trees. He named only four of the five or more species of -hickory that occur in the county, and it is believed since he was no -botanist, that he confused the names. Elliott in his Trees of Indiana -gives "_Carya aquatica_" as common, but no doubt this reference should -be transferred to some other species. - -=Carya myristicaeformis= Nuttall. Nutmeg Hickory. This tree also was -reported by Prince Maximilian as occurring along the Wabash River. The -known range of the species is from North Carolina to Arkansas, and for -this reason the species is not included in this list. - -=Betula lenta= Linnaeus. Black Birch. This species has been reported for -Indiana as occurring in Fulton, Gibson, Miami, Noble, Posey, St. Joseph -and Steuben Counties. Sargent[84] says: "This species has until recently -been badly misunderstood. The range of the species is southern Maine to -northwestern Vermont, eastern Kentucky, and south to Delaware and along -the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama." No doubt all -of the Indiana records should be transferred to _Betula lutea_, except -the Gibson and Posey County record which may be _Betula nigra_. - -=Castanea pumila= (Linnaeus) Miller. Chinquapin. This species was given a -place in our flora in Coulter's catalogue upon the authority of Sargent, -Ridgway and Schneck. Ridgway, in giving an additional list of the trees -of the Lower Wabash Valley[85] says: "There is some doubt as to No. 16 -_Castanea pumila_, which is given on Prof. Sargent's authority; but -there is a possibility of an error having been made from the -circumstances that the name 'chinquapin' is in that region almost -universally applied to the fruit of _Quercus Muhlenbergii_." The Posey -County record was based on a specimen in Dr. Schneck's herbarium, which -proves to have been taken from a cultivated tree near Poseyville. - -=Quercus ilicifolia= Wangenheim. Bear Oak. This species is credited to -our flora by Will Scott in his ecological study of "The Leesburg Swamp" -in Kosciusko County, published in the Indiana Academy of Science, 1905, -page 225. In a reply to an inquiry addressed to him he says no herbarium -material was preserved. This ecological work was done during the summer -months while working at the biological station at Winona Lake. In a -footnote in this paper we are informed that for the identification of -the trees listed, Apgar's Trees of the Northern United States was used. -In this key to the trees, _Quercus velutina_ (Black Oak) is given only -as a variety of _Quercus coccinea_ (Scarlet Oak), and the distinction -between _Quercus velutina_ with its many formed leaves, and _Quercus -ilicifolia_ is not made apparent. In view of the fact that the natural -habitat of _Quercus ilicifolia_ is sandy barrens and rocky hillsides and -its western range is eastern Ohio, it is believed what Mr. Scott had in -hand was a variable form of _Quercus velutina_, which is frequent in -that vicinity. The evidence is not encouraging enough to include it. - -=Quercus nigra= Linnaeus. Water Oak. This species has been reported by -several authors for Indiana. It is believed that a majority of the -records should be transferred to _velutina_ and _imbricaria_ or -_marylandica_. Gorby and Schneck call _Quercus nigra_ black jack oak, -which is generally the common name for _Quercus marilandica_. Ridgway in -his writings of the flora of the lower Wabash Valley, likewise speaks of -_Quercus nigra_ as jack oak and says it is found in poor soil. Coulter -in his catalogue of Indiana plants regarded these references to _nigra_ -as errors and did not include it in his list. The report for Crawford -County by Deam should be transferred to _marilandica_. Since the range -of the species is not north of Kentucky, the reference to the species in -the State should be dropped. - -The published records are as follows: Carroll (Thompson); Crawford -(Deam); Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Jay (McCaslin); -Fountain (Brown); Miami (Gorby); Parke (Hobbs). - -=Quercus Phellos= Linnaeus. Willow Oak. This species has been reported -from various counties of the State. The tree is said to grow in swamps -and on sandy uplands, ranging from Staten Island, New York, south to -Florida and west to Texas, and north to southern Kentucky. If it occurs -within our area it no doubt would have been found by Dr. Schneck, who -was an enthusiastic student of the oaks. He reported it as occurring in -the lower Wabash in his early writings, but his herbarium contained no -specimens. The writer while in search for this species in Posey County -met three men in widely separated parts of the county who were -acquainted with the species in the South and they said they had never -seen it in Indiana. One of the men was an old man who had spent his -boyhood in Arkansas and he was well acquainted with the willow oak -before he came to Indiana. It is believed what has been reported for _Q. -Phellos_ has been narrow-leaved forms of _Q. imbricaria_ (shingle oak), -and that the records should be transferred to that species. - -The published records are as follows: Gibson, Knox and Posey (Schneck); -Knox (Thomas); Miami (Gorby). - -=Quercus prinoides= Willdenow. Scrub or Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Reported for -Marshall County by Nieuwland[86] on the authority of a specimen -deposited in the National Museum collected by Clark. I had this -reference checked by E. S. Steele and in a letter to me dated January 4, -1917, he says: "I find no specimen labeled _Quercus prinoides_, but -there is one named _Q. Prinus_. There is no ground for calling it _Q. -prinoides_." Since the specimen in question is a very immature one, I -propose not to take it into consideration since the range of the species -would be extended on a dubious specimen. - -=Planera aquatica= (Walter) J. F. Gmelin. Planer-tree. Water Elm. This -tree was included in Coulter's catalogue upon the authority of Sargent, -who includes Indiana in the range of the species in his "Forest Trees of -North America," Vol. 9, U.S. Census Report, 1880, page 124. Dr. Schneck -spent a lifetime along the lower Wabash bottoms and very carefully -preserved specimens of all the flora of the region where this species is -reported to occur. In his report of the flora of this region in 1875 he -does not include this tree. An examination of his herbarium material -showed no specimens of this tree either from Indiana or Illinois. It is -fair to presume if he had been acquainted with the tree he would have -had it represented in his herbarium. Since the white elm is frequently -called water elm, as well as the planer-tree, it is easy to understand -how confusion might arise in separating these trees by non-professional -people. - -=Morus nigra= Linnaeus. Black Mulberry. This species is reported by -Phinney[87] as one of the "more important and common forest trees -observed in Delaware County." He also enumerates _Morus rubra_. A -splendid example of careless work. This species is reported by Brown[88] -for Fountain County, and by McCaslin[89] for Jay County. These authors -reported this species as a native forest tree. Since this species is not -a native of the United States the citations no doubt should be referred -to our native mulberry, _Morus rubra_ (red mulberry). - -=Ilex opaca= Aiton. Holly. This species was included in Coulter's -Catalogue of the Plants of Indiana on the authority of Robert Ridgway. I -find no reference to this species in the writings of Ridgway. - -In Shawnee Park on the west side of Louisville, Kentucky is a large tree -of this species. I was told that it was a native. A timber buyer of Tell -City told me that there was a native tree on his grandfather's farm in -the southern part of Perry County. Since this species has been reported -for Grayson County, Kentucky, which is less than forty miles to the -south, it is quite probable that a few trees were found as far north as -Indiana. - -=Acer pennsylvanicum= Linnaeus. Moosewood. The only record of this -species occurring in Indiana is in a report of the Trees occurring along -the Wabash River by Prince Maximilian. Since the report does not -definitely state where the species was observed or how frequently it -occurred and since the greater part of Maximilian's time was spent on -the Illinois side of the Wabash, it is more than likely that he observed -it on the Illinois side of the Wabash. While Indiana is within the -possible range of the species, it has not been discovered since. If not -extinct in our area it is most likely to be found among the hills of the -southern counties or in the vicinity of Lake Michigan. Robert Ridgway -says that he and Dr. Schneck saw it growing in a wooded cove near a -cavern called Flory's Cave in Johnson County, Illinois. - -=Nyssa aquatica= Linnaeus. Tupelo Gum. Several early authors erroneously -reported _Nyssa sylvatica_ as this species. This species inhabits deep -swamps. Dr. Schneck and Robert Ridgway, recognized authorities and best -acquainted with the swamp area of the southwestern counties, at first -thought it was a member of our flora, but later decided that it should -be excluded. - -Michael Catt, 83 years old, who lived nearly 75 years about three miles -west of Decker on the border of the cypress swamp in the south part of -Knox County, told me that he is positive that the tupelo gum was an -occasional tree in the cypress swamp west of Decker. - -=Fraxinus caroliniana= Miller. Water Ash. This species was included in -Coulter's Catalogue of Indiana Plants upon the authority of Dr. Schneck. -It is asserted that specimens were sent to Missouri Botanical Gardens -for verification. The writer has carefully examined all the specimens of -_Fraxinus_ in the Missouri Botanical Gardens, and all of Schneck's -specimens in the herbarium are now correctly named _Fraxinus profunda_. -Since this species is not in our range it should be dropped from our -flora. - -TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE LARGEST TREES OF SOME SPECIES THAT OCCUR IN -INDIANA. - - ---------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+-------+------- - Authority| County. | Name. | Circum- | Clear | Total - | | | ference. | Bole. |Height. - ---------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+-------+------- - | | | cm.ft.in.|dm. ft.|dm. ft. - | | | | | - Deam |Laporte |Pinus Strobus | 267 8 8|... .. |229 75 - | | (White Pine) | | | - Deam |Lake |Pinus Banksiana | 116 3 11|... .. |168 55 - | | (Jack Pine) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V.[A]|Taxodium distichum | 562 18 9|226 74 |445 146 - | | (Cypress) | | | - Ridgway |L. W. V. |Salix nigra | 305 10 ..|... .. |268 88 - | | (Black Willow) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Populus deltoides | 671 22 ..|229 75 |518 170 - | | (Cottonwood) | | | - Ridgway |L. W. V. |Populus grandidentata | 112 3 8|217 71 |217 71 - | | (Quaking Aspen) | | | - Ridgway |Knox |Populus heterophylla | 229 7 6|156 51 |281 92 - | | (Cottonwood) | | | - Deam |Marshall |Populus tremuloides | 121 4 ..|168 55 |168 55 - | | (Quaking Aspen) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Juglans nigra | 671 22 ..|226 74 |473 155 - | | (Black Walnut) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Carya alba | 315 10 4|168 55 |342 112 - | | (White Hickory) | | | - Ridgway |L. W. V. |Carya glabra | 229 7 6|... .. |351 115 - | | (Black Hickory) | | | - Ridgway |L. W. V. |Carya ovalis | 294 10 ..|213 70 |409 134 - | | (Small-fruited | | | - | | Hickory) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Carya illinoensis | 488 16 ..|275 90 |534 175 - | | (Pecan) | | | - Deam |Madison |Ostrya virginiana | 117 3 10|... .. |122 40 - | | (Ironwood) | | | - Ridgway |Knox |Carpinus caroliniana | 107 3 6| 21 7 | 98 32 - | | (Blue Beech) | | | - Deam |Porter |Betula papyrifera | 63 2 1|... .. |183 60 - | | (Paper Birch) | | | - Deam |Porter |Alnus incana | 42 1 5|... .. | 92 30 - | | (Tag Alder) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Fagus grandifolia | 336 11 ..|... .. |372 122 - | | (Beech) | | | - Bot. Gaz.|Jackson |Castanea dentata | 671 22 ..|213 70 |... ... - June '80| | (Chestnut) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus alba | 549 18 ..|220 72 |503 165 - | | (White Oak) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus Schneckii | 618 20 3|287 94 |552 181 - | | (Schneck's Oak) | | | - Ridgway |L. W. V. |Quercus falcata | 427 14 ..|213 70 |396 130 - | | (Spanish Oak) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus macrocarpa | 671 22 ..|220 72 |503 165 - | | (Burr Oak) | | | - Ridgway |L. W. V. |Quercus Michauxii | 395 13 ..| 88 29 |364 119 - | | (Cow Oak) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus palustris | 366 12 ..| 70 23 |366 120 - | | (Pin Oak) | | | - Ridgway |Gibson |Quercus rubra | 702 23 ..|232 76 |... ... - | | (Red Oak) | | | - Ridgway |Knox |Quercus rubra | 427 14 ..|168 55 |436 143 - | | (Red Oak) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus velutina | 610 20 ..|229 75 |503 165 - | | (Black Oak) | | | - Ridgway |L. W. V. |Ulmus americana | 488 16 ..|152 50 |366 120 - | | (White Elm) | | | - Ridgway |Gibson |Celtis occidentalis | 336 11 ..|253 83 |183 60 - | | (Hackberry) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Liriodendron Tulipifera| 762 25 ..|278 91 |580 190 - | | (Yellow Poplar) | | | - Schneck |Posey |Asimina triloba | 69 2 3|... .. |146 48 - | | (Pawpaw) | | | - Johnson |Posey |Sassafras officinale | 236 7 6|229 75 |290 95 - | | (Sassafras) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Liquidambar Styraciflua| 518 17 ..|244 80 |500 164 - | | (Sweet Gum) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Platanus occidentalis |1,116 33 4|207 68 |537 176 - | | (Sycamore) | | | - Bot. Gaz.|Daviess |Platanus occidentalis |1,464 48 ..| 76 25 |... .. - June '80| | (Sycamore) | | | - Deam |Steuben |Amelanchier laevis | 56 1 10|... .. | 92 30 - | | (Juneberry) | | | - Deam |Porter |Prunus pennsylvanica | 60 2 ..|... .. |107 35 - | | (Wild Red Cherry) | | | - Ridgway |Knox |Cercis canadensis | 84 2 9| 70 23 |165 54 - | | (Redbud) | | | - Ridgway |L. W. V. |Gleditsia aquatica | 212 7 ..|... .. |198 65 - | | (Water Honey Locust) | | | - Schneck |Posey |Gleditsia triacanthos | 549 18 ..|186 61 |593 129 - | | (Honey Locust) | | | - Deam |Posey |Acer Negundo | 300 9 10| 24 8 |122 40 - | | (Box Elder) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Acer rubrum | 396 13 ..|183 60 |329 108 - | | (Red Maple) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Acer saccharum | 381 12 6|183 60 |345 113 - | | (Sugar Maple) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Tilia glabra | 534 17 6|153 50 |332 109 - | | (Linn) | | | - Deam |Jefferson |Tilia heterophylla | 356 8 8| 37 12 |183 60 - | | (White Linn) | | | - Ridgway |L. W. V. |Nyssa sylvatica | 549 18 ..|... .. |... ... - | | (Black Gum) | | | - Deam |Posey |Diospyros virginiana | 178 6 10| 24 8 |137 45 - | | (Persimmon) | | | - Ridgway |L. W. V. |Diospyros virginiana | 168 5 6|244 80 |351 115 - | | (Persimmon) | | | - Schneck |L. W. V. |Catalpa speciosa | 183 6 ..|146 48 |308 101 - | | (Catalpa) | | | - ---------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+-------+------- - -[A] L. W. V.--Lower Wabash Valley. - -Specific Gravity of Indiana Woods.[90] - - -The specific gravity was derived from wood dried at 100 deg. centigrade -(212 Fah.) until it ceased to lose weight. - - Carya ovata (Shellbark Hickory) 0.8372 - Quercus stellata (Post Oak) 0.8367 - Viburnum prunifolium (Black Haw) 0.8332 - Quercus lyrata (Overcup Oak) 0.8313 - Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood) 0.8264 - Carya alba (White Hickory) 0.8218 - Carya glabra (Black Hickory) 0.8217 - Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood) 0.8153 - Carya laciniosa (Big Shellbark Hickory) 0.8108 - Quercus Michauxii (Cow Oak) 0.8039 - Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon) 0.7908 - Amelanchier canadensis (Juneberry) 0.7838 - Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange) 0.7736 - Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak) 0.7662 - Carya cordiformis (Pig Hickory) 0.7552 - Quercus imbricaria (Shingle Oak) 0.7529 - Quercus Prinus (Chestnut Oak) 0.7499 - Ulmus alata (Cork Elm) 0.7491 - Quercus alba (White Oak) 0.7470 - Quercus macrocarpa (Bur Oak) 0.7453 - Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak) 0.7405 - Gleditsia aquatica (Water Honey Locust) 0.7342 - Robinia Pseudo-Acacia (Black Locust) 0.7333 - Quercus marilandica (Black Jack Oak) 0.7324 - Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry) 0.7287 - Carpinus caroliniana (Water Beech) 0.7286 - Ulmus Thomasi (Hickory Elm) 0.7263 - Prunus americana (Wild Plum) 0.7215 - Fraxinus quadrangulata (Blue Ash) 0.7184 - Carya illinoensis (Pecan) 0.7180 - Malus glaucescens (Crab Apple) 0.7048 - Quercus velutina (Black Oak) 0.7045 - Ulmus fulva (Slippery Elm) 0.6956 - Quercus palustris (Pin Oak) 0.6938 - Gymnocladus dioica (Coffeenut) 0.6934 - Quercus falcata (Spanish Oak) 0.6928 - Acer nigrum (Black Maple) 0.6915 - Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) 0.6912 - Fagus grandifolia (Beech) 0.6883 - Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey Locust) 0.6740 - Betula lutea (Yellow Birch) 0.6553 - Fraxinus americana (White Ash) 0.6543 - Quercus rubra (Red Oak) 0.6540 - Ulmus americana (White Elm) 0.6506 - Cercis canadensis (Redbud) 0.6363 - Nyssa sylvatica (Black Gum) 0.6356 - Adelia acuminata (Swamp Privet) 0.6345 - Fraxinus nigra (Water Ash) 0.6318 - Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Red Ash) 0.6251 - Larix laricina (Tamarack) 0.6236 - Acer rubrum (Red Maple) 0.6178 - Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) 0.6115 - Betula papyrifera (Paper Birch) 0.5955 - Liquidambar Styraciflua (Sweet Gum) 0.5909 - Morus rubra (Red Mulberry) 0.5898 - Prunus serotina (Wild Black Cherry) 0.5822 - Betula nigra (River Birch) 0.5762 - Betula populifolia (White Birch) 0.5760 - Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore) 0.5678 - Pinus virginiana (Jersey Pine) 0.5309 - Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) 0.5259 - Sassafras officinale (Sassafras) 0.5042 - Prunus pennsylvanica (Wild Red Cherry) 0.5023 - Juniperus virginiana (Red Cedar) 0.4926 - Pinus Banksiana (Gray Pine) 0.4761 - Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber Tree) 0.4690 - Alnus rugosa (Alder) 0.4666 - Populus grandidentata (Quaking Aspen) 0.4632 - Alnus incana (Tag Alder) 0.4607 - Taxodium distichum (Cypress) 0.4543 - Aesculus glabra (Buckeye) 0.4542 - Tilia glabra (Linn) 0.4525 - Castanea dentata (Chestnut) 0.4504 - Salix amygdaloides (Willow) 0.4502 - Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa) 0.4474 - Salix nigra (Black Willow) 0.4456 - Acer Negundo (Box Elder) 0.4328 - Aesculus octandra (Sweet Buckeye) 0.4274 - Tilia heterophylla (White Linn) 0.4253 - Tsuga canadensis (Hemlock) 0.4239 - Liriodendron Tulipifera (Yellow Poplar) 0.4230 - Catalpa speciosa (Catalpa) 0.4165 - Populus heterophylla (Downy Cottonwood) 0.4089 - Juglans cinerea (Butternut) 0.4086 - Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen) 0.4032 - Asimina triloba (Pawpaw) 0.3069 - Populus deltoides (Cottonwood) 0.3889 - Pinus Strobus (White Pine) 0.3854 - Thuja occidentalis (Arbor-Vitae) 0.3164 - -[Illustration: Plate 135. - -COUNTY MAP OF INDIANA.] - -[Illustration: Plate 136. - -COUNTY MAP OF INDIANA SHOWING CERTAIN AREAS OF FOREST DISTRIBUTION.] - -[Illustration: Plate 137. - -ENGLISH AND METRIC SCALES COMPARED. - -These can be cut out and pasted on wood.] - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - - - [1] Ind. Geol. Rept. 22:93:1898. - - [2] Amer. Mid. Nat. 3:70:1913. - - [3] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1901:297:1902. - - [4] See discussion under Abies balsamea on page 290. - - [5] Proc. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1892:53:1893. - - [6] Ind. Geol. Surv. Rept. 5:338:1874. - - [7] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1897:173:1898. - - [8] Baird & Taylor's reference to this species is regarded as a - cultivated tree or as an error: Manual Public Schools of Clark - County, Ind. 1878-9, page 62. - - [9] Hamilton County by Wilson, no doubt from a cultivated tree. - - [10] Contributed by C. R. Ball, Bureau Plant Industry, Washington, D.C., - except the genus Populus. - - [11] Coulter's record for Gibson County by Schneck is regarded as an - error because Schneck himself does not report it, and there was no - specimen in the Schneck herbarium. - - [12] Deam's record in Rept. Ind. St. Board Forestry 1911:124:1912 was a - manuscript error. - - [13] Ind. Geol. Rept. 17:263:1892. - - [14] Sargent in Bot. Gaz. Vol. 64: 58:1918. - - [15] Heimlich in Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:437:439:1918 credits most of - my records jointly with Prof. G. N. Hoffer. This is an error. On my - invitation Prof. Hoffer accompanied me nine days in the field doing - mycological work. While he gave me valuable assistance in collecting - during these days, his assistance and responsibility stopped there - and he never asked or expected to be considered joint author. Again - on our trip we collected only in Daviess, Gibson, Fountain, Knox, - Lawrence, Martin, Pike and Sullivan Counties. - - [16] Sargent 1.c. - - [17] Andre Michaux's Travels 1793-1796. - - [18] Flora of Jefferson County. Ind. Geol. Surv. Rept. 2:283:1871. - - [19] Flora of Jefferson County. Ind. Geol. Surv. Rept. 6:265:1875. - - [20] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 66:236:1918. - - [21] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:435:1918. - - [22] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:435:1918. - - [23] Bot. Gaz. 66:237:1918. - - [24] Bot. Gaz. 66:244:1918. - - [25] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:436:1918. - - [26] Trees and Shrubs 2:208-209:1913 and Bot. Gaz. 66:247:1918. - - [27] Bot. Gaz. 66:249:1918. - - [28] In 1916 in Allen County along Cedar Creek, I measured a specimen - that was 15.6 dm. in circ. b.h. with a clear bole of about 3m. - - [29] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:443:1918. - - [30] Ind. Geol. Rept. 18:61:1894. - - [31] Minnesota Bot. Studies 4:454:1916. - - [32] Sargent in Bot. Gaz. Vol. 65:435:1918. - - [33] This hybrid was described in the Report of the Indiana State Board - of Forestry for 1911. - - [34] Elliott: Histological variations of _Quercus Muhlenbergii_. - University of Kansas Science Bul. 9:45:54:8 Plates:1914. - - [35] Gorby: Trees and shrubs indigenous to Miami County, Ind. Geol. - Rept. 16:168-170:1889. - - [36] Wilson: Flora of Hamilton and Marion Counties, Indiana. Proc. Ind. - Acad. Science. 1894:156-176:1895. - - [37] Higley and Raddin: Flora of Cook County Illinois, and a part of - Lake County Indiana. Bul. Chicago Acad. Sci. Vol. 2: 106:1891 - - [38] Nieuwland: Notes on our local flora. Amer. Mid. Nat. Vol. - 3:230:1914. - - [39] Michaux: North American Silva. J. J. Smith's Trans. Vol. 1:37:1871. - - [40] Nieuwland: Notes on our local flora. Amer. Mid. Nat. Vol. - 3:230:1914. - - [41] Prof. B. Shimek told me that recently a few trees were found about - 30 miles west of Iowa City, Iowa. - - [42] Sargent: Notes on North American Trees. Bot. Gaz. Vol. 65:424:1918. - - [43] Brown: Trees of Fountain County, Ind. Geol. Rept. Vol. 11:123:1882. - - [44] Sargent: Notes on North American Trees. Bot. Gaz. Vol. 65:427:1918. - - [45] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:217-229:1919. - - [46] Hill: Notes on Celtis pumila, etc. Bul. Torrey Club: - Vol:27:496-505:1900. - - [47] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:228-229:1919. - - [48] Garden & Forest 9:375:1896. - - [49] =Morus alba= Linnaeus. White Mulberry. A small crooked tree; leaves - ovate, sometimes lobed, blades 6-13 cm. long, cordate at the base, - acute at apex, at maturity glabrous above and glabrous beneath or - with some hairs on the veins and in the axils of the veins; fruit - subglobose or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, white to pinkish. This is an - introduced tree and has been reported as an escape in many parts - of the State, especially by the older botanists. =Morus alba= - variety =tatarica= Loudon, the Russian mulberry, has been reported - as an escape. The writer has seen single specimens as an escape in - woods in Cass and Marshall Counties. It can be distinguished by - practically all of the leaves being more or less lobed and the - reddish fruit. This form was introduced into the United States in - great numbers about fifty years ago by the Mennonites. It was - especially recommended by nurserymen for fence posts and it has been - planted to some extent in Indiana, but it cannot be recommended. It - grows too slowly and is too crooked to compensate for any lasting - qualities the wood may have. =Morus nigra= has been reported from - Indiana by Phinney, Brown and McCaslin as a forest tree. Since this - is an introduced tree, and is not supposed to be hardy in our area, - their reports should be transferred to some other species. - - [50] Amer. Midland Naturalist Vol. 3:347:1914. - - [51] Contributed by W. W. Eggleston, Bureau Plant Industry, Washington, - D.C. - - [52] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:445:1918. - - [53] Higley and Raddin: Flora of Cook County Illinois and a part of Lake - County Indiana. Bul. Chic. Acad. Sci. Vol. 2:33:1891. - - [54] Trans. Ill. Acad. Science, 1916:132. - - [55] Amer. Nat. 6:660:1872. - - [56] Rept. Ind. Geol. Surv. 12:208:1883. - - [57] Ind. Geol. Rept. 16:169:1889. - - [58] Plant World 7:252:1904. - - [59] Thomas' Western Travels, page 111:1819. - - [60] Drake in Picture of Cincinnati, page 83, 1815. - - [61] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:233:1919. - - [62] S. Coulter: Size of some trees of Jefferson County, Ind. Bot. Gaz. - Vol. 1:10:1875. He says: "Fifty trees were measured at three feet - above the ground with an average diameter of 2 ft. and 9 inches. An - equal number of _Aesculus octandra_ were measured at the same height - from the ground with an average diameter of 2 ft. and 9 inches." - - [63] Drake: Picture of Cincinnatus:79:1815. - - [64] Young: Botany of Jefferson County, Ind. Geo. Surv. Ind. Rept. - 2:255:1871. - - [65] Sargent: Notes on North American Trees. Bot. Gaz. Vol. 66:421-438 - and 494-511:1918. - - [66] Wadmond: Flora of Racine and Kenosha Counties. Trans. Wis. Acad. - Sci. Vol. 16:857:1909. The author says: "Two trees near Berryville, - the only known trees of this species in the State." - - [67] In 1918 I measured a specimen near Yankeetown in Warrick County - that had a clear bole of 3 meters (10 feet), and a circumference - of 11 dm. (40 inches) b.h. - - [68] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:241-242:1919. - - [69] Rhodora Vol. 14:192:1912. - - [70] Sterrett: Utilization of Ash. U. S. Dept. Agri. Bul. 523:1917. - - [71] Sterrett: Utilization of Ash, U. S. Dept. Agri. Bul. 523:1917. - - [72] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1900:141:1901. - - [73] Manual Public Schools Clark County, Ind. 1878-9, page 62. - - [74] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:403:1918. - - [75] Rept. Geol. Surv. Ind. 7:562:1876. - - [76] Rept. Geol. Surv. Ind. 16:168:1889. - - [77] Rept. Geol. Surv. Ind. 24:617:1900. - - [78] Sci. Bul. Chic. Acad. Vol. 2:148:1891. - - [79] Ind. Geol. Rept. 11:148:1881. - - [80] Blatchley's, Mss. Flora of Monroe County, Ind. June 1887. - - [81] Bul. Brockville Nat. Hist. Soc. No. 1:38:1885 - - [82] Amer. Midland Nat. Vol. 3:222:1914. - - [83] It is said that this list and that of Hobb's list of trees of Parke - county were prepared by obtaining from farmers a list of the common - names of the trees to which they attached botanical names. - - [84] Sargent in a letter to the author. - - [85] Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 17:415. - - [86] American Midland Naturalist 3:320:1914. - - [87] Ind. Geol. Rept. 11:148:1881. - - [88] Ind. Geol. Rept. 11:123:1882. - - [89] Ind. Geol. Rept. 12:174:1883. - - [90] Adapted from Sargent's "Trees of North America." - - - - -INDEX - - -The accepted botanical names are in bold-face type. Synonyms are placed -in italics. Where the subject receives the most extended notice the page -number is in bold-face type. - - Page - - =Abies balsamea=, =290= - - =Aceracea=, =239= - - =Acer=, =239= - Negundo, =240=, 241, 298, 300 - =Negundo= variety =violaceum=, =242= - =nigrum=, =246=, 247, 299 - =pennsylvanicum=, =295= - =rubrum=, =244=, 245, 298, 300 - =rubrum= variety =Drummondii=, =244= - =rubrum= variety =tridens=, =246= - =saccharinum=, 242, 243, 300 - =saccharum=, 248, 249, 298, 299 - =saccharum= variety =glaucum=, =248= - =saccharum= variety =Schneckii=, =250= - =saccharum= variety =Rugelii=, =250= - - Acknowledgments, 16 - - =Adelia=, =282= - =acuminata=, =282=, 283, 300 - - =Aesculaceae=, =251= - - =Aesculus=, =251= - _flava_ variety _purpurascens_, _253_ - =glabra=, =251=, 252, 300 - =octandra=, =253=, 254, 300 - - =Ailanthus altissima=, =237=, 238 - _glandulosa_, _237_ - - Alder, 90, 300 - smooth, 92, 93 - speckled, 90, 91 - - =Alnus=, =90=, 297 - =incana=, 13, =90=, 91, 297, 300 - =rugosa=, 13, 90, =92=, 93, 300 - - =Altingiaceae=, =166= - - =Amelanchier canadensis=, =177=, 178 - =laevis=, =177=, 179, 298, 299 - - =Amygdalaceae=, =216= - - =Anonaceae=, =161= - - Apple, American crab, 172, 173, 299 - Iowa crab, 174 - narrow-leaved crab, 174, 175 - western crab, 174, 176 - thorn, 180 - - Arbor-Vitae 32, 33, 300 - - Arrow wood 265 - - Ash 267 - Biltmore 270, 271 - black 280, 281 - blue 278, 279, 299 - gray 267 - green 272, 273 - hoop 148, 282 - pumpkin 277 - red 274, 275, 300 - swamp 272, 274 - swell-butt 276, 277 - water 300 - white 267, 272, 274, 299 - - =Asimina triloba= =161=, 162, 298, 300 - - Aspen, large-toothed 50, 51 - quaking 52, 53, 300 - - - Ball, Carleton R 16 - - Balm of Gilead 292 - - Banana, Hoosier 161 - - Basswood 255, 256 - white 257, 258 - - Beech 94, 95, 297, 299 - blue 78, 79, 297 - red 96 - water 78, 79, 299 - white 96 - yellow 96 - - =Betulaceae= =78= - - =Betula= =80= - =alleghenensis= =84= - =lenta= 84, 85, =292=, 299 - =lutea= =82=, 83, 84, 85 - =nigra= 84, =88=, 89, 293, 300 - =papyrifera= =85=, 87, 297, 300 - =papyrifera x pumila glandulifera= =85= - =populifolia= =85=, 86, 300 - =Sanbergi= =85= - - =Bignoniaceae= =284= - - Birch 80, 82, 90 - black 88, 89, 292 - canoe 85, 87, 88 - gray 85, 86 - paper 85, 87, 88, 297, 300 - red 88, 89, 90 - river 90, 300 - white 85, 86, 88, 300 - yellow 82, 83, 299 - - Botanic descriptions, comments on 13 - - Box elder 240, 241 - - Britton and Brown 16 - - Buckeye 251, 252, 253, 300 - sweet 253, 254, 300 - - Butternut 54, 55, 300 - - - =Caesalpinaceae= =226= - - =Caprifoliaceae= =288= - - =Carpinus caroliniana= =78=, 79, 297, 299 - - =Carya= =56= - =alba= =68=, 69, 299 - =alba= variety =subcoriacea= =70= - =aquatica= =292= - =Buckleyi= variety =arkansana= =76=, 77 - =cordiformis= =61=, 62, 72, 299 - =glabra= =70=, 71, 299 - =glabra= variety =megacarpa= =72= - =illinoensis= =59=, 60, 299 - =laciniosa= =66=, 67, 292, 299 - =myristicaeformis= =292= - =ovalis= 70, =72=, 73, 74 - =ovalis= variety =obcordata= =75= - =ovalis= variety =obcordata= forma =vestita= =75= - =ovalis= variety =obovalis= =75= - =ovalis= variety =odorata= =75= - =ovata= =63=, 64, 299 - =ovata= variety =fraxinifolia= =65= - =ovata= variety =Nuttallii= =66= - - =Castanea dentata= =96=, 97, 297, 300 - =pumila= =293= - - Catalfa 284 - - Catalpa 284, 298, 300 - hardy 284 - - =Catalpa= =284= - - =Catalpa bigonnioides= 13, =284=, 285, 300 - - _Catalpa Catalpa_ _284_ - =speciosa= =284=, 286, 287, 298, 300 - - Cedar, red 32, 35, 300 - white 291 - - =Celtis= =146= - _laevigata_ _151_ - =mississipiensis= =151=, 152 - =occidentalis= 147, =148=, 298, 299 - =occidentalis= variety =crassifolia= =148= - =pumila= =148=, 149 - =pumila= variety =Deamii= 149, =150= - - =Cercis canadensis= =227=, 228, 298, 300 - - =Chamaecyparis thyoides= =291= - - Cherry, wild 223 - wild black 223, 225, 300 - wild red 223, 224, 298, 300 - - Chestnut 96, 97, 297, 300 - - Chinquapin 293 - - Coffeenut 233, 234, 299 - - Contents, table of 9 - - Conservation, The Department of 16 - - =Cornacea= =259= - - =Cornus florida= =261=, 262, 299 - - Cottonwood 47, 49, 297, 300 - downy 300 - swamp 47, 48 - - Coulter, Stanley, Commissioner 16, 163, 251 - - =Crataegus= =180= - =albicans= =214= - _alnorum_ _200_ - =basilica= =200=, 201 - =beata= =214= - =berberifolia= =214= - =Boyntoni= =214= - =Brainerdi= =214= - =Calpodendron= =191=, 193 - =chrysocarpa= =194=, 195 - =coccinea= =209=, 211 - =coccinea= variety =Elwangeriana= =212= - _coccinea_ variety _oligandra_ _206_ - =coccinoides= =209=, 210 - =collina= =188=, 189 - _cordata_ _214_ - =Crus-galli= =182=, 183 - =cuneiformis= =182=, 184 - _deltoides_ _203_ - =denaria= =214= - _Dodgei_ _194_ - _Edsoni_ _200_ - _Eggertii_ _209_ - =fecunda= =214= - =filipes= =203=, 205 - =Gattingeri= =206=, 207 - =Jesupi= =200=, 202 - =lucorum= =214= - =macrosperma= =197=, 199 - =macrosperma= variety =matura= =200= - =Margaretta= =185=, 187 - =mollis= =212=, 213 - =neo-fluvialis= =191=, 192 - =nitida= =197=, 198 - =ovata= =214= - _pausiaca_ _182_ - _pedicillata_ _209_ - _pedicillata_ variety _Elwangeriana_ _212_ - =Phaenopyrum= =214=, 215 - =Pringlei= =214= - =pruinosa= =206=, 208 - =punctata= =185=, 186 - =roanensis= =214= - _rotundifolia_ _194_ - =rugosa= =203=, 204 - _silvicola_ variety _Beckwithae_ _203_ - =succulenta= =188=, 190 - =villipes= =214= - =viridis= 196, =197= - - Crooked brush 282, 283 - - Cucumber tree 157, 158, 300 - - Cypress, bald 28, 31, 297, 300 - - - Deam, Stella M. 16 - - Dietz, Harry F. 7, 15 - - =Diospyros virginiana= =265=, 266, 298, 299 - - Distribution of trees, terms used to define 14 - - Dogwood 261, 262 - flowering 261, 299 - - - =Ebenaceae= =265= - - Eggleston, W. W. 16, 171 - - Elder, box 240, 241, 298, 300 - - Elm 140 - bitter 140 - cork 299 - gray 140 - hickory 142, 143, 299 - hub 140 - red 138, 139, 140 - rock 142, 143 - slippery 138, 139, 299 - sour 140 - swamp 140 - water 140, 294 - white 140, 141, 300 - winged 142, 144 - - English and metric scales compared 306 - - =Ericaceae= =263= - - - =Fabaceae= =233= - - =Fagaceae= =92= - - =Fagus grandifolia= =94=, 95, 297, 299 - - Fir, balsam 290 - - =Fraxinus= =267= - =americana= =268=, 269, 299 - =americana= forma =iodocarpa= =270= - =americana= variety =subcoriacea= =268= - =biltmoreana= =270=, 271 - =caroliniana= =296= - =lanceolata= =272=, 273 - =nigra= =280=, 281, 300 - =pennsylvanica= =274=, 275, 300 - =profunda= =276=, 277, 296 - =quadrangulata= =278=, 279, 299 - - Frontispiece 5 - - - =Gleditsia aquatica= =230=, 231, 299 - =aquatica x triacanthos= =232= - =triancanthos= =227=, 229, 299 - - Gum 259 - black 259, 298, 300 - sour 259 - sweet 166, 167, 298, 300 - tupelo 295 - yellow 259 - - =Gymnocladus dioica= =233=, 234, 299 - - - Hackberry 146, 148, 151, 298, 299 - dwarf 148, 149 - - Haw, black 288, 289, 299 - dotted 185 - pear 191, 193 - red 180, 191, 209, 212 - scarlet 214 - southern black 289 - - Hedge 155 - - Hemlock 26, 29, 300 - - Hickory 56 - big scaly-bark 68 - big shellbark 65, 66, 67, 299 - black 70, 71, 297, 299 - hard-head 68 - nutmeg 292 - pignut 61, 62, 72, 299 - shellbark 63, 64, 65, 299 - small-fruited 72, 73, 76, 297 - ladies 76 - water 292 - white 68, 69, 297, 299 - yellow-bud 63 - - Holly 295, 298 - - Hop hornbeam 80 - - Hough, R. B. 16 - - =Ilex opaca= =295= - - Illustrations, explanation of 15 - list of 10 - - Introduction 13 - - Ironwood 80, 297, 299 - - - =Juglandaceae= =52= - - =Juglans= =52= - _aquatica_ _292_ - =cinerea= =54=, 55, 300 - =nigra= =54=, 57, 297, 300 - - Juneberry 177, 298, 299 - smooth 177, 179 - - Juniper 291 - - =Juniperus communis= =291= - =virginiana= =32=, 35, 291, 300 - - - =Kalmia latifolia= =84= - Key to the families of Indiana trees 17 - - - Larch 26 - - =Larix laricina= =26=, 27, 300 - - =Lauraceae= =163= - - Laurel 84 - - Lieber, Richard 7 - - Linn 255, 256, 298, 300 - - =Liquidambar Styraciflua= =166=, 167, 298, 300 - - =Liriodendron Tulipifera= =159=, 160, 298, 300 - - Locust 235 - black 235, 236, 299 - honey 227, 229, 298, 299 - water honey 230, 231, 298, 299 - yellow 235 - - - =Maclura pomifera= =155=, 156, 299 - - =Magnoliaceae= =155= - - =Magnolia acuminata= =157=, 158, 300 - - =Malaceae= =171= - - =Malus= =171= - =angustifolia= =171= - _coronaria_ _174_, 176 - _fragrans_ _172_ - =glaucescens= =172=, 173, 299 - =ioensis= =174= - =ioensis= x lancifolia =177= - =lancifolia= =174=, 175 - - Maple, black 246, 247, 299 - black sugar 246 - hard 248 - red 244, 245, 298, 300 - rock 248 - silver 242, 243, 300 - soft 242, 244 - sugar 248, 249, 298, 299 - swamp 244 - white 242 - - Map of certain forestal areas of Indiana 302 - explanation of 15 - - Map of Indiana 301 - - Moosewood 295 - - =Moraceae= =151= - - =Morus= =153= - =alba= =155= - =alba= variety =tatarica= =155= - =nigra= 155, =295= - =rubra= =153=, 154, 298, 300 - - Mulberry, red 153, 154, 155, 298, 300 - black 295 - white 155 - - - Nomenclature 14 - - =Nyssa aquatica= =295= - =sylvatica= =259=, 260, 295, 300 - - - Oak 98 - basket 107, 108 - bear 294 - black 119, 127, 129, 135, 298, 299 - black jack 135, 136, 299 - bur 104, 115, 116, 117, 297, 299 - chestnut 104, 110, 111, 299 - chinquapin 104, 106 - cow 107, 108, 297, 299 - dwarf chestnut 294 - Hill's 127, 128 - iron 114 - jack 119 - mossy cup 116 - over cup 117, 118, 299 - peach 119 - pigeon 107 - pin 123, 124, 297, 299 - post 112, 113, 300 - red 121, 122, 126, 135, 297, 299 - sand bur 114 - scarlet 131, 132, 299 - Schneck's 123, 125 - scrub 294 - shingle 119, 120, 299 - Spanish 131, 133, 134, 297, 299 - swamp 123 - swamp white 104, 105, 299 - sweet 104 - water 119, 123, 294 - white 101, 102, 297, 299 - willow 294 - yellow 104, 131 - - =Oleaceae= =267= - - Osage Orange 155, 156, 299 - - =Ostrya virginiana= =80=, 81, 299 - =virginiana= variety =glandulosa= =80= - - =Oxydendrum arboreum= =263=, 264 - - - Pawpaw 161, 162, 298 - white 161 - yellow 161 - - Pecan 59, 60, 297, 299 - McCallister 60 - - Pepperidge 259 - - Persimmon 265, 266, 298, 299 - - =Pinaceae= =19= - - Pine 19 - gray 22, 23, 300 - jack 22, 23, 297 - Jersey 22, 24, 25, 300 - Norway 290 - pitch 290 - scrub 22, 24, 25 - short-leaf 290 - white 20, 21, 25, 297, 300 - - =Pinus= =19= - =Banksiana= =22=, 23, 300 - =echinata= =290= - =resinosa= =290= - =rigida= =290= - =Strobus= =20=, 21, 290, 300 - =virginiana= 24, =25= - - =Planera aquatica= =294= - - Planer-tree 294 - - Plane tree 168 - - =Platanaceae= =168= - - =Platanus occidentalis= 168, 169, 298, 300 - - Plum, Canada 218, 220 - wild goose 221, 222 - wild red 216, 217, 299 - woolly-leaf 218, 219 - - Pond brush 282, 283 - - Poplar 45, 159 - balsam 291 - blue 159 - Carolina 47, 49 - hickory 159 - Lombardy 292 - silver-leaf 45, 46 - swamp 47 - white 159 - yellow 159, 160, 298 - - =Populus= =45= - =alba= =45=, 46 - =balsamifera= =291= - _balsamifera_ variety _virginiana_ _47_ - =candicans= =292= - =deltoides= =47=, 49, 297, 300 - =grandidentata= =50=, 51, 291, 297, 300 - =heterophylla= =47=, 48, 297, 300 - =nigra= variety =italica= =292= - =tremuloides= =52=, 53, 297, 300 - - Preface 7 - - Privet swamp 300 - - =Prunus= =216= - =americana= =216=, 217, 299 - =americana= variety =lanata= =218=, 219 - =hortulana= =221=, 222 - =nigra= =218=, 220 - =pennsylvanica= =223=, 224, 300 - =serotina= =223=, 225, 300 - - - Quaking aspen 52, 300 - - =Quercus= =98= - =alba= =101=, 102, 297, 299 - =alba= variety =latiloba= =103= - =alba x Michauxii= =110= - =alba x Muhlenbergii= =103= - =Beadlei= =110= - =bicolor= =104=, 105, 299 - =coccinea= =131=, 132, 299 - =Deami= =103= - _digitata_ _135_ - =ellipsoidalis= =127=, 128 - =falcata= =133=, 134, 297, 299 - =illicifolia= =293= - =imbricaria= =119=, 120, 299 - =lyrata= =117=, 118, 299 - =macrocarpa= 115, =116=, 297, 299 - =macrocarpa= variety =olivaeformis= =116= - =marilandica= =135=, 136, 294, 299 - _maxima_ _121_ - =Michauxii= =107=, 108, 297, 299 - _montana_ _110_ - =Muhlenbergii= =104=, 106, 109, 112, 293 - =nigra= =293= - _pagoda_ _135_ - _pagodaefolia_ _135_ - =palustris= =123=, 124, 297, 299 - =Phellos= =294= - =prinoides= =294= - =Prinus= 107, =109=, 111, 294, 299 - =rubra= =121=, 122, 135, 297, 299 - _rubra_ variety _triloba_ _135_ - =Schneckii= =123=, 125, 127, 297 - _Shumardii_ _126_ - _Shumardii_ variety _Schneckii_ _126_ - =stellata= =112=, 113, 300 - _triloba_ _135_ - =velutina= =127=, 129, 131, 298, 299 - - - Redbud 227, 228, 298, 300 - - Remarks, explanation of 15 - - =Robinia Pseudo-Acacia= =235=, 236, 299 - - _Rulac Nuttallii_ _242_ - - - =Salicaceae= =34= - - =Salix= =34= - =alba= =40=, 41 - =alba= variety =vitellina= =40= - =amygdaloides= =38=, 39, 300 - =discolor= =43=, 44 - =discolor= variety =eriocephala= =43= - =fragilis= =40=, 42 - =nigra= =36=, 37, 300 - =nigra= variety =falcata= =38= - - Sassafras 163, 164, 298, 300 - red 163 - white 163 - - _Sassafras albida_ variety _glauca_ _166_ - =officinale= =163=, 164 - - Sargent, C. S. 16 - - Service berry 177 - - =Simarubaceae= =237= - - Sorrel tree 263, 264 - - Sour wood 263, 264 - - Specific gravity of some of the woods of Indiana 299 - - Stink tree 237 - - Sugar berry 151 - - Sugar, black 246 - - Sugar tree 248 - - Sycamore 5, 168, 169, 298, 300 - - - Tamarack 26, 27, 300 - - =Taxodium distichum= =28=, 31, 297, 300 - - Thorn, Mrs. Ashe's 185, 187 - Miss Beckwith's 203, 205 - Judge Brown's 185, 187 - Chapman's Hill 188, 189 - Dr. Clapp's 206 - cock-spur 182, 183 - downy 212 - Eggert's 209, 210 - Fretz's 203, 204 - Dr. Gattinger's 206, 207 - Jesup's 200, 202 - large-fruited 185, 186 - long-spined 188, 190 - Marshall's 182 - Newcastle 182 - New-river 191, 192 - pear 191, 193 - red-fruited 212, 213 - round-leaved 194, 195 - scarlet 209, 211 - shining 197, 198 - southern 196, 197 - variable 197, 199 - Washington 214, 215 - waxy-fruited 206, 208 - - =Thuja occidentalis= =32=, 33, 300 - - =Tiliaceae= =255= - - =Tilia= =255= - _americana_ _255_ - =glabra= =255=, 256, 298, 300 - =heterophylla= =257=, 258, 300 - _heterophylla_ variety _Michauxii_ _259_ - =neglecta= =259= - - =Toxylon pomiferum= =155= - - Tree of Heaven 237, 238 - - Trees, key to families occurring in Indiana 17 - species excluded from Indiana flora 290 - measurement of some of the largest found in Indiana 297 - terms used to define distribution of 14 - - =Tsuga canadensis= =26=, 29, 300 - - Tulip 159, 160 - - Tupelo 259 - - =Ulmaceae= =137= - - Ulman, Paul 15 - - =Ulmus= =137= - =alata= =142=, 144, 299 - =americana= =140=, 141, 298, 300 - =fulva= =138=, 139, 209 - =Thomasi= =142=, 143, 299 - - - =Viburnum prunifolium= =288=, 289, 299 - =rufidulum= =289= - - - Walnut 52, 54, 56 - black 54, 57, 297, 300 - white 54, 55 - - Williamson, L. A. 103 - - Williamson, E. B. 103 - - Willow 36, 38, 40, 300 - black 36, 37, 297, 300 - crack 40, 42 - glaucous 43 - peach-leaved 38, 39 - pussy 43, 44 - swamp 43 - white 40, 41 - - Wood, specific gravity of some species that occur in Indiana 299 - - Wood, white 159 - whittle 257 - - - - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's Note - - -Footnote 46 was not indicated in the text and so was assumed to be -associated with the text associated with E. J. Hill's account of the -species _Celtis pumila_. The last three items in the key on page 36 -were renumbered as "4" appeared twice. On page 287, "Dr. Jno. A. Warder" -was changed to "Dr. John A. Warder". - -Formatting of the titles for the sections listed in the Table -of Contents was standardized. - -Hyphenation and ae ligature use was standardized. The [oe] ligature was -converted to oe. 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