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diff --git a/41702-0.txt b/41702-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be5b782 --- /dev/null +++ b/41702-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9463 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41702 *** + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original 137 illustrations. + See 41702-h.htm or 41702-h.zip: + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41702/41702-h/41702-h.htm) + or + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41702/41702-h.zip) + + +Transcriber's note: + + Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). + + Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). + + + + + +TREES OF INDIANA + +(First Revised Edition) + +by + +CHAS. C. DEAM + + + + + + + +April, 1921 + +Fort Wayne Printing Company +Contractors for Indiana State Printing and Binding +Fort Wayne, Indiana +1921 + +The Department of Conservation +State of Indiana +W. A. Guthrie, Chairman. +Stanley Coulter. +John W. Holtzman. +E. M. Wilson, Secretary. + +Publication No. 13 + +Richard Lieber. +Director. + + +[Illustration: Plate 1. + +SYCAMORE NEAR WORTHINGTON. IND., THE LARGEST BROAD-LEAVED TREE IN THE +U. S. FIVE FEET ABOVE THE GROUND IT IS 42 FT. 3 IN. IN CIRC.; THE EAST +BRANCH IS 27 FT. 3 IN. IN CIRC. AND THE WEST BRANCH IS 23 FT. 2 IN. +IN CIRC. SEE JOUR. HEREDITY, VOL. 6:407:1915.] + + + + +Preface + + +The first edition of Deam's "Trees of Indiana" was published in 1911. +By limiting the distribution, the edition of 10,000 lasted about three +years. The demand for a book of this kind was so great that a second +edition of 1,000 copies was published in March 1919. This edition was +exhausted within five days after its publication was announced, and +thousands of requests for it could not be filled. These came from all +classes of people, but the greatest demand was from the school teachers +of the State. + +Since forestry is an integral part of agriculture which is now taught in +our public schools, and since a book on the trees of the State is in +demand, the Conservation Commission has authorized a revised edition of +"The Trees of Indiana." What was formerly Bulletin No. 3 of the Division +of Forestry is now published as Publication No. 13 of the Department. +The reader's attention is called to a new departure in illustrations, +which were made from photographic reproductions of specimens in Mr. +Deam's herbarium. The photographs were taken by Mr. Harry F. Dietz of +the Division of Entomology. It is believed that it will be gratefully +received by the public and will stimulate an interest in forestry that +should achieve practical results. + + RICHARD LIEBER, + Director, The Department of Conservation. + + + + +Table of Contents. + + + Preface 7 + + List of illustrations 10 + + Introduction 13 + + Key to families 17 + + Trees of Indiana 19 + + Excluded Species 290 + + Measurements of some large trees that grow in Indiana 297 + + Specific gravity of Indiana woods 299 + + Index 305 + + + + +Illustrations. + + + PLATE NUMBER PLATES PAGE + + 1. Frontispiece; Sycamore, largest hardwood tree in U.S. 5 + 2. Pinus Strobus (White Pine) 21 + 3. Pinus Banksiana (Gray or Jack Pine) 23 + 4. Pinus virginiana (Scrub Pine) 24 + 5. Larix laricina (Tamarack) 27 + 6. Tsuga canadensis (Hemlock) 29 + 7. Taxodium distichum (Cypress) 31 + 8. Thuja occidentalis (Arbor-Vitæ) 33 + 9. Juniperus virginiana (Red Cedar) 35 + 10. Salix nigra (Black Willow) 37 + 11. Salix amygdaloides (Peach-leaved Willow) 39 + 12. Salix alba (White Willow) 41 + 13. Salix fragilis (Crack Willow) 42 + 14. Salix discolor (Pussy Willow) 44 + 15. Populus alba (Silver-leaf Poplar) 46 + 16. Populus heterophylla (Swamp Cottonwood) 48 + 17. Populus deltoides (Cottonwood) 49 + 18. Populus grandidentata (Large-toothed Aspen) 51 + 19. Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen) 53 + 20. Juglans cinerea (Butternut) 55 + 21. Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) 57 + 22. Carya illinoensis (Pecan) 60 + 23. Carya cordiformis (Pignut Hickory) 62 + 24. Carya ovata (Shellbark Hickory) 64 + 25. Carya laciniosa (Big Shellbark Hickory) 67 + 26. Carya alba (White Hickory) 69 + 27. Carya glabra (Black Hickory) 71 + 28. Carya ovalis (Small-fruited Hickory) 73 + 29. Carya Buckleyi var. arkansana 77 + 30. Carpinus caroliniana (Water Beech) 79 + 31. Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood) 81 + 32. Betula lutea (Yellow Birch) 83 + 33. Betula populifolia (Gray or White Birch) 86 + 34. Betula papyrifera (Paper or Canoe Birch) 87 + 35. Betula nigra (Black or Red Birch) 89 + 36. Alnus incana (Speckled Alder) 91 + 37. Alnus rugosa (Smooth Alder) 93 + 38. Fagus grandifolia (Beech) 95 + 39. Castanea dentata (Chestnut) 97 + 40. Quercus alba (White Oak) 102 + 41. Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak) 105 + 42. Quercus Muhlenbergii (Chinquapin Oak) 106 + 43. Quercus Michauxii (Cow or Basket Oak) 108 + 44. Quercus Prinus (Chestnut Oak) 111 + 45. Quercus stellata (Post Oak) 113 + 46. Quercus macrocarpa (Bur Oak) 115 + 47. Quercus lyrata (Overcup Oak) 118 + 48. Quercus imbricaria (Shingle Oak) 120 + 49. Quercus rubra (Red Oak) 122 + 50. Quercus palustris (Pin Oak) 124 + 51. Quercus Schneckii (Schneck's Red Oak) 125 + 52. Quercus ellipsoidalis (Hill's Oak) 128 + 53. Quercus velutina (Black Oak) 129 + 54. Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak) 132 + 55. Quercus falcata (Spanish Oak) 134 + 56. Quercus marilandica (Black Jack Oak) 136 + 57. Ulmus fulva (Slippery or Red Elm) 139 + 58. Ulmus americana (White Elm) 141 + 59. Ulmus Thomasi (Hickory or Rock Elm) 143 + 60. Ulmus alata (Winged Elm) 144 + 61. Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry) 147 + 62. Celtis pumila var. Deamii (Dwarf Hackberry) 149 + 63. Celtis mississippiensis (Sugarberry) 152 + 64. Morus rubra (Red Mulberry) 154 + 65. Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange) 156 + 66. Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber Tree) 158 + 67. Liriodendron Tulipifera (Tulip Tree or Yellow Poplar) 160 + 68. Asimina triloba (Pawpaw) 162 + 69. Sassafras officinale (Sassafras) 164 + 70. Liquidambar Styraciflua (Sweet Gum) 167 + 71. Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore) 169 + 72. Malus glaucescens (American Crab Apple) 173 + 73. Malus lancifolia (Narrow-leaved Crab Apple) 175 + 74. Malus ioensis (Western Crab Apple) 176 + 75. Amelanchier canadensis (Juneberry or Service Berry) 178 + 76. Amelanchier lævis (Smooth Juneberry or Service Berry) 179 + 77. Cratægus Crus-galli (Cock-spur Thorn) 183 + 78. Cratægus cuneiformis (Marshall's Thorn) 184 + 79. Cratægus punctata (Large-fruited Thorn) 186 + 80. Cratægus Margaretta (Judge Brown's Thorn) 187 + 81. Cratægus collina (Chapman's Hill Thorn) 189 + 82. Cratægus succulenta (Long-spined Thorn) 190 + 83. Cratægus neo-fluvialis (New River Thorn) 192 + 84. Cratægus Calpodendron (Pear Thorn) 193 + 85. Cratægus chrysocarpa (Round-leaved Thorn) 195 + 86. Cratægus viridis (Southern Thorn) 196 + 87. Cratægus nitida (Shining Thorn) 198 + 88. Cratægus macrosperma (Variable Thorn) 199 + 89. Cratægus basilica (Edson's Thorn) 201 + 90. Cratægus Jesupi (Jesup's Thorn) 202 + 91. Cratægus rugosa (Fretz's Thorn) 204 + 92. Cratægus filipes (Miss Beckwith's Thorn) 205 + 93. Cratægus Gattingeri (Gattinger's Thorn) 207 + 94. Cratægus pruinosa (Waxy-fruited Thorn) 208 + 95. Cratægus coccinoides (Eggert's Thorn) 210 + 96. Cratægus coccinea (Scarlet Thorn) 211 + 97. Cratægus mollis (Red-fruited or Downy Thorn) 213 + 98. Cratægus Phænopyrum (Washington's Thorn) 215 + 99. Prunus americana (Wild Red Plum) 217 + 100. Prunus americana var. lanata (Woolly-leaf Plum) 219 + 101. Prunus nigra (Canada Plum) 220 + 102. Prunus hortulana (Wild Goose Plum) 222 + 103. Prunus pennsylvanica (Wild Red Cherry) 224 + 104. Prunus serotina (Wild Black Cherry) 225 + 105. Cercis canadensis (Redbud) 228 + 106. Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey Locust) 229 + 107. Gleditsia aquatica (Water Honey Locust) 231 + 108. Gymnocladus dioica (Coffeenut Tree) 234 + 109. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia (Black Locust) 236 + 110. Ailanthus altissima (Ailanthus or Tree of Heaven) 238 + 111. Acer Negundo (Box Elder) 241 + 112. Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) 243 + 113. Acer rubrum (Red Maple) 245 + 114. Acer nigrum (Black Maple) 247 + 115. Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) 249 + 116. Æsculus glabra (Buckeye) 252 + 117. Æsculus octandra (Sweet Buckeye) 254 + 118. Tilia glabra (Linn or Basswood) 256 + 119. Tilia heterophylla (White Basswood) 258 + 120. Nyssa sylvatica (Black Gum) 260 + 121. Cornus florida (Dogwood) 262 + 122. Oxydendrum arboreum (Sour Wood or Sorrel Tree) 264 + 123. Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon) 266 + 124. Fraxinus americana (White Ash) 269 + 125. Fraxinus biltmoreana (Biltmore Ash) 271 + 126. Fraxinus lanceolata (Green Ash) 273 + 127. Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Red Ash) 275 + 128. Fraxinus profunda (Pumpkin Ash) 277 + 129. Fraxinus quadrangulata (Blue Ash) 279 + 130. Fraxinus nigra (Black Ash) 281 + 131. Adelia acuminata (Pond Brush or Crooked Brush) 283 + 132. Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa) 285 + 133. Catalpa speciosa (Hardy Catalpa) 286 + 134. Viburnum prunifolium (Black Haw) 289 + 135. County Map of Indiana 301 + 136. Map showing certain areas of forest distribution 302 + 137. English and Metric Scales compared 303 + + + + +Trees of Indiana + + + + +_INTRODUCTION_ + + +The present edition has been entirely rewritten. While the general plan +of the first edition has been followed, some changes have been made. + +The number of trees included has been wholly arbitrary. All woody plants +of the State which generally attain a maximum diameter of 10 cm. (4 +inches) at breast high are regarded as tree forms. _Alnus rugosa_ which +so closely resembles _Alnus incana_, is an exception, and a description +of it is given to aid in the identification of our tree form of _Alnus_. +Also several species of Cratægus are included which commonly do not +attain tree size. The species of all Cratægus begin to flower and fruit +many years before they attain their maximum size. The genus is much in +need of study, and the smaller forms are included to stimulate a study +of the genus, and in order that the larger forms may be more easily and +certainly identified. + +The number of introduced trees has been limited to those that more or +less freely escape at least in some parts of the State. The one +exception is _Catalpa bignonioides_, which is given to help separate it +from our native catalpa, both of which are now commonly planted. + +=Botanic Description.=--The botanic descriptions have been made from +specimens collected in Indiana. In most instances the material has been +quite ample, and collected from all parts of the State. Technical terms +have been avoided, and only when precision and accuracy were necessary +have a few been used which can be found in any school dictionary. The +length of the description varies in proportion to the importance and +interest of the species and the number of characters necessary to +separate it from other forms. The characters used are those which are +the most conspicuous, and are generally with the specimen at hand. In +most instances mature leaves are at hand, and these are most fully +described. When leaves are discussed, only mature and normal leaves are +considered. The descriptions are not drawn to include the leaf forms, +and sizes of coppice shoots or seedlings. Measurements of simple leaves +do not include the petiole unless mentioned. + +When the term twig is used, it means the growth of the year. Branchlets +and branches mean all growth except the present year. By seasons are +meant the calendar seasons. + +The size of trees is designated as small, medium and large. These terms +are defined as follows: Small trees are those that attain a diameter of +2 dm.; medium-sized trees are those whose maximum diameter is between 2 +dm. and 6 dm.; large-sized trees are those which are commonly more than +6 dm. in diameter. Diameter measurements are at 14 dm. (4-1/2) feet +above the ground, or breast high. + +The common names given are those most generally used in our area. Where +common names are rarely applied to our forms, the common commercial or +botanical common name is given. In some instances where a tree is known +by several names, one or more of which are often applied to a related +species, the liberty has been taken to select a common name which should +be restricted to the one species. + +Botanical names are usually pronounced according to the English method +of pronouncing Latin. The accented syllables have been marked as +follows: the grave (\) accent to indicate the long English sound of the +vowel and the acute (/) accent to show the short or otherwise modified +sound. + +Measurements have been given in the metric system, and in some instances +the English equivalent has also been given. + +The nomenclature attempted is that of the International Code. The +sequence of families is that of Gray's Manual, 7th Edition. + +=Distribution.=--The general distribution of the species is first given, +which is followed by the distribution in Indiana. The general +distribution has been obtained by freely consulting all the local floras +and general works on botany. The Indiana distribution has been obtained +for the greater part from specimens represented in the writer's +herbarium and from notes in doing field work during the past 24 years. +Since the first edition of the "Trees of Indiana" was published the +writer has traveled over 27,000 miles in Indiana, via auto, making a +special study of the flora of the State, and has visited every county +and has traversed practically every township in the State. In discussing +numbers in distribution it was decided to use terms already in common +use, but to assign a definite meaning to each as follows: Very common +means more than 25 trees to the acre; common, 5-25 trees to the acre; +frequent 1-5 trees to the acre; infrequent, 1 tree to 2-10 acres; rare, +1 tree to every 11-100 acres; very rare, 1 tree to more than 100 acres; +local when the distribution is circumscribed or in spots. + +Where a species has the limit of its range in our area, its distribution +is sometimes given at length for scientific reasons. It should be +remembered that some of the older records of distribution were made by +geologists or inexperienced botanists, and when such records are +questioned it is done with a spirit of scientific accuracy. Some of our +early authors did not distinguish between cultivated and native trees, +which involves the distribution of certain species. + +The habitat of many species is discussed; which suggests forestal, +horticultural and ornamental possibilities. Then too, the habitat of a +tree, helps to identify it. When associated trees are given, those are +enumerated which are characteristic of the species throughout its range +in our area and they are arranged in the order of their abundance. + +A county map of the State is included which will assist in finding the +range of each species. A forestal area map is also added to visualize +certain habitats of the State. + +The range and distribution of the species in the State has been given +considerable attention to encourage investigation along this line. + +=Remarks.=--Under this title the economic uses of the trees and their +products have been given. In addition horticultural and unclassified +information is included. + +=Illustrations.=--All of the illustrations except two are photographic +reproductions of specimens in the writer's herbarium. The two drawings +were used in the first edition. + +About 20 of the photographs were made by Paul Ulman, and the remainder +by Harry F. Dietz, who has laboriously tried to obtain good +reproductions from the material at hand. + +=Explanation of Map of Certain Forestal Areas.=--In describing the +distribution of certain species of trees within the State, it was found +convenient to speak of certain forestal areas which are here described, +and are illustrated by a map which may be found at the end of the text. + +_Lake Region_:--The southernmost lakes in Indiana are those located in +the southwestern part of Wells County; Lake Galacia about five miles +northeast of Fairmount in Grant County; Lake Cicott in Cass County; and +Kate's Pond about 1-1/2 miles northwest of Independence in Warren +County. Roughly estimated, all of Indiana north of a line connecting +these lakes might be considered the lake area of the State. _Prairie +Area_:--While the interior of Indiana has quite a few small areas called +prairies, the real western prairie did not extend far into the State. +The dividing line is very irregular, and several elongated lobes +extended farther east than indicated by the map. The larger areas east +of the line were the extensive prairie area of the Kankakee Valley; the +northern part of Pulaski County; and parts of White and Tippecanoe +Counties. _"Knob" Area_:--This is the hilliest part of the State and is +located in the southcentral part. It is contained in the unglaciated +portion of the State, and includes the "knobs" of the Knobstone, Chester +and Mansfield sandstone areas of Indiana. In this area are included the +scrub pine and chestnut oak, with one exception; sorrel tree and the +chestnut, with two possible exceptions. _The Flats_:--This is a level +stretch of country, here and there deeply eroded. Being level, and the +soil a fine compact clay, the drainage is poor which suggested the local +name "flats." _The Lower Wabash Valley_:--This is part of Knox, Gibson +and Posey Counties which is usually inundated each year by the Wabash +River. + +=Acknowledgments.=--The character and qualities of the wood have for the +greater part been taken from the works of Britton and Brown, Hough, and +Sargent, to whom indebtedness is acknowledged. + +The _Salicaceæ_, except the genus _Populus_ was written by C. R. Ball, +of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. The _Malaceæ_ was +contributed by W. W. Eggleston, also of the Bureau of Plant Industry, +Washington, D. C. These authors were asked to make their part conform to +the general plan of the book. Mr. Ball and Mr. Eggleston are recognized +authorities on the respective parts they have written and users of this +book will appreciate the value of having these difficult parts written +by our best authorities. The author wishes to gratefully acknowledge +this great favor. + +The most grateful acknowledgement is given to Prof. Stanley Coulter, +Dean, School Science, Purdue University, who has read all of the +manuscript and made valuable suggestions, corrections and criticisms. + +I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Stella M. Deam, my wife, in +field and clerical work. + +I wish to thank the Department of Conservation for the opportunity of +doing this work. + + + + +Key to the Families. + + + PAGE + + Leaves linear or scale-like. Pinaceæ 19 + + Leaves not as above. + + A. Leaves compound. + + Leaves palmately compound. Æsculaceæ 251 + + Leaves without an odd leaflet at the end. Cæsalpinaceæ 226 + + Leaves with an odd leaflet at the end. + + Leaves alternate. + + Leaflets toothed all around. Juglandaceæ 52 + + Leaflets entire, or with 1-4 teeth near + the base. + + Trees with thorns, leaflets entire, + generally less than 4 cm. + (1-1/2 inches) long. Fabaceæ 233 + + Trees without thorns, leaflets entire + or with 1-4 teeth near the base, + generally longer than 4 cm. + (1-1/2 inches). Simarubaceæ 237 + + Leaves opposite. + + Leaflets 3-5, fruit in pairs. Aceraceæ 239 + + Leaflets 5-11, fruit single. Oleaceæ 267 + + A. Leaves simple. + + Leaves opposite or whorled. + + Petioles more than 4 cm. (1-1/2 inches) long. + + Blades palmately 3-5 lobed. Aceraceæ 239 + + Blades entire or with 1 or 2 lateral lobes. Bignoniaceæ 284 + + Petioles less than 4 cm. (1-1/2 inches) long. + + Flowers 4-parted, stone of fruit round. Cornaceæ 259 + + Flowers 5-parted, stone of fruit flattened. Caprifoliaceæ 288 + + Leaves alternate. + + B. Leaves entire. + + Trees with thorns and a milky sap. Maclura in + Moraceæ 155 + + Trees without thorns, sap not milky. + + Leaves 3-5 nerved at the base. + + Leaves 3-nerved at the base. Celtis in + Ulmaceæ 146 + + Leaves 5-nerved at the base. Cercis in + Cæsalpinaceæ 227 + + Leaves with 1 primary nerve. + + Leaves usually more than 1.5 dm. + (6 inches) long, flowers solitary. + + Flowers appearing before or with the + leaves. Anonaceæ 161 + + Flowers appearing after the leaves. Magnoliaceæ 155 + + Leaves less than 1.5 dm. (6 inches) long, + flowers in clusters. + + Bark and leaves aromatic Lauraceæ 163 + + Bark and leaves not aromatic. + Fruit dry, an acorn Quercus + imbricaria + in Fagaceæ 119 + + Fruit fleshy. + + Fruit with one seed, stone + cylindrical Nyssa in + Cornaceæ 259 + + Fruit with more than one seed, + rarely one, seeds flat Ebenaceæ 265 + + B. Leaves finely serrate, coarsely toothed + or lobed. + + C. Leaves with one primary vein. + + Bark and leaves aromatic Lauraceæ 163 + + Bark and leaves not aromatic. + + Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit in + catkins. + + Scales of winter buds 2, ovary many-seeded, + seeds with a tuft of hairs at the summit Salix in + Salicaceæ 34 + + Scales of winter buds more than 2, ovary + 1-seeded, seeds without a tuft of hairs + at the summit Betulaceæ 78 + + Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit not + in catkins. + + Fruit dry. + + Fruit a samara Ulmus + in Ulmaceæ 137 + + Fruit not a samara + + Bark smooth; fruit spiny Fagaceæ 92 + + Bark furrowed; fruit a smooth capsule Ericaceæ 263 + + Fruit fleshy. + + Flowers more than 8 mm. (1/3 inch) broad, + fruit edible, apple-like. + + Trees mostly with thorns, fruit with + remnant of calyx at apex of fruit, + normally with more than 1 seed. Malaceæ 171 + + Trees without thorns, fruit with no + remnant of calyx at the apex, fruit + a 1-seeded edible drupe. Amygdalaceæ 216 + + Flowers less than 8 mm. (1/3 inch) across, + fruit a non-edible drupe Cornaceæ 259 + + C. Leaves with more than 1 primary vein. + + Staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins. + + Fruit dry Populus in + Salicaceæ 45 + + Fruit fleshy Morus in + Moraceæ 151 + + Staminate and pistillate flowers not in catkins. + + Pistillate and staminate flowers separate. + + Leaves 3-nerved at the base, fruit a + 1-seeded drupe Celtis in + Ulmaceæ 146 + + Leaves 5-nerved at the base, fruit a head of + carpels or achenes. + + Bark fissured, not peeling off in flakes, + leaves aromatic Altingiaceæ 166 + + Bark peeling off in flakes, leaves not + aromatic Platanaceæ 168 + + Pistillate and staminate flowers in one. + + Fruit dry Tiliaceæ 255 + + Fruit fleshy Malaceæ 171 + + + + +=PINÀCEAE.= The Pine Family. + + +Trees and shrubs with a resinous sap, which yields rosin, tar, +turpentine and essential oils. The leaves are linear or scale-like, +alternate, whorled or clustered; flowers naked, appearing in the spring; +fruit a cone or sometimes berry-like. A large family of trees and +shrubs, containing over 200 species, found in many parts of the world, +and of great economic importance. In Indiana only nine species are +native, and the distribution of seven of these species has always been +very limited. + + Leaves linear, in clusters of 2, 3, 5 or more than 5. + + Leaves in bundles of 2-5. 1 Pinus. + + Leaves in bundles of more than 5. 2 Larix. + + Leaves linear and solitary, or scale-like. + + Leaves all linear. + + Leaves obtuse. 3 Tsuga. + + Leaves sharp-pointed. + + Leaves green on both sides, alternate. 4 Taxodium. + + Leaves glaucous beneath, opposite or whorled. 6 Juniperus. + + Leaves all scale-like, or some of the branches with + linear sharp-pointed leaves. + + Leaves all scale-like, fruit a cone of 8-12 + imbricated scales. 5 Thuja. + + Leaves scale-like or some linear and sharp-pointed, + fruit berry-like. 6 Juniperus. + + +=1. PÌNUS.= The Pines. + +Evergreen trees with needle-shaped leaves in bundles of 2-5 or 7; +flowers appearing in the spring, the staminate clustered at the base of +the season's shoots, the pistillate on the side or near the end of the +shoots; fruit a woody cone which matures at the end of the second +season, or more rarely at the end of the third season; scales of the +cone variously thickened; seeds in pairs at the base of the scales. + +There are about 70 species of pines of which three are native to +Indiana. Commercially the pines are classed as soft and hard. In our +area the soft pines are represented by the white pine, while the gray +and Jersey pines are classed as hard pines. + + Leaves 5 in a bundle, 6-12 cm. long. 1 P. Strobus. + + Leaves 2-3 in a bundle. + + Scales of cones unarmed, leaves usually 2-4 cm. long. 2 P. Banksiana. + + Scales of cones tipped with a short spine, leaves + usually over 4 cm. long. 3 P. virginiana. + +=1.= =Pinus Stròbus= Linnæus. White Pine. Plate 2. Bark greenish and +smooth on young trees, becoming reddish or gray and furrowed on old +trees; young twigs scurvy-pubescent, soon smooth and light brown; leaves +normally 5 in a bundle, sometimes more, 6-12 cm. long, 3-sided, +sharp-pointed, bluish-green, maturing and falling at end of second +season; cones ripening at end of second season, usually 10-20 cm. long; +wood light, soft, not strong, works easily, takes a good polish, and +warps little. + +=Distribution.=--Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Iowa, Kentucky and +along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia. The mass distribution +of this species is to the north of our area, and in Indiana it is local +and found in small numbers. It is a common tree on some of the dunes +bordering Lake Michigan, and is found locally throughout the area +bordering Lake Michigan. Its distribution in this part of the State has +not been studied, but it is believed that in Lake and Porter Counties it +is not at present found far from the Lake. Blatchley[1] reports "a +thicket of this species about a peat bog on the Hayward farm one mile +east of Merrillville in Lake County." The writer has seen it as a +frequent tree in a black oak woods about four miles southwest of +Michigan City, also quite a number of large trees seven miles northeast +of Michigan City in a swampy woods, associated with white elm, black +ash, soft maple, etc. + +Nieuwland[2] reports a single tree found in a tamarack swamp 25 miles +east of Michigan City near Lydick in St. Joseph County. The next +appearance of this species is to the south in Warren County on the +outcrops of sandstone along Big Pine, Little Pine, Rock and Kickapoo +Creeks. It is found more or less on bluffs of these creeks. It was the +most abundant along Big Pine Creek, and followed up the creek for a +distance of about ten miles, or midway between Rainsville and Indian +Village. To the south it is next found in Fountain County on the +outcrops of sandstone along Big Shawnee and Bear Creeks. Franklin Watts +who owns the "Bear Creek Canyon" just south of Fountain says he +remembers the area before any cutting was done along the creek. He says +that the white pine was a common tree along the creek for a distance of +half a mile and that a few scattered trees were found as far as 40 rods +from the creek. He stated that the largest trees were about 30 inches in +diameter and as high as the highest of the surrounding trees. Moving +southward it is next found on a ridge of sandstone in Montgomery County +on the south side of Sugar Creek about a mile east of the shades. Here +it is closely associated with hemlock which is absent in all of the +stations to the north. Coulter[3] reports a colony in the "knobs" of the +northeast corner of Floyd County. This species was also reported from +Clark County by Baird and Taylor. The writer has made inquiry and +diligently searched for this species in this county but failed to locate +it. In the vicinity of Borden where the Jersey pine grows, millmen +distinguish two kinds of pines. Investigation showed that both are +Jersey pine. The one with resinous exudations along the trunk is one +kind, and trunks without exudation is the other. Since Baird and Taylor +include cultivated trees in their list of the plants of Clark County, it +is proposed to drop this reference. + +[Illustration: Plate 2. + +PINUS STROBUS Linnæus. (× 1/2.) White Pine.] + +=Remarks.=--White pine on account of the excellent qualities of its wood +is in great demand, and has always ranked as one of our leading timber +trees. In fact it was so highly prized that practically all of the +original stand of this species has been cut. + +The tree adapts itself to many habitats, hence has been used extensively +for forestry purposes both in America and Europe. In fact it was the +most used tree in forestry until about ten years ago when the white pine +blister rust was discovered in America. This disease is now found in +practically all of the states where this species forms dense stands. +However, Federal and State authorities are trying to stamp out the +disease. In Indiana it is a species well worth a trial for forestry +purposes, especially in windbreaks where other species are used. + +=2.= =Pinus Banksiàna= Lambert. Gray Pine. Jack Pine. Plate 3. A small +tree 10-15 m. high with reddish-brown bark, broken into short flakes; +shoots of season yellow-green, turning reddish-brown, smooth; leaves +dark green, in twos, 2-5 cm. long, divergent, curved or twisted, rigid, +sharp-pointed, persisting for two or three years; cones sessile, +sharp-pointed, oblique at the base, 3-5 cm. long, usually pointing in +the direction of the branch; wood light, soft and weak. + +=Distribution.=--The most northern of all of our pines. Nova Scotia to +northern New York, northern Illinois, Minnesota and northward. In +Indiana it is found only on and among the sand dunes in the immediate +vicinity of Lake Michigan, and in no instance has it been seen more than +three miles from the Lake. Found sparingly in Lake, Porter and Laporte +Counties. It is the most abundant in the vicinity of Dune Park. + +[Illustration: Plate 3. + +PINUS BANKSIANA Lambert. Gray or Jack Pine. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 4. + +PINUS VIRGINIANA Miller. Jersey or Scrub Pine. (×1/2.)] + +=3.= =Pinus virginiàna= Miller. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. Plate 4. Bark +dark-brown with rather shallow fissures, the ridges broken, somewhat +scaly; shoots green, light brown or purplish with a bloom, becoming a +gray-brown; leaves in bundles of two, rarely three, twisted, usually +about 4-5 cm. long, deciduous during the third or fourth year; cones +sessile or nearly so, narrowly conic when closed, 4-7 cm. long, opening +in the autumn of the second season; scales armed with a curved spine 2-4 +mm. long; wood light, soft, weak, brittle and slightly resinous. + +=Distribution.=--Long Island to South Carolina, Alabama and north to +Indiana and Licking County, Ohio. The distribution in Indiana is quite +limited, and has never been understood by authors who variously give it +as found throughout the southern part of Indiana. It is confined to the +knob area of Floyd, Clark and Scott Counties, and the southeastern part +of Washington County. In the original forest it is confined to the tops +of the knobs where it is associated with Quercus Prinus (Gray's Man. 7th +Edition). It propagates easily from self-sown seed, hence is soon found +on the lower slopes of cut-over lands, and soon occupies fallow fields. +It is now found in the open woods several miles east of the knobs in the +preceding counties, but pioneers of this section say it was not a +constituent of the original forests but has come in since the original +forests were heavily cut over. It is believed that it crowned the knobs +over our area from 5-10 miles wide extending through the counties named +and extending northward about 25 miles. This species is found in the +open woods on a few hills on the Millport Ridge in the northern part of +Washington County, and it appears as if native, but investigation showed +that it had spread from a tree on the site of a pioneer's cabin. It is +also found as a frequent escape on the wooded bluff of Raccoon Creek in +the southern part of Owen County, and appears as native here. It is +associated on the bluff and slope with hemlock. Chas. Green, a man of +sixty years, who owns the place says the trees were seeded by a tree +planted in his father's yard nearby. His father also planted a white +pine in his yard, and it is to be noted while the Jersey Pine has freely +escaped the white pine has not, although the habitat seems favorable. + +=Remarks.=--In its native habitat on the exposed summits of the "knobs" +it is usually a small tree about 3 dm. in diameter and 10 m. high. When +it finds lodgement on the lower slopes and coves it may attain a +diameter of 7 dm. and a height of 25 m. This tree is really entitled to +be called "old field pine" on account of its ability to establish itself +on them. + +From the ease with which this species propagates itself from seed it +seems worthy a trial for forestry purposes in the "knob" area of the +State. However, all attempts to grow this species from seedlings at the +Forest Reserve have failed. + + +=2. LÀRIX.= The Larches. + +=Larix laricìná= (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. Plate No. 5. Tall spire-like +trees, usually 2-3 dm. in diameter, rarely as large as 5 dm. in +diameter; bark gray or reddish-brown, scaly; twigs slender, smooth, +light brown, becoming a dark gray brown; leaves scattered along the +shoots of the season, in fascicles on the older branches, usually 20-50 +in a bundle; filiform, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse at apex, triangular in +cross-section, all falling off late in autumn; staminate flowers borne +on the short leafless branches, the pistillate appear with the leaves on +the branches of the previous season; cones borne on short, stout +branchlets, normally erect or inclined to be so, 10-20 mm. long, +purplish brown while growing, turning to a light brown at maturity, +persisting on the tree for about a year; wood hard, heavy, light brown, +variable in strength. + +=Distribution.=--Labrador, Newfoundland south to southern New York, West +Virginia, northern Ohio and Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota and northward. +In Indiana it is confined to the northern part of the State, and has not +been reported south of the northern part of Cass County. The most +southern station in the eastern part of the State is about Lake Everett +in the northwest part of Allen County. It is found on low borders of +lakes, in swamps and in bogs. In all of its stations in Indiana it is +found growing near the water level in great depths of organic matter +more or less decomposed or in beds of peat, which contain little or +practically no soil. Where it is found, it usually forms a pure stand. + +=Remarks.=--Formerly the tamarack was a common tree in its area. +Recently many of the tamarack swamps have been drained. This with heavy +cutting has reduced the supply of tamarack in Indiana to an +insignificant amount. The tamarack is popularly classed as white and +yellow--the yellow being considered the better of the two. In our area +it is used principally for poles and posts. There is a diversity of +opinion as to the durability of tamarack in contact with the soil. The +most authentic information places the life of fence posts at about ten +years. + +[Illustration: Plate 5. + +LARIX LARICINA (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. (×1.)] + + +=3. TSÙGA.= The Hemlocks. + +=Tsuga canadénsis= (Linnæus) Carrière. Hemlock. Plate 6. Tall trees, 3-7 +dm. in diameter, with reddish-brown or grayish bark, deeply furrowed; +shoots very slender and hairy, becoming smooth in a few years; leaves +apparently 2-ranked, persisting for about three years, linear, short +petioled, 6-13 mm. long, usually about 10 mm. long, usually flat, obtuse +or notched at apex, bright green and shiny above, bluish-white beneath; +staminate flowers appear early in the spring from buds in the axils of +the leaves of the previous season, the pistillate terminal, erect, +oblong; cones almost sessile and pendulous, borne on the end of last +year's branch, maturing the first season, ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; wood +light, soft, brittle, not durable, difficult to work, splintery but +holds a nail well. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia south to Delaware, west to Minnesota and +southeastward through Indiana and eastern Kentucky, thence southward on +the mountains to northern Alabama. In Indiana it is not found[4] north +of Brown County. It is found in limited numbers at the following places: +on a bluff of Bean Blossom Creek in Brown County; on a steep wooded +slope on the south side of a small creek about one and a half miles +north of Borden in Clark County, and also reported on the bank of Silver +Creek between Clark and Floyd Counties; a few trees on the top and sides +of the cliffs about one mile east of Taswell in Crawford County; a few +trees on the bluff of Guthrie Creek in Jackson County; a few trees along +the north fork of the Muscatatuck River between Vernon and North Vernon +in Jennings County; a few trees on the south bank of Back Creek near +Leesville in Lawrence County; frequent on the banks of Sugar Creek near +the "Shades" in Montgomery County; a few trees on the bank of Raccoon +Creek in the southern part of Owen County; frequent on the bank of Sugar +Creek in Turkey Run State Park in Parke County; a few trees on the banks +of Raccoon and Walnut Creeks in Putnam County. Also reported by +Beeler[5] as found on a bluff of White River in Morgan County. + +In all of its stations it is found on sandstone bluffs on the south side +of streams, giving it a north or northwest exposure. In a few of the +stations there are no small trees, but in Montgomery County along Sugar +Creek it is reproducing well. + +=Remarks.=--Hemlock is of no economic importance in Indiana. The bark is +much used in tanning. Hemlock is frequently used for a hedge plant, also +as a specimen tree in parks, etc. + +[Illustration: Plate 6. + +TSUGA CANADENSIS (Linnæus) Carrière. Hemlock. (×1/2.)] + + +=4. TAXÒDIUM.= The Bald Cypress. + +=Taxodium dístichum= (Linnæus) L. C. Richard. Cypress. Plate 7. Large +tall straight trees, up to 18 dm. in diameter and 45 m. high, usually +with a buttressed base which is frequently hollow. In wet situations it +develops steeple-shaped projections from the roots to above the water +level, known as "knees"; bark gray or reddish-brown, separating from the +trunk in long thin narrow strips; shoots light green, smooth, turning +reddish-brown the first year, then a darker brown; leaves spirally +arranged, appearing as if 2-ranked on vegetative shoots, linear, 5-15 +mm. long, sessile, acute, yellowish-green, turning brown in the fall and +dropping off; staminate flowers numerous, borne on long terminal +panicles, pistillate flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; fruit +a cone, globose, about 2.5 cm. in diameter, the surface with some +wrinkles made by the edges of the closely fitting scales; wood light, +soft and straight-grained, rather weak, does not warp or shrink much and +reputed to be very durable when exposed to soil or weather. + +=Distribution.=--Along the Atlantic coast from Delaware to Florida and +along the Gulf west to Texas and north along the Mississippi Valley to +Indiana. In Indiana it has a peculiar and limited distribution. The mass +distribution was just north and west of Decker in Knox County. +Collett[6] estimates that 20,000 acres were "covered with a fine forest +of cypress". Wright[7] maps the other places in the southern part of +Knox County where the cypress was known to have occurred. At present the +only cypress in Knox County is in the extreme southwest part of the +county, and is known as Little Cypress swamp. Here it is associated with +such trees as white elm and Schneck's oak. It is believed that it +extended only a few miles north of the Deshee River. Going southward it +has not been seen in Gibson County, and is first noted in Posey County +along the Wabash River in a cypress pond about 12 miles southwest of Mt. +Vernon. Then again in Posey County along the Ohio River on the shores of +Hovey Lake, and in a slough about 3 miles east of Mt. Vernon. It +occurred in a few spots in Vanderburg County along the Ohio River +southwest of Evansville. It again appears in limited numbers along +Cypress Creek a few miles east of Newburg in Warrick County, which is +its eastern[8] known limit. + +The cypress in all of its stations is found only in places that are for +the greater part of the year under water. + +=Remarks.=--The original stand of cypress in Indiana has practically all +been cut, and the swamps drained and now under cultivation. In the +slough east of Mt. Vernon for several years, thousands of seedlings of +the year have been noted, but for some reason they do not survive a +second year. The present indications are that the cypress will be +extinct in Indiana before many years because practically no small trees +can be found. + +[Illustration: Plate 7. + +TAXODIUM DISTICHUM (Linnæus) L. C. Richard. Cypress. (× 1/2.)] + +This species is highly recommended by some nurserymen for ornamental +planting. It proves hardy in the southern part of the state. It is a +fast growing tree, adapted to a wet soil, but will succeed in drier +situations. + + +=5. THÙJA.= Arbor-Vitæ. + +=Thuja occidentàlis= Linnæus. Arbor-Vitæ. Plate 8. Small evergreen trees +with a conical crown, bark on old trees reddish-brown or dark gray, +shreddy; branchlets compressed, reddish-brown; leaves all closely +appressed, in alternate pairs, scale-like, about 3 mm. long on young +branchlets, on old branches somewhat longer together with a spine 2-3 +mm. long; flowers appear early in the spring from the ends of the +branches; cones mature the first season, about 1 cm. long and .5 cm. in +diameter; wood soft, brittle, weak and durable. + +=Distribution.=--New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Minnesota and New +Jersey thence southward along the Alleghanies to North Carolina and +Tennessee. In Indiana it is found native[9] only in Lake and Porter +Counties. In Lake County a few isolated specimens have been found in +several places near Lake Michigan. In Porter County it is known only in +a large tamarack swamp north of the Mineral Springs stop on the Traction +line, and about a mile from Lake Michigan. Here about 100 trees are +found scattered over an area of less than two acres. The largest +specimen measures 70 cm. in circumference. This species is doomed to +early extinction in our area. No doubt it already has vanished from Lake +County, and it is probable that the colony north of Mineral Springs is +the last of the species in Indiana. + +=Remarks.=--While only found in a swamp in Indiana, this species adapts +itself to all kinds of soils and exposures. It transplants readily and +is used for ornamental purposes, and for windbreaks. Dwarf forms are +frequently planted for hedges. The wood is used principally for poles +and posts, and is commercially known as white cedar. + + +=6. JUNÍPERUS.= The Junipers. + +Evergreen shrubs or trees, leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, +scale-like or short-linear; fruit berry-like; seeds 1-3. + +=Juniperus virginiàna= Linnæus. Red Cedar. Plate 9. A small tree, +usually 1-2 dm. and rarely up to 5 dm. in diameter; bark shreddy; +branches usually more or less ascending which gives the tree a narrow +conic appearance; shoots green, soon turning light to reddish-brown and +on older branches gray or dark brown; leaves 4-ranked, scale-like and +1.5-2 mm. long, or subulate, decurrent at base and 3-10 mm. long on +vigorous branches or very small trees; flowers terminal; fruit ripening +the first season, berry-like, globose but longer than wide, with a bloom +and a very resinous pulp about the seeds which are usually 1 or 2; wood +light, brittle, close-grained, durable and fragrant. + +[Illustration: Plate 8. + +THUJA OCCIDENTALIS Linnæus. Arbor-Vitæ. (× 1/2.).] + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia south to Florida, west to Texas and north +to South Dakota. It is found in all parts of Indiana, although sparingly +in the northern part, especially where streams with bluffs are absent. +No doubt this species in the original forests was confined principally +to the bluffs of streams and rocky ravines. Since the forests have been +cut, it is now found growing along fences, in open dry woods, and in +southern Indiana it is a common tree in old abandoned fields, and in +waste places. + +=Remarks.=--Red cedar has had many uses, and the large trees have been +practically all harvested. It is now used principally for poles, posts, +crossties, cigar boxes and lead pencils. It is the best wood known for +lead pencils. The odor is so objectionable to insects that a market has +been made for chests of this wood in which to store clothing and furs. + + + + +=SALICÀCEAE.=[10] The Willow Family. + + +Trees or shrubs with bitter bark; simple alternate leaves; flowers in +catkins, which fall off as a whole, the staminate after flowering, the +pistillate after ripening and scattering of the seeds, the staminate and +pistillate on different plants (dioecious); flower scales single, below +each flower; fruit a lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate capsule opening +lengthwise into 2 recurving carpels or valves; seeds numerous, minute, +oblong, bearing a tuft of hairs at the base. Genera 2, _Salix_, the +willows, and _Populus_, the aspens and poplars, or cottonwoods, +separated by the following characters, those applying only to Indiana +trees species in parentheses: + + Buds covered by a single scale; (leaf-blades mostly + enlongated, more than twice as long as wide); flower + scales entire or rarely shallowly toothed at apex; + stamens mostly 2 or 3-8 or 10 1 Salix. + + Buds covered by numerous scales; (leaf-blades mostly + cordate-ovate, less than twice as long as broad); + flower scales deeply cut or lacerate; stamens more + than 10 2 Populus. + +[Illustration: Plate 9. + +JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA Linnæus. Red Cedar. (× 1/2.)] + + +=1. SÀLIX.= The Willows. + +Trees or shrubs (occasionally herbaceous) with usually clustered teims, +twigs round; leaf-blades lanceolate and long-acuminate or +elliptic-lanceolate and short pointed in all Indiana tree species, +finely toothed or nearly entire; catkins appearing before (precocious), +with (coetaneous), or after the leaves (serotinous); each pistillate +flower with a little gland at the base of the pedicel on the inside. + +A large genus of several hundred species varying from tiny shrubby or +subherbaceous plants scarcely an inch in height to 0.5 m. (2 feet) or +more in diameter, in alluvial lowlands; occurring under Indiana +conditions from cold bogs and river banks to dry sand dunes. Willows are +used for many purposes, among them ornament, shade, hedges, posts, +poles, mattresses, revetments to protect levees, baskets, fish-weirs, +whistles, etc., while the wood is used for charcoal, which is especially +prized for gunpowder making, and the bark is used for tanning and +furnishes salicin, which is used in medicine as a substitute for quinine +and as a tonic and febrifuge. + + Small to large trees; leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate, + mostly long pointed, finely and rather closely toothed; + flowers appearing with the leaves; capsules not hairy. + + Native trees; leaves green on both sides (No. 1) or white + (glaucous) beneath (No. 2), and then with very long + points and long slender twisted petioles which are + never glandular; stamens 3-5-7 or more. + + Twigs dark green, spreading; leaves narrowly + lanceolate, green on both sides; petioles + short 1 S. nigra. + + Twigs yellowish, somewhat drooping; leaves broadly + lanceolate, glaucous beneath; petioles long, + twisted 2 S. amygdaloides. + + European trees, cultivated for ornament and use; + leaves always glaucous beneath; stamens always 2. + + Teeth on edge of leaf 8-10 to each cm. (20-25 to + the inch); petioles usually glandular; + capsules almost sessile 3 S. alba. + + Teeth on edge of leaf 6-8 per cm. (15-20 to the + inch); petioles usually glandular; pedicels + 0.5-1 mm. long 4 S. fragilis. + + Shrubs or rarely small trees; leaves elliptical or + oblanceolate, short pointed; margin entire or + coarsely wavy or shallow-toothed; flowers before + the leaves; stamens 2; capsules long, hairy. + + Twigs and leaves not hairy; leaves thin 5 S. discolor. + + Twigs and sometimes the lower surface of the leaves + densely hairy, leaves thicker 6 S. discolor + eriocephala. + +[Illustration: Plate 10. + +SALIX NIGRA Marshall. Black Willow. (× 1/2.)] + +=1.= =Salix nìgra= Marshall. Willow. Black Willow. Plate 10. Shrub or +tree 5-20 m. (17-65 feet) high, dark green in mass color; bark of trunk +thick, rough, flaky, dark brown to nearly black; twigs brittle at base, +the younger pubescent and green, becoming glabrous and darker with age; +buds ovate, small, 2-3 mm. (1/8 inch) long; petioles 3-6 or 8 mm. +(1/8-3/8 inch) long; stipules small, ovate to roundish; leaf blades +narrowly lanceolate, acute or rounded at base, long-acuminate at the +apex, 6-11 cm. (2-1/4-4-1/4 inches) long, 7-12 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) wide, +often falcate (scythe-shaped), the so-called variety =falcata=, finely +serrate, green on both sides, shining above, paler and dull beneath, +glabrous or sometimes pubescent beneath on midrib and larger veins; +flowers appearing with the leaves in late April in the southern part of +the State and well into May in the northern part; catkins slender, 2-5 +or 6 cm. (4/5-2 or 2-1/2 inches) long, the staminate bright yellow; +capsules 3-5 mm. (1/8 inch) long, ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, on pedicels +1-2 mm. (1/16 inch) long. + +=Distribution.=--New Brunswick and New England, westward to the eastern +part of the Great Plains area from North Dakota to Texas, and, in some +forms, westward across that State and into Mexico. It is interesting +that this species, the first willow published in America, in the first +book on American Botany ever published in this country, should be +abundantly and widely distributed in the United States. + +Specimens have been seen from the following counties in Indiana:--Allen +(Deam); Bartholomew (Deam); Clark (Deam); Crawford (Deam); Dearborn +(Deam); Dubois (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Floyd (Deam); Fulton (Deam); +Harrison (Deam); Hendricks (Deam); Henry (Deam); Jackson (Deam); Jay +(Deam); Jennings (Deam); Knox (Deam); Kosciusko (Deam); Lagrange (Deam); +Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Marshall (Deam); Miami (Deam); Morgan +(Deam); Noble (Deam); Ohio (Deam); Parke (Deam); Perry (Deam); Porter +(Deam); Posey (Deam); Pulaski (Deam); Ripley (Deam); Steuben (Deam); +Sullivan (Deam); Tippecanoe (Deam); Vermillion (Deam); Wabash (Deam); +Warrick (Deam); White (Deam). + +=Economic Uses.=--The black willow is used very extensively along the +lower reaches of the Mississippi River in making mattresses which +protect the levees from washing. In 1912, it was estimated that 150,000 +cords were used annually. + +=2.= =Salix amygdaloìdes= Andersson. Willow. Peach-leaved Willow. Plate +11. Trees 3-12 m. (10-40 feet) high, yellowish-green in mass color; bark +of trunk fissured, dark brown or reddish-brown; twigs longer and less +brittle than those of _Salix nigra_, yellowish to reddish-brown, usually +somewhat drooping, giving a "weeping" effect, which, with the color, +makes the species easily recognizable from a distance; buds ovoid, about +3 mm. (1/8 inch) long, colored as the twigs; petioles long, slender, +twisted, 5-15 or 20 mm. (1/4-4/5 inch) long; leaves lanceolate to +broadly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or somewhat acute at +base, long-pointed at apex, closely serrulate, 5-12 cm. (2-5 inches) +long, 1.5-3 cm. (3/5-1-1/4 inches) wide, yellowish-green above, glaucous +beneath, glabrous; flowers appear from late April throughout May, +usually later than those of _Salix nigra_; catkins slender, 3-5 cm. +(1-2 inches) long, the fertile becoming 4-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long in +fruit; capsules lanceolate, 4-5 mm. (1/6 inch) long; pedicels slender, 2 +mm. (1/12 inch) long. + +[Illustration: Plate 11. + +SALIX AMYGDALOIDES Andersson. Peach-leaved Willow. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--From Western Quebec and Central New York, west to the +Cascade Mountains in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, south to +Colorado and northwest Texas. In Indiana fairly common in the northern +third, rare in the central third, and lacking in the southern portion of +the State. + +Specimens have been seen from Indiana from the following counties: +Elkhart (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Henry (Deam); Jasper (Deam); Kosciusko +(Deam); Lake (Deam), (Umbach); Laporte (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. +Deam); Marshall (Deam); Pulaski (Deam); Steuben (Deam); Wells (Deam); +White (Deam). + +=3.= =Salix álba= Linnæus. Willow. White Willow. Plate 12. Trees with +1-5 spreading stems, 5-20 m. (17-65 feet) high; bark rough, coarsely +ridged, gray to brownish; twigs brittle at base, green or yellowish, +glabrous; buds 5-6 mm. (1/4 inch) long; petioles 5-10 mm. (1/5-2/5 inch) +long, seldom glandular; leaves lanceolate, 5-12 cm. (2-5 inches) long, +1-2.5 cm. (2/5-1 inch) wide, acuminate at apex, usually acute at base, +leaves bright green above, glaucous beneath, thinly to densely silky on +both sides when young, often permanently silky beneath, margins with +about 9-10 teeth per cm. (2/5 inch), usually glandular; flowers with the +leaves, in April and May; catkins slender, cylindrical, 3-6 cm. +(1-1/4-2-1/2 inches) long; scales pale yellow; capsules ovoid-conical, +3-5 mm. (1/4 inch) long, almost sessile. The common form usually is +referred to variety =vitellina= (Linnæus) Koch, with orange twigs and +more glabrate leaves. + +=Distribution.=--A native of Europe which has been frequently planted +and sometimes escapes. + +Specimens have been seen from Indiana from the following counties: +Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Harrison (Deam); +Switzerland (Deam); Warren (Deam); Wells (Deam). + +=4.= =Salix frágilis= Linnæus. Willow. Crack Willow. Plate 13. Tree very +similar to _Salix alba_; twigs very brittle at the base (hence the +name), green to reddish; petioles 7-15 mm. (1/4-5/8 inch) long, +glandular just below the base of the leaf; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, +7-15 cm. (3-6 inches) long, 2-3.5 cm. (4/5-1-1/2 inches) wide, coarsely +serrate with 5-6 teeth to each cm. (2/5 inch) of margin, dark green and +shining above, paler to glaucous beneath, rarely green, glabrous on both +sides; catkins appearing with the leaves in late April and during May, +4-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long; capsules slenderly conical, 4-5 mm. (1/5 +inch) long, on pedicels 0.5-1 mm. (1/16 inch) long. + +[Illustration: Plate 12. + +SALIX ALBA Linnæus. White Willow. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 13. + +SALIX FRAGILIS Linnæus. Crack Willow. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--A native of Europe. It has been frequently planted and +often escapes. + +Specimens have been seen from the following Indiana counties: Benton +(Deam); Clark (Deam); Laporte (Deam); Switzerland (Deam); Union (Deam); +Wells (Deam). + +=Economic Uses.=--This species and the white willow are introduced from +Europe and extensively grown for the production of charcoal to use in +powder making. + +=5.= =Salix díscolor= Muhlenberg. Pussy Willow. Swamp Willow. Glaucous +Willow. Plate 14. Shrub or small tree, 2-4 or occasionally 7-5 m. (7-15 +or 25 feet) high; bark thin, usually smooth, reddish brown; twigs +stoutish, reddish-purple to dark brown, often pubescent (see the +variety); buds large, 5-10 mm. (1/5-2/5 inch) long, colored as the +twigs; stipules large, mostly roundish, entire or toothed; leaves +short-lanceolate to elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, acute or +short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or acute at the base, 5-10 cm. (2-4 +inches) long, 2-3.5 cm. (4/5-1-1/2 inches) wide, nearly entire to +coarsely wavy-toothed on the margins, dark shining green above, densely +glaucous and occasionally somewhat pubescent beneath, especially on +midrib and primaries; flowers appear in late March or in April before +the leaves; catkins sessile, on old wood, stout, dense, the staminate +very beautiful (pussies), without leaf-bracts at base, 2-5 cm. (1-2 +inches) long, the pistillate becoming 3-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long in +fruit; scales elliptic-oblanceolate, densely clothed with long shining +hairs; capsules conic-rostrate, 7-10 or 12 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) long, +densely gray-woolly; pedicels 1.5-3 mm. (1/16-1/8 inch) long. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia south to Delaware and west to the eastern +edge of the Great Plains area. Fairly well distributed over the entire +State of Indiana. Specimens have been seen from the following counties: +Allen (Deam); Dearborn (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Elkhart (Deam); Fulton +(Deam); Gibson (Schneck); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Henry (Deam); +Jackson (Deam); Jay (Deam); Jefferson (Deam); Jennings (Deam); Knox +(Deam); Lake (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Marshall (Deam); +Newton (Deam); Porter (Deam); Randolph (Deam); Ripley (Deam); Shelby +(Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Tippecanoe (Deam); Wabash (Deam); +Warren (Deam); Wayne (Deam); Wells (Deam); White (Deam). + +=5a.= =Salix discolor= variety =eriòcéphala= (Michaux) Andersson. +Differs from the species chiefly in rather densely pubescent twigs and +buds; thicker and more lanceolate leaves, usually more or less pubescent +beneath; and the sometimes more densely pubescent catkins. + +[Illustration: Plate 14. + +SALIX DISCOLOR Muhlenberg. Pussy Willow. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Range of the species but less common. Specimens have +been seen from the following Indiana counties: Cass (Deam); Decatur +(Deam); Fulton (Deam); Gibson (Schneck); Jackson (Deam); Jay (Deam); +Knox (Deam); Laporte (Deam); Pulaski (Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Warren +(Deam); Wayne (Deam). + + +=2. PÓPULUS.= The Poplars. + +Rapidly growing trees; buds usually large, scaly and more or less +resinous; leaves alternate, broad, toothed or sometimes lobed; flowers +appearing before the leaves on large pendulous catkins; anthers red or +purple. + +In the following key mature leaves from trees are considered: + + Petioles round or channeled, scarcely or not at all + flattened laterally. + + Leaves chalky-white tomentose beneath, some of them + more or less lobed, blades 6-10 cm. long 1 P. alba. + + Leaves pubescent or whitish tomentose while young, + never lobed, blades 10-17 cm. long 2 P. heterophylla. + + Petioles strongly flattened laterally especially near + the blade. + + Winter buds more than 8 mm. in length, stamens more + than 20, capsules more than 3 mm. in diameter, + leaves broadly deltoid, majority more than + 8 cm. wide 3 P. deltoides. + + Winter buds less than 8 mm. in length, stamens fewer + than 20, capsules less than 3 mm. in diameter, + leaves roundish ovate, majority less than 8 cm. wide. + + Winter buds more or less pubescent, dull; leaves + generally with less than 12 teeth to a side 4 P. grandidentata. + + Winter buds smooth or rarely somewhat pubescent, + glossy; leaves with more than 12 teeth to a + side 5 P. tremuloides. + + +=1.= =Populus álba= Linnæus. Silver-leaf Poplar. Plate 15. Short-trunked +trees with a round top, up to a meter or more in diameter; bark on young +trees smooth, greenish-white or gray, becoming furrowed on old trees, +gray or dark brown; shoots white tomentose, becoming smooth in age; +leaves ovate or triangular, 3-5 lobed or irregularly toothed, hairy on +both surfaces on expanding, becoming dark green and glabrous above, +remaining white tomentose beneath; stamens about 8; wood light, soft and +weak. + +=Distribution.=--Introduced from Europe and escaped in all parts of the +State. + +=Remarks.=--This tree has long been under cultivation, and several +horticultural forms have been introduced. It is falling into disuse on +account of its habit of sending up root shoots. It adapts itself to all +kinds of soil, grows rapidly, transplants easily, stands pruning well +and has few insect or fungous enemies. + +[Illustration: Plate 15. + +POPULUS ALBA Linnæus. Silver-leaf Poplar. (× 1/2.)] + +=2.= =Populus heterophylla= Linnæus. Swamp Cottonwood. Swamp Poplar. +Plate 16. Tall trees up to 5-8 dm. in diameter; bark of old trees very +thick, broken into long ridges which are separated by deep furrows, +reddish-brown but generally weathered to ash-color; shoots densely +woolly at first, becoming glabrous before the second season; leaves +broadly-ovate with petioles 2-10 cm. long, more or less woolly on both +surfaces on unfolding, becoming glabrous above and remaining woolly +beneath, at least on the larger veins, rarely becoming entirely +glabrous, usually cordate at the base, blunt at apex, margins rather +regularly crenate-serrate; flowers in April; capsules ripening in June, +about 6 mm. in diameter, on stalks 5-10 mm. long; wood same as the next +species. + +=Distribution.=--Along the Atlantic Coast from Connecticut to Florida +and along the Gulf to Louisiana, and northward along the Mississippi +Valley to Michigan. It is found in many parts of Indiana. In the +northern counties it is found in "gumbo" soils in swamps. It is a common +tree in the river swamps of the lower Wabash Valley where it reaches its +greatest size. There are no records for the extreme southeastern part +of the State, although it has been found in swamps in Harrison and Clark +Counties and is found in many counties of Ohio. + +=Remarks.=--The pith of the shoots of this species is orange which +easily distinguishes it from all other species of the genus which have a +white pith. This species in all of its range is closely associated with +the common cottonwood, and millmen make no distinction in the price or +qualities of the timber. + +=3.= =Populus deltoìdes= Marshall. Cottonwood. Carolina Poplar. +(_Populus balsamifera_ var. _virginiana_ (Castiglioni) Sargent). Plate +17. One of the largest trees of the Indiana forests; bark of very old +trees very thick, broken into ridges up to 1 dm. or more in thickness, +separated by deep furrows, reddish-brown, weathering to a gray; leaves +hairy on both surfaces as they unfold, soon glabrous except on the +margins which are more or less ciliate, broadly-deltoid, usually 7-12 +cm. long, and about as wide, base more or less truncate or cordate, or +somewhat wedge-shaped, with rather short acuminate tips, +crenate-serrate; capsules ovate, about 6 mm. in diameter, on stalks 1-2 +mm. long; wood light, soft, weak, sap wood white, heartwood small and +brown; warps badly on drying. + +=Distribution.=--Quebec to Florida and west to the Rocky Mountains. +Throughout Indiana in low ground along streams, in swamps and about +lakes. On account of its habit of growing only in low ground it is +infrequent in the hill country of southern Indiana. + +[Illustration: Plate 16. + +POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA Linnæus. Swamp Cottonwood. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 17. + +POPULUS DELTOIDES Marshall. Cottonwood. (× 1/2.)] + +=Remarks.=--The cottonwood is adapted to a moist soil, propagates +easily, grows rapidly and is one of the best trees for forestry purposes +for planting overflow lands, and for planting where a quick shade is +desired or for temporary windbreaks. + +The leaves of this tree are quite variable and several forms have been +described. The Carolina poplar of nurserymen has an upright habit of +growth and was formerly much planted as a shade tree. Its undesirable +qualities have condemned it, and most cities now prohibit its planting. + +Cottonwood has many uses, and was formerly a very important timber tree, +but the supply has so diminished that large trees have become quite +scarce. The thick bark was much used by the boys of the pioneers for +whittling out toys, etc. + +=4.= =Populus grandidentàta= Michaux. Large-toothed Aspen. Plate 18. A +small or medium-sized tree, 1-4 dm. in diameter; bark smooth, +grayish-green or whitish, becoming furrowed and dark brown on the trunks +of old trees that grow in the northern part of the State, especially +when growing in a swampy habitat. In the southern part of the State +where the tree usually grows on the top of hills, the bark does not +darken so much, frequently remaining a light to dark gray until +maturity. Shoots more or less woolly at first, becoming glabrous, +reddish-brown; leaves on sprouts and very young trees very velvety +beneath, slightly hairy above, ovate in outline, cordate at base and +with blades up to 20 cm. in length; leaves on older trees a yellow +green, glabrous, ovate, blades usually 6-10 cm. long, coarsely and +unevenly toothed, the base slightly rounded, rarely truncate or slightly +cordate, the apex pointed or rounded; petioles strongly flattened +laterally; stamens 6-12; capsule about 5 mm. long on a stalk about 1 mm. +long; wood soft, light and not strong. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia west to northern Minnesota and south to the +Ohio River, and along the Alleghany Mountains to South Carolina. Found +throughout Indiana, except we have no authentic records for Gibson[11] +and Posey[12] Counties. In the northern part of Indiana it is found in +great colonies about lakes, etc. or rarely a few trees on the crests of +gravel and sand ridges. In southern Indiana it is found in the "knob" +area in small colonies on the tops of the ridges associated with scrub +pine and chestnut oak and is rarely found in low ground in this part of +the State. + +=Remarks.=--This species is too rare to be of much economic importance. +It could be most profitably used for excelsior and pulp wood. + +[Illustration: Plate 18. + +POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA Michaux. Large-toothed Aspen. (× 1/2.)] + +=5.= =Populus tremuloìdes= Michaux. Quaking Aspen. Plate 19. A straight +narrow tree up to 3 dm. in diameter, usually about 1-5 dm. in diameter; +bark usually smooth, greenish-white or gray, on older trees becoming +rough or fissured, and turning darker; shoots glabrous or with a few +hairs, turning reddish-brown the first season, later to a gray; leaves +of sprouts and very small trees usually ovate with a cordate base and +two or three times as large as leaves of older trees; mature leaves on +older trees variable, glabrous, the prevailing type has a bluish-green +leaf which is widely ovate or nearly orbicular, 3-7 cm. long, truncate +or slightly rounded at the base, usually abruptly short-pointed at apex, +finely and regularly serrate, the unusual type of leaf is thinner, +yellow-green, ovate, 2/3 as wide as long, rounded or wedge-shaped at +base, gradually tapering to a point at the apex, otherwise as the +prevailing form; stamens 6-12; capsules about 6 mm. long, on stalks +about 1 mm. long; wood light, soft and weak. + +=Distribution.=--One of the most widely distributed of North American +trees. It ranges from Labrador south to Pennsylvania, thence southwest +to northern Mexico, and then north to northern Alaska. It is found at +sea level and at elevations of 10,000 feet. There are records of its +occurrence in all parts of Indiana. In all of its Indiana stations it +grows only in low ground about lakes, swamps, ponds, low places between +sand dunes, and along streams. In many places in the lake region it is +found in almost pure stands over small areas. + +=Remarks.=--In Indiana this species is not of sufficient size and +abundance to be of much economic importance. + + + + +=JUGLANDÀCEAE.= The Walnut Family. + + +Trees with large, aromatic, odd pinnate leaves; flowers appearing after +the leaves unfold, the staminate in catkins, the pistillate solitary or +in clusters; fruit a nut in a fleshy or hard fibrous shell; kernel +edible or astringent. + + Pith of twigs chambered; staminate catkins thick, sessile + or short stalked; stamens 8-40, glabrous; nuts with a + network of rough projections 1 Juglans. + + Pith of twigs not chambered; staminate catkins slender, + long-stalked; stamens 3-10, hairy; nuts more or less + angled but smooth 2 Carya. + + +=1. JÙGLANS.= The Walnuts. + +Trees with furrowed bark; pulp surrounding nut continuous, without lines +of dehiscence on the surface. + +[Illustration: Plate 19. + +POPULUS TREMULOIDES Michaux. Quaking Aspen. (× 1/2.)] + + Bark gray, ridges smooth; upper part of leaf-scar of last + year's twigs with a mat of hairs; pith dark-brown; + fruit oblong, husk clammy 1 J. cinerea. + + Bark dark brown, ridges rough; upper part of leaf-scar of + last year's twigs without a mat of hairs; pith light + brown; fruit orbicular to slightly elongate, husk not + clammy 2 J. nigra. + +=1.= =Juglans cinèrea= Linnæus. Butternut. Plate 20. A medium sized +tree, usually less than 6 dm. in diameter; leaf-scars with upper margin +convex or rarely notched; leaves 3-6 dm. in length; leaflets 7-19, the +middle pairs the longest, clammy, almost sessile, oblong-lanceolate, +6-12 cm. long, fine serrate, rounded at base and acuminate at apex; +flowers in May or June; fruit ripens in October, 4-8 cm. long with 4 +prominent longitudinal ridges; kernel sweet and very oily; wood light, +soft, not strong, coarse-grained but takes a good polish. + +=Distribution.=--Valley of the St. Lawrence River south to the Gulf +States and west to Nebraska. Found in all parts of Indiana, although +very sparingly in some counties. It is an infrequent tree in our range, +and in only a few localities is it frequent or common. It is found along +streams and in ravines, and in two instances it has been noted in old +tamarack marshes. It prefers a well drained gravelly soil, and is rarely +if ever found in a compact soil. + +Thrifty trees of any size in the woodland are now rarely seen. The tops +of the larger trees are usually found in a more or less dying condition. +Benedict and Elrod[13] as early as 1892 make the following observation +in a catalogue of the plants of Cass and Wabash Counties: "A few +scrubby, half dead trees were seen, the last of their race. It seems +unable to adapt itself to new conditions, and is rapidly dying out." + +=Remarks.=--This tree is often called the white walnut to distinguish it +from the black walnut from which it is easily separated. It is too rare +in Indiana to be of economic importance, except that trees growing in +the open are spared for the nut crop. Trees growing in the open develop +a short trunk with a wide spreading top and are apparently much +healthier than when grown under forest conditions. The bark of the root +is used in medicine as a hepatic stimulant. + +[Illustration: Plate 20. + +JUGLANS CINEREA Linnæus. Butternut. (× 1/2.)] + +=2.= =Juglans nìgra= Linnæus. Walnut. Plate 21. One of the largest and +most valuable trees of the Indiana forest. Leaf-scars with the upper +margin notched; leaves 3-7 dm. long, mature leaves glabrous above and +pubescent beneath, leaflets, usually 11-23, almost sessile, +ovate-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, finely serrate, long-pointed at apex; +flowers in May or June; fruit ripens the first year, in September and +October, globose to oblong, 5-8 cm. in diameter; nut variable, from +subglobose to ovoid or elliptical, more or less rounded or pointed at +the ends, 1.5-3.5 cm. through the widest diameter; kernel edible; wood +heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse, heart wood dark brown, durable, +works easily and takes a high polish. + +=Distribution.=--Ontario south to the Gulf States and west to Texas and +Nebraska. It was more or less frequent to common in all parts of Indiana +in well drained rich soils. + +=Remarks.=--This tree is frequently called black walnut. On account of +the many excellent qualities of the wood, the walnut has been a choice +timber tree from pioneer days to the present. It served the pioneer for +rails, and in his buildings for sleepers, rafters, interior finish, +furniture, etc. It soon sprung into commercial importance, and has been +used for almost everything for which wood is used. Indiana and Ohio have +furnished the greatest amount of walnut. The supply of lumber from old +forest-grown trees has become so scarce that it is sought in old +buildings, rail fences, old stumps and old furniture has been worked +over. That the demand for walnut timber will not cease is assured; this +should encourage land owners to grow this tree. It is adapted to a +moist, rich, deep soil and will do well in such a habitat in all parts +of the State. Where such land is set aside for forestry purposes, no +better tree could be used for planting. Since the tree develops a long +tap root which makes it difficult to transplant, it is recommended that +the nuts be stratified in the fall, and the germinated nuts be planted +in April or May. The foliage of the walnut is often attacked by the +"tent caterpillar" which can be easily destroyed by burning about sun +down when the larvæ collect in a bunch on or near the trunk of the tree. +Since the nut of the walnut is of considerable commercial value, it is +recommended that the walnut be planted along fences, about orchards and +as one of the species in windbreaks. + + +=2. CÀRYA.= The Hickories. + +Trees with hard, tight or scaly bark; leaflets alternate, odd-pinnate, +glandular-dotted beneath; leaflets serrate, usually unequal at the base, +the lateral sessile or nearly so, the terminal short-stalked, the lowest +pair the smallest, upper pair and terminal the largest, bruised leaflets +characteristically aromatic; staminate flowers in slender catkins, +anthers hairy; pistillate flowers in small clusters; fruit a bony nut +contained in a woody husk which separates more or less completely from +the nut into four parts. + +[Illustration: Plate 21. + +JUGLANS NIGRA Linnæus. Black Walnut. (× 1/2.)] + +There are now recognized[14] fifteen species and several varieties of +hickory, all of which grow in the United States east of the Rocky +Mountains. Hickory grows in no other place in the world, except one +species in northern Mexico. The wood of the different species of hickory +is not of equal commercial value, but the wood of the commercial species +heads the list of Indiana woods for strength, toughness and resiliency. + +The individuals of the several species vary much in respect to their +bark, size and pubescence of the twigs, number and size of the leaflets, +size and shape of the nuts. No attempt will be made to deal with all of +the extreme forms, and only those reported by Heimlich[15] and +Sargent[16] will be discussed. + + Bud scales 4-6, valvate (in pairs), leaflets generally + curved backward. + + Leaflets 9-17, generally about 13; nut elongated, + circular in cross-section; kernel sweet 1 C. illinoensis. + + Leaflets 5-9, generally 5-7; nut about as broad as + long, compressed in cross-section; kernel bitter 2 C. cordiformis. + + Bud scales more than 6, imbricated (not in pairs); + leaflets not curved backward. + + Branchlets usually stout; terminal buds large, 7-25 mm. + long; the year's growth usually more or less hairy; + dry husks 4-10 mm. thick. + + Prevailing number of leaflets 5 3 C. ovata. + + Prevailing number of leaflets more than 5. + + Trees of low ground; bark of young trees tight and + light, of older trees scaly, separating into + long thin plates; branchlets usually light + orange color; nuts usually large, compressed, + 3-6 cm. long, pointed at base 4 C. laciniosa. + + Trees of high ground; bark of young trees tight + and dark, of older trees tight and deeply + furrowed, the thick ridges broken into short + lengths which on very old trees loosen at the + base; branchlets reddish-brown; nuts usually + about half as large as the preceding and + usually with a rounded base 5 C. alba. + + Branchlets usually slender; terminal buds small, + 5-12 mm. long; the year's growth usually glabrous, + rarely hairy; dried husk 1-2.5 mm. thick. + + Branchlets and leaves not covered when they first + appear with rusty-brown pubescence. + + Prevailing number of leaflets 5; fruit usually + smooth and tapering at base to a short stem + (fig-like); shell of nut thick, kernel sweet + and astringent 6 C. glabra. + + Prevailing number of leaflets generally 7; fruit + usually granular, rarely tapering at the base + to a short stem (fig-like); shell of nut + thin, kernel sweet without astringency 7 C. ovalis. + + Branchlets and leaves densely covered when they first + appear with rusty-brown pubescence 8 C. Buckleyi. + +=1.= =Carya illinoénsis= (Wangenheim) K. Koch. Pecan. Plate 22. Very +tall slender trees up to 15 dm. in diameter; bark tight, sometimes +becoming scaly on very old trees, fissured, ridges narrow, ashy-brown +tinged with red; twigs at first hairy, becoming smooth or nearly so and +reddish-brown by the end of the season; leaves 3-5 dm. long; leaflets +9-17, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat curved backward, 7-15 cm. +long, taper-pointed, hairy when they unfold, becoming at maturity smooth +or nearly so, dark green above, and a yellow-green beneath; clusters of +staminate catkins sessile; fruit single or in small clusters, oblong +3.5-6 cm. long, the winged sutures extending to the base, the husk +splitting to below the middle; nut ovoid-oblong, reddish-brown; wood +heavy, hard and not strong. + +=Distribution.=--In the Mississippi Valley from Indiana and Iowa south +to Texas. In Indiana it was a native of the southwest part of the State. +It was a common tree in the river bottoms of Point Township of Posey +County, and in the bottoms of the southwest part of Gibson County. It +was found more or less frequently in the bottoms of the Wabash Valley, +as far north as to within four miles of Covington where the author +collected specimens in 1918. It followed the bottoms of the Ohio River +east at least as far as Clark County. Michaux[17] gives it as rare in +the vicinity of Louisville. Victor Lyons of Jeffersonville says that it +was a native to the east part of Survey 29 of the Illinois Grant, and +one tree in the northwest corner of No. 32; and there were nine trees +9-10 dm. in diameter in Floyd County on "Loop Island". A large tree grew +in the bottoms near Bethlehem in Clark County, which is said to have +been a native. + +Young[18] says that there are two trees in Jefferson County, one +planted, the other probably native. Coulter[19] says "there are several +trees in the river bottoms." + +[Illustration: Plate 22. + +CARYA ILLINOENSIS (Wangenheim) K. Koch. Pecan. (× 1/2.) + +The two nuts to right are from the McCallister hybrid pecan tree.] + +There are several trees on the Elisha Golay farm about one mile east of +Vevay which are in rows, which show that they were planted. The largest +has a trunk 2.2 m. long and a circumference of 31 dm. It followed the +north fork of White River as far as Greene County, and the south fork of +White River as far as Seymour. A pioneer told me he remembered a small +colony in the eastern part of Washington County in the bottoms near the +Muscatatuck River. In Indiana it is found only in very low land which is +subject to overflow. + +=Remarks.=--So far as the wood is concerned, the pecan is the poorest of +all hickories. It has only about one-half the strength and stiffness of +the shellbark hickory. Although the wood is inferior, the pecan has the +distinction of producing the best nut of any native tree of America. The +pecan was well known to the Indians, and some authors say the range of +the species was extended by planting by the Indians. It has been a nut +of commerce ever since the area of its range has been settled. It was +planted by the pioneers, and recently nurserymen took up the subject of +growing stock by budding and grafting from superior trees. At present +there are about 100 horticultural varieties. The horticulturist has +developed forms twice the size of the native nuts, and with shells so +thin as to be styled "paper-shelled." The pecan has been extensively +planted for commercial purposes in the southern states, but information +obtained from owners of pecan trees in Indiana indicate that the winters +are too severe for profitable pecan culture in Indiana. During the +winter of 1917-18 the whole of a tract of 13 year old pecan trees on the +Forest Reserve in Clark County was killed back to the ground. In Noble +County about one mile south of Wolf Lake is a tree planted about 50 +years ago that is about 9 dm. in circumference that frequently sets nuts +but they never mature on account of the early frosts. + +=2.= =Carya cordifórmis= (Wangenheim) K. Koch. Pignut Hickory. Plate 23. +Large tall trees with tight bark, usually a light gray, sometimes +darker, fissures shallow and very irregular; twigs at first green, +somewhat hairy, soon becoming smooth or nearly so, and a +yellowish-brown, or reddish-brown by the end of the season; leaves and +leaflets variable, the prevailing type of trees have smaller leaves with +long and narrow leaflets, the unusual form has larger leaves up to 4 dm. +in length with terminal leaflets up to 2 dm. in length and 8.5 cm. in +width, and the last pair almost as large; fruit subglobose or rarely +oblong, 2-3.5 cm. long; wings of sutures extending to below the middle, +rarely one reaching the base; husk about 1.5 mm. thick, tardily +separating to about the middle; nut ovoid or oblong, slightly flattened +laterally, often as wide or wider than long, depressed, obcordate, with +a short or long point at the apex, ovoid or rounded at the base, smooth +or rarely with four distinct ridges; shell very thin and brittle; kernel +very bitter; wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough and close-grained. It +has about 92 per cent of the strength and about 73 per cent of the +stiffness of shellbark hickory. + +[Illustration: Plate 23. + +CARYA CORDIFORMIS (Wangenheim) K. Koch. Pignut Hickory. (× 1/2.) + +The nuts are from different trees to show variation.] + +=Distribution.=--Valley of the St. Lawrence River west to Nebraska and +south to the Gulf States. In Indiana a map distribution of the species +in the State shows that it has been found in practically all of the +counties on the west, north and east borders. It is usually found in +rich soil along streams and in rich woods, and may be found in all of +the counties of the State. Despite the fact that no animal agency was +active against the propagation of this tree, it was rarely found more +than as an infrequent tree throughout our range. + +=Remarks.=--The hickories as a class, except the pecan, can not stand +"civilization," especially much tramping about the base. It appears that +the pignut hickory is the most easily affected. In Parke County about +Coxville great numbers of the trees have been killed by the borers. For +the uses of the wood see shellbark hickory. Since this species does not +produce as much marketable lumber as the shellbark hickory, and the nuts +are valueless, it should not be recommended for planting in the farmer's +woodlot. The rossed bark of this species is preferred by manufacturers +of split-bottomed chairs, and is known by them as "yellow-bud" hickory. + +=3.= =Carya ovàta= (Miller) K. Koch. Shellbark Hickory. Plate 24. Large +and very tall trees; bark of young trees tight, beginning to scale when +the trees reach 1-2 dm. in diameter, separating into long thin strips on +old trees; twigs at the end of the season usually stout, 3-5 mm. in +diameter near the tip, but some are slender and as small as 2.5 mm. in +diameter, at first covered with hairs, becoming smooth at the end of the +season or remaining hairy, reddish-brown; winter buds hairy, the +terminal one on vigorous shoots long-ovoid, outer scales sharp-pointed; +ordinary leaves 2-4 dm. long; leaflets 3-5, the lateral sessile or +nearly so, the terminal one on a stalk about 1 dm. long, up to 10 cm. +wide and 22 cm. long, leaflets variable in shape from ovate to oval, +oblong-oval or obovate, all long taper-pointed, hairy beneath when they +unfold and remaining hairy until maturity or sometimes becoming almost +glabrous; fruit variable in size, 3-6 cm. long, usually subglobose, +furrowed along the sutures at least near the outer end; husk freely +splitting to the base, except one tree which was noted where the husk +remains on the nut, rarely opening for only a short distance at the +apex, very variable in thickness from 4-10 mm.; nut exceedingly +variable, compressed, 4-angled, the angles generally visible to the +base, 2-3 cm. long, more or less pointed, rarely rounded at the base or +obcordate at the apex, generally ovate to oval in outline, some almost +freakish in shape; shell generally thin; kernel sweet; wood heavy, very +hard and strong, close-grained, light brown, sap wood white and thin on +old trees. + +[Illustration: Plate 24. + +CARYA OVATA (Miller) K. Koch. Shellbark Hickory. (× 1/2.) + +The nuts are from different trees to show variation.] + +=Distribution.=--Quebec west to southern Minnesota, Kansas and eastern +Texas, thence eastward to the Atlantic through the north part of the +Gulf States. It is frequent to common in all parts of Indiana except on +the hills of the southern part. It prefers rich moist soil and is +generally found in bottom lands or on rolling land, and if in dryer +situations on the sides of hills. It is generally associated with red +oak, big shellbark hickory, swamp white oak, sweet gum, linn, white ash, +slippery elm, sugar maple, beech, etc. In the forest it is a tall +straight tree with few main branches for a crown. No tree carries its +taper better than this species. When grown in the open the side branches +do not shade off, and it grows to a medium height with a wide spreading +crown. + +=Remarks.=--The writer has one specimen from Wells County which no doubt +should be referred to this species, but the description has not been +drawn to cover it. The twigs are very slender and pubescent; the leaves +are normal and pubescent; the fruit is obovoid, 2-4 cm. long; husk less +than 1 mm. thick at outer end and 2 mm. thick at the base; nut obovoid, +1-8 cm. long, little compressed, rounded at the base, rounded at the +apex, slightly angled, angles obscure on lower half; otherwise as the +type. + +The species is very variable and no dependence can be placed upon such +characters as pubescence of the twigs, leaves or fruit, size of the +twigs, color of the anthers, size or shape of the nuts. + +The wood of the shellbark and the big shellbark hickories is the most +used of all the hickories because it is generally freer from knots and +blemishes. Hickory is used principally for carriage and wagon stock, +agricultural implements, handles and fuel. The supply of hickory is fast +waning, and in the near future will be limited. + +The hickories are very slow growing trees. They develop a long tap root, +hence are hard to transplant. Hickory should constitute an important +part of the woodlot. If this species is not well represented, germinated +nuts should be planted. The nut of this species usually sells for $3.00 +to $5.00 per bushel, which should encourage land owners to plant it in +the open along fences and about the orchard. It should be remembered +that hickory will not stand much tramping by stock. + +=3a.= =Carya ovata= variety =fraxinifòlia= Sargent. Trees and Shrubs +2:207:1913. Is described as having leaflets lanceolate to slightly +oblanceolate, acuminate, thick and firm in texture, lustrous above, +pubescent along the midribs below, the terminal 1.4-1.5 dm. long from +4.4-5 cm. wide, and raised on a slender puberulous petiolule, the +lateral leaflets unsymmetrical at the base, sessile, those of the +lowest pair 7-9 cm. long, and from 2.5-3 cm. wide. Sargent[20] says +"this variety occurs in Indiana," basing his authority upon my specimens +of which he has duplicates. Heimlich[21] reports this variety from White +County, and at the same time he reported the variety from Daviess, +Martin and Wells Counties, based upon specimens collected by the author +and determined by Sargent. I have carefully studied the specimens from +Daviess, Martin and Wells Counties, and they do not agree with Sargent's +description of the variety. While most of the leaves of the specimens in +question agree with the description, some do not, which excludes it from +the variety. + +=3b.= =Carya ovata= variety =Nuttallii= Sargent. Trees and Shrubs +2:207:1913. This variety is described as having "nut rounded, obcordate +or rarely pointed at apex, rounded or abruptly pointed at the base, much +compressed, prominently angled, about 1.5 cm. long and 1-1.2 cm. thick; +the involucre 4-10 mm. thick, splits freely to the base. Except in size +of the fruit there appears to be no character by which the variety can +be distinguished from the common Shagbark." Heimlich[22] reported this +variety from Dekalb County, based upon specimens collected by the author +and determined by Sargent. The nuts of the specimens from Dekalb County +are 2 cm. long. The author has specimens from Wells County that agree +with the description. + +=4.= =Carya laciniòsa= (Michaux filius) Loudon. Big Shellbark Hickory. +Plate 25. Large tall trees with trunks like those of the shellbark +hickory; bark of young trees tight, beginning to scale when the trees +reach a diameter of 1-2 dm., on older trees separating and scaling off +into long thin narrow strips; twigs at the end of the season stout, 4-7 +mm. thick near the tip, the twigs of the season hairy at first, becoming +glabrous or nearly so by the end of autumn, yellowish or late in autumn +a rusty brown, frequently retaining the leaf-stalks of the leaves of the +previous season until spring which is peculiar to this species; terminal +buds large, ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 10-25 mm. long; ordinary leaves 3-5 +dm. long; leaflets 5-9, prevailing number 7, ovate to oblong-lanceolate +or obovate, the largest 1-2 dm. long, velvety beneath when they unfold +and remaining hairy beneath until maturity, rarely nearly glabrous; +fruit ovate, subglobose, oblong or obovate, 3.5-7 cm. long; dry husk +3.5-11 mm. thick; nut variable, generally much compressed, up to 5.5 cm. +long, usually circular in outline, but varying from ovate to obovate and +oblong, usually each side has 2 or 3 ridges which extend more or less +often to the base; shell very thick; kernel sweet; wood and uses same as +that of the shellbark hickory. + +[Illustration: Plate 25. + +CARYA LACINIOSA (Michaux filius) Loudon. Big Shellbark Hickory. (× 1/2.) + +The nuts are from different trees to show variation.] + +=Distribution.=--Southwestern Ontario south to Alabama and west to +Louisiana, Nebraska and Iowa. Found throughout Indiana, except there are +as yet no records from the extreme northwest counties. It is frequent to +common in moist rich woods, or in river bottoms which is its favorite +habitat. It is usually associated with the shellbark hickory where it +grows in moist situations. Sometimes in the river bottoms it grows in +situations too wet for the shellbark hickory. In the lower Wabash +bottoms it becomes a common tree. + +=Remarks.=--This hickory is also known as the big scaly-bark hickory and +hard-head hickory. The nuts are an article of commerce and by some are +preferred to the shellbark hickory although the nuts are hard to crack. +This objection is easily overcome by wetting the nuts, and drying them +by using heat which cracks the shell, making them easy to crack. + +=5.= =Carya álba= (Linnæus) K. Koch. White Hickory. Plate 26. Medium +sized tall trees up to 10 dm. in diameter; bark tight, of two types, one +light colored, thin and fissured into a network. This form has been seen +only in the river bottoms of the southwestern part of the State. The +common type of bark is thick, with thick ridges, dark but on the older +trees it weathers to a light gray and becomes thickly covered with +lichens; terminal twigs of branches at end of season stout, 3.5-7 mm. in +diameter near the tip, densely hairy at first and remaining hairy +throughout the season or becoming almost glabrous, reddish-brown; +terminal bud large, ovate, 10-20 mm. long; ordinary leaves 2-4 dm. long, +the rachis and under side of leaflets densely hairy when they unfold, +remaining pubescent until maturity; leaflets 5-9, prevailing number 7, +long-oval, ovate-lanceolate, or obovate; fruit usually globose, more +rarely short elliptic, ovate or obovoid, the husk rather tardily opening +to nearly the base, or only checking open at the top; dried husk 3-8 mm. +thick; nut variable in shape, little compressed, somewhat globose, a +little longer than wide, more rarely wider than long or short elliptic, +usually 2.5-3.5 cm. long, generally rounded at the base and +short-pointed at the apex, more rarely pointed at the base and long +pointed at the apex, (one specimen is at hand that is almost a square +box), usually with 4-6 angles, on some forms obscure; shell thick; +kernel very small, sweet; wood and uses same as shellbark hickory. + +[Illustration: Plate 26. + +CARYA ALBA (Linnæus) K. Koch. White Hickory. (× 1/2.) + +The nuts are from different trees to show variation.] + +=Distribution.=--Southwestern Ontario south to the Gulf and west to +Texas, Missouri and Iowa. Found throughout Indiana, except there are no +records from the extreme northwestern counties. This species except in +the lower Wabash Valley is confined to the uplands. It is rather a rare +tree in northern Indiana, but becomes more or less frequent in the +western part of the State south of the Wabash River and more or less +frequent to common on the hills in all of the State south of Marion +County. It is most abundant in the unglaciated area. + +=Remarks.=--This species is called mockernut by text books, and bull +hickory in the vicinity of New Albany. + +=5a.= =Carya alba= variety =subcoriàcea= Sargent. Trees and Shrubs +2:207:1913. Only one tree of this variety is known in Indiana and it is +located in Posey County on the bank of the cypress swamp about 13 miles +southwest of Mt. Vernon. Specimens from this tree were sent to Sargent +and he referred them to this variety.[23] It differs from the type in +the larger size and shape of the fruit and nut. The dried fruit is 5 cm. +long, oblong. The nut is oblong, 4.4 cm. long, pointed at both ends, or +some nuts somewhat ovate in shape and more rounded at the base, little +compressed and strongly angled; shell very thick, 5 mm. at the thinnest +place; kernel very small and sweet. The nut easily distinguishes it from +all forms of hickory. The author has bought hickory nuts for table use +for several years from Posey County and this nut is frequently found in +the assortment which shows that this variety is more or less frequent in +that section. + +=6.= =Carya glàbra= (Miller) Spach. Black Hickory. Plate 27. Very tall +medium sized trees, up to 7 dm. in diameter; bark tight, usually dark, +fissures shallow on some and quite deep on others; twigs reddish-brown, +glabrous, terminal buds small, ovoid, about 7-12 mm. long; ordinary +leaves 2-3 dm. long; leaflets generally lanceolate, sometimes quite +wide, or wider beyond the middle, prevailing number 5, the terminal +usually 11-19 cm. long, somewhat pubescent on unfolding, more or less +pubescent below at maturity, usually only the midrib, axils and larger +veins with hairs; fruit generally smooth and obovoid, rarely globose or +oval, 22-40 mm. long; husk sometimes not opening, more often one or more +of the sutures open to less than half way, 1-2 mm. thick; nut about +20-30 mm. long and 16-25 mm. wide, rounded at the apex, elongated and +rounded at the base, angles wanting or obscure; shell very hard and +thick, about 1.5 mm. thick at the thinnest point; kernel sweet and +astringent; wood and uses same as that of the shellbark hickory. + +[Illustration: Plate 27. + +CARYA GLABRA (Miller) Spach. Black Hickory. (× 1/2.) + +Fruit from different trees to show variation.] + +=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario south to the Gulf States and west to +Texas and Iowa. This species is reported for all parts of the State. +However, the records for the northern counties were made when this +species was not separated from _Carya ovalis_, and since the latter +species is quite frequent in the northern counties it is best to refer +the early records to _Carya ovalis_. The most northern station based +upon an existing specimen is the north side of the Mississinewa River +east of Eaton in Delaware County. It is a frequent, common to very +common tree on the hills in the southern part of the State. It has its +mass distribution in the unglaciated part of the State, although it is +locally a frequent to a common tree of the hills of the other southern +counties. It appears that this species has the ability to invade areas +after the virgin forest is cut, and it is not an uncommon sight to see +this species in almost pure stands on the hills of cut-over lands. + +=Remarks.=--This species is often called pignut. Sargent wisely suggests +that this name be used exclusively for _Carya cordiformis_. The great +abundance of this species in Brown, Morgan and Monroe Counties has been +instrumental in building up a large business in the manufacture of +hickory chairs and furniture. Frames of furniture are made from the very +young trees, and backs and seats from the bark of old trees, which are +cut, stripped of their bark, and often left to rot. + +=6a.= =Carya glabra= variety =megacárpa= Sargent[24]. This variety was +reported for Indiana by Heimlich.[25] His report was based on a specimen +collected by the author in Franklin County. It was named by Sargent who +has a duplicate specimen. Sargent in his revision of the hickories does +not include Indiana in its range. The size of the fruit is the character +that marks the variety and I do not believe this is sufficient to +warrant its separation. I have, therefore, included all Indiana forms +under the type. + +=7.= =Carya ovàlis= (Wangenheim) Sargent. Small-fruited Hickory. Plate +28. Medium sized tall trees; bark usually tight on the trunk for a +distance up to 1.5-3 m., then becoming more or less scaly like the +shellbark hickory, on some trees the bark is very thick and is quite +scaly but it does not flake off in thin plates as the shellbark hickory; +twigs purplish or reddish-brown, generally smooth by the end of the +season, generally 3-4 mm. thick near the tip; terminal winter buds +ovoid, 7-10 mm. long, covered with yellow scales and more or less +pubescent; average size leaves 2-3 dm. long; leaflets 3-7, prevailing +number usually 7, sometimes 5, usually lanceolate, frequently oval or +slightly obovate, the terminal 12-21 cm. long, at maturity usually +pubescent beneath in the axils of the veins, more rarely also the veins +covered with hairs; fruit varies greatly in size and shape, the most +common form is obovoid, more rarely oval, or subglobose, 25-42 mm. in +length, granular and covered with yellow scales; husk usually splitting +to the base, although tardily on some, often quite aromatic, dry husk +1.1-3 mm. thick; nut variable in size and shape, from elliptic to +obovoid, 15-30 mm. long, compressed, generally about 20 per cent wider +than thick, usually rounded at the base, generally slightly obovoid with +the apex rounded, or obcordate; a common form has the four sides +rounded, as wide as long or almost so, with the ends abruptly rounded so +as to appear almost truncate, the elliptic form with both ends pointed +is our rarest and smallest form; the surface on all forms is quite +smooth, except the elliptic forms which have the angles usually +extending from the tip to the base, on other forms the nuts are usually +not prominently angled and on some the angles are very obscure except at +the apex; shell usually thin, 1-1.5 mm. thick; kernel sweet; wood and +uses the same as that of the shellbark hickory. + +[Illustration: Plate 28. + +CARYA OVALIS (Wangenheim) Sargent. Small-fruited Hickory. (× 1/2.) + +The nuts show the species and its varieties.] + +Sargent[26] has described five varieties of this species, three of which +he credits to Indiana. The writer has sent him specimens from over 100 +trees of this species, and he has variously distributed them to the type +and varieties. Heimlich has reported Sargent's determination of many of +these specimens in the Proc. Ind. Acad. Science, 1917:436-439:1918. The +writer cannot agree with the determinations and believes further field +study is necessary to discover characters by which the several forms can +consistently be divided. + +To stimulate the study of this species, the original description of the +varieties together with Sargent's characterization of the type are +quoted because they are contained in a book not usually found in +libraries. To these descriptions are added new characters which Sargent +gives in his revision of the hickories in Bot. Gaz. 66:245-247:1918. + +=Carya ovalis= (type). + +"In the shape of the fruit and in the thickness of its involucre this +tree is of four distinct forms; in all of them the involucre splits +freely to the base, or nearly to the base, the shell of the nut is thin +and the seed, although small, is sweet and edible. The extremes of these +forms are very distinct, but there are forms which are intermediate +between them, so that it is difficult to decide sometimes to which of +the forms these intermediate forms should be referred. The first of +these forms, as the fruit agrees with Wangenheim's figure, must be +considered the type of the species. The fruit is oval, narrowed and +rounded at the base, acute at the apex, usually from 2.5-3 cm. long and +about 1.5 cm. in diameter. The involucre is from 2-2.5 mm. thick and +occasionally one of the sutures remains closed. The nut is oblong, +slightly flattened, rounded at the base, acute or acuminate and +four-angled at the apex, the ridges extending for one-third or rarely +for one-half of its length, from 2-2.5 cm. long and about 1.5 cm. in +diameter. The shell is usually about 1 mm. thick." "The type of this +species and its varieties have glabrous or rarely slightly pubescent +leaves, with usually 7 thin leaflets." + +=7a.= =Carya ovalis= variety =obcordàta= (Muhlenberg) Sargent. "The +fruit varies from subglobose to short-oblong or to slightly obovate, +showing a tendency to pass into that of the other varieties of the +species. It varies from 2-3 cm. in diameter, and the involucre, which is +from 2-5 mm. thick, splits freely to the base or nearly to the base by +narrowly winged sutures, one of them rarely extending only to the middle +of the fruit. The nut is usually much compressed, often broadest above +the middle, slightly angled sometimes to below the middle, rounded at +the base and much compressed, often broadest above the middle, slightly +angled sometimes to below the middle, rounded at the base and rounded +and often more or less obcordate at the apex." + +=7b.= =Carya ovalis= variety =odoràta= (Marshall) Sargent. "The name may +have been given by Marshall to this variety on account of the strong +resinous odor of the inner surface of the fresh involucre of the fruit, +which I have not noticed in that of the other forms. The fruit is +subglobose or sometimes slightly longer than broad, flattened and +usually from 1.3-1.5 cm. in diameter. The involucre varies from 1-1.5 +mm. in thickness and splits freely to the base by distinctly winged +sutures. The nut is rounded or acute at the base with a short point, +rounded at the apex, very slightly or not at all ridged, pale colored, +from 1.2-1.5 cm. long and wide and from 1-1.2 cm. thick." + +=7c.= =Carya ovalis= variety =obovàlis= Sargent. "In the fourth form the +fruit is more or less obovate, about 2.5 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter, +and the involucre varies from 2-4 mm. in thickness. The nut is much +compressed, pointed or rounded at the apex, rounded at the base, usually +about 2 cm. long, nearly as broad and about 1.5 cm. thick." "The fruit +resembles in shape that of _Carya glabra_, but the involucre is thicker +and splits easily to the base or nearly to the base." + +=7d.= =Carya ovalis= variety =obcordàta=, =f. vestita= Sargent. Bot. +Gaz. 66:246:1918. This is a form described from a specimen collected by +the author on the border of Dan's Pond in Knox County. It differs from +"the variety _obcordata_ in the thick tomentose covering of the +branchlets during their first year. The leaves of this form are slightly +pubescent in the autumn on the under surface of the midribs. Although +the nuts are more compressed than those of the ordinary forms of var. +_obcordata_, the fruit is of that variety. The branchlets are unusually +stout for a form of _Carya ovalis_ and are covered with rusty tomentum +during their first year and are more or less pubescent in their second +and third seasons." + +=Distribution.=--Western New York west to Illinois and south to North +Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas and Missouri. The +species is found in all parts of the State, although the distribution of +the varieties has not been worked out. The habitat of this species is +high ground, and only rarely is it found in low ground. It prefers +hills, slopes, base of the terraces of streams, and in the northern part +of the State gravelly ridges and sandy soil. In all of its range it is +usually associated with white and black oak. It is infrequent in the +southern part of the State but north of the Wabash River it becomes more +frequent and in some places it becomes common to very common. It is a +common tree in Wells County north of the Wabash River and in the +northern part of Lagrange County, and in both places a wide range of +forms occur, some of which are not covered by the preceding description. +No one of our trees offers a better opportunity for intensive study than +this hickory. + +=Remarks.=--Text books call this species the small-fruited hickory. It +is not commonly distinguished from the other hickories, but in Wells +County where it is common the boys call it "Ladies' Hickory." + +=8.= =Carya Búckleyi= variety =arkansàna= Sargent.[27] Plate 29. Medium +sized trees, bark tight, dark, deeply furrowed; mature twigs more or +less pubescent, reddish brown; terminal buds ovoid, about 8 mm. long, +thickly covered with yellow scales, and more or less pubescent; leaves +2-3.5 dm. long, rachis permanently pubescent; leaflets 5-7, prevailing +number 7, lanceolate, terminal one about 15 cm. long, tawny pubescent on +unfolding, more or less glabrous at maturity; fruit ellipsoid to +slightly obovoid, very aromatic, about 3.5-4 cm. long, covered with +yellow scales; husk usually splitting to below the middle, 3-4 mm. +thick; nut oblong to slightly obovoid, 3-3.5 cm. long, scarcely +compressed, rounded at each end, the four ridges faint except at the +apex; shell thick, about 2 mm. at the thinnest point; kernel sweet; wood +same as the white hickory which it most closely resembles. + +=Distribution.=--Southwestern Indiana, south in the Mississippi Valley +to Louisiana and Texas. Known in Indiana only from one tree in Knox +County on the sand ridge on the east side of what was formerly a cypress +swamp, about two miles north of Decker. The soil is the Knox sand. It is +associated with black and black jack oaks. + +=Remarks.=--The description has been drawn from ample material from this +single tree. + +[Illustration: Plate 29. + +CARYA BUCKLEYI var. ARKANSANA Sargent. (× 1/2.)] + + + + +=BETULÀCEAE.= The Birch Family. + + +Trees or shrubs with simple, petioled, alternate (in pairs on the older +branches of _Betula_) leaves; staminate flowers in long drooping +catkins, 1-3 in the axil of each bract, the pistillate in short lateral +or terminal aments; fruit a nut or samara. + + Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, + without a calyx, pistillate flowers with a calyx; + nut wingless. + + Bark of tree smooth; staminate aments in winter enclosed + in bud scales; nut exposed, its subtending bract + more or less irregularly 3-cleft 1 Carpinus. + + Bark of older trees shreddy; staminate aments in winter + naked; nut enclosed in a bladder-like bract 2 Ostrya. + + Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract, with a + calyx, pistillate flowers without a calyx; nut winged. + + Winter buds sessile; stamens 2; fruit membranous and + hop-like; fruiting bract deciduous at the end of + the season when the nut escapes 3 Betula. + + Winter buds stalked; stamens 4; fruit woody and + cone-like; fruiting bracts woody and persisting + after the nuts escape 4 Alnus. + + +=1. CARPÌNUS.= The Hornbeam. + +=Carpinus caroliniàna= Walter. Water Beech. Blue Beech. Plate 30. A +small tree up to 3 dm. in diameter, usually 1-1.5 dm. in diameter with +fluted or ridged trunks; bark smooth, close, gray; twigs hairy at first, +soon becoming glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, average leaves 6-10 cm. +long, pointed at the apex, double-serrate, hairy when young, glabrous at +maturity except on the veins and in the axils beneath, pubescent, not +glandular, staminate catkins appearing in early spring; nut at the base +of a 3-cleft bract about 2 cm. long, nut broadly ovate, compressed, +pointed and about 5 mm. long; wood heavy, hard, tough and strong. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia west to Minnesota and south to Florida and +Texas. In Indiana it is frequent to common throughout the State in moist +rich woods. It prefers a moist rich soil; however, it has a range from +the tamarack bog to the dry black and white oak slope. It is tolerant of +shade and is seldom found outside of the forest. + +=Remarks.=--This tree is too small and crooked to be of economic +importance. It is regarded as a weed tree in the woodland, and should be +removed to give place to more valuable species. + +[Illustration: Plate 30. + +CARPINUS CAROLINIANA Walter. Water or Blue Beech. (× 1/2.)] + + +=2. ÓSTRYA.= The Hop Hornbeam. + +=Ostrya virginiàna= (Miller) Willdenow. Ironwood. Plate 31. Small trees +up to 5 dm.[28] in diameter, usually about 1-2 dm. in diameter; bark +smooth and light brown on small trees, shreddy on older trees; shoots +hairy, becoming at the end of the season glabrous or nearly so and a +reddish-brown; leaves oblong-ovate, other forms rare, average size about +7-12 cm. long, acuminate, usually double-serrate, hairy on both surfaces +when they unfold, glabrous or nearly so above at maturity, more or less +pubescent beneath, especially on the midrib and veins; staminate spikes +develop in early winter; fruit hop-like about 2-4 cm. long; nut +oblong-ovate about 7 mm. long and half as wide, compressed, light brown; +wood very hard, tough, close-grained, strong, light brown. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia west to Manitoba, south to the Gulf States +and west to Texas. It is frequent to common in all of the counties of +the State. However, it is entirely absent in the lower Wabash bottoms, +except rarely on high grounds in this area. It prefers well drained dry +soil, and is most frequent when it is associated with beech and sugar +maple, although it is often quite plentiful in white oak woods. It is +shade enduring and is one of the under trees in the forest where it +grows very tall and slender and free from branches. When it grows in +exposed places such as bluffs, it retains its side branches and is +usually bushy. + +=Remarks.=--The trees are too small to be of much economic importance. +It is 30 per cent stronger than white oak, and 46 per cent more elastic. +These exceptional qualities were recognized by the Indians and it was +used by them where wood of great strength and hardness was desired. +Likewise the pioneer used it where he could for handles, wooden wedges, +etc. Since it grows neither large nor fast, it is usually regarded as a +weed tree in the woodland, and should be removed to give place to more +valuable species. + +=Ostrya virginiàna= variety =glandulòsa= Spach. This is the name given +to the form which has the twigs, petioles, peduncles and often the +midrib and veins of the leaves beneath covered more or less with short +erect, reddish, glandular hairs. + +It is found with the species, but is not so frequent. + +[Illustration: Plate 31. + +OSTRYA VIRGINIANA (Miller) K. Koch. Ironwood. (× 1/2.)] + + +=3. BÉTULA.= The Birches. + +Trees and shrubs with bark tight, scaly or separating into very thin +plates and peeling off transversely, whitish or dark colored; staminate +catkins developing in autumn and dehiscing in early spring before or +with the appearance of the leaves, pistillate catkins ovoid or +cylindric; fruit a small winged flat seed, bearing at the apex the two +persistent stigmas. + + Bark of twigs usually with a slight wintergreen flavor; + leaves with 7-15, usually 9-11 pairs of prominent + veins; rounded or slightly cordate at the base; + fertile catkins generally 10 mm. or more in + diameter. 1 B. lutea. + + Bark of twigs usually bitter, not wintergreen flavored; + leaves with 4-11, usually 4-9 pairs of prominent + veins, more or less obtusely angled at the base; + fertile catkins generally less than 10 mm. in + diameter (rarely 10 mm. or more, _B. nigra_). + + Bark of trunk chalky-white; fruiting aments drooping + or spreading. + + Bark below base of lateral branches darkened-triangular + in outline; leaves long acuminate and lustrous + above; staminate catkins usually solitary. 2 B. populifolia. + + Bark below base of lateral branches not darkened; + leaves ovate and not lustrous above; staminate + catkins usually 2-3. 3 B. papyrifera. + + Bark of trunks dark; fruiting aments erect or + nearly so. 4 B. nigra. + +=1.= =Betula lùtea= Michaux filius. Birch. Yellow Birch. Plate 32. +Medium size trees; bark of small trees and of the branches of old trees +smooth, silver or dark gray, freely peeling off in thin strips, becoming +on older trees a dark brown, rarely tight, usually fissured into wide +plates and rolling back from one edge; the shoots of the year hairy, +greenish gray, becoming glabrous or nearly so and reddish-brown by the +end of the second year, not aromatic when bruised but when chewed +sometimes a faint wintergreen odor can be detected; winter buds pointed, +reddish-brown, the lower scales more or less pubescent, generally with a +fringe of hairs on the margins; leaves usually appearing in pairs, ovate +to ovate-oblong, 4-14 cm. long, taper-pointed, oblique and wedge-shape, +rounded or slightly cordate at the base, sharply and rather coarsely +serrate, hairy on both sides when they appear, becoming at maturity +glabrous or nearly so above, and remaining more or less pubescent below, +especially on the veins, both surfaces with few to numerous resinous +dots; petioles permanently hairy, generally 5-13 mm. long; flowers +appear in May; staminate spikes in clusters at the ends of the branches, +about 6 cm. long, scales broadly ovate, blunt, fringed with hairs, +green-tipped with a margin of reddish-brown; pistillate spikes solitary +in the axils of the leaves, mature spikes 2.5-5 cm. long, generally +2.5-3 cm. long, commonly about half as thick as long, recurved to +ascending, commonly about horizontal, sessile or on short stalks; scales +very variable, 5-11 mm. long, generally 7-8 mm. long, sometimes as wide +as long but generally about one-fourth longer than wide, densely +pubescent on the back, or rarely glabrous on the back, ciliate, glabrous +or nearly so on the inside, commonly with a few brown or black glands on +the margin, commonly lobed to more than one-third of their length, lobes +ascending or divaricate, the lateral generally the larger and almost as +long as the narrower middle lobe; nuts divested of the wings, slightly +obovate, about 3 mm. long, wings about two-thirds as wide as the nut and +usually with a fringe of hairs at the blunt apex. + +[Illustration: Plate 32. + +BETULA LUTEA Michaux filius. Yellow Birch. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--The distribution of this species is variously given as +from Newfoundland west to Manitoba and south in the Alleghenies to +Georgia. It is now definitely known that the species of _Betula_ +hybridize which may account for the peculiar forms often encountered. +That there are geographic races or Mendelian segregates of this species +is evidenced by the different interpretations given this species by +different authors. _Betula alleghanensis_ Britton appears to be one of +them. The descriptive difference between _Betula lenta_ and _Betula +lutea_ is not clear, which has resulted in many authors crediting +_Betula lenta_ to Indiana and the area west of Indiana. + +The preceding description does not agree with that of _Betula lutea_ +exactly, and has been drawn to cover the specimens at hand from Indiana +which the author has from Allen, Crawford, Lagrange, Lake, Marshall, +Porter and Steuben Counties. It has recently been reported from White +County by Heimlich.[29] He says: "Specimens were taken from two trees +about two miles south of Buffalo near the water's edge of the river." +The writer has visited this locality and found here, and also on the +island above the bridge a little farther down the river, _Betula nigra_, +but could not find _Betula lutea_. Since Heimlich did not report _Betula +nigra_, which unmistakably occurs here, I assume he has confused the two +species. It is very local in its distribution, and appears to be +confined to swamps, borders of lakes, and streams in the extreme +northern part of the State. It has not been seen south of the northern +end of the State, except a few small trees found clinging to the walls +of the cliffs of a ravine about one mile east of Taswell in Crawford +County. The walls of this ravine are about 25 meters high; associated +with it were a few trees of hemlock, and on the top of the cliffs, +laurel (_Kalmia latifolia_). + +Large trees of this species in Indiana are usually from 4-6 dm. in +diameter and about 15 m. high. The number in any one station is usually +few, although there were formerly patches where it was plentiful. Van +Gorder[30] reports for Noble County _Betula lenta_ which should be +transferred to this species, and he says: "There is a marsh of several +acres of birch in Section 15 of York Township." The largest area now +known is that contained in the large tamarack swamp near Mineral Springs +in Porter County. In this swamp are found tamarack and white cedar. It +was in this swamp that the writer found a peculiar form of birch which +has been determined as _Betula Sandbergi_. Since this species[31] is +recognized as a hybrid of _Betula papyrifera_ and _Betula pumila_ +variety _glandulifera_, and the last parent of this hybrid is not found +in the vicinity, a discussion of this form is not presented. In the +immediate vicinity are found only _Betula lutea_ and _Betula pumila_. +_Betula papyrifera_ is found about a mile distant to the south. It is +assumed that this form is a cross between _Betula lutea_ and _Betula +pumila_. + +=2.= =Betula populifòlia= Marshall. Gray or White Birch. Plate 33. A +small tree; bark a chalky-white, not separating into thin layers, inner +bark orange, on the trunks of old trees nearly black; shoots at first +covered with numerous glands, becoming smooth and yellowish or +reddish-brown; leaves generally long-deltoid, average blades 3-6 cm. +long, usually long taper-pointed, truncate or nearly so at the base, +irregularly double-serrate, slightly pubescent on the veins when young, +soon becoming glabrous; fertile catkins 1.5-3 cm. long and about 7 mm. +in diameter; bracts of eastern trees differ from those of Indiana trees +which are about 3-4 mm. long, lobed to about 1/3 of the distance from +the apex, lateral lobes the largest and strongly divaricate, puberulent +on the back; seed strongly notched at the apex; nut slightly obovoid; +wings much broader than the nut. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia west to southern Ontario and south to +Delaware and Pennsylvania. In Indiana it has been reported from Lake, +Laporte, Porter, St. Joseph and Tippecanoe Counties. There may be some +doubt about the Tippecanoe record, since many of the older records were +made from cultivated trees. The numbers of the species in Indiana were +always limited. It is not able to meet changed conditions and it has +already almost disappeared from our area. I was told that formerly this +species was found all about a lake in Laporte County, but it has all +died out. Its appearance in Indiana is peculiar since it is not found +west of us, or north in Michigan or east in Ohio. This small group of +trees near Lake Michigan is three or four hundred miles from the nearest +of their kind. + +=Remarks.=--This species is called white and gray birch. The largest +tree seen in Indiana was about 2 dm. in diameter and 13 m. high. + +[Illustration: Plate 33. + +BETULA POPULIFOLIA Marshall. White or Gray Birch. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 34. + +BETULA PAPYRIFERA Marshall. Paper or Canoe Birch. (× 1/2.)] + +=3.= =Betula papyrífera= Marshall. Paper or Canoe Birch. Plate 34. +Rather a small tree; bark thin, creamy white; chalky, dark near the base +on old trees, separating in thin papery layers; shoots green, glandular +and hairy, becoming glabrous and reddish-brown; leaves ovate or +rhombic-ovate, acute to long taper-pointed, truncate, rounded or +wedge-shape at the base, average blades 5-8 cm. long, usually +irregularly double-serrate, hairy at first, becoming glabrous above or +nearly so, remaining more or less pubescent below, especially on the +veins and with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins, minutely +glandular on both surfaces, sometimes with only a few glands on the +midribs above; fertile catkins 2-4 cm. long and about 6-9 mm. wide, +bracts about 4 mm. long, pubescent on both faces, lobed to about +one-third the distance from the apex, the lateral lobes the largest, +divaricate or slightly recurved; seed deeply notched at apex, nut oval, +pubescent at the apex, wings as broad as, or broader than the nut. + +=Distribution.=--Alaska to Labrador, south to New York, northern +Indiana, Colorado and Washington. In Indiana it has been reported from +Lake, Laporte, Marshall and St. Joseph Counties. It has not been found +as a native in Ohio. This species is another example of a northern form +finding its southern limit near Lake Michigan. + +=Remarks.=--This species in other parts of the country is known as +white, paper and canoe birch. I have not seen specimens more than 2 dm. +in diameter in Indiana. + +=4.= =Betula nìgra= Linnæus. Black or Red Birch. Plate 35. A medium +sized tree; bark on young trees peeling off transversely in thin +reddish-brown strips which roll back and usually persist for several +years, bark of older trees dark brown, furrowed and separating into +short plates or peeling off in strips; young twigs hairy, becoming +glabrous and reddish at the end of the season; leaves rhombic-ovate, +acute, short and broadly wedge-shaped at the base, blades of ordinary +leaves 4-8 cm. long, irregularly toothed, glabrous above and pubescent +beneath, rarely entirely glabrous; fertile catkins generally 2-3 cm. +long, and usually slightly less than 1 cm. wide; bracts 6-10 mm. long, +pubescent, ciliate, lobed to near the middle, the lobes about equal; +nuts broadly ovate, broader than its wings, pubescent at the apex; wood +light, strong, close-grained, heart wood light brown. + +=Distribution.=--Massachusetts west to Minnesota and south to Florida +and Texas. In Indiana it is found more or less frequent in the counties +bordering the Kankakee River, and as far east as St. Joseph, Marshall +and Miami Counties. Along the Kankakee River it is frequently a tree of +6-8 dm. in diameter. This species has not been found in Michigan, +northeastern Indiana or northern Ohio. It has never been noted near Lake +Michigan, and the nearest point is Cedar Lake in Lake County about 20 +miles south of the Lake. It is more or less frequent along certain +streams throughout the southwestern part of the State. It is found as +far north as Putnam and Marion Counties and eastward as far as +Bartholomew, Scott and Clark Counties. There are no records for this +species for eastern Indiana or western Ohio. About Hovey Lake in Posey +County it reaches its greatest size, where trees up to 8 dm. in diameter +and 30 m. high are to be found. In the "flats" in certain parts of +Jackson and Scott Counties it becomes a common tree, associated with pin +oak and sweet gum. + +[Illustration: Plate 35. + +BETULA NIGRA Linnæus. Black or Red Birch. (× 1/2.)] + +=Remarks.=--This is the most abundant birch of Indiana. In fact all +other species are too rare to be of economic importance. The fact that +other species of birch are so rare in Indiana, is the reason that this +species is simply called "Birch." Outside of Indiana it is known as red +birch and river birch. The principal use of this wood in this State is +for heading. + +All of the birches, especially the horticultural forms, are used more or +less for ornamental planting. They are beautiful trees but are short +lived. + + +=4. ÁLNUS.= The Alders. + +Trees or shrubs; bark astringent; staminate and pistillate catkins begin +to develop early in summer and flower the following year early in the +spring before the leaves appear; bracts of the fertile catkins thick and +woody, obdeltoid with 3-rounded lobes at the apex; nuts obovate, +reddish-brown. + + Leaves sharply double-serrate, the ends of the primary + veins forming the apex of the larger teeth, glaucous + beneath; nuts with a narrow thick margin 1 A. incana. + + Leaves single-serrate, pale beneath; nuts without margins 2 A. rugosa. + +=1.= =Alnus incàna= (Linnæus) Muenchhausen. Speckled Alder. Plate 36. +Shrubs or small trees; bark generally smooth and a reddish-brown with a +tinge of gray, with grayish dots, hence its name; twigs hairy at first, +becoming smooth by the end of the season and a golden or reddish-brown +with many fine dark specks; leaves broadly-oval, acute or short-pointed +at apex, usually broadly rounded at the base, average blades 6.5-11 cm. +long, glaucous beneath, hairy on both sides on unfolding, at maturity +becoming glabrous above or with a few hairs on the veins, beneath +remaining more or less hairy until late in autumn when usually only the +veins are hairy; pistillate catkins resembling small cones, 1-1.5 cm. +long and usually 7-12 mm. wide, near the ends of the branches, usually +in clusters of 2-7. + +[Illustration: Plate 36. + +ALNUS INCANA (Linnæus) Muenchhausen. Speckled Alder. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Newfoundland to the Saskatchewan, south to New York, +northeastern Ohio, northern Indiana and Nebraska. In Indiana it is +confined to the northern tier of counties. I have specimens from +Elkhart, Lagrange, Lake and Porter Counties. It was reported from +Carroll County by Thompson, but in the absence of a verifying specimen I +am inclined to think this citation should be referred to _Alnus_ +_rugosa_. This species grows in low ground on the borders of streams, +borders of swamps and in almost extinct sloughs near Lake Michigan. It +is also found along Pigeon River in the eastern part of Lagrange County. +In the vicinity of Mineral Springs in Porter County it is locally a +common shrub or tree. It has the habit of stooling out, and commonly the +several specimens will be deflected from a vertical from 20-45 degrees. +The largest specimens are from 1-1.4 dm. in diameter and about 10 m. +high. + +=Remarks.=--This species could be used to good advantage in ornamental +planting in low ground. It grows rapidly, is easily transplanted and its +foliage is dense and attractive. + +=2.= =Alnus rugòsa= (Du Roi) Sprengel. Smooth Alder. Plate 37. Shrubs +with fluted or angled trunks, resembling _Carpinus_; bark thin, smooth +or nearly so, reddish-brown, weathering gray; twigs hairy at first, +becoming gray or reddish-brown by the end of the season and more or less +glabrous and covered with small dark specks; leaves obovate, barely +acute or rounded at apex, wedge-shape at base, average blades 6-10 cm. +long, hairy on both surfaces while young, becoming smooth or nearly so +above, remaining more or less hairy beneath, especially on the veins, +under surface of leaves sufficiently glutinous to adhere to paper if +pressure be applied, margins set with short callous teeth, about .5-1 +mm. long; fertile catkins cone-shape, 10-20 mm. long and about 7 mm. in +diameter, borne at the ends of branches in clusters of 2-5. + +=Distribution.=--Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. In +Indiana it is quite local. It has been reported in many of the counties +of northern Indiana north of the Wabash River. It has been found in +several of the southern counties and as far north as Salt Creek in +Monroe County. No reports for the central part of the State. It is +absent also in all of the eastern counties of the State, and the western +part of Ohio. It is found growing in clumps in wet woods, swamps, cold +bogs and along streams. It is usually a tall slender shrub; however, a +specimen has been seen that measured 7 cm. in diameter and 5 m. in +height. + +=Remarks.=--Of no value except for ornamental planting in wet ground. + + + + +=FAGÀCEAE.= The Beech Family. + + +Trees with simple, alternate, petioled leaves; flowers of two kinds; +fruit a one-seeded nut. This is the most important family of trees +occurring in the State. + +[Illustration: Plate 37. + +ALNUS RUGOSA (Du Roi) Sprengel. Smooth Alder. (× 1/2.)] + + Winter buds long and slender, at least 4 times as long as + wide; staminate flowers in globose heads on drooping + peduncles; nuts sharply 3-angled 1 Fagus. + + Winter buds not long and slender and less than 4 times as + long as wide; staminate flowers in slender catkins; + nuts not as above. + + Staminate catkins erect or spreading; nut flattened on + one side and enclosed in a spiny, woody husk 2 Castanea. + + Staminate catkins drooping; nuts not flattened on one + side, seated in a scaly, woody cup 3 Quercus. + + +=1. FÀGUS.= The Beech. + +=Fagus grandifòlia= Ehrhart. Beech. Plate 38. Large tall trees with bark +from light to dark gray; twigs densely covered at first with long hairs, +soon becoming glabrous and turning to a reddish-brown; terminal winter +buds about 2 cm. long; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, long taper-pointed +to merely acute, wedge-shape to cordate at base, regularly and usually +minutely serrate, average blades 7-12 cm. long, silky when young, +becoming at maturity glabrous above and nearly so beneath except on the +veins; flowers appear in May; fruit a bur, supported on a club-shaped +pubescent peduncle about 1.5 cm. long, covered with short recurved +prickles, densely rufous-pubescent, its 4-valves enclosing the two +triangular brown nuts; nuts edible; wood very hard, strong, usually +tough, difficult to season, close-grained, takes a high polish, sap wood +white, heart wood reddish. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia, southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to +the Gulf States and Texas. It is found in every county of the State, +although it is local in the prairie and dry sandy regions of the +northwestern part of the State. It is a frequent to a very common tree +on the high ground in many parts of the State. If the high ground and +hills of the State are not forested with white and black oak, beech is +almost certain to be the prevailing species. Wherever beech is found it +is usually a frequent to a common tree, and it is not uncommon to see +areas which are almost a pure stand of this species. It is also a +frequent to a common tree in southern Indiana in what is called the +"flats." Here it is associated with sweet gum and pin oak. On the slopes +of hills of the southern counties it is associated with a great variety +of trees. In the central part of the State its most frequent associate +is the sugar maple. In the northern counties it has a wider range of +associates, including white oak, ash, slippery elm, buckeye, ironwood, +etc. It should be added that tulip is a constant associate except in the +"flats." In point of number it ranks as first of Indiana trees. + +[Illustration: Plate 38. + +FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA Ehrhart. Beech. (× 1/2.)] + +=Remarks.=--Specimens with the habit of retaining their branches which +lop downward, usually have thicker sap wood and are harder to split. +This form is popularly styled the white beech. The form with smooth tall +trunks with upright branches usually has more heart wood, splits more +easily and is popularly distinguished as red beech. The term yellow +beech is variously applied. This species is a large tree in all parts of +the State, although the largest specimens are found in the southeastern +part of the State. In the virgin forests trees almost 1 m. in diameter +and 30 m. high were frequent. + +Beech was formerly used only for fuel, but in the last few decades it +has been cut and used for many purposes, and the supply is fast +diminishing. The beauty of this tree both in summer and winter, sunshine +or storm makes it one of the most desirable for shade tree planting, but +I have failed to find where it has been successfully used. It is one of +the few trees that does not take to domestication. When the original +forest is reduced to a remnant of beech, as a rule, the remaining beech +will soon begin to die at the top. It is difficult to transplant. When +planted the hole should be filled with earth obtained from under a +living tree, in order to introduce the mycorrhiza that is necessary to +the growth of the tree. + + +=2. CASTÀNEA.= The Chestnut. + +=Castanea dentàta= (Marshall) Borkhausen. Chestnut. Plate 39. Large +trees with deeply fissured bark, smooth on young trees; young twigs more +or less hairy, soon becoming glabrous and a reddish-brown; leaves +lanceolate, average blades 13-22 cm. long, taper-pointed, wedge-shape or +obtuse at the base, coarsely serrate, teeth usually incurved, at +maturity glabrous on both sides; flowers appear after the leaves in the +latter part of June or early in July, the staminate catkins from the +axils of the leaves of the year's growth, 1.5-3 dm. long, pistillate +flowers in heads on short stalks in the axils of the leaves, usually on +the branch beyond the greater part of the staminate catkins; fruit a +globular spiny bur 5-7 cm. in diameter which contains the nuts; nuts +usually 1-3, rarely 5, flattened on one side, edible; wood light, soft, +not strong, checks and warps on seasoning, yellowish-brown, durable in +contact with the ground. + +[Illustration: Plate 39. + +CASTANEA DENTATA (Marshall) Borkhausen. Chestnut. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario, Michigan, south to Delaware +and in the mountains to Alabama, and west to Arkansas. In Indiana it is +found locally in the south central counties. The most northern station +where I have seen trees that are native to a certainty is in Morgan +County a short distance north of Martinsville. There are a few trees on +the south bank of White River in Mound Park about 2 miles east of +Anderson. This site was formerly an Indian village, and the trees may +have been introduced here. The late A. C. Benedict formerly of the State +Geological Survey, told me he saw a colony in 1878 in Fayette County on +the farm of Dr. B. Ball, about 3 miles west of Connersville on the east +side of Little Williams Creek. The trees were at least 6 dm. in +diameter. The western line of distribution would be a line drawn from +Martinsville to a point a few miles west of Shoals and south to Tell +City. + +=Remarks.=--The greatest numbers of this species are found on the +outcrops of the knobstone in Clark, Floyd, Harrison, Jackson, Lawrence, +Martin, Orange and Washington Counties. It grows on high ground, +associated with white and black oak, beech, etc. The species in all of +our area grows to be a large tree. In the Ind. Geol. Rept. 1874:70:1875 +there is a reference to a "stump in Jackson County that was 9 ft. and 2 +in. in diameter." This species is rather gregarious in habit, and rarely +are isolated trees found. It is quite local in its distribution, but +where found it is usually a common tree. The bark was much used in +tanning, and the timber for poles, ties and posts. The demand for this +species has led to heavy cutting, so that the present supply is +practically limited to inferior or small trees. The nut crop in this +State is usually badly infested by the weevil. + +This species is easily propagated by seed or seedlings. It is +recommended for forest planting in all parts of its natural range and +other parts of the State where the soil is very sandy and free from +limestone. This species never attains to an old age when growing close +to the limestone. It grows rapidly and requires little pruning. The only +objection to planting it for forestry purposes is that it might be +infested by the chestnut bark disease which is fatal to this tree. This +disease is far to the east of us, and there are wide barriers to its +western migration. Since a chestnut grove would soon grow into post and +pole size, in the event the grove would be killed by the bark disease, +the crop could be harvested and the loss would be more of the nature of +a disappointment than a financial one. If planted in a cleared area the +seedlings should be spaced about 5 × 5 feet if no cultivation can be done. +If the trees can be cultivated, plant 7 × 7 or 8 × 8 feet and grow corn for +one or two years between the rows. + + +=3. QUÉRCUS.= The Oaks. + +The leaves of Indiana oaks are deciduous; flowers appear in April or +May, very small, the staminate on slender pendulous catkins, the +pistillate solitary or in clusters in scaly bud-like cups; fruit an +acorn which takes one or two years to mature, ripening in September or +October. The species that mature their fruit the first year are +popularly and commercially classed as "white oaks." Those that mature +their fruit the second year are classed as "red, black or bristle-tipped +oaks." + +The oaks are the largest genus of Indiana trees, and commercially are +the most important of all trees of the State. They are the longest lived +of all the trees that occur in the State, and while they have numerous +insect enemies none of them prove fatal to it, except a certain gall +insect. + +Note:--In collecting leaf specimens of oaks for identification it should +be borne in mind that the foliage is quite variable. The leaves of +seedlings, coppice shoots and of vigorous shoots of old trees sometimes +vary considerably in size, form and leaf-margins. Also leaves of old +trees that grow in the shade usually have the margins more nearly entire +than the typical leaves. For example leaves may be found on the lower +and interior branches of a pin oak which are not lobed to beyond the +middle, which throws them into the red oak group. + + Bark gray, (except in No. 5) more or less scaly; mature leaves + never with bristle tips; fruit maturing the first year. + + Mature leaves smooth beneath. 1 Q. alba. + + Mature leaves pubescent beneath. + + Primary veins beneath show regular pinnate venation. + + Some of the primary veins beneath end in a + sinus. 2 Q. bicolor. + + All primary veins beneath end in teeth of the margin. + + Tips of leaves of fruiting branches sharp-pointed, + usually forming an acute angle; fruit + sessile or nearly so. 3 Q. Muhlenbergii. + + Tips of leaves of fruiting branches rounded or if + sharp-pointed, it rarely forms an acute angle; + fruit peduncled. + + Petioles green and woolly pubescent beneath + (rarely almost glabrous); under surface + of leaves velvety to the touch; bark gray, + scaly, of the white oak type; trees of low + ground. 4 Q. Michauxii. + + Petioles yellowish and smooth beneath, or rarely + somewhat pubescent; under surface of leaves + not velvety to the touch; bark dark, and + tight, of the red oak type; trees of high + ground (in Indiana confined to the + "knobstone" area). 5 Q. Prinus. + + Primary veins beneath show irregular venation. + + Last year's growth pubescent; acorns generally + less than 12 mm. in diameter. 6 Q. stellata. + + Last year's growth glabrous or nearly so; acorns more + than 12 mm. in diameter. + + Leaves sinuate dentate, sometimes lobed near the + base, velvety to the touch beneath; peduncles + of fruit longer than the petioles. 2 Q. bicolor. + + Leaves irregularly lobed, harsh or rarely velvety + or smooth to the touch beneath; peduncles of + fruit shorter than the petioles. + + Cup of fruit fringed; apex of lobes of leaves + generally rounded; trees of lowland. 7 Q. macrocarpa. + + Cup of fruit not fringed; apex of lobes of + leaves generally acute; trees of swamps + in the extreme southwestern counties of + Indiana. 8 Q. lyrata. + + Bark dark, tight and furrowed; leaves with bristle + tips; fruit maturing the second year. + + Leaves entire 9 Q. imbricaria. + + Leaves more or less deeply lobed, the lobes and teeth + conspicuously bristle pointed. + + Mature leaves smooth beneath, except tufts of hairs + in the axils. + + Leaves lobed to about the middle, the lateral lobes + broadest at the base; cup saucer-shaped; nut + about 1.5-2 cm. in diameter; terminal buds + reddish. 10 Q. rubra. + + Leaves lobed to beyond the middle, frequently those + grown in dense shade not so deeply lobed, some or + all of the lateral lobes broadest toward the apex. + + Cup saucer-shaped, rarely enclosing the nut for + more than 1/3 its length; trees of the low + lands and swamps. + + Leaves glossy above; blades usually 10-12 + cm. long; cups usually 1.5 cm. or less + broad; terminal buds chestnut brown. 11 Q. palustris. + + Leaves dull above, usually about 15 cm. + long; cups 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, rarely + as narrow as 1.5 cm.; terminal buds + grayish brown. 12 Q. Schneckii. + + Cup hemispheric, generally enclosing the nut + for half its length; trees of the uplands. + + Inner bark yellowish or orange; kernel of nut + yellowish or orange, and very bitter. + + Terminal buds usually 5 mm. or less in + length, ovoid and generally blunt, + reddish-brown; scales of cup closely + appressed; trees local in the extreme + northwest part of the State. 13 Q. + ellipsoidalis. + + Terminal buds usually longer than 6 mm., + usually angled and sharp-pointed; + scales of cup not closely appressed; + trees of all parts of the State 14 Q. velutina. + + Inner bark reddish or gray; kernel white + and not very bitter 15 Q. coccinea. + + Mature leaves more or less pubescent on the whole + under surface. + + Leaves grayish or yellowish pubescent beneath; + scales of cup with a reddish-brown border; + nut enclosed for about 1/3 its length 16 Q. falcata. + + Leaves brownish or rusty pubescent beneath, sometimes + appearing grayish; scales of cup without a dark + border; nut enclosed for about half of its length. + + Leaves expanded at the apex, and generally with + three lobes; mature twigs generally + scurvy-pubescent 17 Q. marilandica. + + Leaves deeply lobed; mature twigs generally + glabrous. 14 Q. velutina. + +=1.= =Quercus álba= Linnæus. White Oak. Plate 40. Large trees with gray, +fissured bark, flaky on the branches, on the upper part of the trunks of +some trees the bark loosens at the fissures and peels back, forming flat +strips which remain attached at one side; twigs at first hairy, becoming +smooth; leaves mostly obovate in outline, generally 8-20 cm. long on +petioles 0.5-2 cm. long, more or less deeply lobed into 5-9 lobes, the +lobes ascending and generally blunt and entire, sometimes the lobes have +one or two secondary lobes, leaves narrowed and oblique at the base, +smooth above, smooth and glaucous beneath; acorns sessile or on stalks +up to 2 cm. long; nuts quite variable on different trees as to size and +shape, ovoid or oblong, 18-30 mm. long; cup flat on the bottom, +tuberculate and encloses about 1/4 of the nut; scales blunt and woolly. + +=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario, Minnesota south to Florida and +Texas. Found in all parts of Indiana. In point of number it is exceeded +only by the beech, although it has a more general distribution. It is +adapted to many types of soil, and is found in almost all situations in +Indiana except in very wet soils. It is sparingly found in the sand dune +area. On the clay soils of the northern part of the State it is a +frequent to an abundant tree, and in the southern part of the State it +often forms complete stands on the slopes of the hills. + +The white oak is one of the largest and possibly the longest lived tree +of Indiana. While it is able to adapt itself to many situations, it +grows to the largest size in a porous, moist and rich soil. + +=Remarks.=--Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, tough, strong and durable. +On account of its abundance, and wide range of uses, it has always been +the most important timber tree of Indiana. + +Formerly the woods were full of white oak 1-1.5 meters (3-5 ft.) in +diameter, but today trees of a meter (3 ft.) in diameter with long +straight trunks are rare indeed. Michaux who traveled extensively in +America 1801-1807, while the whole Mississippi Valley was yet a +wilderness, remarks: "The white oak is the most valuable tree in +America." He observed the ruthless destruction of this valuable tree, +and predicted that the supply would soon be depleted, and that America +would be sorry that regulations were not adopted to conserve the supply +of this valuable tree. Michaux's prediction has come true, and yet no +constructive measures have been provided to insure the Nation an +adequate supply of this timber. It should be remembered that it requires +two to three hundred years to grow a white oak a meter in diameter, and +if we are to have white oak of that size in the next generation the +largest of our present stand must be spared for that harvest. + +[Illustration: Plate 40. + +QUERCUS ALBA Linnæus. White Oak. (× 1/2.) + +Acorns from different trees to show variation.] + +White oak was formerly much used in construction work, but it has become +so costly that cheaper woods take its place. At present it is used +principally in cooperage, interior finish, wagon and car stock, +furniture, agricultural implements, crossties, and veneer. Indiana has +the reputation of furnishing the best grade of white oak in the world. + +Little attention has been given this valuable species either in +horticultural or forestal planting. This no doubt is due in a great +measure to the slow growth of the tree. It should be used more for shade +tree, ornamental and roadside tree planting. There are good reasons why +white oak should be much used in reforestation. The cheapest and most +successful method of propagating white oak is to plant the seed in the +places where the trees are desired to grow. This is best done by +planting the acorns as soon as they fall or are mature. The best results +will be obtained if the nuts are planted with the small end down, and +covered about an inch deep with earth. If the ground is a hard clay soil +and the small end of the nut is placed down a half inch of earth on the +nut is sufficient. Rodents often destroy the nuts, and if this danger is +apprehended it is best to poison the rodents or to stratify the seed, or +grow seedlings and plant them when they are one year old. In forestal +planting it is suggested that the planting be 4 × 4 feet. + +The white oak is quite variable in the lobing of the leaves, and in size +and shape of the fruit, and in the length of its peduncle. The variable +lobing of the leaves has lead several authors to describe varieties +based on this character. The latest is that of Sargent[32] who +describes: "The trees with leaves less deeply divided, with broad +rounded lobes and usually smaller generally sessile fruit," as =Quercus +alba= variety =latiloba=. + +=Quercus alba × Muhlenbérgii= (× _Quercus Deami_ Trelease). This rare +hybrid was discovered in a woods about 3 miles northwest of Bluffton +Indiana by L. A. Williamson and his son E. B. Williamson in 1904.[33] + +The tree is still standing and in 1918 bore a heavy crop of seed. A +liberal quantity was sent for propagation to the Arnold Arboretum, New +York Botanical Gardens, and Missouri Botanical Gardens. The Arboretum +succeeded in germinating several seed. The New York Gardens succeeded in +getting 5 seedlings. The Missouri Gardens failed to get any to +germinate. About a gallon of seeds was planted in the Clark County State +forest nursery and all failed. + +=2.= =Quercus bícolor Willdenow.= Swamp White Oak. Plate 41. Large +trees; leaves on petioles 5-20 mm. long, 8-18 cm. long, obovate, +wedge-shaped or narrowly rounded at base, rounded or pointed at the +apex, margins coarsely divided with rounded or blunt teeth or somewhat +pinnatifid, primary venation beneath somewhat regular, but usually some +of the veins end in a sinus of the margin, both surfaces hairy at first, +becoming smooth above and remaining velvety pubescent beneath; the upper +surface of the leaf a bronze or dark green and the under surface grayish +due to the dense tomentum, which in some instances becomes sparse and +short, in which case the under surface is a light green; acorns usually +in pairs on stalks 2-7 cm. long; nuts ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long, enclosed +for 1/3-1/2 their length in the cup; scales of cup acute to very long +acuminate, scurvy pubescent and frequently tuberculate; kernel sweetish. + +=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota south to +Georgia and Arkansas. Found in all parts of Indiana. It is always found +in wet places. In most of its range it is associated with the bur oak +from which it is not commonly separated. In the northern counties it is +usually associated with pin and bur oak, and white elm; in the flats of +the southeastern part of the State it is usually associated with cow oak +and sweet gum, while in the southwestern counties it is found most +commonly with Spanish and pin oak. + +=Remarks.=--Commercially the wood is not distinguished from white oak, +and the cut is sold for that species. + +=3.= =Quercus Muhlenbérgii= Engelmann. Chinquapin Oak. Sweet Oak. Yellow +Oak. Chestnut Oak. Plate 42. Large trees; leaves on petioles 1-3 cm. +long, blades very variable in size, shape and leaf margins, generally +10-20 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate to broadly obovate, narrowed or +rounded and more or less unequal at the base, taper-pointed at the apex, +the apex always forming an acute angle, margins coarsely and rather +regularly toothed, primary veins beneath regular and straight, and end +in a prominent gland in the point of the teeth, teeth more or less +incurved, leaves smooth and dark green above, and grayish pubescent +beneath; acorns generally sessile, but often on short stalks up to 1 cm. +long; nut ovoid to oblong ovoid, 10-18 mm. long, enclosed for 1/4-1/2 +its length in a very thin cup; scales of cup ovate, blunt-pointed or +merely acute, sometimes tuberculate near the base of the cup, grayish +pubescent without; kernel sweet, and the most edible of all of our +oaks. + +[Illustration: Plate 41. + +QUERCUS BICOLOR Willdenow. Swamp White Oak. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 42. + +QUERCUS MUHLENBERGII Engelmann. Chinquapin Oak. (× 1/2.) + +Detached acorns and leaves from different trees.] + +=Distribution.=--Vermont, southwestern Ontario to Wisconsin and south to +Florida and west to Texas. Found in limited numbers in all parts of +Indiana, although Hill's record for Lake county is the only record in +the block of the 12 northwest counties. It is without a doubt found in +every county south of the Wabash River. It is a rare or an infrequent +tree in practically all parts of its range. It is generally found on the +dry banks of streams, river terrace banks, rocky bluffs of streams, and +only rarely in level dry woods. In the southern counties it is sometimes +found on clay or rocky ridges. In most of its range it is now so rare +that most of the inhabitants do not know the tree. + +=Remarks.=--Wood similar to white oak, and with the same uses. + +In White County a pioneer was found who knew the tree only by the name +of pigeon oak. He said it received this name from the fact that the wild +pigeons were fond of the acorns. + +The leaves of this tree vary greatly in size, shape, and leaf margins. +The fruit also varies on different trees in the shape of the nut, and +the depth of the cup. These variations have lead some authors to +separate the forms and one histological study[34] seems to support minor +differences. It has been observed that the leaves in the top of some +trees may be thick, narrow and with long incurved teeth, while the +leaves of the lower branches will be strongly obovate, thinner, and the +teeth more dentate. In a general study it is best to include the +polymorphic forms under one name. The distribution of the shallow and +deep cup forms is so general that no regional or habitat areas can be +assigned to either of them in Indiana. + +=4.= =Quercus Michaúxii= Nuttall (_Quercus Prinus_ Sargent). Cow Oak. +Basket Oak. Plate 43. Large trees; leaves on petioles 1-3 cm. long, +generally 1-2 dm. long, obovate, narrowed or narrowly rounded at the +base, short taper-pointed, the apex generally blunt, the margins +coarsely toothed, the teeth broad and rounded or more rarely acute, +shaded leaves sometimes with margins merely undulate, hairy on both +surfaces when young, becoming at maturity a dark yellow green and +glabrous above, sometimes remaining somewhat pubescent along the midrib +and the principal veins, leaves grayish and woolly pubescent beneath; +acorns solitary or in pairs, sessile or on very short stalks, up to +almost a cm. in length; nuts ovoid or oval with a broad base, enclosed +for about 1/3 their length by the cup, the cups thick and generally 2-3 +cm. broad; scales ovate, acute, rather blunt-pointed and more or less +tuberculate near the base of the cup, tomentose on the back; kernel +sweet. + +[Illustration: Plate 43. + +QUERCUS MICHAUXII Nuttall. Cow or Basket Oak. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Delaware, southern Indiana, Missouri, south to Florida +and west to Texas. In Indiana it is believed that its distribution is +pretty well known and well defined. It is an inhabitant of low wet +woods, although large trees may be found in fairly dry woods which have +been made dry by drainage. In discussing the distribution it must be +remembered that this species was reported as _Quercus Prinus_ before the +sixth edition of Gray's Manual which was published in 1890. Gorby's[35] +reference to Miami County should be ignored, because he compiled his +list of trees from a list of common names to which he appended the +scientific names. His list includes several species which are not +native, and his water willow (_Dianthera americana_) is an herbaceous +plant. Wilson's[36] report for Hamilton County I believe also to be an +error. Wilson preserved no specimen. Since Hamilton County has no cow +oak habitat, and Wilson was not acquainted with the species, I think +this reference should be transferred to the broad-leaf form of _Quercus +Muhlenbergii_. The author has collected and distributed authentic +specimens from a point 2-1/2 miles southwest of Napoleon in Ripley +County. This species is reported by Meyncke for Franklin County as +scarce, and by Collins for Dearborn County. Since the habitat of the +species is found in these counties, it is fair to admit them into the +range of the species. This species is a frequent to a very common tree +in the flats of Clark, Scott, Jefferson, Jackson, Jennings, and Ripley +Counties, where it is usually associated with beech and sweet gum. It is +now known to range as far north as the northern parts of Jackson, +Jennings and Ripley Counties. It is an infrequent tree of the Lower +Wabash Valley as far north as southern Knox County and no doubt followed +eastward along White River. It follows the Ohio River eastward at least +to a point six miles east of Grandview in Spencer County. It no doubt +was an occasional tree along the Ohio River up to Dearborn County. It +has also been reported by Aiken for Hamilton County, Ohio. In the Lower +Wabash Valley it is associated with Spanish and pin oak. + +=Remarks.=--Wood and uses similar to white oak. In the flats of +southeastern Indiana it is generally called white oak, and in some +places it is known as bur oak. It grows very rapidly and to a large +size. A tree was measured in 1919 in the Klein woods about 4 miles north +of North Vernon that was 3.57 meters (11 feet, 7 inches) in +circumference, breast high, and was estimated to be 15 m. (50 feet) to +the first branch. + +This species when grown in the open forms a large oval head, and in +moist soil would make one of the best shade and roadside trees to be +had. It is not known how it would adapt itself to high ground, but it +is believed this species is worthy a trial as a shade tree. It is +apparently hardy in the northern counties. + +=Quercus Bèadlei= Trelease. (_Quercus alba × Michauxii_). This hybrid +between the white and cow oak was found by the writer in 1913 in the +White River bottoms 3 miles east of Medora in Jackson County. + +The tree measured 3.54 meters (139 inches) in circumference breast high. +Specimens were distributed under No. 19,037, and the determination was +made by William Trelease, our leading authority on oaks. + +=5.= =Quercus Prìnus= Linnæus. (_Quercus montana_ Willdenow of some +recent authors). Chestnut Oak. Plate 44. Medium to large sized tree; +bark dark, tight, deeply fissured, the furrows wide, and the ridges +continuous; leaves on petioles 1-3 cm. long, 1-2 dm. long, obovate to +lanceolate, those growing in the shade usually the widest, rounded at +the base, usually narrowly so or even wedge-shaped, short or long +taper-pointed at the apex, the apex blunt, margins coarsely and nearly +regularly crenate-toothed, the teeth broad and rounded, dark green above +at maturity, a lighter and usually a yellow or grayish green beneath, +only slightly hairy above when young, soon becoming entirely glabrate, +very pubescent beneath when young and usually remaining so until +maturity; petioles, midrib and primary veins beneath are usually +conspicuously yellow, which is a distinctive character of this species; +acorns solitary or in pairs, on short stalks usually about 1 cm. long, +sometimes sessile; nuts large ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2-3 cm. long, +enclosed generally for about 1/3 their length in a thin cup; scales with +triangular blunt tips, generally somewhat tuberculate and pubescent on +the back; kernel sweet. + +=Distribution.=--Maine, northern shore of Lake Erie, to west central +Indiana and south to northern Georgia and Alabama. In Indiana its +distribution is limited to the knobstone and sandstone area of the +State. Its distribution has been fairly well mapped. Two large trees on +the edge of the top of the bluff of the Ohio River at Marble Hill which +is located in the south corner of Jefferson County is the eastern limit +of its range. It crowns some of the ridges, sometimes extending down the +adjacent slopes a short distance, from Floyd County north to the south +side of Salt Creek in Brown County. Its range then extends west to the +east side of Monroe County, thence southwestward to the west side of +Martin County, thence south to the Ohio River. Where it is found it is +generally such a common tree that the areas are commonly called chestnut +oak ridges and are regarded as our poorest and most stony land. In Floyd +and Clark counties it is usually associated with scrub pine. In the +remainder of its range it is generally associated with black jack post +and black oaks. In our area this species is never found closely +associated with limestone, and reports of this species being found on +limestone areas should be referred to _Quercus Muhlenbergii_. + +[Illustration: Plate 44. + +QUERCUS PRINUS Linnæus. Chestnut Oak. (× 1/2.) + +Acorns and loose leaves from different trees.] + +=Remarks.=--Wood similar and uses generally the same as white oak. The +tree usually grows in such poor situations that it never acquires a +large diameter, and it is only when a tree is found in a cove or in +richer and deeper soil that it grows to a large size. The amount of this +species is very limited and it is therefore of no especial economic +importance as a source of timber supply. The bark is rich in tannin. The +crests of chestnut oak ridges are often cut bare of this species. The +trunks are made into crossties, and the larger branches are peeled for +their bark. The nuts germinate on top of the ground as soon as they +fall, or even before they fall. Usually a large percentage germinate. +The tree grows rapidly where soil conditions are at all favorable. It is +believed that this species should be used to reforest the chestnut oak +ridges of the State, and possibly it would be one of the best to employ +on the slopes of other poor ridges. + +=6.= =Quercus stellàta= Wangenheim. Post Oak. Plate 45. Medium to large +trees; bark resembles that of the white oak except on old trees the +fissures are deeper when compared with a white oak of equal size, and +the ridges are usually broken into shorter lengths; twigs stout, +yellowish-brown at first, remaining this color more or less to the end +of the season, at first densely covered with hairs which remain +throughout the season, and usually one year old branchlets are more or +less tomentose; leaves on hairy petioles 0.3-3 cm. long, generally about +1 cm. long; leaves obovate in outline, commonly 1-2 dm. long and about +2/3 as wide, and generally lobed into five principal lobes which are +disposed as follows: the two basal are formed by two deep sinuses just +below the middle of the leaf which cut off a large roughly triangular +portion, one angle of which forms the base, the top two angles prolonged +on each side into a rounded lobe which may be long or short; the +terminal lobe is produced by two deep sinuses which constrict the blade +at about 1/4-1/3 its length from the apex; the two basal and two +terminal sinuses form the two lateral lobes which in size are equal to +about one half of the leaf area; the lateral lobes are generally +ascending with the terminal portion usually indented with a shallow +sinus which produces two short lobes; the terminal lobe of the leaf +commonly has two or three shallow secondary lobes; all the lobes of the +leaf are rounded; base of leaf narrowed or rounded; leaves very thick at +maturity, when they first appear both surfaces are densely covered with +a yellowish pubescence, at maturity the upper surface is a dark glossy +green, and smooth or nearly so, except some leaves retain fascicles of +hairs, and the midrib and principal veins may be more or less rough +pubescent, the under surface at maturity is a gray-green, and remains +more or less densely covered with fascicles of hairs; acorns single or +in clusters, sessile or nearly so; nuts small, ovoid 10-15 mm. long and +6-10 mm. wide, inclosed for about 1/2 their length in the cup; scales +ovate, gray or reddish brown, tomentose on the back, blunt except those +near the top of the cup which are sometimes acute; kernel sweet. + +[Illustration: Plate 45. + +QUERCUS STELLATA Wangenheim. Post Oak. (× 1/2.) + +Acorns from different trees.] + +=Distribution.=--Massachusetts, Indiana, south to Florida, and west to +Oklahoma and Texas. In Indiana it is confined to the southwestern part +of the State. In our area it is found on the crest of ridges in the knob +area where it is generally associated with black, and black jack oaks, +hence in our poorest and thinnest soils. West of the knob area it takes +up different habitats. From Vigo County southward it is found on sand +ridges associated with black and black jack oaks. West of the knob area +it is frequently found in black oak woods and in Warrick County about +two miles southwest of Tennyson it is a frequent tree in the Little +Pigeon Creek bottoms which are a hard light clay soil. Here it is +associated with pin oak and cork elm (_Ulmus alata_). In the Lower +Wabash Valley, especially in Point Township of Posey County in the hard +clay of this area it is a frequent to a common tree, associated with +Spanish, pin, swamp, white and shingle oaks, and sweet gum. In this area +it grows to be a large tree. + +This species has been reported for Hamilton County by Wilson, but I +regard this reference a wrong identification which will relieve Hamilton +County of the reputation of having "post oak" land. It was reported, +also, by Gorby for Miami County. Since Gorby's list is wholly +unreliable, it is best to drop this reference. Higley and Raddin[37] +reported a single tree near Whiting. Nieuwland[38] reported this species +from near Mineral Springs in Porter County, the report being based on +his number 10,207 which I have not seen. There is no reason to doubt +these references, because it is not an unusual thing to find a southern +form jump from southern Indiana to a congenial habitat about Lake +Michigan. + +=Remarks.=--Wood is similar but tougher than white oak, and its uses are +the same as white oak. Since in our area the tree is usually medium +sized, most of the trees are worked up into crossties. A tree in a black +oak woods 4 miles east of Washington in Daviess County measured 2.22 +meters (87-1/2 inches) in circumference breast high. This species in +some localities is called iron oak, and in Gibson County on the sand +dune area it is called sand bur oak. + +[Illustration: Plate 46. + +QUERCUS MACROCARPA Michaux. Bur Oak. (× 1/2.) + +Acorns from different trees. + +The right two belong to the variety OLIVÆFORMIS.] + +=7.= =Quercus macrocàrpa= Michaux. Bur Oak. Plate 46. Large trees; +branchlets of young trees generally develop corky wings which are +usually absent on mature trees; leaves on petioles 1-2 cm. long, obovate +in outline, generally 1-2.5 dm. long, the margins more or less deeply +cut so that there are usually 7 lobes, sometimes only 5, or as many as 9 +or 11, sometimes the sinuses extend to the midrib, giving the leaf a +"skeleton" appearance, the lobes are very irregular in shape and +variously arranged, but often appear as if in pairs, lobes rounded and +ascending, the larger lobes are sometimes somewhat lobed, the three +terminal lobes are usually the largest and considered as a whole would +equal in size one half or more of the entire leaf area, the base of the +leaf is wedge-shape or narrowly rounded; leaves at maturity are dark +green and smooth above, or somewhat pubescent along the midrib, a +gray-green and woolly pubescent beneath; acorns usually solitary, +sometimes in pairs or clusters of three, sessile or on short stalks, +sometimes on stalks as long as 2.5 cm.; nuts very variable in size and +shape, ovoid to oblong, often very much depressed at the apex, 2-3 cm. +long, enclosed from 1/3 to almost their entire length in the cup which +is fringed at the top; cups thick and large, sometimes 4.5 cm. in +diameter; scales tomentose on the back and somewhat tuberculate, blunt +near the base of the cup, but at and near the top of the cup they become +long attenuate and on some trees appear almost bristle like; kernel +sweet. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Georgia and west to +Texas and Wyoming. Found in all parts of Indiana, although we have no +reports from the knob area where no doubt it is only local. It is a tree +of wet woods, low borders of streams, etc., except among the hills of +southern Indiana, it is an occasional tree of the slopes. In favorable +habitats it was a frequent to a common tree. Its most constant +associates are white elm, swamp white and red oak, linn, green and black +ash, shellbark hickory, etc. It is sometimes called mossy-cup oak. + +=Remarks.=--Wood and uses similar to that of white oak. In point of +number, size and value it ranks as one of the most valuable trees of the +State. Michaux[39] says: "A tree three miles from Troy, Ohio, was +measured that was fourteen feet and nine inches in diameter six feet +above the ground. The trunk rises about fifty feet without limbs, and +with scarcely a perceptible diminution in size." + +=7a.= =Quercus macrocarpa= var. =olivæfórmis= (Michaux filius) Gray. +This variety is distinguished from the typical form by its shallow cup, +and the long oval nut which is often 3 cm. long. The cup is +semi-hemispheric, and encloses the nut for about one-half its length. + +Authentic specimens are at hand from Wells County, and it has been +reported from Gibson and Hamilton Counties. No doubt this form has a +wider range. + +=8.= =Quercus lyràta= Walter. Overcup Oak. Plate 47. Medium sized trees; +bark generally intermediate between that of the swamp white and bur oak; +leaves on petioles 5-30 mm. long which are generally somewhat reddish +toward the base, 10-20 cm. long, obovate or oblong-obovate, margins very +irregularly divided into 5-9 short or long lobes, ascending and +generally acute, ordinarily the three terminal lobes are the largest, +base of leaves wedge-shape, or narrowly rounded, upper surface at +maturity dark green and smooth, the under surface densely covered with a +thick tomentum to which is added more or less long and single or +fascicled straight hairs; when the leaves are as described on the under +surface they are gray beneath; however, a form occurs which is yellow +green beneath and has little or no tomentum, but is thickly covered with +long single or fascicled straight hairs; acorn single or in pairs, on +stalks generally about 1 cm. long, sometimes the stalks are 3 cm. long, +the stalk lies in a plane at a right angle to the base of the acorn +which is a characteristic of this species; nut depressed-globose, about +1.5 cm. long, generally almost completely enclosed in the cup, or +sometimes enclosed only for about 2/3 its length; cup generally very +thick at the base, gradually becoming thinner at the top, and often it +splits open; scales tomentose on the back, those near the base, thick +and tuberculate on the back and blunt, but those near the top of the cup +are acute or long attenuate; kernel sweet. + +=Distribution.=--Maryland to Missouri,[40] and south to Florida and west +to Texas. In Indiana it is found only about river sloughs or deep swamps +in the southwestern counties. At present it is known only from Knox, +Gibson, Posey and Spencer Counties. It was reported by Nieuwland[41] for +Marshall County on the authority of Clark. This specimen was taken +during a survey of Lake Maxinkuckee, and is deposited in the National +Museum. I have had the specimen examined by an authority, who reports +that it is some other species. Its habitat is that of areas that are +inundated much of the winter season. It is so rare that its associates +could not be learned. In one place it grew in a depression lower than a +nearby pin oak, and in another place it grew in a depression in a very +low woods, surrounded by sweet gum, big shell bark hickory, and pin oak. +It is generally found singly in depressions, but it is a common tree on +the low border of the west side of Burnett's pond in Gibson County. + +=Remarks.=--Wood and uses similar to that of white oak. In our area it +is usually known as bur oak. + +[Illustration: Plate 47. + +QUERCUS LYRATA Walter. Overcup Oak. (× 1/2.) + +Acorns from different trees.] + +=9.= =Quercus imbricària= Michaux. Shingle Oak. Plate 48. Medium to +large sized trees; leaves on petioles generally 0.5-1 cm. long, 7-16 cm. +long, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed or rounded at the base, +apex generally sharp-pointed and ending with a bristle, sometimes very +wide leaves are blunt at the apex, margins entire, when they first +appear the upper surface is somewhat woolly and the under surface +whitish with a dense tomentum, soon glabrous and a dark green above, +remaining more or less densely woolly or pubescent beneath; acorns +sessile or nearly so, solitary or in pairs; nuts ovoid, about 1 cm. long +and enclosed for about 1/2 their length in the cup; cup rounded at the +base; scales pubescent on the back and obtuse. + +=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania, Michigan to Nebraska, south to Georgia +and west to Arkansas. Found throughout Indiana. It is essentially a tree +of low ground, but it is sometimes found near the base of slopes, and in +the knob area it is sometimes found on the crest of ridges. In all parts +of Indiana except the southwestern part it is found only locally and +then usually in colonies of a few trees. In Wells County, I know of only +two trees located at the base of a slope bordering a pond in Jackson +Township. In the southwestern part of the State it is frequent to a +common tree in its peculiar habitat. It appears that when drainage +basins decrease in size, and leave sandy river bottoms, and bordering +low sand dunes, that the shingle oak is the first oak to occupy the +area. On the sand ridges it is crowded out by the black, black jack and +post oaks. In the bottoms it is succeeded by pin, Schneck's, Spanish, +swamp white and post oaks. Special notes were made on its distribution +on a trip through Gibson, Pike, Daviess, Greene and Sullivan Counties, +going from Francisco northward through the Patoka bottoms where in many +places it forms pure stands. Usually in situations a little higher than +the pin oak zone. Thence eastward to Winslow and then north to Sandy +Hook in Daviess County, thence north to Washington, Montgomery, Odon, +Newberry, Lyons, Marco and Sullivan. In its habitat all along this route +it was a frequent to a very common tree. A few miles northeast of +Montgomery is a small area which a pioneer informed me was originally a +prairie. Typical prairie plants are yet found along the roadside and +fences in the area. I was informed that the shingle oak was the only +species found on the area, and on the border of the area. It is believed +the mass distribution of the species was in the area indicated by the +preceding route. Both east and west of this area the species becomes +less frequent. + +=Remarks.=--Wood similar to red oak, but much inferior. Evidently it is +rather a slow growing tree, but it might find a use as a shade or +ornamental tree in sandy habitats where the pin oak would not thrive. It +is also called black oak, peach oak, jack oak and water oak. + +[Illustration: Plate 48. + +QUERCUS IMBRICARIA Michaux. Shingle Oak. (× 1/2.)] + +=10.= =Quercus rùbra= Linnæus. [_Quercus maxima_ (Marshall) Ashe of some +recent authors]. Red Oak. Plate 49. Large trees; winter buds ovoid, +pointed, reddish, outer scales glabrous, sometimes pubescent on the +edges; twigs soon smooth and reddish; leaves on petioles 2.5-5 cm. long, +10-20 cm. long, oval to oblong-obovate, broadly wedge-shape or truncate +at the base, the margins divided by wide or narrow sinuses generally +into 7-9 lobes, sometimes as many as 11, the lobes not uniform in size +or shape, lobes broadest at the base and ending generally in 1-5 bristle +points, pubescent above and below at first, soon becoming smooth at +maturity and a dark green above, paler and yellowish-green beneath and +smooth or with tufts of tomentum in the axils of the veins; acorns +solitary or in pairs, sessile or on very short stalks; nuts ovoid, flat +at the base, and rounded at the apex, 2-3 cm. long, enclosed for about +1/4 their length in the shallow cup; cups 2-3 cm. in diameter, thick, +saucer-shape, flat or only slightly rounded at the base; scales ovate, +blunt, appressed, and pubescent on the back; kernel somewhat bitter, +eaten by hogs and cattle, but not relished by wild animals. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and west to +Texas. Found throughout Indiana, although local in the knob area. Its +preferred habitat is that of moist, rich and fairly well drained woods. +It does not thrive in situations that are inundated much of the winter +season such as the pin oak will endure. In the southern part of the +State, especially in the flats it is frequently found on the high bluffs +of streams and very large forest trees are frequent on a dry wooded +slope of ten acres, on the Davis farm four miles south of Salem. In a +congenial habitat it was a frequent to a common tree, although such a +thing as nearly a pure stand would never be met with, such as was often +formed by the white, black, shingle or pin oak. + +=Remarks.=--Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, but not as good as +white oak in any of its mechanical qualities. Commercially all of the +biennial oaks are usually considered as red oak. The true red oak, +however, is generally considered the best of all the biennial oaks. +Until recently, when white oak became scarce, red oak was not in much +demand, and was used principally for construction material. Now it is +substituted in many places for white oak, and the uses now are in a +great measure the same as those of white oak. + +The red oak grows rapidly, and is able to adapt itself to many soil +conditions. It has been used in European countries for two centuries for +shade and ornamental planting. It reproduces easily by planting the +acorns, and should receive attention by woodlot owners as a suitable +species for reinforcing woodlands, or in general forest planting. + +[Illustration: Plate 49. + +QUERCUS RUBRA Linnæus. Red Oak. (× 1/2.) + +Acorns from different trees.] + +=11.= =Quercus palústris= Du Roi. Pin Oak. Plate 50. Medium to large +trees with very tight bark, the furrows shallow and generally wide; +twigs at first pubescent, soon becoming smooth and reddish-brown; leaves +on petioles generally 1-5 cm. long, blades about 7-15 cm. long, usually +about 2/3 as wide, sometimes as wide as long, ovate to obovate in +outline, narrowed to broadly truncate at the base, the margins divided +into 5-7 lobes by deep and wide sinuses, except leaves that grow in the +shade, the sinus cuts the blade to more than half way to the midrib, the +lobes are widest at the base, or sometimes widest near the apex, the +lobes usually somewhat toothed or lobed and end in 1-7 bristle tips, +leaves hairy when they first appear, soon becoming glabrate and a glossy +dark green above, a paler green beneath and smooth except tufts of hairs +in the axils of the principal veins; acorns sessile or nearly so, single +or in clusters; nuts subglobose or ovoid, generally 10-12 mm. long, the +ovoid form somewhat smaller, covered about 1/4 their length by the +shallow cups; cups saucer-shape and generally flat on the bottom, those +with the ovoid nuts are rounded on the bottom; scales pubescent on the +back, and rounded or blunt at the apex. + +=Distribution.=--Massachusetts, southwestern Ontario, Michigan to Iowa +and south to Virginia and west to Oklahoma. Found in every county of +Indiana. It is found only in wet situations where it is a frequent to a +common tree. It prefers a hard compact clay soil with little drainage +hence is rarely met with on the low borders of lakes where the soil is +principally organic matter. + +=Remarks.=--Wood similar to red oak, but much inferior to it. It is +tardy in the natural pruning of its lower branches, and when the dead +branches break off they usually do so at some distance from the trunk. +The stumps of the dead branches which penetrate to the center of the +tree have given it the name of pin oak. It is also sometimes called +water oak, and swamp oak. + +For street and ornamental planting it is one of the most desirable oaks +to use. It is adapted to a moist soil, grows rapidly, and produces a +dense shade. When grown in the open it develops a pyramidal crown. + +The nut of this species always has a depressed form, except a tree or +two in Wells County which produce ovate nuts which are cone-pointed, and +in bulk about half the size of the ordinary form. This form should be +looked for to ascertain its area of distribution. + +[Illustration: Plate 50. + +QUERCUS PALUSTRIS Muenchhausen. (× 1/2.) + +Acorns from different trees. Those on the left the common form, those on +the right the rare form.] + +[Illustration: Plate 51. + +QUERCUS SCHNECKII Britton. Schneck's Oak. (× 1/2.) + +Specimens from type tree.] + +=12.= =Quercus Schnéckii= Britton. Schneck's Oak. Plate 51. Large trees; +bark somewhat intermediate between pin and red oak; twigs gray by +autumn; winter buds large, about 0.5 cm. long, ovoid, glabrous and gray; +leaves on petioles 2-6 cm. long, blades generally 8-18 cm. long, +generally truncate at the base, sometimes wedge-shaped, leaves ovate to +obovate in outline, divided into 5-7 lobes, by deep rounded and wide +sinuses, the sinuses cutting the blade to more than half way to the +midrib, except the leaves of lower branches that grow in the shade, the +lobes variable in shape and size, usually the lowest are the shortest +and smaller, the middle the longest and largest, the lobes are sometimes +widest at the base, and sometimes widest at the apex, the end of the +lobes are more or less toothed or lobed; the leaves at maturity are +bright green, glossy and smooth above, a paler and yellow green and +smooth beneath except tufts of hairs in the axils of the principal +veins; acorns solitary or in pairs, usually on stalks about 0.5 cm. +long; nuts ovoid, sometimes broadly so, or oblong, broad and flat or +slightly convex at base, usually 1.5-2 cm. long, enclosed in the cup +from 1/4-1/3 their length; cups flat or convex at the base: scales +generally pubescent on the back, gray or with a reddish tip on those of +the Lower Wabash Valley, or reddish gray and with margins more or less +red of trees of the Upper Wabash Valley. + +=Distribution.=--In Indiana this species has been reported only from +Wells, Bartholomew, Vermillion, Knox, Gibson and Posey Counties. This +species was not separated from our common red oak until after all of the +local floras of Indiana had been written, and it may have a much wider +range than is at present known. In Wells County it is the prevailing +"red oak" of the county, and no doubt is distributed throughout the +Wabash Valley. In this area it is associated with all moist ground +species. In the lower Wabash Valley, especially in Gibson, Knox and +Posey Counties it is associated with Spanish, pin, and shingle oaks, +sweet gum, etc. Several trees were noted in Knox County in Little +Cypress swamp where it was associated with cypress, pin oak, white elm, +red maple and swell-butt ash. + +=Remarks.=--This anomalous red oak has a range from Indiana to Texas. +When the attention of authors was directed to it, several new species +were the result. Later authors are not agreed as to whether this form, +which has such a wide range and hence liable to show considerable +variation within such a long range, is one or several species. C. S. +Sargent who for years has studied this form throughout its range has +seen the author's specimens and calls those with shallow cups typical or +nearly typical _Quercus Shumardii_ Buckley[42] and those with the deep +cups _Quercus Shumardii_ variety _Schneckii_ (Britton) Sargent. + +The writer has made rather an intensive study of the forms in Wells +County and in the Lower Wabash Valley and has not been able to satisfy +himself that, allowing for a reasonable variation, there is even a +varietal difference in Indiana forms. The description has been drawn to +cover all of the forms of Indiana. + +Dr. J. Schneck of Mt. Carmel, Illinois, was one of the first to discover +that this form was not our common red oak, and when he called Dr. +Britton's attention to it, Dr. Britton named it _Quercus Schneckii_ in +honor of its discoverer. + +=13.= =Quercus ellipsoidàlis.= E. J. Hill. Hill's Oak. Plate 52. Medium +sized trees; inner bark yellowish; twigs pubescent at first, becoming +smooth and reddish brown by autumn; leaves on petioles 2-5 cm. long, +ovate to slightly obovate or nearly orbicular in outline, 7-15 cm. long, +wedge-shape or, truncate at the base, margin divided into 5-7 long lobes +by wide sinuses which usually extend to more than half way to the +midrib, sinuses rounded at the base, lobes broadest at the base or the +apex, ending in 1-7 bristle points, leaves at first pubescent, both +above and below, soon becoming glabrous above, and smooth beneath except +tufts of hairs in the axils of the principal veins; acorns nearly +sessile or on short stalks, single or in pairs; nuts oval to oblong, +12-20 mm. long, enclosed for 1/3-1/2 their length in the cup; scales +obtuse, light reddish-brown, pubescent on the back; kernel pale yellow +and bitter. + +=Distribution.=--Northwestern Indiana to Manitoba and south to Iowa. In +Indiana it has been reported only from Lake and Porter Counties by Hill, +and from White County by Heimlich. According to Hill, who has made the +most extensive study of the distribution of this species in our area, +the tree is found on sandy and clayey uplands, and in moist sandy +places. It closely resembles the pin oak for which it has been mistaken. +It also resembles the black and scarlet oaks. We have very little data +on the range or distribution of the species in this State. + +=14.= =Quercus velùtina= Lamarck. Black Oak. Plate 53. Medium to large +sized trees; inner bark yellow or orange; leaves on petioles 2-8 cm. +long, ovate oblong or obovate, very variable in outline and in size, +those of young trees and coppice shoots being very large, those of +mature trees usually 12-18 cm. long, wedge-shape or truncate at the +base, the margin divided into 5-9 lobes by wide and usually deep sinuses +which are rounded at the base, the lobes variable in shape and size, the +terminals of many of the lobes toothed or slightly lobed and ending in +one or more bristles, leaves pubescent on both sides at first, soon +becoming smooth, glossy and a dark green above; leaves of fruiting +branches usually smooth beneath except the tufts of brown hairs in the +axils of the principal veins, or rarely more or less pubescent over the +whole under surface, the under surface of leaves of sterile branches and +young trees usually are the most pubescent beneath, the leaves of some +trees are much like those of the scarlet oak, but on the whole are +larger; acorns sessile or nearly so, single or in pairs; nuts ovoid, +oblong or subglobose, 1.5-2 cm. long, enclosed for about half their +length in the cup-shaped cup; scales light-brown, densely pubescent on +the back, obtuse, loose above the middle of the cup; kernel bitter. + +[Illustration: Plate 52. + +QUERCUS ELLIPSOIDALIS E. J. Hill. Hill's Oak. (× 1/2.) + +Specimens from type tree.] + +[Illustration: Plate 53. + +QUERCUS VELUTINA Lamarck. Black Oak. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, southern +Nebraska south to Florida and west to Texas. Found throughout Indiana. +It was no doubt found in every county or nearly every county of the +State. It of course would be a rare tree throughout the rich black loam +soils of the central Indiana counties. The black oak is confined to the +poorer soils of the State, such as clay and gravelly ridges, sand dunes, +sand ridges, and the hills of southern Indiana that are not covered with +beech or white oak. It is a frequent to a common tree in the +southwestern part of the State in the bottom lands where it is +associated with Schneck's, shingle, and post oaks. In the northern part +of the State it is generally associated with the white oak and if the +soil is very poor it will form almost pure stands. On the poor ridges of +southern Indiana it is generally associated with the white, and scarlet +oaks, and invades habitats still poorer which are occupied by post, +black jack, or chestnut oaks. Wherever the black oak is found it is +generally more than a frequent tree and is usually a common tree or +forms the principal stand. While the black is not so uniformly +distributed over the State as the white oak, yet in point of numbers it +nearly equals it, or may even exceed it. + +In Floyd and Harrison Counties are certain small areas which were known +to the early settlers as the "barrens." These areas were treeless. They +were covered with a growth of some sort of oak which the natives call +"scrub" oak, hazel, and wild plum. The height of the growth in any part +would "not hide a man on horse back." These areas are now all under +cultivation, and are no longer distinguished from the forested areas. +However, many parts of the barrens are now covered with forests, but +these forests are a complete stand of black oak. Last year one of these +areas was cut off, and the age of the trees were ascertained to be about +65 years old. The barrens of southern Indiana and adjacent States offer +a good problem for ecologists. + +=Remarks.=--Wood similar to that of red oak, but often much inferior. +The uses of the best grades of black oak are practically the same as red +oak. + +Where the black and scarlet oaks are associated, the scarlet oak is +rarely separated from it. The two species superficially much resemble +each other. The black oak is always easily distinguished by cutting into +the inner bark which is yellow, while that of scarlet oak is gray or +reddish. The inner bark imparts a yellow color to spittle, and the +scarlet does not. When mature fruiting branches are at hand they may be +separated by the appearance of the acorns. The scales of the cups of +the black oak are dull, and loosely imbricated near the top while those +of the scarlet oak are rather glossy and closely imbricated. The scales +of the scarlet oak, however, become somewhat loose after the acorn has +matured, and fallen for some time. + +This species is sometimes called yellow oak. Since the chinquapin oak is +also often called yellow oak, it is best to always call this species +black oak. + +=15.= =Quercus coccínea= Muenchhausen. Scarlet Oak. Plate 54. Medium +sized trees with bark resembling the black oak, inner bark gray or +reddish; twigs reddish by autumn; winter buds reddish-brown and +pubescent; leaves on petioles 2.5-6 cm. long, broadly oval to obovate, +blades 7-15 cm. long, truncate or wedge-shape at the base, the blade +divided into 5-7 lobes by deep and wide sinuses which cut the blade more +than half the distance to the midrib, sinuses rounded at the base, the +lobes variable in size and shape, usually the lowest are the shortest +and smallest, the middle lobes the largest and longest, the lobes widest +either at the base or the apex, the terminal part toothed or lobed, the +terminal lobe generally 3-lobed or 3-toothed, both surfaces of the +leaves at first pubescent, soon smooth and a dark glossy green above, +and paler and smooth beneath except tufts of hairs in the axils of the +principal veins; acorns sessile or nearly so, solitary or in pairs; nuts +ovoid to oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long, enclosed for about half their length in +the thick cup-shape cup; scales triangular but blunt, closely appressed, +pubescent on the back except the center which is generally elevated and +smooth and shiny, giving the cup a glossy appearance which easily +separates it from its nearest ally the black oak whose cup is a dull, +ash or reddish gray color; kernel white within, and less bitter than the +black oak. + +=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario to southern Nebraska, south to +North Carolina, Alabama and Arkansas. It has been reported for the +northwest counties and the southern part of Indiana, but we have no +records for the east-central portion of the State. Clark reports it as +common about Winona Lake, but does not report _Quercus velutina_ which +is a common tree of the vicinity, and it is believed that Clark has +confused the two species. In the northern part of the State its habitat +is that of sand and gravel ridges associated with black oak. In the hill +part of southern Indiana it is intimately associated with the black oak +on the poorer ridges. We have no authentic records for the southwestern +counties. The author has Schneck's specimens on which the record for +Gibson and Posey County was based. I determined the specimens as +belonging to the Spanish oak, and William Trelease verified the +determination. I have no doubt that scarlet oak occurred on the sand +ridges of that area. + +[Illustration: Plate 54. + +QUERCUS COCCINEA Muenchhausen. Scarlet Oak. (× 1/2.)] + +In the northern part of the State it is a rare or infrequent tree, while +in favorable habitats in the hill country of the southern part of the +State it is a frequent to a common tree. + +=Remarks.=--Wood similar but much inferior to red oak. The cut in this +State is marketed as black oak, from which it is rarely separated. + +=16.= =Quercus falcàta= Michaux. Spanish Oak. Plate 55. Large trees; +bark thick, rather deeply fissured, furrows usually narrow, ridges +generally broad and broken into short lengths, the outer bark is +reddish, except sometimes it becomes grayish by weathering; twigs +densely pubescent at first, remaining more or less pubescent during the +first year, or becoming smooth or nearly so and a reddish brown by +autumn; leaves on petioles 0.5-6 cm. long, ordinarily about 2-3 cm. +long, blades very variable in outline, ovate, ovate-oblong or obovate, +usually somewhat curved, wedge-shaped, rounded or truncate at the base, +shallow or deeply lobed, generally about 2/3 of the distance to the +midrib; lobes 3-11, commonly 5-9, the number, size and shape of the +lobes exceedingly variable, the longest lateral lobes are generally near +the middle of the leaf, sometimes the lowest pair, sometimes the upper +pair are the longest, terminal lobe triangular or oblong, generally +widest at the base, although frequently widest at the apex, lateral +lobes widest at the base and gradually becoming narrower, towards the +apex, rarely somewhat wider at the apex, generally somewhat curved, +lobes generally sharp-pointed, sometimes wide-angled or rounded at the +apex, margins of lobes entire, wavy, toothed or lobed, sinuses wide and +rounded at the base; leaves densely pubescent on both surfaces at first, +gradually becoming smooth and dark green above by autumn, the under +surface remaining covered with a tomentum which is grayish or yellowish; +acorns sessile or nearly so, solitary or in pairs; nuts broadly ovoid, +generally 10-12 mm. long, broadly rounded at the base, rounded at the +apex, enclosed about one-half their length by the cup; cups strongly +convex at the base; scales blunt, grayish and pubescent on their backs, +their margins reddish and generally smooth. + +=Distribution.=--New Jersey and Missouri, south to Florida and west to +Texas. The known distribution in Indiana would be that part of the State +south of a line drawn from Vincennes to North Madison. It is local +except in the southwestern counties. In our area it is found on both +high and low ground. In Jefferson and Clark Counties it is found only in +the flats where it is associated with beech, sweet gum, pin oak, red +maple and black gum. A colony was found in Washington County on high +ground, about eight miles southwest of Salem associated with black and +post oak. In Harrison County about two miles southeast of Corydon it was +found on the crest of a ridge with white and black oak. In Daviess +County about four miles east of Washington it is associated with black +and post oak. In Knox, Gibson, Pike and Warrick Counties it is local on +sand ridges with black oak. It occurs in the greatest abundance in the +river bottoms of Gibson, Posey and Spencer Counties, where it is +generally associated with pin, Schneck's, shingle, swamp white, black +and post oaks, and sweet gum. In the last named counties it is fairly +well distributed, and is a frequent to a common tree. Brown's[43] report +for Fountain County should not be recognized without a verifying +specimen, since his list was compiled from a list of common names of the +trees which he obtained. + +[Illustration: Plate 55. + +QUERCUS FALCATA Michaux. Spanish Oak. (× 1/2.)] + +=Remarks.=--Wood and uses similar to that of red oak. In Indiana it is +all sold as red oak. In all parts of its range in Indiana it is known as +red or black oak. However, the best accepted common name of this species +throughout its range is Spanish oak, and since no other species is known +by this name, it should be used for this species. + +The bark of this species varies considerably in color and tightness. The +leaves are exceedingly variable in form. The leaves on the same tree +will vary from 3-lobed to 11-lobed. Usually the lobing is deepest in the +leaves nearest the top of the tree. Leaves of small trees, coppice +shoots, and of the lower branches of some trees are often all or for the +greater part 3-lobed. The color of the pubescence of the lower surface +of the leaves varies from a gray to a yellow-gray. The variations have +lead authors to divide this polymorphic species into several species and +varieties. The author has included all the forms that occur in Indiana +under one name. + +This species is variously known as _Quercus digitata_, _Quercus +triloba_, _Quercus pagodaefolia_, and by the most recent authors as +_Quercus pagoda_ and _Quercus rubra_ and its varieties. Specimens in the +author's collection from Jefferson County were reported by Sargent[44] +as _Quercus rubra_ var. _triloba_. + +=17.= =Quercus marilándica= Muenchhausen. Black Jack Oak. Plate 56. +Mature trees generally 10-30 cm. in diameter; bark resembles that of a +gnarled black oak; twigs generally scurvy-pubescent the first year; +leaves on petioles from nearly sessile to 2.5 cm. long, usually less +than a cm. long, blades 7-15 cm. long, broadly obovate, often almost as +wide as long, narrowly rounded at the base, with three primary lobes at +the apex, sometimes with two small lateral lobes, the apex is sometimes +almost rounded and the position where the lobes usually occur is +indicated by three primary veins which end in a bristle, the apex of the +leaf is generally about equally divided into three lobes by two very +shallow rounded sinuses, the lobes are rounded or merely acute; +sometimes the terminal lobes develop a secondary lobe, leaves very +pubescent both above and beneath when they first appear, becoming smooth +and glossy above at maturity, and remaining more or less pubescent +beneath; acorns sessile or nearly so, single or in pairs; nuts ovoid or +oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, broadly rounded at the base, rounded or somewhat +conic at the apex, enclosed for about half their length in the +cup-shaped cup; scales blunt, not closely appressed, pubescent on back, +light reddish-brown; kernel bitter. + +[Illustration: Plate 56. + +QUERCUS MARILANDICA Muenchhausen. Black Jack Oak. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--New York to Nebraska, south to Florida and west to +Texas. In Indiana it is known to the author from Sullivan, Greene and +Clark Counties and southwestward. It has been reported from Jefferson +County by Barnes which is no doubt correct. Doubtful records are those +by Brown for Fountain County, Miami County by Gorby, and Phinney's +report for the area of Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne Counties. It +has been reported for the vicinity of Chicago by Higley and Raddin. It +may be local on sterile, sandy ridges of the northern part of the State, +but very local if it does occur. It is generally found in very poor soil +on the crest of ridges associated with black and post oak. However, it +has been found in Greene, Sullivan and Knox counties on sand ridges and +at the base of sand ridges associated with black and post oak. The +species has a very limited mass distribution and is only occasionally +found and in colonies of a few trees each. + +=Remarks.=--Trees too small and scarce to be of any economic importance. + + + + +ULMÀCEAE. The Elm Family. + + +Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, 2-ranked, petioled leaves; +sepals 3-9, petals none, stamens as many as the sepals and opposite +them, stigmas 2. + + Branchlets with solid pith; leaves with primary veins + parallel; flowers borne on the twigs of the preceding + season 1 Ulmus. + + Branchlets with chambered pith at the nodes; leaves + 3-veined at the base; flowers borne on the twigs of + the season 2 Celtis. + + +1. ÚLMUS. The Elms. + +Trees with furrowed bark; leaves short petioled, with lateral veins +prominent and parallel, oblique or unequally heart-shaped at the base, +taper-pointed at the apex, mostly double-serrate; flowers of Indiana +species expanding before the leaves in March or April; fruit a samara +surrounded with a wide membranous margin, maturing in the spring. + + Inner bark mucilaginous; leaves very rough above; flowers + nearly sessile; fruit not ciliate 1 U. fulva. + + Inner bark not mucilaginous; leaves smooth or somewhat rough + above; flowers on slender pedicils; fruit ciliate. + + Branches without corky wings; sides of samara glabrous 2 U. americana. + + Branches (at least some of them) with corky wings; at least + one side of the samara pubescent. + + Buds ovate, not twice as long as wide, obtuse, or + short-pointed, dark brown; scales pubescent and + ciliate; leaves usually not twice as long as wide, + base of petiole glabrous beneath; calyx lobes 7-9 3 U. Thomasi. + + Buds small, narrow, twice as long as wide, very + sharp-pointed, light brown; scales glabrous or + merely puberulent; leaves usually twice as long + as wide, base of petiole pubescent all around 4 U. alata. + +=1. Ulmus fúlva= Michaux. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. Plate 57. Fairly large +trees with deeply fissured reddish-brown bark without white streaks +between the layers of the ridges, twigs very pubescent and green at +first, becoming gray or reddish-brown at the end of the season and +remaining more or less pubescent for a year or more; buds ovate, a very +dark reddish brown, the scales more or less pubescent; leaves ovate, +oval or slightly obovate, average blades 8-15 cm. long, hairy on both +surfaces at first, remaining more or less pubescent beneath until +maturity, and becoming very rough above with a few scattered hairs +remaining, fragrant when dried, fragrance remaining for years; fruit +ripening the last of April or the first of May before or with the +unfolding of the leaves; samara orbicular or obovate, usually longer +than wide, average size 13-17 mm. long and 9-12 mm. wide, the margin as +wide or wider than the seed, margin glabrous, seed densely pubescent on +both sides; wood hard, strong, light when well seasoned and not warping +as badly as white elm. + +=Distribution.=--Quebec south to Florida, west to Texas, Nebraska and +North Dakota. Found in all parts of Indiana. In the prairies or in the +"flats" it may be absent in one or more contiguous counties and may be +entirely absent on the crests and upper slopes of ridges. It prefers a +moist well drained soil, and where it is found it is usually a frequent +to a common tree, although rarely is it found as a very common tree. It +is usually associated with sugar maple, beech, white ash, linn, tulip, +white oak, etc. + +=Remarks.=--This tree usually is from 3-6 dm. in diameter and tall for +its diameter. However, larger trees occur. In the Ind. Geol. Rept. +6:70:1875 mention is made of a tree in Jackson County that was "18 feet +in circumference." The uses of the wood are similar to that of white +elm. The inner bark collected in spring is much used in medicine under +the name of slippery elm. + +[Illustration: Plate 57. + +ULMUS FULVA Michaux. Red or Slippery Elm. (× 1/2.)] + +=2. Ulmus americàna= Linnæus. White Elm. Plate 58. Large trees; bark +deeply fissured, gray, the ridges showing white streaks between the +layers; twigs more or less hairy at first and usually becoming glabrous +by the end of the season; buds ovate, acute and glabrous; leaves ovate, +oval or obovate, average blades 8-12 cm. long, hairy on both sides on +expanding, becoming at maturity glabrous above and smooth or rough, +sometimes very rough on vigorous young shoots, remaining pubescent +beneath, rarely glabrous; fruit ripening before or as the leaves unfold, +generally oval in shape, about 1 cm. long, both surfaces glabrous, +margins about as wide as the seed and fringed with hairs; wood hard, +tough, flexible, generally hard to split, warps badly in seasoning. + +=Distribution.=--Quebec to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska. Found +throughout Indiana, and doubtless in every county. It is frequent to +common or very common on the flood plains of streams, in wet woods and +in low ground generally. + +=Remarks.=--This species is also called water elm, swamp elm, gray elm, +bitter elm, sour elm and in southwestern counties it is often called red +elm. In Perry County it is often called hub elm. It is generally known +as "elm" and when this term is used, it refers to this species. The wood +has a very wide range of uses. The greatest amount has been used for +hoops, staves and heading. Large quantities have been used in the +manufacture of agricultural implements, hubs, furniture, basket handles, +etc. White elm is usually considered very difficult to split, but I was +informed by a pioneer timber cutter that the heart wood of the veterans +of the forest splits as well as oak, and that he worked many a tree up +into staves. He told me that he made into staves a tree in Paulding +County, Ohio, that was eight feet in diameter at the stump. There is +little attempt being made by woodlot owners to propagate this tree. +However, the natural propagation of the species is probably greater than +any other species because it produces seed at an early age, and culls of +the forest are not cut because they are not good for fuel which leaves +them to produce seed. Then the seed are light, and are scattered to +great distances by the wind and water. It is propagated very easily from +seedlings. + +The tree when grown in the open has a tendency to be bushy and unless it +is given some pruning will have a very short clear trunk. It has always +been regarded as one of the best species for shade tree planting. For +beauty of form it is not excelled by any tree for shade or ornamental +planting. However, it has several insect enemies that require spraying +to keep them under control. + +[Illustration: Plate 58. + +ULMUS AMERICANA Linnæus. White Elm. (× 1/2.)] + +=3. Ulmus Thomási= Sargent. Hickory Elm. Rock Elm. Plate 59. Large +trees; bark deeply fissured and grayish like the bark of the white elm; +twigs light brown, generally densely hairy and remaining more or less +pubescent until the end of the season or later, the twigs of some +specimens are glabrous or only slightly hairy at first and soon become +glabrous and somewhat glaucous, after the first year some of the +branchlets begin to develop 1-4 corky ridges from a few millimeters to 5 +or 6 mm. in thickness, the ridges are wide and rounded at the top, dark +gray, brown and discontinuous, rarely a corky ridge will appear on a +branchlet the first year; leaves oval or obovate, average blades 8-15 +cm. long, at maturity glabrous and smooth or rough to very rough above, +permanently pubescent beneath especially on the veins; fruit ripens late +in May or early in June when the leaves are from 1/2 to 2/3 grown; +samara oval, usually 1.5-2 cm. long, oblique at the base, with a beak +2-5 mm. long at the apex, both faces pubescent, wing about as wide as +the seed; wood hard heavy, strong, flexible, uses the same as white elm. + +=Distribution.=--Southern Quebec and Ontario south to northern New +Jersey and west to Minnesota and Missouri. The distribution in Indiana +has not been studied. The frequency of its occurrence is not known, and +all of the known stations are given. The published records are as +follows: Dearborn (Collins); Franklin (Meyncke); Hamilton (Wilson); +Jefferson (Barnes) and (Deam); Noble (VanGorder); Parke (Hobbs); St. +Joseph (Nieuwland); Steuben (Bradner); Wayne (Petry and Markle); Wells +(Deam). Additional records are Hendricks, Noble, Ripley, Vermillion and +Wayne by Deam. The published record for Posey County by Deam and Schneck +should be referred to _Ulmus alata_. It prefers a well drained soil and +is most frequently found near the base of the slope or on the top of +flood plain banks of streams, in ravines, or in a habitat like a +beech-sugar maple woods. It is reported to have been frequent in +Franklin, Noble and Wells Counties. + +Its appearance and habit of growth is so much like the white elm that it +is not commonly distinguished from it, which accounts for the lack of +definite knowledge of its range in our area. + +[Illustration: Plate 59. + +ULMUS THOMASI Sargent. Hickory or Rock Elm. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 60. + +ULMUS ALATA Michaux. Winged Elm. (× 1/2.)] + +=4. Ulmus alàta= Michaux. Winged Elm. Plate 60. Small to medium sized +trees; bark rather closely fissured, grayish or reddish-brown, in +appearance like white elm; twigs hairy at first, generally remaining +more or less pubescent throughout the season, rarely becoming entirely +glabrous before the end of the season, a light brown gradually becoming +a gray-brown; branchlets usually begin to develop two thin narrow corky +ridges, becoming by the end of the second year 4-7 mm. thick, the year's +growth of corky layer a light brown, the older layers a darker brown, +the two main corky ridges are on opposite sides of the twigs, and +between these there are generally additional corky excrescences, +especially on the older branches; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oval, some +somewhat falcate, average blades 4-8 cm. long, pubescent on both sides +on unfolding, becoming at maturity glabrous or nearly so above, some are +rough above at maturity, remaining pubescent until maturity beneath; +petioles short, generally 2-3 mm. long, rarely 5 mm. or longer; fruit +ripening before or with the unfolding of the leaves; samara 6-10 mm. +long, pubescent on both faces. + +=Distribution.=--Virginia west through southern Indiana to southern +Missouri, south to the Gulf and west to Texas. In Indiana it is confined +to the southwestern part of the State. Gorby's report for Miami should +be ignored. It has been reported as far north as Vigo and Monroe +Counties by Blatchley, and as far east as Clark County by Baird and +Taylor. The author has collected it in Crawford, Dubois, Martin, Orange, +Perry, Posey, Spencer and Warrick Counties. + +The tree has two rather distinct habitats. In the hill counties it is +found on the sides of cliffs, steep slopes or on the top of the ridges +with such species as the black, chestnut and scarlet oaks and chestnut. +In this habitat it is usually a small scrubby tree with an excessive +number of side branches. Such specimens usually have the corky ridges +well developed on all of the branches and the tree presents a weird +appearance. The second habitat is in the hard clay flats of the +southwestern counties. In Warrick County along Big Pigeon Creek west of +Boonville I measured a specimen 21 dm. in circumference and I estimated +the clear bole at 8 m. It was associated with sweet gum, black gum, +white elm, red birch, red oak, etc. It is found throughout this county +both in the "flats" and on the sandy ridges. In Posey County it is a +frequent tree in the low woods about 10 miles southwest of Mt. Vernon. +In these woods it acquires a diameter of 3-6 dm. and is associated with +post oak, Spanish oak, sweet gum, shingle oak, etc. It is to be noted +that specimens that grow in these conditions and those that acquire a +large size do not develop such conspicuous corky branches. A large tree +over 6 dm. in diameter was noted in the eastern part of Gibson County +growing in low sandy soil which was destitute of corky branches so far +as could be seen from the ground. All of the branches examined were free +from corky ridges, and only a few corky excrescences were present. The +specimen could easily be identified by the leaves. Another large tree 12 +dm. in circumference in a black oak woods 4 miles south of Marengo in +Crawford County was also free from corky ridges. + +This is an interesting tree and requires further study to establish its +range in Indiana and to learn its habits. In Jasper, Indiana, it is a +frequent shade tree. No doubt the trees were obtained from a nearby +woods along the Patoka River where this species is known to occur. + + +=2. CÉLTIS.= The Hackberries. + +Trees with pith of branchlets chambered; flowers in Indiana species +appear before the leaves, the leaves generally with 3 primary veins at +the base; staminate flowers usually in clusters, the pistillate solitary +or few together in the axils of the leaves, and near the end of the +twigs; fruit a globose drupe, sometimes elongated, pulp thin and sweet, +frequently remaining on the tree until late winter, relished by birds; +stone bony, wrinkled. + +Some of the American species of hackberry are very variable. The habitat +of the species varies from deep swamps to arid rocky slopes. In fact, a +single species as now understood may have a variable habitat. The +following variations may be noted on the same tree or on different trees +of the same species. The twigs may be glabrous, or pubescent; the leaves +may vary in size, shape and texture, leaf margin, and in the roughness +or smoothness of the surfaces; the petioles may be smooth or hairy; the +pedicels may be glabrous or pubescent, shorter or longer than the +petioles; the fruit also varies in shape. Leaves have been seen on the +same tree which were smooth above, while others were quite rough above, +the difference being due to the exposure to light. + +The original descriptions of the species are too short to sufficiently +characterize the species, which adds to the confusion. However, C. S. +Sargent[45] has recently revised the species and varieties of our area. + +Prof. Sargent has examined and named all of my material for me. Mr. B. +F. Bush, who has extensively studied the hackberries in the field, also +has examined my specimens. + +The writer has paid special attention to the hackberries of the State +for the past few years and is still in doubt as to the status of the +species that occur in the State. Since I am not following the +determinations made by Sargent and Bush, and am following the +nomenclature of the first edition, I regard the present treatment as +tentative only. + + Margins of all the leaves sharply serrate all around + except at base; nutlets 6-8 mm. long 1 C. occidentalis. + + Margins of leaves of fruiting branches generally entire, + or some with a few teeth on one side or with a few + teeth on both sides; margins of the leaves of + vegetative branches and shoots similar to those of + fruiting branches or with the margins serrate nearly + all around; nutlets 5-6 mm. long. + + Leaves of a rather broad ovate type; mature fruit a + dark cherry-red; usually shrubs, sometimes very + small trees, of a dry habitat 2 C. pumila. + + Leaves of an ovate-lanceolate type; mature fruit a + light cherry-red; medium-sized trees of a wet + habitat 3 C. + mississippiensis. + +[Illustration: Plate 61. + +CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS Linnæus. Hackberry. (x 1/2.)] + +=1. Celtis occidentàlis= Linnæus. Hackberry. Plate 61. Medium to +large-sized trees; bark of old trees irregularly furrowed, sometimes +some of the surface warty and rough; twigs smooth or pubescent, the +fruiting ones generally smooth; leaves of an ovate type on petioles +0.5-2 cm. long, the blades of fruiting twigs 5-15 cm. long, those of +vegetative twigs sometimes larger, oblique or slightly cordate at base, +gradually tapering to a point at apex, or long acuminate at the apex, +often becoming thick at maturity, especially those exposed to full +sunlight, generally smooth above at maturity, especially those of +fruiting twigs, or sometimes rough, especially those of vegetative +branchlets or those growing in the shade, the under surface more or less +pubescent along the veins at maturity; fruit matures in late autumn, +very dark red, sometimes appearing almost black, globose or somewhat +oblong, generally about 9-10 mm. in diameter, borne on pedicels which +are longer or up to twice as long as the petioles; the pedicels which +are always ascending are straight or somewhat curved upwards; nutlets +globose, a little longer than wide. + +=Distribution.=--Valley of the St. Lawrence River, southern Ontario, to +North Dakota, and south to the Gulf States and west to Texas. More or +less frequent along streams throughout the State, except in the hilly +counties of the southern part of the State. It is always found in moist +soil, except in the hilly counties where it may be found on wooded +slopes or on high rocky bluffs bordering streams. In all of our area the +species is practically confined to drainage basins, and is generally +close to streams. + +=Remarks.=--The wood is yellowish-white and before seasoning very much +resembles ash for which it was generally sold. It has good bending +qualities and is now much sought after for hoops. It was formerly often +known as hoop ash. The supply is now becoming scarce, but when bought +sells for the same price as good white elm. + +Some writers include under the name _Celtis occidentalis_ only those +forms which are small trees and have ovate, short-pointed leaves. This +type of tree has not been found in Indiana. The form with long acuminate +pointed leave which is the common form in our area, is regarded as a +variety of _Celtis occidentalis_. Trees having the upper surface of the +leaves very rough are called _Celtis crassifolia_ Lamarck, or are merely +regarded as a variety of _Celtis occidentalis_. This form is found +throughout our area. + +The hackberry is sometimes used as a shade tree. It can scarcely be +recommended because its leaves and twigs are often affected by galls +which detract from its appearance. + +[Illustration: Plate 62. + +CELTIS PUMILA var. DEAMII Sargent. Dwarf Hackberry. (× 1/2.)] + +=2. Celtis pùmila= (Muhlenberg) Pursh. Dwarf Hackberry. Plate 62. Bark +thin, smooth and gray on shrub-like forms, warty or deeply fissured on +the larger forms; ridges flat and broken, dark gray-brown; twigs at +first hairy, becoming smooth or nearly so by autumn; leaves of an ovate +type, broadly-ovate, oblong-ovate to narrow ovate, on petioles 0.5-1.5 +cm. long, blades of fruiting branchlets 3-10 cm. long, those of sterile +twigs sometimes larger, oblique, rounded or somewhat cordate at the +base, taper-pointed, sometimes acuminate at the apex, margins entire or +with a few teeth usually about or above the middle, becoming thick and +smooth above at maturity, sometimes rough, especially on vigorous +shoots, generally somewhat pubescent along the veins beneath; fruit +matures late in the autumn, usually an orange or light cherry color late +in summer, becoming a very dark cherry color late in the autumn, globose +to ellipsoidal, on pedicels about as long as the petioles; sometimes the +pedicels are shorter but usually about one-half longer; pedicels +generally ascending, rarely recurved, when recurved the pedicels are +short. + +=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania to northern Illinois, south to Florida and +west to Arkansas. Local in Indiana. It has been collected by the writer +in Lake County near the mouth of the Grand Calumet River where it was +collected by E. J. Hill who has given us the most detailed account of +this species.[46] Also collected on a high, gravelly hill on the east +side of Hog-back Lake, Steuben County; on a rocky wooded slope in +Hamar's Hollow southeast of Mitchell in Lawrence County; on a "knob" in +Floyd County; on a rocky wooded slope near Big Spring in Washington +County; frequent on a rocky wooded slope near the Ohio River east of +Elizabeth in Harrison County; on the bank of Blue River near Milltown in +Crawford County; and in Perry County along the bluffs of the Ohio River +about six miles east of Cannelton, and also on the crest of a ridge +about six miles southwest of Derby. It has also been reported by +Nieuwland for Clark in Marshall County. + +=Remarks.=--This species is usually a small shrub, and usually bears +fruit when only 1.5-2 meters (5 or 6 feet) tall. Only a few trees have +been seen that were 40 cm. (4 inches) in diameter. The small size at +which this species fruits, easily distinguishes it from other species in +our area. Its habitat also serves to distinguish it. Along Lake Michigan +it grows on the dry sand dunes, and in southern Indiana it grows on dry +rocky slopes. + +Sargent who has examined all of my specimens credits Indiana with the +typical species, and separates from it a form which he calls _Celtis +pumila_ variety _Deamii_[47]. This variety is based upon my No. 18,727, +and the type specimen has been photographed to illustrate this species. +The writer is not able to separate the two forms in our area, and +believes that all belong either to _Celtis pumila_ or to the new +variety. + +=3. Celtis mississippiénsis= Bosc. (_Celtis laevigata_ Willdenow). +Sugarberry. Hackberry. Plate 63. Medium sized trees with the bark of the +trunk of large trees irregularly covered with wart-like excrescences, +rarely somewhat irregularly fissured, bark of the upper part of trunk +and larger branches resembling that of the beech; leaves of an +ovate-lanceolate type, as a whole narrower than the preceding species; +on petioles 5-12 mm. long, blades of fruiting twigs 4-8 cm. long, +usually rounded at the base, sometimes oblique, slightly cordate or +somewhat narrowed at the base, usually gradually long-taper pointed at +apex, margins generally entire, rarely a few teeth toward the apex, +green on both surfaces, generally mature leaves are smooth above and +below, more rarely somewhat rough above, and with some pubescence along +the veins beneath; fruit in late summer an orange red color, gradually +becoming darker until late autumn when it becomes red; pedicels shorter +or longer than the petioles, usually slightly longer and ascending, +fruit nearly globose, a trifle smaller than the preceding, and about +two-thirds as large as the first. + +=Distribution.=--Virginia, southern Indiana, Missouri, eastern Kansas, +south to the Gulf States and west to Texas. In Indiana it is confined to +the southwestern counties. It is now known to definitely occur in +Sullivan, Gibson, Posey, Warrick and Spencer Counties. Two trees were +noted also, in the Muscatatuck bottoms near Delany Creek in Washington +County. A "single bush about eight feet high" was reported from +Jefferson County by Young. This may have been the preceding species. It +was also reported by Haymond from Franklin County. + +=Remarks.=--With one exception all the specimens of this species have +been found in very low ground. Usually it is associated with such low +ground species as pecan, sweet gum, swell-butt ash, and the cane. One +very peculiar specimen was found on the crest of a ridge about seven +miles north of Salem in Washington County. It was a tree about fifteen +feet tall, and had very narrow entire leaves. + + + + +=MORÀCEAE.= The Mulberry Family. + + +Trees or shrubs with a milky sap; leaves simple, alternate, petioled, +3-5 nerved at the base; fruit fleshy. + + Branches without spines; leaves serrate; pistillate + flowers in spikes 1 Morus. + + Branches with spines; leaves entire; pistillate flowers + in heads. 2 Maclura. + +[Illustration: Plate 63. + +CELTIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS Bosc. Sugarberry. (× 1/2.)] + + +=1. MÒRUS.= The Mulberries. + +Trees with leaves 3-nerved at the base; flowers of two kinds on +different branches of the same tree or on different trees; the staminate +in long catkins, calyx 4-parted, petals none, stamens 4, the pistillate +catkins short; fruit an aggregate of drupes. + + Leaves softly pubescent beneath 1 M. rubra. + + Leaves glabrous beneath, or with a few hairs on the veins + or in the axils 2 M. alba. + + +=1. Morus rùbra Linnæus.= Red Mulberry. Plate 64. Medium sized trees +with short trunks and round heads; twigs at first green and puberulent, +soon becoming glabrous and later usually turning gray; leaves ovate or +somewhat orbicular, frequently 2-3 lobed, average mature blades 10-15 +cm. long, more or less cordate at the base, abruptly taper-pointed, +rough and glabrous above and finely pubescent beneath; fruit ripening in +June or July, 1.5-3 cm. long, dark purple or nearly black, edible; wood +light, soft, rather tough, coarse-grained, and durable in contact with +the soil. + +=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario west to eastern Dakotas, south to the +Gulf States and west to Texas. Found throughout Indiana, although there +are no records for the extreme northwestern counties. Throughout our +area it must be regarded as infrequent. It is only here and there that +you find a tree, and I have never seen it where there were even a small +number of trees close together. In the northern part of the State it is +usually found in a moist well drained soil, associated with trees such +as beech and sugar maple, or in lower ground with slippery elm and linn. +It has no particular affinity for streams. In the southern part of the +State it is found in both rich and poor soils. However, it is most often +met with near the base of slopes. + +=Remarks.=--This tree seldom has a clear bole of more than 3-5 m. and is +usually a tree about 20 cm. in diameter, rarely as large as 6 dm. in +diameter, although there is a record[48] of a tree in Georgia that was +"7 feet in diameter at 3 feet above the ground." + +The wood has been a favorite for fence posts since pioneer times. It +transplants easily. The fruit is a favorite with birds and for this +reason it should be planted about orchards and in woodlots. It is +sometimes called the red mulberry to distinguish it from the following +species.[49] + +[Illustration: Plate 64. + +MORUS RUBRA Linnæus. Red Mulberry. (× 1/2.)] + + +=2. MACLÙRA.= The Osage Orange. + +=Maclura pomífera= (Rafinesque) Schneider. Hedge. Osage Orange. +(_Toxylon pomiferum Raf._) Plate 65. Trees with brown shreddy bark on +old trees; mature twigs greenish gray, zigzag; spines about 10-15 mm. +long; leaves ovate to oblong lanceolate, average blades 7-12 cm. long, +wedge-shape, rounded or cordate at the base, long taper-pointed at the +apex, margins entire, pubescent on both sides while young, becoming at +maturity lustrous and glabrous above, remaining pubescent beneath; fruit +globose, about 1 dm. in diameter; wood heavy, very hard and strong, the +most durable in contact with the soil of any of our post timbers. + +=Distribution.=--Missouri and Kansas south to Texas. Introduced into +Indiana for hedge fences. There is some question as to the ability of +this species to escape. I have heard that it frequently sends up root +shoots at several feet from hedge fences, and that it frequently seeds +itself along old hedge fences. For the past few years I have given the +species especial attention and I have never seen it as an escape except +in three instances. + +=Remarks.=--This species was formerly much planted for farm fences, but +since land has become so valuable, its use has been discontinued, and +the old fences are being dug up. The tree grows a short trunk, and one +was noted in Grant County that was at least 6 dm. in diameter that was +estimated to be less than fifty years old. This species is subject to +the San Jose scale and in some localities it has been killed by it. It +has been but little used for forest planting, and the plantations are +not yet old enough to measure their success. + +[Illustration: Plate 65. + +MACLURA POMIFERA (Rafinesque). Schneider. Osage Orange. (× 1/2.)] + + + + +=MAGNOLIÀCEAE.= The Magnolia Family. + + +Trees or shrubs with alternate and petioled leaves; flowers large, +terminal and solitary with numerous stamens and pistils. + + Buds silky white pubescent; leaves entire; fruit fleshy, + dehiscent 1 Magnolia. + + Buds glabrous; leaves lobed; fruit a cone of dry carpels, + indehiscent 2 Liriodendron. + + + +=1. MAGNÒLIA.= The Magnolias. + +=Magnolia acuminàta= Linnæus. Cucumber Tree. Plate 66. Large trees with +furrowed bark which is gray and much resembles the tulip tree except the +ridges are shallower and closer; twigs downy at first, becoming glabrous +or nearly so and a light to a cherry brown by the end of the season; +leaves oval, average blades 15-22 cm. long, rounded to truncate at the +base, abruptly short-pointed, pubescent on both sides at first, becoming +glabrous above, and remaining pubescent beneath, rarely entirely +glabrous; flowers about 6 cm. long, bell-shaped, pale yellowish-green; +fruit cylindrical, 5-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. diameter, the large scarlet +seeds begin to push out of their receptacle in September; wood light, +soft, not strong, close-grained and durable. + +=Distribution.=--North shore of Lake Erie, western New York, eastern +Ohio, southern Indiana, southern Illinois and along the Appalachian +Mountains to southern Alabama and west to Arkansas. It doubtless +occurred in all or nearly all of the counties in southern Indiana south +of a line drawn from Franklin to Knox Counties. It no doubt was +extremely local. For instance a pioneer 81 years old who had always +lived in Washington County told me that there were two trees on his farm +near Pekin, and these were the only two trees he knew of in the +vicinity. These trees were popular because the neighbors came for the +fruit to put into whisky for making bitters which were a specific for +all ailments. I have seen only a shrub on the Forest Reserve in Clark +County. On a beech and sugar maple ridge about 4 miles northwest of +Medora in Jackson County on the Geo. W. Scott farm two trees were still +standing in 1915. Mr. Scott, a pioneer, said the species was found on +the ridge for about 2 miles and that there were about a half dozen trees +to the acre, and the largest was about a meter in diameter. It is known +in two other places in this county. A tree is still standing in Lawrence +County on the Sam Mitchell farm 2-1/2 miles south of Bedford. Mr. +Mitchell is a pioneer and says that a few trees were found in the +vicinity on the ridges. It has been reported for Franklin, Floyd and +Jefferson Counties. There is hearsay evidence that it occurred in other +counties. + +[Illustration: Plate 66. + +MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA Linnæus. Cucumber Tree. (× 1/2.)] + +=Remarks.=--The cucumber tree has been too rare in Indiana to be of +economic importance. The greatest interest with us is its distribution. +The uses of the wood are similar to that of tulip with which it is +botanically related. It is said that the greater part of the lumber +which is produced in the south is sold as tulip. The seeds of this tree +are extremely bitter and no bird, squirrel or mouse will carry or touch +them. However, man after macerating them in whisky can use them for +medicine. + + +=2. LIRIODÈNDRON.= The Tulip Tree. + +=Liriodendron Tulipífera= Linnæus. Tulip. Yellow Poplar. Plate 67. Large +trees with deeply furrowed grayish bark; twigs glabrous and glaucous at +first, becoming reddish-brown by the end of the season, then gray or +dark brown; leaves very variable, 4-6 lobed, average blades 5-12 cm. +long, truncate and notched at the apex, more or less rounded, truncate +or cordate at the base, glabrous above and below at maturity or with a +few hairs on the veins beneath; flowers appear in May or June, large +bell-shaped, about 4 cm. deep, greenish-yellow, sometimes tinged with +orange-red; fruit upright, cone-shaped, 5-7 cm. long; wood light, weak, +soft, stiff, straight and moderately coarse-grained, seasons and works +well. Sap wood white, heart wood a light yellow. + +=Distribution.=--Vermont, southern Ontario, southern Michigan, south to +Florida and west to Arkansas and Missouri. Found throughout Indiana, and +doubtless is found in every county. It is rare to infrequent in most of +the counties north of the Wabash River. It gradually becomes more +frequent toward the south and where its habitat is found it is frequent +to common. It prefers a moist rich well drained soil and thrives best in +protected coves and near the lower part of slopes of hills. It is found +with beech, sugar maple and white oak. It is rarely found in a black +loam soil, but prefers a sandy soil. It was generally a common tree and +of very large size in practically all of the counties in the southern +two-thirds of the State. + +=Remarks.=--This tree is generally known by botanists as tulip tree. By +lumbermen it is usually known as yellow poplar, or more often shortened +to poplar. It is also known as blue, white and hickory poplar, or as +white wood. The tulip tree is the second largest tree of Indiana. In the +Ind. Geol. Rept. 6:70:1875, is the following: "I measured four poplar +trees that stood within a few feet of each other; the largest was +thirty-eight feet in circumference three feet from the ground, one +hundred and twenty feet high, and about sixty-five feet to the first +limb. The others were, respectively eighteen and a half, eighteen and +seventeen feet in circumference at three feet from the ground." The +range of the uses of the wood is not so great as the oak, but it has +many uses. The demand has been so great that practically all of the +large trees have been cut. Small trees have so much sap or white wood +that they are not sought for lumber, but can be used for pulp and +excelsior. + +[Illustration: Plate 67. + +LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA Linnæus. Tulip or Yellow Poplar. (× 1/2.)] + +The tulip transplants easily, grows rapidly, tall and with short side +branches. Experiments in growing this tree indicate that it is one of +the very best trees for reinforcing the woodlot, and other forest +planting. It can be recommended for roadside planting because it grows +tall and has a deep root system. Where conditions of life are not too +severe it could be used for shade tree planting. + + + + +=ANONÀCEAE.= The Custard Apple Family. + + +=ASÍMINA.= The Pawpaw. + +=Asímina tríloba= (Linnæus) Dunal. Pawpaw. Plate 68. Shrubs or small +trees; bark smooth except on very old trees when it becomes somewhat +furrowed; twigs at first covered with rusty brown hairs, becoming +glabrous and reddish-brown by the end of the season; leaves +obovate-lanceolate, average blades 16-30 cm. long, abruptly +taper-pointed, wedge-shape at base, margins entire, somewhat rusty +pubescent at first, becoming at maturity glabrous above, and glabrous or +nearly so beneath; flowers appear in May or early June, maroon color, +drooping; fruit edible, ripening in September and October, 7-13 cm. +long, greenish-yellow, smooth, pulp white or yellow, with a few large, +dark-brown flattened seeds; wood light, soft and weak. + +=Distribution.=--New York, north shore of Lake Erie, southern Michigan, +Nebraska, south to Florida and west to Texas. Found in all parts of +Indiana, although it is found in the greatest abundance in the central +counties. It prefers a moist rich soil, although it is quite adaptive. +Sometimes it is found in a black loam soil in low woods or about lakes, +but its preference is for a beech and sugar maple woods or habitats +approximating it. In the southern counties it is absent on the sterile +wooded ridges, but may be a common shrub at the base of the slopes. It +is a constant companion of the tulip tree and where one will grow the +other is likely to be found. It is a great tree to send up suckers, +hence it is always found in clumps, or forms real thickets. This species +with us is usually 2-7 meters high; however, there are records of large +trees. Collett in Ind. Geol. Rept. 5:404:1874, in a geological report of +Gibson County says: "A forest of pawpaw bushes attracted our attention +by their tree-like size, being nearly a foot in diameter." + +[Illustration: Plate 68. + +ASIMINA TRILOBA (Linnæus) Dunal. Pawpaw. (× 1/2.)] + +=Remarks.=--This species is also known as the yellow and white pawpaw. +Recently some enthusiasts have christened it the "Hoosier Banana". There +has been an attempt for years to cultivate the pawpaw, and some +varieties have been named. The fruit is variable. The one with a white +pulp is rather insipid and is not considered good to eat. The form with +a yellow pulp is the kind that is regarded as the most palatable. The +two forms are not botanically separated but Prof. Stanley Coulter has +made some observations on the two forms in the Ind. Geol. Rept. +24:745:1899. He says: "Two forms, not separated botanically are +associated in our area. They differ in time of flowering, in size, +shape, color and flavor of the fruit, in leaf shape, venation and odor +and color of the bark. They are of constant popular recognition and +probably separate species, never seeming to intergrade." + +It is desirable for ornamental planning on account of its interesting +foliage, beautiful and unique flowers and delicious fruit. It is very +difficult to transplant a sucker plant, and in order to get a start of +this species it is best to plant the seed or seedlings. It is usually +found growing in the shade, but does well in full sunlight. + +Mr. Arthur W. Osborn of Spiceland, who has done much experimental work +in propagating this species, reports some interesting cases of pawpaw +poisoning. He says he knew a lady whose skin would be irritated by the +presence of pawpaws. Some individuals after eating them develop a rash +with intense itching. In one instance he fed a person, subject to the +rash from eating the pawpaw, a peeled pawpaw with a spoon, and the +subject never touched the pawpaw, and the results were the same. The +American Genetic Association has taken up the subject of improving the +fruit of this tree, and there is no doubt but that in the future this +species will be of considerable economic importance. The tree is free +from all insect enemies, and since it can be grown in waste places, +there is no reason why it should not receive more attention than it +does. + + + + +=LAURÀCEAE.= The Laurel Family. + + +=SÁSSAFRAS.= The Sassafras. + +=Sassafras officinàle= Nees and Ebermaier. Sassafras. Red Sassafras. +White Sassafras. Plate 69. Small to large trees; bark aromatic, smooth +on young trees, reddish-brown and deeply furrowed on old trees, +resembling that of black walnut; branchlets yellowish-green, splotched +more or less with sooty spots; twigs at first more or less hairy, soon +becoming smooth or remaining more or less hairy until autumn, more or +less glaucous, especially the smooth forms; buds more or less pubescent, +the axillary ones usually more or less hairy, the outer scales of the +terminal one usually smooth and glaucous; leaves simple, alternate, +ovate, elliptic to obovate, blades 5-16 cm. long, entire or with 1-5 +lobes, narrowed at the base, the apex and terminal of the lobes acute, +both surfaces hairy when they expand, generally becoming smooth above +and beneath, or more often remaining more or less pubescent beneath, the +midrib and two lateral veins usually prominent beneath; petioles 0.5-5 +cm. long, hairy at first, becoming smooth or more often retaining some +pubescence; flowers appear before or with the leaves in April or May, +small, yellow or greenish, the male and female generally on different +trees, on racemes up to 4 cm. long; flower stalks usually pubescent, +sometimes smooth; fruit an oblong, blue-black, glaucous berry which +matures late in summer; fruit generally 7-10 mm. long, on a stalk +including the pedicel and raceme up to 9 cm. long. + +[Illustration: Plate 69. + +SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE Nees and Ebermaier. Sassafras. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario to Iowa and south to Florida +and west to Texas. No doubt it was formerly found in every county of +Indiana. In the northern part of the State it is more local in its +distribution than in the southern counties. In the northern counties +where it is local it is found in colonies on sandy or clayey ridges. +Sassafras is usually considered an indicator of poorer soils, hence, in +the central counties it is often very local. It is frequent to common +throughout the hilly counties of the southern part of the State. In this +part of the State it becomes a pernicious weed tree. It soon invades +fence rows and fallow fields, and is extremely difficult to kill out. It +is rarely found in wet situations; however, in Sullivan and Clay +Counties large trees have been observed in low alluvial ground, +associated with the white elm, etc. + +=Remarks.=--Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, aromatic, heartwood +brownish. In our area sassafras wood is used principally for posts and +crossties. The roots contain a volatile oil which is much used in +medicine and perfumery. Every one is familiar with the sassafras peddler +who in the Spring sells a small bundle of roots or bark for making +sassafras tea. The tea is reputed "to thin the blood." The aromatic +character of the wood led the earliest inhabitants to attribute many +medicinal and other qualities to the wood which, in many instances +bordered on superstition. In some of the southern States bedsteads were +made of sassafras with the belief that they would produce sounder sleep. +Floors were made of sassafras to keep out the rats and mice. Perches of +chicken houses were made of sassafras poles to keep off the lice. To +successfully make soap, it was necessary to stir the contents of the +kettle with a sassafras stick. + +The sassafras is usually about one-fourth of a meter in diameter. +However, on the Charles Hole farm about three miles southeast of +Butlerville grew two of the largest trees of which we have record. The +trees grew within seven meters of each other on a slope now grown up +with large sugar maple. They were cut by Mr. Hole's father, on whose +farm they were located. The largest was cut in the later sixties and the +smaller in the early seventies. The stumps were seen by the writer in +1918. Both are now hollow although the outside is quite solid after +having been cut about fifty years. Chips were cut from the root spurs +and the wood was almost as aromatic as if the tree had just been cut. +"The stumps have been burned at least three times," says Mr. Hole, yet +the smaller now measures 1.09 m. (43 inches) in diameter at a meter +high. The largest stump now measures 1.22 m. (48 inches), in diameter at +a meter high. Mr. Hole says that the smallest tree had a clear hole of +at least 18 meters, and the largest tree was .92 m. (36 inches) in +diameter 20 meters from the stump. + +Sassafras deserves more consideration than it has received as a shade +and ornamental tree. The autumnal coloring of its foliage is scarcely +surpassed by any tree; and it is free from injurious insect pests. It +adapts itself to almost all kinds of soils, and grows rapidly. It is, +however, transplanted with difficulty; this means only more care in +digging the tree and planting it. + +Commonly the sassafras is classed as red and white sassafras. The roots +of the white sassafras are said to be whiter, the aroma of the wood has +a suggestion of camphor, and the wood is less durable. This belief is +common throughout the area of its distribution, but so far as the writer +knows, no scientific work has been published to verify this division of +the species. + +Sassafras is extremely variable, but most botanical authors have +considered the many variations as one species. Nuttall in 1818 was the +first author to make a division of the forms, and he has been followed +by some recent authors. Nuttall separated those forms with smooth twigs, +buds, and under surface of leaves, from those with pubescent twigs, +buds, and under surface of leaves. Nieuwland[50] separates a variety +from the smooth forms which he calls =Sassafras albida= variety +=glauca=, and reports it as occurring in the counties in the vicinity of +Lake Michigan. + +The writer has at hand 46 specimens from 41 counties in Indiana, +including all of the Lake Michigan Counties, and he has not been able to +find a single character that is constant enough to make a division of +our forms, consequently all the Indiana forms are included under one and +the old name for sassafras. + +[Illustration: Plate 70. + +LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA Linnæus. Sweet or Red Gum. (× 1/2.)] + + + + +=ALTINGIÀCEAE.= Sweet Gum Family. + + +=Liquidámbar Styracíflua= Linnæus. Sweet Gum. Plate 70. Large trees with +resinous sap; bark deeply furrowed, grayish; twigs when very young +somewhat hairy, soon becoming glabrous, a light reddish-brown by the end +of the season, later a gray, usually some or all of the branchlets +develop one or more corky ridges running lengthwise of the branchlets, +or in some cases only corky excrescences; leaves simple, alternate, +long-petioled, orbicular in outline, cleft into 5 wedge-shaped lobes, +rarely 7 lobes, average blades 5-12 cm. long, truncate or cordate at the +base, margins finely serrate, hairy on both surfaces on unfolding, soon +becoming glabrous above, and remaining more or less hairy beneath +especially in the axils of the veins, at maturity turning to a dull or +brilliant red; flowers in heads, expanding in April or May; fruit a +globular, horny aggregate of carpels, 3-4 cm. in diameter including the +horns; wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, inclined to shrink +and warp in seasoning, takes a good polish, heart wood a rich brown +which can be finished to imitate walnut or mahogany. + +=Distribution.=--Connecticut, southern Ohio to Missouri, south to +Florida and west to Texas, and in the mountains in Mexico south to +Guatemala. In Indiana it is confined to wet woods in the southern half +of the State. The most northern records are from Franklin, Shelby, +Putnam and Parke Counties. Wherever it is found it is usually a frequent +to a common or very common tree. It is most frequently associated with +the beech, but in the very wet woods it is found with pin oak, red +birch, cow oak and white elm. + +=Remarks.=--This species grows rapidly; is somewhat hard to transplant; +grows straight and tall with few side branches, and adapts itself to a +wet, compact soil. In the "flats" of southern Indiana where it is +associated with pin oak, red birch and beech, it is to be preferred for +forest planting to these or any other species that could be grown in the +"flats." It is practically free from all injurious insects. Sweet gum +should be one of the principal species in wet places of the woodlots of +southern Indiana. + +This species is one of the best for ornamental planting in all parts of +the State where it is hardy. It is doubtful if it is wise to use it in +the northern part of the State. Several trees in the northern part of +the State are known to be quite hardy, but there are reports that it +sometimes winter-kills. It can also be recommended for roadside and +street planting. + +[Illustration: Plate 71. + +PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS Linnæus. Sycamore. (× 1/2.)] + + + + +=PLATANÀCEAE.= The Plane Tree Family. + + +=PLÁTANUS.= The Plane Tree. + +Platanus occidentàlis Linnæus. Sycamore. Plate 71. The largest tree of +the State; bark thin, smooth, on age separating into thin plates and +exfoliating, base of the trunks of very old trees somewhat roughened or +fissured, gray to grayish-green, splotched with white; twigs at first +covered with a scurvy pubescence, becoming at maturity glabrous except a +ring at the node about the leaf-scar, gray or light brown, and zigzag; +leaves alternate, long-petioled, nearly orbicular in outline, the blades +somewhat deltoid, blades large, variable in size and shape, average +blades 9-17 cm. long, frequently much larger on vigorous shoots, +generally with 3-5 main lobes, sometimes the lobes are indistinct and +the leaves appear only irregularly toothed, margins toothed, rarely +entire between the lobes, truncate or cordate at the base, acute or +acuminate at the apex; one form has been noted with leaves obovate, +scarcely lobed and with a wedge-shaped base; leaves covered on both +sides at first with a dense tomentum, becoming at maturity glabrous +above--rarely tardily pubescent, nearly glabrous beneath, except on the +veins and in the axils, petioles remaining pubescent; flowers appear in +May with the leaves in heads on long woolly peduncles; fruit a globose +head of many seeds, 2-3.5 cm. in diameter, maturing late in the year; +the seed are scattered by the wind during the winter months; wood heavy, +hard, weak, close-grained, difficult to split and work, takes a high +polish; when used as a container it does not communicate an objectional +taste or odor to contents. + +=Distribution.=--Maine, Ontario to Nebraska, south to the Gulf States +and west to Texas. Found in all parts of Indiana, although there are no +records for the extreme northwestern counties. It is a tree of a low +ground habitat, and is found principally in low ground along streams, +about lakes, and ponds. In such habitats it is a frequent tree in all +parts, except in the "flats" of the southern counties. In some places it +is a common to a very common tree, especially along the upper courses of +White River. + +=Remarks.=--In this State this species is always called the sycamore +tree. It is the largest tree of the State, and the largest deciduous +tree of the United States. Indiana has the distinction of having the +largest living sycamore in the United States. It is located near +Worthington, Indiana, and "in 1915, measured 43 feet and 3 inches in +circumference at five feet above the ground." See frontispiece. The +sycamore grew to great diameters in all parts of the State. It was +commonly hollow, because it is believed the tree in early life is +usually more or less injured by floating ice and debris which starts +inner decay. Hollow sycamore logs were commonly used by the pioneers in +which to smoke their meat, and sections of hollow logs about 12 dm. (4 +feet) long were used to store grain in, and were known as "gums." + +The value of sycamore lumber has been very much underestimated. It has +many uses such as butcher blocks, interior finish, furniture, piling, +tobacco boxes, veneer berry boxes, handles, wooden ware, etc. Indiana +has led in the production of sycamore lumber for years. + +The sycamore is well adapted for shade, ornamental and forestry +purposes. It transplants easily, grows rapidly, stands pruning well and +is comparatively free from injurious insects. It grows straight, tall +and usually with a rather narrow crown. It prefers a moist soil, but +adapts itself to dry situations. For planting overflow lands, or on the +banks of streams it is one of the best species we have. It is also one +of the best species for roadside tree planting, because it is deep +rooted, grows tall, and does not produce a dense shade. + + + + +=MALÀCEAE.=[51] The Apple Family. + + +The trees of this family that occur in our area have simple, alternate +leaves; perfect, regular flowers, 5-merous calyx and corolla; fruit a +more or less fleshy pome. + + Flowers in racemes, cavities of mature fruit twice as many + as the styles, seeds less than 4 mm. (1/8 inch) long 2 Amelanchier. + + Flowers in cymes or corymbs, cavities of mature fruit as + many as the styles, seeds more than 4 mm. (1/8 inch) + long. + + Fruit green, mature carpels papery 1 Malus. + + Fruit red, orange, blue-black or yellow, mature carpels + bony 3 Cratægus. + + +=I. MÀLUS.= The Apples. + +_Malus angustifolia_ has been reported from the State, but it is a +species of more southern range. Both _Malus ioensis_ and _Malus +lancifolia_ may easily be mistaken for this species. + + Leaves and petioles glabrous or only slightly pubescent; + calyx tube and outside of calyx lobes glabrous or only + slightly pubescent. + + Leaves distinctly lobed, at least those of vigorous + shoots; petioles pubescent above 1 M. glaucescens. + + Leaves serrate, not lobed; petioles glabrous 2 M. lancifolia. + + Leaves (at least the lower surfaces) and petioles + densely tomentose; calyx lobes densely tomentose + on both sides 3 M. ioensis. + +=1. Malus glaucéscens= Rehder. American Crab Apple (_M. fragrans_ +Rehder). Plate 72. Bark reddish, fissured and scaly; leaves on glandless +petioles, petioles usually 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) long, leaves +narrow ovate to almost triangular, those on the lateral branchlets of +the ovate type, those of the terminal branchlets and vigorous shoots of +the triangular type, 3-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long, acute at the apex, +mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at the base, sometimes tapering, +those of the triangular type usually truncate, margin of the ovate type +of leaves more or less sharply serrate, the basal third of the leaf with +shallow teeth or entire, margins of the triangular type more deeply +serrate to almost lobed, hairy above and below when they expand, +becoming smooth both above and below, sometimes a few hairs are found on +the veins beneath at maturity, bright green above, paler beneath; +flowers appear in May when the leaves are about half grown, usually 5 or +6 in a cluster, white or rose-color, very fragrant, 3-4 cm. (1-1/2-2 +inches) broad when fully expanded; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, +tomentose on the inside, glabrous outside; fruit depressed-globose, +without angles, yellow-green, 2-4.5 cm. (3/4-2 inches) thick, 2-2.5 cm. +(3/4-1 inch) long, very fragrant and covered with a waxy bloom. + +=Distribution.=--Central New York, lower peninsula Michigan, western New +Jersey to northern Alabama and Missouri. Found in all parts of Indiana. +No doubt in the original forests it was rare, but the removal of the +large trees has been favorable to its growth until today it is somewhat +frequent in moist open woods, along streams and neglected fences. It is +most frequent among the hills in southern Indiana, and in all its +distribution it is usually found in clumps. + +In our area it is a small tree about 10-20 cm. (4-8 inches) in diameter +and 4-6 m. (12-18 feet) high, with a spreading crown. An exceptionally +large tree is located on the south bank of Round Lake in Whitley County +which measures 1.3 m. (51 inches) in circumference at one meter (3 feet) +above the ground where the first branch appears. + +Specimens which were collected by the person whose name follows the +county have been seen by the writer from the following counties of +Indiana: Allen (Deam) 1919; Brown (Deam) 1911; Clark (Deam) 1913; +Daviess (Deam) 1910; Decatur (Deam) 1911; Delaware (Deam) 1911; Floyd +(Very) 1896; Fountain (Deam) 1919; Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam) 1913; +Kosciusko (Deam) 1910; Laporte (Deam) 1911; Morgan (Deam) 1910; Noble +(Deam) 1919; Owen (Deam) 1911; Posey (Deam) 1911; Randolph (Deam) 1916, +1919; Steuben (Deam) 1905; Warren (Deam) 1911; Wayne (Deam) 1919; Wells +(E. B. Williamson) 1896, (Deam) 1898, 1907, 1916, 1919. + +[Illustration: Plate 72. + +MALUS GLAUCESCENS Rehder. American Crab Apple. (× 1/2.)] + +=2. Malus lancifòlia= Rehder. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. (_M. +coronaria_ of manuals, in part.) Plate 73. Leaves ovate, oblong to +oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. (1/2-1-1/4 inches) wide, 3.5-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 +inches) long, acute or shortly acuminate at the apex; rounded or broadly +cuneate at the base, finely serrate often doubly serrate, slightly +tomentose when young, becoming entirely glabrous; bright yellow-green on +both sides. Flowers 3-3.5 cm. broad, 3-6 in a cluster, pedicels slender, +glabrous. Calyx lobes oblong, lanceolate, glabrous outside, slightly +villous inside, fruit subglobose, 2-3 cm. (3/4-1-1/3 inches) in +diameter, green. + +=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania to the mountains of North Carolina, west +to Indiana and south to Missouri. + +Specimens have been seen from the following counties of Indiana: Allen +(Deam) 1919; Daviess (Deam) 1919; Delaware (Deam) 1911; Dubois (Deam) +1919; Fountain (Deam) 1919; Henry (Deam) 1917, 1919; Jay (Deam) 1919; +Jennings (Deam); Knox (Deam) 1918, 1919; Noble (Deam) 1919; Posey (Deam) +1919; Spencer (Deam) 1919; Starke (Deam) 1911; Union (Deam) 1919; +Vermillion (Deam) 1911. + +=3. Malus ioénsis= (Wood) Britton. Western Crab Apple. Iowa Crab Apple. +Plate 74. Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong, 4-10 cm. (1-1/2-4 inches) long, +2-8 cm. (3/4-3-1/4 inches), wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded +or broadly cuneate at the base, dentate-crenate or doubly so, slightly +pubescent above, becoming glabrous, dark green, slightly rugose above, +densely white-tomentose below, remaining so at least along the veins; +petioles 1.5-4 cm. (1/2-1-1/2 inches) long, densely white-tomentose; +corymbs 2-5 flowered, pedicels pubescent; calyx densely white-tomentose, +calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, densely tomentose on both sides; +flowers similar to those of _Malus coronaria_; fruit globose, without +angles, green, 2-3.5 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) thick, 2-3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 +inches) long. + +=Distribution.=--Indiana, central Kentucky, Louisiana, Wisconsin, +southern Minnesota, eastern Kansas and Texas. A tree in habit, similar +to _Malus glaucescens_. + +Specimens have been seen from Allen (Deam) 1915; Benton (Deam) 1919; +Cass (Deam) 1916; Daviess (Deam) 1919; Delaware (Deam) 1911; Floyd +(Very) 1896; Huntington (Deam); Jasper (Deam) 1919; Knox (Deam) 1917; +Lake (Deam) 1919; Lagrange (Deam) 1915; Laporte (Deam) 1913, 1919; +Newton (Deam) 1919; Porter (Deam) 1915; Posey (Deam) 1919; Putnam +(Grimes); Sullivan (Deam) 1917, 1919; Tippecanoe (Dorner) 1900, (Deam) +1917; Vigo (Deam) 1917, 1919; Warren (Deam) 1919; White (Deam) 1916; +Whitley (Deam) 1919. + +[Illustration: Plate 73. + +MALUS LANCIFOLIA Rehder. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 74. + +MALUS IOENSIS (Wood) Britton. Western Crab Apple. (× 1/2.)] + +=Malus ioensis × lancifolia= n. hyb. Specimens collected by Deam in +Grant County in 1907 and Huntington County in 1919 appear to be this +cross. It would be strange indeed if such closely related species as +these _Malus_ and many _Cratægus_ would not cross. + + +=2. AMELÁNCHIER.= The Service Berries. + + Leaves densely white tomentose when young, + becoming green. 1 A. canadensis. + + Leaves nearly or quite glabrous 2 A. lævis. + +=1. Amelanchier canadénsis= (Linnæus) Medicus. Juneberry. Service Berry. +Plate 75. Leaves obovate, ovate, oval or oblong, 4-10 cm. (1-1/2-3 +inches) long, 2.5-5 cm. (1-2 inches) wide, cordate at base, acute, or +acuminate at apex, sharply and doubly serrate; blades and petioles +densely white tomentose when young, persisting particularly on petioles +with age, green or yellowish green, not unfolded at flowering time; +racemes short, dense, silky tomentose pedicels, 15-25 mm. (1/2-1 inch) +long in fruit; petals linear or linear-oblong 10-14 mm, (3/8-5/8 inch) +long; calyx 2.5-3 mm. broad, campanulate, glabrous or somewhat woolly, +calyx lobes oblong-triangular, obtuse, tomentose 2-3 mm. long, abruptly +reflexed at the base when the petals fall; summit of ovary glabrous; +fruit scanty, maroon-purple, dry and tasteless; flowers in April or May; +fruit ripening June or July. + +=Distribution.=--Southern Maine to southern Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, +Missouri and south to Georgia and Louisiana. + +Bushy tree or shrub sometimes 10 meters (35 feet) high. + +Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Clark (Deam) 1913; +Clay (Deam) 1913; Crawford (Deam) 1911; Floyd (Deam) 1913; Fountain (L. +A. Williamson) 1908; Jackson (Deam) 1911; Jefferson (Deam) 1918; +Jennings (Deam); Lagrange (Deam) 1915; Tippecanoe (Dorner) 1900; Warren +(Deam) 1911. + +=2. Amelanchier laévis= Wiegand. Smooth Juneberry. Service Berry. +(_Amelanchier canadensis_ of Manuals, in part.) Plate 76. Leaves +ovate-oval to ovate-oblong or sometimes obovate or elliptical, 4-6 cm. +(1/2-2-1/4 inches) long, 2.5-4 cm. (1-1-1/2 inches) wide, apex short, +acuminate, base cordate, rounded or sometimes acute, sharply serrate, +glabrous or with a few hairs when young, dark green and slightly +glaucous when mature, one-half or two-third grown at flowering time; +petioles glabrous; racemes many flowered, drooping, glabrous or nearly +so; fruiting pedicels 30-50 mm. (1-1/4-2 inches) long; petals +oblong-linear, 10-18 mm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long; calyx campanulate, 2.75-5 +mm. wide, glabrous, sepals triangular, lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, +abruptly reflexed at base when petals fall; summit of ovary glabrous; +fruit purple to nearly black, glaucous, edible; flowers in April or May; +fruit, June or July. + +[Illustration: Plate 75. + +AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS (Linnæus) Medicus. June or Service Berry. +(× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 76. + +AMELANCHIER LAEVIS Wiegand. Smooth Juneberry or Service Berry. +(× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Newfoundland, northern Michigan, Kansas, Missouri and +south in the mountains to Georgia and Alabama. + +Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Brown (Deam) 1910; +Dubois (Deam) 1912; Grant (Deam) 1916; Jackson (Deam) 1918; Jefferson +(Deam) 1918; Lagrange (Deam) 1915; Lake (Deam) 1911; Laporte (Deam) +1911, 1913; Lawrence (Deam) 1918; Owen (Deam) 1912; Perry (Deam) 1919; +Porter (Deam) 1911 and (Agnes Chase); Putnam (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam) 1913; +Ripley (Deam) 1915; St. Joseph (Deam) 1916; Steuben (Deam) 1905; Wells +(Deam) 1898. + +Trees or shrubs, sometimes 13 meters (45 feet) high. In the mountains of +Vermont the fruit is often abundant, very juicy and sweet, and in much +demand both by man and the birds. The berries on the long racemes ripen +at different times and are perhaps two weeks in maturing, thus +furnishing food for some time. + + +=3. CRATAÈGUS.= Thorn Apples. Red Haws. + +Large shrubs or small trees, most at home in a limestone region. This +genus has been studied a great deal in this country. Much work is still +necessary in Indiana since there are a number of other species that +belong in this range. The "knob country" and southwestern Indiana are +likely to produce the best results. + + A. Leaves not deltoid-cordate; pubescent or glabrous. + + I. Leaves broadest at the middle or apex, cuneate. + + a. Leaves broadest towards the apex. + + Leaves not impressed-veined above, shining I. Crus-galli. + 1 C. Crus-galli. + + Leaves impressed-veined above, dull. II. Punctatæ. + + Fruit glabrous; calyx lobes entire. + + Fruit ellipsoidal; nutlets usually + 3 or 4. + + Leaves bright yellow-green, + slightly impressed above; + fruit ellipsoidal. 2 C. cuneiformis. + + Leaves dull gray-green, strongly + impressed-veined; fruit short + ellipsoidal. 3 C. punctata. + Fruit globose. 4 C. Margaretta. + + Fruit villous; calyx lobes + glandular-serrate. 5 C. collina. + + b. Leaves broadest at the middle. + + Leaves impressed-veined; nutlets deeply + pitted on inner face. III. Macracanthæ. + + Leaves dark green, glabrous and shining above, coriaceous. + + Fruit sometimes 16 mm. (2/3 inch) + thick; stamens usually 10; + leaves and anthers large. 6 C. succulenta. + + Fruit sometimes 12 mm. (1/2 inch) + thick; stamens 15-20; leaves + and anthers small. 7 C. neo-fluvialis. + + Leaves gray-green, pubescent and + dull above, subcoriaceous. 8 C. Calpodendron. + + Leaves not impressed-veined; nutlets without pits. + + Calyx glandular margined, fruit more than + 8 mm. (1/8 inch) thick; leaves not + trilobate. IV. Rotundifoliæ. + 9 C. chrysocarpa. + + Calyx lobes not glandular margined; fruit 4-8 mm. + (1/16-1/8 inch thick); leaves often trilobate + towards the apex. V. Virides. + + Fruit bright red, glaucous, + 4-6 mm. (1/6-1/4 inch) thick; + leaves serrate. 10 C. viridis. + + Fruit dull dark red, 6-8 mm. + (1/4-1/3 inch) thick; + leaves coarsely serrate. 11 C. nitida. + + II. Leaves broadest at the base. + + a. Leaves 1.5-6 cm. (1/2-2-1/2 inches) long and wide, + membranaceous; calyx lobes usually entire. + + Leaves yellow-green, often slightly pubescent; fruit soft + at maturity. VI. Tenuifoliæ. + + Fruit ellipsoidal, ovoid or + pyriform. 12 C. macrosperma. + + Fruit compressed, globose or + subglobose. 13 C. basilica. + + Leaves blue-green, glabrous; fruit hard at + maturity. VII. Pruinosæ. + + Leaves elliptic-ovate. 14 C. Jesupi. + + Leaves usually cordate. + + Fruit conspicuously angled, + strongly pruinose. 15 C. rugosa. + + Fruit without conspicuous + angles, slightly pruinose. 16 C. filipes. + + Leaves usually cuneate. + + Leaves deltoid. 17 C. Gattingeri. + + Leaves ovate. 18 C. pruinosa. + + b. Leaves 3-10 cm. (1-4 inches) long and wide; + calyx lobes usually serrate. VIII. Coccineæ. + + Mature leaves usually glabrous above; young + foliage bronze-green; anthers pink. + + Corymbs and fruit glabrous. 19 C. coccinioides. + + Corymbs and fruit pubescent or + tomentose. 20 C. coccinea. + + Mature leaves tomentose above; + young foliage yellow-green; + anthers yellow. 21 C. mollis. + + B. Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate. IX. Cordatæ. + 22 C. Phænopyrum. + +=1. Crataegus Crus-gálli= Linnæus. Cock-spur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn. +Plate 77. Bark dark gray, scaly; spines many, strong, straight, 3-18 cm. +(1-7 inches) long; leaves obovate to elliptical, 2-10 cm. (3/4-4 inches) +long, 1-4 cm. (1/4-1-1/2 inches) wide, sharply serrate, except towards +the base, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate, dark green and shining +above, coriaceous, glabrous or occasionally slightly pubescent; petioles +slightly winged above, glandless, 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long; corymbs +glabrous or occasionally pubescent, many flowered; flowers appear in May +or June, about 1.5 cm. (2/3 inch) wide; stamens 10-20; anthers usually +pink; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; styles and nutlets +usually 2; fruit ripens in October, ellipsoidal-ovoid to subglobose, +about 1 cm. (3/8 inch) thick, greenish to red; flesh hard and dry, +rather thin. + +=Distribution.=--Northern New York to Ontario, eastern Kansas and south +through western Connecticut to Georgia and Texas. Introduced near +Montreal, about Lake Champlain and Nantucket Island. Well distributed in +Indiana (but apparently more common in the southern part of the State). + +A small tree, sometimes 10 m. (35 feet) high, with spreading branches +and a broad crown; but often a large shrub. This is a variable species +and has received many names. + +I have seen specimens from the following counties: Allen (Deam); +Crawford (Deam); Dearborn (Deam); Decatur (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Delaware +(Deam); Dubois (Deam); Franklin (Deam); Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Grant +(Deam); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Jackson (Deam); Knox (Schneck); +Lawrence (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Posey (Deam); Owen +(Grimes); Randolph (Deam); Scott (Deam); Tippecanoe (Deam); Vermillion +(Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); Washington (Deam); Wells (Deam). + +=2. Crataegus cuneifórmis= (Marshall) Eggleston. (_C. pausiaca_ Ashe). +Marshall's Thorn. Plate 78. Bark dark brown, scaly; spines numerous, +2-18 cm. (3/4-7 inches) long; leaves oblanceolate-obovate, acute at the +apex, cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate 3-6 cm. (1/2-1-1/2 +inches) wide, dark vivid yellow-green, glabrous and impressed veined +above when mature, subcoriaceous; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, +slightly winged above; corymbs usually slightly pubescent, many +flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.2-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) wide; calyx +lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; stamens, 10-15; anthers dark pink; +styles and nutlets 2-4; fruit ripens in October, ellipsoidal-pyriform, +scarlet or dark red, about 8 mm. (3/8 inch) thick, flesh hard, thick. + +=Distribution.=--Western New York and Pennsylvania to southwestern +Virginia, west to central Illinois. + +[Illustration: Plate 77. + +CRATAEGUS CRUS-GALLI Linnæus. Cock-spur Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 78. + +CRATAEGUS CUNEIFORMIS (Marshall) Eggleston. Marshall's Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +A small tree sometimes 8 m. (25 feet) high, with spreading branches, +forming a flat or round crown. This species is intermediate between +_Crus-galli_ and _punctata_ and has been found as yet only in a region +where both these species are known. + +I have seen specimens from the following counties: Clark (Deam); Floyd +(Deam); Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Knox +(Schneck); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Posey (Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); +Wells (Deam). + +=3. Crataegus punctàta= Jacquin. Large-fruited Thorn. Dotted Haw. Plate +79. Bark grayish-brown, scaly; leaves light grey, 2-5 cm. (3/4-4 inches) +long, 1-5 cm. (1/4-2 inches) broad, dull gray-green and markedly +impressed-vein above, pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous above when +mature, acute or obtuse at the apex, sharply cuneate at the base, +serrate, doubly serrate or lobed at the apex, subcoriaceous; petioles +1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly winged above; corymbs tomentose or +canescent, many flowered; flowers appear in June, about 2 cm. (5/6 inch) +wide; calyx lobes lanceolate, acuminate, entire; stamens about 20; +anthers white or pink; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; fruit ripens +in October or November, green, yellow or red, short-ellipsoidal, 1.2-2.5 +cm. (1/2-1 inch) thick, flesh hard, thick; calyx lobes spreading. + +=Distribution.=--Quebec to Pennsylvania, southeastern Minnesota, Iowa, +Kentucky and south to the high Alleghenies. Well distributed over +Indiana. A small tree, sometimes 10 m. (35 feet) high, with distinctly +horizontal branches and a broad, flat crown. + +Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); +Bartholomew (Deam); Dearborn (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Gibson (Deam); Grant +(Deam); Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Hendricks (Deam); Howard (Deam); +Jennings (Deam); Johnson (Deam); Marion (Deam); Noble (Deam); Putnam +(Grimes); Vermillion (Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); Wayne (Deam); Wells +(Deam). + +=4. Crataegus Margarètta= Ashe. Judge Brown's Thorn. Mrs. Ashe's Thorn. +Plate 80. Bark dark grayish-brown; spines curved, 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 +inches) long; leaves oblong-obovate or ovate, sometimes broadly so, 2-6 +cm. (3/4-2-1/2 inches) long, 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) wide, obtuse or +acute at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, serrate or doubly +serrate with 2 or 3 pairs of acute or obtuse lobes towards the apex, +glabrous when mature, dark green above, membranaceous; petioles 1-3 cm. +(3/8-1-1/4 inches) long, slightly winged; corymbs slightly pubescent, +becoming glabrous, 5-12 flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.5-2 cm. +(1/2-5/6 inch) wide; stamens about 20; anthers yellow; styles and +nutlets usually 2; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, slightly pubescent +inside; fruit ripens in October, dull rusty green, yellow or red, +compressed-globose, to short ellipsoidal, angular, 8-25 mm. (1/2-2/3 +inch) thick, flesh yellow, mealy, hard, thick; calyx lobes reflexed, +deciduous. + +[Illustration: Plate 79. + +CRATAEGUS PUNCTATA Jacquin. Large-fruited Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 80. + +CRATÆGUS MARGARETTA Ashe. Judge Brown's Thorn. Mrs. Ashe's Thorn. +(× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario to central Iowa, western Virginia, +Tennessee and Missouri. Known in Indiana only from the northern part of +the State. + +A small tree sometimes 8 m. (25 feet) high, with spreading branches. + +Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); +Blackford (Deam); Cass (Mrs. Ida Jackson); Delaware (Deam); Elkhart +(Deam); Fulton (Deam); Grant (Deam); Henry (Deam); Huntington (Deam); +Johnson (Deam); Lagrange (Deam); Lawrence (Deam); Noble (Deam); Randolph +(Deam); Steuben (Deam); Tipton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Wayne (Deam); Wells +(Deam). + +=5. Crataegus collìna= Chapman. Chapman's Hill Thorn. Plate 81. Bark +dark gray, scaly; spines numerous, about 3-7 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) long; +often numerous branched thorns on the trunk 15-20 cm. (6-8 inches) long, +brown; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2-1/4 inches) long, +1.5-5 cm. (1/2-2 inches) wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, strongly +cuneate, serrate or doubly serrate with obtuse lobes towards the apex, +subcoriaceous, yellow-green, young leaves somewhat pubescent, becoming +glabrous with age; petioles about 2.5 cm. (1 inch) long, slightly hairy, +somewhat winged; corymbs and calyx pubescent; flowers about 15 mm. (3/4 +inch) wide; stamens 10-20, usually 20, anthers usually yellow; styles +and nutlets, 4-5; calyx lobes glandular-ciliate or glandular-serrate; +fruit ripens in October, globose or compressed-globose, red or +orange-red, 9-12 mm. (3/8-1/2 inch) thick; calyx tube somewhat +prominent, the lobes reflexed. + +=Distribution.=--Virginia to Georgia, Indiana, Missouri and Mississippi. + +Only one station known in Indiana; Deam's No. 12449 from Dearborn +County. + +A tree sometimes 8 meters (25 feet) high with spreading branches and a +broad flat crown. + +=6. Crataegus succulénta= Schrader. Long-spined Thorn. Plate 82. Bark +gray; spines numerous, strong, 3-10 cm. (1-1/2-4 inches) long, +chestnut-brown; leaves rhombic-ovate to obovate, 3-8 cm. (1-1/4-3-1/4 +inches) long, 2.5-6 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) wide, acute at the apex, +broadly cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with fine teeth, +often lobed towards the apex, coriaceous, dark shining green above, +pubescent along the veins beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, +slightly winged above; corymbs slightly villous, many-flowered; flowers +appear in May, about 2 cm. (3/4 inch) broad; stamens 10-20, usually 10; +anthers pink or occasionally yellow or white, large; styles and nutlets +usually 2 or 3; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-laciniate, +villous; fruit ripens in September, subglobose, 5-15 mm. (1/4-2/3 inch) +thick, dark red, shining, flesh thin, glutinous; nutlet with deep pits +on the inner faces; calyx-lobes villous, reflexed. + +[Illustration: Plate 81. + +CRATÆGUS COLLINA Chapman. Chapman's Hill Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 82. + +CRATÆGUS SUCCULENTA Schrader. Long-spined Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Nebraska and south in the +higher Alleghenies to North Carolina and in the Rocky Mountains to +southern Colorado. As yet reported only from northern to central +Indiana. + +A small tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending branches and +a broad, irregular crown; more often, however, a large shrub. + +Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); Cass +(Mrs. Ida Jackson); Fulton (Deam); Noble (VanGorder); Putnam (Grimes); +Tippecanoe (Deam); Wells (Deam). + +=Horticultural Uses.=--Highly ornamental for parks and hedges because of +the abundant flowers, dark green shining leaves and its dark red shining +fruit. + +=7. Crataegus neo-fluviàlis= Ashe. New River Thorn. Plate 83. Bark +grayish; spines numerous, 2.5-8 cm. (1-3 inches) long; leaves +elliptical-ovate to obovate, 2.5-8 cm. (1-3 inches) long, 2-6 cm. +(3/4-2-1/2 inches) wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the +base, sharply and doubly serrate, with obtuse or acute lobes towards the +apex, coriaceous, dark green and shining above, pubescent along the +veins beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly +winged-above; corymbs and calyx-tubes glabrous or slightly villous, +many-flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.2-1.6 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) broad, +stamens 15-20, anthers usually pink, small; styles and nutlets usually 2 +or 3; calyx lobes more villous on the inside, lanceolate-acuminate, +glandular-laciniate; fruit ripens in September, globose or short +ellipsoidal, dark red, 4-13 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) thick, flesh thin, +glutinous, nutlets with deep pits in the inner faces; calyx lobes +reflexed, glabrous or slightly hairy. + +=Distribution.=--Western Vermont to eastern Wisconsin, Iowa and south in +the Alleghenies to North Carolina. + +A small tree sometimes 8 m. (30 feet) high, with ascending and spreading +branches. + +Specimens have been seen from Allen (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Shelby +(Deam); Wells (Deam). + +[Illustration: Plate 83. + +CRATÆGUS NEO-FLUVIALIS Ashe. New Riverthorn. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 84. + +CRATÆGUS CALPODENDRON (Ehrhart) Medicus. Pear-thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +=8. Crataegus Calpodéndron= (Ehrhart) Medicus. Pear-thorn. Pear or Red +Haw. Plate 84. Bark pale gray to dark brown, furrowed; spines +occasional, slender 3-5 cm. (1-1/4-2 inches) long; leaves rhombic-ovate, +4-11 cm. (1-1/2-4-1/2 inches) long, 3-8 cm. (1-1/4-3 inches) wide, acute +or acuminate at the apex, finely and doubly serrate, those on the +vegetative shoots obtuse and more entire than the others, pubescent on +both sides, becoming scabrate above, subcoriaceous, dull green above; +petioles about 2 cm. (3/4 inch) long, wing margined, glandular hairy; +corymbs white-tomentose, many flowered; flowers appear in June, about +1.5 cm. (2/3 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers small, pink; styles +and nutlets usually 2 or 3; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, glandular +laciniate; fruit ripens in September, pyriform to ellipsoidal, +orange-red or red, 8-10 mm. (1/3 inch) thick, flesh glutinous; nutlets +with deep pits in their inner faces; calyx lobes reflexed. + +=Distribution.=--Central New York, northeastern New Jersey to Minnesota +and Missouri and south in the mountains to northern Georgia. + +A large shrub or occasionally a tree 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending +branches forming a broad crown. + +Specimens have been examined from the following counties: Boone (Deam); +Floyd (Deam); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Harrison (Deam); Marion +(Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Posey (Deam); Putnam (Grimes); Tippecanoe (Stanley +Coulter); Wells (Deam); White (Deam); Whitley (Deam). + +=9. Crataegus chrysocárpa= Ashe. (_Crataegus Dodgei_ Sargent. _Crataegus +rotundifolia_, Borckhausen.) Round-leaved Thorn. Plate 85. Bark dark +red-brown, scaly; spines numerous, chestnut-brown, curved, 2-5 cm. (1-2 +inches) long; leaves ovate-orbicular or obovate, 3-6 cm. (1-1/4-2-1/4 +inches) long, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2-1/4 inches) wide, acute at the apex, +broadly cuneate at the base, doubly serrate with rather coarse teeth and +with 3 or 4 pairs of acute lobes, subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green and +shining above, slightly pubescent or glabrous; corymbs glabrous or +slightly pubescent; flowers 10-15 mm. (1/2-3/4 inch) wide; stamens 5-10; +anthers light yellow; styles and nutlets usually 3-4; calyx lobes +lanceolate, acuminate, usually entire, but glandular margined; fruit +depressed-globose to short ovoid, about 10 mm. (1/2 inch) thick, flesh +soft; calyx lobes reflexed. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south to +Nebraska and Pennsylvania and in the mountains to North Carolina and New +Mexico. + +Round topped shrub or tree sometimes 8 meters (25 feet) high. + +Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Delaware and +Lagrange (Deam). + +[Illustration: Plate 85. + +CRATÆGUS CHRYSOCARPA Ashe. Round-leaved Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 86. + +CRATÆGUS VIRIDIS Linnæus. Southern Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +=10. Crataegus víridis= Linnæus. Southern Thorn. Plate 86. Bark gray to +light orange; spines uncommon, 2-5 cm. (3/4-3-1/4 inches) long; leaves +oblong-ovate, 2-8 cm. (3/4-3-1/4 inches) long, 2-5 cm. (1/2-2 inches) +wide, acute, acuminate or even obtuse at the apex, serrate or doubly +serrate, often with acute or obtuse lobes towards the apex, dark green, +shining and slightly impressed veined above, sometimes pubescent along +the veins beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly +winged above; corymbs glabrous, many flowered; flowers appear in May, +1-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers usually +yellow, sometimes pink; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; calyx lobes +lanceolate-acuminate, entire, slightly pubescent inside; fruit ripens in +October, globose or compressed-globose, bright red or orange, glaucous, +4-6 mm. (1/4 inch) thick, flesh thin, hard, edible. + +=Distribution.=--Moist, alluvial soil along streams and lakes, +southeastern Virginia to northern Florida and southwestern Indiana to +eastern Kansas and Texas. + +A tree from 6-11 m. (20-35 feet) high, with ascending branches and a +broad crown. + +Specimens have been examined from the following counties: Dubois (Deam); +Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Knox (Schneck); Posey (Deam). + +=11. Crataegus nítida= (Engelmann) Sargent. Shining Thorn. Plate 87. +Bark dark and scaly; spines occasional, 3-5 cm. (1-2 inches) long; +leaves oblong-ovate to oval, 3-8 cm. (1-1/4-3 inches) long, 2-6 cm. +(3/4-2-1/4 inches) wide, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, +coarsely serrate or twice serrate with acute lobes towards the apex, +dark green and shining above, glabrous; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) +long, slightly winged above, slightly villous when young; corymbs +glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.2-2 cm. (1/2-3/4 inch) +broad; stamens about 20; anthers light yellow; styles and nutlets 3-5; +calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; fruit ripens in October, +globose to short-ellipsoidal, dark dull red, 6-9 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) +thick; flesh yellow, mealy, hard. + +=Distribution.=--River bottoms southwestern Indiana to southern +Illinois. A tree sometimes 9 m. (30 feet) high, with ascending and +spreading branches and a broad crown. + +Specimens have been seen from Gibson (Schneck); Posey (Deam). + +[Illustration: Plate 87. + +CRATÆGUS NITIDA (Engelmann) Sargent. Shining Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 88. + +CRATÆGUS MACROSPERMA Ashe. Variable Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +=12. Crataegus macrospérma= Ashe. Variable Thorn. Plate 88. Bark brown, +scaly; spines numerous, stout, curved, 2-7 cm. (3/4-2-3/4 inches) long; +leaves broadly elliptical-ovate to broadly ovate, 2-7 cm. (3/4-2-3/4 +inches) long and wide, acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or rarely +cordate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate, slightly villous, +becoming glabrate, dark yellow-green above, membranaceous; petioles +slender, 2-3 cm. (1/2-1-1/4 inches) long, slightly winged above; corymbs +glabrous or slightly villous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, +1.5-2 cm. (1/2-3/4 inch) broad; stamens 5-20, usually 5-10; styles and +nutlets usually 3 or 4; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; fruit +ripens in August or September, ellipsoidal or pyriform, scarlet to +crimson, often glaucous, 1-1.8 cm. (1/3-3/4 inch) thick, flesh +succulent, edible; calyx lobes persistent, erect or spreading. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia and Maine to southeastern Minnesota and +south in the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. + +Usually a large shrub but occasionally a small tree, sometimes 8 m. (25 +feet) high, with ascending branches. + +Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); +Bartholomew (Deam); Clark (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Hancock +(Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Madison (Deam); Porter (Deam); Randolph (Deam); +Shelby (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Washington (Deam); Wells (Deam); Whitley +(Deam). + +=Crataegus macrosperma= Ashe. var. =matura= (Sargent) Eggleston. Lobes +of the leaves acuminate, often recurved; fruit ripens early. + +=Distribution.=--Known in Indiana only from Deam's specimen No. 14187 +from Wells County. + +=13. Crataegus basilìca= Beadle. (_Crataegus alnorum_ Sargent. +_Crataegus Edsoni_ Sargent). Edson's Thorn. Plate 89. Bark brown, scaly; +spines 2.5-4 cm. (1-1-1/2 inches) long, stout, curved; leaves ovate, 3-7 +cm. (1-1/4-2-3/4 inches) long, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or +truncate at base, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes, dull dark +yellow-green above, paler beneath; corymbs glabrous, many flowered; +flowers 15-20 mm. (5/8-7/8 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers pink; +styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit subglobose, slightly angular, dark +cherry-red, 12-15 mm. (1/2-5/8 inch) thick, flesh succulent; calyx lobes +erect or spreading. + +=Distribution.=--New England to southern Michigan, northern Indiana and +Pennsylvania to mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. + +A broad shrub or small tree sometimes 4.5 meters (15 feet) high, +branches ascending. + +Specimens examined: Wells (Deam). + +[Illustration: Plate 89. + +CRATÆGUS BASILICA Beadle. Edson's Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 90. + +CRATÆGUS JESUPI Sargent. Jesup's Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +=14. Crataegus Jésupi= Sargent. Jesup's Thorn. Twin Mountain Thorn. +Plate 90. Bark grayish-brown; spines stout, straight 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 +inches) long; leaves elliptical-ovate, 3.5-7 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long, +2-5.5 cm. (1-2 inches) wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly +cuneate to truncate-cordate, serrate or doubly serrate, with 4 or 5 +pairs of acute lobes, yellow-green above, paler beneath, glabrous; +petioles slender, 2-3.5 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) long, slightly winged +above; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, about 2 +cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens about 10; anthers dark red; styles and +nutlets usually 3 or 4; calyx lobes entire; fruit ripens in October, +short-ellipsoidal to pyriform, dark red, slightly angled, lacking bloom +when mature, about 1 cm. (3/8 inch) thick, flesh yellow, firm; calyx +lobes mostly deciduous. + +=Distribution.=--Western Vermont, to southwestern Wisconsin and south to +Pennsylvania and Owen County, Indiana. + +A shrubby tree, sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending branches +and a round crown. + +Specimens examined: Owen (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam). + +=15. Crataegus rugòsa= Ashe. (_Crataegus deltoides_ Ashe). Fretz's +Thorn. Plate 91. Spines numerous, 3-6 cm. (1-1/4-2-1/2 inches) long, +stout curved; leaves broadly ovate, 3-7 cm. (1-2-3/4 inches) long and +broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, +serrate or twice serrate with 4-6 pairs of broad acuminate lobes, +glabrous, membranaceous; petioles 1-3 cm. (3/8-1-1/4 inches) long, +glabrous; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous; flowers appear in May, about +2 cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens 10-20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets +usually 4 or 5; calyx lobes deltoid-acuminate, entire or slightly +serrate at the base; fruit ripens in October, depressed-globose, bright +red, angular, glabrous, waxy, 1-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) thick, flesh +yellow, somewhat succulent; calyx lobes persistent, spreading, the tube +rather prominent. + +=Distribution.=--Southwestern New England to southern Indiana and the +mountains of North Carolina. + +A shrub or tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending branches +and an irregular crown. + +Specimens examined: Allen (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Grant (Deam); Jennings +(Deam); Owen (Deam); Perry (Deam); Wells (Deam). + +=16. Crataegus fílipes= Ashe. Miss Beckwith's Thorn. (_Crataegus +silvicola_ var. _Beckwithae_ (Sargent) Eggleston). Plate 92. Spines +numerous, curved, chestnut-brown, 2.5 to 6 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) long; +bark slightly scaly; leaves 2-7 cm. (3/4-2-3/4 inches) long, 2-6 cm. +(3/4-2-1/2 inches) wide; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, +rounded, truncate or on vegetative shoots cordate at base, serrate or +doubly serrate, lower pair of acuminate lobes often deeply cut, +membranaceous, glabrous; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 2 cm. (3/4 +inch) broad; stamens about 10; anthers pink; styles and nutlets 3-5; +fruit globose or compressed-globose, cherry-red, 8-10 mm. (1/3 inch) +thick, ripens in October. + +[Illustration: Plate 91. + +CRATÆGUS RUGOSA Ashe. Fretz's Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 92. + +CRATÆGUS FILIPES Ashe. Miss Beckwith's Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Western New England to central Michigan and south to +Pennsylvania and southern Indiana. + +A shrub or tree sometimes 9 meters (30 feet) high, with irregular +ascending branches. + +Specimens have been seen from Perry County, Deam's No. 27104. + +=17. Crataegus Gattíngeri= Ashe. (_Crataegus coccinea_ var. _oligandra_ +Torrey and Gray). Dr. Clapp's Thorn. Gattinger's Thorn. Plate 93. Spines +numerous, 2.5-6 cm. (1-2 inches) long; leaves narrowly ovate to deltoid, +2.5-6 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) long, 2-5 cm. (3/4-2 inches) wide, acuminate +at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, serrate or doubly +serrate, lobed towards the apex, membranaceous, glabrous, dark green +above; petioles glabrous, 2-3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 inches) long; corymbs +glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, about 2 cm. (3/4 inch) +broad; stamens 10-20; anthers small, pink; styles and nutlets usually 3 +or 4; fruit ripens in October, globose, angular, red, slightly waxy, +0.8-1.2 cm. (1/3-1/2 inch) thick, flesh hard; calyx tube prominent, the +lobes triangular, spreading. + +=Distribution.=--Southern Pennsylvania and southern Indiana to West +Virginia and central Tennessee. + +Shrub or small tree sometimes 4.5 m. (15 feet) high, with ascending, +irregular branches. + +Specimens seen from: Floyd (Dr. Clapp, before 1840); Knox (Schneck); +Perry (Deam); Steuben (Deam); Wells (Deam). + +=18. Crataegus pruinòsa= (Wendland) K. Koch. Waxy-fruited Thorn. Plate +94. Bark dark brown; spines numerous, slender, 3-6 cm. (1-1/4-2-1/2 +inches) long; leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, 2.5-6 cm. (1-2-1/2 +inches) long and wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly cuneate, +rounded or occasionally cordate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate +with 3 or 4 pairs of broad acute lobes towards the apex, blue-green, +glabrous, membranaceous; petioles 2 or 3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 inches) long, +glabrous; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, about +2 cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens 10-20; anthers pink or sometimes yellow +or white; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, +entire, slightly serrate at the base; fruit ripens in October, +depressed-globose to short-ellipsoidal, strongly angled, waxy, apple +green, becoming scarlet or purple, 1.2-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch), thick, +firm, yellow, sweet; calyx tube prominent, the lobes spreading, +persistent. + +=Distribution.=--Rocky, open woods, western New England to Michigan and +south to North Carolina and Missouri. Well distributed in Indiana. + +[Illustration: Plate 93. + +CRATÆGUS GATTINGERI Ashe. Dr. Gattinger's Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 94. + +CRATÆGUS PRUINOSA (Wendland) K. Koch. Waxy-fruited Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +A small shrubby tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with irregular +branches and crown. + +Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); +Clark (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Delaware (Deam); Gibson (Deam); Hamilton +(Deam); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Lagrange (Deam); Madison (Deam); +Marion (Deam); Monroe (Deam); Porter (Deam); Putnam (Grimes); Randolph +(Deam); Steuben (Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Tipton (Deam); Vermillion +(Deam); Warren (Deam); Wayne (Deam); Wells (Deam). + +=19. Crataegus coccinioìdes= Ashe. Eggert's Thorn. (_Crataegus Eggertii_ +Britton). Plate 95. Bark grayish-brown, scaly; spines curved, 2-6 cm. +(3/4-2-1/2 inches) long; leaves broadly ovate, 4-9 cm. (1-1/2-3-1/2 +inches) long, 3.5-8 cm. (1-3/4-3 inches) wide, acute at the apex, +rounded or truncate at the base, doubly serrate with several pairs of +broad, acute lobes, dark green above, paler and slightly tomentose along +the veins beneath, membranaceous; petioles 2 to 3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 inches) +long, slightly pubescent; corymbs glabrous, 5-12 flowered; flowers +appear in May, about 2 cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers +pink; styles and nutlets usually 4 or 5; calyx lobes ovate, acute, +glandular-serrate; fruit ripens in September, subglobose, obtusely +angled, 1.5-2 cm. (3/4-1 inch) thick, flesh reddish, subacid, edible; +calyx tube prominent, the lobes spreading. + +=Distribution.=--Montreal Island to Rhode Island and west to eastern +Kansas and Missouri. + +A small tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending and spreading +branches and a broad, round-topped crown. + +Specimens have been seen from: Floyd (Dr. Clapp, before 1840), (Deam); +Gibson (Schneck); Marion (Deam); Martin (Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); +Whitley (Deam). + +=20. Crataegus coccínea= Linnæus. Scarlet Thorn. Red Haw. (_Crataegus +pedicillata_ Sargent). Plate 96. Bark light gray, spines stout, curved, +2-6 cm. (3/4-2 inches) long; leaves broadly ovate, 3-10 cm. (1-1/4-4 +inches) long, 3-9 cm. (1-1/4-3-1/2 inches) wide, acute or acuminate at +the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, serrate, doubly +serrate or lobed, slightly pubescent, becoming scabrous above, nearly +glabrous beneath, membranaceous; corymbs glabrous or sometimes slightly +villous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.5-2 cm. (2/3-5/6 inch) +broad; stamens 10-20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit ripens +in September, pyriform to short ellipsoidal, scarlet or red, glabrous or +slightly pubescent, 1.5-2 cm. (3/4-5/6 inch) thick, flesh thick, dry and +mealy; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-serrate, erect or +spreading, rather persistent. + +[Illustration: Plate 95. + +CRATÆGUS COCCINOIDES Ashe. Eggert's Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 96. + +CRATÆGUS COCCINEA Linnæus. Scarlet Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Connecticut to Ontario, Illinois, Delaware and +Pennsylvania. + +A small tree sometimes 8 m. (25 feet) high, with ascending and spreading +branches and a broad, round-topped crown. + +Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Floyd (Deam); Knox +(Deam); Noble (VanGorder); Steuben (Deam); White (Deam). + +=Horticultural Uses.=--This fine tree has been in the gardener's hands +several centuries. There are specimens in the Kew Gardens, England, more +than two hundred years old. + +=20a. Crataegus coccinea= var. =Ellwangeriàna=, n. nom. (_Crataegus +pedicillata_ var. _Ellwangeriana_ (Sargent) Eggleston). Corymbs densely +villous; fruit slightly villous. + +=Distribution.=--Known in Indiana from Deam's specimen No. 27355 from +Warren County. + +=21. Crataegus móllis= (Torrey and Gray) Scheele. Red-fruited or Downy +Thorn. Red Haw. Plate 97. Bark grayish-brown, fissured and scaly; spines +curved, 3-5 cm. (1-2 inches) long; leaves broadly ovate, acute at the +apex, cordate to truncate at the base, serrate or twice serrate with +narrow acute lobes, 4-13 cm. (1-1/2-5 inches) long, 4-10 cm. (1-1/2-4 +inches) wide, slightly rugose, densely tomentose beneath, tomentose +above, becoming scabrous, membranaceous; petioles 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 +inches) long, tomentose; corymbs tomentose, many-flowered; flowers +appear in May, about 2.5 cm. (1 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers +light yellow; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; fruit ripens in September, +short-ellipsoidal to subglobose, scarlet, 1.5-2.5 cm. (1/2-1 inch) +thick, flesh thick, yellow, edible; calyx lobes glandular-serrate, +swollen, erect or spreading, deciduous. + +=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario to South Dakota, south to central +Tennessee and Arkansas. This thorn is well distributed over Indiana. + +A small tree often 13 m. (40 feet) high, with ascending and spreading +branches, forming a broad, round-topped crown. + +Specimens have been examined from the following counties: Allen (Deam); +Cass (Mrs. Ida Jackson); Dearborn (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Delaware +(Deam); Floyd (Deam); Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Hancock (Deam); +Hendricks (Deam); Henry (Deam); Jackson (Deam); Knox (Schneck), (Deam); +Madison (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Montgomery (Grimes); Posey +(Deam); Putnam (Grimes); Shelby (Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Vermillion +(Deam); Wells (Deam); Whitley (Deam). + +[Illustration: Plate 97. + +CRATÆGUS MOLLIS (Torrey and Gray) Scheele. Red-fruited Thorn. (× 1/2.)] + +=22. Crataegus Phænopyrum= (Linnæus fils) Medicus. Washington Thorn. +Scarlet Haw. (_Crataegus cordata_ Aiton). Plate 98. Bark grayish-brown, +scaly; spines numerous, slightly curved, 2-5 cm. (3/4-2 inches) long; +leaves ovate-triangular, 2-8 cm. (3/4-3 inches) long and wide, simply or +doubly serrate, often 3-5 lobed, acute at the apex, rounded to cordate +at the base, bright green above, glabrous; petioles slender, 1.5-5 cm. +(1/2-2 inches) long, glabrous; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered; flowers +appear in June, 8-12 mm. (1/3-1/2 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers +pink; styles and nutlets usually 5; calyx lobes deltoid, entire, +deciduous; fruit ripens in October or November, depressed-globose, +scarlet, 4-6 mm. (1/6-1/4 inch) thick, nutlets with a bare apex and +smooth back, flesh thin, firm. + +=Distribution.=--Virginia to Georgia, Indiana to Arkansas. Moist rich +soil. Naturalized in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Possibly it may be +naturalized at the Indiana station. More knowledge of distribution in +southern Indiana is needed to settle this question. + +A shrubby tree sometimes 9 m. (30 feet) high, with nearly erect branches +and an oblong crown. + +Specimens have been seen from Wayne (Deam). It also occurs in the Wabash +Valley. + +=Horticultural Uses.=--This is one of the most desirable thorns for +ornamental planting and hedges. Its scarlet autumn foliage and beautiful +little scarlet fruit persist for a long time. It is also one of the +American thorns long in cultivation, both in Europe and the United +States. + +=Crataegus álbicans= Linnæus. This species was reported for Indiana by +Heimlich.[52] + +The material at hand is not sufficient to make a satisfactory +determination, hence it is omitted in the text. + +According to the treatment of the genus Crataegus in Britton and Brown's +Illustrated Flora, 2nd Edition, the range of the following species +extend into Indiana. + + Throughout the State-- In the northern part of the State-- + + C. Boyntoni. C. Brainerdi. + C. lucorum. + In the southern part of the State-- C. roanensis. + C. beata. + C. berberifolia. C. villipes. + C. denaria. C. Pringlei. + C. fecunda. + C. ovata. + +[Illustration: Plate 98. + +CRATÆGUS PHÆNOPYRUM (Linnæus filius) Medicus. Washington Thorn. +(× 1/2.)] + + + + +=AMYGDALÀCEAE.= The Plum Family. + + +Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, petioled and usually serrate +leaves; flowers perfect, calyx and corolla 5 numerous, stamens 15-30; +fruit a 1-seeded drupe. + +The characters which separate the species are not at all constant, and +the species often vary much in the extremes of their range. + + +=PRÙNUS.= The Plums and Cherries. + + Flowers in umbel like clusters, or somewhat corymbose, + appearing before or with the leaves on branchlets + of the preceding year. + + Margins of leaves with sharp teeth. + + Petioles glabrous beneath 1 P. americana. + + Petioles more or less pubescent all around. 2 P. americana + var. lanata. + Margins of leaves with blunt or crenate teeth. + + Teeth of center of leaves about 10 per cm.; calyx lobes + glandular; fruit more than 10 mm. in diameter. + + Principal leaves of fruiting branches generally + more than 4 cm. broad; flowers white and + generally more than 17 mm. wide. 3 P. nigra. + + Principal leaves of fruiting branches generally + less than 4 cm. broad; flowers white which on + age show a tinge of pink and generally less + than 17 mm. wide. 4 P. hortulana. + Teeth of center of leaves about 20 per cm.; calyx + lobes glandless; fruit less than 10 mm. in + diameter. 5 P. pennsylvanica. + + Flowers in racemes, appearing after the leaves on + twigs of the present year 6 P. serotina. + +=1. Prunus americàna= Marshall. Wild Red Plum. Plate 99. Small trees +with crooked branches; bark of old trees exfoliating in irregular +plates; twigs smooth; leaves obovate or oval, 5-9 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. +wide, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, acuminate at apex, +margins sharply serrate or doubly serrate, glabrous above and smooth +below, or hairy on the veins and sometimes more or less pubescent over +the whole under surface, inner surface of petiole more or less hairy and +sometimes bearing one or two glands; flowers appear in April or May +before or with the leaves in clusters of 2-4 or sometimes singly, about +2 cm. in diameter, calyx smooth or with some hairs near the base of the +lobes which are pubescent within and smooth or hairy without, lobes +entire or cut-toothed above the middle, glandless or with inconspicuous +glands; fruit ripens in August or September, usually globose, about 2 +cm. in diameter, red; stone doubly convex, oval to nearly orbicular, +surface usually smooth. + +[Illustration: Plate 99. + +PRUNUS AMERICANA Marshall. Wild Red Plum. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Massachusetts to Florida, west to Manitoba and south to +New Mexico. Found throughout Indiana. While it has a general +distribution, it is not generally distributed through the forests, but +is local in colonies in low grounds along streams or in low places in +the forest. In the southern counties it is found on the ridges and +commonly about the basins of sink-holes. Large single trees may be found +but they are usually surrounded by many smaller ones which are root +shoots. From this habit of the tree to produce root shoots large +colonies are formed which has given rise to the term "plum thickets." + +=Remarks.=--The wood of this tree is of no economic importance, but the +species from a horticultural standpoint is one of the most important of +all of the plums. Many named varieties belong to this species. + +It should be noted that all species of plums are quite variable, and one +must not be surprised to find specimens that will not come entirely +within the descriptions. + +=2. Prunus americana= var. =lanàta= Sudworth. Woolly-leaf Plum. Plate +100. Small trees with the characteristic wild plum tree bark, except on +age it becomes more furrowed; twigs generally puberulent or sometimes +smooth; leaves obovate, oblong-obovate, or sometimes somewhat ovate, +generally about 6-10 cm. long, and 4-6 cm. wide, rounded at the base, +acute or short acuminate at the apex, margins sharply serrate, or doubly +serrate, upper surface covered with short appressed hairs, lower surface +permanently pubescent with longer hairs; petioles more or less pubescent +and often bearing one or more glands; flowers appear in April or May in +umbels of 2-4, upper part of calyx, and its lobes pubescent both inside +and out, the lobes more or less cut-toothed and bearing inconspicuous +glands; fruit ripening in September, globose, reddish with a bluish +bloom; stone nearly orbicular and turgid. + +=Distribution.=--Indiana west to Indian Territory and south to the Gulf. +The range of this variety has not been well understood, and it is +believed that forms of this variety in the northern part of its range +have been included in the preceding species. It is certain that in our +area the two forms are separated with difficulty; especially is this +true of certain individuals. Specimens at hand show it to occur in +Floyd, Clark, Bartholomew, Martin, Warren, Vermillion, Gibson, Warrick, +and Perry Counties. + +=Remarks.=--This form intergrades with the preceding to such an extent +that there is little difference between the extremes of the two forms. + +[Illustration: Plate 100. + +PRUNUS AMERICANA variety LANATA Sudworth. Woolly-leaf Plum. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 101. + +PRUNUS NIGRA Aiton. Canada Plum. (× 1/2.)] + +=3. Prunus nìgra= Aiton. Canada Plum. Plate 101. Small trees with the +characteristic bark of the genus; twigs smooth; leaves obovate or oval, +5-11 cm. long and 3-6 cm. wide, rounded or somewhat narrowed at the +base, abruptly short acuminate toward the apex, smooth or sparsely +covered above with a short appressed pubescence, more or less pubescent +beneath especially along the veins, usually pubescent on the veins at +maturity, margins crenate-serrate, the teeth ending in persistent +glands, petioles more or less pubescent on the inner surface, and +generally bearing a pair of glands, which number varies from 1 to 3, or +sometimes absent; flowers appear in April or May in umbels of 2-3, about +2 cm. in diameter--the largest of the genus in Indiana, calyx smooth, +the lobes smooth without and within, except toward the base which is +pubescent, the lobes reddish and the margins studded with numerous red +glands; fruit ripens in July, globose, red; stone short oval and very +flat. + +=Distribution.=--New Brunswick to Massachusetts and west to Minnesota +and south to central Indiana. In Indiana it is definitely known only +from Wells, Blackford and Marion Counties. No doubt it ranges throughout +the northern part of Indiana, but it has not been separated from _Prunus +americana_. Higley and Raddin[53] in 1891, when our text books did not +separate this species, in a flora which included a part of Lake County +Indiana, remark: "There are two distinct forms of _Prunus americana_; +one with slender branches and large flowers with glandular calyx, found +in swamps and another found with stout branches and much smaller flowers +with the calyx less glandular, grows in dry soil." This no doubt refers +to the species under discussion. + +In 1898 the author found this species growing in a swamp in Wells +County, and transplanted a specimen to high ground in his orchard. It +has persisted ever since, growing vigorously and freely suckering from +the roots, but it has been quite susceptible to the San Jose scale. + +=4. Prunus hortulàna= Bailey. Wild Goose Plum. Plate 102. Small trees +with bark exfoliating in plates or rolls on old trees; twigs smooth; +leaves oblong-oval, oval, slightly ovate or obovate, generally 6-11 cm. +long and 2.5-5.5 cm. wide, rounded and often slightly oblique at the +base, acuminate at the apex, margins finely serrated with short rounded +and glandular teeth, generally glossy and smooth above, more or less +pubescent all over beneath with long hairs, the midrib and lateral veins +usually prominent below, petioles pubescent on the inner face and +usually bearing one or more glands; flowers appear with the leaves in +April or May in umbels of 2-4; calyx glabrous, the lobes glabrous on the +outer face, and more or less pubescent within, margins glandular; fruit +ripens in August, generally globose, red; stone generally short oval, +very turgid, face reticulated. + +[Illustration: Plate 102. + +PRUNUS HORTULANA Bailey. Wild Goose Plum. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Central Kentucky northwestward to central Iowa and +southwestward to Kansas and east to northwest Tennessee. In Indiana the +specimens at hand show it to be confined to the southwestern part of the +State, although Pepoon[54] reports a single tree found near Dune Park in +Porter County. It is found on sandy roadside cuts, base of sandy wooded +slopes, etc., and is a common tree in Sullivan County for miles on the +wooded bank of the terrace of the Wabash River. + +=5. Prunus pennsylvánica= Linnæus filius. Wild Red Cherry. Plate 103. +Small trees with smooth cherry-like bark, somewhat roughened near the +base on old trees; twigs smooth, at least at maturity; leaves oval, +oval-lanceolate, or ovate, sometimes slightly falcate, 4-10 cm. long, +and 1.5-4 cm. wide, rounded or narrowed at the base, long acuminate at +the apex, margins finely serrate with glandular incurved teeth, glossy +and smooth above, generally smooth beneath, sometimes pubescent along +the midrib and veins, petioles generally smooth, rarely pubescent; +flowers appear with the leaves in May in umbels of 3-7, or sometimes +raceme-like but the rachis shorter than the pedicels; calyx glabrous, +the lobes glabrous within and without, entire and glandless; fruit +ripens in August, globose, 6-7 mm. in diameter, red; stone +roundish-oval, surface granular. + +=Distribution.=--Newfoundland and New England to the Rocky Mountains, +south to Colorado and eastward through northern Indiana to Pennsylvania +and thence in the mountains to North Carolina. In Indiana it is +definitely known to occur only in Lake, Porter, Laporte, St. Joseph and +Lagrange Counties. It is frequently found on the black oak ridges about +Lake Michigan. All other reports of this species for Indiana should be +looked upon with suspicion. The one by Chipman from Kosciusko County may +be correct. The one by Ridgway[55] for Posey County is undoubtedly an +error. No doubt Phinney's[56] record for Central Eastern Indiana (Jay, +Delaware, Randolph and Wayne Counties) is an error. + +The range of the species is to the north of our area, and like a few +others it is found about the Great Lakes south of its general range. In +Ohio it is reported only from Cuyahoga County which borders Lake Erie. + +[Illustration: Plate 103. + +PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA Linnæus fils. Wild Red Cherry. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 104. + +PRUNUS SEROTINA Ehrhart. Wild Black Cherry. (× 1/2.)] + +=6. Prunus serótina= Ehrhart. Wild Cherry. Cherry. =Wild Black Cherry.= +Plate 104. Medium to large sized trees; bark of young trees smooth, +becoming on old trees irregularly fissured and separating in small scaly +plates; twigs slender and smooth, sometimes pubescent while young; +leaves oval, oblong-oval, ovate or narrowly ovate, generally 5-12 cm. +long and 2-4 cm. wide, generally narrowed at the base, sometimes +rounded, short or long acuminate at the apex, margin finely serrate with +incurved sharp callous teeth, smooth above and below, sometimes slightly +pubescent beneath while young; flowers appear in May, when the leaves +are almost grown, on the ends of the year's growth, in racemes generally +5-10 cm. long; fruit ripens in July and August, globose, about 6-10 mm. +in diameter, dark red to almost black. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to South Dakota, south to Florida and west +to Texas. Found in all parts of Indiana. It prefers a moist loose soil +and is usually found with beech, sugar maple, tulip, white ash and white +oak. In the original forest it was a rare to a frequent tree, and only +rarely and locally did it ever become common. It grew to be several feet +in diameter and was as tall as the highest trees of the forest. The +trunk of the tree, however, was inclined to be crooked. It has now +become a frequent tree along fences. + +=Remarks.=--The wood of wild cherry from pioneer times has been a +favorite wood, and for this reason the tree soon disappeared and today +large trees are very rare. The wood is strong, close-grained, +reddish-brown, and very much resembles mahogany. In value it stands +second in Indiana woods. It is used principally for furniture, office +and store fixtures. + +The wild cherry grows readily from seed; is not difficult to transplant; +adapts itself to almost all kinds of soils and grows rapidly. In Spring +it is one of the very first trees to put out its leaves. It is not shade +enduring, which no doubt, in a great measure, accounts for its rarity in +the primeval forests. When grown in the open the tree usually produces +an abundance of fruit which is much relished by birds. This species has +many good features, and might be used to advantage in forest planting. + + + + +=CAESALPINÀCEAE.= The Senna Family. + + + Leaves simple; flowers pink; seed pod papery 1 Cercis. + + Leaves compound; flowers not pink; seed pod woody or + leathery. + + Trees with thorns; stamens 3-5, longer than the corolla; + pods flat and leathery; seeds about 1 cm. + (1/2 inch) long 2 Gleditsia. + + Trees without thorns; stamens 10, shorter than the + corolla; pods swollen, woody; seeds about 2 cm. + (1 inch) long 3 Gymnocladus. + + +=1. CÉRCIS.= The Redbud. + +=Cercis canadénsis= Linnæus. Redbud. Plate 105. Small trees; bark of +trunk of old trees fissured, reddish-brown; twigs glabrous, light brown, +becoming a dark brown; leaves alternate, broadly ovate, average blades +6-14 cm. long, cordate at base, short-pointed, sometimes short-acuminate +or rarely rounded at the apex, margins entire, glabrous or pubescent on +unfolding, at maturity usually glabrous on both sides, or with a few +hairs in the axils of the veins or along the veins, sometimes more or +less pubescent beneath, and with hairs on the veins above; petioles +generally 2-6 cm. long; flowers appear in April or May before the +leaves, in clusters of 4-8 on the branches of the preceding season, pink +or rose color; pods 5-10 cm. long, thin, flat and glabrous; wood heavy, +hard and weak. + +=Distribution.=--In Canada along the shores of Lake Erie and Ontario, +New York west through Michigan to Iowa, south to the Gulf States and +west to Texas. Found throughout Indiana except there are no records from +the counties bordering Lake Michigan. In the northern part of the State +it is rare or frequent in alluvial soil along streams or in rich woods. +In the southern part of the State it is a frequent to a common tree in +ravines and on slopes. It is never found in wet situations, and +consequently is absent in the "flats" of the southern counties. + +=Remarks.=--The redbud is the common name for this tree throughout the +State. In one locality it was known as the fish blossom because the +larger fish spawn when this tree is in flower. In text books it is also +called Judas tree. It is usually a tree 1-1.5 dm. in diameter and 5-10 +m. high. It is of no economic importance and is classed as a weed tree +in the woodlot and should be removed. + +It is frequently recommended for ornamental planting. It prefers a rich +moist soil, and is shade enduring, although it succeeds best in the open +or in a light shade. + + +=2. GLEDÍTSIA.= The Honey Locust. + + Pods more than 8 cm. long; seeds oval 1 G. triacanthos. + + Pods less than 8 cm. long; seeds orbicular 2 G. aquatica. + +=1. Gleditsia triacánthos= Linnæus. Honey Locust. Plate 106. Medium to +large sized trees; bark of old trunks fissured and peeling off in +strips; spines on trunk large and often much branched, sometimes 4 dm. +long; spines on branches not so large, generally more or less forked; +twigs at first green, turning a light brown; leaves pinnate or +bipinnate, 1-2 dm. long, rachis permanently pubescent; leaflets 9-14 +pairs, fewer on the bipinnate forms, petiolules about 1 mm. long, form +variable from ovate to lanceolate, sometimes somewhat falcate, generally +2-3 cm. long, usually more or less pubescent beneath; flowers appear in +May or June, inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, rich in honey, their +appearance being announced by the hum of the swarm of insects visiting +them; fruit a flat, linear twisted pod, 2-4 dm. long, glabrous and +lustrous or pubescent on the sides; seeds several, oval, about 6 mm. +wide, and 10 mm. long, glabrous and chestnut brown; wood heavy, hard, +strong, coarse-grained and takes a good polish. + +[Illustration: Plate 105. + +CERCIS CANADENSIS Linnæus. Redbud. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 106. + +GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS Linnæus. Honey Locust. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania, southern Michigan to Iowa, and south to +the Gulf States and west to Texas. Found infrequently throughout Indiana +along streams, except that it is absent about Lake Michigan and that in +the southwestern counties it becomes a frequent tree in the Wabash +bottoms. In its native habitat it is rarely found except near a stream, +pond, lake, etc. However, in the southeastern counties it has spread all +over many of the hillsides which were once cleared and have been +abandoned for agricultural purposes and left to natural forest +regeneration. It was interesting to learn how this tree was able to +propagate itself on the steep bare slopes. It was found that the seeds +were scattered by cattle that greedily eat the fruit. It is a medium +sized tree, except in the Wabash bottoms of the southwestern part of the +State where it grows to be one of the largest trees of the forest, and +is more luxuriant than in any other part of its range. + +=Remarks.=--In making a study of the fruit of this species, it was found +that the sides of all the pods of all the specimens at hand except one +are glabrous, even those of young fruit. The margins of the pods are +pubescent. However, a specimen collected on August 27th in Vermillion +County has the entire pod covered with long hairs. In consulting the +literature on the subject it is found that some authors describe the +fruit as glabrous while others describe it as hairy. It would be +interesting to study the significance of this character to learn if each +form has a geographic range. + +The wood is used principally for interior finish, furniture, posts and +crossties. The tree has a grace that recommends it for ornamental +planting despite its thorns. However, a thornless variety is now offered +by nurserymen. It adapts itself to all kinds of soils, although it +prefers a moist rich soil; grows rapidly and is comparatively free from +insect damage. + +[Illustration: Plate 107. + +GLEDITSIA AQUATICA Marshall. Water Honey Locust. (× 1/2.)] + +=2. Gleditsia aquática= Marshall. Water Honey Locust. Plate 107. A +medium sized tree with rather smooth bark, which becomes rough and flaky +on large trees; twigs greenish, turning to a light brown by the end of +the year; branchlets a greenish-gray brown; spines all usually more or +less flattened, those of the branchlets and branches, rather few and +usually simple, 4-10 cm. long, those of the trunk branched, spines do +not develop on the year's growth; leaves from old wood pinnate, from the +year's growth bipinnate; rachis grooved and pubescent or puberulent +above and smooth below; leaflets generally 7-11 pairs, variable in shape +and size, generally lanceolate and 1.5-2.5 cm. long, on petiolules about +1 mm. long, glabrous; flowers similar to the preceding species; fruit a +glabrous, shining, oblique pod about 4-5 cm. long, containing 1 seed; +seeds orbicular, flat, chestnut brown, about 1 cm. in diameter. + +=Distribution.=--Atlantic Coast from North Carolina south to Florida, +and the Mississippi Valley from southwestern Indiana southward to Texas. +In Indiana this species is rare and limited to the banks of river +sloughs, locally called ponds and to one cypress swamp. It is known to +have occurred on the banks of Wabash and Dan's ponds and Little Cypress +swamp in the southwest corner of Knox County, and in Gibson County on +the bank of a slough near Skelton and about Burnett's pond. The +reference to Posey County is without a verifying specimen, although it +may be found in the county. The writer has visited about every place in +the county where the species might occur, and has never found it. +Gorby's[57] reference for Miami County is without doubt an error. In our +area it is a low crooked tree and grows with its base submerged more or +less during the year. The idea of the proportions of this tree can be +obtained from the measurements taken from the largest tree now known in +Indiana, which is located on the shore of Dan's pond in Knox County. It +measures 158 cm. (66 inches) in circumference at 1 m. above the ground, +and is estimated to be 10 m. (30 feet) high. This species is too rare to +be of economic importance. + +=Gleditsia aquatica × triacanthos.= Dr. Schneck[58] found two honey +locust trees which he described as hybrids of the two species. The one +was located on the bank of Dan's pond in Knox County, and the other in +Gibson County. The original description is as follows: "In both +instances the pods are the distinguishing feature. These are very much +alike in both trees, being about 5 inches long, 1-1/2 inches wide, +smooth, shining, of a light brown color and entirely destitute of pulp. +Otherwise the tree cannot be distinguished from the trees among which +they stand. They are both about 50 feet high, with short stems and +spreading branches, and stand about 5 miles apart." The writer has five +fruiting specimens from these two trees, taken by Dr. Schneck. Two of +the sheets have the round and branched spines of _G. triacanthos_. + + +=3. GYMNÓCLADUS.= The Coffee Tree. + +=Gymnocladus dioíca= (Linnæus) Koch. Coffeenut Tree. Plate 108. Medium +sized trees; bark of trunks fissured, the ridges often curling up along +the sides, very hard; twigs at first hairy, becoming glabrous and +mottled gray-brown by the end of the season, robust, usually about 1 cm. +in diameter; leaves alternate, twice pinnate, 3-9 dm. long, leaflets +usually 6-10 pairs, ovate, generally from 3-4 cm. long, generally +oblique and rounded, wedge-shape or truncate at the base, acute or very +sharp-pointed at the apex, petiolules about 1 mm. long, pubescent on +both sides at first, becoming glabrous or nearly so at maturity; flowers +of two kinds, the male and female on separate trees, appearing in May or +June; fruit a pod generally about 1-2 dm. long, thick, curved; seeds +generally 4-7, large, flattened about 2 cm. in diameter; wood heavy, not +hard, coarse-grained and takes a high polish. + +=Distribution.=--New York, southwestern Ontario to southern Minnesota +south to Tennessee and Arkansas. This species has been reported or is +known to exist in 33 counties in various parts of the State. It no doubt +was native to every county of the State, except it be those bordering +Lake Michigan from which we have no reports. It is a rare tree in all +parts. Only exceptionally is it found even frequently. A few trees may +be found in one place, and it will not be found again for many miles. No +doubt there are many areas with a radius of 5 to 10 miles where this +tree never occurred. It is usually found in alluvial soil along streams, +or nearby terraces. + +=Remarks.=--This species generally is not very tall, and is usually +found in open places in the forest or cut-over lands. However, one +specimen was seen in Posey County that was as tall as a specimen of +pecan of equal size that grew nearby. This species was so rare in this +vicinity that I was asked to drive three miles to identify this tree +which no one could name. + +Coffeenut, which is sometimes called Kentucky coffeenut, has always been +so rare as to be of little economic importance. It has no qualities to +recommend it for ornamental planting. + + + + +=FABÀCEAE.= The Pea Family. + + +Trees, shrubs, vines or herbs with alternate leaves, mostly compound; +flowers with five petals which are pea-like (papilionaceous); stamens +generally 10; fruit a legume. + +[Illustration: Plate 108. + +GYMNOCLADUS DIOICA (Linnæus) Koch. Coffeenut Tree. (× 9/20).] + + + + +=ROBÍNIA.= The Locusts. + + +=Robinia Pseùdo-Acàcia= Linnæus. Locust. Black Locust. Plate 109. Medium +sized trees with deeply furrowed bark; twigs at first green and hairy, +becoming at the end of the season glabrous and a light brown, the +stipules developing in about a year into a pair of woody spines about 2 +cm. long; leaves pinnate, 1.5-3 dm. long; leaflets 7-17 on short stalks, +ovate to oblong, 2-6 cm. long, rounded at base, rounded or pointed and +with a small indenture at apex, margin entire, pubescent on both sides +at first, becoming at maturity glabrous above and remaining more or less +pubescent below, especially on the midrib; flowers in loose racemes, +white, expanding in May or June; fruit a flat and slightly curved pod +about 5-10 cm. long, glabrous; seeds usually 4-8 in each pod, about 4 +mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide; wood heavy, very hard, close-grained, takes a +good polish, very durable in contact with the soil. + +=Distribution.=--Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania south to +northern Georgia, and in Arkansas. In Indiana it is found as an escape +in all parts and was doubtless native along the Ohio River, at least in +the southeastern part of the State. Thomas[59] says: "We had gazed at +the majestic beech of this country (near Rising Sun) three feet in +diameter; we had seen the honey locust, the black walnut, a buckeye of +equal magnitude; and then we saw with surprise, the black locust almost +a rival in stature." Drake[60] says: "The flowering locust is abundant +in Kentucky. Along the Ohio River it is rarely found more than 30 miles +north of the river." + +=Remarks.=--This tree is generally known as the locust tree, but is +sometimes called the yellow locust. + +Locust wood is somewhat lighter than white oak, but it is 34 percent +stiffer and 45 per cent stronger. These remarkable qualities added to +its durability in contact with the ground make it one of the most +desirable trees for forest planting. The wood has been used principally +for posts, ties, tree nails, etc. The locust when grown close together +usually grows to 8-12 inches in diameter. There are, however, specimens +that have grown in the open that are almost three feet in diameter. The +pioneers used it extensively for ornamental planting, and it has escaped +from such planting in all parts of the State. It propagates easily by +root shoots which is the principal mode of spreading, except where the +seed fall on exposed soil. + +[Illustration: Plate 109. + +ROBINIA PSEUDO-ACACIA Linnæus. Black Locust. (× 1/2.)] + +The locust has of recent years been extensively planted for post timber. +It is very easily propagated from seedlings and grows rapidly. It is +adapted to all kinds of soil, except a wet one. It prefers a well +drained soil and seems to grow as fast in a loose clay soil as in a +black loam. When used for forest planting the spacing should be from 5 × 5 +feet to 8 × 8 feet. The spacing should be governed by the quality of the +soil, and the amount of pruning that can be done. The locust has the +habit of having the terminal to end in a fork and having one or more +very large side branches. The best management requires that the very +large side branches be removed as soon as they are noted, and one part +of the terminal forks be cut off. + +The locust until recently gave great promise of being an important tree +for planting sterile, washed and eroded slopes, on which it usually +thrives and in many cases grows thriftily. However, reports from all +parts of the State show that locust groves wherever planted are being +killed by the locust body borer. The locust has also been attacked by +the twig borer, bag worm and the leaf miner. At present there are no +known economic means of controlling these destructive pests, and until +they can be controlled, the planting of locust for commercial purposes +will not prove profitable. + + + + +=SIMARUBÀCEAE.= The Quassia Family. + + +=AILÁNTHUS.= Tree of Heaven. + +=Ailanthus altíssima= (Miller) Swingle. Tree of Heaven. Stink Tree. +(_Ailanthus glandulosa_ Desfontaines). Plate 110. Medium sized trees +with dark gray bark, thin, rough or fissured on old trees; branchlets +very robust; twigs smooth; leaves compound and very large, especially on +coppice shoots, usually about 4-6 dm. long, odd-pinnate, arranged +spirally on the branchlets; leaflets 13-41, ovate-oblong, acuminate, +oblique at base, entire or with a few blunt teeth toward the base, +smooth or hairy when they unfold, becoming smooth at maturity, dark +green above, lighter beneath; flowers appear in June in large terminal +panicles, the staminate and pistillate on different trees; fruit +maturing in autumn, consists of many light brown, twisted and +broadly-winged samaras which are about 1 cm. wide and 4-5 cm. long. + +=Distribution.=--A native of China. Introduced and spreading in cities, +and into fields and woods in the southern part of the State. The most +notable occurrence is in Jefferson County on the wooded bluffs of the +Ohio River between Madison and Hanover. + +=Remarks.=--Where the sugar and black maple can not be used for shade +tree planting this tree should receive attention. It adapts itself to +all kinds of soils, and to all kinds of growing conditions such as +smoke, etc. The crown is of an oval or rounded type. It stands pruning +and injury to trunk or branches quite well. It is practically free from +all diseases and insect injury. The leaves appear late but they do not +fall until the first killing frost when they are killed, and frequently +practically all of the leaves will fall in one day. The staminate +flowers exhale a fetid odor for a few days which is about the only +objectionable feature in this tree. In order to obviate this objection, +nurserymen are now offering for sale pistillate trees which have been +grafted on common stock. + +[Illustration: Plate 110. + +AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA (Miller) Swingle. Ailanthus or Tree of Heaven. +(× 1/2.)] + + + + +=ACERÀCEAE.= The Maple Family. + + +=ÀCER.= The Maples. + +Trees with terete branches; scaly buds; long petioled, opposite leaves; +fruit consists of two long-winged samaras which are joined at their +base, separating at maturity. The sap of some of the species, when +concentrated, yields the maple sugar and sirup of commerce. + + Leaves trifoliate or pinnate 1 A. Negundo. + + Leaves simple. + + Winter buds blunt; flowers appear from lateral buds before + the leaves; fruit maturing in the spring or early summer. + + Leaves entirely glabrous beneath at maturity, 5-lobed; + the two sinuses between the three largest lobes + generally somewhat closed, formed as it were by + the arcs of two circles which meet to form the + sinus, and which if they were extended outward + would cross each other within a few dm. of the + sinus; fruit more or less pubescent at maturity 2 A. saccharinum. + + Leaves are never all entirely glabrous at maturity, + 3-5 lobed; the two largest sinuses are generally + angular with straight sides which if extended + outward would never cross; fruit smooth at maturity. + + Twigs smooth at maturity; leaves at maturity smooth + beneath except a few hairs in the axils of the + veins, or more rarely the entire lower surface + covered more or less with a short pubescence; + mature fruit generally 2-3.5 cm. long 3 A. rubrum. + + Twigs more or less pubescent at maturity; leaves + beneath covered with a dense tomentum which + remains until maturity or sometimes becoming + scanty; fruit about 4-5 cm. long var. Drummondii. + + Winter buds acute, sometimes somewhat blunt; flowers + appear from terminal buds after the leaves; fruit + maturing in the autumn. + + Leaves yellow green beneath; base of the petiole of + the terminal leaves enlarged at the base, smooth + or somewhat pubescent about the enlarged base. 4 A. nigrum. + + Leaves not yellow green beneath; base of the petiole + of the terminal leaves not enlarged, petioles smooth, + or if pubescent at the base the pubescence will be + more or less evident the entire length of the petiole. + + Petioles smooth; leaves 3-5 lobed, blade as long + or longer than wide, not densely pubescent + beneath at maturity. 5 A. saccharum. + + Petioles smooth; leaves 3-lobed, blades wider than + long. A. saccharum var. + Rugelii. + Petioles pubescent, rarely smooth; leaves 5-lobed, + rarely 3-lobed, the under surface densely + pubescent at maturity. A. saccharum var. + Schneckii. + +=1. Acer Negúndo= Linnæus. Box Elder. Plate 111. A medium-sized tree +with a short trunk and round head; bark of young trees smooth and gray, +becoming thick on old trees, light to dark brown and more or less +furrowed or rarely somewhat flaky; twigs smooth and greenish; leaves of +average size are 1.5-3 dm. long, generally with 3 leaflets on the +flowering branches, sometimes 5 or rarely with 7, on sterile branches or +on growing shoots 3-7, the petioles generally 1/3-1/2 the length of the +leaf and glabrous or nearly so at maturity; leaflets all on stalks more +or less pubescent, the lateral stalks short, the terminal ones much +longer, leaflets of varying size and shape, the margins usually varying +from lobed to serrate or entire, pinnately veined, smooth above at +maturity and remaining more or less pubescent beneath, especially along +the veins; flowers appear just before the leaves the last of April or +the first of May, the staminate and pistillate on separate trees; fruit +matures late in summer, the body of the samara green and more or less +pubescent. + +=Distribution.=--New England to Florida, west to Minnesota and south to +eastern Texas. In Indiana, it is found throughout the State in moist or +wet places along creeks and rivers, and infrequently on the highlands +along roadsides and fences. Its original distribution in the State can +only be conjectured. Judging from its tolerance to shade and its +habitat, and from the earliest reports of its occurrence in the State, +this species was quite rare in the northern part of the State, becoming +infrequent to frequent in its habitat in the southern part of the State. +Even today it is rather local in its distribution. I have never seen it +on the low mucky border of a lake. + +=Remarks.=--This species on account of its rapid growth was formerly +much used in our area as a shade tree. It is believed that most of the +trees now found along roadsides, fences, clearings and on the drier +banks of streams are from seed distributed by the wind from planted +trees. This species is now little used as a shade tree and is never +recommended because it sheds its leaves early, and is subject to injury +from disease and insects. + +[Illustration: Plate 111. + +ACER NEGUNDO Linnæus. Box Elder. (× 1/2.)] + +=1a. Acer Negundo= variety =violàceum= Kirchner. (_Rulac Nuttallii_ +Nieuwland). This variety is distinguished by its glaucous twigs and by +the body of the fruit being glabrous at maturity. In most instances when +the bloom is rubbed from the twigs they show a purple tinge, hence the +varietal name. + +=Distribution.=--I have this variety in Indiana from the following +counties: Brown, Cass, Elkhart, Franklin, Fulton, Hendricks, Henry, +Jennings, Lagrange, Martin, Posey, St. Joseph, Vermillion and Wayne. + +=2. Acer saccharìnum= Linnæus. Silver Maple. Soft Maple. White Maple. +Plate 112. Medium sized trees; bark of small trees smooth and gray, +becoming on old trees reddish-brown, and freely splitting into thin +scales; branchlets light to reddish-brown and generally turning upward +at their tips; leaves generally about 1 dm. long, generally somewhat +cordate at the base, sometimes truncate, deeply 3-lobed, each of the +lateral lobes with an additional lobe below, margins of all of the lobes +more or less irregular or even lobed, the two principal sinuses +generally show a tendency to close, leaves hairy beneath when young, +glabrous above and below at maturity and very glaucous beneath; flowers +appear in March or April in the axils of the leaves of the previous +year, the staminate and pistillate in separate clusters on the same or +different trees; fruit on pedicels 1.5-6 cm. long, maturing in the +spring or early summer, green, densely hairy while young and remaining +more or less hairy at maturity, 4-7 cm. long, wings 1-2 cm. wide. + +=Distribution.=--New Brunswick to Florida, west to South Dakota and +south to Texas. Locally frequent to very common in all parts of Indiana. +This species is always found in wet or moist places, and in the lower +Wabash bottoms in low overflow lands or in or about old sloughs it often +forms the principal stand. It is more frequently associated with black +willow, white elm, red birch, sycamore, etc. + +=Remarks.=--The silver maple has been used extensively for shade tree +planting. The branches are very brittle, and ice storms sometimes break +off so many branches that the tree may be badly injured. The shade trees +of this species are in many parts of the state being killed by scale +insects, and for this reason it should not be used. On account of its +rapid growth it has also been much used for windbreaks but this practice +should be discouraged and better species used. + +[Illustration: Plate 112. + +ACER SACCHARINUM Linnæus. Silver Maple. (× 1/2.)] + +=3. Acer rùbrum= Linnæus. Red Maple. Soft Maple. Swamp Maple. Plate 113. +Medium to large sized trees; bark of small trees smooth and gray, +becoming dark brown on old trees, somewhat furrowed and scaly; +branchlets smooth and reddish; twigs generally smooth but sometimes +hairy, becoming glabrous by autumn; leaves 5-12 cm. long, 3-5 lobed, +more or less cordate at the base, sometimes truncate or rounded, sinuses +acute, those of 3-lobed leaves generally wider angled than those of +5-lobed ones, the lobes more or less irregularly serrate or dentate, +hairy while young, glabrous above and more or less hairy beneath at +maturity, glaucous beneath; flowering period March or April; flowers red +or reddish, in the axils of the leaves of the previous year, the +staminate and pistillate in separate clusters on the same or different +trees; fruit maturing late in spring, on pedicels 3-8 cm. long, +generally red, sometimes green, glabrous at maturity, rarely somewhat +pubescent, 1.5-3.5 cm. long. + +=Distribution.=--Newfoundland to Florida, west to Minnesota and south to +Texas. It is found in all parts of Indiana. Its preferred habitat is +that of low ground about lakes, swamps, along streams and in the "flats" +in the southeast part of the State. Throughout its range in Indiana +where it is found in low ground, it is in places rich in organic matter, +except in the "flats" of the southern part of the State where it grows +in a hard clay soil with sweet gum, red birch, etc. In contrast the +silver maple is generally found growing in wet places with little +organic matter; especially is this true in the lower Wabash bottoms. The +red maple grows also on high ground. In the northern part of the State +it is only an occasional tree of gravelly ridges or on high ground about +lakes or along streams. In the southern part of the State it is a local +to a frequent tree in most parts of the "knob" area where it is +associated with white oak, black oak, black gum, etc. It is also an +occasional tree on the top of bluffs and cliffs. + +=Remarks.=--The red maple is not abundant enough in Indiana to be of any +economic importance. It grows rapidly and should replace the silver +maple for shade tree planting since its branches are not broken off as +easily by ice storms and it is more resistant to insect attack. + +=3a. Acer rubrum= variety =Drummóndii= (Hooker and Arnott) Torrey and +Gray. This variety of the red maple is a form found in the dense swamps +of the lower Wabash Valley. It is distinguished from the type by its +twigs which generally remain more or less hairy until maturity; by the +under surface of the leaves remaining more or less tomentose during the +summer, and by its larger fruit. This variety is known with certainty +only from Little Cypress Swamp in Knox County about 12 miles southwest +of Decker. Here it is a frequent to a common tree associated with +cypress, swell-butt ash, button-bush, sweet gum, etc. All of the trees +of this locality have 5-lobed leaves. + +[Illustration: Plate 113. + +ACER RUBRUM Linnæus. Red Maple. (× 1/2.)] + +A specimen collected in the "bottoms" about two miles east of +Huntingburg in Dubois County has 3-lobed leaves which are tomentose +beneath at fruiting time and has fruit intermediate in size between the +type and variety _Drummondii_ which I doubtfully refer to variety +tridens Wood. + +=4. Acer nìgrum= F. A. Michaux. Black Maple. Black Sugar. Plate 114. +Medium to large sized trees with dark furrowed bark on old trees; leaves +a little wider than long, 6-15 cm. long, on petioles usually 3-15 cm. +long which are more or less swollen at the base and by maturity develop +a scale like appendage on each side of the petiole at the +base--especially on each of the terminal pair of leaves, sometimes with +foliar stipules which are 2-3 cm. long on stalks of equal length, leaves +with three main lobes, the two lower lobes generally have a small lobe +at their base, margins of lobes entire and undulating, sinuses between +main lobes generally rounded at the base, wide and shallow, base with a +narrow sinus, the lower lobes often overlapping, rarely somewhat +dentate, dark green above and a paler yellow green below, hairy on both +surfaces when young, becoming at maturity glabrous above and remaining +more or less pubescent beneath; flowers appear in May when the leaves +are about half grown on long hairy pedicels, the staminate and +pistillate in separate clusters on the same or different trees; fruit +matures in autumn, the samaras about 3 cm. long. + +=Distribution.=--Quebec to Georgia, west to South Dakota and south to +Louisiana. Found in all parts of Indiana and invariably associated with +sugar maple, and often with beech in addition. Frequently almost pure +stands of sugar maple may be found with the black maple absent. Where +found it is usually a frequent to common tree, and when it occurs on a +wooded slope it is more frequent near the base and appears to be able to +advance farther into moist situations than its congener. + +=Remarks.=--This tree cannot be distinguished from the sugar maple by +its form, but at short range can be separated from it by its richer +green foliage and by the drooping habit of the lower lobes of the +leaves. It is commonly separated from the sugar maple by the darker +color and by the narrower and shallower furrows of the bark, but these +characters will not always separate the two species. Hence, when buying +black maple trees from a nurseryman you may receive the sugar maple. +Those who distinguish the two species agree that the black maple is the +more desirable tree for shade tree planting. The black and sugar maple +are the two most desirable trees for shade tree planting in Indiana. +They are long lived, have a very desirable form, beautiful foliage, a +long leaf period, and are quite free from disease and insect injury. + +[Illustration: Plate 114. + +ACER NIGRUM. F. A. Michaux. Black Maple. (× 1/2.)] + +=5. Acer sáccharum= Marshall. Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Hard Maple. Rock +Maple. Plate 115. Usually large, tall trees. The bark of small trees is +smooth or rough, becoming fissured on old trees, tight or on very old +trees sometimes the ridges loosen on one edge and turn outward. The +leaves are extremely variable on different trees, and frequently show a +wide variation on the same tree, as to form and in the presence or +absence of hairs on the petioles and on the under surface of the leaves. +In our area all of the forms which have the majority of the leaves +longer than wide or about as wide as long, may be considered as falling +within the type. The average sized leaves are 6-12 cm. long, 3-5 lobed, +more or less cordate at the base, generally with a broad sinus, +sometimes truncate or slightly wedge-shape, sinuses generally +wide-angled and rounded at the base, sometimes acute, hairy beneath when +young, becoming smooth at maturity except for a few hairs along the +veins or in the main axils of the veins, or sometimes remaining more or +less pubescent over the whole under surface, more or less glaucous +beneath; flowers appear in April or May, on hairy pedicels 3-7 cm. long, +the staminate and pistillate in clusters on the same or different trees; +fruit ripening in autumn, samaras glabrous and usually 2-4 cm. long. + +=Distribution.=--Newfoundland to Georgia, west to Manitoba and south to +Texas. A frequent to a very common tree in all parts of Indiana. It is +confined to rich uplands, or along streams in well drained alluvial +soil. Throughout our area it is constantly associated with the beech. It +is absent in the "flats" of the southeastern part of the State, and on +the crest of the ridges of the "knob" area of Indiana, but it is a +frequent or common tree on the lower slopes of the spurs of the "knobs." + +=Remarks.=--The under surface of the leaves of the sugar maple in the +northern part of its range are green, while those of the southern part +of its range are quite glaucous beneath. To distinguish these two +intergrading forms the southern form has been called =Acer saccharum= +var. =glaucum= Sargent[61]. All of the trees seen in Indiana have leaves +more or less glaucous beneath. This character, however, is not always +evident in dried specimens. The writer prefers not to apply the varietal +name to the forms of our area. The sugar maple always has been and will +continue to be one of the most important trees of the State. In its mass +distribution in Indiana it ranks not less than third. In the quality and +uses of its wood it is equalled or exceeded only by the oak, ash and +hickory. When compared with white oak it is a little lighter but thirty +per cent stronger and fifty-three per cent stiffer. The greatest amount +of the annual cut of maple is worked into flooring which is shipped to +all parts of the world. It is much used in the manufacture of furniture +and ranks third in use for veneer and hard wood distillation, and as a +fuel wood is excelled only by hickory. Since pioneer times, the sap of +this tree has been made into sirup and sugar and their manufacture now +forms a valuable industry. On an average it takes 3 to 4 gallons of sap +to make a pound of sugar, and an average sized tree will annually yield +about 3 to 4 pounds of sugar. + +[Illustration: Plate 115. + +ACER SACCHARUM Marshall. Sugar Maple. (× 1/2.)] + +The sugar maple on account of its slow growth has not been used much in +reforestation. It is very tolerant of shade, can adapt itself to almost +all kinds of soils, thrives either in a pure or mixed stand, and is +practically free from injury of insects and diseases. It has, however, +been extensively used as a shade tree. For this purpose it is scarcely +excelled by any other tree. When grown in the open it almost invariably +assumes a symmetrical oval form, and the autumnal coloration of its +foliage is rarely surpassed by any of our trees. Where a large tree is +desired for street or ornamental planting the sugar maple can safely be +recommended. + +=5a. Acer saccharum= variety =Rugélii= (Pax) Rehder. This variety of the +sugar maple has leaves much wider than long, smaller and 3-lobed. The +lobes are long acuminate and usually entire, sometimes the lower lobe +has a small lobe near the base. This variety is included in our flora on +the authority of C. S. Sargent who has given this name to specimens from +Indiana in the writer's herbarium. The specimens so named are from the +southern part of the State. While there is a wide range of difference in +the shape of the leaves of the typical 5-lobed _Acer saccharum_ and its +variety _Rugelii_, all intermediate forms can be easily found. The +leaves of a tree will vary most on those trees whose average shaped +leaves are farthest from the typical form. + +=5b. Acer saccharum= variety =Schnéckii= Rehder. This variety in its +extreme form is well marked by having the petioles and under surface of +the leaves densely covered with hairs. The variety is characterized by +having a "fulvous pubescence," but the 18 specimens at hand show the +color of the pubescence on both young and mature specimens to range from +white to fulvous. The leaves of all specimens at hand are 5-lobed and +show a variation of leaves with petioles and under surface of leaves +densely pubescent to those with petioles glabrous and with densely +pubescent under surface. The habitat is that of a dry soil and +associated with beech. It has been found in Gibson, Martin, Perry, Posey +and Vanderburgh counties. + + + + +=AESCULÀCEAE.= The Buckeye Family. + + +=AÉSCULUS.= The Buckeyes. + +Trees with dark or ashy-gray colored bark; twigs stout; buds large, +leaves opposite, palmately divided into 5-9 ovate or oblong divisions, +the divisions serrate; flowers in terminal panicles; fruit a 3-lobed +capsule. The fruit is poisonous to stock, although it rarely proves +fatal. + + Anthers protruding from the flower; fruit warty 1 A. glabra. + + Anthers included in the flower; fruit smooth 2 A. octandra. + +=1. Æsculus glàbra= Willdenow. Buckeye. Plate 116. Medium to large sized +trees[62]; bark of old trees fissured, not tight; branchlets robust; +twigs at first more or less pubescent, remaining more or less hairy +until maturity; leaves large, 5-foliate, rarely 6 or 7 foliate, petioles +more or less pubescent; leaflets sessile or on very short stalks, +ovate-oblong, oval-oblong, or obovate, about 1 dm. long, acuminate, +narrowed to a wedge-shaped base, more or less pubescent beneath until +maturity, especially along the principal veins, margins irregularly +serrate except near the base; flowers generally appear in May when the +leaves are almost full size, but in the southern part of the State the +flowers sometimes appear the last of March, flower clusters 1-1.5 dm. +long, the whole inflorescence usually densely covered with white hairs, +flowers pale-greenish yellow; fruit a globular spiny capsule, generally +3-6 cm. in diameter, which usually contains 1-3 large glossy +chocolate-colored nuts. + +The pubescence on the petioles, leaflets and inflorescence is generally +white, but often with it are reddish and longer hairs which are +scattered among the other hairs, except in the articulations of the +flowers, pedicels and leaflets, where they appear in tufts. + +=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania south to Alabama, west to Iowa and south +to the Indian Territory. Found in all parts of Indiana. It is usually +associated with beech, sugar maple and linn. On account of the poisonous +character of its fruit, land owners have almost exterminated it. + +From the data at hand it appears that the buckeye was a rare tree in the +northern tier of counties. However, as soon as the basin of the Wabash +is reached it becomes a frequent to a common tree where beech, sugar +maple, and linn are found. In all of our area it prefers a rich moist +soil, except in the southern counties it may be found even on the bluffs +of streams with the species just named. In the lower Wabash Valley +especially in Posey County it was a rare tree, or entirely absent. + +[Illustration: Plate 116. + +AESCULUS GLABRA Willdenow. Buckeye. (× 1/2.)] + +=Remarks.=--In our area the buckeye is the very first tree to put out +its leaves. On this account in early Spring it can be easily +distinguished in the forest. This character together with its large +clusters of flowers which appear early are features which recommend it +for shade tree and ornamental planting. The tree has now become so rare +in Indiana as to have no economic importance. + +=2. Æsculus octándra= Marshall. Buckeye. Sweet Buckeye. Plate 117. +Medium to large sized trees with smooth bark which on old trees becomes +more or less scaly. This tree closely resembles the preceding from which +it can be easily distinguished by the following characters. Its smoother +and lighter colored bark; by the entire under surface of the leaves +remaining permanently pubescent; the hairs more or less fulvous; by the +included anthers; and by its smooth capsule. + +=Distribution.=--Western Pennsylvania, westward along the Ohio to Iowa, +south to Georgia and west to Louisiana and Texas. In Indiana it is +confined to a few counties along the Ohio River. The records of McCaslin +for Jay and Phinney for Delaware counties are doubtless errors in +determination. The writer has diligently tried to extend the range of +this species in Indiana and has found it only in Dearborn, Jefferson, +Clark and Crawford Counties, and in no place more than a mile from the +Ohio River. No doubt under favorable situations it found its way to a +greater distance from the River. On account of the poisonous character +of its fruit, it has been almost exterminated, and only along the +precipitous bluffs of the Ohio River are trees yet to be found. +Doubtless its exact range in our area can never be determined. Dr. +Drake[63] minutely described this species and remarks: "This species +delights in rich hills, and is seldom seen far from the Ohio River. It +frequently arrives at the height of 100 feet and the diameter of four +feet." + +=Remarks.=--The wood is soft, white and resembles the sap wood of the +tulip tree for which wood it is commonly sold. Too rare in Indiana to be +of economic importance. Young[64] reported a purple flowered form of +buckeye from Jefferson County, but since no specimen was preserved and +the size of the plant is not given, it will not be considered here. The +form was reported as rare under the name of =Æsculus flava= var. +=purpurascens=. + +[Illustration: Plate 117. + +AESCULUS OCTANDRA Marshall. Sweet Buckeye. (× 1/2.)] + + + + +TILIÀCEAE. The Linden Family. + + +TÍLIA. The Basswoods. + +Trees with medium sized twigs; leaves alternate, mostly taper-pointed, +oblique cordate or truncate at the base, serrate; flowers in axillary or +terminal cymes, white or yellow, fragrant, peduncles of the cymes with a +leaf-like bract adhering to about half their length; fruit nut-like, +woody, 1-celled. + + Leaves smooth or nearly so beneath 1 T. glabra. + + Leaves densely white or gray pubescent beneath 2 T. heterophylla. + + +=1. Tilia glàbra= Ventenat (_Tilia americana_ Linnæus of authors). Linn. +Basswood. Plate 118. Medium to large sized trees with deeply furrowed +bark, much resembling that of white ash or black walnut; twigs when +chewed somewhat mucilaginous, usually somewhat zigzag; leaves on +petioles 2-6 cm. long, blades ovate to nearly orbicular, 5-15 cm. long, +short or long acuminate at the apex, margins more or less coarsely or +finely serrate with teeth attenuate and ending in a gland, dark green +and smooth above, a lighter green and generally smooth beneath at +maturity except tufts of hairs in the axils of the principal veins, or +sometimes with a scanty pubescence of simple or stellate hairs beneath; +flowers appear in June or July, when the leaves are almost mature; +bracts of the peduncles very variable, generally about 8-10 cm. long, +rounded, or tapering at the base, obtuse or rounded at the apex, smooth +both above and beneath at maturity; peduncles from very short up to 6 +cm. in length; pedicels of flowers variable in length on the same and on +different trees, generally about one cm. long; styles pubescent near the +base on all of the specimens at hand; fruit woolly, globose or somewhat +ellipsoidal, generally about 6 mm. in diameter. + +=Distribution.=--New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Georgia and west to +Texas. More or less frequent to common in rich moist soil in all parts +of Indiana. It is the most frequent and common in the lake area of the +State but was almost as frequent and common throughout the central part +of the State until the hilly area is reached where its habitat +disappears for the greater part. In the hill area it is confined to the +basins of streams, although sometimes found on the high rocky bluffs of +streams. Rare or absent in the flats. In most of its area it is +associated with white ash, slippery elm, beech, maple, shellbark +hickory, etc. + +=Remarks.=--Wood soft, light, straight and close-grained, white and +seasons well. On account of its softness and lightness it has always +been a favorite wood where these two factors were important +considerations. Is practically odorless, hence, is a desirable wood to +contain food products. Its principal uses are lumber, heading, excelsior +and veneer. The supply of this species in Indiana is now practically +exhausted. + +[Illustration: Plate 118. + +TILIA GLABRA Ventenat. Linn or Basswood. (× 1/2.)] + +In Indiana this species is commonly called linn, and only in a few +counties near the Michigan line is it known as basswood. The name +basswood is a corruption of the name bastwood, meaning the inner tough +and fibrous part of the bark, which was used by pioneers for tying +shocks of corn, and other cordage purposes. However, Dr. Schneck gives +the name whittle-wood as one of its common names; and in some localities +it is called bee tree, because bees find its flowers rich in honey. + +Linn is adapted to a rich moist soil, transplants fairly well, and grows +rapidly. It has been used to some extent as an ornamental and shade +tree, but its use as a street shade tree is no longer recommended +because it is not adapted to city conditions, and is killed by the +scale. It could, however, be recommended as an integral part of a +windbreak, or woodlot where the land owner has an apiary. + +=2. Tilia heterophylla= Ventenat. Linn. White Basswood. Plate 119. +Usually large trees; bark similar to the preceding but lighter in color; +twigs similar to the preceding species; leaves on petioles 2-8 cm. long, +blades ovate to nearly orbicular, generally 7-15 cm. long, generally +oblique at the base, oblique-truncate or cordate at the base, abruptly +short or long acuminate at the apex, margins serrate with teeth +attenuate and ending in a gland, at maturity smooth and a dark +yellow-green above, the under surface generally densely covered with a +silvery or gray tomentum, however, on some specimens the pubescence is +thin and appears as a stellate pubescence, the tufts of hairs in the +principal axils of the veins are reddish brown, in addition to the +pubescence reddish glands are often found on the veins beneath; flowers +appear in June or July when the leaves are almost mature; bracts very +variable. 4-15 cm. long, generally on short peduncles, rounded or +wedge-shape at the base, generally rounded at the apex, sometimes merely +obtuse, glabrous both above and below, or more or less densely pubescent +beneath and generally sparingly pubescent above; pedicels of flowers +variable in length, usually about 1 cm. long; styles of flowers +pubescent at the base; fruit globose or somewhat ellipsoidal generally +6-8 mm. in diameter. + +=Distribution.=--This species as understood by Sargent ranges from West +Virginia to Indiana and south to Florida and west to Alabama. In Indiana +it is confined to counties near the Ohio River. Specimens are in the +writer's herbarium from Dearborn, Ripley, Switzerland, Jefferson, Clark, +Harrison, Crawford, Perry, southeastern Dubois and east Spencer +Counties. Practically in all of its range in Indiana it is found on the +tops of high bluffs along streams or on the slopes of deep ravines. It +is an infrequent to a common tree where found. In general in the +counties just mentioned it supplants the other species of _Tilia_. It +was reported from Wayne County by Phinney, and Schneck says a single +tree was found near the mouth of White River. The last named tree may be +_Tilia neglecta_ which is said to be found just west in Illinois. + +[Illustration: Plate 119. + +TILIA HETEROPHYLLA Ventenat. White Basswood. (× 1/2.)] + +=Remarks.=--Wood and uses similar to that of the preceding species. In +Indiana the species are not commercially separated. + +A satisfactory division of the species of _Tilia_ of the United States +has long been a puzzle. C. S. Sargent[65] has recently published his +studies of the species and credits Indiana with two species and one +variety. His range of _Tilia neglecta_ might include a part of Indiana, +and it may be that the pubescent forms of _Tilia glabra_ in our area +should be referred to that species. Specimens No. 28043 and 28047 in the +writer's herbarium collected from trees on the high bluff of Graham +Creek in Jennings County, Sargent refers to =Tilia heterophylla= variety +=Michauxii= Sargent. While Sargent's key to _Tilia_ quite distinctly +separates the species and varieties, yet when specimens are collected +from an area where the species overlap and seem to intergrade, the task +of referring a specimen to the proper species or variety is not an easy +one. In fact the writer acknowledges his inability to satisfactorily +classify our forms of _Tilia_, and the present arrangement should be +accepted as provisional. + + + + +CORNÀCEAE. The Dogwood Family. + + +Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, opposite or whorled; fruit +mostly a drupe, 1 or 2 seeded. + + Leaves alternate; flowers of two kinds, the staminate in + heads, 5-parted; stigmas lateral. 1 Nyssa. + + Leaves opposite; flowers perfect, 4-parted; stigmas + terminal. 2 Cornus. + + +=1. NYSSA.= The Tupelos. + +=Nyssa sylvática= Marshall. Gum. Black Gum. Sour Gum. Yellow Gum. +Pepperidge. Plate 120. Medium to large sized trees; bark on old trees +deeply and irregularly furrowed, the ridges broken up into small +lengths; twigs at first pubescent, becoming glabrous; leaves +oval-obovate or oblong, blades 5-12 cm. long on petioles 0.5-2 cm. long, +rather abruptly acuminate at apex, narrowed at the base, sometimes +rounded, margins entire, petioles and both surfaces pubescent when they +unfold, becoming glabrous above and glabrous or nearly so beneath at +maturity; flowers appear in May or June, the staminate in clusters, +numerous, small greenish-white, the pistillate 2-8 or solitary; fruit +ripens in autumn, a fleshy drupe, 1-3 of a cluster ripening on a pedicel +2-6 cm. long, ovoid, usually 10-12 mm. long, blue-black, sour and +astringent; stone generally cylindric and tapering at each end and with +10-12 indistinct ribs. + +[Illustration: Plate 120. + +NYSSA SYLVATICA Marshall. Black Gum. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario, southern Michigan, +southeastern Wisconsin[66] to Missouri and south to the Gulf. Found +throughout Indiana and no doubt was a native of practically every +county. It is an infrequent to a very rare tree in the northern half of +the State, becoming a common tree in certain parts of the southern +counties. In the northern part of the State it is usually found on dry +ground associated with the oaks, although it is also found with sugar +maple and beech. + +=Remarks.=--Wood heavy, soft, very difficult to split. Woodsmen always +speak of two kinds of black gum. There is one form which splits easily +which is designated as "yellow gum." This distinction has not been +substantiated. The uses of gum are many. The quality of not splitting +makes many uses for it. The greater amount of gum is used as rough +stuff. In the manufactures it is used for mine rollers, heading, boxes, +hatter's blocks, water pipes, firearms, wooden ware, musical +instruments, etc. + +The distinctive habit of growth of the black gum together with the +gorgeous coloring of the autumnal foliage recommend this species for +ornamental planting. It has an upright habit of growth, although the +trunk is more or less crooked. The crown when grown in the open is +usually pyramidal, composed of horizontal crooked branches. + + +=2. CÒRNUS.= Dogwood. + +=Cornus flórida= Linnæus. Dogwood. Flowering Dogwood. Plate 121. Usually +a small tree[67] 1-2 dm. in diameter; bark deeply fissured, the ridges +divided into short oblong, pieces; branchlets slender, in winter +condition turning up at the tips; twigs green and smooth or nearly so +from the first; leaves oval or slightly obovate, blades generally 5-12 +cm. long on petioles about 1 cm. long, generally abruptly taper-pointed +at apex, gradually narrowed and generally oblique at the base, margins +thickened and entire, or very slightly crenulate, appressed pubescent +both above and beneath, light green above and a grayish-green beneath; +flowering heads surrounded by an involucre of 4 large white or pinkish +bracts; the mature bracts are obovate, 2-4 cm. long, notched at the +apex, appear before the leaves in April or May; flowers are in a head, +numerous, small and greenish, opening usually about the middle of May as +the leaves appear or even when the leaves are one-third grown; fruit +ripens in September or October, an ovoid red drupe about 1 cm. long, +usually about 3-5 flowers of a head mature fruit; stone elliptic and +pointed at each end. + +[Illustration: Plate 121. + +CORNUS FLORIDA Linnæus. Dogwood. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Southern Maine, southern Ontario, southern Michigan, to +Missouri and south to Florida and west to Texas. Found in all parts of +Indiana. Frequent to very common in all beech-sugar maple woods of the +State. It is very rare or absent in the prairie area of the northwest +part of the State, although it has been found in upland woods in all of +the counties bordering Lake Michigan. It is also a frequent or more +common tree in most parts of the State associated with white oak, or in +the southern part of the State with black and white oak. It prefers a +dry habitat, and is rarely found in wet situations. + +=Remarks.=--Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained and takes a high +polish. The Indians made a scarlet dye from the roots. It was used much +by the pioneers for wedges, mallets and handles for tools. The trees are +so small that they do not produce much wood. The present supply is used +principally for shuttles, golfheads, brush blocks, engraver's blocks, +etc. + +The mature fruit is much relished by squirrels and birds. + +The tree is quite conspicuous in the flowering season, and when the +fruit is maturing. These features recommend it for ornamental planting, +and it is used to some extent. The tree has a flat crown, and is quite +shade enduring. It is very difficult to transplant, and when the tree is +transplanted, if possible, some earth taken from under a live dogwood +tree, should be used to fill in the hole where it is planted. + + +=ERICÀCEAE.= The Heath Family. + +=Oxydéndrum arbòreum= (Linnæus) DeCandolle. Sour Wood. Sorrel Tree. +Plate 122. Small trees with a gray and deeply fissured bark, much +resembling that of a young sweet gum tree; twigs and branchlets greenish +and smooth; leaves alternate, on petioles about a cm. long, oblong-oval, +generally 10-15 cm. long, narrowed at the base, acute or acuminate at +the apex, margins entire toward the base or sometimes all over, usually +about three-fourths is irregularly serrate with very short incurved +teeth, glabrous above and beneath except a puberulence on the midrib and +sometimes on the petiole to which an occasional prickle is added +beneath; flowers appear in June when the leaves are full grown, in large +panicles at the end of the year's growth, white, the whole inflorescence +covered with a short gray pubescence; fruit a capsule about 0.5 cm. long +on an erect and recurved pedicel of about the same length, maturing in +autumn. + +[Illustration: Plate 122. + +OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM (Linnæus) DeCandolle. Sour Wood. Sorrel Tree. +(× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--A tree of the elevated regions of the area from +southeastern Pennsylvania to Florida and west to southern Indiana and +south to Louisiana. In Indiana it is definitely known to occur only in +Perry County at the base of a beech spur of the Van Buren Ridge about 7 +miles southeast of Cannelton. Here it is a common tree over an area of +an acre or two. The largest tree measured was about 1.5 dm. in diameter +and 12 meters high. Here it is associated with beech, sugar maple, +dogwood, sassafras, etc. When coppiced it grows long slender shoots +which the boys of the pioneers used for arrows. A pioneer who lived near +this colony of trees is the author of this use of the wood and he called +the tree "arrow wood." + + + + +=EBENÀCEAE.= The Ebony Family. + + +=Diospyros virginiàna= Linnæus. Persimmon. Plate 123. Small or medium +sized trees with deeply and irregularly fissured bark, the ridges broken +up into short lengths; twigs pubescent; leaves alternate, oval, +oblong-oval or ovate, generally 8-15 cm. long and 3-7 cm. wide, +narrowed, rounded or cordate at the base, short pointed at the apex, +margin entire but ciliate, slightly pubescent above when young, becoming +glabrous on age, more or less pubescent beneath, sometimes glabrous +except the midrib and margin; flowers appear in May or June on the +year's growth when the leaves are about half grown, greenish yellow, the +staminate on one tree and the pistillate on another; fruit ripens in +August, September or October, depressed-globose or oblong in shape, 2-3 +cm. in diameter, generally with 1-4 very hard flat seed. + +=Distribution.=--Connecticut to Iowa and south to the Gulf. In Indiana +it is confined to the south half of the State. We have no record of wild +trees being found north of Indianapolis, except Prof. Stanley Coulter +reports three trees growing in Tippecanoe County in situations such as +to indicate that they are native. It is doubtful if it was ever more +than a frequent tree in the original forest. In some of the hill +counties of the south central part of the State, it has become a common +tree in clearings and abandoned fields. It grows long surface roots from +which numerous suckers grow which form the "persimmon thickets." It +seems to thrive in the poorest and hardest of soils. However, it reaches +its greatest size in the alluvial bottoms of the Lower Wabash Valley. +Here large and tall trees have been observed on the low border of +sloughs, associated with such water-loving plants as water-locust, +button-bush, swell-butt ash, etc. It thrives equally well on the high +sandy ridges of Knox and Sullivan Counties. + +[Illustration: Plate 123. + +DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA Linnæus. Persimmon. (× 1/2.)] + +=Remarks.=--The fruit is edible and the horticultural possibilities of +this tree have never received the attention they deserve. The opinion is +current that the fruit does not ripen and is not edible until it is +subjected to a frost. This is an error. The best and largest fruit I +have ever eaten ripened without a frost. A large native tree on the +Forest Reserve in Clark County ripens its fruit in August, which is of +an excellent quality and usually has only one, and rarely more than +three seeds. The fruit of this tree is of the oblong type. The fruit +varies much in size, time of ripening and quality. Some is scarcely +edible. Some of the native trees bear fruit when they are not over eight +feet tall, some are usually prolific bearers while others bear +sparingly. For this reason if one wishes to grow persimmon trees it is +best to buy grafted trees from some reliable nurseryman. The tree is +hardy throughout Indiana and while it is a very slow growing tree, it +can nevertheless be recommended for ornamental and roadside tree +planting. It is to be noted that cattle will not browse persimmon, and +that hogs greedily eat the ripe fruit. The fruit of many trees does not +fall until early winter, and such trees are a granary for several kind +of animals of the forest. + +The wood is hard, heavy, strong and close-grained. Practically the whole +output of persimmon lumber is used in making shuttles. In Indiana the +tree is too rare to furnish much lumber. + + + + +=OLEÀCEAE.= The Olive Family. + + + Leaves compound; fruit dry, a samara. 1 Fraxinus. + + Leaves simple; fruit fleshy, a drupe. 2 Adelia. + + +=1. FRÁXINUS.= The Ashes. + +Trees with opposite, odd-pinnate leaves; flowers appear in April or May +in clusters from the axils of last year's leaves, the staminate and +pistillate on different or sometimes on the same tree; fruit a 1-seeded +samara. + + Bark of mature trees furrowed; fruit not winged to the base. + + Body of fruit robust, round and rather abruptly passing + into the wing; the body rarely winged 1/3 its length. + + Shoots and axis of leaves smooth. 1 F. americana. + + Shoots and axis of leaves velvety pubescent, at least + when young. 2 F. biltmoreana. + + Body of fruit flattened and gradually passing into the + wing; the body usually winged more than 1/3 its length. + + Shoots glabrous, or practically so. 3 F. lanceolata. + + Shoots velvety pubescent, at least when young. + + Calyx of fruit less than 3 mm. long; body of + samara just below the wing less than 3 mm. + wide, rarely 4 mm. wide, usually 1.5-2.5 + mm. wide; samaras 3-4.5 cm. long. 4 F. pennsylvanica. + + Calyx of fruit more than 3 mm. long, generally + 4-5 mm. long; body of samara just below the + wing more than 3 mm. wide, usually 4-5 mm. + wide; samaras generally 4-6 cm. long. 5 F. profunda. + + Bark of mature trees scaly or flaky; fruit winged to the base. + + Twigs usually 4 angled; leaflets on very short + stalks. 6 F. quadrangulata. + + Twigs round; leaflets sessile. 7 F. nigra. + +=1. Fraxinus americàna= Linnæus. White Ash. Gray Ash. Plate 124. Large +trees with deeply furrowed bark; twigs smooth, greenish gray and often +covered with a bloom; leaves generally 2-3.5 dm. long, rachis smooth; +leaflets 5-9, usually 7, generally 5-14 cm. long, on stalks generally +0.3-1 cm. long, the terminal one on a stalk 2-4 times as long, leaflets +ovate to narrow-oblong, narrowed, rounded or oblique at base, short or +long acuminate at apex, sometimes merely acute, margins entire or +irregularly serrate, usually not serrated to the base, teeth short, dark +green and smooth above, glaucous beneath, sometimes almost green beneath +about Lake Michigan and in the northern tier of counties, usually +pubescent beneath along the midrib and along the veins, sometimes +glabrous; calyx persistent on the fruit, about 1 mm. long; fruit ripens +in September and October, linear, 3-4.5 cm. long, variable in size and +shape, body of samara cylindrical, somewhat narrower than the wing and +usually 1/3-1/4 the length of the samara, each face of the body usually +striated longitudinally with about 8 faint lines; wing terminal, +generally about 0.5 cm. wide, pointed or notched at apex. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to Minnesota and south to the Gulf. +Frequent to common in all parts of Indiana. It is the most abundant in +the northern two-thirds of the State, where it is associated principally +with beech, sugar maple, linn, slippery elm and red oak. In the hilly +part of the State it is found principally near water courses and in +ravines, and rarely on the white and black oak ridges. It is rarely +found in the low "flats" of the southeast part of the State, or in the +shingle oak bottoms along the Patoka River. + +=Remarks.=--The foliage of the white ash is quite variable in the +texture of the leaflets. Leaflets on some trees are quite thin while +those of other trees are thick and leathery, and no doubt would be +classed by Sargent as variety =subcoriacea=[68]. + +[Illustration: Plate 124. + +FRAXINUS AMERICANA Linnæus. White Ash. (× 1/2.)] + +A form of white ash with reddish-purple fruit is found from Steuben to +Clark County. This form is the prevailing type of white ash in Wayne +County in the vicinity of Centerville. It has been described by Fernald +as forma =iodocarpa=.[69] + +The wood is heavy, hard, strong, elastic, sap wood white and the heart +wood light brown. It is one of the most valuable of Indiana woods, and +is used by almost all wood using industries. Its principal uses include +handles, butter tubs, car and vehicle stock, automobiles and implements. + +The white ash has been under cultivation at the Clark County State +Forest for fifteen years, and the present indications are that it is one +of the very best species to use for forest planting. It is hardy; grows +in nearly all kinds of soil, although it prefers a moist, rich soil; +transplants successfully; grows rapidly; bears pruning well; erect in +habit of growth, and so far in our area forest plantings have not been +destroyed by injurious insects. However, in some parts of the State, +where trees have grown in the cities, some have been killed by scale +insects. Aside from this the white ash would be an excellent tree for +roadside planting, because it comes into leaf late, and never produces a +dense shade. + +At present seed collectors are not able to separate the species of ash, +and as a consequence white ash seedlings bought from a nursery are not +always true to name. For this reason it is suggested that to obtain +seedlings true to name that seed be collected and planted from a tree +true to name. The seed should be planted in a sandy soil in rows, about +25 seeds to the foot, and covered about an inch deep with earth. The +trees should be planted 4 × 4 ft. to 8 × 8 ft. apart. + +=2. Fraxinus biltmoreàna= Beadle. Biltmore Ash. Plate 125. Large forest +trees, resembling the white ash. Young trees acquire the furrowed bark +character earlier than the white ash, furrows of the bark of mature +trees are usually deeper, and the ridges correspondingly farther apart; +twigs are robust like the white ash and always velvety pubescent except +in age when they may become smooth; leaves generally 2-3.5 dm. long, +rachis pubescent; leaflets 5-11, usually 7-9, generally 5-14 cm. long, +on stalks generally 0.3-1 cm. long, the terminal one on a stalk 2-4 +times as long, leaflets broadly ovate to narrow ovate, or oblong to +narrow oblong, narrowed, rounded, or oblique at the base, short or long +acuminate at apex, sometimes merely acute, margins generally entire, +sometimes with a few short teeth toward the apex, dark green and smooth +above, glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath; fruit similar to the +preceding species. + +[Illustration: Plate 125. + +FRAXINUS BILTMOREANA Beadle. Biltmore Ash. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--This species has only recently been separated from the +white ash and its range has not been ascertained. It is known to occur +in the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. In Indiana it +is known to occur as far north as Wells County. It is commonly +associated with the white ash, but much less frequent except in a few +districts where it is the prevailing type. Such a district is in Gibson +County north of Owensville. Here as well as in other parts of Gibson +County very large trees have been observed. In the original forest the +pioneers called the very large specimens of ash with deeply furrowed +bark "the old fashion" ash. It is believed that most of these specimens +were of this species. In the hilly parts of Indiana this species is +found in situations too dry for the white ash, and for this reason +should be given preference in hillside planting. + +On the wooded bluff of White River in Fairview Park north of +Indianapolis is a specimen that measures 31 dm. in circumference, b.h. +The deepest furrows on the north side of the tree are 6 cm. deep. + +=Remarks.=--This species is not yet commonly separated from the white +ash and is known to the trade as white ash. Mr. Beadle who first +recognized the species, named it Biltmore ash in honor of the Biltmore +Estate on which the first tree was discovered. Authors ever since have +so called it, and the common name which this form should bear is +Biltmore ash. + +On the Clark County State Forest is a planting of sixteen year old white +ash in which are mixed quite a number of Biltmore ash. This species at a +distance, can be distinguished from the white ash by the rougher bark of +the trunks and the darker green color of its foliage, and in the autumn +by its more colored foliage. A closer view shows that the leaflets of +the Biltmore ash stand in a plane above the rachis higher than those of +the white ash. + +The wood is not commercially distinguished from the white ash, but its +mechanical properties rank it somewhat below that species.[70] + +[Illustration: Plate 126. + +FRAXINUS LANCEOLATA Borkhausen. Green Ash. (× 1/2.)] + +=3. Fraxinus lanceolàta= Borckhausen. White Ash. Green Ash. Swamp Ash. +Plate 126. Medium to large sized trees with fissured bark, the ridges +and furrows narrower than those of the white ash; twigs slender and +glabrous at maturity; leaves generally 2-3 dm. long, rachis smooth, +rarely slightly pubescent; leaflets 5-9, usually 7, generally 5-15 cm. +long, on stalks generally about 0.5 cm. or less in length, the terminal +one on a stalk 2-4 times as long, leaflets generally narrow-oblong or +ovate to narrow ovate-oblong, generally with a narrowed base, sometimes +rounded and oblique, short or long acuminate at apex, margin entire near +the base, the remainder of the margin generally sparsely serrate with +short teeth, dark green and smooth above, a lighter green beneath and +more or less pubescent on the petiolules, midrib and veins; calyx +persistent, about 1 mm. long; fruit ripens in September and October, +linear or spatulate, 3-5 cm. long, variable in size and shape, body +1/3-1/2 the length of samara, compressed or flattened and gradually +narrowed to the base, usually less than half as wide as the wing, each +face of the body usually striated with about 2-4 lines which are +stronger than those near the edge of the body; wing generally 5-6 mm. +wide, pointed or notched at apex, and decurrent on the sides of the body +for about one-half of its length. + +=Distribution.=--Lake Champlain to the Saskatchewan and south to the +Gulf. Found in all parts of Indiana. It is usually found in low ground +along streams, in swamps, and in low woods. It is usually associated +with white elm, red maple, cottonwood, aspens, linn, bur oak, etc., in +the south to this list should be added silver maple and cypress. It +prefers a habitat wetter than that of the white ash, although the two +are found together in wet woods. In swampy woods it is often a common +tree. While it has a general distribution in the State, it is much more +local than the white ash. + +=Remarks.=--This form is not usually separated from the next species, +and both are known in books and by nurserymen as green or red ash. The +common name, green ash, should be applied to this species to separate it +from the true white ash, and the next. + +In ash forest plantings on the Clark County State Forest, it is to be +noted that this and the next species bear fruit while the trees are as +small as 1.5 cm. in diameter, while the white and Biltmore ash which are +much older and 6-8 cm. in diameter have never borne fruit. This species +and the next bear fruit oftener and in greater abundance than the white +or Biltmore ash. It is also to be noted that practically all of the +volunteer ash trees found along fences and roadsides, except very large +trees, are of the green ash species. + +The wood is similar to that of white ash, and the cut is usually sold as +that species. However, it ranks below white ash in its mechanical +qualities.[71] + +While the native green ash is found growing in swamps, it adapts itself +to drier situations. It is planted more than any other species of ash in +the cold and dry regions of the West and Northwest. + +[Illustration: Plate 127. + +FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA Marshall. Red Ash. (× 1/2.)] + +=4. Fraxinus pennsylvánica= Marshall. Red Ash. White Ash. Swamp Ash. +Plate 127. Usually medium sized trees much like the preceding; twigs +velvety pubescent at maturity; leaves generally 2-3 dm. long, rachis +pubescent; leaflets 5-9, usually 7, generally 5-15 cm. long, on stalks +generally about 0.5 cm. long, the terminal one on a stalk 2-4 times as +long, leaflets generally ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong to +narrow-oblong, generally with a narrowed base, sometimes rounded and +oblique, short or long acuminate at the apex, margins sometimes entire, +generally entire near the base, the remainder more or less serrated with +shallow teeth, dark green and smooth above, a lighter green beneath and +more or less densely pubescent all over the lower surface, especially on +the midrib and veins; calyx persistent, about 1 mm. long; fruit can not +be distinguished from the preceding. + +=Distribution.=--Quebec to Manitoba, and south to Florida. Found +sparingly in all parts of Indiana. It is usually found in low ground, +but frequently on bluffs, and flood plain banks. + +=Remarks.=--This species is not commonly separated from the white ash +group, but in books it is known as the red ash. This is the common name +that should be applied to this form. + +This species is not usually separated from the preceding, but it is +easily distinguished from it by its pubescent twigs. It can be +distinguished from the next by its smaller twigs, smaller calyx and +smaller fruit. + +The wood is similar to that of the white ash, and the cut is usually +sold as that species. In mechanical qualities it is on a par with the +green ash. + +=5. Fraxinus profúnda= Bush. Swell-butt Ash. Plate 128. Medium or large +trees with fissured bark similar to the white ash; twigs robust and +velvety pubescent at least while young; leaves generally 2-4 dm. long, +rachis densely pubescent, rarely almost smooth; leaflets 5-9, generally +7, on stalks 0.5-1 cm. long, the terminal one on a stalk 2-4 times as +long, leaflets ovate, narrow-ovate to narrow-oblong, narrowed or rounded +and oblique at the base, short or long taper-pointed at the apex, +margins entire, rarely with a few short teeth, dark green and smooth +above, a lighter green and densely pubescent beneath, rarely somewhat +smooth; calyx persistent, generally 4-5 mm. long, rarely as short as 3 +mm.; fruit ripening in September and October, linear, generally 4-6 cm. +long, variable in size and shape, body about 1/3 the length of the +samara, compressed or flattened and gradually narrowed to the base, the +striations on the face of the body not prominent and usually not +distinct the full length of the body, samara often unilateral or +somewhat falcate; wings notched or merely rounded at the apex, decurrent +on the body 1/4-1/2 its length, sometimes almost terminal. + +[Illustration: Plate 128. + +FRAXINUS PROFUNDA Bush. Swell-butt or Pumpkin Ash. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Virginia, Indiana and Missouri, and south to Florida. +In Indiana the distribution has not been determined. It is a common to +an infrequent tree of the river sloughs and cypress swamps of the +southwestern counties. Authentic specimens are at hand from Knox, +Gibson, Posey, Perry, Bartholomew, Jackson, Marion and Daviess Counties, +and specimens from Hamilton, Tipton and Starke Counties, I doubtfully +refer to this species. The preferred habitat of this species is +inundated swamps, and when it grows in such situations it generally +develops a base swollen to a point somewhat above the water level. In +Bartholomew County it was found associated with the cow oak, and the +trunk resembled the white ash. + +=Remarks.=--This species is known by authors and commercially as pumpkin +ash. The wood is similar to white ash but is inferior to that species. +On account of its habitat this species was little cut until the past few +years when ash became scarce. During the past few years most of the deep +river and cypress swamps have been invaded and all of the ash cut. + +=6. Fraxinus quadrangulàta= Michaux. Blue Ash. Plate 129. Medium to +large sized trees with light gray bark, not regularly fissured, scaly at +least above; twigs and branchlets more or less distinctly 4-angled, the +angles of vigorous shoots develop corky wings about 2 mm. high; leaves +generally 2-3 dm. long; leaflets 7-11, generally 7-15 cm. long, on short +stalks, usually 1-5 mm. long, sometimes sessile, the terminal one on a +stalk generally about 1-2 cm. long, leaflets ovate to lanceolate, +narrowed or rounded at the base, generally long acuminate at the apex, +margins rather regularly and coarsely serrated with short incurved +teeth, yellow-green and smooth above, about the same color beneath and +generally smooth except along the veins, midrib and petiolules which are +permanently pubescent; calyx very small, usually about 0.5 mm. long, and +persisting more or less in fruit; fruit ripens last of June to August, +samaras twisted, generally 3-4 cm. long and 8-10 mm. wide, rounded at +the base, notched or rounded and apiculate at the apex, the apical end +of all specimens at hand twisted to the right, the wing surrounds the +body. + +=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario to Iowa, and south to northern Alabama +and Arkansas. Found sparingly in most parts of Indiana, except the +northwest part. There are no records northwest of White and Noble +Counties. In the northern two-thirds of the State it is a rare to very +rare tree, generally found only along the bluffs of streams. In many +areas it is so rare that even the pioneers do not know the tree. It was +the most frequent in the southeastern part of the State. Here also it is +found principally along the higher banks of streams. While the species +is confined principally to high ground it also grew in lower ground. The +largest tree seen is on level ground at a fork of the road between +Charlestown and Jeffersonville about 3 miles northeast of +Jeffersonville. In 1918 this tree measured 28.2 dm. (104-1/2 inches) in +circumference breast high. + +[Illustration: Plate 129. + +FRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA Michaux. Blue Ash. (× 1/2.)] + +This species has not been observed in the "knob" area of the State or +anywhere in the flats of the Lower Wabash Valley. Schneck reports it as +rare on the hills of this area. The tree is too rare to definitely +determine its associates, although sugar maple is usually found with it. + +=Remarks.=--This species is becoming too scarce to be of much economic +importance. The cut is usually sold as white ash. The uses of the wood +are practically the same as the white ash. + +The fruit and foliage of this species most closely resembles that of the +black ash, from which it can be distinguished by its greenish-yellow +foliage and the habitat in which it grows. + +=7. Fraxinus nìgra= Marshall. Black Ash. Plate 130. Medium sized, tall +and straight trees with a light gray bark, broken up into small thin +plates on old trunks; twigs round, robust and smooth at maturity; leaves +2.5-4 dm. long, leaflets generally 7-11 and 7-13 cm. long, sessile, the +terminal one generally on a stalk 0.5-1 cm. long, oblong or +oblong-lanceolate, narrowed or rounded at the base, and short or long +acuminate at the apex, margins coarsely and rather irregularly serrate +with short teeth which are usually somewhat incurved, dark green and +glabrous above, not much lighter beneath and glabrous or pubescent along +the midrib and larger veins; calyx and corolla none; fruit ripens the +last of June to August, similar to the fruit of the blue ash, samaras +generally 3-4 cm. long, and 7-10 mm. wide, body winged all around, the +base of the samara rounded, the apex notched or rounded, the apical end +of the samara twisted more or less to the right in all specimens at +hand. + +=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Virginia and northern +Arkansas. Local in all parts of Indiana except in the "knob" area of the +State. It is generally found in places that are inundated much of the +winter season. Its habitat is in cold swampy woods or similar places +about lakes. It has no special affinity for streams. It is local in its +distribution. Where it is found it is generally a frequent to common +tree. In the lake area of Indiana its habitat conditions are frequent, +consequently colonies of it are frequent. South of the lake area of the +State it becomes rare to extremely local. In the southwest part of the +State it has been sparingly found in a few cypress swamps. It is usually +associated with white elm, cottonwood, aspens, red maple, bur oak, and +is one of the first species to invade extinct tamarack swamps. + +[Illustration: Plate 130. + +FRAXINUS NIGRA Marshall. Black Ash. (× 1/2.)] + +=Remarks.=--The wood is tougher but in most qualities is inferior to +white ash and cannot be used for handles. The layers of growth separate +easily which enables the wood to be separated into thin strips. This +fact was known to the Indians who used this wood for making baskets. +This use was continued by the white man and in addition it was a +favorite wood for making hoops, and in many sections it is known as the +"hoop ash." The wood has many uses such as for baskets, splint boxes, +butter tubs, vehicle stock, interior finish, furniture, etc. The black +burls of the trunk are much sought for by veneer manufacturers. + + +=2. ADÈLIA.= + +=Adèlia acuminàta Michaux.= Pond Brush. Crooked Brush, Plate 131. Small +trees, or shrub like, with gray smooth bark, becoming rough or fissured +on large trees, the ridges short and broken; branchlets numerous and +somewhat spiny; twigs glabrous; leaves opposite on petioles about 1 cm. +long, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 4-11 cm. long, with a long narrow base, +long acuminate at the apex, margins entire near the base, the remainder +more or less coarsely serrated with short rounded teeth, rarely entire, +smooth above and beneath; flowers appear last of March to the first of +May, the staminate in small sessile clusters along the branchlets, the +pistillate in short panicles; fruit a dark purple drupe, oblong, about +15 mm. long; stone with many longitudinal ribs. + +=Distribution.=--Southwestern Indiana and southern Illinois south to +northern Florida and Texas. In Indiana it has been found only in Knox, +Gibson, Posey and Perry Counties. It grows on the low borders of river +sloughs, swamps and river banks. It is very tolerant of shade and may be +found growing under larger trees. It usually forms dense thickets on the +bank that surrounds standing water and is usually associated with +button-bush. A straight specimen is rarely seen because the area where +it grows overflows each winter, and the small trees are usually covered +more or less with debris, and then the following season the side +branches assume a vertical growth. The top may be released by the next +inundation, and then other branches may assume leadership, and so on +until the top is a mass of branches growing in several directions. The +specimens found in Perry County grew on the low bank of the Ohio River +about 6 miles east of Cannelton. The species is quite local in the area +where it is found. It may border one river slough, and be entirely +absent from another nearby. + +=Remarks.=--Of no economic use. In books it is called "swamp privet" but +in the area where it grows it is not known by that name. + +[Illustration: Plate 131. + +ADELIA ACUMINATA Michaux. Pond Brush. Crooked Brush. (× 1/2.)] + + + + +=BIGNONIÀCEAE.= The Trumpet Creeper Family. + + +=CATÁLPA.= The Catalpas. + +Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, with long petioles; flowers in +terminal panicles or corymbs; fruit a long round pod which splits into +halves; seed many, flat, papery with a tuft of long hairs at each end. + +A small genus of widely distributed trees. The species freely hybridize, +and have been cultivated and planted so extensively that it is difficult +to find typical specimens. + + Bark of old trees thin and scaly; odor of bruised leaves + fetid; lower lobe of corolla entire. 1 Catalpa + bignonioides. + + Bark of old trees fissured and ridgy; odor of bruised + leaves not fetid; lower lobe of corolla notched at + the apex. 2 Catalpa + speciosa. + +=1. Catalpa bignonioìdes= Walter. Catalpa. (_Catalpa Catalpa_ (Linnæus) +Karsten). Plate 132. Medium to large sized trees, usually with a trunk +1-3 meters in length, and a wide crown; bark a grayish-brown, scaly and +flaking off in small thin plates; leaves ovate, blades usually 1.5-2 dm. +long, cordate at the base, taper-pointed at apex, margins entire, or +with 1 or 2 lateral lobes, yellow-green and smooth above, and pubescent +beneath; flowering period the last of May to the first of July, about +two weeks later than the next species; inflorescence in a rather compact +large panicle; flowers white, usually 2-3 cm. across at expanded end; +marked on the lower inner surface by two rows of yellow blotches, the +lower lobes marked with purplish spots, the lower lobe entire or nearly +so; fruit a long pod, generally 4-10 develop in each panicle, usually +1.5-4 dm. long, about 1 cm. thick, somewhat flattened, the valves +meeting at an angle which forms a ridge which is sensible to the +fingers, the valves of the pod are thin, and become flat after they +open; seed 2.5-4.5 cm. long, including the tufts of hairs at each end, +and about 4-5 mm. wide, the tuft of hairs usually converging to a point. + +=Distribution.=--Supposed to be native to parts of Florida, Georgia, +Alabama and Mississippi. It has been introduced throughout the eastern +part of the United States. In Indiana it has been used in all parts as +an ornamental and shade tree. It has few qualities to recommend it, and +since the difference between this and the next species has been known +the next species is usually substituted for it. + +[Illustration: Plate 132. + +CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES Walter. Catalpa. (× 1/2.)] + +[Illustration: Plate 133. + +CATALPA SPECIOSA Warder. Catalpa. Hardy Catalpa. (× 1/2.)] + +=2. Catalpa speciòsa= Warder. Catalpa. Hardy Catalpa. Catalfa. Plate +133. Medium to large sized trees with long and rather straight trunks +when grown in the forest; bark dark grayish-brown, fissured and much +resembling the bark of a linden or black walnut in appearance; leaves +ovate, generally 1.5-3 dm. long, cordate or somewhat rounded at the +base, long taper-pointed at apex, margins entire, dark green and smooth +above, pubescent beneath; flowering period May or June; flowers in large +terminal panicles, white with yellow and purplish spots within, expanded +part about 4 cm. across; fruit a long cylindrical pod which matures late +in autumn or early winter, 2-5 dm. long, and about 1.5 cm. in diameter, +usually 1 or 2 and rarely 3 pods develop in a panicle, the valves of the +pod remaining semi-terete after separating; seed many, thin and papery, +2.5-5 cm. long, and 4-8 mm. wide, body of samara about equals in length +the tuft of hairs at each end, the hairs remain separated and are little +inclined to form a tuft at the end. + +=Distribution.=--Known to have been a native of the southwestern part of +Indiana, and to have followed the valley of the Ohio and Mississippi +Rivers to the southeastern part of Missouri and the northeastern part of +Arkansas. The tree has practically disappeared from the forests of +Indiana, and the exact range in Indiana can never be known. Being such a +conspicuous tree, it was thought that the memory of living pioneers +might be relied upon to fix the limits of its range in Indiana. One +pioneer living near Austin in Scott County said it was a native of the +Muscatatuck bottoms, and another said it was a native in the flats of +the southwestern part of Clark County. In its native habitat it was +found only in very low ground, usually with such associates as pin oak, +sweet gum, southern hackberry, big shellbark hickory, pecan, etc. In its +native habitat it was an infrequent to a frequent tree, never a common +tree. A pioneer was interviewed who settled in the Knox County bottoms +about three miles west of Decker, when the whole area was a virgin +forest. He said the catalpa was an occasional tree in the bottoms +throughout the area; that he did not recall that it was ever found in as +low situations as the cypress; that the tree was as tall as its +associates, straight, and usually about 6 dm. in diameter, and that he +never saw a tree a meter in diameter; that on account of the durable +quality of the wood that it was cut for fence posts and rails. A pioneer +who lived near the mouth of Deer Creek in Perry County said it was a +native in his vicinity. The information at hand would fix the mass +distribution of the species to the southwest of a line drawn from Terre +Haute to a point about 6 miles east of Grandview in Spencer County. + +=Remarks.=--Attention was directed to this tree about 1880 by Dr. John +A. Warder and Dr. Geo. Engelmann, and it has had enthusiastic admirers +ever since. In Indiana its most enthusiastic advocate was John P. Brown +of Connersville. Its popularity was based upon the durability of its +wood and its rapid growth. Nurserymen grew seedlings and through their +agents plantations of all sizes were sold in many States. The trees +were planted to grow posts, telephone poles and crossties. In Indiana +there is one plantation 42 years old, but the majority are only 10 to 15 +years old. The tree has been planted long enough in our area to +definitely conclude that it should not be planted in any part of Indiana +for economic purposes. The range of the catalpa sphinx which defoliates +the tree is rapidly increasing, and now ranges as far north as Wells +County. In the southern part of the State the trees are usually +defoliated twice each year by the larvæ of this insect, and as a +consequence the trees make very little growth, and some owners of +plantations have abandoned them on this account. A new insect is +appearing which kills the young shoots, which will interfere with the +upright habit of the tree. The catalpa is not recommended for forest +planting in Indiana, and its use for this purpose has practically +ceased. + +The catalpa prefers a moist, deep, rich soil, but will grow in almost +all kinds of situations. In the northern part of the State, the young +trees are frequently winter killed. The tree is quite tenacious of life +and when cut off at the ground, usually sends up several coppice shoots. + +This species can be recommended for planting for shade for hog lots, and +as a specimen tree in parks, etc. It is not a desirable street tree. + + + + +=CAPRIFOLIÀCEAE.= The Honeysuckle Family. + + +=VIBÚRNUM.= The Viburnums. + +=Viburnum prunifòlium= Linnæus. Black Haw. Plate 134. Small trees or +shrubs; bark of old trees reddish-brown, furrowed and the ridges broken +into short lengths; leaves simple, opposite, on petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. +long; the lower pairs of leaves are generally smaller and have their +petioles more or less winged, red and more or less densely covered with +a rusty tomentum which may extend along the midrib and veins beneath or +may sometimes cover a considerable part of the lower surface of the leaf +while young, sometimes the margined petioles are only rough on the +margins; leaf blades very variable in size and shape, usually 4-10 cm. +long, ovate to slightly obovate, or narrow-oval to nearly orbicular, +narrowed or rounded at the base, pointed at the apex, or sometimes +rounded, margins finely serrate, glabrous both above and beneath at +maturity; flowers appear the last of April or in May in cymes which are +sessile or nearly so, flowers white, numerous, and generally about 0.5 +cm. in diameter, fruit ripens in September and October, oval, oblong or +nearly globose, generally 10-14 mm. long, dark blue, covered with a +bloom, edible, and if not eaten by birds they persist on the branches +until late autumn; stone oval and very flat. + +[Illustration: Plate 134. + +VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM Linnæus. Black Haw. (× 1/2.)] + +=Distribution.=--Connecticut to Iowa and south to Georgia and west to +Texas. It is more or less frequent in moist woods throughout Indiana, +except in the hilly counties where it becomes more or less rare. In the +hilly counties its place is taken by the southern black haw, _Viburnum +rufidulum_ which only rarely attains tree size. + +=Remarks.=--This species could be used to advantage in ornamental +planting where small trees or shrubs are required for a screen or back +ground. The fruit of the black and red haws attract several species of +birds. + +This species is quite variable in the shape, and texture of its leaves, +and in the size and shape of its fruit. In the southern part of the +State specimens are found that have very thick leaves with margined and +tomentose petioles which very much resemble the southern species. + + + + +=SPECIES EXCLUDED.= + + +The following species have been reported for Indiana but have been +excluded for want of satisfactory evidence to warrant their inclusion: +The reasons for exclusion are discussed under the name of the species. +It is needless to say that critical examination has been given doubtful +species, and doubtful records, and every effort possible has been made +to validate them. + +=Pinus echinàta= Miller. Short-leaf Pine. This species does not occur in +our area and all reference to it should be transferred to _Pinus +virginiana_. References to this species are instances of wrong +determination. + +=Pinus resinòsa= Aiton. Norway Pine. This species was reported as an +escape in Wabash County by Coulter[72] for Jenkins. + +=Pinus rígida= Miller. Pitch Pine. Baird and Taylor[73] reported this +species for Clark County. The range of this species is to the east of +our area. They also reported _Pinus Strobus_, which has not been seen +since they reported it, and they failed to report _Pinus virginiana_ +which is a common tree on the "knobs" of Clark County. A study of their +flora of Clark County shows that they did little or no collecting in the +"knobs." They also freely reported field crop, garden and flower +escapes, and it is believed that their reference to _Pinus rigida_ and +_Pinus Strobus_ should be regarded as to cultivated trees. + +=Àbies balsàmea= (Linnæus.) Miller. Balsam Fir. Heimlich[74] reports +this as occurring in Porter County about Dune Park. He cites for his +authority Bot. Gaz. Vol. 27: Apr. 1899. The article referred to is +Cowles' article on the flora of the sand dunes of Lake Michigan, in +which he discusses the flora from Glen Haven in northern Michigan to +Dune Park, Indiana in Porter County, which has confused Heimlich in +separating the trees reported at several stations. It has never been +found in Indiana. + +=Chamæcyparis thyoìdes= (Linnæus) Britton, Sterns and Poggenberg. White +Cedar. The range of this species is east of the Alleghany mountains and +no doubt was never native in our area. The first reference to it is by +Dr. Drake in his Picture of Cincinnati, published in 1815, page 83, in +which he says: "The White Cedar and Cypress are found on the banks of +the Wabash." Schneck[75] in his Flora of the Lower Wabash Valley says: +"Wet places near the mouth of the Wabash River." I am certain it is not +on the Indiana side of the river. Gorby[76] reports it for Miami County. +All of his botanical records are too unreliable to receive serious +consideration. Coulter[77] reports it as found in Allen County on the +authority of Dr. C. R. Dryer. I saw Dr. Dryer recently and he says he +has no recollections about it. + +=Juniperus commùnis= Linnæus. Juniper. This species has been reported +from all parts of the State. The distribution of the species is to the +north of Indiana, and examining herbarium specimens it is found that +subulate forms of _Juniperus virginiana_ are frequently named _Juniperus +communis_. In the older floras it was a custom to include cultivated +forms, and not distinguish them as such. Since juniper has been for +years a common ornamental shrub, especially in cemeteries, it is highly +probable that many records have such a basis. It is proposed to drop +this species from our flora. I refer Higley and Raddin's[78] record to +the decumbent variety. VanGorder's and Bradner's records may also be the +decumbent form. Heimlich's record I regard as an error, see remarks +under _Abies balsamea_. + +=Populus balsamífera= Linnæus. Balsam Poplar. This species was reported +by Bradner for Steuben County. In a letter from the late Prof. Bradner, +he said he had no specimen and had no recollection of the tree. J. M. +Coulter reported it for Jefferson County, but Young who also wrote a +flora of Jefferson County does not mention it. Baird and Taylor also +reported it for Clark County. The last two records may have been from +cultivated trees or mistaken for _Populus grandidentata_ which was not +reported and is in the area, and is a frequent tree in the "knobs" in +Clark County. Heimlich reports it in Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. +1917:404:1918 for Cowles. I regard this as an error. See discussion +under _Abies canadensis_ on page 290. Since the range of the species is +to the north of Indiana, it is here proposed to drop it from our flora. +It should be looked for on the "divide" in Steuben County and about Lake +Michigan. + +=Populus cándicans= Aiton. Balm of Gilead. This species has been +included in a few local floras, but it is believed that it has not yet +escaped from cultivation. Phinney[79] gives it as "an important timber +tree of Delaware County," which is an error. + +=Populus nìgra= var. =itálica= Du Roi. Lombardy Poplar. Reference is +made to this tree by Blatchley[80], Meyncke[81] and Nieuwland[82] but it +is scarcely more than an accidental escape. + +=Carya aquática= Nuttall. Water Hickory. This species is listed as one +of the principal trees occurring along the Wabash in the Coblenz edition +of Prince Maximilan's travels in North America. It is recorded as "Water +Bitternut (_Juglans aquatica_)." If it occurs in our area it most likely +would be found in the extreme southwestern counties. It has been +reported from Gallatin County, Illinois, bordering Posey County on the +west. There are two other records of its occurrence in the State, which +are doubtful. Ryland T. Brown[83] reported it in a list of the principal +trees of Fountain County in a report of the geology of Fountain County. +_Carya laciniosa_, which is sometimes called swamp hickory and which is +more or less frequent in the county, he failed to report. It is believed +this reference to _Carya aquatica_ should be referred to _laciniosa_. B. +C. Hobbs also reported it as common in Parke County in a short list of +the principal trees. He named only four of the five or more species of +hickory that occur in the county, and it is believed since he was no +botanist, that he confused the names. Elliott in his Trees of Indiana +gives "_Carya aquatica_" as common, but no doubt this reference should +be transferred to some other species. + +=Carya myristicæfórmis= Nuttall. Nutmeg Hickory. This tree also was +reported by Prince Maximilian as occurring along the Wabash River. The +known range of the species is from North Carolina to Arkansas, and for +this reason the species is not included in this list. + +=Betula lénta= Linnæus. Black Birch. This species has been reported for +Indiana as occurring in Fulton, Gibson, Miami, Noble, Posey, St. Joseph +and Steuben Counties. Sargent[84] says: "This species has until recently +been badly misunderstood. The range of the species is southern Maine to +northwestern Vermont, eastern Kentucky, and south to Delaware and along +the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama." No doubt all +of the Indiana records should be transferred to _Betula lutea_, except +the Gibson and Posey County record which may be _Betula nigra_. + +=Castanea púmila= (Linnæus) Miller. Chinquapin. This species was given a +place in our flora in Coulter's catalogue upon the authority of Sargent, +Ridgway and Schneck. Ridgway, in giving an additional list of the trees +of the Lower Wabash Valley[85] says: "There is some doubt as to No. 16 +_Castanea pumila_, which is given on Prof. Sargent's authority; but +there is a possibility of an error having been made from the +circumstances that the name 'chinquapin' is in that region almost +universally applied to the fruit of _Quercus Muhlenbergii_." The Posey +County record was based on a specimen in Dr. Schneck's herbarium, which +proves to have been taken from a cultivated tree near Poseyville. + +=Quercus ilicifòlia= Wangenheim. Bear Oak. This species is credited to +our flora by Will Scott in his ecological study of "The Leesburg Swamp" +in Kosciusko County, published in the Indiana Academy of Science, 1905, +page 225. In a reply to an inquiry addressed to him he says no herbarium +material was preserved. This ecological work was done during the summer +months while working at the biological station at Winona Lake. In a +footnote in this paper we are informed that for the identification of +the trees listed, Apgar's Trees of the Northern United States was used. +In this key to the trees, _Quercus velutina_ (Black Oak) is given only +as a variety of _Quercus coccinea_ (Scarlet Oak), and the distinction +between _Quercus velutina_ with its many formed leaves, and _Quercus +ilicifolia_ is not made apparent. In view of the fact that the natural +habitat of _Quercus ilicifolia_ is sandy barrens and rocky hillsides and +its western range is eastern Ohio, it is believed what Mr. Scott had in +hand was a variable form of _Quercus velutina_, which is frequent in +that vicinity. The evidence is not encouraging enough to include it. + +=Quercus nìgra= Linnæus. Water Oak. This species has been reported by +several authors for Indiana. It is believed that a majority of the +records should be transferred to _velutina_ and _imbricaria_ or +_marylandica_. Gorby and Schneck call _Quercus nigra_ black jack oak, +which is generally the common name for _Quercus marilandica_. Ridgway in +his writings of the flora of the lower Wabash Valley, likewise speaks of +_Quercus nigra_ as jack oak and says it is found in poor soil. Coulter +in his catalogue of Indiana plants regarded these references to _nigra_ +as errors and did not include it in his list. The report for Crawford +County by Deam should be transferred to _marilandica_. Since the range +of the species is not north of Kentucky, the reference to the species in +the State should be dropped. + +The published records are as follows: Carroll (Thompson); Crawford +(Deam); Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Jay (McCaslin); +Fountain (Brown); Miami (Gorby); Parke (Hobbs). + +=Quercus Phéllos= Linnæus. Willow Oak. This species has been reported +from various counties of the State. The tree is said to grow in swamps +and on sandy uplands, ranging from Staten Island, New York, south to +Florida and west to Texas, and north to southern Kentucky. If it occurs +within our area it no doubt would have been found by Dr. Schneck, who +was an enthusiastic student of the oaks. He reported it as occurring in +the lower Wabash in his early writings, but his herbarium contained no +specimens. The writer while in search for this species in Posey County +met three men in widely separated parts of the county who were +acquainted with the species in the South and they said they had never +seen it in Indiana. One of the men was an old man who had spent his +boyhood in Arkansas and he was well acquainted with the willow oak +before he came to Indiana. It is believed what has been reported for _Q. +Phellos_ has been narrow-leaved forms of _Q. imbricaria_ (shingle oak), +and that the records should be transferred to that species. + +The published records are as follows: Gibson, Knox and Posey (Schneck); +Knox (Thomas); Miami (Gorby). + +=Quercus prinoìdes= Willdenow. Scrub or Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Reported for +Marshall County by Nieuwland[86] on the authority of a specimen +deposited in the National Museum collected by Clark. I had this +reference checked by E. S. Steele and in a letter to me dated January 4, +1917, he says: "I find no specimen labeled _Quercus prinoides_, but +there is one named _Q. Prinus_. There is no ground for calling it _Q. +prinoides_." Since the specimen in question is a very immature one, I +propose not to take it into consideration since the range of the species +would be extended on a dubious specimen. + +=Planèra aquática= (Walter) J. F. Gmelin. Planer-tree. Water Elm. This +tree was included in Coulter's catalogue upon the authority of Sargent, +who includes Indiana in the range of the species in his "Forest Trees of +North America," Vol. 9, U.S. Census Report, 1880, page 124. Dr. Schneck +spent a lifetime along the lower Wabash bottoms and very carefully +preserved specimens of all the flora of the region where this species is +reported to occur. In his report of the flora of this region in 1875 he +does not include this tree. An examination of his herbarium material +showed no specimens of this tree either from Indiana or Illinois. It is +fair to presume if he had been acquainted with the tree he would have +had it represented in his herbarium. Since the white elm is frequently +called water elm, as well as the planer-tree, it is easy to understand +how confusion might arise in separating these trees by non-professional +people. + +=Morus nìgra= Linnæus. Black Mulberry. This species is reported by +Phinney[87] as one of the "more important and common forest trees +observed in Delaware County." He also enumerates _Morus rubra_. A +splendid example of careless work. This species is reported by Brown[88] +for Fountain County, and by McCaslin[89] for Jay County. These authors +reported this species as a native forest tree. Since this species is not +a native of the United States the citations no doubt should be referred +to our native mulberry, _Morus rubra_ (red mulberry). + +=Ìlex opàca= Aiton. Holly. This species was included in Coulter's +Catalogue of the Plants of Indiana on the authority of Robert Ridgway. I +find no reference to this species in the writings of Ridgway. + +In Shawnee Park on the west side of Louisville, Kentucky is a large tree +of this species. I was told that it was a native. A timber buyer of Tell +City told me that there was a native tree on his grandfather's farm in +the southern part of Perry County. Since this species has been reported +for Grayson County, Kentucky, which is less than forty miles to the +south, it is quite probable that a few trees were found as far north as +Indiana. + +=Acer pennsylvánicum= Linnæus. Moosewood. The only record of this +species occurring in Indiana is in a report of the Trees occurring along +the Wabash River by Prince Maximilian. Since the report does not +definitely state where the species was observed or how frequently it +occurred and since the greater part of Maximilian's time was spent on +the Illinois side of the Wabash, it is more than likely that he observed +it on the Illinois side of the Wabash. While Indiana is within the +possible range of the species, it has not been discovered since. If not +extinct in our area it is most likely to be found among the hills of the +southern counties or in the vicinity of Lake Michigan. Robert Ridgway +says that he and Dr. Schneck saw it growing in a wooded cove near a +cavern called Flory's Cave in Johnson County, Illinois. + +=Nyssa aquática= Linnæus. Tupelo Gum. Several early authors erroneously +reported _Nyssa sylvatica_ as this species. This species inhabits deep +swamps. Dr. Schneck and Robert Ridgway, recognized authorities and best +acquainted with the swamp area of the southwestern counties, at first +thought it was a member of our flora, but later decided that it should +be excluded. + +Michael Catt, 83 years old, who lived nearly 75 years about three miles +west of Decker on the border of the cypress swamp in the south part of +Knox County, told me that he is positive that the tupelo gum was an +occasional tree in the cypress swamp west of Decker. + +=Fraxinus caroliniàna= Miller. Water Ash. This species was included in +Coulter's Catalogue of Indiana Plants upon the authority of Dr. Schneck. +It is asserted that specimens were sent to Missouri Botanical Gardens +for verification. The writer has carefully examined all the specimens of +_Fraxinus_ in the Missouri Botanical Gardens, and all of Schneck's +specimens in the herbarium are now correctly named _Fraxinus profunda_. +Since this species is not in our range it should be dropped from our +flora. + +TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE LARGEST TREES OF SOME SPECIES THAT OCCUR IN +INDIANA. + + ---------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+-------+------- + Authority| County. | Name. | Circum- | Clear | Total + | | | ference. | Bole. |Height. + ---------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+-------+------- + | | | cm.ft.in.|dm. ft.|dm. ft. + | | | | | + Deam |Laporte |Pinus Strobus | 267 8 8|... .. |229 75 + | | (White Pine) | | | + Deam |Lake |Pinus Banksiana | 116 3 11|... .. |168 55 + | | (Jack Pine) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V.[A]|Taxodium distichum | 562 18 9|226 74 |445 146 + | | (Cypress) | | | + Ridgway |L. W. V. |Salix nigra | 305 10 ..|... .. |268 88 + | | (Black Willow) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Populus deltoides | 671 22 ..|229 75 |518 170 + | | (Cottonwood) | | | + Ridgway |L. W. V. |Populus grandidentata | 112 3 8|217 71 |217 71 + | | (Quaking Aspen) | | | + Ridgway |Knox |Populus heterophylla | 229 7 6|156 51 |281 92 + | | (Cottonwood) | | | + Deam |Marshall |Populus tremuloides | 121 4 ..|168 55 |168 55 + | | (Quaking Aspen) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Juglans nigra | 671 22 ..|226 74 |473 155 + | | (Black Walnut) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Carya alba | 315 10 4|168 55 |342 112 + | | (White Hickory) | | | + Ridgway |L. W. V. |Carya glabra | 229 7 6|... .. |351 115 + | | (Black Hickory) | | | + Ridgway |L. W. V. |Carya ovalis | 294 10 ..|213 70 |409 134 + | | (Small-fruited | | | + | | Hickory) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Carya illinoensis | 488 16 ..|275 90 |534 175 + | | (Pecan) | | | + Deam |Madison |Ostrya virginiana | 117 3 10|... .. |122 40 + | | (Ironwood) | | | + Ridgway |Knox |Carpinus caroliniana | 107 3 6| 21 7 | 98 32 + | | (Blue Beech) | | | + Deam |Porter |Betula papyrifera | 63 2 1|... .. |183 60 + | | (Paper Birch) | | | + Deam |Porter |Alnus incana | 42 1 5|... .. | 92 30 + | | (Tag Alder) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Fagus grandifolia | 336 11 ..|... .. |372 122 + | | (Beech) | | | + Bot. Gaz.|Jackson |Castanea dentata | 671 22 ..|213 70 |... ... + June '80| | (Chestnut) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus alba | 549 18 ..|220 72 |503 165 + | | (White Oak) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus Schneckii | 618 20 3|287 94 |552 181 + | | (Schneck's Oak) | | | + Ridgway |L. W. V. |Quercus falcata | 427 14 ..|213 70 |396 130 + | | (Spanish Oak) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus macrocarpa | 671 22 ..|220 72 |503 165 + | | (Burr Oak) | | | + Ridgway |L. W. V. |Quercus Michauxii | 395 13 ..| 88 29 |364 119 + | | (Cow Oak) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus palustris | 366 12 ..| 70 23 |366 120 + | | (Pin Oak) | | | + Ridgway |Gibson |Quercus rubra | 702 23 ..|232 76 |... ... + | | (Red Oak) | | | + Ridgway |Knox |Quercus rubra | 427 14 ..|168 55 |436 143 + | | (Red Oak) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus velutina | 610 20 ..|229 75 |503 165 + | | (Black Oak) | | | + Ridgway |L. W. V. |Ulmus americana | 488 16 ..|152 50 |366 120 + | | (White Elm) | | | + Ridgway |Gibson |Celtis occidentalis | 336 11 ..|253 83 |183 60 + | | (Hackberry) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Liriodendron Tulipifera| 762 25 ..|278 91 |580 190 + | | (Yellow Poplar) | | | + Schneck |Posey |Asimina triloba | 69 2 3|... .. |146 48 + | | (Pawpaw) | | | + Johnson |Posey |Sassafras officinale | 236 7 6|229 75 |290 95 + | | (Sassafras) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Liquidambar Styraciflua| 518 17 ..|244 80 |500 164 + | | (Sweet Gum) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Platanus occidentalis |1,116 33 4|207 68 |537 176 + | | (Sycamore) | | | + Bot. Gaz.|Daviess |Platanus occidentalis |1,464 48 ..| 76 25 |... .. + June '80| | (Sycamore) | | | + Deam |Steuben |Amelanchier lævis | 56 1 10|... .. | 92 30 + | | (Juneberry) | | | + Deam |Porter |Prunus pennsylvanica | 60 2 ..|... .. |107 35 + | | (Wild Red Cherry) | | | + Ridgway |Knox |Cercis canadensis | 84 2 9| 70 23 |165 54 + | | (Redbud) | | | + Ridgway |L. W. V. |Gleditsia aquatica | 212 7 ..|... .. |198 65 + | | (Water Honey Locust) | | | + Schneck |Posey |Gleditsia triacanthos | 549 18 ..|186 61 |593 129 + | | (Honey Locust) | | | + Deam |Posey |Acer Negundo | 300 9 10| 24 8 |122 40 + | | (Box Elder) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Acer rubrum | 396 13 ..|183 60 |329 108 + | | (Red Maple) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Acer saccharum | 381 12 6|183 60 |345 113 + | | (Sugar Maple) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Tilia glabra | 534 17 6|153 50 |332 109 + | | (Linn) | | | + Deam |Jefferson |Tilia heterophylla | 356 8 8| 37 12 |183 60 + | | (White Linn) | | | + Ridgway |L. W. V. |Nyssa sylvatica | 549 18 ..|... .. |... ... + | | (Black Gum) | | | + Deam |Posey |Diospyros virginiana | 178 6 10| 24 8 |137 45 + | | (Persimmon) | | | + Ridgway |L. W. V. |Diospyros virginiana | 168 5 6|244 80 |351 115 + | | (Persimmon) | | | + Schneck |L. W. V. |Catalpa speciosa | 183 6 ..|146 48 |308 101 + | | (Catalpa) | | | + ---------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+-------+------- + +[A] L. W. V.--Lower Wabash Valley. + +Specific Gravity of Indiana Woods.[90] + + +The specific gravity was derived from wood dried at 100° centigrade (212 +Fah.) until it ceased to lose weight. + + Carya ovata (Shellbark Hickory) 0.8372 + Quercus stellata (Post Oak) 0.8367 + Viburnum prunifolium (Black Haw) 0.8332 + Quercus lyrata (Overcup Oak) 0.8313 + Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood) 0.8264 + Carya alba (White Hickory) 0.8218 + Carya glabra (Black Hickory) 0.8217 + Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood) 0.8153 + Carya laciniosa (Big Shellbark Hickory) 0.8108 + Quercus Michauxii (Cow Oak) 0.8039 + Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon) 0.7908 + Amelanchier canadensis (Juneberry) 0.7838 + Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange) 0.7736 + Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak) 0.7662 + Carya cordiformis (Pig Hickory) 0.7552 + Quercus imbricaria (Shingle Oak) 0.7529 + Quercus Prinus (Chestnut Oak) 0.7499 + Ulmus alata (Cork Elm) 0.7491 + Quercus alba (White Oak) 0.7470 + Quercus macrocarpa (Bur Oak) 0.7453 + Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak) 0.7405 + Gleditsia aquatica (Water Honey Locust) 0.7342 + Robinia Pseudo-Acacia (Black Locust) 0.7333 + Quercus marilandica (Black Jack Oak) 0.7324 + Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry) 0.7287 + Carpinus caroliniana (Water Beech) 0.7286 + Ulmus Thomasi (Hickory Elm) 0.7263 + Prunus americana (Wild Plum) 0.7215 + Fraxinus quadrangulata (Blue Ash) 0.7184 + Carya illinoensis (Pecan) 0.7180 + Malus glaucescens (Crab Apple) 0.7048 + Quercus velutina (Black Oak) 0.7045 + Ulmus fulva (Slippery Elm) 0.6956 + Quercus palustris (Pin Oak) 0.6938 + Gymnocladus dioica (Coffeenut) 0.6934 + Quercus falcata (Spanish Oak) 0.6928 + Acer nigrum (Black Maple) 0.6915 + Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) 0.6912 + Fagus grandifolia (Beech) 0.6883 + Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey Locust) 0.6740 + Betula lutea (Yellow Birch) 0.6553 + Fraxinus americana (White Ash) 0.6543 + Quercus rubra (Red Oak) 0.6540 + Ulmus americana (White Elm) 0.6506 + Cercis canadensis (Redbud) 0.6363 + Nyssa sylvatica (Black Gum) 0.6356 + Adelia acuminata (Swamp Privet) 0.6345 + Fraxinus nigra (Water Ash) 0.6318 + Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Red Ash) 0.6251 + Larix laricina (Tamarack) 0.6236 + Acer rubrum (Red Maple) 0.6178 + Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) 0.6115 + Betula papyrifera (Paper Birch) 0.5955 + Liquidambar Styraciflua (Sweet Gum) 0.5909 + Morus rubra (Red Mulberry) 0.5898 + Prunus serotina (Wild Black Cherry) 0.5822 + Betula nigra (River Birch) 0.5762 + Betula populifolia (White Birch) 0.5760 + Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore) 0.5678 + Pinus virginiana (Jersey Pine) 0.5309 + Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) 0.5259 + Sassafras officinale (Sassafras) 0.5042 + Prunus pennsylvanica (Wild Red Cherry) 0.5023 + Juniperus virginiana (Red Cedar) 0.4926 + Pinus Banksiana (Gray Pine) 0.4761 + Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber Tree) 0.4690 + Alnus rugosa (Alder) 0.4666 + Populus grandidentata (Quaking Aspen) 0.4632 + Alnus incana (Tag Alder) 0.4607 + Taxodium distichum (Cypress) 0.4543 + Æsculus glabra (Buckeye) 0.4542 + Tilia glabra (Linn) 0.4525 + Castanea dentata (Chestnut) 0.4504 + Salix amygdaloides (Willow) 0.4502 + Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa) 0.4474 + Salix nigra (Black Willow) 0.4456 + Acer Negundo (Box Elder) 0.4328 + Æsculus octandra (Sweet Buckeye) 0.4274 + Tilia heterophylla (White Linn) 0.4253 + Tsuga canadensis (Hemlock) 0.4239 + Liriodendron Tulipifera (Yellow Poplar) 0.4230 + Catalpa speciosa (Catalpa) 0.4165 + Populus heterophylla (Downy Cottonwood) 0.4089 + Juglans cinerea (Butternut) 0.4086 + Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen) 0.4032 + Asimina triloba (Pawpaw) 0.3069 + Populus deltoides (Cottonwood) 0.3889 + Pinus Strobus (White Pine) 0.3854 + Thuja occidentalis (Arbor-Vitæ) 0.3164 + +[Illustration: Plate 135. + +COUNTY MAP OF INDIANA.] + +[Illustration: Plate 136. + +COUNTY MAP OF INDIANA SHOWING CERTAIN AREAS OF FOREST DISTRIBUTION.] + +[Illustration: Plate 137. + +ENGLISH AND METRIC SCALES COMPARED. + +These can be cut out and pasted on wood.] + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + + + [1] Ind. Geol. Rept. 22:93:1898. + + [2] Amer. Mid. Nat. 3:70:1913. + + [3] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1901:297:1902. + + [4] See discussion under Abies balsamea on page 290. + + [5] Proc. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1892:53:1893. + + [6] Ind. Geol. Surv. Rept. 5:338:1874. + + [7] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1897:173:1898. + + [8] Baird & Taylor's reference to this species is regarded as a + cultivated tree or as an error: Manual Public Schools of Clark + County, Ind. 1878-9, page 62. + + [9] Hamilton County by Wilson, no doubt from a cultivated tree. + + [10] Contributed by C. R. Ball, Bureau Plant Industry, Washington, D.C., + except the genus Populus. + + [11] Coulter's record for Gibson County by Schneck is regarded as an + error because Schneck himself does not report it, and there was no + specimen in the Schneck herbarium. + + [12] Deam's record in Rept. Ind. St. Board Forestry 1911:124:1912 was a + manuscript error. + + [13] Ind. Geol. Rept. 17:263:1892. + + [14] Sargent in Bot. Gaz. Vol. 64: 58:1918. + + [15] Heimlich in Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:437:439:1918 credits most of + my records jointly with Prof. G. N. Hoffer. This is an error. On my + invitation Prof. Hoffer accompanied me nine days in the field doing + mycological work. While he gave me valuable assistance in collecting + during these days, his assistance and responsibility stopped there + and he never asked or expected to be considered joint author. Again + on our trip we collected only in Daviess, Gibson, Fountain, Knox, + Lawrence, Martin, Pike and Sullivan Counties. + + [16] Sargent 1.c. + + [17] André Michaux's Travels 1793-1796. + + [18] Flora of Jefferson County. Ind. Geol. Surv. Rept. 2:283:1871. + + [19] Flora of Jefferson County. Ind. Geol. Surv. Rept. 6:265:1875. + + [20] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 66:236:1918. + + [21] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:435:1918. + + [22] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:435:1918. + + [23] Bot. Gaz. 66:237:1918. + + [24] Bot. Gaz. 66:244:1918. + + [25] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:436:1918. + + [26] Trees and Shrubs 2:208-209:1913 and Bot. Gaz. 66:247:1918. + + [27] Bot. Gaz. 66:249:1918. + + [28] In 1916 in Allen County along Cedar Creek, I measured a specimen + that was 15.6 dm. in circ. b.h. with a clear bole of about 3m. + + [29] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:443:1918. + + [30] Ind. Geol. Rept. 18:61:1894. + + [31] Minnesota Bot. Studies 4:454:1916. + + [32] Sargent in Bot. Gaz. Vol. 65:435:1918. + + [33] This hybrid was described in the Report of the Indiana State Board + of Forestry for 1911. + + [34] Elliott: Histological variations of _Quercus Muhlenbergii_. + University of Kansas Science Bul. 9:45:54:8 Plates:1914. + + [35] Gorby: Trees and shrubs indigenous to Miami County, Ind. Geol. + Rept. 16:168-170:1889. + + [36] Wilson: Flora of Hamilton and Marion Counties, Indiana. Proc. Ind. + Acad. Science. 1894:156-176:1895. + + [37] Higley and Raddin: Flora of Cook County Illinois, and a part of + Lake County Indiana. Bul. Chicago Acad. Sci. Vol. 2: 106:1891 + + [38] Nieuwland: Notes on our local flora. Amer. Mid. Nat. Vol. + 3:230:1914. + + [39] Michaux: North American Silva. J. J. Smith's Trans. Vol. 1:37:1871. + + [40] Nieuwland: Notes on our local flora. Amer. Mid. Nat. Vol. + 3:230:1914. + + [41] Prof. B. Shimek told me that recently a few trees were found about + 30 miles west of Iowa City, Iowa. + + [42] Sargent: Notes on North American Trees. Bot. Gaz. Vol. 65:424:1918. + + [43] Brown: Trees of Fountain County, Ind. Geol. Rept. Vol. 11:123:1882. + + [44] Sargent: Notes on North American Trees. Bot. Gaz. Vol. 65:427:1918. + + [45] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:217-229:1919. + + [46] Hill: Notes on Celtis pumila, etc. Bul. Torrey Club: + Vol:27:496-505:1900. + + [47] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:228-229:1919. + + [48] Garden & Forest 9:375:1896. + + [49] =Morus alba= Linnæus. White Mulberry. A small crooked tree; leaves + ovate, sometimes lobed, blades 6-13 cm. long, cordate at the base, + acute at apex, at maturity glabrous above and glabrous beneath or + with some hairs on the veins and in the axils of the veins; fruit + subglobose or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, white to pinkish. This is an + introduced tree and has been reported as an escape in many parts + of the State, especially by the older botanists. =Morus alba= + variety =tatarica= Loudon, the Russian mulberry, has been reported + as an escape. The writer has seen single specimens as an escape in + woods in Cass and Marshall Counties. It can be distinguished by + practically all of the leaves being more or less lobed and the + reddish fruit. This form was introduced into the United States in + great numbers about fifty years ago by the Mennonites. It was + especially recommended by nurserymen for fence posts and it has been + planted to some extent in Indiana, but it cannot be recommended. It + grows too slowly and is too crooked to compensate for any lasting + qualities the wood may have. =Morus nigra= has been reported from + Indiana by Phinney, Brown and McCaslin as a forest tree. Since this + is an introduced tree, and is not supposed to be hardy in our area, + their reports should be transferred to some other species. + + [50] Amer. Midland Naturalist Vol. 3:347:1914. + + [51] Contributed by W. W. Eggleston, Bureau Plant Industry, Washington, + D.C. + + [52] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:445:1918. + + [53] Higley and Raddin: Flora of Cook County Illinois and a part of Lake + County Indiana. Bul. Chic. Acad. Sci. Vol. 2:33:1891. + + [54] Trans. Ill. Acad. Science, 1916:132. + + [55] Amer. Nat. 6:660:1872. + + [56] Rept. Ind. Geol. Surv. 12:208:1883. + + [57] Ind. Geol. Rept. 16:169:1889. + + [58] Plant World 7:252:1904. + + [59] Thomas' Western Travels, page 111:1819. + + [60] Drake in Picture of Cincinnati, page 83, 1815. + + [61] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:233:1919. + + [62] S. Coulter: Size of some trees of Jefferson County, Ind. Bot. Gaz. + Vol. 1:10:1875. He says: "Fifty trees were measured at three feet + above the ground with an average diameter of 2 ft. and 9 inches. An + equal number of _Æsculus octandra_ were measured at the same height + from the ground with an average diameter of 2 ft. and 9 inches." + + [63] Drake: Picture of Cincinnatus:79:1815. + + [64] Young: Botany of Jefferson County, Ind. Geo. Surv. Ind. Rept. + 2:255:1871. + + [65] Sargent: Notes on North American Trees. Bot. Gaz. Vol. 66:421-438 + and 494-511:1918. + + [66] Wadmond: Flora of Racine and Kenosha Counties. Trans. Wis. Acad. + Sci. Vol. 16:857:1909. The author says: "Two trees near Berryville, + the only known trees of this species in the State." + + [67] In 1918 I measured a specimen near Yankeetown in Warrick County + that had a clear bole of 3 meters (10 feet), and a circumference + of 11 dm. (40 inches) b.h. + + [68] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:241-242:1919. + + [69] Rhodora Vol. 14:192:1912. + + [70] Sterrett: Utilization of Ash. U. S. Dept. Agri. Bul. 523:1917. + + [71] Sterrett: Utilization of Ash, U. S. Dept. Agri. Bul. 523:1917. + + [72] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1900:141:1901. + + [73] Manual Public Schools Clark County, Ind. 1878-9, page 62. + + [74] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:403:1918. + + [75] Rept. Geol. Surv. Ind. 7:562:1876. + + [76] Rept. Geol. Surv. Ind. 16:168:1889. + + [77] Rept. Geol. Surv. Ind. 24:617:1900. + + [78] Sci. Bul. Chic. Acad. Vol. 2:148:1891. + + [79] Ind. Geol. Rept. 11:148:1881. + + [80] Blatchley's, Mss. Flora of Monroe County, Ind. June 1887. + + [81] Bul. Brockville Nat. Hist. Soc. No. 1:38:1885 + + [82] Amer. Midland Nat. Vol. 3:222:1914. + + [83] It is said that this list and that of Hobb's list of trees of Parke + county were prepared by obtaining from farmers a list of the common + names of the trees to which they attached botanical names. + + [84] Sargent in a letter to the author. + + [85] Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 17:415. + + [86] American Midland Naturalist 3:320:1914. + + [87] Ind. Geol. Rept. 11:148:1881. + + [88] Ind. Geol. Rept. 11:123:1882. + + [89] Ind. Geol. Rept. 12:174:1883. + + [90] Adapted from Sargent's "Trees of North America." + + + + +INDEX + + +The accepted botanical names are in bold-face type. Synonyms are placed +in italics. Where the subject receives the most extended notice the page +number is in bold-face type. + + Page + + =Abies balsamea=, =290= + + =Aceracea=, =239= + + =Acer=, =239= + Negundo, =240=, 241, 298, 300 + =Negundo= variety =violaceum=, =242= + =nigrum=, =246=, 247, 299 + =pennsylvanicum=, =295= + =rubrum=, =244=, 245, 298, 300 + =rubrum= variety =Drummondii=, =244= + =rubrum= variety =tridens=, =246= + =saccharinum=, 242, 243, 300 + =saccharum=, 248, 249, 298, 299 + =saccharum= variety =glaucum=, =248= + =saccharum= variety =Schneckii=, =250= + =saccharum= variety =Rugelii=, =250= + + Acknowledgments, 16 + + =Adelia=, =282= + =acuminata=, =282=, 283, 300 + + =Æsculaceæ=, =251= + + =Æsculus=, =251= + _flava_ variety _purpurascens_, _253_ + =glabra=, =251=, 252, 300 + =octandra=, =253=, 254, 300 + + =Ailanthus altissima=, =237=, 238 + _glandulosa_, _237_ + + Alder, 90, 300 + smooth, 92, 93 + speckled, 90, 91 + + =Alnus=, =90=, 297 + =incana=, 13, =90=, 91, 297, 300 + =rugosa=, 13, 90, =92=, 93, 300 + + =Altingiaceæ=, =166= + + =Amelanchier canadensis=, =177=, 178 + =lævis=, =177=, 179, 298, 299 + + =Amygdalaceæ=, =216= + + =Anonaceæ=, =161= + + Apple, American crab, 172, 173, 299 + Iowa crab, 174 + narrow-leaved crab, 174, 175 + western crab, 174, 176 + thorn, 180 + + Arbor-Vitæ 32, 33, 300 + + Arrow wood 265 + + Ash 267 + Biltmore 270, 271 + black 280, 281 + blue 278, 279, 299 + gray 267 + green 272, 273 + hoop 148, 282 + pumpkin 277 + red 274, 275, 300 + swamp 272, 274 + swell-butt 276, 277 + water 300 + white 267, 272, 274, 299 + + =Asimina triloba= =161=, 162, 298, 300 + + Aspen, large-toothed 50, 51 + quaking 52, 53, 300 + + + Ball, Carleton R 16 + + Balm of Gilead 292 + + Banana, Hoosier 161 + + Basswood 255, 256 + white 257, 258 + + Beech 94, 95, 297, 299 + blue 78, 79, 297 + red 96 + water 78, 79, 299 + white 96 + yellow 96 + + =Betulaceæ= =78= + + =Betula= =80= + =alleghenensis= =84= + =lenta= 84, 85, =292=, 299 + =lutea= =82=, 83, 84, 85 + =nigra= 84, =88=, 89, 293, 300 + =papyrifera= =85=, 87, 297, 300 + =papyrifera × pumila glandulifera= =85= + =populifolia= =85=, 86, 300 + =Sanbergi= =85= + + =Bignoniaceæ= =284= + + Birch 80, 82, 90 + black 88, 89, 292 + canoe 85, 87, 88 + gray 85, 86 + paper 85, 87, 88, 297, 300 + red 88, 89, 90 + river 90, 300 + white 85, 86, 88, 300 + yellow 82, 83, 299 + + Botanic descriptions, comments on 13 + + Box elder 240, 241 + + Britton and Brown 16 + + Buckeye 251, 252, 253, 300 + sweet 253, 254, 300 + + Butternut 54, 55, 300 + + + =Cæsalpinaceæ= =226= + + =Caprifoliaceæ= =288= + + =Carpinus caroliniana= =78=, 79, 297, 299 + + =Carya= =56= + =alba= =68=, 69, 299 + =alba= variety =subcoriacea= =70= + =aquatica= =292= + =Buckleyi= variety =arkansana= =76=, 77 + =cordiformis= =61=, 62, 72, 299 + =glabra= =70=, 71, 299 + =glabra= variety =megacarpa= =72= + =illinoensis= =59=, 60, 299 + =laciniosa= =66=, 67, 292, 299 + =myristicæformis= =292= + =ovalis= 70, =72=, 73, 74 + =ovalis= variety =obcordata= =75= + =ovalis= variety =obcordata= forma =vestita= =75= + =ovalis= variety =obovalis= =75= + =ovalis= variety =odorata= =75= + =ovata= =63=, 64, 299 + =ovata= variety =fraxinifolia= =65= + =ovata= variety =Nuttallii= =66= + + =Castanea dentata= =96=, 97, 297, 300 + =pumila= =293= + + Catalfa 284 + + Catalpa 284, 298, 300 + hardy 284 + + =Catalpa= =284= + + =Catalpa bigonnioides= 13, =284=, 285, 300 + + _Catalpa Catalpa_ _284_ + =speciosa= =284=, 286, 287, 298, 300 + + Cedar, red 32, 35, 300 + white 291 + + =Celtis= =146= + _laevigata_ _151_ + =mississipiensis= =151=, 152 + =occidentalis= 147, =148=, 298, 299 + =occidentalis= variety =crassifolia= =148= + =pumila= =148=, 149 + =pumila= variety =Deamii= 149, =150= + + =Cercis canadensis= =227=, 228, 298, 300 + + =Chamæcyparis thyoides= =291= + + Cherry, wild 223 + wild black 223, 225, 300 + wild red 223, 224, 298, 300 + + Chestnut 96, 97, 297, 300 + + Chinquapin 293 + + Coffeenut 233, 234, 299 + + Contents, table of 9 + + Conservation, The Department of 16 + + =Cornacea= =259= + + =Cornus florida= =261=, 262, 299 + + Cottonwood 47, 49, 297, 300 + downy 300 + swamp 47, 48 + + Coulter, Stanley, Commissioner 16, 163, 251 + + =Cratægus= =180= + =albicans= =214= + _alnorum_ _200_ + =basilica= =200=, 201 + =beata= =214= + =berberifolia= =214= + =Boyntoni= =214= + =Brainerdi= =214= + =Calpodendron= =191=, 193 + =chrysocarpa= =194=, 195 + =coccinea= =209=, 211 + =coccinea= variety =Elwangeriana= =212= + _coccinea_ variety _oligandra_ _206_ + =coccinoides= =209=, 210 + =collina= =188=, 189 + _cordata_ _214_ + =Crus-galli= =182=, 183 + =cuneiformis= =182=, 184 + _deltoides_ _203_ + =denaria= =214= + _Dodgei_ _194_ + _Edsoni_ _200_ + _Eggertii_ _209_ + =fecunda= =214= + =filipes= =203=, 205 + =Gattingeri= =206=, 207 + =Jesupi= =200=, 202 + =lucorum= =214= + =macrosperma= =197=, 199 + =macrosperma= variety =matura= =200= + =Margaretta= =185=, 187 + =mollis= =212=, 213 + =neo-fluvialis= =191=, 192 + =nitida= =197=, 198 + =ovata= =214= + _pausiaca_ _182_ + _pedicillata_ _209_ + _pedicillata_ variety _Elwangeriana_ _212_ + =Phænopyrum= =214=, 215 + =Pringlei= =214= + =pruinosa= =206=, 208 + =punctata= =185=, 186 + =roanensis= =214= + _rotundifolia_ _194_ + =rugosa= =203=, 204 + _silvicola_ variety _Beckwithae_ _203_ + =succulenta= =188=, 190 + =villipes= =214= + =viridis= 196, =197= + + Crooked brush 282, 283 + + Cucumber tree 157, 158, 300 + + Cypress, bald 28, 31, 297, 300 + + + Deam, Stella M. 16 + + Dietz, Harry F. 7, 15 + + =Diospyros virginiana= =265=, 266, 298, 299 + + Distribution of trees, terms used to define 14 + + Dogwood 261, 262 + flowering 261, 299 + + + =Ebenaceæ= =265= + + Eggleston, W. W. 16, 171 + + Elder, box 240, 241, 298, 300 + + Elm 140 + bitter 140 + cork 299 + gray 140 + hickory 142, 143, 299 + hub 140 + red 138, 139, 140 + rock 142, 143 + slippery 138, 139, 299 + sour 140 + swamp 140 + water 140, 294 + white 140, 141, 300 + winged 142, 144 + + English and metric scales compared 306 + + =Ericaceæ= =263= + + + =Fabaceæ= =233= + + =Fagaceæ= =92= + + =Fagus grandifolia= =94=, 95, 297, 299 + + Fir, balsam 290 + + =Fraxinus= =267= + =americana= =268=, 269, 299 + =americana= forma =iodocarpa= =270= + =americana= variety =subcoriacea= =268= + =biltmoreana= =270=, 271 + =caroliniana= =296= + =lanceolata= =272=, 273 + =nigra= =280=, 281, 300 + =pennsylvanica= =274=, 275, 300 + =profunda= =276=, 277, 296 + =quadrangulata= =278=, 279, 299 + + Frontispiece 5 + + + =Gleditsia aquatica= =230=, 231, 299 + =aquatica x triacanthos= =232= + =triancanthos= =227=, 229, 299 + + Gum 259 + black 259, 298, 300 + sour 259 + sweet 166, 167, 298, 300 + tupelo 295 + yellow 259 + + =Gymnocladus dioica= =233=, 234, 299 + + + Hackberry 146, 148, 151, 298, 299 + dwarf 148, 149 + + Haw, black 288, 289, 299 + dotted 185 + pear 191, 193 + red 180, 191, 209, 212 + scarlet 214 + southern black 289 + + Hedge 155 + + Hemlock 26, 29, 300 + + Hickory 56 + big scaly-bark 68 + big shellbark 65, 66, 67, 299 + black 70, 71, 297, 299 + hard-head 68 + nutmeg 292 + pignut 61, 62, 72, 299 + shellbark 63, 64, 65, 299 + small-fruited 72, 73, 76, 297 + ladies 76 + water 292 + white 68, 69, 297, 299 + yellow-bud 63 + + Holly 295, 298 + + Hop hornbeam 80 + + Hough, R. B. 16 + + =Ilex opaca= =295= + + Illustrations, explanation of 15 + list of 10 + + Introduction 13 + + Ironwood 80, 297, 299 + + + =Juglandaceæ= =52= + + =Juglans= =52= + _aquatica_ _292_ + =cinerea= =54=, 55, 300 + =nigra= =54=, 57, 297, 300 + + Juneberry 177, 298, 299 + smooth 177, 179 + + Juniper 291 + + =Juniperus communis= =291= + =virginiana= =32=, 35, 291, 300 + + + =Kalmia latifolia= =84= + Key to the families of Indiana trees 17 + + + Larch 26 + + =Larix laricina= =26=, 27, 300 + + =Lauraceæ= =163= + + Laurel 84 + + Lieber, Richard 7 + + Linn 255, 256, 298, 300 + + =Liquidambar Styraciflua= =166=, 167, 298, 300 + + =Liriodendron Tulipifera= =159=, 160, 298, 300 + + Locust 235 + black 235, 236, 299 + honey 227, 229, 298, 299 + water honey 230, 231, 298, 299 + yellow 235 + + + =Maclura pomifera= =155=, 156, 299 + + =Magnoliaceæ= =155= + + =Magnolia acuminata= =157=, 158, 300 + + =Malaceæ= =171= + + =Malus= =171= + =angustifolia= =171= + _coronaria_ _174_, 176 + _fragrans_ _172_ + =glaucescens= =172=, 173, 299 + =ioensis= =174= + =ioensis= × lancifolia =177= + =lancifolia= =174=, 175 + + Maple, black 246, 247, 299 + black sugar 246 + hard 248 + red 244, 245, 298, 300 + rock 248 + silver 242, 243, 300 + soft 242, 244 + sugar 248, 249, 298, 299 + swamp 244 + white 242 + + Map of certain forestal areas of Indiana 302 + explanation of 15 + + Map of Indiana 301 + + Moosewood 295 + + =Moraceæ= =151= + + =Morus= =153= + =alba= =155= + =alba= variety =tatarica= =155= + =nigra= 155, =295= + =rubra= =153=, 154, 298, 300 + + Mulberry, red 153, 154, 155, 298, 300 + black 295 + white 155 + + + Nomenclature 14 + + =Nyssa aquatica= =295= + =sylvatica= =259=, 260, 295, 300 + + + Oak 98 + basket 107, 108 + bear 294 + black 119, 127, 129, 135, 298, 299 + black jack 135, 136, 299 + bur 104, 115, 116, 117, 297, 299 + chestnut 104, 110, 111, 299 + chinquapin 104, 106 + cow 107, 108, 297, 299 + dwarf chestnut 294 + Hill's 127, 128 + iron 114 + jack 119 + mossy cup 116 + over cup 117, 118, 299 + peach 119 + pigeon 107 + pin 123, 124, 297, 299 + post 112, 113, 300 + red 121, 122, 126, 135, 297, 299 + sand bur 114 + scarlet 131, 132, 299 + Schneck's 123, 125 + scrub 294 + shingle 119, 120, 299 + Spanish 131, 133, 134, 297, 299 + swamp 123 + swamp white 104, 105, 299 + sweet 104 + water 119, 123, 294 + white 101, 102, 297, 299 + willow 294 + yellow 104, 131 + + =Oleaceæ= =267= + + Osage Orange 155, 156, 299 + + =Ostrya virginiana= =80=, 81, 299 + =virginiana= variety =glandulosa= =80= + + =Oxydendrum arboreum= =263=, 264 + + + Pawpaw 161, 162, 298 + white 161 + yellow 161 + + Pecan 59, 60, 297, 299 + McCallister 60 + + Pepperidge 259 + + Persimmon 265, 266, 298, 299 + + =Pinaceæ= =19= + + Pine 19 + gray 22, 23, 300 + jack 22, 23, 297 + Jersey 22, 24, 25, 300 + Norway 290 + pitch 290 + scrub 22, 24, 25 + short-leaf 290 + white 20, 21, 25, 297, 300 + + =Pinus= =19= + =Banksiana= =22=, 23, 300 + =echinata= =290= + =resinosa= =290= + =rigida= =290= + =Strobus= =20=, 21, 290, 300 + =virginiana= 24, =25= + + =Planera aquatica= =294= + + Planer-tree 294 + + Plane tree 168 + + =Platanaceæ= =168= + + =Platanus occidentalis= 168, 169, 298, 300 + + Plum, Canada 218, 220 + wild goose 221, 222 + wild red 216, 217, 299 + woolly-leaf 218, 219 + + Pond brush 282, 283 + + Poplar 45, 159 + balsam 291 + blue 159 + Carolina 47, 49 + hickory 159 + Lombardy 292 + silver-leaf 45, 46 + swamp 47 + white 159 + yellow 159, 160, 298 + + =Populus= =45= + =alba= =45=, 46 + =balsamifera= =291= + _balsamifera_ variety _virginiana_ _47_ + =candicans= =292= + =deltoides= =47=, 49, 297, 300 + =grandidentata= =50=, 51, 291, 297, 300 + =heterophylla= =47=, 48, 297, 300 + =nigra= variety =italica= =292= + =tremuloides= =52=, 53, 297, 300 + + Preface 7 + + Privet swamp 300 + + =Prunus= =216= + =americana= =216=, 217, 299 + =americana= variety =lanata= =218=, 219 + =hortulana= =221=, 222 + =nigra= =218=, 220 + =pennsylvanica= =223=, 224, 300 + =serotina= =223=, 225, 300 + + + Quaking aspen 52, 300 + + =Quercus= =98= + =alba= =101=, 102, 297, 299 + =alba= variety =latiloba= =103= + =alba x Michauxii= =110= + =alba x Muhlenbergii= =103= + =Beadlei= =110= + =bicolor= =104=, 105, 299 + =coccinea= =131=, 132, 299 + =Deami= =103= + _digitata_ _135_ + =ellipsoidalis= =127=, 128 + =falcata= =133=, 134, 297, 299 + =illicifolia= =293= + =imbricaria= =119=, 120, 299 + =lyrata= =117=, 118, 299 + =macrocarpa= 115, =116=, 297, 299 + =macrocarpa= variety =olivæformis= =116= + =marilandica= =135=, 136, 294, 299 + _maxima_ _121_ + =Michauxii= =107=, 108, 297, 299 + _montana_ _110_ + =Muhlenbergii= =104=, 106, 109, 112, 293 + =nigra= =293= + _pagoda_ _135_ + _pagodaefolia_ _135_ + =palustris= =123=, 124, 297, 299 + =Phellos= =294= + =prinoides= =294= + =Prinus= 107, =109=, 111, 294, 299 + =rubra= =121=, 122, 135, 297, 299 + _rubra_ variety _triloba_ _135_ + =Schneckii= =123=, 125, 127, 297 + _Shumardii_ _126_ + _Shumardii_ variety _Schneckii_ _126_ + =stellata= =112=, 113, 300 + _triloba_ _135_ + =velutina= =127=, 129, 131, 298, 299 + + + Redbud 227, 228, 298, 300 + + Remarks, explanation of 15 + + =Robinia Pseudo-Acacia= =235=, 236, 299 + + _Rulac Nuttallii_ _242_ + + + =Salicaceæ= =34= + + =Salix= =34= + =alba= =40=, 41 + =alba= variety =vitellina= =40= + =amygdaloides= =38=, 39, 300 + =discolor= =43=, 44 + =discolor= variety =eriocephala= =43= + =fragilis= =40=, 42 + =nigra= =36=, 37, 300 + =nigra= variety =falcata= =38= + + Sassafras 163, 164, 298, 300 + red 163 + white 163 + + _Sassafras albida_ variety _glauca_ _166_ + =officinale= =163=, 164 + + Sargent, C. S. 16 + + Service berry 177 + + =Simarubaceæ= =237= + + Sorrel tree 263, 264 + + Sour wood 263, 264 + + Specific gravity of some of the woods of Indiana 299 + + Stink tree 237 + + Sugar berry 151 + + Sugar, black 246 + + Sugar tree 248 + + Sycamore 5, 168, 169, 298, 300 + + + Tamarack 26, 27, 300 + + =Taxodium distichum= =28=, 31, 297, 300 + + Thorn, Mrs. Ashe's 185, 187 + Miss Beckwith's 203, 205 + Judge Brown's 185, 187 + Chapman's Hill 188, 189 + Dr. Clapp's 206 + cock-spur 182, 183 + downy 212 + Eggert's 209, 210 + Fretz's 203, 204 + Dr. Gattinger's 206, 207 + Jesup's 200, 202 + large-fruited 185, 186 + long-spined 188, 190 + Marshall's 182 + Newcastle 182 + New-river 191, 192 + pear 191, 193 + red-fruited 212, 213 + round-leaved 194, 195 + scarlet 209, 211 + shining 197, 198 + southern 196, 197 + variable 197, 199 + Washington 214, 215 + waxy-fruited 206, 208 + + =Thuja occidentalis= =32=, 33, 300 + + =Tiliaceæ= =255= + + =Tilia= =255= + _americana_ _255_ + =glabra= =255=, 256, 298, 300 + =heterophylla= =257=, 258, 300 + _heterophylla_ variety _Michauxii_ _259_ + =neglecta= =259= + + =Toxylon pomiferum= =155= + + Tree of Heaven 237, 238 + + Trees, key to families occurring in Indiana 17 + species excluded from Indiana flora 290 + measurement of some of the largest found in Indiana 297 + terms used to define distribution of 14 + + =Tsuga canadensis= =26=, 29, 300 + + Tulip 159, 160 + + Tupelo 259 + + =Ulmaceæ= =137= + + Ulman, Paul 15 + + =Ulmus= =137= + =alata= =142=, 144, 299 + =americana= =140=, 141, 298, 300 + =fulva= =138=, 139, 209 + =Thomasi= =142=, 143, 299 + + + =Viburnum prunifolium= =288=, 289, 299 + =rufidulum= =289= + + + Walnut 52, 54, 56 + black 54, 57, 297, 300 + white 54, 55 + + Williamson, L. A. 103 + + Williamson, E. B. 103 + + Willow 36, 38, 40, 300 + black 36, 37, 297, 300 + crack 40, 42 + glaucous 43 + peach-leaved 38, 39 + pussy 43, 44 + swamp 43 + white 40, 41 + + Wood, specific gravity of some species that occur in Indiana 299 + + Wood, white 159 + whittle 257 + + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's Note + + +Footnote 46 was not indicated in the text and so was assumed to be +associated with the text associated with E. J. Hill's account of the +species _Celtis pumila_. The last three items in the key on page 36 +were renumbered as "4" appeared twice. On page 287, "Dr. Jno. A. Warder" +was changed to "Dr. John A. Warder". + +Formatting of the titles for the sections listed in the Table +of Contents was standardized. + +Hyphenation and æ ligature use was standardized. The [oe] ligature was +converted to oe. Small captioned text was NOT converted to UPPER CASE as +that is used in the text for the Family Headers. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41702 *** |