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diff --git a/41677-h/41677-h.htm b/41677-h/41677-h.htm index 975b731..c83848a 100644 --- a/41677-h/41677-h.htm +++ b/41677-h/41677-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The British Navy Book, by Cyril Field</title> <style type="text/css"> @@ -95,25 +95,9 @@ </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41677 ***</div> <h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The British Navy Book, by Cyril Field</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: The British Navy Book</p> -<p>Author: Cyril Field</p> -<p>Release Date: December 21, 2012 [eBook #41677]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BRITISH NAVY BOOK***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Emmy, Matthew Wheaton,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -206,7 +190,7 @@ LONDON GLASGOW AND BOMBAY<br /> <tr><td align="left" colspan='2'><span class="smcap">Prologue: The Command of the Sea (<span class='small'>A.D.</span> 1915)</span></td> <td align='right'><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="right">I. </td> -<td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Lesson from Cæsar</span></td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">A Lesson from Cæsar</span></td> <td align='right'><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="right">II. </td> <td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ancient War-ships</span></td> @@ -218,7 +202,7 @@ LONDON GLASGOW AND BOMBAY<br /> <td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mariners of Other Days</span></td> <td align='right'><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="right">V. </td> -<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Some Mediæval Sea-fights</span></td> +<td align="left"><span class="smcap">Some Mediæval Sea-fights</span></td> <td align='right'><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="right">VI. </td> <td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Navy in Tudor Times</span></td> @@ -675,7 +659,7 @@ the submarines do not observe their approach; their periscopes are steadily fixed on our ship, reckoning every yard they gain on us. But the destroyers see <em>them</em>, and presently we see also a warning signal from the enemy flagship. But it is too late. -Before the <i>Unterseeische Böte</i> can dive out of harm's way +Before the <i>Unterseeische Böte</i> can dive out of harm's way three or four destroyers sweep over them and ram them at the speed of an express train. Slowing down, they circle right and left and open fire. What at we cannot see. Presently @@ -767,7 +751,7 @@ different stages of "our island story".</p><hr class="chap" /><p><span class="pa <h2>CHAPTER I</h2> -<div class='chaptertitle'>A Lesson from Cæsar</div> +<div class='chaptertitle'>A Lesson from Cæsar</div> <div class='poem'> "Storm and sea were Britain's bulwarks,<br /> @@ -792,13 +776,13 @@ different stages of "our island story".</p><hr class="chap" /><p><span class="pa <div class='unindent'><span class="smcap">Whenever</span> we want to find out anything about the early history of Great Britain, we have, almost invariably, to turn -to the writings of our old friend Julius Cæsar. In attempting +to the writings of our old friend Julius Cæsar. In attempting to trace the beginnings of the Royal Navy, that magnificent organization "whereon", point out the <cite>Articles of War</cite>, "under the good Providence of God, the Wealth, Safety, and Strength of the Kingdom chiefly depend", we have to conform to the same rule, and consult this authority. From -Cæsar's <cite>De Bello Gallico</cite> we learn that in his time the Ancient +Cæsar's <cite>De Bello Gallico</cite> we learn that in his time the Ancient Britons made use of boats with a wooden frame, supporting wicker-work instead of planking, and rendered watertight by a covering of skins—just such boats, in fact, though probably<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> @@ -806,10 +790,10 @@ larger—as, under the name of "coracles", are used to this day on the Wye and some other rivers and estuaries.</div> <p>The portability and rapid construction of these boats commended -them to Cæsar's military eye, and later on, in one +them to Cæsar's military eye, and later on, in one of his Continental wars, he ordered his soldiers to make some light boats in imitation of those he had seen in Britain, in -order to carry his army across a river. But, though Cæsar +order to carry his army across a river. But, though Cæsar especially mentions these vessels, he does not say that the British of his day had no other or larger vessels. Though they made use of hides and wicker, they must have known @@ -828,17 +812,17 @@ familiar with their comparatively advanced types of shipbuilding.</p> <p>But many writers on naval matters are of the opinion that our British ancestors, whose coracles are described by -Cæsar, had, even at that time, really stout and formidable +Cæsar, had, even at that time, really stout and formidable ships. The reason is this. The Veneti, a race who inhabited western Brittany, and the country at the mouth of the Loire, -were a kindred race, and when attacked by Cæsar received +were a kindred race, and when attacked by Cæsar received assistance from Britain. Now the strength of the Veneti seems to have been in their ships, which gave the Roman galleys considerable trouble, and it seems more than likely that the British assistance they received came in the form of a squadron of similar vessels.</p> -<p>According to Cæsar, the ships of the Veneti "were built<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +<p>According to Cæsar, the ships of the Veneti "were built<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> and fitted out in this manner: their bottoms were somewhat flatter than ours, the better to adapt them to the shallows, and to sustain without danger the ebbing of the tide. Their @@ -901,7 +885,7 @@ in their favour. It is interesting to note, by the way, that, according to Vegetius, a fifteenth-century writer on naval and military matters, they painted their scouting-vessels blue, masts, sails, and all, and dressed their crews in the same -colour. He adds that Pompey, after defeating Cæsar, called +colour. He adds that Pompey, after defeating Cæsar, called himself "The Son of Neptune", and "affected to wear the <em>blue</em> or <em>marine</em> colour". As for the Veneti, we may, perhaps, regard them as the original "Bluejackets", Veneti being the plural @@ -1319,7 +1303,7 @@ to perform.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a>< opponents, was to lash the bows of as many friendly and hostile vessels together as possible, so as to form a floating battle-field. The fighting-platforms were not, apparently, -raised above the bows, as later on in mediæval times. They +raised above the bows, as later on in mediæval times. They were somewhere about the level of the gunwale, and when several ships were lashed together, all these platforms @@ -1462,7 +1446,7 @@ efficient."</p><hr class="chap" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id= <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">He showers hard peas to make the hatches slippery.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">With pots full of lime they rush together;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">And thus the live-long day in fight they spend."</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">Description of a mediæval sea fight, <cite>Legend of Good Women</cite></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">Description of a mediæval sea fight, <cite>Legend of Good Women</cite></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 7.5em;">(modernized), fifteenth century.</span><br /> </div> @@ -1483,13 +1467,13 @@ The very word for knight—<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chevalier</i> in Frenc a horseman; and the Norman and other feudal knights of the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries looked at war and politics from the point of view of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> -a cavalier armed cap-à-pie seated in his war-saddle. As for +a cavalier armed cap-à -pie seated in his war-saddle. As for ships and sailors, they were merely unpleasant means to necessary ends.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> But if one wanted to go to fight and plunder and raid across Channel he had to submit himself and his followers to the cramped accommodation of a vessel of some kind, and to the care of the rough shipmaster and his -crew—low but necessary persons, in the eyes of the mediæval +crew—low but necessary persons, in the eyes of the mediæval knight, just as were the experienced "tarpawlins" in the estimate of the scented "gentleman-captains" in the days of the Restoration. So it came about that for some centuries @@ -1560,7 +1544,7 @@ or "castles" at the bow and stern. There are a few exceptions, which are more likely to be correct, as their designers evidently made up their minds not to be led away from the truth.</p> -<p>In the rather fascinating pictures that appear in mediæval +<p>In the rather fascinating pictures that appear in mediæval manuscripts, too, the monkish artists had to work in a small space, in which they wanted to put a great @@ -1585,8 +1569,8 @@ densely packed.</p> <div class="caption">Seal of Demizel, master of the barque <i>Sainte Catherine de Cayeux</i>, 1340<br /> -(From <cite>Histoire de la Marine Française</cite>, by kind permission -of the author, Monsieur C. de la Ronière.)<br /> +(From <cite>Histoire de la Marine Française</cite>, by kind permission +of the author, Monsieur C. de la Ronière.)<br /> <p>An example of the impossible ship. Note how the engraver has made the keel exactly parallel to the @@ -1649,7 +1633,7 @@ wearing banners, streamers, and flags, and gain some idea of the gradual growth of sail-power, which culminated, we may say, in the sailing battleship of Trafalgar days.</p> -<p>If we consider the question of mediæval shipbuilding as +<p>If we consider the question of mediæval shipbuilding as a whole, we shall find it difficult to believe that the scientific methods of construction which distinguished the Viking ships, and the improvements on them which were made by Alfred @@ -1688,7 +1672,7 @@ materials. Six feet above the lower deck was another similar deck, which we may call the upper deck, while above this again a gallery or gangway, six or seven feet wide, ran along each side of the ship, between the fore and after castles. The -ship's side rose 3½ feet above these fore and aft bridges and +ship's side rose 3½ feet above these fore and aft bridges and was pierced with loopholes for archery. In action the bulwarks would be heightened and further protected by shields or <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">pavises</i>.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Below the upper deck, aft, was situated the @@ -1717,7 +1701,7 @@ many of us have seen at least once, is only about twice the length of those thirteenth-century ships, we shall be able to form some idea of their not unimportant dimensions.</p> -<p>Many of the mediæval ships were most gorgeously painted +<p>Many of the mediæval ships were most gorgeously painted and decorated. When the French king Charles VI fitted out a great naval armament at Sluys, in 1386, for the invasion of England—which did not come off, by the way—Froissart tells @@ -1761,7 +1745,7 @@ favour as groundwork for various patterns of ornamentation.</p> <p>But the continually growing decoration in the way of flags, standards, pennons, and streamers must by no means be overlooked. They were, perhaps, the most striking characteristic -of the mediæval war-ship.</p> +of the mediæval war-ship.</p> <p>The standard or pennon of the owner or commander of the ship—and it must be remembered that he was in those @@ -1774,7 +1758,7 @@ galley in place of tail and hind legs", were displayed on some portion of the vessel. In royal ships there were other banners with the various royal badges, and there were hosts of streamers, pendants, and guidons as well. When fully -"dressed", with all her flags flying, the mediæval war-ship +"dressed", with all her flags flying, the mediæval war-ship must have made a brave display. Galleys, in addition, had a small staff with a pendant attached to the loom of every oar on such occasions.</p> @@ -1799,7 +1783,7 @@ Warwick</cite>, by John Rous. Generally sails, often themselves<span class="page of the richest colouring and material, were adorned with badges or devices, but sometimes merely with stripes of different colours. Colour ran riot in the war-vessels of our -mediæval ancestors—how different from the sombre grey war-paint +mediæval ancestors—how different from the sombre grey war-paint of our modern Leviathans!</p> <div class="figleft" style="width: 338px;"> @@ -1835,7 +1819,7 @@ from the time of Henry VIII to Queen Victoria formed the mainstay of our battle fleets. There were, of course, many developments and improvements during this long period, but the type persisted throughout, just as did that of the modified -Viking ship in mediæval ages.</p> +Viking ship in mediæval ages.</p> <p>So much for the ships of the Middle Ages. But before we go on to take stock of their crews it will be as well @@ -1885,13 +1869,13 @@ waters. These towers were generally built up round the mast, and provided with loopholes and battlements, and sometimes protected by iron plates or raw hides.</p> -<p>One account of mediæval war-galleys states that in some +<p>One account of mediæval war-galleys states that in some cases "a castle was erected of the width of the ship and some twenty feet in length; its platform being elevated sufficiently to allow of free passage under it and over the benches". King John introduced the famous Genoese cross-bowmen—who so signally failed to distinguish themselves -at Crécy—into his navy. The reason most probably was +at Crécy—into his navy. The reason most probably was that a cross-bow could be fired through a loophole by a man crouching under cover of the bulwarks or shield-row,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> whereas a long-bow could not be used in this way. Nevertheless @@ -2059,7 +2043,7 @@ Brown and Robinson were pressed. But it was all a matter of luck—at any rate ostensibly. That was the hardship of it, not only then, but in the later "press-gang days".</p> -<p>But, once caught, the mediæval seaman had little to complain +<p>But, once caught, the mediæval seaman had little to complain of in the way of pay. That, no doubt, made up for a good deal of severe discomfort. A mariner or seaman in 1277 got 3<i>d.</i> a day—a penny more than an ordinary soldier<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>—and @@ -2079,11 +2063,11 @@ ashore.</p> John Redynge was appointed "Clerk of the Spicery" in 1496, to look after the victualling of both army and navy, I am<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> unable to say, but it appears that the usual "sea-stock" laid -in for a voyage in mediæval times consisted of bacon, salt +in for a voyage in mediæval times consisted of bacon, salt meat, "Poor John" or salted herrings, flour, eggs, and poultry.</p> <p>We have little information as to the personality, manners, -and customs of the seamen of mediæval ages. In the earlier +and customs of the seamen of mediæval ages. In the earlier period they were pretty certainly more of the long-shore or fisherman class than deep-sea sailors. When not engaged in legitimate trading or warfare they generally took a hand @@ -2228,7 +2212,7 @@ Virgin.</p><hr class="chap" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Pag <h2>CHAPTER V</h2> -<div class='chaptertitle'>Some Mediæval Sea-fights</div> +<div class='chaptertitle'>Some Mediæval Sea-fights</div> <div class='poem'> "The King's own galley, he called it <i>Trenchthemer</i><br /> @@ -2241,7 +2225,7 @@ Virgin.</p><hr class="chap" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Pag <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">The King abased him not but stalwartly fought.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><b>. . . . . . . . . . .</b></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">The ship that was so great, it foundered in the flood;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">They counted fifteen hundred Saracens that drownèd were,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">They counted fifteen hundred Saracens that drownèd were,</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Forty and six were selected, and were all that were saved there.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">The sum could no man tell of gold that was therein</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">And other riches to sell, but all they might not win.</span><br /> @@ -2253,7 +2237,7 @@ Virgin.</p><hr class="chap" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Pag </div> -<div class='unindent'><span class="smcap">One</span> of the most interesting episodes of mediæval war afloat +<div class='unindent'><span class="smcap">One</span> of the most interesting episodes of mediæval war afloat was the sinking of the great Turkish <i>Dromon</i>, off Beyrout, by King Richard I. After having effected the junction of his fleets off Messina, he had gone on to Cyprus, where fighting, @@ -2522,7 +2506,7 @@ the most formidable navy of his time, yet at none of these periods was there what we may term a navy of the realm. Indeed, for the two years, August, 1447, to August, 1449, there may be said to have been no navy at all, since during -the whole of this time only £8, 9<i>s.</i> 7<i>d.</i> was expended upon +the whole of this time only £8, 9<i>s.</i> 7<i>d.</i> was expended upon what we now regard as our first line of defence.</div> <p>At the death of Henry V, in 1422, the "Little Navy" @@ -2597,7 +2581,7 @@ be called breech-loading wall-pieces, corresponding to Chinese "jingalls", and firing balls weighing from 4 to 6 ounces.</p> <p>In a contemporary picture of the destruction of this ship -in her action with the <i>Marie la Cordelière</i> in 1512, when both +in her action with the <i>Marie la Cordelière</i> in 1512, when both ships caught fire and blew up, the <i>Regent</i> is shown with very heavy guns firing through port-holes. Port-holes, by the way, are said to have been invented by Desharges, a Brest shipbuilder, @@ -2609,11 +2593,11 @@ in place of some of her serpentines. According to some writers this ship was originally christened the <i>Great Harry</i>, while the <i>Sovereign</i> was built out of the remains of an older ship called the <i>Grace Dieu</i>. As a very large and renowned <i>Henri -Grace à Dieu</i> was launched in 1514, there has been a considerable +Grace à Dieu</i> was launched in 1514, there has been a considerable amount of confusion between one ship and the other. But if the <i>Regent</i> was called the <i>Great Harry</i>, she had nothing whatever to do with the <i>Henri</i>, which is also sometimes referred -to as the <i>Harry Grace à Dieu</i>.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> As a matter of fact, +to as the <i>Harry Grace à Dieu</i>.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> As a matter of fact, the latter was built to replace the former, the loss of which was considered a national disaster, and so much so that an attempt was made to keep her fate a secret. "At the reverens @@ -2762,9 +2746,9 @@ a good many years ago and used as a burial vault.</p> <p>The <i>Great Michael</i> did not long remain a Scots ship. The fleet of Scotland went to France in 1513, and in the following year she was bought by Louis XII for 40,000 francs, to replace -the <i>Cordelière</i>, which, as you will remember, was blown +the <i>Cordelière</i>, which, as you will remember, was blown up with the <i>Regent</i>. This brings us back to the <i>Henri Grace -à Dieu</i>, which was built to replace the latter ship. But before +à Dieu</i>, which was built to replace the latter ship. But before we turn our attention to her we cannot but note the difference between the alleged cost of the <i>Great Michael</i> and that for which she was sold. The bargain does not seem worthy of @@ -2781,7 +2765,7 @@ the bargain seems a poor one. Probably it was more of a political deal than anything else, comparable to the German sale of the <i>Goeben</i> to Turkey.</p> -<p>The <i>Henri Grace à Dieu</i>—I think we may as well call her +<p>The <i>Henri Grace à Dieu</i>—I think we may as well call her the <i>Henri</i> for short, and save time and paper—is a ship about which we have the most extended information in some respects—those dealing with her decoration and equipment, for @@ -2904,7 +2888,7 @@ probably improved in their seamanship, while the navy was formed into a regularly-organized force consisting of "mariners, soldiers"—or, as we should call them now, marines—"and gunners". Every ship had her proper complement of -each. Thus the <i>Henri Grace à Dieu</i> carried 260 seamen, 400 +each. Thus the <i>Henri Grace à Dieu</i> carried 260 seamen, 400 soldiers, and 40 gunners; the <i>Mary Rose</i> 180 seamen, 200 soldiers, and 20 gunners; the <i>Peter Pomgranate</i> 130 seamen, 150 soldiers, and 20 gunners; and so forth, according to size.</p> @@ -2942,7 +2926,7 @@ the master gunner to 1<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i> for the private gunners.</p> <p>The provision allowance was respectable—England was renowned for good feeding at this period. Sundays, Tuesdays, -and Thursdays each man had ½ pound of beef and ¼ pound of +and Thursdays each man had ½ pound of beef and ¼ pound of bacon for his dinner, and the same for supper. On Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays they had to be content with two herrings and 1/8 pound of cheese for each of these meals, @@ -3226,7 +3210,7 @@ Iceland, set to work to capture our merchantmen, using apparently the ships of his allies, the Hanse League, for the purpose. King Edward, in his turn, at once closed the Steelyard, and, according to this account, strangled many of its -merchants, and demanded £20,000 compensation for his captured +merchants, and demanded £20,000 compensation for his captured ships. At this time there were a couple of rather big Hanse ships lying in a Dutch harbour, the <i>Mariendrache</i> and the <i>Anholt</i>. Hearing of the English preparations for war, @@ -3270,7 +3254,7 @@ by fair fighting. But we seem to have been blown a bit out of our course, and must get back to our point of departure.</p> <p>Although Henry VIII is inseparably connected with the -<i>Henri Grace à Dieu</i>, this famous ship was by no means the +<i>Henri Grace à Dieu</i>, this famous ship was by no means the only improved type of fighting-ship which dates from his reign. There were, besides the great ships, such as the <i>Henri</i>, the <i>Jesus of Lubeck</i>,<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> and others, a class known as galleasses, @@ -3366,7 +3350,7 @@ while a square sail is spread on a yard slung below it. This sail has a large round hole in each lower corner, to let the water run out when it is plunged under water as the ship pitches. The <i>Prince Royal</i> was the show ship of those days, and no -less than £441 was spent on her carved decorations, and £868 +less than £441 was spent on her carved decorations, and £868 on gilding them. She was our first three-decker, if we include the upper deck, and had a displacement of 1200 tons.</p> @@ -3775,7 +3759,7 @@ home waters.</div> British renegades, who were, more than anyone else, responsible for the Turkish efficiency at sea. Left to themselves, the corsairs from Algiers, Tunis, and Salee would never have -become formidable. In mediæval times, as has already been +become formidable. In mediæval times, as has already been noted, the English had the reputation of being "good seamen, but better pirates", and piracy (including English piracy),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> though scotched, was not killed till some time after the days @@ -3828,7 +3812,7 @@ Normandy that a band of Moorish or Saracen pirates had established themselves in a castle which they had built on an eminence right in the middle of the Island of Guernsey, from which they harassed and terrorized the inhabitants. A knight, -Samson d'Anville, was sent to destroy "Le Château du Grand +Samson d'Anville, was sent to destroy "Le Château du Grand Sarrasin", as it was called, and he apparently succeeded in rooting out the wasps' nest; and when in 1203 a church was built on the site, the salvation of the islanders was commemorated @@ -3962,7 +3946,7 @@ ships north of the Mediterranean, and in that year a Salee rover was actually captured in the River Thames. By the year following so many British ships had been taken by the "Turks" that the merchants of London established a fund -of £40,000—the Trinity House contributing £1068—"for the +of £40,000—the Trinity House contributing £1068—"for the merchants and ships of the Port of London as a fund against the Turks". Four hundred and sixty British ships had already fallen into their hands.</p> @@ -3973,7 +3957,7 @@ on the ground "that it is not necessary or convenient to erect a lighthouse there, but <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">per contra</i>, inconvenient, having regard to <em>pirates</em> and enemies whom it would conduct to a safe place of landing". In 1620 James I was at last persuaded to send -an expedition against "Argier". The £40,000 collected in +an expedition against "Argier". The £40,000 collected in London, and other sums subscribed, went towards its equipment. It consisted of six men-of-war and twelve hired merchantmen under Sir Robert Mansell; but as during the @@ -4129,7 +4113,7 @@ carried 15 guns and 124 men, of whom 19 were Christians, 6 of them English, and 3 of them renegades, and that thirty men-of-war from Algiers were "on the war-path" against Spain, France, and England. The "Dutchman" was one -Oliver Megy of Lübeck, who admitted that he had been +Oliver Megy of Lübeck, who admitted that he had been acting as pilot. Dutchman was apparently then used indiscriminately for Dutch or German, as I believe is still to a great extent the case at sea.</p> @@ -4148,7 +4132,7 @@ a barke of Dartmouth laden with Poore John (dried fish) which he tooke in the Channel from a Turks man-of-warr".<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a><br /><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> In 1652, just after the Republican form of government had been established in England, the <i>Speaker</i> frigate was dispatched -to "Argier in Turkey" with £30,000 to ransom English +to "Argier in Turkey" with £30,000 to ransom English captives from slavery. But when the strong hand of the Protector Cromwell had seized the helm of state there was no more question of ransoms or presents to the barbarians of @@ -4189,7 +4173,7 @@ torn up when opportunity offered, the expedition was practically fruitless.</p> <p>The Earl of Inchiquin and his son were eventually ransomed -for £1500, and Charles showed his weakness by indulging in +for £1500, and Charles showed his weakness by indulging in the unfortunately widespread habit of trying to conciliate the "Turks" by presents of arms and ammunition, which everyone knew would be used against our own ships and men.</p> @@ -4776,7 +4760,7 @@ with the invention of the muzzle-loading cannon, for it seems probable that the guns in use previous to 1320 were merely <i>cannae</i>, or tubes open at each end. The famous battery of three guns, which is said by some historians to have been -used by the English at Crécy, was probably of this kind. +used by the English at Crécy, was probably of this kind. Whether the guns were used there or not, it would not have been the first time such weapons made their appearance in European warfare, as seems to be assumed by some writers.</p> @@ -4808,7 +4792,7 @@ which the gun itself was fixed in some kind of a framework. Such guns are to be seen in a picture in Froissart's <cite>Chronicles</cite> representing the siege of Tunis by the Crusaders in 1390, and it is from this that the often-reproduced drawing of the -guns said to have been used at Crécy in 1346 would appear to +guns said to have been used at Crécy in 1346 would appear to have been taken.</p> <p>What is said to be the earliest representation of a cannon in @@ -4846,7 +4830,7 @@ which Guillaume du Moulin, of Boulogne, acknowledges to have received from Thomas Fouques, the custodian of the enclosure for the King's galleys at Rouen, a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">pot-de-fer</i> to throw "fire garots", together with forty-eight garots in two -cases, 1 pound of saltpetre, and ½ pound of sulphur "to make +cases, 1 pound of saltpetre, and ½ pound of sulphur "to make powder to fire the said garots". Now it seems more than probable that this <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">pot-de-fer</i> or <em>vase</em> was very similar to that in the Oxford manuscript and that it was intended for use @@ -4881,7 +4865,7 @@ in which he tells us that, in 1418: "The Lord of Cornwall . . . crosse the Seine . . . having with him in a <em>skiff</em> a <em>horse loaded with small cannons</em>". When one reads of the extraordinary numbers of guns which are said to have been used -in some mediæval battles and sieges, one should always bear +in some mediæval battles and sieges, one should always bear this passage in mind.</p> @@ -4979,7 +4963,7 @@ the case, for the French account of the battle off St. Helens and in which a considerable number of ships were engaged, mentions that 300 rounds were fired as a fact indicating the uncommon fierceness of the fighting. And yet the <i>Henri -Grace à Dieu</i> alone carried over 100 guns of various sizes!</p> +Grace à Dieu</i> alone carried over 100 guns of various sizes!</p> <p>But at first, even at a time when artillery of one kind or another was in common use on land, very few guns were @@ -5084,8 +5068,8 @@ Some of fine workmanship were found in the wreck of the been already mentioned. As an indication of the cost and labour expended on such weapons, it may be instanced that a bronze gun cast in Germany in 1406 took from Whitsuntide -to Michaelmas to finish, and required 52½ hundredweight of -copper and 3½ hundredweight of tin. The metal cost 422 +to Michaelmas to finish, and required 52½ hundredweight of +copper and 3½ hundredweight of tin. The metal cost 422 florins, while the master gun-founder received 86 florins for his pains.</p> @@ -5109,7 +5093,7 @@ guns used afloat:—</p> <td align="center" colspan='2'>Bore.</td> <td align="center" colspan='2'>Weight of Shot.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Double cannon</td> -<td align="right">8½ </td> +<td align="right">8½ </td> <td align="left">inches </td> <td align="right">66 </td> <td align="left">pounds</td></tr> @@ -5119,22 +5103,22 @@ guns used afloat:—</p> <td align="right">60 </td> <td align="center">" </td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Demi-cannon</td> -<td align="right">6½</td> +<td align="right">6½</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="right">32 </td> <td align="center">" </td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Whole culverin </td> -<td align="right">5½</td> +<td align="right">5½</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="center">" </td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Demi-culverin</td> -<td align="right">4½</td> +<td align="right">4½</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="right">9 </td> <td align="center">" </td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Saker</td> -<td align="right">3½</td> +<td align="right">3½</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="right">51 </td> <td align="center">" </td></tr> @@ -5144,14 +5128,14 @@ guns used afloat:—</p> <td align="right">4 </td> <td align="center">" </td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Falcon</td> -<td align="right">2½</td> +<td align="right">2½</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="center">" </td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Falconet</td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="center">"</td> -<td align="right">1½</td> +<td align="right">1½</td> <td align="center">" </td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Robinet</td> <td align="right">1 </td> @@ -5170,8 +5154,8 @@ the form of an ornamental serpent.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39">< <p>Although the English cast-iron cannon almost at once achieved such a reputation that they sold in Amsterdam -for £40 a ton, for £60 in France, and for no less than £80 -in Spain, though costing only £12 a ton in this country; +for £40 a ton, for £60 in France, and for no less than £80 +in Spain, though costing only £12 a ton in this country; and though they were bought so freely at these high prices by foreigners that in 1574 their export was totally forbidden, yet it would appear that the Royal Navy was then using @@ -5191,7 +5175,7 @@ twenty cannon, eight demi-cannon, thirty-two culverins, and forty-two demi-culverins—all brass guns—and probably some small iron falconets as well. On each gun was engraved the rose and crown, the sceptre and trident, anchor and cable. -The engraving cost £3 per gun, but we must remember that +The engraving cost £3 per gun, but we must remember that the <i>Sovereign</i> was a "show ship".</p> <p>According to an artilleryman who wrote in the first half @@ -5371,7 +5355,7 @@ smooth-bore 68-pounder lined with a rifled steel tube. I have drilled at such guns myself. It was fine exercise, and it was necessary to be pretty smart and have all one's wits about one to get outside the breeching, if a loading number, before -the gun was run out. The 13·5-inch gun of to-day is, thanks +the gun was run out. The 13·5-inch gun of to-day is, thanks to hydraulics, manipulated with a tithe of the exertion required to serve a truck gun. Here are the orders for "Exercise at the Great Guns" which obtained in 1781, and are @@ -5534,7 +5518,7 @@ guns, which have a sliding block—it has been so improved that the locking of the breech is still stronger, and in all but our very big guns it can be opened and closed with just about as much ease as a cupboard door. Of course, in monsters -like the 12-, 13·5-, and 15-inch guns, hydraulic machinery is +like the 12-, 13·5-, and 15-inch guns, hydraulic machinery is brought into play, by means of which their immense breech-blocks are manipulated with the greatest ease by the movement of various levers.</p> @@ -5592,14 +5576,14 @@ entirely a thing of to-day, or at any rate of the last fifty or sixty years. This is, however, not altogether correct. Armour is not necessarily steel or iron—witness the derivation of "cuirass" from the French <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cuir</i>, i.e. "leather". A French -battleship is called <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cuirassé</i>.</div> +battleship is called <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cuirassé</i>.</div> <p>Protective devices of various kinds and materials have been used for hundreds, nay thousands, of years for the defence of ships specially designed for fighting purposes, though never, it must be admitted, so generally and extensively as at the present day. Raw hides were constantly -used in ancient and mediæval times to protect ships and the +used in ancient and mediæval times to protect ships and the wooden towers used in sieges on shore. Thick felt was also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> utilized for this purpose. The Normans hung their galleys with this material in a battle with the Saracens off Palermo @@ -5620,10 +5604,10 @@ deck or roof covered with leather. Again, in 1276, Pedro III of Aragon <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cuirassed</i> two of his biggest ships with leather—probably raw hides—before sending them to engage the fleet of Charles of Anjou. Lead was also used for ship armour in -mediæval times. It is said that the great dromon captured +mediæval times. It is said that the great dromon captured by Richard I off Beyrout had some kind of leaden plating. Later on, this heavy metal preceded copper as a sheathing for -the under-water portions of ships: the <i>Grande Françoise</i>, +the under-water portions of ships: the <i>Grande Françoise</i>, launched in 1527, was lead-sheathed from her keel to the first wale above her water-line. Three years later than this date a regular "lead-clad" was launched at Nice, where she had been @@ -5697,7 +5681,7 @@ a total failure. In spite of her three rudders she was and had to be abandoned. The Spanish besiegers laughed prodigiously at this effort, and nicknamed the abandoned ironclad the <i>Caramanjula</i> or "Bogey-bogey". As for her -designers, they re-named her <i>Perditæ Expensæ</i>, or "Money +designers, they re-named her <i>Perditæ Expensæ</i>, or "Money thrown away".</p> <div class="figright" style="width: 500px;"> @@ -5773,7 +5757,7 @@ boat, and invented mines and torpedoes and other weapons of war, turned his attention to the protection of war-vessels. He was probably responsible for a little paddle-wheel-propelled vessel for towing torpedoes, which is described -as being covered with ½-inch iron plates, "not to be injured +as being covered with ½-inch iron plates, "not to be injured by shot". Later on he built a steam frigate, which he called the <i>Demologos</i>, or "Voice of the People". This relied on 13-feet-thick sides to protect her crew, but was not armour-plated. @@ -5832,7 +5816,7 @@ total length. The <i>Warrior</i> was 382 feet long, and fitted with a not very obtrusive ram. As a matter of fact, it was not perceptible at all, since the stem was finished off with a very graceful swan bow adorned with one of the finest figure-heads -ever executed. She was fully rigged, did 14½ knots +ever executed. She was fully rigged, did 14½ knots under steam at her trials, and carried an armament of thirty-eight 68-pounders, then the heaviest guns afloat. In short, the <i>Warrior</i> was a triumph of British shipbuilding, and a @@ -5845,7 +5829,7 @@ a few smaller ironclads were built, the <i>Defence</i>, <i>Resistance</i>, were all improved <i>Warriors</i>, armoured along their whole length, with ram bows, a heavier armament, and no less than five masts. They were imposing-looking ships, though, of -course, to-day about as obsolete as the <i>Henri Grace à Dieu</i>.</p> +course, to-day about as obsolete as the <i>Henri Grace à Dieu</i>.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i198.jpg" width="600" height="370" alt="painting of a ship" /> @@ -6031,7 +6015,7 @@ The net result in this country was that Captain Cowper Coles, R.N., was allowed to have a cupola- or turret-ship built which he had designed some years before. The <i>Royal Sovereign</i>, a wooden three-decker, was cut down to within -a few feet of the water-line, plated with 5½-inch iron, and +a few feet of the water-line, plated with 5½-inch iron, and fitted with four turrets. The foremost one carried two guns, the remainder one apiece. She had very light pole masts and light, hinged iron bulwarks, which gave her 3-1/3 feet more @@ -6141,7 +6125,7 @@ since an improved sister-ship, the <i>Hero</i>, was launched about five years later. These ships probably suggested the very much larger ones, <i>Victoria</i> and <i>Sans Pareil</i>, each of which, on a displacement of 10,470 tons only, carried a couple of -111-ton guns of 16·25-inch bore in a single turret—that is +111-ton guns of 16·25-inch bore in a single turret—that is to say, as their main armament. They had also a 10-inch gun aft, and a dozen 6-inch breech-loading guns. These formed what is called her "secondary battery". The provision @@ -6281,13 +6265,13 @@ These were very similar to their predecessors, but had over 1000 tons more displacement, were more thoroughly armoured, and, in addition to the four 12-inch and ten or a dozen 6-inch guns which formed their armament, were provided with four -guns of 9·2 inches calibre, each placed singly in a turret at +guns of 9·2 inches calibre, each placed singly in a turret at the corners of the superstructure. The final type before the <i>Dreadnought</i> made her sensational appearance was the "Lord Nelson" class, which, however, only comprised two ships—the <i>Lord Nelson</i> herself and the <i>Agamemnon</i>.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> They were very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> little bigger than the "King Edwards", but in their case the -6-inch guns were replaced by ten guns of 9·2-inch calibre, a +6-inch guns were replaced by ten guns of 9·2-inch calibre, a most formidable secondary battery, capable of penetrating a considerable thickness of armour. The Battle of Tsushima, between the Japanese and Russians, led to the temporary @@ -6308,7 +6292,7 @@ occupied more pages than I intended.</p> <div class='hang1'>1875—H.M.S. <i>Dreadnought</i>. Displacement, 10,820 tons; speed, 14 knots; guns, four muzzle-loaders; armour, 10, 11, 13, and 14 inches; weight of projectiles, 809 pounds; penetration of wrought iron at -1000 yards, 17½ inches.</div> +1000 yards, 17½ inches.</div> <div class='hang1'>1906—H.M.S. <i>Dreadnought</i>. Displacement, 17,900 tons; speed, 21 knots; guns, ten breech-loaders; armour, 6, 7, 9, and 12 inches; @@ -6354,13 +6338,13 @@ even an ingenious form of submarine boat. The French, to whom he first offered them, to their honour be it spoken, would have nothing to do with them even though hard put to it to hold their own against the British fleet. Admiral -Decrès reported that Fulton's inventions were "fit only for +Decrès reported that Fulton's inventions were "fit only for Algerines and pirates". The Maritime Prefect at Brest refused to allow him to attack an English frigate off the coast<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> with his submarine, "because this type of warfare carries with it the objection that those who undertake it and those against whom it is made will all be lost. This cannot be -called a gallant death", he said. Finally, Admiral Pléville +called a gallant death", he said. Finally, Admiral Pléville le Pelly, the Minister of War, stated that it appeared to him to be "impossible to serve a Commission for Belligerency to men who employ such a method of destroying the fleet of @@ -6409,7 +6393,7 @@ to be rather an impossible performance.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_ said to have had a corps or society of divers known as <i>Urinatores</i>. Then there are legends of diving-apparatus employed by Alexander the Great, who himself is frequently -depicted in mediæval manuscripts being lowered to the bottom +depicted in mediæval manuscripts being lowered to the bottom of the sea in a glass barrel.</p> <p>In manuscripts and woodcuts of the Middle Ages there @@ -6564,7 +6548,7 @@ had been responsible for a very large proportion of the designs for submarines, which had continually increased in numbers as the nineteenth century progressed. After extensive experiments with the <i>Gymnote</i> (launched 1888), <i>Gustave -Zèdé</i> (1893), and <i>Morse</i> (1899), France set about the construction +Zèdé</i> (1893), and <i>Morse</i> (1899), France set about the construction of a regular submarine flotilla of considerable size, launching nearly thirty boats between 1900 and 1903. Other Powers, except perhaps Russia, held back from the new departure, @@ -6722,7 +6706,7 @@ seems to have spent some time in this country. He had a good deal to do with the building of Tilbury Fort, and brought forward extended proposals for the reopening of Rye Harbour, which had become silted up. This he does not seem -to have effected satisfactorily, and payment of £821, 9<i>s.</i>, +to have effected satisfactorily, and payment of £821, 9<i>s.</i>, which he demanded of the Mayor and jurats of that famous town, was refused. He may have had something to do with the preparation of the fire-ships sent against the Spanish @@ -6779,7 +6763,7 @@ ships by the Americans, and those we ourselves carried out with indifferent success against the French Invasion flotillas, have been already referred to. Though this form of attack was not again employed by the navy for many years, the -following description in Müller's <cite>Elements of the Science of +following description in Müller's <cite>Elements of the Science of War</cite> (1811) shows that something like a floating mine was used in armies for the destruction of bridges. It consisted of a chest fitted with a rudder and filled @@ -6807,7 +6791,7 @@ was taken in tow by a steamer and blown up off Brighton in the presence of an immense crowd of spectators; but as the inventor wanted the Admiralty -to pay him £400,000 for it +to pay him £400,000 for it before he showed them what it was like, his secret naturally remained a secret. It would seem to have been @@ -7545,7 +7529,7 @@ naval brigade. There were 2 naval and 2 marine officers killed and one of each wounded, 2 seamen and 6 marines killed, and 13 seamen and 82 marines wounded. During the farther advance on our western flank the guns of the naval -brigade were constantly in action. One of the big 4·7 guns, +brigade were constantly in action. One of the big 4·7 guns, mounted on the travelling carriage suggested by Captain (now Admiral) Sir Percy Scott of the <i>Terrible</i>, and put into practical form by one of her engineer officers, arrived in time @@ -7567,7 +7551,7 @@ OUR SEAMEN GUNNERS WITH A MAXIM</div> their own, and in response to the appeal made by Sir George White, the defender of Ladysmith, for more guns, Captain the Hon. Hedworth Lambton of that ship rushed up 17 -officers and 267 men with two 4·7 guns, four 12-pounders, +officers and 267 men with two 4·7 guns, four 12-pounders, and four Maxims, just managing to get into the beleaguered town in time. On the very first day the 12-pounders managed to put the Boer "Long Tom", which was lobbing its big projectiles @@ -7577,7 +7561,7 @@ part of the relieving force and fought at Colenso. This force comprised 20 officers and 403 bluejackets and marines, to whom must be added 2 officers and 50 men belonging to the Natal Naval Volunteers. A formidable battery of one 6-inch, five -4·7-inch, and eighteen long 12-pounders accompanied this brigade, +4·7-inch, and eighteen long 12-pounders accompanied this brigade, which was of the greatest possible assistance to the army.</p> <p>About this time the Boxer outbreak in China led to the @@ -7717,7 +7701,7 @@ and therefore two guns, in order to make room for more boiler-power for the production of greater speed, her broadside totals 15,600 pounds of metal as against the 8500 of the earlier war-ship, or the 12,500 pounds of later Super-Dreadnoughts -armed with ten 13½-inch big guns. But the ability to throw +armed with ten 13½-inch big guns. But the ability to throw heavier projectiles was by no means the only reason for increasing the calibre of our big guns. The fact was that gradual improvements in the 12-inch gun had made it so @@ -7753,7 +7737,7 @@ carved, gilded, and painted workmanship of a Japanese temple. Both are attractive to the eye in their own peculiar and far differing ways. In the old wooden ships an appreciable proportion of their cost went in decoration alone, but out -of the £2,400,000 expended on the "<i>Lizzie</i>" such expenditure +of the £2,400,000 expended on the "<i>Lizzie</i>" such expenditure may be set down practically as <em>nil</em>. A plain slate-coloured coat of paint, extending from truck to water-line, is all the painter has had to do with her external appearance.</p> @@ -7792,11 +7776,11 @@ some reference to the way in which she is protected by armour. As in all such ships, the armour-plating is distributed (<i>a</i>) to protect her flotation and (<i>b</i>) to protect her guns. With the former object in view she has a broad water-line belt of -the finest and strongest 13½-inch armour procurable, which +the finest and strongest 13½-inch armour procurable, which is supplemented by an armoured deck of considerable thickness. Each turret stands on a species of armoured tower, going right down to the armoured deck, and is itself made -of 13½-inch armour. Her flotation is further safeguarded by +of 13½-inch armour. Her flotation is further safeguarded by minute subdivision below the water-line.</p> <p>"Long experience of naval war has established a belief, @@ -7824,7 +7808,7 @@ modern navy, to glance, in the briefest possible manner, at<span class="pagenum" their predecessors of days gone by. Perhaps we may take the viking <i>skuta</i>, or fast scouting vessel, as its first prototype, scouting being one of the most important duties of a cruiser. -Possibly the galleys and balingers of mediæval times may be +Possibly the galleys and balingers of mediæval times may be regarded as the <i>skuta's</i> successors, while the low-lying <i>Tiger</i> and other ships of her class in Tudor reigns may be considered as the immediate precursors of the famous frigates and corvettes @@ -7903,20 +7887,20 @@ the battleship <i>Orion</i>—1910. Note the comparison below:—</p> <td align="center">Cost.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Orion</i> </td> <td align="center">22,300</td> -<td align="right">Ten 13·5 in.</td> +<td align="right">Ten 13·5 in.</td> <td align="left"> 21 knots </td> <td align="left"> 12 in. </td> -<td align="right">£1,900,000</td></tr> +<td align="right">£1,900,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Lion</i> </td> <td align="center">26,350</td> -<td align="right">Eight 13·5 in.</td> +<td align="right">Eight 13·5 in.</td> <td align="left"> 28 knots </td> <td align="left"> 10 in. </td> <td align="right">2,100,000</td></tr> </table></div> <p>Thus it will be seen that of these two contemporary ships<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> -the battle-cruiser is the bigger, cost £200,000 more, has two +the battle-cruiser is the bigger, cost £200,000 more, has two less big guns, 2 inches less protection, but steams at least 7 knots faster than the battleship. Indeed, it is hard to say whether she is or is not, on the whole, the more useful ship, even @@ -7965,9 +7949,9 @@ heavier armed and armoured battleship proper.</p> modern cruisers may be taken to be represented by the "<i>Defence</i>" and "<i>Achilles</i>" classes, the latest of which dates from 1909. The former class have a displacement of 14,600 -tons apiece, and carry four 9·2 and ten 7·5 guns. The latter +tons apiece, and carry four 9·2 and ten 7·5 guns. The latter are about 1000 tons smaller, and have an armament of six -9·2 and four 7·5 guns. Both types have 6- to 8-inch armour, +9·2 and four 7·5 guns. Both types have 6- to 8-inch armour, and about 23 knots speed. They are exceedingly smart-looking vessels, with their numerous turrets or gun-houses, four funnels, and two lightly-rigged masts. They sit comparatively @@ -7977,7 +7961,7 @@ both speed and war-like efficiency.</p> <p>The "County" class of cruisers, which immediately preceded those just mentioned, are considerably smaller, though to some minds but weakly gunned for their size. None of -them have heavier guns than 7·5-inch, and most only 6-inch +them have heavier guns than 7·5-inch, and most only 6-inch weapons. Neither have they a great deal of armour protection or an extraordinary high rate of speed. As none have been built within recent years, we may fairly assume that @@ -8015,7 +7999,7 @@ shore the notorious commerce-destroyer <i>Emden</i>.</p> cruiser", a fast unprotected vessel with light guns of 4-inch calibre, which has proved of immense value in the area of "liveliness" in the North Sea. The <i>Amphion</i> opened the ball -by sinking the German mine-layer <i>Königin Luise</i> at the +by sinking the German mine-layer <i>Königin Luise</i> at the very opening of hostilities, but was very soon after herself blown up by a mine the latter had laid. She, like her sisters, was almost exactly like a big destroyer in appearance. The @@ -8181,11 +8165,11 @@ somewhat to a "Monitor".</p> <p>The three "Monitors" which were added to our own navy as described, are of only 1200 tons displacement apiece. They are 265 feet long, with a beam of 49 feet, and have a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> -speed of 11½ knots only. But it is obvious that speed was +speed of 11½ knots only. But it is obvious that speed was of very secondary consideration for the purposes for which they were designed. They have thin armour-plating on their sides, and carry two 6-inch guns in a turret at the bows. Aft -are a couple of 4·7-inch howitzers under revolving shields, +are a couple of 4·7-inch howitzers under revolving shields, while half a dozen machine-guns are mounted on their upper works. They are smart-looking little craft, with one funnel and a single military mast with a search-light platform.</p> @@ -8908,7 +8892,7 @@ have a captain and a subaltern, and in smaller ones a captain or subaltern alone. Their duties are considerably more onerous than they used to be, since they are wisely made of much more use in the general work of the ship, instead of -being relegated to the unsatisfactory rôle of being "lookers +being relegated to the unsatisfactory rôle of being "lookers on at life".</p> <p>The major is, of course, responsible for the conduct, drill, @@ -8964,7 +8948,7 @@ domestic economy of the ship and her ward-room mess.</p> THE 13.5-INCH GUN: SOME IDEA OF ITS LENGTH<br /> <p>Thirteen midshipmen seated upon this monster naval gun seem to emphasize its length. Sixteen of our super-Dreadnoughts each -carry eight or ten 13.5-inch guns. They settled the fate of the <i>Blücher</i> in the Dogger Bank fight, and sent the other German +carry eight or ten 13.5-inch guns. They settled the fate of the <i>Blücher</i> in the Dogger Bank fight, and sent the other German ships back to port shattered and on fire.</p></div> </div> @@ -9197,7 +9181,7 @@ he attacked an enemy fleet consisting of 27 line-of-battle ships, frigates.) We may well imagine the zest with which our little squadron set off to punish the naval "dynamitards", and it was not long before a mercantile-looking steamer hove in -sight, which proved to be the <i>Königin Luise</i>, of 2000 tons, +sight, which proved to be the <i>Königin Luise</i>, of 2000 tons, belonging to the Hamburg-Amerika Line. She was steering east, and four destroyers shot after her like greyhounds unleashed. The chase was good for about twenty knots, but @@ -9215,7 +9199,7 @@ that twenty-eight escaped a watery grave. The <i>Amphion</i> and her satellites, having disposed of the mine-layer, proceeded with their work until about 6.30 the following morning. The flotilla was at this time in the neighbourhood of the -spot where the <i>Königin Luise</i> had been dropping her mines. +spot where the <i>Königin Luise</i> had been dropping her mines. Every precaution was taken to avoid what was supposed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> be the dangerous area, but suddenly, without any warning, the <i>Amphion</i> struck a mine and the catastrophe occurred. @@ -9255,7 +9239,7 @@ the <i>Birmingham</i> did sink the U 15; but the real truth of the matter is that the U 15 fired at a certain British ship and missed her. Thereafter the U 15 might have got home in safety had not her captain imagined that he had succeeded, -and come to the surface to shout 'Deutschland über alles'. +and come to the surface to shout 'Deutschland über alles'. That little incident settled the fate of the U 15, as she came up alongside the <i>Birmingham</i> and was sunk at once."</p> @@ -9341,13 +9325,13 @@ the Third Flotilla. The new-comers immediately attacked the German Flotilla, which was now making for Heligoland. The <i>Arethusa</i>, in her turn, was attacked by two German cruisers, and there was something in the nature of a general -mêlée, in which the <i>Fearless</i> and the First Destroyer Flotilla +mêlée, in which the <i>Fearless</i> and the First Destroyer Flotilla very shortly took a hand. Our gunnery seems to have been the more effective, but all the same our flotillas were somewhat hardly pressed until the Light Cruiser Squadron, and finally the battle-cruisers, with their enormous guns, came looming colossal out of the mist and gave the German cruisers the -<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">coup de grâce</i>. The <i>Köln</i> and <i>Mainz</i> were set on fire and +<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">coup de grâce</i>. The <i>Köln</i> and <i>Mainz</i> were set on fire and sunk outright, the third cruiser, subsequently understood to have been the <i>Ariadne</i>, disappeared blazing into the fog, only to founder shortly afterwards, while two destroyers were also @@ -9406,7 +9390,7 @@ a semicircle of sheep and behind him none. That was much what we did at 7 a.m. on the 28th. The sheep were the German<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a><br /><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> torpedo-craft, who fell back just on the limits of range and tried to lure us within fire of the Heligoland forts. <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Pas -si bête!</i> But a cruiser came out and engaged our <i>Arethusa;</i> +si bête!</i> But a cruiser came out and engaged our <i>Arethusa;</i> they had a real heart-to-heart talk while we looked on, and a few of us tried to shoot at the enemy too, though it was beyond our distance. We were getting nearer and nearer Heligoland @@ -9707,7 +9691,7 @@ firing their torpedoes. They must have discharged at least eight, one missing our stern by only a few yards. Fortunately for us, we caught sight of the bubbles on the surface denoting its track, and just missed the fate of the <i>Aboukir</i>, -<i>Cressy</i>, <i>Hogue</i>, and <i>Hawke</i> by a hairbreadth. At 2·55 p.m. +<i>Cressy</i>, <i>Hogue</i>, and <i>Hawke</i> by a hairbreadth. At 2·55 p.m. the second of the enemy's vessels was seen to be out of action, being ablaze fore and aft, showing the fearful havoc our lyddite shells were making. As each shell hit its mark, @@ -9733,7 +9717,7 @@ one of the German vessels. The surviving German fired her last torpedo, which, however, went wide of the mark. During these activities we had closed in with the last of the Kaiser's destroyers, and placed her <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">hors de combat</i>. The <i>Legion</i> had -two wounded. By 3·30 the action was over, and the German<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span> +two wounded. By 3·30 the action was over, and the German<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span> fleet had been reduced by four units. Then came the order to get out boats and save life. Altogether we saved 2 officers and 29 men. . . . Those wretched Teutons made a good fight. @@ -9755,7 +9739,7 @@ building for Brazil, but had been taken up by the Admiralty at the outbreak of war, played the leading part to begin with, but later on other heavier ships took a hand in the proceedings. The "Monitors" were especially well adapted for work -in the shallow waters between Dunkirk and Zeebrügge. Their +in the shallow waters between Dunkirk and Zeebrügge. Their appearance was unexpected by the Germans, who suffered severely from their fire, and were unable to press their attack against Nieuport. The "Monitors" <i>Mersey</i>, <i>Severn</i>, and <i>Humber</i>, @@ -9789,7 +9773,7 @@ which were warded off by the attendant destroyers.</p> Belgian coast for a considerable time. The <i>Venerable</i>, a pre-Dreadnought battleship, did great execution with her big 12-inch guns, which outranged the German batteries. In -November, Zeebrügge, where the enemy had established a +November, Zeebrügge, where the enemy had established a submarine station, was heavily bombarded and considerable damage done. The British casualties during these coastal operations were but slight. The destroyer <i>Falcon</i>, however, @@ -9909,7 +9893,7 @@ rather than fight".</p> <p>About five German cruisers were known to be in the Atlantic, and a considerable force of both our own and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> -French cruisers set to work to "round them up". The <i>König +French cruisers set to work to "round them up". The <i>König Wilhelm der Grosse</i>, a big armed mercantile cruiser of 14,000 tons and ten 4-inch guns, was "bagged" by the <i>Highflyer</i> off the Oro River on the West African coast on 26th August. She @@ -9919,7 +9903,7 @@ a much faster vessel, was made fast to a captured collier, from which she was coaling, which enabled the <i>Highflyer</i>, which dated from 1900, to get within range with her heavier guns. "If all British ships shoot as straight as the <i>Highflyer</i>," said -the captain of <i>König Wilhelm der Grosse</i>, "I shall be sorry +the captain of <i>König Wilhelm der Grosse</i>, "I shall be sorry for our poor fellows in the North Sea." Nearly a month later the <i>Carmania</i>, a big armed liner, sank the <i>Cap Trafalgar</i>, a similar vessel—which was disguised as a "Castle" liner @@ -9936,7 +9920,7 @@ steamed after her at top speed, and when about 4 miles off, she turned and steered towards us. We were cleared for action, and had been standing by our guns for some time, all strangely fascinated by the movements of our enemy. -When about 3½ miles off we fired our challenge shot across +When about 3½ miles off we fired our challenge shot across her bows, and immediately after this she displayed her colours at the masthead, and fired her first shot from her starboard after-guns. This shot came right close over our heads, @@ -9967,7 +9951,7 @@ setting in, and we thus escaped her clutches."</p> <p>An auxiliary cruiser, of course, would not stand much chance in a duel with a man-of-war cruiser, as was shown by -that between the <i>Highflyer</i> and the <i>König Wilhelm der +that between the <i>Highflyer</i> and the <i>König Wilhelm der Grosse</i>, a much newer, larger, and faster ship. Rather later in the year the <i>Navarra</i>, another German auxiliary cruiser of the Hamburg-Amerika line, was sunk also in South Atlantic @@ -9982,12 +9966,12 @@ to turn our attention to the Indian Ocean. The first incident to be noticed is an adverse one to the British. The <i>Pegasus</i>, a small cruiser dating from 1899, after having in conjunction with the <i>Astrea</i> destroyed the German wireless station at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span> -Dar-es-Salem, and sunk the gunboat <i>Möwe</i> and a floating-dock, +Dar-es-Salem, and sunk the gunboat <i>Möwe</i> and a floating-dock, was caught while overhauling her machinery in the harbour -of Zanzibar by the German light cruiser <i>Königsberg</i>, a much +of Zanzibar by the German light cruiser <i>Königsberg</i>, a much newer vessel.</p> -<p>The <i>Königsberg</i> approached at full speed at five o'clock on +<p>The <i>Königsberg</i> approached at full speed at five o'clock on Sunday morning, 20th September, and, having sunk the British patrol boat by three shots, opened fire on the <i>Pegasus</i> from 5 miles distance, closing to 7000 yards. The <i>Pegasus</i>, being @@ -10014,7 +9998,7 @@ German squadron in China, but had slipped away south, and now began to sink one after another of our merchantmen in the Indian Ocean. This was in contravention of international law, but as, generally speaking, her commander, Captain -Müller, saved their crews, and showed both dash and humanity, +Müller, saved their crews, and showed both dash and humanity, the British public were more or less inclined to look with a lenient eye on his semi-piratical proceedings. He fired a few shots at Madras and destroyed an oil-tank, and at @@ -10137,7 +10121,7 @@ acceptable news that could be imagined, and it is hoped that her guns will be salved and placed as trophies in the big Australian cities.</p> -<p>Almost simultaneously another sea-wasp, the <i>Königsberg</i>, +<p>Almost simultaneously another sea-wasp, the <i>Königsberg</i>, the same vessel which had so mauled the <i>Pegasus</i>, besides doing other mischief among our merchant-shipping, was "cornered" by the cruiser <i>Chatham</i> in the Rufigi River on the @@ -10153,7 +10137,7 @@ anchored across the river channel, in spite of the fire directed upon them by the German detachment on the island. When all was ready, her crew took to their boats, blew three holes in her bottom, and sank her, effectually "bottling up" the -<i>Königsberg</i>. Several casualties were incurred during this +<i>Königsberg</i>. Several casualties were incurred during this operation. The German cruiser after this contrived to conceal her exact position for some time, by fastening the tops of palm-trees to her masts, but an aeroplane, being brought down @@ -10170,7 +10154,7 @@ little monitors <i>Severn</i> and <i>Mersey</i>, which had made their <i lang="f on the Belgian coast. While the <i>Weymouth</i> and <i>Pioneer</i> engaged the guns on the island and others which had been mounted on the river bank, the two monitors steamed up the -river and engaged the <i>Königsberg</i>. The battle lasted for a +river and engaged the <i>Königsberg</i>. The battle lasted for a long time, as the raider was so ensconced in jungle that the airmen who were "spotting" for the British found the greatest difficulty in seeing where their shot fell. Most of the time the @@ -10226,14 +10210,14 @@ scored by the Germans up to the time of writing.</div> <p>The German squadron, which was commanded by Admiral Graf von Spee, consisted of the <i>Scharnhorst</i>, <i>Gneisenau</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span> -<i>Dresden</i>, <i>Nürnberg</i>, and <i>Leipzig</i>. The two former had been on +<i>Dresden</i>, <i>Nürnberg</i>, and <i>Leipzig</i>. The two former had been on the Chinese station and were big armoured cruisers of 11,600 tons, dating from 1907. They were sister ships, each mounting -eight 8·2-inch, six 6-inch, and several smaller guns. The +eight 8·2-inch, six 6-inch, and several smaller guns. The <i>Scharnhorst</i> (flag) was the crack gunnery ship of the German fleet. The other three ships were third-class cruisers of between 3000 and 4000 tons, similar to the <i>Emden</i>, and -carried ten 4·1-inch guns apiece, firing 34-pound projectiles. +carried ten 4·1-inch guns apiece, firing 34-pound projectiles. They had been carrying on various separate commerce-raiding operations in the Pacific, had bombarded the French port of Papeete in Tahiti, and now, when the numerous cruisers of @@ -10251,7 +10235,7 @@ westward of Coronel, in Chile, when it was reported that there were enemy's ships in the neighbourhood. The two first-named ships were armoured cruisers of large size, but not too well gunned for their displacement. The <i>Good Hope</i> -had a couple of 9·2-inch guns and sixteen 6-inch guns, the +had a couple of 9·2-inch guns and sixteen 6-inch guns, the <i>Monmouth</i> fourteen 6-inch guns. The <i>Glasgow</i> was a light cruiser with two 6-inch and ten 4-inch guns, while the <i>Otranto</i> was merely a big mail-boat, belonging to the Orient line, @@ -10351,9 +10335,9 @@ When target ceased to be visible, gunlayers spontaneously ceased fire."<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p> <p>It must be borne in mind that the only guns in the British -squadron equal in power to the sixteen 8·2-inch much more +squadron equal in power to the sixteen 8·2-inch much more modern weapons of the two big German armoured cruisers -were the two 9·2-inch guns carried by the <i>Good Hope</i>, one of +were the two 9·2-inch guns carried by the <i>Good Hope</i>, one of which was knocked out ten minutes after the battle began.</p> <p>The <i>Glasgow</i>, on the second day after her escape, had a @@ -10400,7 +10384,7 @@ with a dusky veil. Twenty minutes later other smoke columns were reported more to the southward.</p> <p>The two ships first observed, which proved to be the -<i>Gneisenau</i> and <i>Nürnberg</i>, continued to advance steadily towards +<i>Gneisenau</i> and <i>Nürnberg</i>, continued to advance steadily towards the island, training their guns on the wireless station, and about an hour and a half after they had first been sighted came within 11,000 yards of the <i>Canopus</i>, which let fly at @@ -10439,7 +10423,7 @@ fire with their big guns, presently concentrating on the light cruiser <i>Leipzig</i>. She was not hit, but the big shots crept closer and closer, till after about a quarter of an hour she turned away to the south-west, followed by the <i>Dresden</i> and -<i>Nürnberg</i>. At the same time the remaining German ships, +<i>Nürnberg</i>. At the same time the remaining German ships, the two big armoured cruisers, turned slightly to port and began to return the fire of our battle-cruisers. Thenceforward the fighting resolved itself into two battles, one between @@ -10545,15 +10529,15 @@ been proceeding between the smaller ships on both sides. The Germans had no notion of fighting if they could avoid it, and seem to have gone off "helter-skelter" without assuming any definite formation. The <i>Glasgow</i> was our fastest cruiser -and was ordered to head off the <i>Nürnberg</i> and <i>Leipzig</i>. As +and was ordered to head off the <i>Nürnberg</i> and <i>Leipzig</i>. As for the <i>Dresden</i>, she seems to have got a very long start from the first and was never overtaken. The <i>Glasgow</i> opened fire -on the <i>Leipzig</i> and <i>Nürnberg</i> with her 6-inch guns about +on the <i>Leipzig</i> and <i>Nürnberg</i> with her 6-inch guns about three o'clock, and succeeded in making them alter course. The former turned to meet the <i>Glasgow</i>, while the latter was obliged to turn in a direction which rendered it easier for the <i>Kent</i> to come up with her. The <i>Kent</i>, an older and slower -ship than the <i>Nürnberg</i>, made a record spurt and succeeded +ship than the <i>Nürnberg</i>, made a record spurt and succeeded in getting within range of the German. She had but little coal on board. "The old <i>Kent</i> set off and her engines worked up to 22 knots—more than she had ever done on her trials. @@ -10566,9 +10550,9 @@ next burnt the ladders and all. Every bit of wood was sent to the stokehold. The result was that the <i>Kent's</i> speed became 24 knots."<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> But it was five o'clock before she could get within range and both ships went at it hammer and -tongs for an hour, by which time the <i>Nürnberg</i> was evidently +tongs for an hour, by which time the <i>Nürnberg</i> was evidently on fire. The sea was by now rather choppy and the atmosphere -somewhat misty. Just after half-past six the <i>Nürnberg</i>, +somewhat misty. Just after half-past six the <i>Nürnberg</i>, well alight forward, ceased firing. The <i>Kent</i> thereupon ceased fire also and closed in to 3300 yards; but, as the German still kept her colours flying, she once more set her guns @@ -10577,7 +10561,7 @@ ensign, and the <i>Kent</i> set herself to save as many of her late opponents as she could; but she was, of course, handicapped by having burnt her boats, and only twelve could be rescued with the assistance of the <i>Cornwall</i>. It was nearly half-past -seven before the <i>Nürnberg</i> took her final plunge.</p> +seven before the <i>Nürnberg</i> took her final plunge.</p> <p>The <i>Kent</i> was hit a considerable number of times and lost four killed and a dozen wounded, nearly all by one shell. @@ -10592,7 +10576,7 @@ the compartment, extinguishing the fire in some empty shell-bags which were burning. The extinction of this fire saved a disaster which might have led to the loss of the ship."</p> -<p>While the <i>Kent</i> was disposing of the <i>Nürnberg</i>, the +<p>While the <i>Kent</i> was disposing of the <i>Nürnberg</i>, the <i>Glasgow</i> and afterwards the <i>Cornwall</i> tackled the <i>Leipzig</i>. "We continued to fight the <i>Leipzig</i>," writes one<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> of the <i>Glasgows</i>,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> and the <i>Cornwall</i> was now coming up to help us, so @@ -10639,7 +10623,7 @@ then sank. Our boats picked up ten of them and the <i>Cornwall's</i> four. . . . Everyone seemed overjoyed to think we had avenged the loss of the <i>Good Hope</i> and <i>Monmouth</i>, and especially so later on when we heard that the <i>Kent</i> had sunk -the <i>Nürnberg!</i>"</p> +the <i>Nürnberg!</i>"</p> <p>The <i>Glasgow</i>, which had fought and escaped at Coronel, and participated in the signal revenge taken upon Von Spee and @@ -10828,17 +10812,17 @@ the enemy.</p> <p>Speed was increased, and the British squadrons rushed at full speed towards the scene of conflict. Other messages came in from the ships in advance reporting that the enemy's force, -consisting of the <i>Blücher</i>, three battle-cruisers, and six light +consisting of the <i>Blücher</i>, three battle-cruisers, and six light cruisers, had altered course to south-east, while a number of destroyers were heading to the north-west. The main body of the enemy very shortly came in sight, but they were at a great distance, and making off as fast as they knew how. After them ploughed the British leviathans and their satellites, but it was not till nine minutes after nine that the <i>Lion</i> got -in her first hit on the <i>Blücher</i> at something like 10 miles +in her first hit on the <i>Blücher</i> at something like 10 miles distance!</p> -<p>The enemy were in "line ahead", the <i>Blücher</i> being the +<p>The enemy were in "line ahead", the <i>Blücher</i> being the rearmost ship. Their light cruisers were away ahead and their destroyers on their port flank, apparently meditating a dash against the advancing British. Our flotillas, with their @@ -10860,7 +10844,7 @@ to attack. But upon the <i>Lion</i> and <i>Tiger</i> turning their guns upon them they thought better of it, and returned to their former position. Our light cruisers kept station on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> port quarter of the enemy, ready to pounce upon any cripples. -Just after a quarter to eleven the <i>Blücher</i>, which had been +Just after a quarter to eleven the <i>Blücher</i>, which had been gradually falling astern, turned out of the line to port. She was on fire, had a heavy list, and was evidently very badly mauled. A few minutes later the periscopes of a number of @@ -10873,7 +10857,7 @@ the flagship, having received damage which could not be at once repaired, was ordered to go off to the north-west, the admiral calling the destroyer <i>Attack</i> alongside and going in her to the <i>Princess Royal</i>, on board of which he rehoisted his -flag. On arrival he was informed that the <i>Blücher</i> had been +flag. On arrival he was informed that the <i>Blücher</i> had been sunk, and that the remainder of the enemy's ships were making off to the eastward in a badly-damaged condition.</p> @@ -10889,7 +10873,7 @@ and our main line; and the total casualties were only fourteen officers and men killed and twenty-nine wounded. The German losses must have been terrible.</p> -<p>One of the survivors of the <i>Blücher</i> gave a vivid account +<p>One of the survivors of the <i>Blücher</i> gave a vivid account of the effects of our gunnery.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> "The British guns were ranging. Those deadly waterspouts crept nearer and nearer. The men on deck watched them with a strange fascination. @@ -10912,7 +10896,7 @@ there death had a rich harvest.</p> <p>"The terrific air-pressure resulting from explosion in a confined space left a deep impression on the minds of the men -of the <i>Blücher</i>. The air, it would seem, roars through every +of the <i>Blücher</i>. The air, it would seem, roars through every opening and tears its way through every weak spot. All loose or insecure fittings were transformed into moving instruments of destruction. Open doors bang to and jamb, and @@ -10938,7 +10922,7 @@ writings with his fame, and bringing eternal glory to the nest whence he sprang. <div class='poem'> "The feathered race on pinions skim the air,<br /> <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Not so the mackerel, and still less the bear;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ah! who hath seen the mailèd lobster rise,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ah! who hath seen the mailèd lobster rise,</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Clap her broad wings, and claim the equal skies?"</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">Poem in <cite>The Anti-Jacobin</cite>.</span><br /> </div> @@ -11120,7 +11104,7 @@ in Belgium. The naval motors, acting in conjunction with the Belgians, made things very warm for the prowling Uhlans,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span> and eventually a regularly organized combined expedition of motors and aeroplanes was directed against Cologne and -Düsseldorf, with the object of destroying the Zeppelin sheds +Düsseldorf, with the object of destroying the Zeppelin sheds at these places and, haply, any Zeppelins that might be taking their repose within.</p> @@ -11138,7 +11122,7 @@ with the machine standing vertically on one wing-tip, was an education in the handling of big aeroplanes."</p> <p>Accompanied by other aviators, Lieutenant Collet set out -from their base on 22nd September, and made for Düsseldorf, +from their base on 22nd September, and made for Düsseldorf, about 100 miles distant from Antwerp. Here, flying very low, he dropped four bombs on the Zeppelin shed which was the special object of attack. What damage was done was not @@ -11155,7 +11139,7 @@ belonging to the Royal Navy. The last-named had trouble with his engine shortly after starting and had to drop out, but the remaining two rushed along through the growing light—the start had been made at the first streak of dawn—Grey -making for Cologne and Marix for Düsseldorf. There +making for Cologne and Marix for Düsseldorf. There was a good deal of fog, which, while it served them to a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> certain extent by concealing their approach, at the same time made it no easy job to steer a correct course. Travelling at @@ -11184,10 +11168,10 @@ contrived to travel for 10 miles on his way back and to get across the frontier, where he was met by a Belgian car and taken safely to Antwerp.</p> -<p>A correspondent of the <i>Globe</i> who was at Düsseldorf at the +<p>A correspondent of the <i>Globe</i> who was at Düsseldorf at the time gives the following account of what an eyewitness saw of Flight-Lieutenant Marix's exploit and its effect. "A friend -of mine saw an aeroplane one day near Düsseldorf. He followed +of mine saw an aeroplane one day near Düsseldorf. He followed its movements with great anxiety, and saw that it dropped when it was close by the Zeppelin shed. He had an idea that something was wrong, but about 200 metres from @@ -11303,7 +11287,7 @@ Blackburn, R.N.</p> <p>The aeroplanes were all of an identical type—Shorts—just as those used against Friedrichshafen were "Avros" -and against Düsseldorf "Sopwiths". They were carried on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> +and against Düsseldorf "Sopwiths". They were carried on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> three very fast Channel steamers that had been "taken up" by the Admiralty, each of which was commanded by a naval officer belonging to the air service. It is interesting @@ -11477,7 +11461,7 @@ the German airmen from intercepting our main attack. This big "flight"—a regular "aery navy"—was commanded by the redoubtable Wing-Commander Samson, R.N., who had made things so hot for the Germans in Belgium that a price of -£1000 was set on his head; Wing-Commander Longmore, +£1000 was set on his head; Wing-Commander Longmore, R.N., and Squadron-Commanders Porte, R.N., and Courtney and Rathbone of the Royal Marine Light Infantry.</p> @@ -11783,7 +11767,7 @@ never knowing whether one will awake at the bottom of the sea."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> "<i>Bus</i>", "ships of the largest size, with triple sails".</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> She was first called the <i>Gret Carrick</i>, then <i>Imperyall Carrick</i>, next <i>Henry Imperiall</i>. -The name <i>Henri Grace à Dieu</i> was written with all kinds of variations; +The name <i>Henri Grace à Dieu</i> was written with all kinds of variations; sometimes she was merely called the <i>Harry</i>, and finally, after King Harry's death, the <i>Edward</i>.</p></div> @@ -11877,7 +11861,7 @@ acquired by the Royal Navy.</p></div> of the <i>Dreadnought</i>. They were practically experimental ships offering an alternative type. The cost of thirty of these ships would have been the same as that of twenty-nine <i>Dreadnoughts</i>. The annual upkeep of twenty-nine <i>Dreadnoughts</i> -would be less by £15,000 than that of thirty <i>Lord Nelsons</i>.</p></div> +would be less by £15,000 than that of thirty <i>Lord Nelsons</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> i.e. Corneilius Van Drebbel.</p></div> @@ -12057,7 +12041,7 @@ Netley Hospital soon after the sinking of the <i>Amphion</i>.</p></div> <p>The text uses both warships and war-ships. This, and other varied hyphenation, was retained.</p> -<p>The text uses both Zeebrügge and Zeebrugge.</p> +<p>The text uses both Zeebrügge and Zeebrugge.</p> <p>The remaining corrections made are listed below.</p> <p>Page 6 and also on actual illustration near 192, the hyphen was removed from BLUE-JACKETS @@ -12075,7 +12059,7 @@ to reflect the many uses in the text.</p> <p>Page 182, "cassion" changed to "caisson" (caisson at least 17)</p> -<p>Page 238, illustration caption, "Blucher" changed to "Blücher" (fate of the <i>Blücher</i> in)</p> +<p>Page 238, illustration caption, "Blucher" changed to "Blücher" (fate of the <i>Blücher</i> in)</p> <p>Page 245, "markmanship" changed to "marksmanship" (was the marksmanship of her)</p> @@ -12084,360 +12068,6 @@ to reflect the many uses in the text.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BRITISH NAVY BOOK***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 41677-h.txt or 41677-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/1/6/7/41677">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/6/7/41677</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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