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diff --git a/41617.txt b/41617.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 676b84e..0000000 --- a/41617.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30866 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Complete Guide to Heraldry, by -Arthur Charles Fox-Davies - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: A Complete Guide to Heraldry - -Author: Arthur Charles Fox-Davies - -Illustrator: Graham Johnston - -Release Date: December 13, 2012 [EBook #41617] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they -are listed at the end of the text. - - * * * * * - - -A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY - -PLATE I. - -[Illustration] - -THE ROYAL ARMS. - - - -A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY - -BY - -ARTHUR CHARLES FOX-DAVIES - -OF LINCOLN'S INN, BARRISTER-AT-LAW - -AUTHOR OF "THE ART OF HERALDRY" -EDITOR OF "ARMORIAL FAMILIES," ETC. ETC. - -ILLUSTRATED BY NINE PLATES IN COLOUR AND NEARLY -800 OTHER DESIGNS, MAINLY FROM DRAWINGS BY - -GRAHAM JOHNSTON - -HERALD PAINTER TO THE LYON COURT - -[Illustration] - -LONDON - -T. C. & E. C. JACK - -16 HENRIETTA STREET, W.C. AND EDINBURGH 1909 - -{vii} - -CONTENTS - - CHAP. PAGE - - INTRODUCTION ix - - I. THE ORIGIN OF ARMORY 1 - - II. THE STATUS AND THE MEANING OF A COAT OF ARMS IN GREAT BRITAIN 19 - - III. THE HERALDS AND OFFICERS OF ARMS 27 - - IV. HERALDIC BRASSES 49 - - V. THE COMPONENT PARTS OF AN ACHIEVEMENT 57 - - VI. THE SHIELD 60 - - VII. THE FIELD OF A SHIELD AND THE HERALDIC TINCTURES 67 - - VIII. THE RULES OF BLAZON 99 - - IX. THE SO-CALLED ORDINARIES AND SUB-ORDINARIES 106 - - X. THE HUMAN FIGURE IN HERALDRY 158 - - XI. THE HERALDIC LION 172 - - XII. BEASTS 191 - - XIII. MONSTERS 218 - - XIV. BIRDS 233 - - XV. FISH 253 - - XVI. REPTILES 257 - - XVII. INSECTS 260 - - XVIII. TREES, LEAVES, FRUITS, AND FLOWERS 262 - - XIX. INANIMATE OBJECTS 281 - - XX. THE HERALDIC HELMET 303 - - {viii} - XXI. THE CREST 326 - - XXII. CROWNS AND CORONETS 350 - - XXIII. CREST CORONETS AND CHAPEAUX 370 - - XXIV. THE MANTLING OR LAMBREQUIN 383 - - XXV. THE TORSE OR WREATH 402 - - XXVI. SUPPORTERS 407 - - XXVII. THE COMPARTMENT 441 - - XXVIII. MOTTOES 448 - - XXIX. BADGES 453 - - XXX. HERALDIC FLAGS, BANNERS, AND STANDARDS 471 - - XXXI. MARKS OF CADENCY 477 - - XXXII. MARKS OF BASTARDY 508 - - XXXIII. THE MARSHALLING OF ARMS 523 - - XXXIV. THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF KNIGHTHOOD 561 - - XXXV. THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF A LADY 572 - - XXXVI. OFFICIAL HERALDIC INSIGNIA 580 - - XXXVII. AUGMENTATIONS OF HONOUR 589 - - XXXVIII. ECCLESIASTICAL HERALDRY 600 - - XXXIX. ARMS OF DOMINION AND SOVEREIGNTY 607 - - XL. HATCHMENTS 609 - - XLI. THE UNION JACK 611 - - XLII. SEIZE-QUARTIERS 618 - - INDEX 623 - -{ix} - - - -INTRODUCTION - -Too frequently it is the custom to regard the study of the science of -Armory as that of a subject which has passed beyond the limits of practical -politics. Heraldry has been termed "the shorthand of History," but -nevertheless the study of that shorthand has been approached too often as -if it were but the study of a dead language. The result has been that too -much faith has been placed in the works of older writers, whose dicta have -been accepted as both unquestionably correct at the date they wrote, and, -as a consequence, equally binding at the present day. - -Since the "Boke of St. Albans" was written, into the heraldic portion of -which the author managed to compress an unconscionable amount of rubbish, -books and treatises on the subject of Armory have issued from the press in -a constant succession. A few of them stand a head and shoulders above the -remainder. The said remainder have already sunk into oblivion. Such a book -as "Guillim" must of necessity rank in the forefront of any armorial -bibliography; but any one seeking to judge the Armory of the present day by -the standards and ethics adopted by that writer, would find himself making -mistake after mistake, and led hopelessly astray. There can be very little -doubt that the "Display of Heraldry" is an accurate representation of the -laws of Armory which governed the use of Arms at the date the book was -written; and it correctly puts forward the opinions which were then -accepted concerning the past history of the science. - -There are two points, however, which must be borne in mind. - -The first is that the critical desire for accuracy which fortunately seems -to have been the keynote of research during the nineteenth century, has -produced students of Armory whose investigations into facts have swept away -the fables, the myths, and the falsehood which had collected around the -ancient science, and which in their preposterous assertions had earned for -Armory a ridicule, a contempt, and a disbelief which the science itself, -and moreover the active practice of the science, had never at any time -warranted or deserved. The desire to gratify the vanity of illustrious -patrons rendered the mythical traditions attached to Armory more difficult -to explode than in the cases of those other sciences in which no one has a -personal interest in {x} upholding the wrong; but a study of the scientific -works of bygone days, and the comparison, for example, of a sixteenth or -seventeenth century medical book with a similar work of the present day, -will show that all scientific knowledge during past centuries was a curious -conglomeration of unquestionable fact, interwoven with and partly obscured -by a vast amount of false information, which now can either be dismissed as -utter rubbish or controverted and disproved on the score of being plausible -untruth. Consequently, Armory, no less than medicine, theology, or -jurisprudence, should not be lightly esteemed because our predecessors knew -less about the subject than is known at the present day, or because they -believed implicitly dogma and tradition which we ourselves know to be and -accept as exploded. Research and investigation constantly goes on, and -every day adds to our knowledge. - -The second point, which perhaps is the most important, is the patent fact -that Heraldry and Armory are not a dead science, but are an actual living -reality. Armory may be a quaint survival of a time with different manners -and customs, and different ideas from our own, but the word "Finis" has not -yet been written to the science, which is still slowly developing and -altering and changing as it is suited to the altered manners and customs of -the present day. I doubt not that this view will be a startling one to many -who look upon Armory as indissolubly associated with parchments and -writings already musty with age. But so long as the Sovereign has the power -to create a new order of Knighthood, and attach thereto Heraldic insignia, -so long as the Crown has the power to create a new coronet, or to order a -new ceremonial, so long as new coats of arms are being called into -being,--for so long is it idle to treat Armory and Heraldry as a science -incapable of further development, or as a science which in recent periods -has not altered in its laws. - -The many mistaken ideas upon Armory, however, are not all due to the two -considerations which have been put forward. Many are due to the fact that -the hand-books of Armory professing to detail the laws of the science have -not always been written by those having complete knowledge of their -subject. Some statement appears in a textbook of Armory, it is copied into -book after book, and accepted by those who study Armory as being correct; -whilst all the time it is absolutely wrong, and has never been accepted or -acted upon by the Officers of Arms. One instance will illustrate my -meaning. There is scarcely a text-book of Armory which does not lay down -the rule, that when a crest issues from a coronet it must not be placed -upon a wreath. Now there is no rule whatever upon the subject; and -instances are frequent, both in ancient and in modern grants, in which -coronets have been granted to be borne upon wreaths; and the wreath should -{xi} be inserted or omitted _according to the original grant of the crest_. -Consequently, the so-called rule must be expunged. - -Another fruitful source of error is the effort which has frequently been -made to assimilate the laws of Armory prevailing in the three different -kingdoms into one single series of rules and regulations. Some writers have -even gone so far as to attempt to assimilate with our own the rules and -regulations which hold upon the Continent. As a matter of fact, many of the -laws of Arms in England and Scotland are radically different; and care -needs to be taken to point out these differences. - -The truest way to ascertain the laws of Armory is by deduction from known -facts. Nevertheless, such a practice may lead one astray, for the number of -exceptions to any given rule in Armory is always great, and it is sometimes -difficult to tell what is the rule, and which are the exceptions. Moreover, -the Sovereign, as the fountain of honour, can over-ride any rule or law of -Arms; and many exceptional cases which have been governed by specific -grants have been accepted in times past as demonstrating the laws of -Armory, when they have been no more than instances of exceptional favour on -the part of the Crown. - -In England no one is compelled to bear Arms unless he wishes; but, should -he desire to do so, the Inland Revenue requires a payment of one or two -guineas, according to the method of use. From this voluntary taxation the -yearly revenue exceeds L70,000. This affords pretty clear evidence that -Armory is still decidedly popular, and that its use and display are -extensive; but at the same time it would be foolish to suppose that the -estimation in which Armory is held, is equal to, or approaches, the -romantic value which in former days was attached to the inheritance of -Arms. The result of this has been--and it is not to be wondered at--that -ancient examples are accepted and extolled beyond what should be the case. -It should be borne in mind that the very ancient examples of Armory which -have come down to us, may be examples of the handicraft of ignorant -individuals; and it is not safe to accept unquestioningly laws of Arms -which are deduced from Heraldic _handicraft_ of other days. Most of them -are correct, because as a rule such handicraft was done under supervision; -but there is always the risk that it has not been; and _this risk should be -borne in mind_ when estimating the value of any particular example of -Armory as proof or contradiction of any particular Armorial law. There were -"heraldic stationers" before the present day. - -A somewhat similar consideration must govern the estimate of the Heraldic -art of a former day. To every action we are told there is a reaction; and -the reaction of the present day, admirable and commendable as it -undoubtedly is, which has taken the art of Armory back to the style in -vogue in past centuries, needs to be kept within intelligent {xii} bounds. -That the freedom of design and draughtsmanship of the old artists should be -copied is desirable; but at the same time there is not the slightest -necessity to copy, and to deliberately copy, the crudeness of execution -which undoubtedly exists in much of the older work. The revulsion from what -has been aptly styled "the die-sinker school of heraldry" has caused some -artists to produce Heraldic drawings which (though doubtless modelled upon -ancient examples) are grotesque to the last degree, and can be described in -no other way. - -In conclusion, I have to repeat my grateful acknowledgments to the many -individuals who assisted me in the preparation of my "Art of Heraldry," -upon which this present volume is founded, and whose work I have again made -use of. - -The very copious index herein is entirely the work of my professional -clerk, Mr. H. A. Kenward, for which I offer him my thanks. Only those who -have had actual experience know the tedious weariness of compiling such an -index. - -A. C. FOX-DAVIES. - - 23 OLD BUILDINGS, - LINCOLN'S INN, W. C. - -{1} - - - -A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY - -CHAPTER I - -THE ORIGIN OF ARMORY - -Armory is that science of which the rules and the laws govern the use, -display, meaning, and knowledge of the pictured signs and emblems -appertaining to shield, helmet, or banner. Heraldry has a wider meaning, -for it comprises everything within the duties of a herald; and whilst -Armory undoubtedly is Heraldry, the regulation of ceremonials and matters -of pedigree, which are really also within the scope of Heraldry, most -decidedly are not Armory. - -"Armory" relates only to the emblems and devices. "Armoury" relates to the -weapons themselves as weapons of warfare, or to the place used for the -storing of the weapons. But these distinctions of spelling are modern. - -The word "Arms," like many other words in the English language, has several -meanings, and at the present day is used in several senses. It may mean the -weapons themselves; it may mean the limbs upon the human body. Even from -the heraldic point of view it may mean the entire achievement, but usually -it is employed in reference to the device upon the shield only. - -Of the exact origin of arms and armory nothing whatever is definitely -known, and it becomes difficult to point to any particular period as the -period covering the origin of armory, for the very simple reason that it is -much more difficult to decide what is or is not to be admitted as armorial. -{2} - -Until comparatively recently heraldic books referred armory indifferently -to the tribes of Israel, to the Greeks, to the Romans, to the Assyrians and -the Saxons; and we are equally familiar with the "Lion of Judah" and the -"Eagle of the Caesars." In other directions we find the same sort of thing, -for it has ever been the practice of semi-civilised nations to bestow or to -assume the virtues and the names of animals and of deities as symbols of -honour. We scarcely need refer to the totems of the North American Indians -for proof of such a practice. They have reduced the subject almost to an -exact science; and there cannot be the shadow of a doubt that it is to this -semi-savage practice that armory is to be traced if its origin is to be -followed out to its logical and most remote beginning. Equally is it -certain that many recognised heraldic figures, and more particularly those -mythical creatures of which the armorial menagerie alone has now -cognisance, are due to the art of civilisations older than our own, and the -legends of those civilisations which have called these mythical creatures -into being. - -The widest definition of armory would have it that any pictorial badge -which is used by an individual or a family with the meaning that it is a -badge indicative of that person or family, and adopted and repeatedly used -in that sense, is heraldic. If such be your definition, you may ransack the -Scriptures for the arms of the tribes of Israel, the writings of the Greek -and Roman poets for the decorations of the armour and the persons of their -heroes, mythical and actual, and you may annex numberless "heraldic" -instances from the art of Nineveh, of Babylon, and of Egypt. Your heraldry -is of the beginning and from the beginning. It _is_ fact, but is it -heraldry? The statement in the "Boke of St. Albans" that Christ was a -gentleman of coat armour is a fable, and due distinction must be had -between the fact and the fiction in this as in all other similar cases. - -Mr. G. W. Eve, in his "Decorative Heraldry," alludes to and illustrates -many striking examples of figures of an embryonic type of heraldry, of -which the best are one from a Chaldean bas-relief 4000 B. C., the earliest -known device that can in any way be called heraldic, and another, a device -from a Byzantine silk of the tenth century. Mr. Eve certainly seems -inclined to follow the older heraldic writers in giving as wide an -interpretation as possible to the word heraldic, but it is significant that -none of these early instances which he gives appear to have any relation to -a shield, so that, even if it be conceded that the figures are heraldic, -they certainly cannot be said to be armorial. But doubtless the inclusion -of such instances is due to an attempt, conscious or unconscious, on the -part of the writers who have taken their stand on the side of great -antiquity to so frame the definition of armory that it shall include -everything heraldic, and due perhaps somewhat to the half unconscious {3} -reasoning that these mythical animals, and more especially the peculiarly -heraldic positions they are depicted in, which nowadays we only know as -part of armory, and which exist nowhere else within our knowledge save -within the charmed circle of heraldry, must be evidence of the great -antiquity of that science or art, call it which you will. But it is a false -deduction, due to a confusion of premise and conclusion. We find certain -figures at the present day purely heraldic--we find those figures fifty -centuries ago. It certainly seems a correct conclusion that, therefore, -heraldry must be of that age. But is not the real conclusion, that, our -heraldic figures being so old, it is evident that the figures originated -long before heraldry was ever thought of, and that instead of these -mythical figures having been originated by the necessities of heraldry, and -being part, or even the rudimentary origin of heraldry, they had existed -_for other reasons and purposes_--and that when the science of heraldry -sprang into being, it found the _whole range_ of its forms and charges -already existing, and that _none_ of these figures owe their being to -heraldry? The gryphon is supposed to have _originated_, as is the -double-headed eagle, from the dimidiation of two coats of arms resulting -from impalement by reason of marriage. Both these figures were known ages -earlier. Thus departs yet another of the little fictions which past writers -on armory have fostered and perpetuated. Whether the ancient Egyptians and -Assyrians knew they were depicting mythical animals, and did it, intending -them to be symbolical of attributes of their deities, something beyond what -they were familiar with in their ordinary life, we do not know; nor indeed -have we any certain knowledge that there have never been animals of which -their figures are but imperfect and crude representations. - -But it does not necessarily follow that because an Egyptian artist drew a -certain figure, which figure is now appropriated to the peculiar use of -armory, that he knew anything whatever of the laws of armory. Further, -where is this argument to end? There is nothing peculiarly heraldic about -the lion passant, statant, dormant, couchant, or salient, and though -heraldic artists may for the sake of artistic appearance distort the brute -away from his natural figure, the rampant is alone the position which -exists not in nature; and if the argument is to be applied to the bitter -end, heraldry must be taken back to the very earliest instance which exists -of any representation of a lion. The proposition is absurd. The ancient -artists drew their lions how they liked, regardless of armory and its laws, -which did not then exist; and, from decorative reasons, they evolved a -certain number of methods of depicting the positions of _e.g._ the lion and -the eagle to suit their decorative purposes. When heraldry came into -existence it came in as an adjunct of decoration, and it necessarily -followed that the whole of the positions in which the {4} craftsmen found -the eagle or the lion depicted were appropriated with the animals for -heraldry. That this appropriation for the exclusive purposes of armory has -been silently acquiesced in by the decorative artists of later days is -simply proof of the intense power and authority which accrued later to -armory, and which was in fact attached to anything relating to privilege -and prerogative. To put it baldly, the dominating authority of heraldry and -its dogmatic protection by the Powers that were, appropriated certain -figures to its use, and then defied any one to use them for more humble -decorative purposes not allied with armory. And it is the trail of this -autocratic appropriation, and from the decorative point of view this -arrogant appropriation, which can be traced in the present idea that a -griffin or a spread eagle, for example, must be heraldic. Consequently the -argument as to the antiquity of heraldry which is founded upon the -discovery of the heraldic creature in the remote ages goes by the board. -One practical instance may perhaps more fully demonstrate my meaning. There -is one figure, probably the most beautiful of all of those which we owe to -Egypt, which is now rapidly being absorbed into heraldry. I refer to the -Sphinx. This, whilst strangely in keeping with the remaining mythical -heraldic figures, for some reason or other escaped the exclusive -appropriation of armorial use until within modern times. One of the -earliest instances of its use in recognised armory occurs in the grant to -Sir John Moore, K.B., the hero of Corunna, and another will be found in the -augmentation granted to Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, K.B. Since then it -has been used on some number of occasions. It certainly remained, however, -for the late Garter King of Arms to evolve from the depths of his -imagination a position which no Egyptian sphinx ever occupied, when he -granted two of them as supporters to the late Sir Edward Malet, G.C.B. The -Sphinx has also been adopted as the badge of one of his Majesty's -regiments, and I have very little doubt that now Egypt has come under our -control the Sphinx will figure in some number of the grants of the future -to commemorate fortunes made in that country, or lifetimes spent in the -Egyptian services. If this be so, the dominating influence of armory will -doubtless in the course of another century have given to the Sphinx, as it -has to many other objects, a distinctly heraldic nature and character in -the mind of the "man in the street" to which we nowadays so often refer the -arbitrament between conflicting opinions. Perhaps in the even yet more -remote future, when the world in general accepts as a fact that armory did -not exist at the time of the Norman Conquest, we shall have some -interesting and enterprising individual writing a book to demonstrate that -because the Sphinx existed in Egypt long before the days of Cleopatra, -heraldry must of necessity be equally antique. {5} - -I have no wish, however, to dismiss thus lightly the subject of the -antiquity of heraldry, because there is one side of the question which I -have not yet touched upon, and that is, the symbolism of these ancient and -so-called heraldic examples. There is no doubt whatever that symbolism -forms an integral part of armory; in fact there is no doubt that armory -_itself_ as a whole is nothing more or less than a kind of symbolism. I -have no sympathy whatever with many of the ideas concerning this symbolism, -which will be found in nearly all heraldic books before the day of the late -J. R. Planche, Somerset Herald, who fired the train which exploded then and -for ever the absurd ideas of former writers. That an argent field meant -purity, that a field of gules meant royal or even martial ancestors, that a -saltire meant the capture of a city, or a lion rampant noble and enviable -qualities, I utterly deny. But that nearly every coat of arms for any one -of the name of Fletcher bears upon it in some form or another an arrow or -an arrow-head, because the origin of the name comes from the occupation of -the fletcher, who was an arrow-maker, is true enough. Symbolism of that -kind will be found constantly in armory, as in the case of the foxes and -foxes' heads in the various coats of Fox, the lions in the coats of arms of -Lyons, the horse in the arms of Trotter, and the acorns in the arms of -Oakes; in fact by far the larger proportion of the older coats of arms, -where they can be traced to their real origin, exhibit some such -derivation. There is another kind of symbolism which formerly, and still, -favours the introduction of swords and spears and bombshells into grants of -arms to military men, that gives bezants to bankers and those connected -with money, and that assigns woolpacks and cotton-plants to the shields of -textile merchants; but that is a sane and reasonable symbolism, which the -reputed symbolism of the earlier heraldry books was not. - -It has yet to be demonstrated, however, though the belief is very generally -credited, that all these very ancient Egyptian and Assyrian figures of a -heraldic character had anything of symbolism about them. But even granting -the whole symbolism which is claimed for them, we get but little further. -There is no doubt that the eagle from untold ages has had an imperial -symbolism which it still possesses. But that symbolism is not necessarily -heraldic, and it is much more probable that heraldry appropriated both the -eagle and its symbolism ready made, and together: consequently, if, as we -have shown, the _existence_ of the eagle is not proof of the coeval -existence of heraldry, no more is the existence of the _symbolical_ -imperial eagle. For if we are to regard all symbolism as heraldic, where -are we either to begin or to end? Church vestments and ecclesiastical -emblems are symbolism run riot; in fact they are little else: but by no -stretch of imagination can these be {6} considered heraldic with the -exception of the few (for example the crosier, the mitre, and the pallium) -which heraldry has appropriated ready made. Therefore, though heraldry -appropriated ready made from other decorative art, and from nature and -handicraft, the whole of its charges, and though it is evident heraldry -also appropriated ready made a great deal of its symbolism, neither the -earlier existence of the forms which it appropriated, nor the earlier -existence of their symbolism, can be said to weigh at all as determining -factors in the consideration of the age of heraldry. Sloane Evans in his -"Grammar of Heraldry" (p. ix.) gives the following instances as evidence of -the greater antiquity, and they are worthy at any rate of attention if the -matter is to be impartially considered. - - "The antiquity of ensigns and symbols may be proved by reference to - Holy Writ. - - "1. 'Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, - after their families, by the house of their fathers, with the number of - their names.... And they assembled all the congregation together on the - first day of the second month; and they declared their pedigrees after - their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number - of the names, from twenty years old and upward.... And the children of - Israel shall pitch their tents, every man by his own camp, and every - man by his own standard, throughout their hosts' (Numbers i. 2, 18, - 52). - - "2. 'Every man of the children of Israel shall pitch by his own - standard, with the ensign of their father's house' (Numbers ii. 2). - - "3. 'And the children of Israel did according to all that the Lord - commanded Moses: so they pitched by their standards, and so they set - forward, every one after their families, according to the house of - their fathers' (Numbers ii. 34)." - -The Latin and Greek poets and historians afford numerous instances of the -use of symbolic ornaments and devices. It will be sufficient in this work -to quote from Aeschylus and Virgil, as poets; Herodotus and Tacitus, as -historians. - -AESCHYLUS. - -(_Septem contra Thebas._) - -The poet here introduces a dialogue between Eteocles, King of Thebes, the -women who composed the chorus, and a herald ([Greek: kerux]), which latter -is pointing out the seven captains or chiefs of the army of Adrastus -against Thebes; distinguishing one from another by the emblematical devices -upon their shields. - -1. _Tydeus._ - -("[Greek: Toiaun auton,--nuktos ophthalmos prepei]"--Lines 380-386.) - - "... Frowning he speaks, and shakes - The dark crest streaming o'er his shaded helm - In triple wave; whilst dreadful ring around - The brazen bosses of his shield, impress'd - {7} - With his proud argument:--'A sable sky - Burning with stars; and in the midst full orb'd - A silver moon;'--the eye of night o'er all, - Awful in beauty, forms her peerless light." - -2. _Capaneus._ - -("[Greek: Echei de sema,--PRESO POLIN]."--Lines 428-430.) - - "On his proud shield portray'd: 'A naked man - Waves in his hand a blazing torch;' beneath - In golden letters--'I will fire the city.'" - -3. _Eteoclus._ - -("[Greek: Eschematistai,--purgomaton]."--Lines 461-465.) - - "... No mean device - Is sculptured on his shield: 'A man in arms, - His ladder fix'd against the enemies' walls, - Mounts, resolute, to rend their rampires down;' - And cries aloud (the letters plainly mark'd), - 'Not Mars himself shall beat me from the Tow'rs.'" - -4. _Hippomedon._ - -("[Greek: Ho sematourgos--phobon blepon;]"--Lines 487-494.) - - "... On its orb, no vulgar artist - Expressed this image: 'A Typhaeus huge, - Disgorging from his foul enfounder'd jaws, - In fierce effusion wreaths of dusky smoke. - Signal of kindling flames; its bending verge - With folds of twisted serpents border'd round.' - With shouts the giant chief provokes the war, - And in the ravings of outrageous valour - Glares terror from his eyes ..." - -5. _Parthenopaeus._ - -("[Greek: Hon men akompastos--hiaptesthai Bele;]"--Lines 534-540.) - - "... Upon his clashing shield, - Whose orb sustains the storm of war, he bears - The foul disgrace of Thebes:--'A rav'nous Sphynx - Fixed to the plates: the burnish'd monster round - Pours a portentous gleam: beneath her lies - A Theban mangled by her cruel fangs:'-- - 'Gainst this let each brave arm direct the spear." - -6. _Amphiaraus._ - -("[Greek: Toiauth ho mantis,--blastanei bouleumata]."--Lines 587-591.) - - "So spoke the prophet; and with awful port - Advanc'd his massy shield, the shining orb - Bearing no impress, for his gen'rous soul - Wishes to be, not to appear, the best; - And from the culture of his modest worth - Bears the rich fruit of great and glorious deeds." - -{8} - -7. _Polynices._ - -("[Greek: Echei de--ta xeuremata.]"--Lines 639-646.) - - "... His well-orb'd shield he holds, - New wrought, and with a double impress charg'd: - A warrior, blazing all in golden arms, - A female form of modest aspect leads, - Expressing justice, as th' inscription speaks, - 'Yet once more to his country, and once more - To his Paternal Throne I will restore him'-- - Such their devices ..." - -VIRGIL. - -(_The Aeneid._) - -1. ("Atque hic exultans--insigne decorum."--Lib. ii. lines 386-392.) - - "Choraebus, with youthful hopes beguil'd, - Swol'n with success, and of a daring mind, - This new invention fatally design'd. - 'My friends,' said he, 'since fortune shows the way, - 'Tis fit we should the auspicious guide obey. - For what has she these Grecian arms bestowed, - But their destruction, and the Trojans' good? - Then change we shields, and their devices bear: - Let fraud supply the want of force in war. - They find us arms.'--This said, himself he dress'd - In dead Androgeos' spoils, his upper vest, - His painted buckler, and his plumy crest." - -2. ("Post hos insignem--serpentibus hydram."--Lib. vii. lines 655-658.) - - "Next Aventinus drives his chariot round - The Latian plains, with palms and laurels crown'd. - Proud of his steeds, he smokes along the field; - His father's hydra fills his ample shield; - A hundred serpents hiss about the brims; - The son of Hercules he justly seems, - By his broad shoulders and gigantic limbs." - -3. ("Sequitur pulcherrimus Astur--insigne paternae."--Lib. x. lines -180-188.) - - "Fair Astur follows in the wat'ry field, - Proud of his manag'd horse, and painted shield. - Thou muse, the name of Cinyras renew, - And brave Cupavo follow'd but by few; - Whose helm confess'd the lineage of the man, - And bore, with wings display'd, a silver swan. - Love was the fault of his fam'd ancestry. - Whose forms and fortunes in his Ensigns fly." - -{9} - -HERODOTUS. - -1. _Cilo_, s. 171. - -("[Greek: Kai sphi trixa exeuremata egeneto--ta semeia poieesthai.]") - - "And to them is allowed the invention of three things, which have come - into use among the Greeks:--For the Carians seem to be the first who - put crests upon their helmets and sculptured devices upon their - shields." - -2. _Calliope_, s. 74. - -("[Greek: O deteros ton logon--epioemon ankuran.]") - - "Those who deny this statement assert that he (Sophanes) bare on his - shield, as a device, an anchor." - -TACITUS. - -(_The Annals_.--Lib. 1.) - -1. ("Tum redire paulatim--in sedes referunt."--Cap. 28.) - - "They relinquished the guard of the gates; and the Eagles and other - Ensigns, which in the beginning of the Tumult they had thrown together, - were now restored each to its distinct station." - -Potter in his "Antiquities of Greece" (Dunbar's edition, Edinburgh, 1824, -vol. ii. page 79), thus speaks of the ensigns or flags ([Greek: semeia]) -used by the Grecians in their military affairs: "Of these there were -different sorts, several of which were adorned with images of animals, or -other things bearing peculiar relations to the cities they belong to. The -Athenians, for instance, bore an owl in their ensigns (Plutarchus -Lysandro), as being sacred to Minerva, the protectress of their city; the -Thebans a _Sphynx_ (_idem_ Pelopidas, Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas), in -memory of the famous monster overcome by Oedipus. The Persians paid divine -honours to the sun, and therefore represented him in their ensigns" -(Curtius, lib. 3). Again (in page 150), speaking of the ornaments and -devices on their ships, he says: "Some other things there are in the prow -and stern that deserve our notice, as those ornaments wherewith the -extremities of the ship were beautified, commonly called [Greek: akronea] -(or [Greek: neon koronides]), in Latin, _Corymbi_. The form of them -sometimes represented helmets, sometimes living creatures, but most -frequently was winded into a round compass, whence they are so commonly -named _Corymbi_ and _Coronae_. To the [Greek: akrostolia] in the prow, -answered the [Greek: aphgasta] in the stern, which were often of an -orbicular figure, or fashioned like wings, to which a little shield called -[Greek: aspideion], or [Greek: aspidiske], was frequently affixed; -sometimes a piece of wood was erected, whereon ribbons of divers colours -were hung, and served instead of a flag to distinguish the ship. [Greek: -Cheniskos] was so called from [Greek: Chen], _a Goose_, whose {10} figure -it resembled, because geese were looked on as fortunate omens to mariners, -for that they swim on the top of the waters and sink not. [Greek: -Parasemon] was the flag whereby ships were distinguished from one another; -it was placed in the prow, just below the [Greek: stolos], being sometimes -carved, and frequently painted, whence it is in Latin termed _pictura_, -representing the form of a _mountain_, a _tree_, a _flower_, or any other -thing, wherein it was distinguished from what was called _tutela_, or the -safeguard of the ship, which always represented _some one of the gods_, to -whose care and protection the ship was recommended; for which reason it was -held sacred. Now and then we find the _tutela_ taken for the [Greek: -Parasemon], and perhaps sometimes the images of gods might be represented -on the flags; by some it is placed also in the prow, but by most authors of -credit assigned to the stern. Thus Ovid in his Epistle to Paris:-- - - 'Accipit et pictos puppis adunca Deos.' - - 'The stern with painted deities richly shines.' - -"The ship wherein Europa was conveyed from Phoenicia into Crete had a -_bull_ for its flag, and _Jupiter_ for its tutelary deity. The Boeotian -ships had for their tutelar god _Cadmus_, represented with a _dragon_ in -his hand, because he was the founder of Thebes, the principal city of -Boeotia. The name of the ship was usually taken from the flag, as appears -in the following passage of Ovid, where he tells us his ship received its -name from the helmet painted upon it:-- - - 'Est mihi, sitque, precor, flavae tutela Minervae, - Navis et a picta casside nomen habit.' - - 'Minerva is the goddess I adore, - And may she grant the blessings I implore; - The ship its name a painted helmet gives.' - -"Hence comes the frequent mention of ships called _Pegasi_, _Scyllae_, -_Bulls_, _Rams_, _Tigers_, &c., which the poets took liberty to represent -as living creatures that transported their riders from one country to -another; nor was there (according to some) any other ground for those known -fictions of Pegasus, the winged Bellerophon, or the Ram which is reported -to have carried Phryxus to Colchos." - -To quote another very learned author: "The system of hieroglyphics, or -symbols, was adopted into every mysterious institution, for the purpose of -concealing the most sublime secrets of religion from the prying curiosity -of the vulgar; to whom nothing was exposed but the beauties of their -morality." (See Ramsay's "Travels of Cyrus," lib. 3.) "The old Asiatic -style, so highly figurative, seems, by what we find of {11} its remains in -the prophetic language of the sacred writers, to have been evidently -fashioned to the mode of the ancient hieroglyphics; for as in hieroglyphic -writing the sun, moon, and stars were used to represent states and empires, -kings, queens, and nobility--their eclipse and extinction, temporary -disasters, or entire overthrow--fire and flood, desolation by war and -famine; plants or animals, the qualities of particular persons, &c.; so, in -like manner, the Holy Prophets call kings and empires by the names of the -heavenly luminaries; their misfortunes and overthrow are represented by -eclipses and extinction; stars falling from the firmament are employed to -denote the destruction of the nobility; thunder and tempestuous winds, -hostile invasions; lions, bears, leopards, goats, or high trees, leaders of -armies, conquerors, and founders of empires; royal dignity is described by -purple, or a crown; iniquity by spotted garments; a warrior by a sword or -bow; a powerful man, by a gigantic stature; a judge by balance, weights, -and measures--in a word, the prophetic style seems to be a speaking -hieroglyphic." - -It seems to me, however, that the whole of these are no more than -symbolism, though they are undoubtedly symbolism of a high and methodical -order, little removed from our own armory. Personally I do not consider -them to be armory, but if the word is to be stretched to the utmost -latitude to permit of their inclusion, one certain conclusion follows. That -if the heraldry of that day had an orderly existence, it most certainly -came absolutely to an end and disappeared. Armory as we know it, the armory -of to-day, which as a system is traced back to the period of the Crusades, -is no mere continuation by adoption. It is a distinct development and a -re-development _ab initio_. Undoubtedly there is a period in the early -development of European civilisation which is destitute alike of armory, or -of anything of that nature. The civilisation of Europe is not the -civilisation of Egypt, of Greece, or of Rome, nor a continuation thereof, -but a new development, and though each of these in its turn attained a high -degree of civilisation and may have separately developed a heraldic -symbolism much akin to armory, as a natural consequence of its own -development, as the armory we know is a development of its own consequent -upon the rise of our own civilisation, nevertheless it is unjustifiable to -attempt to establish continuity between the ordered symbolism of earlier -but distinct civilisations, and our own present system of armory. The one -and only civilisation which has preserved its continuity is that of the -Jewish race. In spite of persecution the Jews have preserved unchanged the -minutest details of ritual law and ceremony, the causes of their suffering. -Had heraldry, which is and has always been a matter of pride, formed a part -of their distinctive life we should find it still existing. Yet the fact -remains {12} that no trace of Jewish heraldry can be found until modern -times. Consequently I accept unquestioningly the conclusions of the late J. -R. Planche, Somerset Herald, who unhesitatingly asserted that armory did -not exist at the time of the Conquest, basing his conclusions principally -upon the entire absence of armory from the seals of that period, and the -Bayeux tapestry. - -[Illustration: FIG. 1.--Kiku-non-hana-mon. State _Mon_ of Japan.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 2.--Kiri-mon. _Mon_ of the Mikado.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 3.--Awoi-mon. _Mon_ of the House of Minamoto Tokugawa.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 4.--_Mon_ of the House of Minamoto Ashikaya.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 5.--Tomoye. _Mon_ of the House of Arina.] - -The family tokens (_mon_) of the Japanese, however, fulfil very nearly all -of the essentials of armory, although considered heraldically they may -appear somewhat peculiar to European eyes. Though perhaps never forming the -entire decoration of a shield, they do appear upon weapons and armour, and -are used most lavishly in the decoration of clothing, rooms, furniture, and -in fact almost every conceivable object, being employed for _decorative_ -purposes in precisely the same manners and methods that armorial devices -are decoratively made use of in this country. A Japanese of the upper -classes always has his _mon_ in three places upon his _kimono_, usually at -the back just below the collar and on either sleeve. The Japanese servants -also wear their service badge in much the same manner that in olden days -the badge was worn by the servants of a nobleman. The design of the service -badge occupies the whole available surface of the back, and is reproduced -in a miniature form on each lappel of the _kimono_. Unfortunately, like -armorial bearings in Europe, but to a far greater extent, the Japanese -_mon_ has been greatly pirated and abused. {13} - -Fig. 1, "Kiku-non-hana-mon," formed from the conventionalised bloom -(_hana_) of the chrysanthemum, is the _mon_ of the State. It is formed of -sixteen petals arranged in a circle, and connected on the outer edge by -small curves. - -Fig. 2, "Kiri-mon," is the personal _mon_ of the Mikado, formed of the -leaves and flower of the _Paulowna imperialis_, conventionally treated. - -Fig. 3, "Awoi-mon," is the _mon_ of the House of Minamoto Tokugawa, and is -composed of three sea leaves (_Asarum_). The Tokugawa reigned over the -country as _Shogune_ from 1603 until the last revolution in 1867, before -which time the Emperor (the Mikado) was only nominally the ruler. - -Fig. 4 shows the _mon_ of the House of Minamoto Ashikaya, which from 1336 -until 1573 enjoyed the Shogunat. - -Fig. 5 shows the second _mon_ of the House of Arina, Toymote, which is -used, however, throughout Japan as a sign of luck. - -[Illustration: FIG. 6.--Double eagle on a coin (_drachma_) under the -Orthogide of Kaifa Nacr Edin Mahmud, 1217.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 7.--Device of the Mameluke Emir Toka Timur, Governor of -Rahaba, 1350.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 8.--Lily on the Bab-al-Hadid gate at Damascus.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 9.--Device of the Emir Arkatay (a band between two -keys).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 10.--Device of the Mameluke Emir Schaikhu.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 11.--Device of Abu Abdallah, Mohammed ibn Nacr, King of -Granada, said to be the builder of the Alhambra (1231-1272).] - -The Saracens and the Moors, to whom we owe the origin of so many of our -recognised heraldic charges and the derivation of some of our terms (_e.g._ -"gules," from the Persian _gul_, and "azure" from the Persian _lazurd_) had -evidently on their part something more than the rudiments of armory, as -Figs. 6 to 11 will indicate. {14} - -One of the best definitions of a coat of arms that I know, though this is -not perfect, requires the twofold qualification that the design must be -hereditary and must be connected with armour. And there can be no doubt -that the theory of armory as we now know it is governed by those two ideas. -The shields and the crests, if any decoration of a helmet is to be called a -crest, of the Greeks and the Romans undoubtedly come within the one -requirement. Also were they indicative of and perhaps intended to be -symbolical of the owner. They lacked, however, heredity, and we have no -proof that the badges we read of, or the decorations of shield and helmet, -were continuous even during a single lifetime. Certainly as we now -understand the term there must be both continuity of use, if the arms be -impersonal, or heredity if the arms be personal. Likewise must there be -their use as decorations of the implements of warfare. - -If we exact these qualifications as essential, armory as a fact and as a -science is a product of later days, and is the evolution from the idea of -tribal badges and tribal means and methods of honour applied to the -decoration of implements of warfare. It is the conjunction and association -of these two distinct ideas to which is added the no less important idea of -heredity. The civilisation of England before the Conquest has left us no -trace of any sort or kind that the Saxons, the Danes, or the Celts either -knew or practised armory. So that if armory as we know it is to be traced -to the period of the Norman Conquest, we must look for it as an adjunct of -the altered civilisation and the altered law which Duke William brought -into this country. Such evidence as exists is to the contrary, and there is -nothing that can be truly termed armorial in that marvellous piece of -cotemporaneous workmanship known as the Bayeux tapestry. - -Concerning the Bayeux tapestry and the evidence it affords, Woodward and -Burnett's "Treatise on Heraldry," apparently following Planche's -conclusions, remarks: "The evidence afforded by the famous tapestry -preserved in the public library of Bayeux, a series of views in sewed work -representing the invasion and conquest of England by WILLIAM the Norman, -has been appealed to on both sides of this controversy, and has certainly -an important bearing on the question of the antiquity of coat-armour. This -panorama of seventy-two scenes is on probable grounds believed to have been -the work of the Conqueror's Queen MATILDA and her maidens; though the -French historian THIERRY and others ascribe it to the Empress MAUD, -daughter of HENRY III. The latest authorities suggest the likelihood of its -having been wrought as a decoration for the Cathedral of Bayeux, when -rebuilt by WILLIAM'S uterine brother ODO, Bishop of that See, in 1077. The -exact correspondence which has been discovered between the length of the -tapestry {15} and the inner circumference of the nave of the cathedral -greatly favours this supposition. This remarkable work of art, as carefully -drawn in colour in 1818 by Mr. C. STOTHARD, is reproduced in the sixth -volume of the _Vetusta Monumenta_; and more recently an excellent copy of -it from autotype plates has been published by the Arundel Society. Each of -its scenes is accompanied by a Latin description, the whole uniting into a -graphic history of the event commemorated. We see HAROLD taking leave of -EDWARD THE CONFESSOR; riding to Bosham with his hawk and hounds; embarking -for France; landing there and being captured by the Count of Ponthieu; -redeemed by WILLIAM of Normandy, and in the midst of his Court aiding him -against CONAN, Count of BRETAGNE; swearing on the sacred relics to -recognise WILLIAM'S claim of succession to the English throne, and then -re-embarking for England. On his return, we have him recounting the -incidents of his journey to EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, to whose funeral -obsequies we are next introduced. Then we have HAROLD receiving the crown -from the English people, and ascending the throne; and WILLIAM, apprised of -what had taken place, consulting with his half-brother ODO about invading -England. The war preparations of the Normans, their embarkation, their -landing, their march to Hastings, and formation of a camp there, form the -subjects of successive scenes; and finally we have the battle of Hastings, -with the death of Harold and the flight of the English. In this remarkable -piece of work we have figures of more than six hundred persons, and seven -hundred animals, besides thirty-seven buildings, and forty-one ships or -boats. There are of course also numerous shields of warriors, of which some -are round, others kite-shaped, and on some of the latter are rude figures, -of dragons or other imaginary animals, as well as crosses of different -forms, and spots. On one hand it requires little imagination to find the -cross _patee_ and the cross _botonnee_ of heraldry prefigured on two of -these shields. But there are several fatal objections to regarding these -figures as incipient _armory_, namely that while the most prominent persons -of the time are depicted, most of them repeatedly, none of these is ever -represented twice as bearing the same device, nor is there one instance of -any resemblance in the rude designs described to the bearings actually used -by the descendants of the persons in question. If a personage so important -and so often depicted as the Conqueror had borne arms, they could not fail -to have had a place in a nearly contemporary work, and more especially if -it proceeded from the needle of his wife." - -Lower, in his "Curiosities of Heraldry," clinches the argument when he -writes: "Nothing but disappointment awaits the curious armorist who seeks -in this venerable memorial the pale, the bend, and {16} other early -elements of arms. As these would have been much more easily imitated with -the needle than the grotesque figures before alluded to, we may safely -conclude that personal arms had not yet been introduced." The "Treatise on -Heraldry" proceeds: "The Second Crusade took place in 1147; and in -MONTFAUCON'S plates of the no longer extant windows of the Abbey of St. -Denis, representing that historical episode, there is not a trace of an -armorial ensign on any of the shields. That window was probably executed at -a date when the memory of that event was fresh; but in MONTFAUCON'S time, -the beginning of the eighteenth century, the _Science heroique_ was matter -of such moment in France that it is not to be believed that the armorial -figures on the shields, had there been any, would have been left out." - -Surely, if anywhere, we might have expected to have found evidence of -armory, if it had then existed, in the Bayeux Tapestry. Neither do the -seals nor the coins of the period produce a shield of arms. Nor amongst the -host of records and documents which have been preserved to us do we find -any reference to armorial bearings. The intense value and estimation -attached to arms in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which has -steadily though slowly declined since that period, would lead one to -suppose that had arms existed as we know them at an earlier period, we -should have found some definite record of them in the older chronicles. -There are no such references, and no coat of arms in use at a later date -can be relegated to the Conquest or any anterior period. Of arms, as we -know them, there are _isolated examples_ in the early part of the twelfth -century, _perhaps_ also at the end of the eleventh. At the period of the -Third Crusade (1189) they were in actual existence as hereditary -decorations of weapons of warfare. - -Luckily, for the purposes of deductive reasoning, human nature remains much -the same throughout the ages, and, dislike it as we may, vanity now and -vanity in olden days was a great lever in the determination of human -actions. A noticeable result of civilisation is the effort to suppress any -sign of natural emotion; and if the human race at the present day is not -unmoved by a desire to render its appearance attractive, we may rest very -certainly assured that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries this motive -was even more pronounced, and still yet more pronounced at a more remote -distance of time. Given an opportunity of ornament, there you will find -ornament and decoration. The ancient Britons, like the Maories of to-day, -found their opportunities restricted to their skins. The Maories tattoo -themselves in intricate patterns, the ancient Britons used woad, though -history is silent as to whether they were content with flat colour or gave -their preference to patterns. It is unnecessary to trace the art of {17} -decoration through embroidery upon clothes, but there is no doubt that as -soon as shields came into use they were painted and decorated, though I -hesitate to follow practically the whole of heraldic writers in the -statement that it was _the necessity for distinction in battle_ which -accounted for the decoration of shields. Shields were painted and -decorated, and helmets were adorned with all sorts of ornament, long -_before_ the closed helmet made it impossible to recognise a man by his -facial peculiarities and distinctions. We have then this underlying -principle of vanity, with its concomitant result of personal decoration and -adornment. We have the relics of savagery which caused a man to be -nicknamed from some animal. The conjunction of the two produces the effort -to apply the opportunity for decoration and the vanity of the animal -nickname to each other. - -We are fast approaching armory. In those days every man fought, and his -weapons were the most cherished of his personal possessions. The sword his -father fought with, the shield his father carried, the banner his father -followed would naturally be amongst the articles a son would be most eager -to possess. Herein are the rudiments of the idea of heredity in armory; and -the science of armory as we know it begins to slowly evolve itself from -that point, for the son would naturally take a pride in upholding the fame -which had clustered round the pictured signs and emblems under which his -father had warred. - -Another element then appeared which exercised a vast influence upon armory. -Europe rang from end to end with the call to the Crusades. We may or we may -not understand the fanaticism which gripped the whole of the Christian -world and sent it forth to fight the Saracens. That has little to do with -it. The result was the collection together in a comparatively restricted -space of all that was best and noblest amongst the human race at that time. -And the spirit of emulation caused nation to vie with nation, and -individual with individual in the performance of illustrious feats of -honour. War was elevated to the dignity of a sacred duty, and the -implements of warfare rose in estimation. It is easy to understand the -glory therefore that attached to arms, and the slow evolution which I have -been endeavouring to indicate became a concrete fact, and it is due to the -Crusades that the origin of armory as we now know it was practically coeval -throughout Europe, and also that a large proportion of the charges and -terms and rules of heraldry are identical in all European countries. - -The next dominating influence was the introduction, in the early part of -the thirteenth century, of the closed helmet. This hid the face of the -wearer from his followers and necessitated some means by which the latter -could identify the man under whom they served. What more natural than that -they should identify him by the {18} decoration of his shield and the -ornaments of his helmet, and by the coat or surcoat which he wore over his -coat of mail? - -This surcoat had afforded another opportunity of decoration, and it had -been decorated with the same signs that the wearer had painted on his -shield, hence the term "coat of arms." This textile coat was in itself a -product of the Crusades. The Crusaders went in their metal armour from the -cooler atmospheres of Europe to the intolerable heat of the East. The -surcoat and the lambrequin alike protected the metal armour and the metal -helmet from the rays of the sun and the resulting discomfort to the wearer, -and were also found very effective as a preventative of the rust resulting -from rain and damp upon the metal. By the time that the closed helmet had -developed the necessity of distinction and the identification of a man with -the pictured signs he wore or carried, the evolution of armory into the -science we know was practically complete. {19} - - - -CHAPTER II - -THE STATUS AND THE MEANING OF A COAT OF ARMS IN GREAT BRITAIN - -It would be foolish and misleading to assert that the possession of a coat -of arms at the present date has anything approaching the dignity which -attached to it in the days of long ago; but one must trace this through the -centuries which have passed in order to form a true estimate of it, and -also to properly appreciate a coat of arms at the present time. It is -necessary to go back to the Norman Conquest and the broad dividing lines of -social life in order to obtain a correct knowledge. The Saxons had no -armory, though they had a very perfect civilisation. This civilisation -William the Conqueror upset, introducing in its place the system of feudal -tenure with which he had been familiar on the Continent. Briefly, this -feudal system may be described as the partition of the land amongst the -barons, earls, and others, in return for which, according to the land they -held, they accepted a liability of military service for themselves and so -many followers. These barons and earls in their turn sublet the land on -terms advantageous to themselves, but nevertheless requiring from those to -whom they sublet the same military service which the King had exacted from -themselves proportionate with the extent of the sublet lands. Other -subdivisions took place, but always with the same liability of military -service, until we come to those actually holding and using the lands, -enjoying them subject to the liability of military service attached to -those particular lands. Every man who held land under these conditions--and -it was impossible to hold land without them--was of the upper class. He was -_nobilis_ or _known_, and of a rank distinct, apart, and absolutely -separate from the remainder of the population, who were at one time -actually serfs, and for long enough afterwards, of no higher social -position than they had enjoyed in their period of servitude. This wide -distinction between the upper and lower classes, which existed from one end -of Europe to the other, was the very root and foundation of armory. It -cannot be too greatly insisted upon. There were two qualitative terms, -"gentle" and "simple," which were applied to the upper and lower classes -respectively. Though now becoming archaic and obsolete, the terms "gentle" -and "simple" {20} are still occasionally to be met with used in that -original sense; and the two adjectives "gentle" and "simple," in the -everyday meanings of the words, are derived from, and are a _later_ growth -from the original usage with the meaning of the upper and lower classes; -because the quality of being gentle was supposed to exist in that class of -life referred to as gentle, whilst the quality of simplicity was supposed -to be an attribute of the lower class. The word gentle is derived from the -Latin word _gens (gentilis)_, meaning a man, because those were _men_ who -were not serfs. Serfs and slaves were nothing accounted of. The word -"gentleman" is a _derivative_ of the word gentle, and a gentleman was a -member of the gentle or upper class, and gentle qualities were so termed -because they were the qualities supposed to belong to the gentle class. A -man was not a gentleman, even in those days, because he happened to possess -personal qualities usually associated with the gentle class; a man was a -gentleman if he belonged to the gentle or upper class and not otherwise, so -that "gentleman" was an identical term for one to whom the word _nobilis_ -was applied, both being names for members of the upper class. To all -intents and purposes at that date there was no middle class at all. The -kingdom was the land; and the trading community who dwelt in the towns were -of little account save as milch kine for the purposes of taxation. The -social position conceded to them by the upper class was little, if any, -more than was conceded to the lower classes, whose life and liberties were -held very cheaply. Briefly to sum up, therefore, there were but the two -classes in existence, of which the upper class were those who held the -land, who had military obligations, and who were noble, or in other words -gentle. Therefore all who held land were gentlemen; because they held land -they had to lead their servants and followers into battle, and they -themselves were personally responsible for the appearance of so many -followers, when the King summoned them to war. Now we have seen in the -previous chapter that arms became necessary to the leader that his -followers might distinguish him in battle. Consequently all who held land -having, because of that land, to be responsible for followers in battle, -found it necessary to use arms. The corollary is therefore evident, that -all who held lands of the King were gentlemen or noble, and used arms; and -as a consequence all who possessed arms were gentlemen, for they would not -need or use arms, nor was their armour of a character upon which they could -display arms, unless they were leaders. The leaders, we have seen, were the -land-owning or upper class; therefore every one who had arms was a -gentleman, and every gentleman had arms. But the status of gentlemen -existed before there were coats of arms, and the later inseparable -connection between the two was an evolution. - -The preposterous prostitution of the word gentleman in these latter {21} -days is due to the almost universal attribute of human nature which -declines to admit itself as of other than gentle rank; and in the eager -desire to write itself gentleman, it has deliberately accepted and ordained -a meaning to the word which it did not formerly possess, and has attributed -to it and allowed it only such a definition as would enable almost anybody -to be included within its ranks. - -The word gentleman nowadays has become meaningless as a word in an ordinary -vocabulary; and to use the word with its original and true meaning, it is -necessary to now consider it as purely a technical term. We are so -accustomed to employ the word nowadays in its unrestricted usage that we -are apt to overlook the fact that such a usage is comparatively modern. The -following extract from "The Right to Bear Arms" will prove that its real -meaning was understood and was decided by law so late as the seventeenth -century to be "a man entitled to bear arms":-- - - "The following case in the Earl Marshal's Court, which hung upon the - definition of the word, conclusively proves my contention:-- - - "'_21st November 1637._--W. Baker, gent., humbly sheweth that having - some occasion of conference with Adam Spencer of Broughton under the - Bleane, co. Cant., on or about 28th July last, the said Adam did in - most base and opprobrious tearmes abuse your petitioner, calling him a - base, lying fellow, &c. &c. The defendant pleaded that Baker is noe - Gentleman, and soe not capable of redresse in this court. Le Neve, - Clarenceux, is directed to examine the point raised, and having done - so, declared as touching the gentry of William Baker, that Robert - Cooke, Clarenceux King of Arms, did make a declaration 10th May 1573, - under his hand and seale of office, that George Baker of London, sonne - of J. Baker of the same place, sonne of Simon Baker of Feversham, co. - Cant., was a bearer of tokens of honour, and did allow and confirm to - the said George Baker and to his posterity, and to the posterity of - Christopher Baker, these Arms, &c. &c. And further, Le Neve has - received proof that the petitioner, William Baker, is the son of - William Baker of Kingsdowne, co. Cant., who was the brother of George - Baker, and son of Christopher aforesaid.' The judgment is not stated. - (The original Confirmation of Arms by Cooke, 10th May 1573, may now be - seen in the British Museum.--_Genealogist_ for 1889, p. 242.)" - -It has been shown that originally practically all who held land bore arms. -It has also been shown that armory was an evolution, and as a consequence -it did not start, in this country at any rate, as a ready-made science with -all its rules and laws completely known or promulgated. There is not the -slightest doubt that, in the earliest infancy of the science, arms were -assumed and chosen without the control of the Crown; and one would not be -far wrong in assuming that, so long as the rights accruing from prior -appropriation of other people were respected, a landowner finding the -necessity of arms in battle, was originally at liberty to assume what arms -he liked. - -That period, however, was of but brief duration, for we find as early {22} -as 1390, from the celebrated Scrope and Grosvenor case, (1) that a man -could have obtained at that time a definite right to his arms, (2) that -this right could be enforced against another, and we find, what is more -important, (3) that the Crown and the Sovereign had supreme control and -jurisdiction over arms, and (4) that the Sovereign could and did grant -arms. From that date down to the present time the Crown, both by its own -direct action and by the action of the Kings of Arms to whom it delegates -powers for the purpose, in Letters Patent under the Great Seal, -specifically issued to each separate King of Arms upon his appointment, has -continued to grant armorial bearings. Some number of early grants of arms -direct from the Crown have been printed in the _Genealogical Magazine_, and -some of the earliest distinctly recite that the recipients are made noble -and created gentlemen, and that the arms are given them as _the sign of -their nobility_. The class of persons to whom grants of arms were made in -the earliest days of such instruments is much the same as the class which -obtain grants of arms at the present day, and the successful trader or -merchant is now at liberty, as he was in the reign of Henry VIII. and -earlier, to raise himself to the rank of a gentleman by obtaining a grant -of arms. A family must make its start at some time or other; let this start -be made honestly, and not by the appropriation of the arms of some other -man. - -The illegal assumption of arms began at an early date; and in spite of the -efforts of the Crown, which have been more or less continuous and repeated, -it has been found that the use of "other people's" arms has continued. In -the reign of Henry V. a very stringent proclamation was issued on the -subject; and in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and her successors, the Kings -of Arms were commanded to make perambulations throughout the country for -the purpose of pulling down and defacing improper arms, of recording arms -properly borne by authority, and of compelling those who used arms without -authority to obtain authority for them or discontinue their use. These -perambulations were termed Visitations. The subject of Visitations, and in -fact the whole subject of the right to bear arms, is dealt with at length -in the book to which reference has been already made, namely, "The Right to -Bear Arms." - -The glory of a descent from a long line of armigerous ancestors, the glory -and the pride of race inseparably interwoven with the inheritance of a name -which has been famous in history, the fact that some arms have been -designed to commemorate heroic achievements, the fact that the display of a -particular coat of arms has been the method, which society has -countenanced, of advertising to the world that one is of the upper class or -a descendant of some ancestor who performed some glorious deed to which the -arms have reference, the fact that arms themselves are the very sign of a -particular descent or of a particular {23} rank, have all tended to cause a -false and fictitious value to be placed upon all these pictured emblems -which as a whole they have never possessed, and which I believe they were -never intended to possess. It is _because_ they were the prerogative and -the sign of aristocracy that they have been coveted so greatly, and -consequently so often assumed improperly. Now aristocracy and social -position are largely a matter of personal assertion. A man assumes and -asserts for himself a certain position, which position is gradually and -imperceptibly but continuously increased and elevated as its assertion is -reiterated. There is no particular moment in a man's life at the present -time, the era of the great middle class, at which he visibly steps from a -plebeian to a patrician standing. And when he has fought and talked the -world into conceding him a recognised position in the upper classes, he -naturally tries to obliterate the fact that he or "his people" were ever of -any other social position, and he hesitates to perpetually date his -elevation to the rank of gentility by obtaining a grant of arms and thereby -admitting that before that date he and his people were plebeian. -Consequently he waits until some circumstance compels an application for a -grant, and the consequence is that he thereby post-dates his actual -technical gentility to a period long subsequent to the recognition by -Society of his position in the upper classes. - -Arms are the sign of the technical rank of gentility. The possession of -arms is a matter of hereditary privilege, which privilege the Crown is -willing should be obtained upon certain terms by any who care to possess -it, who live according to the style and custom which is usual amongst -gentle people. And so long as the possession of arms is a matter of -privilege, even though this privilege is no greater than is consequent upon -payment of certain fees to the Crown and its officers; for so long will -that privilege possess a certain prestige and value, though this may not be -very great. Arms have never possessed any greater value than attaches to a -matter of privilege; and (with singularly few exceptions) in every case, be -it of a peer or baronet, of knight or of simple gentleman, this privilege -has been obtained or has been regularised by the payment at some time or -other of fees to the Crown and its officers. And the _only_ difference -between arms granted and paid for yesterday and arms granted and paid for -five hundred years ago is the simple moral difference which attaches to the -dates at which the payments were made. - -Gentility is merely hereditary rank, emanating, with all other rank, from -the Crown, the sole fountain of honour. It is idle to make the word carry a -host of meanings it was never intended to. Arms being the sign of the -technical rank of gentility, the use of arms is the advertisement of one's -claim to that gentility. Arms mean nothing more. By {24} coronet, -supporters, and helmet can be indicated one's place in the scale of -precedence; by adding arms for your wife you assert that she also is of -gentle rank; your quarterings show the other gentle families you represent; -difference marks will show your position in your own family (not a very -important matter); augmentations indicate the deeds of your ancestors which -the Sovereign thought worthy of being held in especial remembrance. _By the -use of a certain coat of arms, you assert your descent from the person to -whom those arms were granted, confirmed, or allowed._ That is the beginning -and end of armory. Why seek to make it mean more? - -However heraldry is looked upon, it must be admitted that from its earliest -infancy armory possessed two essential qualities. It was the definite sign -of hereditary nobility and rank, and it was practically an integral part of -warfare; but also from its earliest infancy it formed a means of -decoration. It would be a rash statement to assert that armory has lost its -actual military character even now, but it certainly possessed it -undiminished so long as tournaments took place, for the armory of the -tournament was of a much higher standard than the armory of the -battlefield. Armory as an actual part of warfare existed as a means of -decoration for the implements of warfare, and as such it certainly -continues in some slight degree to the present day. - -Armory in that bygone age, although it existed as the symbol of the lowest -hereditary rank, was worn and used in warfare, for purposes of pageantry, -for the indication of ownership, for decorative purposes, for the needs of -authenticity in seals, and for the purposes of memorials in records, -pedigrees, and monuments. All those uses and purposes of armory can be -traced back to a period coeval with that to which our certain knowledge of -the existence of armory runs. Of all those usages and purposes, one only, -that of the use of armorial bearings in actual battle, can be said to have -come to an end, and even that not entirely so; the rest are still with us -in actual and extensive existence. I am not versed in the minutiae of army -matters or army history, but I think I am correct in saying that there was -no such thing as a regular standing army or a national army until the reign -of Henry VIII. Prior to that time the methods of the feudal system supplied -the wants of the country. The actual troops were in the employment, not of -the Crown, but of the individual leaders. The Sovereign called upon, and -had the right to call upon, those leaders to provide troops; but as those -troops were not in the direct employment of the Crown, they wore the -liveries and heraldic devices of their leaders. The leaders wore their own -devices, originally for decorative reasons, and later that they might be -distinguished by their particular followers: hence the actual use in battle -in former days of private armorial bearings. And even yet the {25} practice -is not wholly extinguished, for the tartans of the Gordon and Cameron -Highlanders are a relic of the usages of these former days. With the -formation of a standing army, and the direct service of the troops to the -Crown, the liveries and badges of those who had formerly been responsible -for the troops gave way to the liveries and badges of the Crown. The -uniform of the Beefeaters is a good example of the method in which in the -old days a servant wore the badge and livery of his lord. The Beefeaters -wear the scarlet livery of the Sovereign, and wear the badge of the -Sovereign still. Many people will tell you, by the way, that the uniform of -a Beefeater is identical now with what it was in the days of Henry VIII. It -isn't. In accordance with the strictest laws of armory, the badge, -embroidered on the front and back of the tunic, has changed, and is now the -triple badge--the rose, the thistle, and the shamrock--of the triple -kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Every soldier who wears a scarlet -coat, the livery of his Sovereign, every regiment that carries its colours, -every saddle-cloth with a Royal emblem thereupon, is evidence that the use -of armory in battle still exists in a small degree to the present day; but -circumstances have altered. The troops no longer attack to the cry of "A -Warwick! a Warwick!" they serve His Majesty the King and wear his livery -and devices. They no longer carry the banner of their officer, whose -servants and tenants they would formerly have been; the regiment cherishes -instead the banner of the armorial bearings of His Majesty. Within the last -few years, probably within the lifetime of all my readers, there has been -striking evidence of the manner in which circumstances alter everything. -The Zulu War put an end to the practice of taking the colours of a regiment -into battle; the South African War saw khaki substituted universally for -the scarlet livery of His Majesty; and to have found upon a South African -battlefield the last remnant of the armorial practices of the days of -chivalry, one would have needed, I am afraid, to examine the buttons of the -troopers. Still the scarlet coat exists in the army on parade: the Life -Guards wear the Royal Cross of St. George and the Star of the Garter, the -Scots Greys have the Royal Saltire of St. Andrew, and the Gordon -Highlanders have the Gordon crest of the Duke of Richmond and Gordon; and -there are many other similar instances. - -There is yet another point. The band of a regiment is maintained by the -officers of the regiment, and at the present day in the Scottish regiments -the pipers have attached to their pipes banners bearing the various -_personal_ armorial bearings of the officers of the regiment. So that -perhaps one is justified in saying that the use of armorial bearings in -warfare has not yet come to an end. The other ancient usages of armory -exist now as they existed in the earliest times. So that it is {26} foolish -to contend that armory has ceased to exist, save as an interesting survival -of the past. It is a living reality, more _widely_ in use at the present -day than ever before. - -Certainly the military side of armory has sunk in importance till it is now -utterly overshadowed by the decorative, but the fact that armory still -exists as the sign and adjunct of hereditary rank utterly forbids one to -assert that armory is dead, and though this side of armory is also now -partly overshadowed by its decorative use, armory must be admitted to be -still alive whilst its laws can still be altered. When, if ever, rank is -finally swept away, and when the Crown ceases to grant arms, and people -cease to use them, then armory will be dead, and can be treated as the -study of a dead science. {27} - - - -CHAPTER III - -THE HERALDS AND OFFICERS OF ARMS - -The crown is the Fountain of Honour, having supreme control of coat-armour. -This control in all civilised countries is one of the appanages of -sovereignty, but from an early period much of the actual control has been -delegated to the Heralds and Kings of Arms. The word Herald is derived from -the Anglo-Saxon--_here_, an army, and _wald_, strength or sway--though it -has probably come to us from the German word _Herold_. - -In the last years of the twelfth century there appeared at festal -gatherings persons mostly habited in richly coloured clothing, who -delivered invitations to the guests, and, side by side with the stewards, -superintended the festivities. Many of them were minstrels, who, after -tournaments or battle, extolled the deeds of the victors. These individuals -were known in Germany as _Garzune_. - -Originally every powerful leader had his own herald, and the dual character -of minstrel and messenger led the herald to recount the deeds of his -master, and, as a natural consequence, of his master's ancestors. In token -of their office they wore the coats of arms of the leaders they served; and -the original status of a herald was that of a non-combatant messenger. When -tournaments came into vogue it was natural that some one should examine the -arms of those taking part, and from this the duties of the herald came to -include a knowledge of coat-armour. As the Sovereign assumed or arrogated -the control of arms, the right to grant arms, and the right of judgment in -disputes concerning arms, it was but the natural result that the personal -heralds of the Sovereign should be required to have a knowledge of the arms -of his principal subjects, and should obtain something in the nature of a -cognisance or control and jurisdiction over those arms; for doubtless the -actions of the Sovereign would often depend upon the knowledge of his -heralds. - -The process of development in this country will be more easily understood -when it is remembered that the Marshal or Earl Marshal was in former times, -with the Lord High Constable, the first in _military_ rank under the King, -who usually led his army in person, and to {28} the Marshal was deputed the -ordering and arrangement of the various bodies of troops, regiments, bands -of retainers, &c., which ordering was at first facilitated and at length -entirely determined by the use of various pictorial ensigns, such as -standards, banners, crests, cognisances, and badges. The due arrangement -and knowledge of these various ensigns became first the necessary study and -then the ordinary duty of these officers of the Marshal, and their -possession of such knowledge, which soon in due course had to be written -down and tabulated, secured to them an important part in mediaeval life. -The result was that at an early period we find them employed in -semi-diplomatic missions, such as carrying on negotiations between -contending armies on the field, bearing declarations of war, challenges -from one sovereign to another, besides arranging the ceremonial not only of -battles and tournaments, but also of coronations, Royal baptisms, -marriages, and funerals. - -From the fact that neither King of Arms nor Herald is mentioned as -officiating in the celebrated Scrope and Grosvenor case, of which very full -particulars have come down to us, it is evident that the control of arms -had not passed either in fact or in theory from the Crown to the officers -of arms at that date. Konrad Grunenberg, in his _Wappencodex_ ("Roll of -Arms"), the date of which is 1483, gives a representation of a _helmschau_ -(literally helmet-show), here reproduced (Fig. 12), which includes the -figure of a herald. Long before that date, however, the position of a -herald in England was well defined, for we find that on January 5, 1420, -the King appointed William Bruges to be Garter King of Arms. It is usually -considered in England that it would be found that in Germany armory reached -its highest point of evolution. Certainly German heraldic art is in advance -of our own, and it is curious to read in the latest and one of the best of -German heraldic books that "from the very earliest times heraldry was -carried to a higher degree of perfection and thoroughness in England than -elsewhere, and that it has maintained itself at the same level until the -present day. In other countries, for the most part, heralds no longer have -any existence but in name." The initial figure which appears at the -commencement of Chapter I. represents John Smert, Garter King of Arms, and -is taken from the grant of arms issued by him to the Tallow Chandlers' -Company of London, which is dated September 24, 1456. - -Long before there was any College of Arms, the Marshal, afterwards the Earl -Marshal, had been appointed. The Earl Marshal is now head of the College of -Arms, and to him has been delegated the whole of the control both of armory -and of the College, with the exception of that part which the Crown has -retained in its own hands. {29} After the Earl Marshal come the Kings of -Arms, the Heralds of Arms, and the Pursuivants of Arms. - -[Illustration: FIG. 12.--_Helmschau_ or Helmet-Show. (From Konrad -Grunenberg's _Wappencodex zu Munchen_.) End of fifteenth century.] - -The title of King of Arms, or, as it was more anciently written, King of -Heralds, was no doubt originally given to the chief or principal officer, -who presided over the heralds of a kingdom, or some principal province, -which heraldic writers formerly termed _marches_; or else the title was -conferred upon the officer of arms attendant upon some particular order of -knighthood. Garter King of Arms, who is immediately attached to that -illustrious order, is likewise Principal King of Arms, and these, although -separate and distinct offices, are and have been always united in one -person. Upon the revival and new modelling of the Order of the Bath, in the -reign of George the First, a King of Arms was created and attached to it, -by the title of Bath King of Arms; and King George III., upon the -institution of the Hanoverian Guelphic Order of Knighthood, annexed to that -order a King of Arms, by the appellation of Hanover. At the time of the -creation of his office, Bath King of Arms was given Wales as his province, -the intention being that he should rank with the others, granting arms in -his own province, but he was not, nor was Hanover, nor is the King of Arms -of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, a member (as such) of the -corporation of the College of Arms. The members of that corporation -considered that the gift of the province of Wales, the jurisdiction over -which they had previously possessed, to Bath King was an infringement of -their chartered privileges. The dispute was referred to the law officers of -the Crown, whose opinion was in favour of the corporate body. - -Berry in his _Encyclopaedia Heraldica_ further remarks: "The Kings of Arms -of the provincial territories have the titles of _Clarenceux_ and _Norroy_, -the jurisdiction of the former extending over the south, east, and west -parts of England, from the river Trent southwards; and that of the latter, -the remaining part of the kingdom northward of that river. Kings of Arms -have been likewise assigned other provinces over different kingdoms and -dominions, and besides Ulster King of Arms for Ireland, and Lyon King of -Arms for Scotland, others were nominated for particular provinces abroad, -when united to the Crown of England, such as _Aquitaine_, _Anjou_, and -_Guyenne_, who were perhaps at their first creation intended only for the -services of the places whose titles they bore, when the same should be -entirely subdued to allegiance to the Crown of England, and who, till that -time, might have had other provinces allotted to them, either provisionally -or temporarily, within the realm of England. - -There were also other Kings of Arms, denominated from the dukedoms or -earldoms which our princes enjoyed before they came to the throne, as -_Lancaster_, _Gloucester_, _Richmond_, and _Leicester_, the three first -{30} having marches, or provinces, and the latter a similar jurisdiction. -Windsor, likewise, was a local title, but it is doubtful whether that -officer was ever a King of Arms. _Marche_ also assumed that appellation, -from his provincial jurisdiction over a territory so called. - -But although anciently there were at different periods several Kings of -Arms in England, only two provincial Kings of Arms have, for some ages, -been continued in office, viz. Clarenceux and Norroy, whose provinces or -marches are, as before observed, separated by the river Trent, the ancient -limits of the escheaters, when there are only two in the kingdom, and the -jurisdiction of the wardens of the forests. - -_Norroy_ is considered the most ancient title, being the only one in -England taken from the local situation of his province, unless _Marche_ -should be derived from the same cause. The title of _Norroy_ was anciently -written _Norreys_ and _Norreis_, King of Arms of the people residing in the -north; _Garter_ being styled _Roy des Anglois_, of the people, and not -_d'Angleterre_, of the kingdom, the inhabitants of the north being called -_Norreys_,[1] as we are informed by ancient historians. - -It appears that there was a King of Arms for the parts or people on the -north of Trent as early as the reign of Edward I., from which, as Sir Henry -Spelman observes, it may be inferred that the southern, eastern, and -western parts had principal heralds, or Kings of Arms, although their -titles at that early age cannot now be ascertained. - -_Norroy_ had not the title of King till after the reign of Edward II. It -was appropriated to a King of Heralds, expressly called _Rex Norroy_, _Roy -d'Armes del North_, _Rex Armorum del North_, _Rex de North_, and _Rex -Norroy du North_; and the term _Roy Norreys_ likewise occurs in the Pell -Rolls of the 22nd Edward III.; but from that time till the 9th of Richard -II. no farther mention is made of any such officer, from which it is -probable a different person enjoyed the office by some other title during -that interval, particularly as the office was actually executed by other -Kings of Arms, immediately after that period. _John Otharlake, Marche King -of Arms_, executed it in the 9th of Richard II., Richard del Brugg, -Lancaster King of Arms, 1st Henry IV., and _Ashwell_, _Boys_, and _Tindal_, -successively _Lancaster Kings of Arms_, until the end of that monarch's -reign. - -Edward IV. replaced this province under a King of Arms, and revived the -dormant title of _Norroy_. But in the Statute of Resumptions, {31} made 1st -Henry VII., a clause was inserted that the same should not extend to _John -Moore_, otherwise _Norroy_, chief Herald King of Arms of the north parts of -this realm of England, so appointed by King Edward IV. by his Letters -Patent, bearing date 9th July, in the eighteenth year of his reign. It has -since continued without interruption. - -_Falcon King of Arms_ seems the next who had the title of King conferred -upon him, and was so named from one of the Royal badges of King Edward -III., and it was afterwards given to a herald and pursuivant, under princes -who bore the falcon as a badge or cognisance, and it is difficult to -ascertain whether this officer was considered a king, herald, or -pursuivant. _Froissart_ in 1395 calls _Faucon_ only a herald, and in 1364 -mentions this officer as a King of Arms belonging to the King of England; -but it is certain that in the 18th Richard II. there was a King of Arms by -that appellation, and so continued until the reign of Richard III., if not -later; but at what particular period of time the officer was discontinued -cannot be correctly ascertained. - -_Windsor_ has been considered by some writers to have been the title of a -King of Arms, from an abbreviation in some old records, which might be -otherwise translated. There is, however, amongst the Protections in the -Tower of London, one granted in the 49th Edward III. to _Stephen de -Windesore, Heraldo Armorum rege dicto_, which seems to favour the -conjecture, and other records might be quoted for and against this -supposition, which might have arisen through mistake in the entries, as -they contradict one another. - -_Marche_ seems the next in point of antiquity of creation; but although Sir -Henry Spelman says that King Edward IV. descended from the _Earls of -Marche_, promoted _Marche Herald_ to be a King of Arms, giving him, -perhaps, the marches for his province, it is pretty clearly ascertained -that it was of a more early date, from the express mention of _March Rex -Heraldorum_ and _March Rex Heraldus_ in records of the time of Richard II., -though it may be possible that it was then only a nominal title, and did -not become a real one till the reign of Edward IV., as mentioned by -Spelman. - -_Lancaster King of Arms_ was, as the same author informs us, so created by -Henry IV. in relation to his own descent from the Lancastrian family, and -the county of Lancaster assigned to him as his province; but _Edmondson_ -contends "that that monarch superadded the title of Lancaster to that of -Norroy, or King of the North, having, as it may be reasonably conjectured, -given this province north of Trent, within which district Lancaster was -situated, to him who had been formerly his officer of arms, by the title of -that dukedom, and who might, according to custom, in some instances of -former ages, retain his former title and surname of heraldship, styling -himself _Lancaster Roy d'Armes del North_." {32} - -_Leicester King of Arms_ was a title similar to that of _Lancaster_, and -likewise a creation to the same Sovereign, Henry IV., who was also Earl of -Leicester before he assumed the crown, and was given to a person who was -before that time a herald. It appears that _Henry Grene_ was _Leicester -Herald_, 9th King Richard II., and in the 13th of the same reign is called -a _Herald of the Duke of Guyen and Lancaster_, but prior to the coronation -of Henry IV. he was certainly a King of Heralds, and so styled in a privy -seal dated antecedent to that ceremony. A similar instrument of the tenth -year of that monarch's reign also mentions _Henry Grene_, otherwise -_Leicester King of Arms_. - -As it is evident that, during the reign of Henry IV., _Lancaster King of -Arms_ has under that title the province of the north, _Mr. Edmondson_, with -good reason, supposes that the southern province, or part of that which is -now under Clarenceux, might at that time be under this _Leicester_, -especially as the title of _Clarenceux_ was not in being till after the 3rd -of Henry V., when, or soon after, the title of _Leicester_ might have -become extinct by the death of that officer; for although _Leicester King -of Arms_ went over into France with Henry V. in the third year of his -reign, yet he is not mentioned in the constitutions made by the heralds at -Roan in the year 1419-20. - -_Clarenceux_, the next King of Arms in point of creation, is a title -generally supposed to have been taken from _Clare_, in Suffolk, the castle -at that place being the principal residence of the ancient Earls of -Hereford, who were, from thence, though very improperly, called _Earls of -Clare_, in the same manner as the Earls of Pembroke were often named _Earls -of Strigoil and Chepstow_; the Earl of Hampshire, _Earl of Winchester_; the -Earl of Derby, _Earl of Tuttebury_; the Earl of Sussex, _Earl of -Chichester_, &c. King Edward III. created his third son Lionel _Duke of -Clarence_, instead of the monosyllable _Clare_ (from his marriage with the -grand-daughter of the late Earl), but Lionel dying without issue male, -Henry IV. created his younger son Thomas _Duke of Clarence_, who being -slain without issue 9th of Henry V., the honour remained in the Crown, -until King Edward IV. conferred it upon his own brother. Mr. Sandford tells -us that _Clarence_ is the country about the town, castle, and honour of -_Clare_, from which duchy the name of _Clarenceux King of Arms_ is derived. -Spelman, however, contends that it is a mistake in attributing the -institution of _Clarenceux_ to King Edward IV. after the honour of -_Clarence_ devolved as an escheat to the Crown upon the untimely death of -his brother George, as he found William Horsely called by this title in the -reign of Henry V. and also Roger Lygh, under King Henry VI.; and it is -conjectured that the office of _Clarenceux King of Arms_ is not more -ancient than the reign of Edward III. - -_Gloucester Herald_, frequently mentioned by historians, was originally -{33} the herald of the great Humphry, Duke of Gloucester, of whom mention -is made upon record in the 10th of Henry VI.; and Richard, brother to -Edward IV., who was created Duke of Gloucester, is said to have had a -herald by that title during the reign of his brother, and who was attendant -as such at the funeral of that monarch. In a manuscript in the Ashmolean -collection, it is stated that Richard Champnay attended as Gloucester King -of Arms at the coronation of Richard III. upon the 7th July following his -usurpation of the crown; but it appears by more authentic record that this -Richard Champnay was, by the style and title of Herald of Arms, on the 18th -September, in the first year of his usurpation, by patent created a King of -Arms and Principal Herald of the parts of Wales, by the style and title of -Gloucester, giving him licence and authority to execute all and singular -that by law or custom in former times belonged to the office of King of -Arms. It is supposed that the office ceased upon his death, which in all -probability took place before that of the usurper. - -_Richmond King of Arms._--A herald called _Richmond_ is frequently -mentioned, as well belonging to the Crown as of the nobility. But the -records of the reign of King Henry VII., who had before his elevation to -the throne been Earl of Richmond, contain many entries of _Richmond King of -Arms_; but although somewhat vague in the description, sufficiently bear -out the conjecture that Henry VII., previous to his coronation, created a -new King of Arms by the title of _Richmond_, although no regular patent of -creation has ever been found. - -Sir Henry Spelman informs us that, in addition to the two Kings of Arms for -the two Heraldic provinces bounded north and south by the river Trent, -there were also two provincial kings for the dominions of our Sovereign in -France, styled _Guyenne_ and _Agincourt_ (omitting _Aquitaine_ and _Anjou_, -which were certainly in being at the same time), and another for _Ireland_ -by that name, altered by King Edward VI. into _Ulster_. - -_Ireland King of Arms_ first occurs upon record 6th Richard II., anno 1482, -mentioned by _Froissart_, where he is called _Chandos le Roy d'Ireland_. A -regular succession of officers, by the title of Ireland King of Arms, -continued from that time till the reign of King Edward IV., but from the -death of that monarch till the creation of Ulster by Edward VI. it is -uncertain whether the title existed, or what became of the office. - -Edward VI. altered the title of Ireland King of Arms into that of Ulster, -or rather considered it as a new institution, from the words of his -journal: "Feb. 2. There was a King of Arms made for Ireland, whose name was -_Ulster_, and his province was all Ireland; and he was the fourth King of -Arms, and the first Herald of Ireland." The patent passed under the Great -Seal of England. - -Guyenne, a part of Aquitaine, in France, a province belonging to {34} the -British Crown, gave title not only to a King of Arms, but to a herald -likewise, and Sir Henry Spelman dates its creation in the time of Edward -I., although it is somewhat doubtful, and thought to be in the reign of -Edward III. Guyenne Herald appears upon record during the reign of Henry -VI., and though Kings of Arms were frequently styled heralds in old -records, it is more than probable both offices were in existence at the -same time. From the time of Edward IV. no such officers belonging to the -Crown of England seem to have been continued, and it is doubtful whether -they ever held in constant succession from their first creation. - -_Aquitaine_, which included what were afterwards called Guyenne, Xantoigne, -Gascoigne, and some islands, gave title to a King of Heralds as early as -the reign of Edward III., and it is conjectured to have been an officer -belonging to the Black Prince, who had the principality of Aquitaine given -to him by his father; but although this officer is mentioned in the reign -of Richard II. and 3rd of Henry V., no record occurs after the latter -period. - -_Agincourt_ was also a title conferred upon a herald, in memory of that -signal victory; and lands were granted to him for life, 6th Henry V., as -mentioned by Sir Henry Spelman; but whether the office was continued, or -any particular province assigned to this officer, cannot be ascertained. - -_Anjou King of Arms_ was likewise an officer of King Henry VI., and -attendant upon John, Duke of Bedford, when Regent of France, who assumed -the title of Duke of Anjou. But upon the death of the Duke of Bedford, this -officer was promoted to Lancaster King of Arms; and in all probability the -title of Anjou, as a King of Heralds, was discontinued. - -_Volant_ also occurs upon record in the 28th Edward III., and _Vaillant_, -_le Roy Vaillant Heraud_, and _le Roy Vailland_, are likewise mentioned in -1395. - -Henry V. instituted the office of Garter King of Arms; but at what -particular period is rather uncertain, although Mr. Anstis has clearly -proved that it must have taken place after the 22nd May, and before the 3rd -September, in the year 1417. - -Stephen Martin Leake, Esq., who filled the office, sums up its duties in -the following words: "_Garter_ was instituted by King Henry V., A.D. 1417, -for the service of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, which was made -sovereign within the office of arms over all other officers, subject to the -Crown of England, by the name of Garter King of Arms of England. In this -patent he is styled Principal King of English Arms, and Principal Officer -of Arms of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, and has power to execute the -said office by himself or deputy, being an herald. By the constitution of -his office, he must be a native of {35} England, and a gentleman bearing -arms. To him belongs the correction of arms, and all ensigns of honour, -usurped or borne unjustly, and also to grant arms to deserving persons, and -supporters to the nobility and Knights of the Bath; to go next before the -sword in solemn proceeding, none interposing, except the constable and -marshal; to administer the oath to all the officers of arms; to have a -habit like the registrar of the order; baron's service in the court; -lodgings in Windsor Castle; to bear his white rod with a banner of the -ensigns of the order thereon before the Sovereign; also when any lord shall -enter the Parliament chamber, to assign him his place, according to his -dignity and degree; to carry the ensign of the order to foreign princes, -and to do, or procure to be done, what the Sovereign shall enjoin, relating -to the order; with other duties incident to his office of principal King of -Arms, for the execution whereof he hath a salary of one hundred pounds a -year, payable at the Exchequer, and an hundred pounds more out of the -revenue of the order, besides fees." - -_Bath King of Arms_ was created 11th George I., in conformity with the -statutes established by His Majesty for the government of the Order of the -Bath, and in obedience to those statutes was nominated and created by the -Great Master of the Order denominated _Bath_, and in Latin, _Rex armorum -Honoratissimi Ordinis Militaris de Balneo_. These statutes direct that this -officer shall, in all the ceremonies of the order, be habited in a white -mantle lined with red, having on the right shoulder the badge of the order, -and under it a surcoat of white silk, lined and edged with red; that he -shall wear on his breast, hanging to a golden chain about his neck, an -escocheon of gold, enamelled with the arms of the order, impaling the arms -of the Sovereign, crowned with the Imperial crown. That at all coronations -he shall precede the companions of the order, and shall carry and wear his -crown as other Kings of Arms are obliged to do. That the chain, escocheon, -rod, and crown, shall be of the like materials, value, and weight, with -those borne and used by Garter Principal King of Arms, and of the like -fashion, the before specified variations only excepted: and that besides -the duties required of him in the several other articles of the statutes, -he shall diligently perform whatever the Sovereign or Great Master shall -further command. On the 14th January 1725, His Majesty was further pleased -by his Royal sign-manual, to erect, make, constitute, and ordain the then -Bath King of Arms, _Gloucester_ King of Arms, and principal Herald of the -parts of Wales, and to direct letters patent to be made out and pass the -Great Seal, empowering him to grant arms and crests to persons residing -within the dominions of Wales, either jointly with Garter, or singly by -himself, with the consent and at the pleasure of the Earl Marshal, or his -deputy for the time being, and for {36} the future that the office of -Gloucester should be inseparably annexed, united, and perpetually -consolidated with the office of _Bath King of Arms, of the Most Honourable -Military Order of the Bath, and Gloucester King of Arms, and principal -Herald of the parts of Wales_. And also that he, for the dignity of the -order, should in all assemblies and at all times have and take place and -precedency above and before all other provincial Kings of Arms whatsoever." - -This armorial jurisdiction, however, was subsequently, as has been -previously explained, annulled. - -Concerning the heralds Berry remarks: "In former ages, when honour and -chivalry were at their height, these officers were held in great -estimation, as appears by the ceremonies which attended their creations, -which was by the Sovereign himself or by special commission from him, and, -according to Gerard Leigh, was after the following manner: The King asked -the person to be so created whether he were a gentleman of blood or of -second coat-armour; if he was not, the King gave him lands and fees, and -assigned him and his heirs proper arms. Then, as the messenger was brought -in by the herald of the province, so the pursuivant was brought in by the -eldest herald, who, at the prince's command, performed all the ceremonies, -as turning the coat of arms, setting the manacles thereof on the arms of -the pursuivant, and putting about his neck the collar of SS, and when he -was named, the prince himself took the cup from the herald, which was gilt, -and poured the water and wine upon the head of the pursuivant, creating him -by the name of _our herald_, and the King, when the oath was administered, -gave the same cup to the new herald. - -_Upton_ sums up the business of a herald thus: That it was their office to -create under officers, to number the people, to commence treaties of -matrimony and of peace between princes, to visit kingdoms and regions, and -to be present at martial exploits, &c., and they were to wear a coat of -their master's arms, wearing the same in conflicts and tournaments, in -riding through foreign countries, and at all great entertainments, -coronations of kings and queens, and the solemnities of princes, dukes, and -other great lords. - -In the time of King Richard II. there belonged to the King of Arms and -heralds the following fees, viz.: at the coronation of the King, a bounty -of L100; when the King first displayed his banners, 100 marks; when the -King's son was made a knight, 40 marks; when the prince and a duke first -display their banners, L20; if it be a marquis, 20 marks; if an earl, L10; -if a baron, 5 marks of silver crowns, of 15 nobles; and if a knight -bachelor, newly made a banneret, 3 marks, or 10 nobles; when the King is -married, the said Kings of Arms and heralds to have L50; when the Queen has -a child {37} christened, a largess at the Queen's pleasure, or of the lords -of the council, which was sometimes L100, and at others 100 marks, more or -less; and when she is churched, such another largess; when princesses, -duchesses, marchionesses, countesses, and baronesses have a child -christened, and when they are churched, a largess suitable to their quality -and pleasure; as often as the King wears his crown, or holds Royal state, -especially at the four great festivals of Christmas, Easter, Whitsuntide, -and All Saints, to every one of the three Kings of Arms present when the -King goes to the chapel to mass, a largess at the King's pleasure; when a -maiden princess, or daughter of a duke, marquis, earl, or baron is married, -there belongs to the said Kings of Arms, if present, the upper garment she -is married in; if there be a combat within lists, there belong to the Kings -of Arms, if present, and if not to the other heralds present, their -pavilions; and if one of the combatants is vanquished, the Kings of Arms -and heralds who are present shall have all the accoutrements of the person -so vanquished, and all other armour that falls to the ground; when subjects -rebel, and fortify any camp or place, and afterwards quit the same, and -fly, without a battle, there appertain to the said Kings of Arms and -heralds who are present all the carts, carriages, and tools left behind; -and, at New Year's Tide, all the noblemen and knights of the court used to -give the heralds New Year's gifts. Besides the King's heralds, in former -times, divers noblemen had heralds and pursuivants, who went with their -lords, with the King's heralds, when attending the King. - -The fees of the King's heralds and pursuivants of arms have since varied, -and, besides fees upon creations of peers, baronets, and knights, they have -still donations for attendance at court upon the festivals of Christmas, -Easter, Whitsuntide, All Saints, and St. George's Day; fees upon -installation of Knights of the Garter and Bath, Royal marriages, funerals, -public solemnities, &c., with small salaries paid from the Exchequer; but -their ancient fees from the nobility, upon certain occasions, have been -long discontinued, and their principal emolument arises from grants of -arms, the tracing of genealogies, and recording the same in the Registers -of the College of Arms." - -The present _heralds_ are six in number, viz.:-- - -_Windsor Herald_, which title was instituted 38th of Edward III., when that -monarch was in France. - -_Chester Herald_, instituted in the same reign. - -_Richmond Herald_, instituted by King Edward IV. - -_Somerset Herald_, instituted by King Henry VIII. about the time when that -monarch created his son Henry Fitzroy Duke of Somerset. - -_York Herald_, instituted by King Edward III. in honour of his son, whom he -created Duke of York. {38} - -_Lancaster Herald_, also instituted by Edward III. when he created his son -Duke of Lancaster. - -The heralds were first incorporated as a college by Richard III. They were -styled the Corporation of Kings, Heralds, and Pursuivants of Arms. - -Concerning Pursuivants of Arms, Berry remarks that these officers, who are -the lowest in degree amongst officers of arms, "were, as the name implies, -followers, marshals, or messengers attendant upon the heralds. Pursuivants -were formerly created by the nobility (who had, likewise, heralds of arms) -with great ceremony in the following manner. One of the heralds, wearing -his master's coat, leading the person to be created pursuivant by the left -hand, and holding a cup full of wine and water in his right, came into the -presence of the lord and master of him who was to be created, and of whom -the herald asked by what name he would have his pursuivant called, which -the lord having mentioned, the herald then poured part of the wine and -water upon his head, calling him by the name so assigned to him. The herald -then took the coat of his lord, and put it over his head athwart, so that -part of the coat made for the arms before and behind, and the longer part -of it on both sides of the arms of the person created, and in which way the -pursuivant was always to wear it. This done, an oath of fidelity was -administered to the new-made pursuivant, and the ceremony concluded." - -This curious method of the wearing of the tabard by a pursuivant has long -since been discontinued, if indeed it was ever generally adopted, a point -on which I have by no means been able to satisfy myself. - -The appointment of heralds and pursuivants of arms by the nobility has long -been discontinued, and there are now only four pursuivants belonging to the -College of Arms, viz.:-- - -_Rouge-Croix_, the first in point of antiquity of creation, is so styled -from the red cross of St. George, the Patron Saint of England. - -_Blue-Mantle_, so called by King Edward III., in honour of the French coat -which he assumed, being blue. - -_Rouge-Dragon_, so styled from the red dragon, one of the supporters of the -Royal arms of King Henry VII. (who created this pursuivant), and also the -badge of Wales, and - -_Portcullis_, also instituted by Henry VII., and so named from that badge, -or cognisance, used by him. - -The duties of a pursuivant are similar to those of a herald; he assists in -all public processions, or ceremonies, such as Royal marriages, funerals, -installations, &c., and has certain fees for attendance upon such -occasions. Pursuivants likewise receive fees upon creations of peers, -baronets, and knights, and also donations for attending court upon the -principal festivals of Christmas, Easter, Whit-Sunday, All {39} Saints, and -St. George's Day, and a small salary payable out of the Exchequer. They -wear a tabard of damask silk, embroidered with the Royal arms, like the -heralds, but no collar of SS. - -[Illustration: FIG. 13.--Officers of Arms as represented in the famous -Tournament Roll of Henry VIII., now preserved in the College of Arms.] - -Of the Heraldic Executive in Scotland, Lyon King of Arms (Sir James Balfour -Paul), in his book "Heraldry in relation to Scottish History and Art," -writes: "At one period the Lyon was solemnly crowned at his inauguration, -and vested with his tabard and baton of office." The ceremony was a very -elaborate one, and is fully described by Sir James Balfour in a MS., now in -the Advocates' Library. There is also an account of the coronation of Sir -Alexander Durham, when Laurie, the minister of the Tron Kirk, preached from -the text, "What shall be done to the man whom the king delighteth to -honour?" The crown was of gold, and exactly similar to the Imperial crown -of Scotland, save that it had no jewels. Now the Lyon's crown is the same -as the English King of Arms. The crown is only worn at Royal coronations. -At that of Charles I. at Edinburgh in 1633, the Lyon carried the vessel -containing the sacred oil. In addition to his strictly armorial -appointment, the Lyon is also a King of Arms of the Most Ancient and Most -Noble Order of the Thistle. - -Heralds and pursuivants formed an important part from very early times not -only of the Royal Household, but also of those of the higher nobility, many -of whom had private heralds. Of these officers there is a very full list -given by Dr. Dickson in the preface to the Lord Treasurer's Accounts. Of -heralds who were or ultimately became part of the King's Household we meet -with Rothesay, Marchmont, Snowdon, Albany, Ross, and Islay; Ireland, -Orkney, and Carrick are also mentioned as heralds, but it is doubtful -whether the first and last were ever more than pursuivants. Of the latter -class of officers the following were in the Royal establishment: Carrick, -Bute, Dingwall, Kintyre, Ormonde, Unicorn; but we also find Aliszai or -Alishay, Dragance, Diligens, Montrose, Falkland, Ireland, Darnaway, -Garioch, Ettrick, Hales, Lindsay, Endure, Douglas, and Angus. Of the latter -Garioch was created by James IV. for his brother John, Earl of Mar; Hailes -in 1488, when Lord Hailes was made Earl of Bothwell; while Lindsay and -Endure were both evidently attached to the Lindsay family, as were Douglas -and Angus to the noblemen whose titles they bore. In 1403 Henry IV. of -England granted a pursuivant under the title of Shrewsbury to George, Earl -of March, for services rendered at the battle of that name, but we do not -find that the office was continued. - -In Scotland heralds appear at an early date, though none are mentioned as -attending the coronation of Alexander III. in 1249; nor is there any -account of any such officers accompanying that sovereign when he did homage -to Edward I. at Westminster in 1278. In the next {40} century, however, -armorial bearings were quite well known in Scotland, and there is an entry -in the Exchequer Rolls on 10th October 1337 of a payment of L32, 6s. Scots -for the making of seventeen armorial banners, and in 1364 there is another -to the heralds for services at the tournaments; while William Petilloch, -herald, has a grant from David II. of three husbandlands in Bonjedward, and -Allan Fawside gets a gift of the forfeited estate of one Coupland, a herald -(_temp._ Edward Baliol).[2] The first mention of a herald, under his -official designation, which I have met with in our records occurs in 1365, -when there is a confirmation under the Great Seal by David II. of a charter -by Dugal McDowille to John Trupour or Trumpour "_nunc dicto Carric -heraldo_." Sir James Balfour tells us that the Lyon and his heralds -attended the coronation of Robert II. at Holyrood on 23rd May 1371, but -whether or not this is true--and I have not been able to verify it--it is -certain that a Lyon Herald existed very shortly after that date, as in the -Exchequer Rolls mention is made of the payment of a certain sum to such an -officer in 1377; in 1379 Froissart says that a herald was sent by Robert -II. to London to explain that the truce had been infringed without his will -and against his knowledge, and on 8th April 1381 a warrant was issued in -London for a licence to "Lion Heraud" of the King of Scots, authorising him -to take away a complete suit of armour which he had bought in that city. It -is not, however, till 1388 that we find Lyon accorded the Royal style. In -that year a payment is made "_Leoni regi heraldorum_," but at the audit -following the battle of Otterburn he is called _defunctus_, which suggests -that he had been slain on that well-fought field. The Lyon appears in -several embassies about this period both to England and France, and one -Henry Greve, designed in the English Issue Rolls as "King of Scottish -Heralds," was at the Tower of London in 1399, either at or immediately -after the coronation of Henry IV. From 1391 onwards there is frequent -mention of one Douglas, "Herald of the King," and in 1421 he is styled -"Lyon Herald." - -Of the German officers of arms they, like the English, are divided into -three classes, known as _Wappenkonige_, _Herolde_, and _Persevanten_. -These, like our own officers, had peculiar titles; for example _Suchenwirt_ -(an Austrian ducal herald), _Lub-den Frumen_ (a Lichtenstein pursuivant), -_Jerusalem_ (a herald of the Limmer Palatinate), _Romreich_ (an Imperial -herald). About the middle of the sixteenth century, the official names of -the heralds fell into disuse; they began to make use of their ancestral -names with the title of _Edel_ and _Ehrenvest_ (noble and honourable), but -this did not last long, and the heralds found themselves thrown back {41} -into the old ways, into which the knightly accoutrements had already -wandered. - -[Illustration: FIG. 14.--The velvet tabard of Sir William Dugdale, Garter -King of Arms from 26th April 1677 to 10th February 1686.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 15.--William Bruges, the first Garter King of Arms, -appointed 5th January 1420. (From an illuminated MS. in the Museum at -Oxford.)] - -The official dress of an officer of arms as such in Great Britain is merely -his tabard (Figs. 13, 14, 15). This garment in style and shape has remained -unchanged in this country from the earliest known period of which -representations of officers of arms exist; but whilst the tabard itself has -remained unaltered in its style, the arms thereupon have constantly -changed, these always being the arms of the Sovereign for the time being. -The costume worn with the tabard has naturally been subject to many -changes, but it is doubtful if any attempt to regulate such costume was -ever officially made prior to the reign of Queen Victoria. The tabard of a -pursuivant is of damask silk; that of a herald, of satin; and that of a -king of arms, of velvet. - -The initial letter on page 1 is a portrait of John Smert, Garter King of -Arms, and is taken from the grant of arms to the Tallow Chandlers' Company, -dated 24th September 1456. He is there represented as wearing beneath his -tabard black breeches and coat, and a golden crown. But Fig. 15 is actually -a representation of the first Garter King of Arms, William Bruges, -appointed 5th January 1420. He is represented as carrying a white staff, a -practice which has been recently revived, white wands being carried by all -the heralds at the public funeral of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone. In -Germany the wands of the heralds were later painted with the colours of the -escutcheons of the Sovereign to whom they were attached. There was until -recently no official hat for an officer of arms in England, and -confirmation of this is to be found in the fact that Dallaway mentions a -special licence to Wriothesley Garter giving him permission to wear a cap -on account of his great age. Obviously, however, a tabard requires other -clothing to be worn with it. The heralds in Scotland, until quite recently, -when making public proclamations were content to appear in the ordinary -elastic-side boots and cloth trousers of everyday life. This gave way for a -brief period, in which Court dress was worn below the tabard, but now, as -in England, the recognised uniform of a member of the Royal Household is -worn. In England, owing to the less frequent ceremonial appearances of the -heralds, and the more scrupulous control {42} which has been exercised, no -such anachronisms as were perpetuated in Scotland have been tolerated, and -it has been customary for the officers of arms to wear their uniform as -members of the Sovereign's Household (in which uniform they attend the -levees) beneath the tabard when making proclamations at the opening of -Parliament or on similar occasions. At a coronation and at some other full -State ceremonies they wear knee-breeches. At the late ceremony of the -coronation of King Edward VII., a head-dress was designed for the officers -of arms. These caps are of black velvet embroidered at the {43} side with a -rose, a thistle, or a harp, respectively for the English, Scottish, and -Irish officers of arms. - -[Illustration: FIG. 16.--A Herald. (_Temp._ Hen. VIII.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 17.--A State Trumpeter. (_Temp._ Hen. VIII.)] - -A great deal of confusion has arisen between the costume and the functions -of a Herald and a Trumpeter, though the confusion has been confined to the -minds of the uninitiated and the theatrical stage. The whole subject was -very amusingly dealt with in the _Genealogical Magazine_ in an article by -Mr. G. Ambrose Lee, Bluemantle, and the illustrations which he gives of the -relative dresses of the Heralds and the Trumpeters at different periods -(see Figs. 16-19) are interesting. Briefly, the matter can be summed up in -the statement that there never was a Trumpeter who made a proclamation, or -wore a tabard, and there never was a Herald who blew a trumpet. The -Trumpeters nearly {44} always accompanied the Heralds to proclaim their -presence and call attention to their proclamation. - -[Illustration: FIG. 18.--A State Trumpeter and a Herald at the coronation -of James I.] - -In France the Heralds were formed into an incorporation by Charles VI. in -1406, their head being Mountjoye, King of Arms, with ten heralds and -pursuivants under him. It will be noticed that this incorporation is -earlier than that of the College of Arms in England. The Revolution played -havoc with the French Records, and no College of Arms now exists in France. -But it is doubtful whether at any time it reached the dignity or authority -which its English counterpart has enjoyed in former times. - -Fig. 20 represents a French Herald of the early part of the fifteenth -century. It is taken from a representation of the Rally of the Parisians -against King Charles VI. in 1413, to be found in a MS. edition of -Froissart, formerly in the Royal Library at Paris. - -All the heralds and Kings of Arms (but not the pursuivants) wear the -curious collar of SS about which there has been so much discussion. {45} -The form has remained unchanged, save that the badge is the badge for the -time being of the Sovereign. The heralds have their collars of SS of -silver, whilst those of a King of Arms are of silver gilt, and the latter -have the further distinction that a portcullis is introduced on each -shoulder. The heralds and Kings of Arms usually place these collars round -their shields in representations of their arms. Collars of SS are also worn -by Serjeants-at-Arms, and by the Lord Chief Justice. - -[Illustration: FIG. 19.--Peace proclaimed at the Royal Exchange after the -Crimean War.] - -The English Heralds have no equivalent badge to that which the Scottish -Heralds wear suspended from their necks by a ribbon. In Ireland both -Heralds and Pursuivants wear a badge. - -In addition each King of Arms has his crown; the only occasion, however, -upon which this is worn being at the ceremony of a coronation. The crown is -of silver gilt, formed of a circle upon which is inscribed part of the -first verse of the 51st Psalm, viz. "Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam -misericordiam tuam": the rim is surmounted of sixteen leaves, in shape -resembling the oak-leaf, every alternate one being somewhat higher than the -remainder. Nine of these leaves are shown in a representation of it. The -cap is of crimson satin, closed at the top by a gold tassel, and turned up -with ermine. - -Garter King of Arms has a baton or "sceptre" of silver gilt, about two feet -in length, the top being of gold, of four sides of equal height, {46} but -of unequal breadth. On the two larger sides are the arms of St. George -impaling the Sovereign's, and on the two lesser sides the arms of St. -George surrounded by the Garter and motto, the whole ensigned with an -Imperial crown. This "sceptre" has sometimes been placed in bend behind the -arms of Garter King. Lyon King of Arms has a baton of blue enamel with gold -extremities, the baton being powdered with roses, thistles, and -fleurs-de-lis. Lyon (Sir James Balfour Paul) in his "Heraldry in relation -to Scottish History and Art," remarks that this is one of the few pieces of -British official regalia which is still adorned with the ancient ensigns of -France. But knowing how strictly all official regalia in England is -required to have the armorial devices thereupon changed, as the Royal arms -and badges change, there can be very little doubt that the appearance of -the fleur-de-lis in this case is due to an oversight. The baton happens to -be that of a former Lyon King of Arms, which really should long since have -been discarded and a new one substituted. Two batons are usually placed in -saltire behind the arms of Lyon King of Arms. - -[Illustration: FIG. 20.--A French Herald of the early part of the fifteenth -century.] - -Ulster King of Arms has a staff of office which, however, really belongs to -his office as Knight Attendant on the Most Illustrious Order of St. -Patrick. - -The Scottish Heralds each have a rod of ebony tipped with ivory, {47} which -has been sometimes stated to be a rod of office. This, however, is not the -case, and the explanation of their possession of it is very simple. They -are constantly called upon by virtue of their office to make from the -Market Cross in Edinburgh the Royal Proclamations. Now these Proclamations -are read from printed copies which in size of type and paper are always of -the nature of a poster. The Herald would naturally find some difficulty in -holding up a large piece of paper of this size on a windy day, in such a -manner that it was easy to read from; consequently he winds it round his -ebony staff, slowly unwinding it all the time as he reads. - -Garter King of Arms, Lyon King of Arms, and Ulster King of Arms all possess -badges of their offices which they wear about their necks. - -The badge of Garter is of gold, having on both sides the arms of St. -George, impaled with those of the Sovereign, within the Garter and motto, -enamelled in their proper colours, and ensigned with the Royal crown. - -The badge of Lyon King of Arms is oval, and is worn suspended by a broad -green ribbon. The badge proper consists on the obverse of the effigy of St. -Andrew bearing his cross before him, with a thistle beneath, all enamelled -in the proper colours on an azure ground. The reverse contains the arms of -Scotland, having in the lower parts of the badge a thistle, as on the other -side; the whole surmounted with the Imperial crown. - -The badge of "Ulster" is of gold, containing on one side the cross of St. -Patrick, or, as it is described in the statutes, "The cross gules of the -Order upon a field argent, impaled with the arms of the Realm of Ireland," -and both encircled with the motto, "Quis Separabit," and the date of the -institution of the Order, MDCCLXXXIII. The reverse exhibits the arms of the -office of Ulster, viz.: "Or, a cross gules, on a chief of the last a lion -of England between a harp and portcullis, all of the first," placed on a -ground of green enamel, surrounded by a gold border with shamrocks, -surmounted by an Imperial crown, and suspended by a sky-blue riband from -the neck. - -The arms of the Corporation of the College of Arms are: Argent, a cross -gules between four doves, the dexter wing of each expanded and inverted -azure. Crest: on a ducal coronet or, a dove rising azure. Supporters: two -lions rampant guardant argent, ducally gorged or. - -The official arms of the English Kings of Arms are:-- - -_Garter King of Arms._--Argent, a cross gules, on a chief azure, a ducal -coronet encircled with a garter, between a lion passant guardant on the -dexter and a fleur-de-lis on the sinister all or. - -_Clarenceux King of Arms._--Argent, a cross gules, on a chief of the second -a lion passant guardant or, crowned of the last. {48} - -_Norroy King of Arms._--Argent, a cross gules, on a chief of the second a -lion passant guardant crowned of the first, between a fleur-de-lis on the -dexter and a key on the sinister of the last. - -Badges have never been officially assigned to the various Heralds by any -specific instruments of grant or record; but from a remote period certain -of the Royal badges relating to their titles have been used by various -Heralds, viz.:-- - -_Lancaster._--The red rose of Lancaster ensigned by the Royal crown. - -_York._--The white rose of York en soleil ensigned by the Royal crown. - -_Richmond._--The red rose of Lancaster impaled with the white rose en -soleil of York, the whole ensigned with the Royal crown. - -_Windsor._--Rays of the sun issuing from clouds. - -The four Pursuivants make use of the badges from which they derive their -titles. - -The official arms of Lyon King of Arms and of Lyon Office are the same, -namely: Argent, a lion sejant full-faced gules, holding in the dexter paw a -thistle slipped vert and in the sinister a shield of the second; on a chief -azure, a St. Andrew's cross of the field. - -There are no official arms for Ulster's Office, that office, unlike the -College of Arms, not being a corporate body, but the official arms of -Ulster King of Arms are: Or, a cross gules, on a chief of the last a lion -passant guardant between a harp and a portcullis all of the field. {49} - - - -CHAPTER IV - -HERALDIC BRASSES - -BY REV. WALTER J. KAYE, JUNR., B.A., F.S.A., F.S.A. SCOT. - -_Member of the Monumental Brass Society, London; Honorary Member of the -Spalding Gentlemen's Society; Author of "A Brief History of Gosberton, in -the County of Lincoln."_ - -Monumental brasses do not merely afford a guide to the capricious changes -of fashion in armour, in ecclesiastical vestments (which have altered but -little), and in legal, civilian, and feminine costume, but they provide us -also with a vast number of admirable specimens of heraldic art. The vandal -and the fanatic have robbed us of many of these beautiful memorials, but of -those which survive to our own day the earliest on the continent of Europe -marks the last resting-place of Abbot Ysowilpe, 1231, at Verden, in -Hanover. In England there was once a brass, which unfortunately disappeared -long ago, to an Earl of Bedford, in St. Paul's Church, Bedford, of the year -1208, leaving 1277 as the date of the earliest one. - -Latten (Fr. _laiton_), the material of which brasses were made, was at an -early date manufactured in large quantities at Cologne, whence plates of -this metal came to be known as cullen (Koln) plates; these were largely -exported to other countries, and the Flemish workmen soon attained the -greatest proficiency in their engraving. Flemish brasses are usually large -and rectangular, having the space between the figure and the marginal -inscription filled either by diaper work or by small figures in niches. -Brasses vary considerably in size: the matrix of Bishop Beaumont's brass in -Durham Cathedral measures about 16 feet by 8 feet, and the memorial to -Griel van Ruwescuere, in the chapel of the Lady Superior of the Beguinage -at Bruges, is only about 1 foot square. Brazen effigies are more numerous -in England in the eastern and southern counties, than in parts more remote -from the continent of Europe. - -Armorial bearings are displayed in a great variety of ways on monumental -brasses, some of which are exhibited in the rubbings selected for -illustration. In most cases separate shields are placed above and below the -figures. They occur also in the spandrils of canopies and {50} in the -shafts and finials of the same, as well as in the centre and at the angles -of border-fillets. They naturally predominate in the memorials of warriors, -where we find them emblazoned not only on shield and pennon but on the -scabbard and ailettes, and on the jupon, tabard, and cuirass also, while -crests frequently occur on the tilting-helm. In one case (the brass of Sir -Peter Legh, 1527, at Winwick, co. Lancaster) they figure upon the priestly -chasuble. Walter Pescod, the merchant of Boston, Lincolnshire, 1398, wears -a gown adorned with peascods--a play upon his name; and many a merchant's -brass bears his coat of arms and merchant's mark beside, pointing a moral -to not a few at the present day. The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries -witnessed the greatest profusion in heraldic decoration in brasses, when -the tabard and the heraldic mantle were evolved. A good example of the -former remains in the parish church of Ormskirk, Lancashire, in the brass -commemorating a member of the Scarisbrick family, _c._ 1500 (Fig. 21). -Ladies were accustomed at this time to wear their husband's arms upon the -mantle or outer garment and their own upon the kirtle, but the fashion -which obtained at a subsequent period was to emblazon the husband's arms on -the dexter and their own on the sinister side of the mantle (Fig. 22). - -[Illustration: FIG. 21.--Brass in the Scarisbrick Chapel of Ormskirk -Church, co. Lancs., to a member of the Scarisbrick family of that name. -Arms: Gules, three mullets in bend between two bendlets engrailed argent. -(From a rubbing by Walter J. Kaye.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 22.--Brass of Margaret (daughter of Henry Percy, Earl -of Northumberland), second wife of Henry, 1st Earl of Cumberland, in -Skipton Parish Church. Arms: On the dexter side those of the Earl of -Cumberland, on the sinister side those of Percy.] - -The majority of such monuments, as we behold them now, are destitute of any -indications of metals or tinctures, largely owing to the action of the -varying degrees of temperature in causing contraction and expansion. Here -and there, however, we may still detect traces of their pristine glory. But -these matters received due attention from the engraver. To represent _or_, -he left the surface of the brass untouched, except for gilding or perhaps -polishing; this universal method has solved many heraldic problems. Lead or -some other white metal was inlaid to indicate _argent_, and the various -tinctures were supplied by the excision of a portion of the plate, thereby -forming a depression, which was filled up by pouring in some resinous -substance of the requisite colour. The various kinds of fur used in armory -may be readily distinguished, with the sole exception of _vair_ (_argent_ -and _azure_), which presents the appearance of a row of small upright -shields alternating with a similar row reversed. - -[Illustration: FIG. 23.--Brass of Sir John D'Aubernoun at Stoke D'Abernon. -Arms: Azure, a chevron or. (From a rubbing by Walter J. Kaye.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 24.--Brass of Sir Roger de Trumpington at Trumpington. -Arms: Azure, crusilly and two trumpets palewise or. (From a rubbing by -Walter J. Kaye.)] - -The earliest brass extant in England is that to Sir John D'Aubernoun, the -elder (Fig. 23), at Stoke D'Abernon, in Surrey, which carries us back to -the year 1277. The simple marginal inscription in Norman-French, -surrounding the figure, and each Lombardic capital of which is set in its -own matrix, reads: "Sire: John: Daubernoun: Chivaler: Gist: Icy: Deu: De: -Sa: Alme: Eyt: Mercy:"[3] In the space {51} between the inscription and the -upper portion of the figure were two small shields, of which the dexter one -alone remains, charged with the arms of the knight: "Azure, a chevron, or." -Sir John D'Aubernoun is represented in a complete panoply of chain -mail--his head being protected by a _coif de mailles_, which is joined to -the _hauberk_ or mail {52} shirt, which extends to the hands, having -apparently no divisions for the fingers, and being tightened by straps at -the wrists. The legs, which are not crossed, are covered by long -_chausses_, or stockings of mail, {53} protected at the knees by _poleyns_ -or _genouilleres_ of _cuir bouilli_ richly ornamented by elaborate designs. -A surcoat, probably of linen, depends from the shoulders to a little below -the knees, and is cut away to a point above {54} the knee. This garment is -tightly confined (as the creases in the surcoat show) at the waist by a -girdle, and over it is passed a _guige_ whereto the long sword is attached. -"Pryck" spurs are fixed to the instep, and the feet rest upon a lion, whose -mouth grasps the lower portion of a lance. The lance bears a pennon charged -with a chevron, as also is the small heater-shaped shield borne on the -knight's left arm. The whole composition measures about eight feet by -three. - -Heraldry figures more prominently in our second illustration, the brass to -Sir Roger de Trumpington, 1289 (Fig. 24). This fine effigy lies under the -canopy of an altar-tomb, so called, in the Church of St. Michael and All -Angels, Trumpington, Cambridgeshire. It portrays the knight in armour -closely resembling that already described, with these exceptions: the head -rests upon a huge _heaume_, or tilting-helm, attached by a chain to the -girdle, and the neck is here protected from side-thrusts by _ailettes_ or -oblong plates fastened behind the shoulders, and bearing the arms of Sir -Roger. A dog here replaces the lion at the feet, the lance and pennon are -absent, and the shield is rounded to the body. On this brass the arms not -only occur upon the shield, but also upon the ailettes, and are four times -repeated on the scabbard. They afford a good example of "canting" arms: -"Azure, crusilly and two trumpets palewise or, with a label of five points -in chief, for difference." It is interesting also to notice that the -engraver had not {55} completed his task, for the short horizontal lines -across the dexter side of the shield indicate his intention of cutting away -the surface of the field. - -[Illustration: FIG. 25.--Brass of Sir Robert de Septvans in Chartham -Church.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 26.--Brass of Sir William de Aldeburgh at Aldborough, -Yorks. Arms: Azure, a fesse argent between three cross crosslets or. (From -a rubbing by Walter J. Kaye.)] - -Sir Robert de Setvans (formerly Septvans), whose beautiful brass may be -seen at Chartham, Kent, is habited in a surcoat whereon, together with the -shield and ailettes, are seven winnowing fans--another instance of canting -arms (Fig. 25). This one belongs to a somewhat later date, 1307. - -[Illustration: FIG. 27.--Brass of Elizabeth Knevet.] - -Our next example is a mural effigy to Sir William de Aldeburgh, _c._ 1360, -from the north aisle of Aldborough Church, near Boroughbridge, Yorkshire -(Fig. 26). He is attired like the "veray parfite gentil knight" of Chaucer, -in a _bascinet_ or steel cap, to which is laced the _camail_ or tippet of -chain mail, and a hauberk almost concealed by a _jupon_, whereon are -emblazoned his arms: "Azure, a fess indented argent, between three -crosslets botony, or." The first crosslet is charged with an annulet, -probably as a mark of cadency. The engraver has omitted the indenture upon -the fess, which, however, appears upon the shield. The knight's arms are -protected by _epaulieres_, _brassarts_, _coutes_, and _vambraces_; his -hands, holding a heart, by gauntlets of steel. An elaborate baldric passes -round his waist, from which are suspended, on the left, a cross-hilted -sword, in a slightly ornamented scabbard; on the right, a _misericorde_, or -dagger of mercy. The thighs are covered by cuisses--steel plates, here -deftly concealed probably by satin or velvet secured by metal studs--the -knees by _genouilleres_, the lower leg by _jambes_, which reveal chausses -of mail at the interstices. Sollerets, or long, pointed shoes, whereto are -attached rowel spurs, complete his outfit. The figure stands upon a bracket -bearing the name "Will's de Aldeburgh." - -The parish church of Eastington, Gloucestershire, contains a brass to -Elizabeth Knevet, which is illustrated and described by Mr. Cecil T. Davis -at p. 117 of his excellent work on the "Monumental Brasses of -Gloucestershire."[4] The block (Fig. 27), which presents a good example of -the heraldic mantle, has been very kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. -Davis. To confine our description to the heraldic portion of the brass, we -find the following arms upon the mantle:-- - -"Quarterly, 1. argent, a bend sable, within a bordure engrailed azure -(Knevet); 2. argent, a bend azure, and chief, gules (Cromwell); 3. chequy -or and gules, a chief ermine (Tatshall); 4. chequy or and gules, a bend -ermine (De Cailly or Clifton); 5. paly of six within a bordure bezante.... -6. bendy of six, a canton...."[5] - -A coat of arms occurs also at each corner of the slab: "Nos. 1 and 4 are on -ordinary shields, and 2 and 3 on lozenges. Nos. 1 and {56} 3 are charged -with the same bearings as are on her mantle. No. 2, on a lozenge, -quarterly, 1. Knevet; 2. Cromwell; 3. Tatshall; 4. Cailli; 5. De Woodstock; -6. paly of six within a bordure; 7. bendy of six, a canton; 8. or, a -chevron gules (Stafford); 9. azure, a bend cottised between six lioncels -rampant, or (de Bohun). No. 4 similar to No. 1, with the omission of 2 and -3." - -In later times thinner plates of metal were employed, a fact which largely -contributed to preclude much of the boldness in execution hitherto -displayed. A prodigality in shading, either by means of parallel lines or -by cross-hatching, also tended to mar the beauty of later work of this -kind. Nevertheless there are some good brasses of the Stuart period. These -sometimes consist of a single quadrangular plate, with the upper portion -occupied by armorial bearings and emblematical figures, the centre by an -inscription, and the lower portion by a representation of the deceased, as -at Forcett, in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Frequently, however, as at -Rotherham and Rawmarsh, in the West Riding of the same county, the -inscription is surmounted by a view of the whole family, the father -kneeling on a cushion at a fald-stool, with his sons in a similar attitude -behind him, and the mother likewise engaged with her daughters on the -opposite side, while the armorial insignia find a place on separate shields -above. {57} - - - -CHAPTER V - -THE COMPONENT PARTS OF AN ACHIEVEMENT - -We now come to the science of armory and the rules governing the display of -these marks of honour. The term "coat of arms," as we have seen, is derived -from the textile garment or "surcoat" which was worn over the armour, and -which bore in embroidery a duplication of the design upon the shield. There -can be very little doubt that arms themselves are older than the fact of -the surcoat or the term "coat of arms." The entire heraldic or armorial -decoration which any one is entitled to bear may consist of many things. It -must as a minimum consist of a shield of arms, for whilst there are many -coats of arms in existence, and many still rightly in use at the present -day, to which no crest belongs, a crest in this country cannot lawfully -exist without its complementary coat of arms. For the last two certainly, -and probably nearly three centuries, no original grant of personal arms has -ever been issued without it containing the grant of a crest except in the -case of a grant to a woman, who of course cannot bear or transmit a crest; -or else in the case of arms borne in right of women or descent from women, -through whom naturally no right to a crest could have been transmitted. The -grants which I refer to as exceptions are those of quarterings and -impalements to be borne with other arms, or else exemplifications following -upon the assumption of name and arms which in fact and theory are regrants -of previously existing arms, in which cases the regrant is of the original -coat with or without a crest, as the case may be, and as the arms -theretofor existed. Grants of impersonal arms also need not include a -crest. As it has been impossible for the last two centuries to obtain a -grant of arms without its necessarily accompanying grant of crest, a -decided distinction attaches to the lawful possession of arms which have no -crest belonging to them, for of necessity the arms must be at least two -hundred years old. Bearing this in mind, one cannot but wonder at the -actions of some ancient families like those of Astley and Pole, who, -lawfully possessing arms concerning which there is and can be no doubt or -question, yet nevertheless invent and use crests which have no authority. - -One instance and one only do I know where a crest has had a {58} legitimate -existence without any coat of arms. This case is that of the family of -Buckworth, who at the time of the Visitations exhibited arms and crest. The -arms infringed upon those of another family, and no sufficient proof could -be produced to compel their admission as borne of right. The arms were -respited for further proof, while the crest was allowed, presumably -tentatively, and whilst awaiting the further proof for the arms; no proof, -however, was made. The arms and crest remained in this position until the -year 1806, when Sir Buckworth Buckworth-Herne, whose father had assumed the -additional name of Herne, obtained a Royal Licence to bear the name of -Soame in addition to and after those of Buckworth-Herne, with the arms of -Soame quarterly with the arms of Buckworth. It then became necessary to -prove the right to these arms of Buckworth, and they were accordingly -regranted with the trifling addition of an ermine spot upon the chevron; -consequently this solitary instance has now been rectified, and I cannot -learn of any other instance where these exceptional circumstances have -similarly occurred; and there never has been a grant of a crest alone -unless arms have been in existence previously. - -Whilst arms may exist alone, and the decoration of a shield form the only -armorial ensign of a person, such need not be the case; and it will usually -be found that the armorial bearings of an ordinary commoner consist of -shield, crest, and motto. To these must naturally be added the helmet and -mantling, which become an essential to other than an abbreviated -achievement when a crest has to be displayed. It should be remembered, -however, that the helmet is not specifically granted, and apparently is a -matter of inherent right, so that a person would not be in the wrong in -placing a helmet and mantling above a shield even when no crest exists to -surmount the helmet. The motto is usually to be found but is not a -necessity, and there are many more coats of arms which have never been used -with a motto than shields which exist without a crest. Sometimes a -_cri-de-guerre_ will be found instead of or in addition to a motto. The -escutcheon may have supporters, or it may be displayed upon an eagle or a -lymphad, &c., for which particular additions no other generic term has yet -been coined save the very inclusive one of "exterior ornaments." A coronet -of rank may form a part of the achievement, and the shield may be encircled -by the "ribbons" or the "circles" or by the Garter, of the various Orders -of Knighthood, and by their collars. Below it may depend the badge of a -Baronet of Nova Scotia, or of an Order of Knighthood, and added to it may -possibly be what is termed a compartment, though this is a feature almost -entirely peculiar to Scottish armory. There is also the crowning -distinction of a badge; and of all armorial insignia this is the most -cherished, for the existing badges {59} are but few in number. The -escutcheon may be placed in front of the crosiers of a bishop, the batons -of the Earl Marshal, or similar ornaments. It may be displayed upon a -mantle of estate, or it may be borne beneath a pavilion. With two more -additions the list is complete, and these are the banner and the standard. -For these several features of armory reference must be made to the various -chapters in which they are treated. - -Suffice it here to remark that whilst the term "coat of arms" has through -the slipshod habits of English philology come to be used to signify a -representation of any heraldic bearing, the correct term for the whole -emblazonment is an "achievement," a term most frequently employed to -signify the whole, but which can correctly be used to signify anything -which a man is entitled to represent of an armorial character. Had not the -recent revival of interest in armory taken place, we should have found a -firmly rooted and even yet more slipshod declension, for a few years ago -the habit of the uneducated in styling anything stamped upon a sheet of -note-paper "a crest," was fast becoming stereotyped into current -acceptance. {60} - - - -CHAPTER VI - -THE SHIELD - -The shield is the most important part of the achievement, for on it are -depicted the signs and emblems of the house to which it appertains; the -difference marks expressive of the cadency of the members within that -house; the augmentations of honour which the Sovereign has conferred; the -quarterings inherited from families which are represented, and the -impalements of marriage; and it is with the shield principally that the -laws of armory are concerned, for everything else is dependent upon the -shield, and falls into comparative insignificance alongside of it. - -Let us first consider the shield itself, without reference to the charges -it carries. A shield may be depicted in any fashion and after any shape -that the imagination can suggest, which shape and fashion have been -accepted at any time as the shape and fashion of a shield. There is no law -upon the subject. The various shapes adopted in emblazonments in past ages, -and used at the present time in imitation of past usage--for luckily the -present period has evolved no special shield of its own--are purely the -result of artistic design, and have been determined at the periods they -have been used in heraldic art by no other consideration than the -particular theory of design that has happened to dominate the decoration, -and the means and ends of such decoration of that period. The lozenge -certainly is reserved for and indicative of the achievements of the female -sex, but, save for this one exception, the matter may be carried further, -and arms be depicted upon a banner, a parallelogram, a square, a circle, or -an oval; and even then one would be correct, for the purposes of armory, in -describing such figures as shields on all occasions on which they are made -the vehicles for the emblazonment of a design which properly and originally -should be borne upon a shield. Let no one think that a design ceases to be -a coat of arms if it is not displayed upon a shield. Many people have -thought to evade the authority of the Crown as the arbiter of coat-armour, -and the penalties of taxation imposed by the Revenue by using designs -without depicting them upon a shield. This little deception has always been -borne in mind, {61} for we find in the Royal Warrants of Queen Elizabeth -commanding the Visitations that the King of Arms to whom the warrant was -addressed was to "correcte, cumptrolle and refourme all mann' of armes, -crests, cognizaunces and devices unlawfull or unlawfully usurped, borne or -taken by any p'son or p'sons within the same p'vince cont^ary to the due -order of the laws of armes, and the same to rev'se, put downe or otherwise -deface at his discrecon as well in coote armors, helmes, standerd, pennons -and hatchmets of tents and pavilions, as also in plate jewells, pap', -parchement, wyndowes, gravestones and monuments, or elsewhere wheresoev' -they be sett or placed, whether they be in shelde, schoocheon, lozenge, -square, rundell or otherwise howsoev' cont^arie to the autentiq' and -auncient lawes, customes, rules, privileges and orders of armes." - -[Illustration: FIG. 28.--Taken from the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count -of Anjou.] - -The Act 32 & 33 Victoria, section 19, defines (for the purpose of the -taxation it enforced) armorial bearings to mean and include "any armorial -bearing, crest, or ensign, by whatever name the same shall be called, and -whether such armorial bearing, crest, or ensign shall be registered in the -College of Arms or not." - -The shape of the shield throughout the rest of Europe has also varied -between wide extremes, and at no time has any one particular shape been -assigned to or peculiar to any country, rank, or condition, save possibly -with one exception, namely, that the use of the cartouche or oval seems to -have been very nearly universal with ecclesiastics in France, Spain, and -Italy, though never reserved exclusively for their use. Probably this was -an attempt on the part of the Church to get away from the military -character of the shield. It is in keeping with the rule by which, even at -the present day, a bishop or a cardinal bears neither helmet nor crest, -using in place thereof his ecclesiastical mitre or tasselled hat, and by -which the clergy, both abroad and in this country, seldom made use of a -crest in depicting their arms. A clergyman in this country, however, has -never been denied the right of using a crest (if he possesses one and -chooses to display it) until he reaches episcopal rank. A grant of arms to -a clergyman at the present day depicts his achievement with helmet, -mantling, and crest in identical form with those adopted for any one else. -But the laws of armory, official and amateur, have always denied the right -to make use of a crest to bishop, archbishop, and cardinal. - -At the present day, if a grant of arms is made to a bishop of the -Established Church, the emblazonment at the head of his patent consists of -shield and mitre only. The laws of the Church of England, however, require -no vow of celibacy from its ecclesiastics, and consequently the descendants -of a bishop would be placed in the position of having no crest to display -if the bishop and his requirements were {62} alone considered. So that in -the case of a grant to a bishop the crest is granted for his descendants in -a separate clause, being depicted by itself in the body of the patent apart -from the emblazonment "in the margin hereof," which in an ordinary patent -is an emblazonment of the whole achievement. A similar method is usually -adopted in cases in which the actual patentee is a woman, and where, by the -limitations attached to the patent being extended beyond herself, males are -brought in who will bear the arms granted to the patentee as their -pronominal arms. In these cases the arms of the patentee are depicted upon -a lozenge at the head of the patent, the crest being depicted separately -elsewhere. - -Whilst shields were actually used in warfare the utilitarian article -largely governed the shape of the artistic representation, but after the -fifteenth century the latter gradually left the beaten track of utility and -passed wholly into the cognisance of art and design. The earliest shape of -all is the long, narrow shape, which is now but seldom seen. This was -curved to protect the body, which it nearly covered, and an interesting -example of this is to be found in the monumental slab of champleve enamel, -part of the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (Fig. 28), the -ancestor of our own Royal dynasty of Plantagenet, who died in the year -1150. This tomb was formerly in the cathedral of Le Mans, and is now in the -museum there. I shall have occasion again to refer to it. The shield is -blue; the lions are gold. - -Other forms of the same period are found with curved tops, in the shape of -an inverted pear, but the form known as the heater-shaped shield is to all -intents and purposes the earliest shape which was used for armorial -purposes. - -The church of St. Elizabeth at Marburg, in Hesse, affords examples of -shields which are exceedingly interesting, inasmuch as they are {63} -original and contemporary even if only pageant shields. Those which now -remain are the shields of the Landgrave Konrad (d. 1241) of Thuringia and -of Henry of Thuringia (d. 1298). The shield of the former (see Fig. 29) is -90 centimetres high and 74 wide. Konrad was Landgrave of Thuringia and -Grand Master of the Teutonic Order of Knighthood. His arms show the lion of -Thuringia barry of gules and argent on a field of azure, and between the -hind feet a small shield, with the arms of the Teutonic Order of Knights. -The only remains of the lion's mane are traces of the nails. The body of -the lion is made of pressed leather, and the yellow claws have been -supplied with a paint-brush. A precious stone probably represented the eye. - -[Illustration: FIG. 29.--Shield of the Landgrave Konrad of Thuringia (died -1241).] - -The making and decorating of the shields lay mostly in the hands of the -herald painters, known in Germany as _Schilter_, who, in addition to -attending to the shield and crest, also had charge of all the riding -paraphernalia, because most of the articles comprised therein were {64} -heraldically decorated. Many of these shield-workers' fraternities won -widespread fame for themselves, and enjoyed great consideration at that -time. - -Thus the "History of a Celebrated Painters' Guild on the Lower Rhine" tells -us of costly shields which the shield-workers of Paris had supplied, 1260, -&c. Vienna, too, was the home of a not unimportant shield-workers' guild, -and the town archives of Vienna contain writings of the fifteenth century -treating of this subject. For instance, we learn that in an order of St. -Luke's parish, June 28, 1446, with regard to the masterpiece of a member of -the guild-- - -"Item, a shield-worker shall make four new pieces of work with his own -hand, a jousting saddle, a leather apron, a horse's head-piece, and a -jousting shield, that shall he do in eight weeks, and must be able to paint -it with his own hand, as Knight and man-at-arms shall direct." - -The shield was of wood, covered with linen or leather, the charges in -relief and painted. Leather plastic was very much esteemed in the early -Middle Ages. The leather was soaked in oil, and pressed or beaten into -shape. Besides piecing and leather plastic, pressed linen (linen dipped in -chalk and lime) was also used, and a kind of tempera painting on a chalk -background. After the shield was decorated with the charges, it was -frequently strengthened with metal clasps, or studs, particularly those -parts which were more especially exposed to blows and pressure. These -clasps and nails originally had no other object than to make the shield -stronger and more durable, but later on their nature was misunderstood; -they were treated and used as genuine heraldic charges, and stereotyped -into hereditary designs. The long strips with which the edge was bound were -called the "frame" (_Schildgestell_), the clasps introduced in the middle -of the shield the "buckle" or "umbo" (see on Fig. 28), from which -frequently circularly arranged metal snaps reached the edge of the shield. -This latter method of strengthening the shield was called the "Buckelris," -a figure which was afterwards frequently employed as a heraldic charge, and -is known in Germany by the name of _Lilienhaspel_ (Lily-staple) or -_Glevenrad_, or, as we term it in England, the escarbuncle. - -In the second half of the fourteenth century, when the tournament provided -the chief occasion for the shield, the jousting-shield, called in Germany -the _Tartsche_ or _Tartscher_, came into use, and from this class of shield -the most varied shapes were gradually developed. These _Tartschen_ were -decidedly smaller than the earlier Gothic shields, being only about -one-fifth of a man's height. They were concave, and had on the side of the -knight's right hand a circular indentation. This was the spear-rest, in -which to place the tilting-spear. The later {65} art of heraldic decoration -symmetrically repeated the spear-rest on the sinister side of the shield, -and, by so doing, transformed a useful fact into a matter of mere artistic -design. Doubtless it was argued that if indentations were correct at one -point in the outline they were correct at another, and when once the actual -fact was departed from the imagination of designers knew no limits. But if -the spear-rest as such is introduced into the outline of a shield it should -be on the dexter side. - -[Illustration: FIG. 30.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 31.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 32.] - -Reverting to the various shapes of shield, however, the degeneration is -explained by a remark of Mr. G. W. Eve in the able book which he has -recently published under the title of "Decorative Heraldry," in which, -alluding to heraldic art in general, he says (p. 235):-- - -"With the Restoration heraldry naturally became again conspicuous, with the -worst form of the Renaissance character in full sway, the last vestiges of -the Gothic having disappeared. Indeed, the contempt with which the -superseded style was regarded amounted to fanaticism, and explains, in a -measure, how so much of good could be relinquished in favour of so weak a -successor." - -Later came the era of gilded embellishments, of flowing palms, of borders -decorated with grinning heads, festoons of ribbon, and fruit and flowers in -abundance. The accompanying examples are reproduced from a book, Knight and -Rumley's "Heraldry." The book is not particularly well known to the public, -inasmuch as its circulation was entirely confined to heraldic artists, -coach-painters, engravers, and die-sinkers. Amongst these handicraftsmen -its reputation was and is great. With the school of design it adopted, -little or no sympathy now exists, but a short time ago (how short many of -those who are now vigorous advocates of the Gothic and mediaeval styles -would be startled to realise were they to recognise actual facts) no other -style was known or considered by the public. As examples of that style the -plates of Knight and Rumley were admittedly far in advance of any other -book, and as specimens of copperplate engraving they are superb. Figs. 30, -31, and 32 show typical examples of escutcheons from Knight and Rumley; and -as the volume was in the hands of most of the heraldic handicraftsmen, it -will be found that this type of design was constantly to be met with. The -external decoration of the shield was carried to great lengths, and Fig. 31 -found many admirers and users amongst the gallant "sea-dogs" of the -kingdom. In fact, so far was the idea carried that a trophy of military -weapons was actually granted by patent as part of the supporters of the -Earl of Bantry. Fig. 30, from the same source, is the military equivalent. -These plates are interesting as being some of the examples from which most -of the heraldic handicraft of a recent period was adapted. The {66} -official shield eventually stereotyped itself into a shape akin to that -shown in Fig. 32, though nowadays considerable latitude is permitted. For -paintings which are not upon patents the design of the shield rests with -the individual taste of the different officers of arms, and recently some -of the work for which they have been responsible has reached a high -standard judged even by the strictest canons of art. In Scotland, until -very recently, the actual workmanship of the emblazonments which were -issued from Lyon Office was so wretchedly poor that one is hardly justified -in taking them into consideration as a type. With the advent into office of -the present Lyon King of Arms (Sir James Balfour Paul), a complete change -has been made, and both the workmanship and design of the paintings upon -the patents of grant and matriculation, and also in the Lyon Register, have -been examples of everything that could be desired. {67} - - - -CHAPTER VII - -THE FIELD OF A SHIELD AND THE HERALDIC TINCTURES - -The shield itself and its importance in armory is due to its being the -vehicle whereon are elaborated the pictured emblems and designs which -constitute coat-armour. It should be borne in mind that theoretically all -shields are of equal value, saving that a shield of more ancient date is -more estimable than one of recent origin, and the shield of the head of the -house takes precedence of the same arms when differenced for a younger -member of the family. A shield crowded with quarterings is interesting -inasmuch as each quartering in the ordinary event means the representation -through a female of some other family or branch thereof. But the real value -of such a shield should be judged rather by the age of the single -quartering which represents the strict male descent male upon male, and a -simple coat of arms without quarterings may be a great deal more ancient -and illustrious than a shield crowded with coat upon coat. A fictitious and -far too great estimation is placed upon the right to display a long string -of quarterings. In reality quarterings are no more than accidents, because -they are only inherited when the wife happens to be an heiress in blood. It -is quite conceivable that there may be families, in fact there are such -families, who are able to begin their pedigrees at the time of the -Conquest, and who have married a long succession of noble women, all of the -highest birth, but yet none of whom have happened to be heiresses. -Consequently the arms, though dating from the earliest period at which arms -are known, would remain in their simple form without the addition of a -solitary quartering. On the other hand, I have a case in mind of a marriage -which took place some years ago. The husband is the son of an alien whose -original position, if report speaks truly, was that of a pauper immigrant. -His wealth and other attributes have placed him in a good social position; -but he has no arms, and, as far as the world is aware, no ancestry -whatever. Let us now consider his wife's family. Starting soon after the -Conquest, its descendants obtained high position and married heiress after -heiress, and before the commencement of this century had amassed a shield -of quarterings which can readily be proved to be little short of a hundred -in number. Probably the number {68} is really much greater. A large family -followed in one generation, and one of the younger sons is the ancestor of -the aforesaid wife. But the father of this lady never had any sons, and -though there are many males of the name to carry on the family in the -senior line and also in several younger branches, the wife, by the absence -of brothers, happens to be a coheir; and as such she transmits to her issue -the right to all the quarterings she has inherited. If the husband ever -obtains a grant of arms, the date of them will be subsequent to the present -time; but supposing such a grant to be obtained, the children will -inevitably inherit the scores of quarterings which belong to their mother. -Now it would be ridiculous to suppose that such a shield is better or such -a descent more enviable than the shield of a family such as I first -described. Quarterings are all very well in their way, but their -glorification has been carried too far. - -A shield which displays an augmentation is of necessity more honourable -than one without. At the same time no scale of precedence has ever been -laid down below the rank of esquires; and if such precedence does really -exist at all, it can only be according to the date of the grant. Here in -England the possession of arms carries with it no style or title, and -nothing in his designation can differentiate the position of Mr. Scrope of -Danby, the male descendant of one of the oldest families in this country, -whose arms were upheld in the Scrope and Grosvenor controversy in 1390, or -Mr. Daubeney of Cote, from a Mr. Smith, whose known history may have -commenced at the Foundling Hospital twenty years ago. In this respect -English usage stands apart, for whilst a German is "Von" and a Frenchman -was "De," if of noble birth, there is no such apparent distinction in -England, and never has been. The result has been that the technical -nobility attaching to the possession of arms is overlooked in this country. -On the Continent it is usual for a patent creating a title to contain a -grant of the arms, because it is recognised that the two are inseparable. -This is not now the case in England, where the grant of arms is one thing -and the grant of the title another, and where it is possible, as in the -case of Lord St. Leonards, to possess a peerage without ever having -obtained the first step in rank, which is nobility or gentility. - -The foregoing is in explanation of the fact that except in the matter of -date all shields are equal in value. - -So much being understood, it is possible to put that consideration on one -side, and speaking from the artistically technical point of view, the -remark one often hears becomes correct, that the simpler a coat of arms the -better. The remark has added truth from the fact that most ancient coats of -arms were simple, and many modern coats are far from being worthy of such a -description. {69} - -A coat of arms must consist of at least one thing, to wit, the "field." -This is equivalent in ordinary words to the colour of the ground of the -shield. A great many writers have asserted that every coat of arms must -consist of at least the field, and a charge, though most have mentioned as -a solitary exception the arms of Brittany, which were simply "ermine." A -plain shield of ermine (Fig. 33) was borne by John of Brittany, Earl of -Richmond (d. 1399), though some of his predecessors had relegated the arms -of Brittany to a "quarter ermine" upon more elaborate escutcheons (Fig. -61). This idea as to arms of one tincture was, however, exploded in -Woodward and Burnett's "Treatise on Heraldry," where no less than forty -different examples are quoted. The above-mentioned writer continues: "There -is another use of a plain red shield which must not be omitted. In the full -quartered coat of some high sovereign princes of Germany--Saxony (duchies), -Brandenburg (Prussia), Bavaria, Anhalt--appears a plain red quartering; -this is known as the _Blut Fahne_ or _Regalien_ quarter, and is indicative -of Royal prerogatives. It usually occupies the base of the shield, and is -often diapered." - -[Illustration: FIG. 33.--Arms of John (de Montfort, otherwise de Bretagne), -Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond. (From his seal.)] - -But in spite of the lengthy list which is quoted in Woodward and Burnett, -the fact remains that only one British instance is included. The family of -Berington of Chester (on the authority of Harleian manuscript No. 1535) is -said to bear a plain shield of azure. Personally I doubt this coat of arms -for the Berington family of Chester, which is probably connected with the -neighbouring family in Shropshire, who in later times certainly used very -different arms. The plain shield of ermine is sometimes to be found as a -quartering for Brittany in the achievement of those English families who -have the right to quarter the Royal arms; but I know of no other British -case in which, either as a quartering or as a pronominal coat, arms of one -tincture exist. - -But there are many coats which have no charge, the distinctive device -consisting of the partition of the shield in some recognised heraldic -method into two or more divisions of different tinctures. Amongst such -coats may be mentioned the arms of Waldegrave, which are simply: Party per -pale argent and gules; Drummond of Megginch, whose arms are simply: Party -per fess wavy or and gules; and the arms of Boyle, which are: Per bend -embattled argent and gules. The arms of Berners--which are: Quarterly or -and vert--are another example, as are the arms of Campbell (the first -quarter in the Duke of Argyll's achievement), which are: Gyronny or and -sable. {70} - -The coat bendy argent and gules, the ancient arms of Talbot, which are -still borne as a quartering by the Earl of Shrewsbury, Waterford, and -Talbot; and the coat chequy or and azure, a quartering for Warren, which is -still borne by the House of Howard, all come within the same category. -There are many other coats of this character which have no actual charge -upon them. - -The colour of the shield is termed the field when it consists of only one -colour, and when it consists of more than one colour the two together -compose the field. The field is usually of one or more of the recognised -metals, colours, or furs. - -The metals are gold and silver, these being termed "or" and "argent." The -colours, which are really the "tinctures," if this word is to be used -correctly, are: gules (red), azure (blue), vert (green), purpure (purple), -and (in spite of the fact that it is not really a colour) black, which is -known as sable. - -The metal gold, otherwise "or," is often represented in emblazonments by -yellow: as a matter of fact yellow has always been used for gold in the -Register Books of the College of Arms, and Lyon Office has recently -reverted to this practice. In ancient paintings and emblazonments the use -of yellow was rather more frequent than the use of gold, but gold at all -times had its use, and was never discarded. Gold seems to have been usually -used upon ancient patents, whilst yellow was used in the registrations of -them retained in the Offices of Arms, but I know of no instance in British -armory in which the word yellow has been used in a blazon to represent any -tint distinct from gold. With regard to the other metal, silver, or, as it -is always termed, "argent," the same variation is found in the usage of -silver and white in representing argent that we find in yellow and gold, -though we find that the use of the actual metal (silver) in emblazonment -does not occur to anything like the same extent as does the use of gold. -Probably this is due to the practical difficulty that no one has yet -discovered a silver medium which does not lose its colour. The use of -aluminium was thought to have solved the difficulty, but even this loses -its brilliancy, and probably its usage will never be universally adopted. -This is a pity, for the use of gold in emblazonments gives a brilliancy in -effect to a collection of coat-armour which it is a pity cannot be extended -by an equivalent usage of silver. The use of silver upon the patents at the -College of Arms has been discontinued some centuries, though aluminium is -still in use in Lyon Office. Argent is therefore usually represented either -by leaving the surface untouched, or by the use of Chinese white. - -I believe I am the first heraldic writer to assert the existence of the -heraldic colour of white in addition to the heraldic argent. Years ago {71} -I came across the statement that a white label belonged only to the Royal -Family, and could be used by no one else. I am sorry to say that though I -have searched high and low I cannot find the authority for the statement, -nor can I learn from any officer of arms that the existence of such a rule -is asserted; but there is this curious confirmation that in the warrants by -which the various labels are assigned to the different members of the Royal -Family, the labels are called white labels. Now the label of the Prince of -Wales is of three points and is plain. Heraldry knows nothing of the black -lines which in drawing a coat of arms usually appear for the outline of a -charge. In older work such lines are absent. In any case they are only mere -accidents of draughtsmanship. Bearing this in mind, and bearing in mind -that the sinister supporter of the Prince of Wales is a unicorn argent, how -on earth is a plain label of argent to be depicted thereupon? Now it is -necessary also that the label shall be placed upon the crest, which is a -lion statant guardant or, crowned with the coronet of the Prince, and upon -the dexter supporter which is another golden lion; to place an argent label -upon either is a flat violation of the rule which requires that metal shall -not be placed upon metal, nor colour upon colour; but if the unicorn is -considered argent, which it is, it would if really depicted in silver be -quite possible to paint a white label upon it, for the distinction between -white and silver is marked, and a white label upon a gold lion is not metal -upon metal. Quite recently a still further and startling confirmation has -come under my notice. In the grant of a crest to Thomas Mowbray, Earl of -Nottingham, the coronet which is to encircle the neck of the leopard is -distinctly blazoned argent, the label to which he is previously said to -have had a just hereditary right is as distinctly blazoned white, and the -whole grant is so short that inadvertence could hardly be pleaded as an -explanation for the distinction in blazon. Instances of an official -exemplification of coats of arms with labels are not uncommon, because the -label in some number of families, for example Courtenay and Prideaux-Brune -and Barrington, has become stereotyped into a charge. In none of these -cases, however, is it either argent or white, but instances of the -exemplification of a coat of arms bearing a label as a mark of cadency are, -outside the members of the Royal Family, distinctly rare; they are -necessarily so, because outside the Royal Family the label is merely the -temporary mark of the eldest son or grandson during the lifetime of the -head of the house, and the necessity for the exemplification of the arms of -an eldest son can seldom occur. The one circumstance which might provide us -with the opportunity is the exemplification consequent upon a change of -name and arms by an eldest son during the lifetime of his father; but {72} -this very circumstance fails to provide it, because the exemplification -only follows a change of arms, and the arms being changed, there no longer -exists the necessity for a mark of cadency; so that instances of the -official use of a label for cadency are rare, but of such as occur I can -learn of none which has received official sanction which blazons the label -white. There is, however, one coat which is said to have a label argent as -a charge, this is the coat of Fitz-Simon, which is quoted in Papworth, upon -the authority of one of the Harleian Manuscripts, as follows: Sable, three -crescents, in chief a label of two drops and in fess another of one drop -argent; and the same coat of arms is recorded in a funeral entry in -Ulster's Office. The label is not here termed white, and it is peculiar -that we find it of another colour in another coat of Fitz-Simon (azure, a -lion rampant ermine, a label of four point gules). - -[Illustration: FIG. 34.--Armorial bearings of Henry de Lacy, Earl of -Lincoln (d. 1311): Or, a lion rampant purpure. (From his seal.)] - -Of other colours may be mentioned purpure (purple). This in English -heraldry is a perfectly well recognised colour, and though its use is -extremely rare in comparison with the others, it will be found too -frequently for it to be classed as an exception. The earliest instance of -this tincture which I have met with is in the coat of De Lacy (Fig. 34). -The Roll of Caerlaverock speaks of his - - "Baniere ot de un cendall saffrin, - O un lion rampant porprin," - -whilst MS. Cott. Calig. A. xviii. quotes the arms: "_De or, a un lion -rampaund de pourpre_." The Burton coat of the well-known Shropshire family -of Lingen-Burton is: Quarterly purpure and azure, a cross engrailed or -between four roses argent. The Irish baronets of the name of Burton, who -claimed descent from this family, bore a very similar coat, namely: Per -pale azure and purpure, a cross engrailed or between four roses argent. - -Two other colours will be found in nearly all text-books of English armory. -These are murrey or sanguine, and orange or tenne. The exact tint of murrey -is between gules and purpure; and tenne is an orange-tawny colour. They are -both "stains," and were perhaps invented by the old heralds for the -perpetration of their preposterous system of abatements, which will be -found set out in full in the old heraldry books, but which have yet to be -found occurring in fact. The subject of abatements is one of those pleasant -little insanities which have done so much to the detriment of heraldry. -One, and one only, can be said {73} to have had the slightest foundation in -fact; that was the entire reversal of the escutcheon in the ceremony of -degradation following upon attainder for high treason. Even this, however, -was but temporary, for a man forfeited his arms entirely by attainder. They -were torn down from his banner of knighthood; they were erased in the -records of the College of Arms; but on that one single occasion when he was -drawn upon a hurdle to the place of his execution, they are said to have -been painted reversed upon paper, which paper was fastened to his breast. -But the arms then came to an end, and his descendants possessed none at -all. They certainly had not the right to depict their shield upside down -(even if they had cared to display such a monstrosity). Unless and until -the attainder was reversed, arms (like a title) were void; and the proof of -this is to be found in the many regrants of arms made in cases where the -attainder has remained, as in the instances of the Earl of Stafford and the -ancestor of the present Lord Barnard. But that any person should have been -supposed to have been willing to make use of arms carrying an abatement is -preposterous, and no instance of such usage is known. Rather would a man -decline to bear arms at all; and that any one should have imagined the -existence of a person willing to advertise himself as a drunkard or an -adulterer, with variations in the latter case according to the personality -of his partner in guilt, is idiotic in the extreme. Consequently, as no -example of an abatement has ever been found, one might almost discard the -"stains" of murrey and tenne were it not that they were largely made use of -for the purposes of liveries, in which usage they had no such objectionable -meaning. At the present day scarlet or gules being appropriated to the -Royal Family for livery purposes, other people possessing a shield of gules -are required to make use of a different red, and though it is now termed -chocolate or claret colour by the utilitarian language of the day, it is in -reality nothing more than the old sanguine or murrey. Of orange-tawny I can -learn of but one livery at the present day. I refer to the orange-tawny -coats used by the hunt servants of Lord Fitzhardinge, and now worn by the -hunt servants of the Old Berkeley country, near London. _A propos_ of this -it is interesting to note the curious legend that the "pink" of the hunting -field is not due to any reasons of optical advantage, but to an entirely -different reason. Formerly no man might hunt even on his own estate until -he had had licence of free warren from the Crown. Consequently he merely -hunted by the pleasure of the Crown, taking part in what was exclusively a -Royal sport by Royal permission, and for this Royal sport he wore the -King's livery of scarlet. This being the case, it is a curious anomaly that -although the livery of the only Royal pack recently in existence, the Royal -Buck Hounds, was scarlet and gold, the Master {74} wore a green coat. The -legend may be a fallacy, inasmuch as scarlet did not become the Royal -livery until the accession of the Stuarts; but it is by no means clear to -what date the scarlet hunting coat can be traced. - -There is, however, one undoubted instance of the use of sanguine for the -field of a coat of arms, namely, the arms of Clayhills of Invergowrie,[6] -which are properly matriculated in Lyon Register. - -To these colours German heraldry has added brown, blood-red (this -apparently is different from the English sanguine, as a different hatching -has been invented for it), earth-colour, iron-grey, water-colour, -flesh-colour, ashen-grey, orange (here also a separate hatching from the -one to represent tenne has been invented), and the colour of nature, _i.e._ -"proper." These doubtless are not intended to be added to the list of -heraldic tinctures, but are noted because various hatchings have been -invented in modern times to represent them. - -Mr. Woodward, in Woodward and Burnett's "Treatise on Heraldry," alludes to -various tinctures amongst Continental arms which he has come across. - -"Besides the metals, tinctures, and furs which have been already described, -other tinctures are occasionally found in the Heraldry of Continental -nations; but are comparatively of such rarity as that they may be counted -among the curiosities of blazon, which would require a separate volume. -That of which I have collected instances is Cendree, or ash colour, which -is borne by (among others) the Bavarian family of Ashua, as its _armes -parlantes: Cendree, a mount of three coupeaux in base or_. - -"_Brunatre_, a brown colour, is even more rare as a tincture of the field; -the MIEROSZEWSKY in Silesia bear, '_de Brunatre, A cross patee argent -supporting a raven rising sable, and holding in its beak a horseshoe -proper, its points towards the chief_." - -"_Bleu-celeste_, or _bleu du ciel_, appears occasionally, apart from what -we may term 'landscape coats.' That it differs from, and is a much lighter -colour than, azure is shown by the following example. The Florentine CINTI -(now CINI) bear a coat which would be numbered among the _armes fausses, or -a enquerir: Per pale azure and bleu-celeste, an estoile counterchanged_." - -"_Amaranth_ or _columbine_ is the field of a coat (of which the blazon is -too lengthy for insertion in this place) which was granted to a Bohemian -knight in 1701." - -Carnation is the French term for the colour of naked flesh, and is often -employed in the blazonry of that country. {75} - -Perhaps mention should here be made of the English term "proper." Anything, -alive or otherwise, which is depicted in its natural colours is termed -"proper," and it should be depicted in its really correct tones or tints, -without any attempt to assimilate these with any heraldic tincture. It will -not be found in the very ancient coats of arms, and its use is not to be -encouraged. When a natural animal is found existing in various colours it -is usual to so describe it, for the term "proper" alone would leave -uncertainty. For instance, the crest of the Lane family, which was granted -to commemorate the ride of King Charles II. behind Mistress Jane Lane as -her servant, in his perilous escape to the coast after the disastrous -Battle of Worcester, is blazoned "a strawberry roan horse, couped at the -flanks proper, bridled sable, and holding between the feet an Imperial -crown also proper." Lord Cowper's supporters were, on either side of the -escutcheon, "a light dun horse proper, with a large blaze down the face, -the mane close shorn except a tuft on the withers, a black list down the -back, a bob tail, and the near fore-foot and both hind feet white." Another -instance that might be quoted are the supporters of Lord Newlands, which -are: "On either side a dapple-grey horse proper, gorged with a riband and -suspended therefrom an escutcheon gules, charged with three bezants in -chevron." The crest of the family of Bewes, of St. Neots, Cornwall, is: "On -a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a pegasus rearing on his hind legs of a -bay colour, the mane and tail sable, winged or, and holding in the mouth a -sprig of laurel proper." - -There are and were always many occasions in which it was desired to -represent armorial bearings in black and white, or where from the nature of -the handicraft it was impossible to make use of actual colour. But it -should always be pointedly remembered that unless the right colours of the -arms could be used the tinctures were entirely ignored in all matters of -handicraft until the seventeenth century. Various schemes of hatchings, -however, were adopted for the purpose of indicating the real heraldic -colours when arms were represented and the real colours could not be -employed, the earliest being that of Francquart in Belgium, _circa_ 1623. -Woodward says this was succeeded by the systems of Butkens, 1626; Petra -Sancta, 1638; Lobkowitz, 1639; Gelenius; and De Rouck, 1645; but all these -systems differed from each other, and were for a time the cause of -confusion and not of order. Eventually, however, the system of Petra Sancta -(the author of _Tesserae Gentilitia_) superseded all the others, and has -remained in use up to the present time. - -[Illustration: FIG. 35.] - -Upon this point Herr Strohl in his _Heraldischer Atlas_ remarks: "The -system of hatching used by Marcus Vulson de la Colombiere, 1639, in the -course of time found acceptance everywhere, and has {76} maintained itself -in use unaltered until the present day, and these are shown in Fig. 35, -only that later, hatchings have been invented for brown, grey, &c.; which, -however, seems rather a superfluous enriching." None of these later -creations, by the way, have ever been used in this country. For the sake of -completeness, however, let them be mentioned (see Fig. 36): _a_, brown; -_b_, blood-red; _c_, earth-colour; _d_, iron-grey; _e_, water-colour; _f_, -flesh-colour; _g_, ashen-grey; _h_, orange; and _i_, colour of nature. In -English armory "tenne" is represented by a combination of horizontal (as -azure) lines with diagonal lines from sinister to dexter (as purpure), and -sanguine or murrey by a combination of diagonal lines from dexter to -sinister (as vert), and from sinister to dexter (as purpure). - -[Illustration: FIG. 36.] - -The hatchings of the shield and its charges always accommodate themselves -to the angle at which the shield is placed, those of the crest to the angle -of the helmet. A curious difficulty, however, occurs when a shield, as is -so often the case in this country, forms a part of the crest. Such a shield -is seldom depicted quite upright upon the wreath. Are the tincture lines to -follow the angle of the smaller shield in the crest or the angle of the -helmet? Opinion is by no means agreed upon the point. - -But though this system of representing colours by "hatching" has been -adopted and extensively made use of, it is questionable whether {77} it has -ever received official sanction, at any rate in Great Britain. It certainly -has never been made use of in any _official_ record or document in the -College of Arms. Most of the records are in colour. The remainder are all -without exception "tricked," that is, drawn in outline, the colours being -added in writing in the following contracted forms: "O," or "or," for or; -"A," "ar," or "arg," for argent; "G," or "gu," for gules; "Az," or "B" (for -blue, owing to the likelihood of confusion between "ar" and "az," "B" being -almost universally used in old trickings), for azure; "S," or "sa," for -sable; "Vt" for vert, and "Purp" for purpure. It is unlikely that any -change will be made in the future, for the use of tincture lines is now -very rapidly being discarded by all good heraldic artists in this country. -With the reversion to older and better forms and methods these hatchings -become an anachronism, and save that sable is represented by solid black -they will probably be unused and forgotten before very long. - -The plain, simple names of colours, such as red and green, seemed so -unpoetical and unostentatious to the heralds and poets of the Middle Ages, -that they substituted for gold, topaz; for silver, pearl or "meergries"; -for red, ruby; for blue, sapphire; for green, emerald; and for black, -diamond or "zobel" (sable, the animal, whence the word "sable"). Let the -following blazonment from the grant of arms to Modling bei Wien in 1458 -serve as example of the same: "Mit namen ain Schilt gleich getailt in -fasse, des ober und maister tail von Rubin auch mit ainer fasse von -Berlein, der under thail von grunt des Schilts von Schmaragaden, darinneain -Pantel von Silber in Rampannt"--(_lit._ "Namely, a shield equally divided -in fess, the upper and greater part of ruby, also with a fess of pearl, the -under part of the field of the shield of emerald, therein a panther of -silver, rampant"); that is, "Per fess gules and vert, in chief a fess -argent, in base a panther rampant of the last." - -Even the planets, and, as abbreviations, their astronomical signs, are -occasionally employed: thus, the _sun_ for gold, the _moon_ for silver, -_Mars_ for red, _Jupiter_ for blue, _Venus_ for green, _Saturn_ for black, -and _Mercury_ for purple. This aberration of intellect on the part of -mediaeval heraldic writers, for it really amounted to little more, had very -little, if indeed it had any, English official recognition. No one dreams -of using such blazon at the present time, and it might have been entirely -disregarded were it not that Guillim sanctions its use; and he being the -high priest of English armory to so many, his example has given the system -a certain currency. I am not myself aware of any instance of the use of -these terms in an English patent of arms. - -The furs known to heraldry are now many, but originally they were only two, -"ermine" and "vair." Ermine, as every one knows, is of {78} white covered -with black spots, intended to represent the tails of the animal. From -ermine has been evolved the following variations, viz. ermines, erminois, -pean, and erminites. "Ermines" is a black field with white ermine spots -(the French term for this is _contre-hermin_, the German, -_gegen-hermelin_). A gold background with black ermine spots is styled -erminois, and pean is a black ground with gold ermine spots. Planche -mentions still another, as does Parker in his "Glossary of Heraldry," -namely, "erminites," which is supposed to be white, with black ermine spots -and a red hair on each side of the spot. I believe there is no instance -known of any such fur in British armory. It is not mentioned in Strohl's -"Heraldic Atlas," nor can I find any foreign instance, so that who invented -it, or for what purpose it was invented, I cannot say; and I think it -should be relegated, with abatements and the _seize quartiers_ of Jesus -Christ, to the category of the silly inventions of former heraldic writers, -not of former heralds, for I know of no official act which has recognised -the existence of erminites. The German term for erminois is -_gold-hermelin_, but there are no distinctive terms either in French or -German heraldry for the other varieties. Thus, erminois would be in French -blazon: d'or, seme d'hermines de sable; pean would be de sable, seme -d'hermines d'or. Though ermine is always nowadays represented upon a white -background, it was sometimes depicted with black ermine spots upon a field -of silver, as in the case of some of the stall plates of the Knights of the -Garter in St. George's Chapel at Windsor. Ermine spots are frequently to be -found as charges. For instance, in the well-known coat of Kay, which is: -"Argent, three ermine spots in bend between two bendlets sable, the whole -between as many crescents azure." As charges two ermine spots figure upon -the arms recently granted to Sir Francis Laking, Bart., G.C.V.O. The ermine -spot has also sometimes been used in British armory as the difference mark -granted under a Royal Licence to assume name and arms when it is necessary -to indicate the absence of blood relationship. Other instances of the use -of an ermine spot as a charge are:-- - -Or, on two bars azure, as many barrulets dancette argent, a chief indented -of the second charged with an ermine spot or (Sawbridge). - -Argent, a chevron between three crows sable, in each beak an ermine spot -(Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph, 1680; Lichfield, 1692; and Worcester, -1700-17). - -Argent, a fess gules between three ermine spots sable (Kilvington). - -Argent, two bars sable, spotted ermine, in chief a lion passant gules -(Hill, co. Wexford). - -The earliest form in which ermine was depicted shows a nearer approach to -the reality of the black tail, inasmuch as the spots above the tail to -which we are now accustomed are a modern variant. {79} - -When a bend is ermine, the spots (like all other charges placed upon a -bend) must be bendwise; but on a chevron, saltire, &c., they are drawn -upright. - -The other variety of fur is "vair." This originated from the fur of a kind -of squirrel (the ver or vair, differently spelt; Latin _varus_), which was -much used for the lining of cloaks. The animal was bluey-grey upon the back -and white underneath, and the whole skin was used. It will be readily seen -that by sewing a number of these skins together a result is obtained of a -series of cup-shaped figures, alternating bluey-grey and white, and this is -well shown in Fig. 28, which shows the effigy upon the tomb of Geoffrey -Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, where the lining of vair to his cloak is -plainly to be seen. - -[Illustration: FIG. 37.--Arms of William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby (d. -1247): "Scutum variatum auro & gul." (From MS. Cott. Nero, D. 1.)] - -The word seems to have been used independently of heraldry for fur, and the -following curious error, which is pointed out in Parker's "Glossary of the -Terms used in Heraldry," may be noted in passing. The familiar fairy tale -of Cinderella was brought to us from the French, and the slippers made of -this costly fur, written, probably, _verre_ for _vaire_, were erroneously -translated "glass" slippers. This was, of course, an impossible material, -but the error has always been repeated in the nursery tale-books. - -[Illustration: FIG. 38.--Arms of Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby -(1254-1265). (From stained glass in Dorchester Church.)] - -In the oldest records vair is represented by means of straight horizontal -lines alternating with horizontal wavy or nebuly lines (see Fig. 37), but -the cup-shaped divisions therefrom resulting having passed through various -intermediate forms (see Fig. 38), have now been stereotyped into a fixed -geometrical pattern, formed of rows of ear-shaped shields of alternate -colours and alternately reversed, so depicted that each reversed shield -fits into the space left by those on either side which are not reversed -(see Fig. 39, _k_). The accompanying illustration will show plainly what is -intended. In some of the older designs it was similar to that shown in the -arms of the Earl Ferrers, Earl of Derby, 1254-65, the sketch (Fig. 38) -being taken from almost contemporary stained glass in Dorchester Church, -Oxon.; whilst sometimes the {80} division lines are drawn, after the same -manner, as _nebuly_. There does not seem to have been any fixed proportion -for the number of rows of vair, as Fig. 40 shows the arms of the same Earl -as represented upon his seal. The palpable pun upon the name which a shield -vaire supplied no doubt affords the origin of the arms of Ferrers. Some -families of the name at a later date adopted the horseshoes, which are to -be found upon many Farrer and Ferrers shields, the popular assumption being -that they are a reference to the "farrier" from whom some would derive the -surname. Woodward, however, states that a horseshoe being the badge of the -Marshalls, horseshoes were assumed as _armes parlantes_ by their -descendants the Ferrers, who appear to have borne: Sable, six horseshoes -argent. As a matter of fact the only one of that family who bore the -horseshoes seems to have been William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby (d. 1254), -as will be seen from the arms as on his seal (Fig. 41). {81} His wife was -Sybilla, daughter of William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke. His son reverted -to the plain shield of vaire, or, and gules. The arms of the Ferrers family -at a later date are found to be: Gules, seven mascles conjoined or, in -which form they are still borne by Ferrers of Baddesley Clinton; but -whether the mascles are corruptions of the horseshoes, or whether (as seems -infinitely more probable) they are merely a corrupted form of the vaire, -or, and gules, it is difficult to say. Personally I rather doubt whether -any Ferrers ever used the arms: Argent, six horseshoes sable. - -[Illustration: FIG. 39.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 40.--Arms of Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby -(1254-1265). (From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 41.--Arms of William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby: Vaire, -or, and gules, a bordure argent, charged with eight horseshoes sable. (From -a drawing of his seal, MS. Cott. Julius, C vii.)] - -PLATE II. - -[Illustration] - -The early manner of depicting vair is still occasionally met with in -foreign heraldry, where it is blazoned as Vair onde or Vair ancien. The -family of MARGENS in Spain bears: Vair onde, on a bend gules three griffins -or; and TARRAGONE of Spain: Vair onde, or and gules. German heraldry seems -to distinguish between _wolkenfeh_ (cloud vair) and _wogenfeh_ (wave vair; -see Fig. 39, _n_). The former is equivalent to vair ancient, the latter to -vair en point. - -The verbal blazon of vair nearly always commences with the metal, but in -the arrangement of the panes there is a difference between French and -English usage. In the former the white panes are generally (and one thinks -more correctly) represented as forming the first, or upper, line; in -British heraldry the reverse is more usually the case. It is usual to -depict the white panes of ordinary vair with white rather than silver, -though the use of the latter cannot be said to be incorrect, there being -precedents in favour of that form. When an ordinary is of vair or vairy, -the rows of vair may be depicted either horizontally or following the -direction of the ordinary. There are accepted precedents for both methods. - -Vair is always blue and white, but the same subdivision of the field is -frequently found in other colours; and when this is the case, it is termed -vairy of such and such colours. When it is vairy, it is usually of a colour -and metal, as in the case of Ferrers, Earls of Derby, above referred to; -though a fur is sometimes found to take the place of one or other, as in -the arms of Gresley, which are: "Vaire gules and ermine." I know of no -instance where vaire is found of either two metals or of two colours, nor -at the same time do I know of any rule against such a combination. Probably -it will be time enough to discuss the contingency when an instance comes to -light. Gerard Leigh mentions vair of three or more tinctures, but instances -are very rare. Parker, in his "Glossary," refers to the coat of Roger -Holthouse, which he blazons: "Vairy argent, azure, gules, and or, en -point." - -The _Vair_ of commerce was formerly of three sizes, and the distinction is -continued in foreign armory. The middle or ordinary {82} size is known as -_Vair_; a smaller size as _Menu-vair_ (whence our word "miniver"); the -largest as _Beffroi_ or _Gros vair_, a term which is used in armory when -there are less than four rows. The word _Beffroi_ is evidently derived from -the bell-like shape of the _vair_, the word _Beffroi_ being anciently used -in the sense of the alarm-bell of a town. In French armory, _Beffroi_ -should consist of three horizontal rows; _Vair_, of four; _Menu-vair_, of -six. This rule is not strictly observed, but in French blazon if the rows -are more than four it is usual to specify the number; thus Varroux bears: -_de Vair de cinq traits_. _Menu-vair_ is still the blazon of some families; -BANVILLE DE TRUTEMNE bears: _de Menu-vair de six tires_; the Barons van -HOUTHEM bore: _de Menu-vair, au franc quartier de gueules charge de trois -maillets d'or_. In British armory the foregoing distinctions are unknown, -and _Vair_ is only of one size, that being at the discretion of the artist. - -When the Vair is so arranged that in two horizontal rows taken together, -either the points or the bases of two panes of the same tincture are in -apposition, the fur is known as COUNTER VAIR (CONTRE VAIR) (see Fig. 39, -_l_). Another variation, but an infrequent one, is termed VAIR IN PALE, -known in German heraldry as _Pfahlfeh_ (_Vair appointe_ or _Vair en pal_; -but if of other colours than the usual ones, _Vaire en pal_). In this all -panes of the same colour are arranged in vertical, or palar, rows (Fig. 39, -_m_). German heraldry apparently distinguishes between this and -_Sturzpfahlfeh_, or _reversed_ vair in pale. VAIR IN BEND (or in -bend-sinister) is occasionally met with in foreign coats; thus MIGNIANELLI -in Italy bears: _Vaire d'or et d'azur en bande_; while _Vaire en barre_ -(that is, in bend-sinister) _d'or et de sable_ is the coat of PICHON of -Geneva. - -"Vair en pointe" is a term applied by Nisbet to an arrangement by which the -azure shield pointing downwards has beneath it an argent shield pointing -downwards, and _vice versa_, by which method the resulting effect is as -shown in Fig. 39, _n_. The German term for this is _Wogenfeh_, or wave -vair. Fig. 39, _o_, shows a purely German variety--_Wechselfeh_, or -alternate vair; and Fig. 39, _p_, which is equivalent to the English vaire -of four colours, is known in German armory as _Buntfeh, i.e._ gay-coloured -or checked vair. - -Ordinary vair in German heraldry is known as _Eisenhut-feh_, or iron hat -vair. On account of its similarity, when drawn, to the old iron hat of the -fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (see Fig. 42), this skin has received -the name of _Eisenhutlein_ (little iron hat) from German heraldic students, -a name which later gave rise to many incorrect interpretations. An old -charter in the archives of the chapter-house of Lilienfield, in Lower -Austria, under the seal (Fig. 43) of one Chimrad Pellifex, 1329, proves -that at that time vair was so styled. The name of Pellifex (in {83} German -_Wildwerker_, a worker in skins, or furrier) is expressed in a punning or -canting form on the dexter side of the shield. This Conrad the Furrier was -Burgomaster of Vienna 1340-43. - -A considerable number of British and foreign families bear _Vair_ only; -such are FERRERS and GRESLEY, above mentioned; VARANO, Dukes de CAMERINO; -VAIRE and VAIRIERE, in France; VERET, in Switzerland; GOUVIS, FRESNAY -(Brittany); DE VERA in Spain; LOHEAC (Brittany); VARENCHON (Savoy); -SOLDANIERI (Florence). _Counter vair_ is borne by LOFFREDO of Naples; by -BOUCHAGE, DU PLESSIS ANGERS, and BROTIN, of France. HELLEMMES of Tournay -uses: _de Contre vair, a lac otice de gueules brochante sur le tout_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 42.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 43.--Seal of Chimrad Pellifex, 1329.] - -Mr. Woodward, in his "Treatise on Heraldry," writes: "Two curious forms of -Vair occasionally met with in Italian or French coats are known as -_Plumete_ and _Papelonne_. - -In _Plumete_ the field is apparently covered with feathers. _Plumete -d'argent et d'azur_ is the coat of Ceba (note that these are the tinctures -of _Vair_); SOLDONIERI of Udine, _Plumete au natural_ (but the SOLDONIERI -of Florence bore: _Vaire argent and sable_ with _a bordure chequy or and -azure_); TENREMONDE of Brabant: _Plumete or and sable_. In the arms of the -SCALTENIGHI of Padua, the BENZONI of Milan, the GIOLFINI, CATANEI, and -NUVOLONI of Verona, each feather of the _plumete_ is said to be charged -with an ermine spot sable. - -The bearing of PAPELONNE is more frequently found; in it the field is -covered with what appear to be scales, the heraldic term _papelonne_ being -derived from a supposed resemblance of these scales to the wings of -butterflies; for example the coat of MONTI: _Gules, papelonne argent_. -DONZEL at Besancon bears: Papelonne d'or et de sable. It is worthy of note -that Donze of Lorraine used: Gules, three bars wavy or. The FRANCONIS of -Lausanne are said to bear: _de Gueules papelonne d'argent_, and on _a chief -of the last a rose of the first_, but the coat is otherwise blazoned: -_Vaire gules and or_, &c. The coat of ARQUINVILLIERS, or HARGENVILLIERS, in -Picardy, of _d'Hermine papelonne de {84} gueules_ (not being understood, -this has been blazoned "_seme of caltraps_"). So also the coat of CHEMILLE -appears in French books of blazon indifferently as: _d'Or papelonne de -gueules_: and _d'Or seme de chausse-trapes de gueules_. GUETTEVILLE DE -GUENONVILLE is said to bear: _d'Argent seme de chausse-trapes de sable_, -but it is more probable that this is simply _d'Argent papelonne de sable_. -The BARISONI of Padua bear: _Or, a bend of scales, bendwise argent, on each -scale an ermine spot sable, the bend bordered sable_. The ALBERICI of -Bologna bear: _Papelonne of seven rows, four of argent, three of or_; but -the ALBERGHI of the same city: _Papelonne of six rows, three of argent, as -many of gules_. The connection with _vaire_ is much clearer in the latter -than in the former. CAMBI (called FIGLIAMBUCHI), at Florence, carried: -_d'Argent, papelonne de gueules_; MONTI of Florence and Sicily, and -RONQUEROLLES of France the reverse. - -No one who is familiar with the licence given to themselves by armorial -painters and sculptors in Italy, who were often quite ignorant of the -meaning of the blazons they depicted, will doubt for a moment the statement -that Papelonne was originally a corruption from or perhaps is simply -ill-drawn Vair." - -POTENT, and its less common variant COUNTER POTENT, are usually ranked in -British heraldic works as separate furs. This has arisen from the writers -being ignorant that in early times _Vair_ was frequently depicted in the -form now known as _Potent_ (see Fig. 39, _q_). (By many heraldic writers -the ordinary _Potent_ is styled _Potent-counter-potent_. When drawn in the -ordinary way, _Potent_ alone suffices.) An example of _Vair_ in the form -now known as Potent is afforded by the seal of JEANNE DE FLANDRE, wife of -ENGUERRAND IV. (De Courcy); here the well-known arms of COURCY, _Barry of -six vair and gules_, are depicted as if the bars of vair were composed of -bars of _potent_ (VREE, _Genealogie des Comtes de Flandre_). In a _Roll of -Arms of the time of Edward I._ the _Vair_ resembles _Potent_ -(-counter-potent), which DR. PERCEVAL erroneously terms an "invention of -later date." The name and the differentiation may be, but not the fact. In -the First Nobility Roll of the year 1297, the arms of No. 8, ROBERT DE -BRUIS, Baron of Brecknock, are: Barry of six, Vaire ermine and gules, and -azure. Here the vair is potent; so is it also in No. 19, where the coat of -INGELRAM DE GHISNES, or GYNES, is: Gules, a chief vair. The same coat is -thus drawn in the Second Nobility Roll, 1299, No. 57. POTENT, like its -original _Vair_, is always of _argent_ and _azure_, unless other tinctures -are specified in the blazon. The name _Potent_ is the old English word for -a crutch or walking-staff. Chaucer, in his description of "Elde" (_i.e._ -old age) writes: - - "So olde she was, that she ne went - A fote, but it were by potent." - -{85} - -And though a potent is a heraldic charge, and a cross potent a well-known -variety of that ordinary, "potent" is usually intended to indicate the fur -of blue and white as in Fig. 39, _q_. It is not of frequent usage, but it -undoubtedly has an accepted place in British armory, as also has -"counter-potent," which, following the same rules as counter-vair, results -in a field as Fig. 39, _r_. The German terms for Potent and counter-potent -are respectively _Sturzkruckenfeh_ and _gegensturzkruckenfeh_ German -heraldry has evolved yet another variant of Potent, viz. _Verschobenes -Gegensturzkruckenfeh_ (_i.e._ displaced potent-counter-potent), as in Fig. -39, _s_. There is still yet another German heraldic fur which is quite -unknown in British armory. This is called _Kursch_, otherwise "Vair -bellies," and is usually shown to be hairy and represented brown. Possibly -this is the same as the _Plumete_ to which Mr. Woodward refers. - -Some heraldic writers also speak of _varry_ as meaning the pieces of which -the vair is composed; they also use the terms _vairy cuppy_ and _vairy -tassy_ for _potent-counter-potent_, perhaps from the drawings in some -instances resembling _cups_; that is a possible meaning of _tassa_. It may -be said that all these variations of the ancient _vair_ arise from mere -accident (generally bad drawing), supplemented by over refinement on the -part of the heraldic writers who have described them. This generalisation -may be extended in its application from vair to many other heraldic -matters. To all intents and purposes British heraldry now or hitherto has -only known vair and potent. - -One of the earliest rules one learns in the study of armory is that colour -cannot be placed upon colour, nor metal upon metal. Now this is a definite -rule which must practically always be rigidly observed. Many writers have -gone so far as to say that the only case of an infraction of this rule will -be found in the arms of Jerusalem: Argent, a cross potent between four -crosslets or. This was a favourite windmill at which the late Dr. Woodward -tilted vigorously, and in the appendix to his "Treatise on Heraldry" he -enumerates some twenty-six instances of the violation of the rule. The -whole of the instances he quoted, however, are taken from Continental -armory, in which these exceptions--for even on the Continent such _armes -fausses_ are noticeable exceptions--occur much more frequently than in this -country. Nevertheless such exceptions _do_ occur in British armory, and the -following instances of well-known coats which break the rule may be quoted. - -The arms of Lloyd of Ffos-y-Bleiddied, co. Cardigan, and Danyrallt, co. -Carmarthen, are: "Sable, a spearhead imbrued proper between three -scaling-ladders argent, on a chief _gules_ a castle of the second." Burke, -in his "General Armory," says this coat of arms was granted to Cadifor ap -Dyfnwal, ninth in descent from Roderick the Great, Prince of Wales, by his -cousin the great Lord Rhys, for taking the castle of {86} Cardigan by -escalade from the Earl of Clare and the Flemings in 1164. Another instance -is a coat of Meredith recorded in Ulster's Office and now inherited by the -Hon. Richard Edmund Meredith, a judge of the Supreme Court of Judicature of -Ireland and a Judicial Commissioner of the Irish Land Commission. These -arms are: "Gules, on a chevron sable, between three goats' heads erased, as -many trefoils or." An instance of comparatively recent date will be found -in the grant of the arms of Thackeray. A little careful research, no doubt, -would produce a large number of English instances, but one is bound to -admit the possibility that the great bulk of these cases may really be -instances of augmentation. - -Furs may be placed upon either metal or colour, as may also any charge -which is termed proper. German heralds describe furs and natural colours as -amphibious. It is perfectly legitimate to place fur upon fur, and though -not often found, numbers of examples can be quoted; probably one will -suffice. The arms of Richardson are: Sable, two hawks belled or, on a chief -indented ermine, a pale ermines, and three lions' heads counterchanged. It -is also correct to place ermine upon argent. But such coats are not very -frequently found, and it is usual in designing a coat to endeavour to -arrange that the fur shall be treated as metal or colour according to what -may be its background. The reason for this is obvious. It is correct, -though unusual, for a charge which is blazoned proper, and yet depicted in -a recognised heraldic colour, to be placed upon colour; and where such -cases occur, care should be taken that the charges are blazoned proper. A -charge composed of more than one tincture, that is, of a metal and colour, -may be placed upon a field of either; for example the well-known coat of -Stewart, which is: Or, a fess chequy azure and argent; other examples -being: Per pale ermine and azure, a fess wavy gules (Broadbent); and: -Azure, a lion rampant argent, debruised by a fess per pale of the second -and gules (Walsh); but in such coats it will usually be found that the -first tincture of the composite charge should be in opposition to the field -upon which it is superimposed. For instance, the arms of Stewart are: Or, a -fess chequy azure and argent, and to blazon or depict them with a fess -chequy argent and azure would be incorrect. When an ordinary is charged -upon both metal and colour, it would be quite correct for it to be of -either metal, colour, or fur, and in such cases it has never been -considered either exceptional or an infraction of the rule that colour must -not be placed upon colour, nor metal upon metal. There is one point, -however, which is one of these little points one has to learn from actual -experience, and which I believe has never yet been quoted in any handbook -of heraldry, and that is, that this rule must be thrown overboard with -regard to {87} crests and supporters. I cannot call to mind an instance of -colour upon colour, but a gold collar around the neck of an argent crest -will constantly be met with. The sinister supporter of the Royal -achievement is a case in point, and this rule, which forbids colour upon -colour, and metal upon metal, only holds with regard to supporters and -crests when the crest or supporter itself is treated as a field and -_charged with_ one or more objects. The Royal labels, as already stated, -appear to be a standing infraction of the rule if white and argent are to -be heraldically treated as identical. The rule is also disregarded entirely -as regards augmentations and Scottish cadency bordures. - -So long as the field is party, that is, divided into an equal number of -pieces (for example, paly, barruly, or bendy, or party per bend or per -chevron), it may be composed of two metals or two colours, because the -pieces all being equal, and of equal number, they all are parts of the -field lying in the same plane, none being charges. - -Before leaving the subject of the field, one must not omit to mention -certain exceptions which hardly fall within any of the before-mentioned -categories. One of these can only be described by the word "landscape." It -is not uncommon in British armory, though I know of but one instance where -the actual field itself needs to be so described. This is the coat of the -family of Franco, the paternal ancestors of Sir Massey Lopes, Bart., and -Lord Ludlow. The name was changed from Franco to Lopes by Royal Licence -dated the 4th of May 1831. Whether this coat of arms originated in an -English grant, or whether the English grant of it amounts to no more than -an attempt at the registration of a previously existing or greatly similar -foreign coat of arms for the name of Franco, I am unaware, but the coat -certainly is blazoned: "In a landscape field, a fountain, therefrom issuing -a palm-tree all proper." - -But landscape has very extensively been made use of in the augmentations -which were granted at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the -nineteenth centuries. In these cases the augmentation very generally -consisted of a chief and thereon a representation either of some fort or -ship or action, and though the field of the augmentation is officially -blazoned argent in nearly every case, there is no doubt the artist was -permitted, and perhaps intended, to depict clouds and other "atmosphere" to -add to the verisimilitude of the picture. These augmentations will be more -especially considered in a later chapter, but here one may perhaps be -permitted to remark, that execrable as we now consider such landscape -heraldry, it ought not to be condemned in the wholesale manner in which it -has been, because it was typical of the over elaboration to be found in all -art and all artistic ideas of the period in which we find it originating. -Heraldry and heraldic art have {88} always been a mirror of the artistic -ideas prevalent at equivalent periods, and unless heraldry is to be wholly -relegated to consideration as a dead subject, it is an anachronism to -depict an action the date of which is well known (and which date it is -desired to advertise and not conceal) in a method of art belonging to a -different period. In family arms the case is different, as with those the -idea apparently is always the concealment of the date of nobility. - -The "landscape" variety of heraldry is more common in Germany than with us, -and Strohl writes: "Of very little heraldic worth are the old house and -home signs as they were used by landed proprietors, tradesmen, and artisans -or workmen, as indicative of their possessions, wares, or productions. -These signs, originally simply outline pictures, were later introduced into -heraldic soil, inasmuch as bourgeois families raised to the nobility -adopted their house signs as heraldic charges upon their shields." - -There are also many coats of arms which run: "In base, a representation of -water proper," and one of the best instances of this will be found in the -arms of Oxford, though for the sake of preserving the pun the coat in this -case is blazoned: "Argent, an ox gules passing over a ford proper." Similar -instances occur in the arms of Renfrew, Queensferry, Leith, Ryde, and -scores of other towns. It has always been considered permissible to -represent these either by an attempt to depict natural water, or else in -the ancient heraldic way of representing water, namely "barry wavy argent -and azure." There are many other coats of arms which are of a similar -character though specifically blazoned "barry wavy argent and azure." Now -this representation of water in base can hardly be properly said to be a -charge, but perhaps it might be dismissed as such were it not that one coat -of arms exists in Scotland, the whole of the field of which is simply a -representation of water. Unfortunately this coat of arms has never been -matriculated in Lyon Register or received official sanction; but there is -no doubt of its ancient usage, and were it to be now matriculated in -conformity with the Act of 1672, there is very little doubt that the -ancient characteristic would be retained. The arms are those of the town of -Inveraray in Argyllshire, and the blazon of the coat, according to the form -it is depicted upon the Corporate seal, would be for the field: "The sea -proper, therein a net suspended from the dexter chief and the sinister fess -points to the base; and entangled in its meshes five herrings," which is -about the most remarkable coat of arms I have ever come across. - -Occasionally a "field," or portion of a field, will be found to be a -representation of masonry. This may be either proper or of some metal or -colour. The arms of the city of Bath are: "Party per fesse {89} embattled -azure and argent, the base masonry, in chief two bars wavy of the second; -over all, a sword in pale gules, hilt and pommel or." The arms of Reynell -are: "Argent, masoned sable, a chief indented of the second." - -SEME - -The use of the term "seme" must be considered before we leave the subject -of the field. It simply means "powdered with" or "strewed with" any -objects, the number of the latter being unlimited, the purpose being to -evenly distribute them over the shield. In depicting anything seme, care is -usually taken that some of the charges (with which the field is seme) shall -be partly defaced by the edges of the shield, or the ordinary upon which -they are charged, or by the superior charge itself, to indicate that the -field is not charged with a specific number of objects. - -[Illustration: FIG. 44.--Arms of John, Lord De la Warr (d. 1398). (From MS. -Ashm. 804, iv.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 45.--Arms of John, Lord Beaumont, K.G. (d. 1396). From -his Garter Plate: 1 and 4, Beaumont; 2 and 3, azure, three garbs or (for -Comyn).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 46.--Arms of Gilbert Umfraville, Earl of Kyme (d. -1421). (From Harl. MS. 6163.)] - -There are certain special terms which may be noted. A field or charge seme -of fleurs-de-lis is termed "seme-de-lis," but if seme of bezants it is -bezante, and is termed plate if seme of plates. - -A field seme of billets is billetty or billette, and when seme of cross -crosslets it is termed crusilly. A field or charge seme of drops is termed -goutte or gutty. - -Instances of coats of which the field is seme will be found in the arms of -De la Warr (see Fig. 44), which are: Gules, crusilly, and a lion rampant -argent; Beaumont (see Fig. 45): Azure, seme-de-lis and a lion rampant or; -and Umfraville (see Fig. 46): Gules, seme of crosses flory, and a -cinquefoil or. - -The goutte or drop occasionally figures (in a specified number) as a -charge; but such cases are rare, its more frequent use being to show {90} a -field seme. British heraldry alone has evolved separate names for the -different colours, all other nations simply using the term "goutte" or -"gutte," and specifying the colour. The terms we have adopted are as -follows: For drops of gold, "gutte-d'or"; silver, "gutte-d'eau"; for gules, -"gutte-de-sang"; azure, "gutte-de-larmes"; vert, "gutte-d'huile"; and -sable, "gutte-de-poix." - -The term seme must not be confused with diapering, for whilst the objects -with which a field is seme are an integral part of the arms, diapering is a -purely artistic and optional matter. - -DIAPERING - -The diapering of armorial emblazonments is a matter with which the -_Science_ of armory has no concern. Diaper never forms any part of the -blazon, and is never officially noticed, being considered, and very -properly allowed to remain, a purely artistic detail. From the artistic -point of view it has some importance, as in many of the earliest instances -of handicraft in which armorial decoration appears, very elaborate -diapering is introduced. The frequency with which diapering is met with in -armorial handicraft is strangely at variance with its absence in heraldic -paintings of the same periods, a point which may perhaps be urged upon the -attention of some of the heraldic artists of the present day, who would -rather seem to have failed to grasp the true purpose and origin and perhaps -also the use of diaper. In stained glass and enamel work, where the use of -diaper is most frequently met with, it was introduced for the express -purpose of catching and breaking up the light, the result of which was to -give an enormously increased effect of brilliance to the large and -otherwise flat surfaces. These tricks of their art and craft the old -handicraftsmen were past masters in the use of. But no such purpose could -be served in a small painting upon vellum. For this reason early heraldic -emblazonments are seldom if ever found to have been diapered. With the rise -of heraldic engraving amongst the "little masters" of German art, the -opportunity left to their hands by the absence of colour naturally led to -the renewed use of diaper to avoid the appearance of blanks in their work. -The use of diaper at the present day needs to be the result of careful -study and thought, and its haphazard employment is not recommended. - -If, as Woodward states (an assertion one is rather inclined to doubt), -there are some cases abroad in which the constant use of diapering has been -stereotyped into an integral part of the arms, these cases must be -exceedingly few in number, and they certainly have no counterpart in the -armory of this country. Where for artistic reasons {91} diapering is -employed, care must always be taken that the decorative form employed -cannot be mistaken for a field either charged or seme. - -PARTITION LINES - -If there is one subject which the ordinary text-books of armory treat in -the manner of classification adapted to an essay on natural history or -grammar, with its attendant rigidity of rule, it is the subject of -partition lines; and yet the whole subject is more in the nature of a set -of explanations which must each be learned on its own merits. The usual -lines of partition are themselves well enough known; and it is hardly -necessary to elaborate the different variations at any great length. They -may, however, be enumerated as follows: Engrailed, embattled, indented, -invecked or invected, wavy or undy, nebuly, dancette, raguly, potente, -dovetailed, and urdy. These are the lines which are recognised by most -modern heraldic text-books and generally recapitulated; but we shall have -occasion later to refer to others which are very well known, though -apparently they have never been included in the classification of partition -lines (Fig. 47). _Engrailed_, as every one knows, is formed by a continuous -and concurrent series of small semicircles conjoined each to each, the -sharp points formed by the conjunction of the two arcs being placed -_outwards_. This partition line may be employed for the rectilinear charges -known as "ordinaries" or "sub-ordinaries." In the bend, pale, pile, cross, -chief, and fess, when these are described as engrailed the enclosing lines -of the ordinary, other than the edges of the shield, are all composed of -these small semicircles with the points turned _outwards_, and the word -"outwards" must be construed as pointing away from the centre of the -ordinary when it is depicted. In the case of a chief the points are turned -downwards, but it is rather difficult to describe the use of the term when -used as a partition line of the field. The only instance I can call to mind -where it is so employed is the case of Baird of Ury, the arms of this -family being: Per pale engrailed gules and or, a boar passant -counterchanged. In this instance the points are turned towards the sinister -side of the shield, which would seem to be correct, as, there being no -ordinary, they must be outwards from the most important position affected, -which in this case undoubtedly is the dexter side of the shield. In the -same way "per fess engrailed" would be presumably depicted with the points -outwards from the chief line of the shield, that is, they would point -downwards; and I should imagine that in "per bend engrailed" the points of -the semicircles would again be placed inclined towards the dexter base of -the shield, but I may be wrong in these two latter cases, for they are only -supposition. This {92} point, however, which puzzled me much in depicting -the arms of Baird of Ury, I could find explained in no text-book upon the -subject. - -[Illustration: FIG. 47.--Lines of Partition.] - -The term _invected_ or _invecked_ is the precise opposite of engrailed. It -is similarly composed of small semicircles, but the points are turned -inwards instead of outwards, so that it is no more than the exact reverse -of engrailed, and all the regulations concerning the one need to be -observed concerning the other, with the proviso that they are reversed. -{93} - -The partition line _embattled_ has certain peculiarities of its own. When -dividing the field there can be no difficulty about it, inasmuch as the -crenellations are equally inwards and outwards from any point, and it -should be noted that the term "crenelle" is almost as often used as -"embattled." When, however, the term describes an ordinary, certain points -have to be borne in mind. The fess or the bar embattled is drawn with the -crenellations _on the upper side_ only, the under edge being plain unless -the ordinary is described both as "embattled and counter-embattled." -Similarly a chevron is only crenellated on the upper edge unless it is -described as both embattled and counter-embattled, but a pale embattled is -crenellated on both edges as is the cross or saltire. Strictly speaking, a -bend embattled is crenellated upon the upper edge only, though with regard -to this ordinary there is much laxity of practice. I have never come across -a pile embattled; but it would naturally be embattled on both edges. Some -writers make a distinction between embattled and bretessed, giving to the -former term the meaning that the embattlements on the one side are opposed -to the indentations on the other, and using the term bretessed to signify -that embattlements are opposite embattlements and indentations opposite -indentations. I am doubtful as to the accuracy of this distinction, because -the French term bretesse means only counter-embattled. - -The terms _indented_ and _dancette_ need to be considered together, because -they differ very little, and only in the fact that whilst indented may be -drawn with any number of teeth, dancette is drawn with a limited number, -which is usually three complete teeth in the width of the field. But it -should be observed that this rule is not so hard and fast that the -necessity of artistic depicting may not modify it slightly. An ordinary -which is indented would follow much the same rules as an ordinary which was -engrailed, except that the teeth are made by small straight lines for the -indentations instead of by small semicircles, and instances can doubtless -be found of all the ordinaries qualified by the term indented. Dancette, -however, does not lend itself so readily to general application, and is -usually to be found applied to either a fess or chief, or occasionally a -bend. In the case of a fess dancette the indentations on the top and bottom -lines are made to fit into each other, so that instead of having a straight -band with the edge merely toothed, one gets an up and down zig-zag band -with three complete teeth at the top and three complete teeth at the -bottom. Whilst a fess, a bar, a bend, and a chief can be found dancette, I -do not see how it would be possible to draw a saltire or a cross dancette. -At any rate the resulting figure would be most ugly, and would appear -ill-balanced. A pile and a chevron seem equally impossible, though there -does not {94} seem to be the like objection to a pale dancette. An instance -of a bend dancette is found in the arms of Cuffe (Lord Desart), which are: -Argent, on a bend dancette sable, plain cotised azure, three fleurs-de-lis, -and on each cotise as many bezants. - -_Wavy_ or _undy_, which is supposed to have been taken from water, and -_nebuly_, which is supposed to be derived from clouds, are of course lines -which are well known. They are equally applicable to any ordinary and to -any partition of the field; but in both cases it should be noticed by -artists that there is no one definite or accepted method of depicting these -lines, and one is quite at liberty, and might be recommended, to widen out -the indentations, or to increase them in height, as the artistic -requirements of the work in hand may seem to render advisable. It is only -by bearing this in mind and treating these lines with freedom that really -artistic work can sometimes be produced where they occur. There is no fixed -rule either as to the width which these lines may occupy or as to the -number of indentations as compared with the width of the shield, and it is -a pity to introduce or recognise any regulations of this character where -none exist. There are writers who think it not unlikely that vaire and -barry nebuly were one and the same thing. It is at any rate difficult in -some old representations to draw any noticeable distinctions between the -methods of depicting barry nebuly and vair. - -The line _raguly_ has been the subject of much discussion. It, and the two -which follow, viz. potente and dovetailed, are all comparatively modern -introductions. It would be interesting if some enthusiast would go -carefully through the ancient Rolls of Arms and find the earliest -occurrences of these terms. My own impression is that they would all be -found to be inventions of the mediaeval writers on heraldry. Raguly is the -same as embattled, with the crenellations put upon the slant. Some writers -say they should slant one way, others give them slanting the reverse. In a -pale or a bend the teeth must point upwards; but in a fess I should -hesitate to say whether it were more correct for them to point to the -dexter or to the sinister, and I am inclined to consider that either is -perfectly correct. At any rate, whilst they are usually drawn inclined to -the dexter, in Woodward and Burnett they are to the sinister, and Guillim -gives them turned to the dexter, saying, "This form of line I never yet met -with in use as a partition, though frequently in composing of ordinaries -referring them like to the trunks of trees with the branches lopped off, -and that (as I take it) it was intended to represent." Modern heraldry -supplies an instance which in the days of Mr. Guillim, of course, did not -exist to refer to. This instance occurs in the arms of the late Lord -Leighton, which were: "Quarterly per fesse raguly or and gules, in the -second and {95} third quarters a wyvern of the first." It is curious that -Guillim, even in the edition of 1724, does not mention any of the remaining -terms. Dovetailed in modern armory is even yet but seldom made use of, -though I can quote two instances of coats of arms in which it is to be -found, namely, the arms of Kirk, which are: "Gules, a chevron dovetailed -ermine, on a chief argent, three dragons' heads couped of the field;" and -Ambrose: "Azure, two lions passant in pale argent, on a chief dovetailed of -the last, a fleur-de-lis between two annulets of the first." Other -instances of dovetailed used as a line of partition will be found in the -case of the arms of Farmer, which are: "Per chevron dovetailed gules and -argent, in chief two lions' heads erased of the last, and in base a -salamander in flames proper;" and in the arms of Fenton namely: "Per pale -argent and sable, a cross dovetailed, in the first and fourth quarters a -fleur-de-lis, and in the second and third a trefoil slipped all -countercharged." There are, of course, many others. The term _potente_, as -will be seen from a reference to Fig. 47, is used to indicate a line which -follows the form of the division lines in the fur potent. As one of the -partition lines potente is very rare. - -As to the term _urdy_, which is given in Woodward and Burnett and also in -Berry, I can only say I personally have never come across an instance of -its use as a partition line. A cross or a billet urdy one knows, but urdy -as a partition line I have yet to find. It is significant that it is -omitted in Parker except as a term applicable to a cross, and the instances -and variations given by Berry, "urdy in point paleways" and "contrary -urdy," I should be much more inclined to consider as variations of vair; -and, though it is always well to settle points which can be settled, I -think urdy and its use as a partition line may be well left for further -consideration when examples of it come to hand. - -There is one term, however, which is to be met with at the present time, -but which I have never seen quoted in any text-book under the heading of a -partition line; that is, "flory counter-flory," which is of course formed -by a succession of fleurs-de-lis alternately reversed and counterchanged. -They might of course be blazoned after the quotation of the field as "per -bend" or "per chevron" as the case might be, simply as so many -fleurs-de-lis counterchanged, and alternately reversed in a specified -position; but this never appears to be the case, and consequently the -fleurs-de-lis would appear to be essentially parts of the field and not -charges. I have sometimes thought whether it would not be more correct to -depict "per something" flory and counter-flory without completing the -fleurs-de-lis, simply leaving the alternate tops of the fleurs-de-lis to -show. In the cases of the illustrations which have come under my notice, -however, the whole fleur-de-lis is depicted, and as an instance of the use -of the term may be mentioned the arms of {96} Dumas, which are: "Per -chevron flory and counter-flory or and azure, in chief two lions' gambs -erased, and in base a garb counterchanged." But when the term flory and -counter-flory is used in conjunction with an ordinary, _e.g._ a fess flory -and counter-flory, the _half_ fleurs-de-lis, only alternately reversed, are -represented on the _outer_ edges of the ordinary. - -I think also that the word "_arched_" should now be included as a partition -line. I confess that the only form in which I know of it is that it is -frequently used by the present Garter King of Arms in designing coats of -arms with chiefs arched. Recently Garter has granted a coat with a chief -double arched. But if a chief can be arched I see no reason why a fesse or -a bar cannot equally be so altered, and in that case it undoubtedly becomes -a recognised line of partition. Perhaps it should be stated that a chief -arched is a chief with its base line one arc of a large circle. The -diameter of the circle and the consequent acuteness of the arch do not -appear to be fixed by any definite rule, and here again artistic -requirements must be the controlling factor in any decision. Elvin in his -"Dictionary of Heraldic Terms" gives a curious assortment of lines, the -most curious of all, perhaps, being indented embowed, or hacked and hewed. -Where such a term originated or in what coat of arms it is to be found I am -ignorant, but the appearance is exactly what would be presented by a piece -of wood hacked with an axe at regular intervals. Elvin again makes a -difference between bretessed and embattled-counter-embattled, making the -embattlement on either side of an ordinary identical in the former and -alternated in the latter. He also makes a difference between raguly, which -is the conventional form universally adopted, and raguled and trunked, -where the ordinary takes the representation of the trunk of a tree with the -branches lopped; but these and many others that he gives are refinements of -idea which personally I should never expect to find in actual use, and of -the instances of which I am unaware. I think, however, the term -"_rayonne_," which is found in both the arms of O'Hara and the arms of -Colman, and which is formed by the addition of rays to the ordinary, should -take a place amongst lines of partition, though I admit I know of no -instance in which it is employed to divide the field. - -METHODS OF PARTITION - -The field of any coat of arms is the surface colour of the shield, and is -supposed to include the area within the limits formed by its outline. There -are, as has been already stated, but few coats of a single colour minus a -charge to be found in British heraldry. But there {97} are many which -consist of a field divided by partition lines only, of which some instances -were given on page 69. - -A shield may be divided by partition lines running in the direction of -almost any "ordinary," in which case the field will be described as "per -bend" or "per chevron," &c. It may be: - - Per fess Fig. 48 - Per bend " 49 - Per bend sinister " 50 - Per pale " 51 - Per chevron " 52 - Per cross " 53 - (though it should be noted that the more usual term employed - for this is "quarterly") - Per saltire Fig. 54 - -But a field cannot be "per pile" or "per chief," because there is no other -way of representing these ordinaries. - -[Illustration: FIG. 48.--Per fess.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 49.--Per bend.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 50.--Per bend sinister.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 51.--Per pale.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 52.--Per chevron.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 53.--Per cross or quarterly.] - -A field can be composed of any number of pieces in the form of the -ordinaries filling the area of the shield, in which case the field is said -to be "barry" (Figs. 55 and 56), "paly" (Fig. 57), "bendy" (Fig. 58), -"chevronny" (Fig. 59), &c., but the number of pieces must be specified. -{98} - -[Illustration: FIG. 54.--Per saltire.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 55.--Barry.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 56.--Barry nebuly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 57.--Paly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 58.--Bendy.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 59.--Chevronny.] - -Another method of partition will be found in the fields "checky" (or -"chequy") and lozengy; but these divisions, as also the foregoing, will be -treated more specifically under the different ordinaries. A field which is -party need not necessarily have all its lines of partition the same. This -peculiarity, however, seldom occurs except in the case of a field -quarterly, the object in coats of this character being to prevent different -quarters of one coat of arms being ranked as or taken to be quarterings -representing different families. {99} - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -THE RULES OF BLAZON - -The word "Blazon" is used with some number of meanings, but practically it -may be confined to the verb "to blazon," which is to describe in words a -given coat of arms, and the noun "blazon," which is such a description. - -Care should be taken to differentiate between the employment of the term -"blazon" and the verb "to emblazon," which latter means to depict in -colour. - -It may here be remarked, however, that to illustrate by the use of outline -with written indications of colour is termed "to trick," and a picture of -arms of this character is termed "a trick." - -The term _trick_ has of late been extended (though one almost thinks -improperly) to include representations of arms in which the colours are -indicated by the specified tincture lines which have been already referred -to. - -The subject of blazon has of late acquired rather more importance than has -hitherto been conceded to it, owing to an unofficial attempt to introduce a -new system of blazoning under the guise of a supposed reversion to earlier -forms of description. This it is not, but even if it were what it claims to -be, merely the revival of ancient forms and methods, its reintroduction -cannot be said to be either expedient or permissible, because the ancient -practice does not permit of extension to the limits within which more -modern armory has developed, and modern armory, though less ancient, is -armory equally with the more ancient and simpler examples to be found in -earlier times. To ignore modern armory is simply futile and absurd. - -The rules to be employed in blazon are simple, and comparatively few in -number. - -The commencement of any blazon is of necessity a description of the -_field_, the one word signifying its colour being employed if it be a -simple field; or, if it be composite, such terms as are necessary. Thus, a -coat divided "per pale" or "per chevron" is so described, and whilst the -Scottish field of this character is officially termed "Parted" [per pale, -or per chevron], the English equivalent is "Party," though this {100} word -in English usage is more often omitted than not in the blazon which -commences "per pale," or "per chevron," as the case may be. - -The description of the different colours and different divisions of the -field have all been detailed in earlier chapters, but it may be added that -in a "party" coloured field, that colour or tincture is mentioned first -which occupies the more important part of the escutcheon. Thus, in a field -"per bend," "per chevron," or "per fess," the upper portion of the field is -first referred to; in a coat "per pale," the dexter side is the more -important; and in a coat "quarterly," the tinctures of the 1st and 4th -quarters are given precedence of the tinctures of the 2nd and 3rd. The only -division upon which there has seemed any uncertainty is the curious one -"gyronny," but the correct method to be employed in this case can very -easily be recognised by taking the first quarter of the field, and therein -considering the field as if it were simply "per bend." - -After the field has been described, anything of which the field is seme -must next be alluded to, _e.g._ gules, seme-de-lis or, &c. - -The second thing to be mentioned in the blazon is the principal charge. We -will consider first those cases in which it is an ordinary. Thus, one would -speak of "Or, a chevron gules," or, if there be other charges as well as -the ordinary, "Azure, a bend between two horses' heads or," or "Gules, a -chevron between three roses argent." - -The colour of the ordinary is not mentioned until after the charge, if it -be the same as the latter, but if it be otherwise it must of course be -specified, as in the coat: "Or, a fess gules between three crescents -sable." If the ordinary is charged, the charges thereupon, being less -important than the charges in the field, are mentioned subsequently, as in -the coat: "Gules, on a bend argent between two fountains proper, a rose -gules between two mullets sable." - -The position of the charges need not be specified when they would naturally -fall into a certain position with regard to the ordinaries. Thus, a chevron -between three figures of necessity has two in chief and one in base. A bend -between two figures of necessity has one above and one below. A fess has -two above and one below. A cross between four has one in each angle. In -none of these cases is it necessary to state the position. If, however, -those positions or numbers do not come within the category mentioned, care -must be taken to specify what the coat exactly is. - -If a bend is accompanied only by one charge, the position of this charge -must be stated. For example: "Gules, a bend or, in chief a crescent -argent." A chevron with four figures would be described: "Argent, a chevron -between three escallops in chief and one in base sable," though it would be -equally correct to say: "Argent, a chevron {101} between four escallops, -three in chief and one in base sable." In the same way we should get: -"Vert, on a cross or, and in the 1st quarter a bezant, an estoile sable;" -though, to avoid confusion, this coat would more probably be blazoned: -"Vert, a cross or, charged with an estoile sable, and in the first quarter -a bezant." This example will indicate the latitude which is permissible if, -for the sake of avoiding confusion and making a blazon more readily -understandable, some deviation from the strict formulas would appear to be -desirable. - -If there be no ordinary on a shield, the charge which occupies the chief -position is mentioned first. For example: "Or, a lion rampant sable between -three boars' heads erased gules, two in chief and one in base." Many -people, however, would omit any reference to the position of the boars' -heads, taking it for granted that, as there were only three, they would be -2 and 1, which is the normal position of three charges in any coat of arms. -If, however, the coat of arms had the three boars' heads all above the -lion, it would then be necessary to blazon it: "Or, a lion rampant sable, -in chief three boars' heads erased gules." - -When a field is _seme_ of anything, this is taken to be a part of the -field, and not a representation of a number of charges. Consequently the -arms of Long are blazoned: "Sable, seme of cross crosslets, a lion rampant -argent." As a matter of fact the seme of cross crosslets is always termed -_crusilly_, as has been already explained. - -When charges are placed around the shield in the position they would occupy -if placed upon a bordure, these charges are said to be "in orle," as in the -arms of Hutchinson: "Quarterly, azure and gules, a lion rampant erminois, -within four cross crosslets argent, and as many bezants alternately in -orle;" though it is equally permissible to term charges in such a position -"an orle of [_e.g._ cross crosslets argent and bezants alternately]," or so -many charges "in orle" (see Fig. 60). - -If an ordinary be engrailed, or invected, this fact is at once stated, the -term occurring before the colour of the ordinary. Thus: "Argent, on a -chevron nebuly between three crescents gules, as many roses of the field." -When a charge upon an ordinary is the same colour as the field, the name of -the colour is not repeated, but those charges are said to be "of the -field." - -It is the constant endeavour, under the recognised system, to avoid the use -of the name of the same colour a second time in the blazon. Thus: -"Quarterly, gules and or, a cross counterchanged between in the first -quarter a sword erect proper, pommel and hilt of the second; in the second -quarter a rose of the first, barbed and seeded of the third; in the third -quarter a fleur-de-lis azure; and {102} in the fourth quarter a mullet -_gold_"--the use of the term "gold" being alone permissible in such a case. - -Any animal which needs to be described, also needs its position to be -specified. It may be rampant, segreant, passant, statant, or trippant, as -the case may be. It may also sometimes be necessary to specify its position -upon the shield, but the terms peculiarly appropriated to specific animals -will be given in the chapters in which these animals are dealt with. - -[Illustration: FIG. 60.--Arms of Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke: -"Baruly argent and azure, an orle of martlets gules." (From his seal.)] - -With the exception of the chief, the quarter, the canton, the flaunch, and -the bordure, an ordinary or sub-ordinary is always of greater importance, -and therefore should be mentioned before any other charge, but in the cases -alluded to the remainder of the shield is first blazoned, before attention -is paid to these figures. Thus we should get: "Argent, a chevron between -three mullets gules, on a chief of the last three crescents of the second;" -or "Sable, a lion rampant between three fleurs-de-lis or, on a canton -argent a mascle of the field;" or "Gules, two chevronels between three -mullets pierced or, within a bordure engrailed argent charged with eight -roses of the field." The arms in Fig. 61 are an interesting example of this -point. They are those of John de Bretagne, Earl of Richmond (d. 1334), and -would properly be blazoned: "Chequy or and azure, a bordure gules, charged -with lions passant guardant or ('a bordure of England'), over all a canton -(sometimes a quarter) ermine." - -[Illustration: FIG. 61.--The arms of John de Bretagne, Earl of Richmond.] - -If two ordinaries or sub-ordinaries appear in the same field, certain -discretion needs to be exercised, but the arms of Fitzwalter, for example, -are as follows: "Or, a fess between two chevrons gules." - -When charges are placed in a series following the direction of any ordinary -they are said to be "in bend," "in chevron," or "in pale," as the case may -be, and not only must their position on the shield as regards each other be -specified, but their individual direction must also be noted. - -A coat of arms in which three spears were placed side by side, but each -erect, would be blazoned: "Gules, three tilting-spears palewise in fess;" -but if the spears were placed horizontally, one above the other, they would -be blazoned: "Three tilting-spears fesswise in pale," {103} because in the -latter case each spear is placed fesswise, but the three occupy in relation -to each other the position of a pale. Three tilting-spears fesswise which -were not _in pale_ would be depicted 2 and 1. - -When one charge surmounts another, the undermost one is mentioned first, as -in the arms of Beaumont (see Fig. 62). Here the lion rampant is the -principal charge, and the bend which debruises it is consequently mentioned -afterwards. - -In the cases of a cross and of a saltire, the charges when all are alike -would simply be described as between four objects, though the term -"cantonned by" four objects is sometimes met with. If the objects are not -the same, they must be specified as being in the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd quarters, -if the ordinary be a cross. If it be a saltire, it will be found that in -Scotland the charges are mentioned as being in chief and base, and in the -"flanks." In England they would be described as being _in pale_ and _in -fess_ if the alternative charges are the same; if not, they would be -described as _in chief_, on the dexter side, on the sinister side, and _in -base_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 62.--Arms of John de Beaumont, Lord Beaumont (d. 1369): -Azure, seme-de-lis and a lion rampant or, over all a bend gobony argent and -gules. (From his seal.)] - -When a specified number of charges is immediately followed by the same -number of charges elsewhere disposed, the number is not repeated, the words -"as many" being substituted instead. Thus: "Argent, on a chevron between -three roses gules, as many crescents of the field." When any charge, -ordinary, or mark of cadency surmounts a single object, that object is -termed "debruised" by that ordinary. If it surmounts _everything_, as, for -instance, "a bendlet sinister," this would be termed "over all." When a -coat of arms is "party" coloured in its field and the charges are -alternately of the same colours transposed, the term _counterchanged_ is -used. For example, "Party per pale argent and sable, three chevronels -between as many mullets pierced all counterchanged." In that case the coat -is divided down the middle, the dexter field being argent, and the sinister -sable; the charges on the sable being argent, whilst the charges on the -argent are sable. A mark of cadency is mentioned last, and is termed "for -difference"; a mark of bastardy, or a mark denoting lack of blood descent, -is termed "for distinction." - -Certain practical hints, which, however, can hardly be termed rules, were -suggested by the late Mr. J. Gough Nicholls in 1863, when writing in the -_Herald and Genealogist_, and subsequent practice has since conformed -therewith, though it may be pointed out with advantage that these -suggestions are practically, and to all intents and purposes, {104} the -same rules which have been observed officially over a long period. Amongst -these suggestions he advises that the blazoning of every coat or quarter -should begin with a capital letter, and that, save on the occurrence of -proper names, no other capitals should be employed. He also suggests that -punctuation marks should be avoided as much as possible, his own practice -being to limit the use of the comma to its occurrence after each tincture. -He suggests also that figures should be omitted in all cases except in the -numbering of quarterings. - -When one or more quarterings occur, each is treated separately on its own -merits and blazoned entirely without reference to any other quartering. - -[Illustration: FIG. 63.--A to B, the chief; C to D, the base; A to C, -dexter side; B to D, sinister side. A, dexter chief; B, sinister chief; C, -dexter base; D, sinister base. 1, 2, 3, chief; 7, 8, 9, base; 2, 5, 8, -pale; 4, 5, 6, fess; 5, fess point.] - -In blazoning a coat in which some quarterings (grand quarterings) are -composed of several coats placed sub-quarterly, sufficient distinction is -afforded for English purposes of writing or printing if Roman numerals are -employed to indicate the grand quarters, and Arabic figures the -sub-quarters. But in _speaking_ such a method would need to be somewhat -modified in accordance with the Scottish practice, which describes grand -quarterings as such, and so alludes to them. - -The extensive use of bordures, charged and uncharged, in Scotland, which -figure sometimes round the sub-quarters, sometimes round the grand -quarters, and sometimes round the entire escutcheon, causes so much -confusion that for the purposes of blazoning it is essential that the -difference between quarters and grand quarters should be clearly defined. - -In order to simplify the blazoning of a shield, and so express the position -of the charges, the _field_ has been divided into _points_, of which those -placed near the top, and to the dexter, are always considered the more -important. In heraldry, dexter and sinister are determined, not from the -point of view of the onlooker, but from that of the bearer of the shield. -The diagram (Fig. 63) will serve to explain the plan of a shield's surface. - -[Illustration: FIG. 64.] - -If a second shield be placed upon the fess point, this is called an -inescutcheon (in German, the "heart-shield"). The enriching of the shield -with an inescutcheon came into lively use in Germany in the course of the -latter half of the fifteenth century. Later on, further points of honour -were added, as the honour point (a, Fig. 64), and the nombril point (b, -Fig. 64). These extra shields laid upon the others should correspond as -much as possible in shape to the chief shield. If between the inescutcheon -and the chief shield still another be inserted, {105} it is called the -"middle shield," from its position, but except in Anglicised versions of -Continental arms, these distinctions are quite foreign to British armory. - -In conclusion, it may be stated that although the foregoing are the rules -which are usually observed, and that every effort should be made to avoid -unnecessary tautology, and to make the blazon as brief as possible, it is -by no manner of means considered officially, or unofficially, that any one -of these rules is so unchangeable that in actual practice it cannot be -modified if it should seem advisable so to do. For the essential necessity -of accuracy is of far greater importance than any desire to be brief, or to -avoid tautology. This should be borne in mind, and also the fact that in -official practice no such hide-bound character is given to these rules, as -one is led to believe is the case when perusing some of the ordinary -text-books of armory. They certainly are not laws, they are hardly "rules," -perhaps being better described as accepted methods of blazoning. {106} - - - -CHAPTER IX - -THE SO-CALLED ORDINARIES AND SUB-ORDINARIES - -Arms, and the charges upon arms, have been divided into many fantastical -divisions. There is a type of the precise mind much evident in the -scientific writing of the last and the preceding centuries which is for -ever unhappy unless it can be dividing the object of its consideration into -classes and divisions, into sub-classes and sub-divisions. Heraldry has -suffered in this way; for, oblivious of the fact that the rules enunciated -are impossible as rigid guides for general observance, and that they never -have been complied with, and that they never will be, a "tabular" system -has been evolved for heraldry as for most other sciences. The "precise" -mind has applied a system obviously derived from natural history -classification to the principles of armory. It has selected a certain -number of charges, and has been pleased to term them ordinaries. It has -selected others which it has been pleased to term sub-ordinaries. The -selection has been purely arbitrary, at the pleasure of the writer, and few -writers have agreed in their classifications. One of the foremost rules -which former heraldic writers have laid down is that an ordinary must -contain the third part of the field. Now it is doubtful whether an ordinary -has ever been drawn containing the third part of the field by rigid -measurement, except in the solitary instance of the pale, when it is drawn -"per fess counterchanged," for the obvious _purpose_ of dividing the shield -into six equal portions, a practice which has been lately pursued very -extensively owing to the ease with which, by its adoption, a new coat of -arms can be designed bearing a distinct resemblance to one formerly in use -without infringing the rights of the latter. Certainly, if the ordinary is -the solitary charge upon the shield, it will be drawn about that specified -proportion. But when an attempt is made to draw the Walpole coat (which -cannot be said to be a modern one) so that it shall exhibit three -ordinaries, to wit, one fess and two chevrons (which being interpreted as -three-thirds of the shield, would fill it entirely), and yet leave a goodly -proportion of the field still visible, the absurdity is apparent. And a -very large proportion of the classification and rules which occupy such a -large proportion of the space in the majority of heraldic text-books are -equally unnecessary, {107} confusing, and incorrect, and what is very much -more important, such rules have never been recognised by the powers that -have had the control of armory from the beginning of that control down to -the present day. I shall not be surprised to find that many of my critics, -bearing in mind how strenuously I have pleaded elsewhere for a right and -proper observance of the laws of armory, may think that the foregoing has -largely the nature of a recantation. It is nothing of the kind, and I -advocate as strenuously as I have ever done, the compliance with and the -observance of every rule which can be shown to exist. But this is no -argument whatever for the idle invention of rules which never have existed; -or for the recognition of rules which have no other origin than the -imagination of heraldic writers. Nor is it an argument for the deduction of -unnecessary regulations from cases which can be shown to have been -exceptions. Too little recognition is paid to the fact that in armory there -are almost as many rules of exception as original rules. There are vastly -more plain exceptions to the rules which should govern them. - -On the subject of ordinaries, I cannot see wherein lies the difference -between a bend and a lion rampant, save their difference in form, yet the -one is said to be an ordinary, the other is merely a charge. Each has its -special rules to be observed, and whilst a bend can be engrailed or -invected, a lion can be guardant or regardant; and whilst the one can be -placed between two objects, which objects will occupy a specified position, -so can the other. Each can be charged, and each furnishes an excellent -example of the futility of some of the ancient rules which have been coined -concerning them. The ancient rules allow of but one lion and one bend upon -a shield, requiring that two bends shall become bendlets, and two lions -lioncels, whereas the instance we have already quoted--the coat of -Walpole--has never been drawn in such form that either of the chevrons -could have been considered chevronels, and it is rather late in the day to -degrade the lions of England into unblooded whelps. To my mind the -ordinaries and sub-ordinaries are no more than first charges, and though -the bend, the fess, the pale, the pile, the chevron, the cross, and the -saltire will always be found described as honourable ordinaries, whilst the -chief seems also to be pretty universally considered as one of the -honourable ordinaries, such hopeless confusion remains as to the others -(scarcely any two writers giving similar classifications), that the utter -absurdity of the necessity for any classification at all is amply -demonstrated. Classification is only necessary or desirable when a certain -set of rules can be applied identically to all the set of figures in that -particular class. Even this will not hold with the ordinaries which have -been quoted. {108} - -A pale embattled is embattled upon both its edges; a fess embattled is -embattled only upon the upper edge; a chief is embattled necessarily only -upon the lower; and the grave difficulty of distinguishing "per pale -engrailed" from "per pale invected" shows that no rigid rules can be laid -down. When we come to sub-ordinaries, the confusion is still more apparent, -for as far as I can see the only reason for the classification is the -tabulating of rules concerning the lines of partition. The bordure and the -orle can be, and often are, engrailed or embattled; the fret, the lozenge, -the fusil, the mascle, the rustre, the flanche, the roundel, the billet, -the label, the pairle, it would be practically impossible to meddle with; -and all these figures have at some time or another, and by some writer or -other, been included amongst either the ordinaries or the sub-ordinaries. -In fact there is no one quality which these charges possess in common which -is not equally possessed by scores of other well-known charges, and there -is no particular reason why a certain set should be selected and dignified -by the name of ordinaries; nor are there any rules relating to ordinaries -which require the selection of a certain number of figures, or of any -figures to be controlled by those rules, with one exception. The exception -is to be found not in the rules governing the ordinaries, but in the rules -of blazon. After the field has been specified, the principal charge must be -mentioned first, and no charge can take precedence of a bend, fess, pale, -pile, chevron, cross, or saltire, except one of themselves. If there be any -reason for a subdivision those charges must stand by themselves, and might -be termed the honourable ordinaries, but I can see no reason for treating -the chief, the quarter, the canton, gyron, flanche, label, orle, tressure, -fret, inescutcheon, chaplet, bordure, lozenge, fusil, mascle, rustre, -roundel, billet, label, shakefork, and pairle, as other than ordinary -charges. They certainly are purely heraldic, and each has its own special -rules, but so in heraldry have the lion, griffin, and deer. Here is the -complete list of the so-called ordinaries and sub-ordinaries: The bend; -fess; bar; chief; pale; chevron; cross; saltire; pile; pairle, shakefork or -pall; quarter; canton; gyron; bordure; orle; tressure; flanche; label, -fret; inescutcheon; chaplet; lozenge; fusil; mascle; rustre; roundel; -billet, together with the diminutives of such of these as are in use. - -With reference to the origin of these ordinaries, by the use of which term -is meant for the moment the rectilinear figures peculiar to armory, it may -be worth the passing mention that the said origin is a matter of some -mystery. Guillim and the old writers almost universally take them to be -derived from the actual military scarf or a representation of it placed -across the shield in various forms. Other writers, taking the surcoat and -its decoration as the real origin of coats of arms, derive {109} the -ordinaries from the belt, scarf, and other articles of raiment. Planche, on -the other hand, scouted such a derivation, putting forward upon very good -and plausible grounds the simple argument that the origin of the ordinaries -is to be found in the cross-pieces of wood placed across a shield for -strengthening purposes. He instances cases in which shields, apparently -charged with ordinaries but really strengthened with cross-pieces, can be -taken back to a period long anterior to the existence of regularised -armory. But then, on the other hand, shields can be found decorated with -animals at an equally early or even an earlier period, and I am inclined -myself to push Planche's own argument even farther than he himself took it, -and assert unequivocally that the ordinaries had in themselves no -particular symbolism and no definable origin whatever beyond that easy -method of making some pattern upon a shield which was to be gained by using -straight lines. That they ever had any military meaning, I cannot see the -slightest foundation to believe; their suggested and asserted symbolism I -totally deny. But when we can find, as Planche did, that shields were -strengthened with cross-pieces in various directions, it is quite natural -to suppose that these cross-pieces afforded a ready means of decoration in -colour, and this would lead a good deal of other decoration to follow -similar forms, even in the absence of cross-pieces upon the definite shield -itself. The one curious point which rather seems to tell against Planche's -theory is that in the earliest "rolls" of arms but a comparatively small -proportion of the arms are found to consist of these rectilinear figures, -and if the ordinaries really originated in strengthening cross-pieces one -would have expected a larger number of such coats of arms to be found; but -at the same time such arms would, in many cases, in themselves be so -palpably mere meaningless decoration of cross-pieces upon plain shields, -that the resulting design would not carry with it such a compulsory -remembrance as would a design, for example, derived from lines which had -plainly had no connection with the construction of the shield. Nor could it -have any such basis of continuity. Whilst a son would naturally paint a -lion upon his shield if his father had done the same, there certainly would -not be a similar inducement for a son to follow his father's example where -the design upon a shield were no more than different-coloured strengthening -pieces, because if these were gilt, for example, the son would naturally be -no more inclined to perpetuate a particular form of strengthening for his -shield, which might not need it, than any particular artistic division with -which it was involved, so that the absence of arms composed of ordinaries -from the early rolls of arms may not amount to so very much. Still further, -it may well be concluded that the compilers of early rolls {110} of arms, -or the collectors of the details from which early rolls were made at a -later date, may have been tempted to ignore, and may have been justified in -discarding from their lists of arms, those patterns and designs which -palpably were then no more than a meaningless colouring of the -strengthening pieces, but which patterns and designs by subsequent -continuous usage and perpetuation became accepted later by certain families -as the "arms" their ancestors had worn. It is easy to see that such -meaningless patterns would have less chance of survival by continuity of -usage, and at the same time would require a longer continuity of usage, -before attaining to fixity as a definite design. - -The undoubted symbolism of the cross in so many early coats of arms has -been urged strongly by those who argue either for a symbolism for all these -rectilinear figures or for an origin in articles of dress. But the figure -of the cross preceded Christianity and organised armory, and it had an -obvious decorative value which existed before, and which exists now outside -any attribute it may have of a symbolical nature. That it is an utterly -fallacious argument must be admitted when it is remembered that two lines -at right angles make a cross--probably the earliest of all forms of -decoration--and that the cross existed before its symbolism. Herein it -differs from other forms of decoration (e.g. the Masonic emblems) which -cannot be traced beyond their symbolical existence. The cross, like the -other heraldic rectilinear figures, came into existence, meaningless as a -decoration for a shield, before armory as such existed, and probably before -Christianity began. Then being in existence the Crusading instinct -doubtless caused its frequent selection with an added symbolical meaning. -But the argument can truthfully be pushed no farther. - -THE BEND - -The bend is a broad band going from the dexter chief corner to the sinister -base (Fig. 65). According to the old theorists this should contain the -third part of the field. As a matter of fact it hardly ever does, and -seldom did even in the oldest examples. Great latitude is allowed to the -artist on this point, in accordance with whether the bend be plain or -charged, and more particularly according to the charges which accompany it -in the shield and their disposition thereupon. - -"Azure, a bend or," is the well-known coat concerning which the historic -controversy was waged between Scrope and Grosvenor. As every one knows, it -was finally adjudged to belong to the former, and a right to it has also -been proved by the Cornish family of Carminow. {111} - -A bend is, of course, subject to the usual variations of the lines of -partition (Figs. 66-75). - -A bend compony (Fig. 76), will be found in the arms of Beaumont, and the -difference between this (in which the panes run with the bend) and a bend -barry (in which the panes are horizontal, Fig. 77), as in the arms of -King,[7] should be noticed. - -[Illustration: FIG. 65.--Bend.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 66.--Bend engrailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 67.--Bend invecked.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 68.--Bend embattled.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 69.--Bend embattled counter-embattled.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 70.--Bend raguly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 71.--Bend dovetailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 72.--Bend indented.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 73.--Bend dancette.] - -A bend wavy is not very usual, but will be found in the arms of Wallop, De -Burton, and Conder. A bend raguly appears in the arms of Strangman. {112} - -When a bend and a bordure appear upon the same arms, the bend is not -continued over the bordure, and similarly it does not surmount a tressure -(Fig. 78), but stops within it. - -A bend upon a bend is by no means unusual. An example of this will be found -in a coat of Waller. Cases where this happens need to be carefully -scrutinised to avoid error in blazoning. - -[Illustration: FIG. 74.--Bend wavy.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 75.--Bend nebuly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 76.--Bend compony.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 77.--Bend barry.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 78.--Bend within tressure.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 79.--Bend lozengy.] - -A bend lozengy, or of lozenges (Fig. 79), will be found in the arms of -Bolding. - -A bend flory and counterflory will be found in the arms of Fellows, a -quartering of Tweedy. - -A bend chequy will be found in the arms of Menteith, and it should be -noticed that the checks run the way of the bend. - -Ermine spots upon a bend are represented the way of the bend. - -Occasionally two bends will be found, as in the arms of Lever: Argent, two -bends sable, the upper one engrailed (_vide_ Lyon Register--escutcheon of -pretence on the arms of Goldie-Scot of Craigmore, 1868); or as in the arms -of James Ford, of Montrose, 1804: Gules, two bends vaire argent and sable, -on a chief or, a greyhound courant sable between two towers gules. A -different form appears in the arms of Zorke or Yorke (see Papworth), which -are blazoned: Azure, a bend argent, impaling argent, a bend azure. A -solitary instance of _three_ bends (which, however, effectually proves that -a bend cannot {113} occupy the third part of the field) occurs in the arms -of Penrose, matriculated in Lyon Register in 1795 as a quartering of -Cumming-Gordon of Altyre. These arms of Penrose are: Argent, three bends -sable, each charged with as many roses of the field. - -A charge half the width of a bend is a bendlet (Fig. 80), and one half the -width of a bendlet is a cottise (Fig. 81), but a cottise cannot exist -alone, inasmuch as it has of itself neither direction nor position, but is -only found accompanying one of the ordinaries. The arms of Harley are an -example of a bend cottised. - -Bendlets will very seldom be found either in addition to a bend, or -charged, but the arms of Vaile show both these peculiarities. - -[Illustration: FIG. 80.--Bendlets.] - -A bend will usually be found between two charges. Occasionally it will be -found between four, but more frequently between six. In none of these cases -is it necessary to specify the position of the subsidiary charges. It is -presumed that the bend separates them into even numbers, but their exact -position (beyond this) upon the shield is left to the judgment of the -artist, and their disposition is governed by the space left available by -the shape of the shield. A further presumption is permitted in the case of -a bend between _three_ objects, which are presumed to be two in chief and -one in base. But even in the case of three the position will be usually -found to be specifically stated, as would be the case with any other uneven -number. - -[Illustration: FIG. 81.--Bend cottised.] - -Charges on a bend are placed in the direction of the bend. In such cases it -is not necessary to specify that the charges are bendwise. When a charge or -charges occupy the position which a bend would, they are said to be placed -"in bend." This is not the same thing as a charge placed "bendwise" (or -bendways). In this case the charge itself is slanted into the angle at -which the bend crosses the shield, but the position of the charge upon the -shield is not governed thereby. - -When a bend and chief occur together in the same arms, the chief will -usually surmount the bend, the latter issuing from the angle between the -base of the chief and the side of the shield. An instance to the contrary, -however, will be found in the arms of Fitz-Herbert of Swynnerton, in which -the bend is continued over the chief. This instance, however (as doubtless -all others of the kind), is due to the {114} use of the bend in early times -as a mark of difference. The coat of arms, therefore, had an earlier and -separate existence without the bend, which has been superimposed as a -difference upon a previously existing coat. The use of the bend as a -difference will be again referred to when considering more fully the marks -and methods of indicating cadency. - -[Illustration: FIG. 82.--Bend sinister.] - -A curious instance of the use of the sun's rays in bend will be found in -the arms of Warde-Aldam.[8] - -The bend sinister (Fig. 82), is very frequently stated to be the mark of -illegitimacy. It certainly has been so used upon some occasions, but these -occasions are very few and far between, the charge more frequently made use -of being the bendlet or its derivative the baton (Fig. 83). These will be -treated more fully in the chapter on the marks of illegitimacy. The bend -sinister, which is a band running from the sinister chief corner through -the centre of the escutcheon to the dexter base, need not necessarily -indicate bastardy. Naturally the popular idea which has originated and -become stereotyped concerning it renders its appearance extremely rare, but -in at least two cases it occurs without, as far as I am aware, carrying any -such meaning. At any rate, in neither case are the coats "bastardised" -versions of older arms. These cases are the arms of Shiffner: "Azure, a -bend sinister, in chief two estoiles, in like bend or; in base the end and -stock of an anchor gold, issuing from waves of the sea proper;" and -Burne-Jones: "Azure, on a bend sinister argent, between seven mullets, four -in chief and three in base or, three pairs of wings addorsed purpure." - -[Illustration: FIG. 83.--Baton sinister.] - -No coat with the chief charge a single bendlet occurs in Papworth. A single -case, however, is to be found in the Lyon Register in the duly matriculated -arms of Porterfield of that Ilk: "Or, a bendlet between a stag's head -erased in chief and a hunting-horn in base sable, garnished gules." Single -bendlets, however, both dexter and sinister, occur as ancient difference -marks, and are then sometimes known as ribands. So described, it occurs in -blazon of the arms of Abernethy: "Or, a lion rampant gules, debruised of a -ribbon sable," quartered by Lindsay, Earl of Crawford and Balcarres; but -here again the bendlet is a mark {115} of cadency. In the _Gelre Armorial_, -in this particular coat the ribbon is made "engrailed," which is most -unusual, and which does not appear to be the accepted form. In many of the -Scottish matriculations of this Abernethy coat in which this riband occurs -it is termed a "cost," doubtless another form of the word cottise. - -When a bend or bendlets (or, in fact, any other charge) are raised above -their natural position in the shield they are termed "enhanced" (Fig. 84). -An instance of this occurs in the well-known coat of Byron, viz.: "Argent, -three bendlets enhanced gules," and in the arms of Manchester, which were -based upon this coat. - -[Illustration: FIG. 84.--Bendlets enhanced.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 85.--Pale.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 86.--Pale engrailed.] - -When the field is composed of an even number of equal pieces divided by -lines following the angle of a bend the field is blazoned "bendy" of so -many (Fig. 58). In most cases it will be composed of six or eight pieces, -but as there is no diminutive of "bendy," the number must always be stated. - -THE PALE - -The pale is a broad perpendicular band passing from the top of the -escutcheon to the bottom (Fig. 85). Like all the other ordinaries, it is -stated to contain the third part of the area of the field, and it is the -only one which is at all frequently drawn in that proportion. But even with -the pale, the most frequent occasion upon which this proportion is -definitely given, this exaggerated width will be presently explained. The -artistic latitude, however, permits the pale to be drawn of this proportion -if this be convenient to the charges upon it. - -Like the other ordinaries, the pale will be found varied by the different -lines of partition (Figs. 86-94). - -The single circumstance in which the pale is regularly drawn to contain a -full third of the field by measurement is when the coat is "per fess and a -pale counterchanged." This, it will be noticed, divides the shield into six -equal portions (Fig. 95). The ease with which, by {116} the employment of -these conditions, a new coat can be based upon an old one which shall leave -three original charges in the same position, and upon a field of the -original tincture, and yet shall produce an entirely different and distinct -coat of arms, has led to this particular form being constantly repeated in -modern grants. - -[Illustration: FIG. 87.--Pale invecked.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 88.--Pale embattled.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 89.--Pale raguly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 90.--Pale dovetailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 91.--Pale indented.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 92.--Pale wavy.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 93.--Pale nebuly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 94.--Pale rayonne.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 95.--Pale per fesse counter changed.] - -The diminutive of the pale is the pallet (Fig. 96), and the pale cottised -is sometimes termed "endorsed." - -Except when it is used as a mark of difference or distinction (then usually -wavy), the pallet is not found singly; but two pallets, or three, are not -exceptional. Charged upon other ordinaries, particularly on the chief and -the chevron, pallets are of constant occurrence. {117} - -When the field is striped vertically it is said to be "paly" of so many -(Fig. 57). - -[Illustration: FIG. 96.--Pallets.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 97.--The arms of Amaury de Montfort, Earl of -Gloucester; died before 1214. (From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 98.--Arms of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester; died -1265. (From MS. Cott., Nero, D. 1.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 99.--Fess.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 100.--Fess engrailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 101.--Fess invecked.] - -The arms shown in Fig. 97 are interesting inasmuch as they are doubtless an -early form of the coat per pale indented argent and gules, which is -generally described as a banner borne for the honour of Hinckley, by the -Simons de Montfort, Earls of Leicester, father and son. In a Roll _temp._ -Henry III., to Simon the younger is ascribed "Le Banner party endentee -dargent & de goules," although the arms of both father and son are known to -have been as Fig. 98: "Gules, a lion rampant queue-fourchee argent." More -probably the indented coat gives the original Montfort arms. - -THE FESS - -The fess is a broad horizontal band crossing the escutcheon in the centre -(Fig. 99). It is seldom drawn to contain a full third of the area of the -shield. It is subject to the lines of partition (Figs. 100-109). {118} - -A curious variety of the fess dancette is borne by the Shropshire family -Plowden of Plowden. They bear: Azure, a fess dancette, the upper points -terminating in fleurs-de-lis (Fig. 110). A fess couped (Fig. 111) is found -in the arms of Lee. - -[Illustration: FIG. 102.--Fess embattled.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 103.--Fess embattled counter-embattled.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 104.--Fess raguly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 105.--Fess dovetailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 106.--Fess indented.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 107.--Fess dancette.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 108.--Fess wavy.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 109.--Fess nebuly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 110.--The arms of Plowden.] - -The "fess embattled" is only crenellated upon the upper edge; but when both -edges are embattled it is a fess embattled and counter-embattled. The term -_bretesse_ (which is said to indicate that the battlements on the upper -edge are opposite the battlements on the lower edge, and the indentations -likewise corresponding) is a term and a distinction neither of which are -regarded in British armory. {119} - -A fess wreathed (Fig. 112) is a bearing which seems to be almost peculiar -to the Carmichael family, but the arms of Waye of Devon are an additional -example, being: Sable, two bars wreathed argent and gules. I know of no -other ordinary borne in a wreathed form, but there seems no reason why this -peculiarity should be confined to the fess. - -[Illustration: FIG. 111.--Fess couped.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 112.--Fess wreathed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 113.--Two Bars.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 114.--Bars embattled.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 115.--Bars engrailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 116.--Bars invecked.] - -It is a fixed rule of British armory that there can be only _one_ fess upon -a shield. If two figures of this character are found they are termed _bars_ -(Fig. 113). But it is hardly correct to speak of the bar as a diminutive of -the fess, because if two bars only appear on the shield there would be -little, if any, diminution made from the width of the fess when depicting -the bars. As is the case with other ordinaries, there is much latitude -allowed to the artist in deciding the dimensions, it being usually -permitted for these to be governed by the charges upon the fess or bars, -and the charges between which these are placed. - -Bars, like the fess, are of course equally subject to all the varying lines -of partition (Figs. 114-118). - -The diminutive of the bar is the barrulet, which is half its width and -double the width of the cottise. But the barrulet will _almost invariably_ -be found borne in _pairs_, when such a pair is usually known as a "bar -gemel" and not as two barrulets. Thus a coat with four barrulets {120} -would have these placed at equal distances from each other; but a coat with -two bars gemel would be depicted with two of its barrulets placed closely -together in chief and two placed closely together in base, the disposition -being governed by the fact that the two barrulets comprising the "bar -gemel" are only _one charge_. Fig. 119 shows three bars gemel. There is -theoretically no limit to the number of bars or bars gemel which can be -placed upon the shield. In practical use, however, four will be found the -maximum. - -[Illustration: FIG. 117.--Bars raguly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 118.--Bars dovetailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 119.--Bars gemel.] - -A field composed of four, six, eight, or ten horizontal pieces of equal -width is "barry of such and such a number of pieces," the number being -always specified (Figs. 55 and 56). A field composed of an equal number of -horizontally shaped pieces, when these exceed ten in number, is termed -"barruly" of such and such a number. The term barruly is also sometimes -used for ten pieces. If the number is omitted "barry" will usually be of -six pieces, though sometimes of eight. On the other hand a field composed -of five, seven, or nine pieces is not barry, but (_e.g._) two bars, three -bars, and four bars respectively. This distinction in modern coats needs to -be carefully noted, but in ancient coats it is not of equal importance. -Anciently also a shield "barry" was drawn of a greater number of pieces -(see Figs. 120, 121 and 122) than would nowadays be employed. In modern -armory a field so depicted would more correctly be termed "barruly." - -Whilst a field can be and often is barry of two colours or two metals, an -uneven number of pieces must of necessity be of metal and colour or fur. -Consequently in a shield _e.g._ divided into seven equal horizontal -divisions, alternately gules and sable, there must be a mistake somewhere. - -Although these distinctions require to be carefully noted as regards modern -arms, it should be remembered that they are distinctions evolved by the -intricacies and requirements of modern armory, and ancient arms were not so -trammelled. {121} - -A field divided horizontally into three equal divisions of _e.g._ gules, -sable, and argent is theoretically blazoned by British rules "party per -fess gules and argent, a fess sable." This, however, gives an exaggerated -width to the fess which it does not really possess with us, and the German -rules, which would blazon it "tierced per fess gules, sable, and argent," -would seem preferable. - -[Illustration: FIG. 120.--Arms of William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke (d. -1296); Barruly azure and argent, a label of five points gules, the files -depending from the chief line of the shield, and each file charged with -three lions passant guardant or. (From MS. Reg. 14, C. vii.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 121.--Arms of Laurence de Hastings, Earl of Pembroke -(d. 1348); Quarterly, 1 and 4, or, a maunch gules (for Hastings); 2 and 3, -barruly argent and azure, an orle of martlets (for Valence). (From his -seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 122.--Arms of Edmund Grey, Earl of Kent (d. 1489): -Quarterly, 1 and 4, barry of six, argent and azure, in chief three torteaux -(for Grey); 2 and 3, Hastings and Valence sub-quarterly. (From his seal, -1442.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 123.--Barry, per chevron counter-changed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 124.--Barry-bendy.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 125.--Paly-bendy.] - -A field which is barry may also be counterchanged, as in the arms of -Ballingall, where it is counterchanged per pale; but it can also be -counterchanged per chevron (Fig. 123), or per bend dexter or sinister. Such -counterchanging should be carefully distinguished from fields which are -"barry-bendy" (Fig. 124), or "paly-bendy" (Fig. 125). In these latter cases -the field is divided first by lines horizontal (for barry) or perpendicular -(for paly), and subsequently by lines bendy (dexter or sinister). {122} - -The result produced is very similar to "lozengy" (Fig. 126), and care -should be taken to distinguish the two. - -Barry-bendy is sometimes blazoned "fusilly in bend," whilst paly-bendy is -sometimes blazoned "fusilly in bend sinister," but the other terms are the -more accurate and acceptable. - -[Illustration: FIG. 126.--Lozengy.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 127.--Chevron.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 128.--Chevron engrailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 129.--Chevron invecked.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 130.--Chevron embattled.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 131.--Chevron embattled and counter-embattled.] - -"Lozengy" is made by use of lines in bend crossed by lines in bend sinister -(Fig. 126), and "fusilly" the same, only drawn at a more acute angle. - -THE CHEVRON - -Probably the ordinary of most frequent occurrence in British, as also in -French armory, is the chevron (Fig. 127). It is comparatively rare in -German heraldry. The term is derived from the French word _chevron_, -meaning a rafter, and the heraldic chevron is the same shape as a gable -rafter. In early examples of heraldic art the chevron will be found -depicted reaching very nearly to the top of the shield, the angle contained -within the chevron being necessarily more acute. The chevron then attained -very much more nearly to its full area of one-third of the field than is -now given to it. As the chevron became accompanied by charges, it was -naturally drawn so that it would allow of these charges being more easily -represented, and its height became {123} less whilst the angle it enclosed -was increased. But now, as then, it is perfectly at the pleasure of the -artist to design his chevron at the height and angle which will best allow -the proper representation of the charges which accompany it. - -[Illustration: FIG. 132.--Chevron indented.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 133.--Chevron wavy.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 134.--Chevron nebuly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 135.--Chevron raguly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 136.--Chevron dovetailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 137.--Chevron doubly cottised.] - -The chevron, of course, is subject to the usual lines of partition (Figs. -128-136), and can be cottised and doubly cottised (Fig. 137). - -It is usually found between three charges, but the necessity of modern -differentiation has recently introduced the disposition of four charges, -three in chief and one in base, which is by no means a happy invention. An -even worse disposition occurs in the arms of a certain family of Mitchell, -where the four escallops which are the principal charges are arranged two -in chief and two in base. - -[Illustration: FIG. 138.--Chevron quarterly.] - -Ermine spots upon a chevron do not follow the direction of it, but in the -cases of chevrons vair, and chevrons chequy, authoritative examples can be -found in which the chequers and rows of vair both do, and do not, conform -to the direction of the chevron. My own preference is to make the rows -horizontal. - -A chevron quarterly is divided by a line chevronwise, apparently {124} -dividing the chevron into two chevronels, and then by a vertical line in -the centre (Fig. 138). - -A chevron in point embowed will be found in the arms of Trapaud quartered -by Adlercron (Fig. 139). - -A field per chevron (Fig. 52) is often met with, and the division line in -this case (like the enclosing lines of a real chevron) is subject to the -usual partition lines, but how one is to determine the differentiation -between per chevron engrailed and per chevron invecked I am uncertain, but -think the points should be upwards for engrailed. - -The field when entirely composed of an even number of chevrons is termed -"chevronny" (Fig. 59). - -The diminutive of the chevron is the chevronel (Fig. 140). - -Chevronels "interlaced" or "braced" (Fig. 141), will be found in the arms -of Sirr. The chevronel is very seldom met with singly, but a case of this -will be found in the arms of Spry. - -A chevron "rompu" or broken is depicted as in Fig. 142. - -[Illustration] - - FIG. 139.--Armorial bearings of Rodolph Ladeveze Adlercron, Esq.: - Quarterly, 1 and 4, argent, an eagle displayed, wings inverted sable, - langued gules, membered and ducally crowned or (for Adlercron): 2 and - 3, argent, a chevron in point embowed between in chief two mullets and - in base a lion rampant all gules (for Trapaud). Mantling sable and - argent. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a demi-eagle displayed - sable, langued gules, ducally crowned or, the dexter wing per fess - argent and azure, the sinister per fess of the last and or. Motto: "Quo - fata vocant." - -THE PILE - -The pile (Fig. 143) is a triangular wedge usually (and unless otherwise -specified) issuing from the chief. The pile is subject to the usual lines -of partition (Figs. 144-151). - -The early representation of the pile (when coats of arms had no secondary -charges and were nice and simple) made the point nearly reach to the base -of the escutcheon, and as a consequence it naturally was not so wide. It is -now usually drawn so that its upper edge occupies very nearly the whole of -the top line of the escutcheon; but {125} the angles and proportions of the -pile are very much at the discretion of the artist, and governed by the -charges which need to be introduced in the field of the escutcheon or upon -the pile. - -[Illustration: FIG. 140.--Chevronels.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 141.--Chevronels braced.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 142.--Chevron rompu.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 143.--Pile.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 144.--Pile engrailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 145.--Pile invecked.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 146.--Pile embattled.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 147.--Pile indented.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 148.--Pile wavy.] - -A single pile may issue from any point of the escutcheon except the base; -the arms of Darbishire showing a pile issuing from the dexter chief point. - -A single pile cannot issue in base if it be unaccompanied by other piles, -as the field would then be blazoned per chevron. - -Two piles issuing in chief will be found in the arms of Holles, Earl of -Clare. - -When three piles, instead of pointing directly at right angles to the line -of the chief, all point to the same point, touching or nearly touching -{126} at the tips, as in the arms of the Earl of Huntingdon and Chester or -in the arms of Isham,[9] they are described as three piles in point. This -term and its differentiation probably are modern refinements, as with the -early long-pointed shield any other position was impossible. The arms of -Henderson show three piles issuing from the sinister side of the -escutcheon. - -A disposition of three piles which will very frequently be found in modern -British heraldry is two issuing in chief and one in base (Fig. 152). - -Piles terminating in fleurs-de-lis or crosses patee are to be met with, and -reference may be made to the arms of Poynter and Dickson-Poynder. Each of -these coats has the field pily counter-pily, the points ending in crosses -formee. - -[Illustration: FIG. 149.--Pile nebuly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 150.--Pile raguly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 151.--Pile dovetailed.] - -An unusual instance of a pile in which it issues from a chevron will be -found in the arms of Wright, which are: "Sable, on a chevron argent, three -spear-heads gules, in chief two unicorns' heads erased argent, armed and -maned or, in base on a pile of the last, issuant from the chevron, a -unicorn's head erased of the field." - -THE SHAKEFORK - -The pall, pairle, or shakefork (Fig. 153), is almost unknown in English -heraldry, but in Scotland its constant occurrence in the arms of the -Cunninghame and allied families has given it a recognised position among -the ordinaries. - -As usually borne by the Cunninghame family the ends are couped and pointed, -but in some cases it is borne throughout. - -The pall in its proper ecclesiastical form appears in the arms of the -Archiepiscopal Sees of Canterbury, Armagh, and Dublin. Though {127} in -these cases the pall or pallium (Fig. 154), is now considered to have no -other heraldic status than that of an appropriately ecclesiastical charge -upon an official coat of arms, there can be very little doubt that -originally the pall of itself was the heraldic symbol in this country of an -archbishop, and borne for that reason by all archbishops, including the -Archbishop of York, although his official archiepiscopal coat is now -changed to: "Gules, two keys in saltire argent, in chief a royal crown or." - -[Illustration: FIG. 152.--Three piles, two in chief and one in base.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 153.--Shakefork.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 154.--Ecclesiastical pallium.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 155.--Cross.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 156.--Cross engrailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 157.--Cross invecked.] - -The necessity of displaying this device of rank--the pallium--upon a field -of some tincture has led to its corruption into a usual and stereotyped -"charge." - -THE CROSS - -The heraldic cross (Fig. 155), the huge preponderance of which in armory we -of course owe to the Crusades, like all other armorial charges, has -strangely developed. There are nearly four hundred varieties known to -armory, or rather to heraldic text-books, and doubtless authenticated -examples could be found of most if not of them all. But some dozen or -twenty forms are about as many as will be found regularly or constantly -occurring. Some but not all of the varieties of the cross are subject to -the lines of partition (Figs. 156-161). {128} - -When the heraldic cross was first assumed with any reason beyond -geometrical convenience, there can be no doubt that it was intended to -represent the Sacred Cross itself. The symbolism of the cross is older than -our present system of armory, but the cross itself is more ancient than its -symbolism. A cross depicted upon the long, pointed shields of those who -fought for the Cross would be of that shape, with the elongated arm in -base. - -[Illustration: FIG. 158.--Cross embattled.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 159.--Cross indented.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 160.--Cross raguly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 161.--Cross dovetailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 162.--Passion Cross.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 163.--Cross Calvary.] - -But the contemporary shortening of the shield, together with the -introduction of charges in its angles, led naturally to the arms of the -cross being so disposed that the parts of the field left visible were as -nearly as possible equal. The Sacred Cross, therefore, in heraldry is now -known as a "Passion Cross" (Fig. 162) (or sometimes as a "long cross"), or, -if upon steps or "grieces," the number of which needs to be specified, as a -"Cross Calvary" (Fig. 163). The crucifix (Fig. 164), under that description -is sometimes met with as a charge. - -The ordinary heraldic cross (Fig. 155) is always continued throughout the -shield unless stated to be couped (Fig. 165). - -Of the crosses more regularly in use may be mentioned the cross botonny -(Fig. 166), the cross flory (Fig. 167), which must be distinguished from -the cross fleurette (Fig. 168); the cross moline, {129} (Fig. 169), the -cross potent (Fig. 170), the cross patee or formee (Fig. 171), the cross -patonce (Fig. 172), and the cross crosslet (Fig. 173). - -PLATE III. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: FIG. 164.--Crucifix.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 165.--Cross couped.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 166.--Cross botonny.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 167.--Cross flory.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 168.--Cross fleurette.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 169.--Cross moline.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 170.--Cross potent.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 171.--Cross patee (or formee).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 172.--Cross patonce.] - -Of other but much more uncommon varieties examples will be found of the -cross parted and fretty (Fig. 174), of the cross patee quadrate (Fig. 175), -of a cross pointed and voided in the arms of Dukinfield (quartered by -Darbishire), and of a cross cleche voided and pomette as in the arms of -Cawston. A cross quarter-pierced (Fig. 176) has the field visible at the -centre. A cross tau or St. Anthony's Cross is shown in Fig. 177, the real -Maltese Cross in Fig. 178, and the Patriarchal Cross in Fig. 179. {130} - -Whenever a cross or cross crosslet has the bottom arm elongated and pointed -it is said to be "fitched" (Figs. 180 and 181), but when a point is added -at the foot_ e.g._ of a cross patee, it is then termed "fitchee at the -foot" (Fig. 182). - -[Illustration: FIG. 173.--Cross crosslet.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 174.--Cross parted and fretty.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 175.--Cross patee quadrate.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 176.--Cross quarter-pierced.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 177.--Cross Tau.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 178.--Maltese Cross.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 179.--Patriarchal Cross.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 180.--Cross crosslet fitched.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 181.--Cross patee fitched.] - -Of the hundreds of other varieties it may confidently be said that a large -proportion originated in misunderstandings of the crude drawings of early -armorists, added to the varying and alternating descriptions applied at a -more pliable and fluent period of heraldic blazon. A striking illustration -of this will be found in the cross botonny, which is now, and has been for -a long time past, regularised with us as a distinct variety of {131} -constant occurrence. From early illustrations there is now no doubt that -this was the original form, or one of the earliest forms, of the cross -crosslet. It is foolish to ignore these varieties, reducing all crosses to -a few original forms, for they are now mostly stereotyped and accepted; but -at the same time it is useless to attempt to learn them, for in a lifetime -they will mostly be met with but once each or thereabouts. A field seme of -cross crosslets (Fig. 183) is termed crusilly. - -[Illustration: FIG. 182.--Cross patee fitched at foot.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 183.--Crusilly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 184.--Saltire.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 185.--Saltire engrailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 186.--Saltire invecked.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 187.--Saltire embattled.] - -THE SALTIRE - -The saltire or saltier (Fig. 184) is more frequently to be met with in -Scottish than in English heraldry. This is not surprising, inasmuch as the -saltire is known as the Cross of St. Andrew, the Patron Saint of Scotland. -Its form is too well known to need description. It is of course subject to -the usual partition lines (Figs. 185-192). - -When a saltire is charged the charges are usually placed conformably -therewith. - -The field of a coat of arms is often per saltire. - -When one saltire couped is the principal charge it will usually be {132} -found that it is couped conformably to the outline of the shield; but if -the couped saltire be one of a number or a subsidiary charge it will be -found couped by horizontal lines, or by lines at right angles. The saltire -has not developed into so many varieties of form as the cross, and (_e.g._) -a saltire botonny is assumed to be a cross botonny placed saltireways, but -a saltire parted and fretty is to be met with (Fig. 193). - -THE CHIEF - -The chief (Fig. 194), which is a broad band across the top of the shield -containing (theoretically, but not in fact) the uppermost third of the area -of the field, is a very favourite ordinary. It is of course subject to the -variations of the usual partition lines (Figs. 195-203). It is usually -drawn to contain about one-fifth of the area of the field, though in cases -where it is used for a landscape augmentation it will usually be found of a -rather greater area. - -[Illustration: FIG. 188.--Saltire indented.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 189.--Saltire wavy.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 190.--Saltire nebuly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 191.--Saltire raguly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 192.--Saltire dovetailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 193.--Saltire parted and fretty.] - -The chief especially lent itself to the purposes of honourable -augmentation, and is constantly found so employed. As such it will be -referred to in the chapter upon augmentations, but a chief of this -character may perhaps be here referred to with advantage, as this will -{133} indicate the greater area often given to it under these conditions, -as in the arms of Ross-of-Bladensburg (Plate II.). - -Knights of the old Order of St. John of Jerusalem and also of the modern -Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England display above -their personal arms a chief of the order, but this will be dealt with more -fully in the chapter relating to the insignia of knighthood. - -[Illustration: FIG. 194.--Chief.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 195.--Chief engrailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 196.--Chief invecked.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 197.--Chief embattled.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 198.--Chief indented.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 199.--Chief dancette.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 200.--Chief wavy.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 201.--Chief nebuly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 202.--Chief raguly.] - -Save in exceptional circumstances, the chief is never debruised or -surmounted by any ordinary. - -The chief is ordinarily superimposed over the tressure and over the -bordure, partly defacing them by the elimination of the upper {134} part -thereof. This happens with the bordure when it is a part of the original -coat of arms. If, however, the chief were in existence at an earlier period -and the bordure is added later as a mark of difference, the bordure -surrounds the chief. On the other hand, if a bordure exists, even as a mark -of difference, and a chief of augmentation is _subsequently_ added, or a -canton for distinction, the chief or the canton in these cases would -surmount the bordure. - -Similarly a bend when added later as a mark of difference surmounts the -chief. Such a case is very unusual, as the use of the bend for differencing -has long been obsolete. - -[Illustration: FIG. 203.--Chief dovetailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 204.--Arms of Peter de Dreux, Earl of Richmond (_c._ -1230): Chequy or and azure, a quarter ermine. (From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 205.--Arms of De Vere, Earls of Oxford: Quarterly gules -and or, in the first quarter a mullet argent.] - -A chief is never couped or cottised, and it has no diminutive in British -armory. - -THE QUARTER - -The quarter is not often met with in English armory, the best-known -instance being the well-known coat of Shirley, Earl Ferrers, viz: Paly of -six or and azure, a quarter ermine. The arms of the Earls of Richmond (Fig. -204) supply another instance. Of course as a division of the field under -the blazon of "quarterly" (_e.g._ or and azure) it is constantly to be met -with, but a single quarter is rare. - -Originally a single quarter was drawn to contain the full fourth part of -the shield, but with the more modern tendency to reduce the size of all -charges, its area has been somewhat diminished. Whilst a quarter will only -be found within a plain partition line, a field divided quarterly -(occasionally, but I think hardly so correctly, termed "per cross") is not -so limited. Examples of quarterly fields will be found in the historic -shield of De Vere (Fig. 205) and De Mandeville. An irregular partition line -is often introduced in a new grant to conjoin quarterings {135} borne -without authority into one single coat. The diminutive of the quarter is -the canton (Fig. 206), and the diminutive of that the chequer of a chequy -field (Fig. 207). - -THE CANTON - -[Illustration: FIG. 206.--Canton.] - -The canton is supposed to occupy one-third of the chief, and that being -supposed to occupy one-third of the field, a simple arithmetical sum gives -us one-ninth of the field as the theoretical area of the canton. Curiously -enough, the canton to a certain extent gives us a confirmation of these -ancient proportions, inasmuch as all ancient drawings containing both a -fess and a canton depict these conjoined. This will be seen in the Garter -plate of Earl Rivers. In modern days, however, it is very seldom that the -canton will be depicted of such a size, though in cases where, as in the -arms of Boothby, it forms the only charge, it is even nowadays drawn to -closely approximate to its theoretical area of one-ninth of the field. It -may be remarked here perhaps that, owing to the fact that there are but few -instances in which the quarter or the canton have been used as the sole or -principal charge, a coat of arms in which these are employed would be -granted with fewer of the modern bedevilments than would a coat with a -chevron for example. I know of no instance in modern times in which a -quarter, when figuring as a charge, or a canton have been subject to the -usual lines of partition. - -The canton (with the single exception of the bordure, when used as a mark -of cadency or distinction) is superimposed _over_ every other charge or -ordinary, no matter what this may be. Theoretically the canton is supposed -to be always a later addition to the coat, and even though a charge may be -altogether hidden or "absconded" by the canton, the charge is always -presumed to be there, and is mentioned in the blazon. - -[Illustration: FIG. 207.--Chequy.] - -Both a cross and a saltire are sometimes described as "cantonned" by -such-and-such charges, when they are placed in the blank spaces left by -these ordinaries. In addition, the spaces left by a cross (but not by a -saltire) are frequently spoken of _e.g._ as the dexter chief canton or the -sinister base canton. {136} - -The canton is frequently used to carry an augmentation, and these cantons -of augmentation will be referred to under that heading, though it may be -here stated that a "canton of England" is a canton gules, charged with -three lions passant guardant or, as in the arms of Lane (Plate II.). - -The canton, unless it is _an original charge_, need not conform to the rule -forbidding colour on colour, or metal on metal; otherwise the canton of -Ulster would often be an impossibility. - -The canton, with rare exceptions, is always placed in the dexter chief -corner. The canton of augmentation in the arms of Clerke, Bart.--"Argent, -on a bend gules, between three pellets as many swans of the field; on a -sinister canton azure, a demi-ram salient of the first, and in chief two -fleurs-de-lis or, debruised by a baton"--is, however, a sinister one, as is -the canton upon the arms of Charlton. In this latter case the sinister -canton is used to signify illegitimacy. This will be more fully dealt with -in the chapter upon marks of illegitimacy. - -A curious use of the canton for the purposes of marshalling occurs in the -case of a woman who, being an heiress herself, has a daughter or daughters -only, whilst her husband has sons and heirs by another marriage. In such an -event, the daughter being heir (or in the case of daughters these being -coheirs) of the mother, but not heir of the father, cannot transmit as -quarterings the arms of the father whom she does not represent, whilst she -ought to transmit the arms of the mother whom she does represent. The -husband of the daughter, therefore, places upon an escutcheon of pretence -the arms of her mother, with those of her father on a canton thereupon. The -children of the marriage quarter this combined coat, the arms of the father -always remaining upon a canton. This will be more fully dealt with under -the subject of marshalling. - -The canton has yet another use as a "mark of distinction." When, under a -Royal Licence, the name and arms of a family are assumed where there is no -blood descent from the family, the arms have some mark of distinction -added. This is usually a plain canton. This point will be treated more -fully under "Marks of Cadency." - -Woodward mentions three instances in which the lower edge of the canton is -"indented," one taken from the Calais Roll, viz. the arms of Sir William de -la Zouche--"Gules, bezantee, a canton indented at the bottom"--and adds -that the canton has been sometimes thought to indicate the square banner of -a knight-baronet, and he suggests that the lower edge being indented may -give some weight to the idea. As the canton does not appear to have either -previously or subsequently formed any part of the arms of Zouche, it is -possible that in this instance some {137} such meaning may have been -intended, but it can have no such application generally. - -The "Canton of Ulster"--_i.e._ "Argent, a sinister hand couped at the wrist -gules"--is the badge of a baronet of England, Ireland, Great Britain, or -the United Kingdom. This badge may be borne upon a canton, dexter or -sinister, or upon an inescutcheon, at the pleasure of the wearer. There is -some little authority and more precedent for similarly treating the badge -of a Nova Scotian Baronet, but as such Baronets _wear_ their badges it is -more usually depicted below the shield, depending by the orange tawny -ribbon of their order. - -THE GYRON - -[Illustration: FIG. 208.--Gyronny.] - -As a charge, the gyron (sometimes termed an esquire) is very seldom found, -but as a subdivision of the field, a coat "gyronny" (Fig. 208) is -constantly met with, all arms for the name of Campbell being gyronny. Save -in rare cases, a field gyronny is divided quarterly and then per saltire, -making eight divisions, but it may be gyronny of six, ten, twelve, or more -pieces, though such cases are seldom met with and always need to be -specified. The arms of Campbell of Succoth are gyronny of eight -_engrailed_, a most unusual circumstance. I know of no other instance of -the use of lines of partition in a gyronny field. The arms of Lanyon afford -an example of the gyron as a charge, as does also the well-known shield of -Mortimer (Fig. 209). - -[Illustration: FIG. 209.--The arms of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March and -Ulster (d. 1398): Quarterly, 1 and 4, azure, three bars or (sometimes but -not so correctly quoted barry of six), on a chief of the first two pallets -between two base esquires of the second, over all an inescutcheon argent -(for Mortimer); 2 and 3, or, a cross gules (for Ulster). (From his seal.)] - -THE INESCUTCHEON - -The inescutcheon is a shield appearing as a charge upon the coat of arms. -Certain writers state that it is termed an inescutcheon if only one appears -as the charge, but that when more than one is present they are merely -termed escutcheons. This is an unnecessary refinement not officially -recognised or adhered to, though unconsciously one often is led to make -this distinction, which seems to spring naturally to one's mind. {138} - -When one inescutcheon appears, it is sometimes difficult to tell whether to -blazon the arms as charged with a bordure or an inescutcheon. Some coats of -arms, for example the arms of Molesworth, will always remain more or less a -matter of uncertainty. - -But as a matter of fact a bordure should not be wide enough to fill up the -field left by an inescutcheon, nor an inescutcheon large enough to occupy -the field left by a bordure. - -The inescutcheon in German armory (or, as they term it, the heart -escutcheon), when superimposed upon other quarterings, is usually the -paternal or most important coat of arms. The same method of marshalling has -sometimes been adopted in Scotland, and the arms of Hay are an instance. It -usually in British heraldry is used to carry the arms of an heiress wife, -but both these points will be dealt with later under the subject of -marshalling. The inescutcheon, no matter what its position, should never be -termed an escutcheon of pretence if it forms a charge upon the original -arms. A curious instance of the use of an inescutcheon will be found in the -arms of Gordon-Cumming (Plate III.). - -When an inescutcheon appears on a shield it should conform in its outline -to the shape of the shield upon which it is placed. - -THE BORDURE - -The bordure (Fig. 210) occurs both as a charge and as a mark of difference. -As may be presumed from its likeness to our word border, the bordure is -simply a border round the shield. Except in modern grants in which the -bordure forms a part of the original design of the arms, there can be very -little doubt that the bordure has always been a mark of difference to -indicate either cadency or bastardy, but its stereotyped continuance -without further alteration in so many coats of arms in which it originally -was introduced as a difference, and also its appearance in new grants, -leave one no alternative but to treat of it in the ordinary way as a -charge, leaving the consideration of it as a mark of difference to a future -chapter. - -There is no stereotyped or official size for the bordure, the width of -which has at all times varied, though it will almost invariably be found -that a Scottish bordure is depicted rather wider than is an English one; -and naturally a bordure which is charged is a little wider than an entirely -plain one. The bordure of course is subject to {139} all the lines of -partition (Figs. 211-218). Bordures may also be per fesse, per pale (Fig. -219), quarterly (Fig. 220), gyronny (Fig. 221), or tierced in pairle (Fig. -222), &c. - -[Illustration: FIG. 210.--Bordure.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 211.--Bordure engrailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 212.--Bordure invecked.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 213.--Bordure embattled.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 214.--Bordure indented.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 215.--Bordure wavy.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 216.--Bordure nebuly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 217.--Bordure dovetailed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 218.--Bordure potente.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 219.--Bordure per pale.] - -The bordure has long since ceased to be a mark of cadency in England, but -as a mark of distinction the bordure wavy (Fig. 215) is still used to -indicate bastardy. A bordure of England was granted by Royal warrant as an -augmentation to H.M. Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain, on the occasion of -her marriage. The use of the bordure is, however, the recognised method of -differencing in Scotland, but it is curious that with the Scots the bordure -wavy is in no way a mark of illegitimacy. The Scottish bordure for -indicating this fact is {140} the bordure compony (Fig. 223), which has -been used occasionally for the same purpose in England, but the bordures -added to indicate cadency and the various marks to indicate illegitimacy -will be discussed in later chapters. The difference should here be observed -between the bordure compony (Fig. 223), which means illegitimacy; the -bordure counter compony (Fig. 224), which may or may not have that meaning; -and the bordure chequy (Fig. 225), which certainly has no relation to -bastardy. In the two former the panes run with the shield, in the latter -the chequers do not. Whilst the bordure as a mark of cadency or -illegitimacy surrounds the whole shield, being superimposed upon even the -chief and canton, a bordure when merely a charge gives way to both. - -[Illustration: FIG. 220.--Bordure quarterly.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 221.--Bordure gyronny.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 222.--Bordure tierced in pairle.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 223.--Bordure compony.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 224.--Bordure counter compony.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 225.--Bordure chequy.] - -A certain rule regarding the bordure is the sole remaining instance in -modern heraldry of the formerly recognised practice of conjoining two coats -of arms (which it might be necessary to marshal together) by "dimidiation" -instead of using our present-day method of impalement. To dimidiate two -coats of arms, the dexter half of one shield was conjoined to the sinister -half of the other. The objections to such a practice, however, soon made -themselves apparent (_e.g._ a dimidiated chevron was scarcely -distinguishable from a bend), and the "dimidiation" of arms was quickly -abandoned in favour of {141} "impalement," in which the entire designs of -both coats of arms are depicted. But in impaling a coat of arms which is -surrounded by a bordure, the bordure is not continued down the centre -between the two coats, but stops short top and bottom at the palar line. -The same rule, by the way, applies to the tressure, but not to the orle. -The curious fact, however, remains that this rule as to the dimidiation of -the bordure in cases of impalement is often found to have been ignored in -ancient seals and other examples. The charges upon the bordure are often -three, but more usually eight in number, in the latter case being arranged -three along the top of the shield, one at the base point, and two on either -side. The number should, however, always be specified, unless (as in a -bordure bezantee, &c.) it is immaterial; in which case the number eight -must be _exceeded_ in emblazoning the shield. The rule as to colour upon -colour does not hold and seems often to be ignored in the cases of -bordures, noticeably when these occur as marks of Scottish cadency. - -THE ORLE - -The orle (Fig. 226), or, as it was originally termed in ancient British -rolls of arms, "un faux ecusson," is a narrow bordure following the exact -outline of the shield, but within it, showing the field (for at least the -width usually occupied by a bordure) between the outer edge of the orle and -the edge of the escutcheon. An orle is about half the width of a bordure, -rather less than more, but the proportion is never very exactly maintained. -The difference may be noted between this figure and the next (Fig. 227), -which shows an inescutcheon within a bordure. - -[Illustration: FIG. 226.--Orle.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 227.--An inescutcheon within a bordure.] - -Though both forms are very seldom so met with, an orle may be subject to -the usual lines of partition, and may also be charged. Examples of both -these variations are met with in the arms of Yeatman-Biggs, and the arms of -Gladstone afford an instance of an orle "flory." The arms of Knox, Earl of -Ranfurly, are: Gules, a falcon volant or, within an orle wavy on the outer -and engrailed on the inner edge argent. - -When a series of charges are placed round the edges of the {142} escutcheon -(_theoretically_ in the position occupied by the orle, but as a matter of -actual fact usually more in the position occupied by the bordure), they are -said to be "in orle," which is the correct term, but they will often be -found blazoned "an orle of (_e.g._) martlets or mounds." - -THE TRESSURE - -The tressure is really an orle gemel, _i.e._ an orle divided into two -narrow ones set closely together, the one inside the other. It is, however, -usually depicted a trifle nearer the edge of the escutcheon than the orle -is generally placed. - -The tressure cannot be borne singly, as it would then be an orle, but plain -tressures under the name of "concentric orles" will be found mentioned in -Papworth. In that Ordinary eight instances are given of arms containing -more than a single orle, though the eight instances are plainly varieties -of only four coats. Two concentric orles would certainly be a tressure, -save that perhaps they would be drawn of rather too great a width for the -term "tressure" to be properly applied to them. - -[Illustration: FIG. 228.--Tressure flory and counter-flory.] - -If these instances be disregarded, and I am inclined to doubt them as -genuine coats, there certainly is no example of a plain tressure in British -heraldry, and one's attention must be directed to the tressure flory and -counterflory (Fig. 228), so general in Scottish heraldry. - -Originating entirely in the Royal escutcheon, one cannot do better than -reproduce the remarks of Lyon King of Arms upon the subject from his work -"Heraldry in relation to Scottish History and Art":-- - -"William the Lion has popularly got the credit of being the first to -introduce heraldic bearings into Scotland, and to have assumed the lion as -his personal cognisance. The latter statement may or may not be true, but -we have no trace of hereditary arms in Scotland so early as his reign -(1165-1214). Certainly the lion does not appear on his seal, but it does on -that of his son and successor Alexander II., with apparent remains of the -double tressure flory counterflory, a device which is clearly seen on the -seals of Alexander III. (1249-1285). We are unable to say what the reason -was for the adoption of such a distinctive coat; of course, if you turn to -the older writers you will find all sorts of fables on the subject. Even -the sober and sensible Nisbet states that 'the lion has been carried on the -armorial ensign of {143} Scotland since the first founding of the monarchy -by King Fergus I.'--a very mythical personage, who is said to have -flourished about 300 B.C., though he is careful to say that he does not -believe arms are as old as that period. He says, however, that it is -'without doubt' that Charlemagne entered into an alliance with Achaius, -King of Scotland, and for the services of the Scots the French king added -to the Scottish lion the double tressure fleur-de-lisee to show that the -former had defended the French lilies, and that therefore the latter would -surround the lion and be a defence to him." - -All this is very pretty, but it is not history. Chalmers remarks in his -"Caledonia" that the lion may possibly have been derived from the arms of -the old Earls of Northumberland and Huntingdon, from whom some of the -Scottish kings were descended; and he mentions an old roll of arms -preserved by Leland,[10] which is certainly not later than 1272, in which -the arms of Scotland are blazoned as: _Or, a lion gules within a bordure or -fleurette gules_, which we may reasonably interpret as an early indication -of what may be considered as a foreign rendering of the double tressure. -Sylvanus Morgan, one of the very maddest of the seventeenth-century -heraldic writers, says that the tressure was added to the shield of -Scotland, in testimony of a league between Scotland and France, by Charles -V.; but that king did not ascend the throne of France till 1364, at which -time we have clear proof that the tressure was a firmly established part of -the Scottish arms. One of the earliest instances of anything approaching -the tressure in the Scottish arms which I have met with is in an armorial -of Matthew Paris, which is now in the Cottonian MSS. in the British Museum, -and at one time belonged to St. Alban's Monastery. Here the arms of the -King of Scotland are given as: "Or, a lion rampant flory gules in a bordure -of the same." The drawing represents a lion within a bordure, the latter -being pierced by ten fleurs-de-lis, their heads all looking inwards, the -other end not being free, but attached to the inner margin of the shield. -This, you will observe, is very like the arms I mentioned as described by -Chalmers, and it may possibly be the same volume which may have been -acquired by Sir Robert Cotton. In 1471 there was a curious attempt of the -Scottish Parliament to displace the tressure. An Act was passed in that -year, for some hitherto unexplained reason, by which it was ordained "that -in tyme to cum thar suld be na double tresor about his (the king's) armys, -but that he suld ber hale armys of the lyoun without ony mair." Seeing that -at the time of this enactment the Scottish kings had borne the tressure for -upwards of 220 years, it is difficult to understand the cause of this -procedure. Like many other Acts, however, it never seems to have {144} been -carried into effect; at least I am not aware of even a solitary instance of -the Scottish arms without the tressure either at or after this period. - - * * * * * - -There are other two representations of the Scottish arms in foreign -armorials, to which I may briefly allude. One is in the _Armorial de -Gelre_, a beautiful MS. in the Royal Library at Brussels, the Scottish -shields in which have been figured by Mr. Stodart in his book on Scottish -arms, and, more accurately, by Sir Archibald Dunbar in a paper read to the -Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1890. The armorial is believed to be -the work of Claes Heynen, Gelre Herald to the Duke of Gueldres between 1334 -and 1372, with later additions by another hand. The coat assigned in it to -the King of Scotland is the lion and double tressure; the lion is -uncrowned, and is armed and langued azure; above the shield is a helmet -argent adorned behind with a short capelin or plain mantling, on which is -emblazoned the saltire and chief of the Bruces, from which we may gather -that the arms of David II. are here represented; the lining is blue, which -is unusual, as mantlings are usually lined or doubled with a metal, if not -with ermine. The helmet is surmounted by an Imperial crown, with a dark -green bonnet spotted with red.[11] On the crown there is the crest of a -lion sejant guardant gules, imperially crowned or, holding in his paw a -sword upright; the tail is coue or placed between the hind-legs of the -lion, but it then rises up and flourishes high above his back in a -sufficiently defiant fashion. This shows that the Scottish arms were well -known on the Continent of Europe nearly a hundred years before the date of -the Grunenberg MS., while Virgil de Solis (c. 1555) gives a sufficiently -accurate representation of the Royal shield, though the fleur-de-lis all -project outwards as in the case of Grunenberg; he gives the crest as a lion -rampant holding a sword in bend over his shoulder. Another ancient -representation of the Scottish arms occurs in a MS. treatise on heraldry of -the sixteenth century, containing the coats of some foreign sovereigns and -other personages, bound up with a Scottish armorial, probably by David -Lindsay, Lyon in 1568. - -The tressure, like the bordure, in the case of an impalement stops at the -line of impalement, as will be seen by a reference to the arms of Queen -Anne after the union of the crowns of England and Scotland. - -It is now held, both in England and Scotland, that the tressure flory and -counterflory is, as a part of the Royal Arms, protected, and cannot be -granted to any person without the express licence of the {145} Sovereign. -This, however, does not interfere with the matriculation or exemplification -of it in the case of existing arms in which it occurs. - -Many Scottish families bear or claim to bear the Royal tressure by reason -of female descent from the Royal House, but it would seem much more -probable that in most if not in all cases where it is so borne by right its -origin is due rather to a gift by way of augmentation than to any supposed -right of inheritance. The apparently conflicting statements of origin are -not really antagonistic, inasmuch as it will be seen from many analogous -English instances (_e.g._ Mowbray, Manners, and Seymour) that near -relationship is often the only reason to account for the grant of a Royal -augmentation. As an ordinary augmentation of honour it has been frequently -granted. - -The towns of Aberdeen and Perth obtained early the right of honouring their -arms with the addition of the Royal tressure. It appears on the still -existing matrix of the burgh seal of Aberdeen, which was engraved in 1430. - -James V. in 1542 granted a warrant to Lyon to surround the arms of John -Scot, of Thirlestane, with the Royal tressure, in respect of his ready -services at Soutra Edge with three score and ten lances on horseback, when -other nobles refused to follow their Sovereign. The grant was put on record -by the grantee's descendant, Patrick, Lord NAPIER, and is the tressured -coat borne in the second and third quarters of the NAPIER arms. - -When the Royal tressure is granted to the bearer of a quartered coat it is -usually placed upon a bordure surrounding the quartered shield, as in the -case of the arms of the Marquess of QUEENSBERRY, to whom, in 1682, the -Royal tressure was granted upon a _bordure or_. A like arrangement is borne -by the Earls of EGLINTON, occurring as far back as a seal of Earl HUGH, -appended to a charter of 1598. - -The Royal tressure had at least twice been granted as an augmentation to -the arms of foreigners. James V. granted it to Nicolas CANIVET of Dieppe, -secretary to JOHN, Duke of ALBANY (Reg. Mag. Sig., xxiv. 263, Oct. 24, -1529). James VI. gave it to Sir JACOB VAN EIDEN, a Dutchman on whom he -conferred the honour of knighthood. - -On 12th March 1762, a Royal Warrant was granted directing Lyon to add a -"double tressure counterflowered as in the Royal arms of Scotland" to the -arms of ARCHIBALD, Viscount PRIMROSE. Here the tressure was _gules_, as in -the Royal arms, although the field on which it was placed was _vert_. In a -later record of the arms of ARCHIBALD, Earl of ROSEBERY, in 1823, this -heraldic anomaly was brought to an end, and the blazon of the arms of -Primrose is now: "Vert, three primroses within a double tressure flory -counterflory or." (See Stodart, "Scottish Arms," vol. i. pp. 262, 263, -where mention is also made of an older {146} use of the Royal tressure or, -by "ARCHBALD PRIMROSE of Dalmenie, Knight and baronet, be his majesty -CHARLES ii. create, _Vert, three primroses within a double tressure -flowered counter-flowered or_.") Another well-known Scottish instance in -which the tressure occurs will be found in the arms of the Marquess of -Ailsa (Fig. 229). - -Two instances are known in which the decoration of the tressure has -differed from the usual conventional fleurs-de-lis. The tressure granted to -Charles, Earl of Aboyne, has crescents without and demi-fleurs-de-lis -within, and the tressure round the Gordon arms in the case of the Earls of -Aberdeen is of thistles, roses, and fleurs-de-lis alternately. - -The tressure gives way to the chief and canton, but all other ordinaries -are enclosed by the tressure, as will be seen from the arms of Lord Ailsa. - -[Illustration: FIG. 229.--Armorial bearings of Sir Archibald Kennedy, -Marquess of Ailsa: Argent, a chevron gules between three cross crosslets -fitchee sable, all within a double tressure flory and counter-flory of the -second. Mantling gules, doubled ermine. Crest: upon a wreath of his -liveries, a dolphin naiant proper. Supporters: two swans proper, beaked and -membered gules. Motto: "Avise la fin." (From the painting by Mr. Graham -Johnston in the Lyon Register.)] - -THE LOZENGE, THE FUSIL, THE MASCLE, AND THE RUSTRE - -Why these, which are simply varying forms of one charge, should ever have -been included amongst the list of ordinaries is difficult to understand, as -they do not seem to be "ordinaries" any more than say the mullet or the -crescent. My own opinion is that they are no more than distinctively -heraldic charges. The _lozenge_ (Fig. 230), which is the original form, is -the same shape as the "diamond" in a pack of cards, and will constantly be -found as a charge. In addition to this, the arms of a lady as maid, or as -widow, are always displayed upon a lozenge. Upon this point reference -should be made to the chapters upon marshalling. The arms of Kyrke show a -single lozenge as the charge, but a single lozenge is very rarely met with. -The arms of Guise show seven lozenges conjoined. The arms of Barnes show -four lozenges conjoined in cross, and the arms of Bartlett show five -lozenges conjoined in fess. Although the lozenge is very seldom found in -English armory as a single charge, nevertheless as a lozenge throughout -(that is, with its four points touching the borders of the escutcheon) it -will be found in some number of instances in Continental heraldry, for -instance in the family of Eubing of Bavaria. An indefinite number of -lozenges conjoined as a bend or a pale are known as a bend lozengy, or a -pale lozengy, but care should be taken in using this term, as it is -possible for these ordinaries to be plain {147} ordinaries tinctured -"lozengy of two colours." The arms of Bolding are an example of a bend -lozengy. - -The _fusil_ is supposed to be, and is generally depicted, of a greater -height and less width than a lozenge, being an altogether narrower figure -(Fig. 231). Though this distinction is generally observed, it is not always -easy to decide which figure any emblazonment is intended to represent, -unless the blazon of the arms in question is known. In many cases the -variations of different coats of arms, to suit or to fit the varying shapes -of shields, have resulted in the use of lozenges and fusils indifferently. -Fusils occur in the historic arms of Daubeney, from which family Daubeney -of Cote, near Bristol, is descended, being one of the few families who have -an undoubted male descent from a companion of William the Conqueror. In the -ordinary way five or more lozenges in fess would be fusils, as in the arms -of Percy, Duke of Northumberland, who bears in the first quarter: Azure, -five fusils conjoined in fess or. The charges in the arms of Montagu, -though only three in number, are always termed fusils. But obviously in -early times there could have been no distinction between the lozenge and -the fusil. - -[Illustration: FIG. 230.--Lozenge.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 231.--Fusil.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 232.--Mascle.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 233.--Rustre.] - -The _mascle_ is a lozenge voided, _i.e._ only the outer framework is left, -the inner portion being removed (Fig. 232). Mascles have no particular or -special meaning, but are frequently to be met with. - -The blazon of the arms of De Quincy in Charles's Roll is: "De goules poudre -a fause losengez dor," and in another Roll (MS. Brit. Mus. 29,796) the arms -are described: "De gules a set fauses lozenges de or" (Fig. 234). The great -Seiher de Quincy, Earl of Winchester, father of Roger, bore quite different -arms (Fig. 235). In 1472 Louis de Bruges, Lord of Gruthuyse, was created -Earl of Winchester, having no relation to the De Quincy line. The arms of -De Bruges, or rather of Gruthuyse, were very different, yet nevertheless, -we find upon the Patent Roll (12 Edward IV. pt. 1, _m._ 11) a grant of the -following arms: "Azure, dix mascles d'Or, enorme d'une canton de nostre -propre Armes de Angleterre; cest a savoir de Gules a une Lipard passant -d'Or, armee {148} d'Azure," to Louis, Earl of Winchester (Fig. 236). The -recurrence of the mascles in the arms of the successive Earls of -Winchester, whilst each had other family arms, and in the arms of Ferrers, -whilst not being the original Ferrers coat, suggests the thought that there -may be hidden some reference to a common saintly patronage which all -enjoyed, or some territorial honour common to the three of which the -knowledge no longer remains with us. - -There are some number of coats which are said to have had a field masculy. -Of course this is quite possible, and the difference between a field -masculy and a field fretty is that in the latter the separate pieces of -which it is composed interlace each other; but when the field is masculy it -is all one fretwork surface, the field being visible through the voided -apertures. Nevertheless it seems by no means certain that in every case in -which the field masculy occurs it may not be found in other, and possibly -earlier, examples as fretty. At any rate, very few such coats of arms are -even supposed to exist. The arms of De Burgh (Fig. 237) are blazoned in the -Grimaldi Roll: "Masclee de vere and de goules," but whether the inference -is that this blazon is wrong or that lozenge and mascle were identical -terms I am not aware. - -[Illustration: FIG. 234.--Arms of Roger de Quincy, Earl of Winchester (d. -1264): Gules, seven mascles conjoined, three, three and one or. (From his -seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 235.--Arms of Seiher de Quincy, Earl of Winchester (d. -1219): Or, a fess gules, a label of seven points azure. (From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 236.--Arms of Louis de Bruges, Earl of Winchester (d. -1492.)] - -The _rustre_ is comparatively rare (Fig. 233). It is a lozenge pierced in -the centre with a circular hole. It occurs in the arms of J. D. G. -Dalrymple, Esq., F.S.A. Some few coats of arms are mentioned in Papworth in -which the rustre appears; for example the arms of Pery, which are: "Or, -three rustres sable;" and Goodchief, which are: "Per fess or and sable, -three rustres counterchanged;" but so seldom is the figure met with that it -may be almost dropped out of consideration. How it ever reached the -position of being considered one of the ordinaries has always been to me a -profound mystery. {149} - -THE FRET - -The fret (Fig. 238), which is very frequently found occurring in British -armory, is no doubt derived from earlier coats of arms, the whole field of -which was covered by an interlacing of alternate bendlets and bendlets -sinister, because many of the families who now bear a simple fret are found -in earlier representations and in the early rolls of arms bearing coats -which were fretty (Fig. 239). Instances of this kind will be found in the -arms of Maltravers, Verdon, Tollemache, and other families. - -[Illustration: FIG. 237.--Arms of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent (d. 1243). -(From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 238.--The Fret.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 239.--Fretty.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 240.--Arms of John Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel (d. -1435): Quarterly, 1 and 4, gules, a lion rampant or (for Fitz Alan); 2 and -3, sable, fretty or (for Maltravers). (From his seal, _c._ 1432.)] - -"Sable fretty or" was the original form of the arms of the ancient and -historic family of Maltravers. At a later date the arms of Maltravers are -found simply "sable, a fret or," but, like the arms of so many other -families which we now find blazoned simply as charged with a fret, their -original form was undoubtedly "fretty." They appear fretty as late as in -the year 1421, which is the date at which the Garter plate of Sir William -Arundel, K.G. (1395-1400), was set up in St. George's Chapel at Windsor. -His arms as there displayed are in the first and fourth quarters, "gules, a -lion rampant or," and in the second and third, "purpure fretty or" for -Maltravers. Probably the seal of John Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel (d. 1435), -roughly marks the period, and shows the source of the confusion (Fig. 240). -But it should be noted that Sir Richard Arundel, Lord Maltravers, bore at -the siege of Rouen, in the year 1418, gules a lion rampant or, quarterly -with "sable a fret or" (for Maltravers). This would seem to indicate {150} -that those who treat the fret and fretty as interchangeable have good -grounds for so doing. A Sir John Maltravers bore "sable fretty or" at the -siege of Calais, and another Sir John Maltravers, a knight banneret, bore -at the first Dunstable tournament "sable fretty or, a label of three points -argent." As he is there described as Le Fitz, the label was probably a -purely temporary mark of difference. In a roll of arms which is believed to -belong to the latter part of the reign of Henry III., a Sir William -Maltravers is credited with "sable fretty or, on a quarter argent, three -lions passant in pale gules." The palpable origin of the fret or fretty in -the case of the arms of Maltravers is simply the canting similarity between -a traverse and the name Maltravers. Another case, which starting fretty has -ended in a fret, occurs in the arms of the family of Harington. Sir John de -Haverington, or Sir John de Harington, is found at the first Dunstable -tournament in 1308 bearing "sable fretty argent," and this coat of arms -variously differenced appears in some number of the other early rolls of -arms. The Harington family, as may be seen from the current baronetages, -now bear "sable a fret argent," but there can be little doubt that in this -case the origin of the fretty is to be found in a representation of a -herring-net. - -The fret is usually depicted _throughout_ when borne singly, and is then -composed of a bendlet dexter and a bendlet sinister, interlaced in the -centre by a mascle. Occasionally it will be found couped, but it is then, -as a rule, only occupying the position of a subsidiary charge. A coat which -is _fretty_ is entirely covered by the interlacing bendlets and bendlets -sinister, no mascles being introduced. - -THE FLAUNCH - -[Illustration: FIG. 241.--Flaunches.] - -The flaunch, which is never borne singly, and for which the additional -names of "flasks" and "voiders" are sometimes found, is the segment of a -circle of large diameter projecting into the field from either side of the -escutcheon, of a different colour from the field. It is by no means an -unusual charge to be met with, and, like the majority of other ordinaries, -is subject to the usual lines of partition, but so subject is, however, of -rather rare occurrence. - -Planche, in his "Pursuivant of Arms," mentions the old idea, which is -repeated by Woodward, "that the base son of a noble woman, if he doe gev -armes, must give upon the same a surcoat, but unless you do {151} well mark -such coat you may take it for a coat flanchette." The surcoat is much the -same figure that would remain after flaunches had been taken from the field -of a shield, with this exception, that the flaunches would be wider and the -intervening space necessarily much narrower. In spite of the fact that this -is supposed to be one of the recognised rules of armory, one instance only -appears to be known of its employment, which, however, considering the -circumstances, is not very much to be wondered at. One exceptional case -surely cannot make a rule. I know of no modern case of a mother's coat -bastardised--but I assume it would fall under the ordinary practice of the -bordure wavy. - -THE ROUNDLE - -The roundle is a generic name which comprises all charges which are plain -circular figures of colour or metal. Foreign heraldry merely terms them -roundles of such and such a colour, but in England we have special terms -for each tincture. - -[Illustration: FIG. 242.--Fountain.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 243.--The Arms of Stourton.] - -When the roundle is gold it is termed a "bezant," when silver a "plate," -when gules a "torteau," when azure a "hurt," when sable an "ogress," -"pellet," or "gunstone," when vert a "pomeis," when purpure a "golpe," when -tenne an "orange," when sanguine a "guze." The golpes, oranges, and guzes -are seldom, if ever, met with, but the others are of constant occurrence, -and roundles of fur are by no means unknown. A roundle of more than one -colour is described as a roundle "per pale," for example of gules and -azure, or whatever it may be. The plates and bezants are naturally flat, -and must be so represented. They should never be shaded up into a globular -form. The torteau is sometimes found shaded, but is more correctly flat, -but probably the pellet or ogress and the pomeis are intended to be -globular. Roundles of fur are always flat. One curious roundle is a very -common charge in British armory, that is, the "fountain," which is a -roundle barry wavy argent and azure (Fig. 242). This is the conventional -heraldic representation of water, of course. A fountain will be found -termed a "syke" when occurring in the arms of any family of the name of -Sykes. It {152} typifies naturally anything in the nature of a well, in -which meaning it occurs on the arms of Stourton (Fig. 243). - -The arms of Stourton are one of the few really ancient coats concerning -which a genuine explanation exists. The blazon of them is: Sable a bend or, -between six fountains proper. Concerning this coat of arms Aubrey says: "I -believe anciently 'twas only Sable a bend or." With all deference to -Aubrey, I personally neither think he was right, nor do I pay much -attention to his _opinions_, particularly in this case, inasmuch as every -known record of the Stourton arms introduces the six fountains. The name -Stourton, originally "de Stourton," is emphatically a territorial name, and -there is little opportunity for this being gainsaid, inasmuch as the -lordship and manor of Stourton, in the counties of Wilts and Somerset, -remained in the possession of the Lords Stourton until the year 1714. The -present Lord Mowbray and Stourton still owns land within the parish. -Consequently there is no doubt whatever that the Lords Stourton derived -their surname from this manor of Stourton. Equally is it certain that the -manor of Stourton obtained its name from the river Stour, which rises -within the manor. The sources of the river Stour are six wells, which exist -in a tiny valley in Stourton Park, which to this day is known by the name -of "The Six Wells Bottom." In the present year of grace only one of the six -wells remains visible. When Sir Richard Colt Hoare wrote, there were four -visible. Of these four, three were outside and one inside the park wall. -The other two within the park had been then closed up. When Leland wrote in -1540 to 1542, the six wells were in existence and visible; for he wrote: -"The ryver of Stoure risith ther of six fountaynes or springes, whereof 3 -be on the northe side of the Parke, harde withyn the Pale, the other 3 be -north also, but withoute the Parke. The Lorde Stourton giveth these 6 -fountaynes yn his Armes." Guillim says the same thing: "These six Fountains -are borne in signification of six Springs, whereof the River of Sture in -Wiltshire hath his beginning, and passeth along to Sturton, the seat of -that Barony." Here, then, is the origin of the six fountains upon the coat -of arms; but Aubrey remarks that three of the six springs in the park are -in the county of Wilts, whereas Mr. Camden has put them all in -Somersetshire. However, the fact is that three of the springs were inside -the park and three outside, and that three were in Wiltshire and three in -Somersetshire. Here, then, is to be found the division upon the coat of -arms of the six fountains in the two sets of three each, and it is by no -means an improbable suggestion that the bend which separates the three from -the three is typical of, or was suggested by, either the park wall or pale, -or by the line of division between the two counties, and the more probable -of the two seems to {153} be the park wall. The coat of arms is just a map -of the property. Now, with regard to the arms, as far as is known there has -not been at any time the slightest deviation by the family of the Lords -Stourton from the coat quoted and illustrated. But before leaving the -subject it may be well to point out that in the few cases in which an -ancient coat of arms carries with it an explanation, such explanation is -usually to be found either in some such manner as that in which these arms -of Stourton have been explained, or else in some palpable pun, and not in -the mythical accounts and legends of supernatural occurrences which have -been handed down, and seldom indeed in any explanation of personal nobility -which the tinctures or charges are sometimes said to represent. - -What is now considered quite a different charge from the fountain is the -whirlpool or gurges, which is likewise intended to represent water, and is -borne by a family of the name of Gorges, the design occupying the whole of -the field. This is represented by a spiral line of azure commencing in the -centre of an argent field, continuing round and round until the edges of -the shield are reached; but there can be very little doubt that this was an -early form of representing the watery roundle which happens to have been -perpetuated in the instance of that one coat. The fountains upon the seal -of the first Lord Stourton are represented in this manner. - -Examples of a field seme of roundles are very usual, these being termed -bezante or plate if seme of bezants or plates; but in the cases of roundles -of other colours the words "seme of" need to be used. - -THE ANNULET - -[Illustration: FIG. 244.--Annulet.] - -Closely akin to the roundel is the annulet (Fig. 244) and though, as far as -I am aware, no text-book has as yet included this in its list of ordinaries -and sub-ordinaries, one can see no reason, as the annulet is a regularly -used heraldic figure, why the lozenge should have been included and the -annulet excluded, when the annulet is of quite as frequent occurrence. It -is, as its name implies, simply a plain ring of metal or colour, as will be -found in the arms of Lowther, Hutton, and many other families. Annulets -appear anciently to have been termed false roundles. - -Annulets will frequently be found interlaced. {154} Care should be taken to -distinguish them from gem-rings, which are always drawn in a very natural -manner with stones, which, however, in real life would approach an -impossible size. - -THE LABEL - -[Illustration: FIG. 245.--The Label.] - -The label (Fig. 245) as a charge must be distinguished from the label as a -mark of difference for the eldest son, though there is no doubt that in -those cases in which it now exists as a charge, the origin must be traced -to its earlier use as a difference. Concerning its use as a mark of -difference it will be treated of further in the chapter upon marks of -difference and cadency, but as a charge it will seldom be found in any -position except in chief, and not often of other than three points, and it -will always be found drawn throughout, that is, with the upper line -extended to the size of the field. It consists of a narrow band straight -across the shield, from which depend at right angles three short bands. -These shorter arms have each of late years been drawn more in the shape of -a dovetail, but this was not the case until a comparatively recent period, -and now-a-days we are quite as inclined to revert to the old forms as to -perpetuate this modern variety. Other names for the label are the "lambel" -and the "file." The label is the only mark of difference now borne by the -Royal Family. Every member of the Royal Family has the Royal arms assigned -to him for use presumably during life, and in these warrants, which are -separate and personal for each individual, both the coronet and the -difference marks which are to be borne upon the label are quoted and -assigned. This use of the label, however, will be subsequently fully dealt -with. As a charge, the label occurs in the arms of Barrington: "Argent, -three chevronels gules, a label azure;" and Babington: "Argent, ten -torteaux, four, three, two, and one, in chief a label of three points -azure;" also in the earlier form of the arms of De Quincy (Fig. 235) and -Courtenay (Fig. 246). Various curious coats of arms in which the label -appears are given in Papworth as follows:-- - - "... a label of four points in bend sinister ... Wm. de Curli, 20th - Hen. III. (Cotton, Julius F., vii. 175.) - - "Argent, a label of five points azure. Henlington, co. Gloucester. - (Harl. MS. 1404, fo. 109.) - - "Or, a file gules, with three bells pendent azure, clappers sable. - (Belfile.) {155} - - "Sable, three crescents, in chief a label of two drops and in fess - another of one drop argent. Fitz-Simons. (Harl. MS. 1441 and 5866.) - - "Or, three files borne barways gules, the first having five points, the - second four, and the last three. Liskirke, Holland. (Gwillim.)" - -A curious label will have been noticed in the arms of De Valence (Fig. -120). - -THE BILLET - -The billet (Fig. 247), though not often met with as a charge, does -sometimes occur, as for example, in the arms of Alington. - -[Illustration: FIG. 246.--Arms of Hugh Courtenay, Earl of Devon (d. 1422): -Or, three torteaux, a label azure. (From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 247.--The Billet.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 248.--Billette.] - -Its more frequent appearance is as an object with which a field or superior -charge is seme, in which case these are termed billette (Fig. 248). The -best known instance of this is probably the coat borne on an inescutcheon -over the arms of England during the joint reign of William and Mary. The -arms of Gasceline afford another example of a field billette. These are -"or, billette azure, and a label gules." Though not many instances are -given under each subdivision, Papworth affords examples of coats with every -number of billets from 1 to 20, but many of them, particularly some of -those from 10 to 20 in number, are merely mistaken renderings of fields -which should have been termed billette. The billet, slightly widened, is -sometimes known as a block, and as such will be found in the arms of -Paynter. Other instances are to be found where the billets are termed -delves or gads. The billet will sometimes be found pointed at the bottom, -in which case it is termed "urdy at the foot." But neither as a form of -seme, nor as a charge, is the billet of sufficiently frequent use to -warrant its inclusion as one of the ordinaries or sub-ordinaries. {156} - -[Illustration: FIG. 249.--Armorial bearings of R. E. Yerburgh, Esq.: Per -pale argent and azure, on a chevron between three chaplets all -counterchanged, an annulet for difference. Mantling azure and argent. -Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a falcon close or, belled of the last, -preying upon a mallard proper.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 250.--Armorial bearings of Robert Berry, Esq.: -Quarterly, 1 and 4, vert, a cross crosslet argent (for Berry); 2 and 3, -parted per pale argent and sable, on a chaplet four mullets counterchanged -(for Nairne), in the centre of the quarters a crescent or, for difference. -Mantling vert, doubled argent. Crest: upon a wreath of his liveries, a -demi-lion rampant gules, armed and langued, holding in his dexter paw a -cross crosslet fitchee azure; and in an escroll over the same this motto, -"In hoc signo vinces," and in another under the shield, "L'esperance me -comforte."] - -THE CHAPLET - -Why the chaplet was ever included amongst the ordinaries and sub-ordinaries -passes my comprehension. It is not of frequent occurrence, and I have yet -to ascertain in which form it has acquired this status. The chaplet which -is usually meant when the term is employed is the garland of oak, laurel, -or other leaves or flowers (Fig. 249), which is found more frequently as -part of a crest. There is also the chaplet, which it is difficult to -describe, save as a large broad annulet {157} such as the one which figures -in the arms of Nairne (Fig. 250), and which is charged at four regular -intervals with roses, mullets, or some other objects. - -The chaplet of oak and acorns is sometimes known as a civic crown, but the -term chaplet will more frequently be found giving place to the use of the -word wreath, and a chaplet of laurel or roses, unless completely conjoined -and figuring as a charge upon the shield, will be far more likely to be -termed a wreath or garland of laurel or roses than a chaplet. - -There are many other charges which have no great distinction from some of -these which have been enumerated, but as nobody hitherto has classed them -as ordinaries I suppose there could be no excuse for so introducing them, -but the division of any heraldic charges into ordinaries and -sub-ordinaries, and their separation from other figures, seems to a certain -extent incomprehensible and very unnecessary. {158} - - - -CHAPTER X - -THE HUMAN FIGURE IN HERALDRY - -If we include the many instances of the human head and the human figure -which exist as crests, and also the human figure as a supporter, probably -it or its parts will be nearly as frequently met with in armory as the -lion; but if crests and supporters be disregarded, and the human figure be -simply considered as a charge upon the shield, it is by no means often to -be met with. - -English (but not Scottish) official heraldry now and for a long time past -has set its face against the representation of any specific saint or other -person in armorial bearings. In many cases, however, particularly in the -arms of ecclesiastical sees and towns, the armorial bearings registered are -simply the conventionalised heraldic representation of seal designs dating -from a very much earlier period. - -Seal engravers laboured under no such limitations, and their -representations were usually of some specific saint or person readily -recognisable from accompanying objects. Consequently, if it be desirable, -the identity of a figure in a coat of arms can often be traced in such -cases by reference to a seal of early date, whilst all the time the -official coat of arms goes no further than to term the figure that of a -saint. - -The only representation which will be found in British heraldry of the -Deity is in the arms of the See of Chichester, which certainly originally -represented our Lord seated in glory. Whether by intention or carelessness, -this, however, is now represented and blazoned as: "Azure, a Prester -[Presbyter] John sitting on a tombstone, in his left hand a mound, his -right hand extended all or, with a linen mitre on his head, and in his -mouth a sword proper." Possibly it is a corruption, but I am rather -inclined to think it is an intentional alteration to avoid the necessity of -any attempt to pictorially represent the Deity. - -Christ upon the Cross, however, will be found represented in the arms of -Inverness (Fig. 251). The shield used by the town of Halifax has the -canting "Holy Face" upon a chequy field. This coat, however, is without -authority, though it is sufficiently remarkable to quote the blazon in -full: "Chequy or and azure, a man's face with long hair and bearded and -dropping blood, and surmounted {159} by a halo, all proper; in chief the -letters HALEZ, and in base the letters FAX." - -[Illustration: FIG. 251.--Armorial bearings of the Royal Burgh of -Inverness: Gules, our Lord upon the Cross proper. Mantling gules, doubled -or. Crest: upon a wreath of the proper liveries a cornucopia proper. -Supporters: dexter, a dromedary; sinister, an elephant, both proper. (From -a painting by Mr. Graham Johnston in Lyon Register.)] - -No other instance is known, but, on the other hand, representations of the -Virgin Mary with her babe are not uncommon. She will be found so described -in the arms of the Royal Burgh of Banff. The Virgin Mary and Child appear -also in the arms of the town of Leith, {160} viz.: "Argent, in a sea -proper, an ancient galley with two masts, sails furled sable, flagged -gules, seated therein the Virgin Mary with the Infant Saviour in her arms, -and a cloud resting over their heads, all also proper." - -The Virgin and Child appear in the crest of Marylebone (Fig. 252), but in -this case, in accordance with the modern English practice, the identity is -not alluded to. The true derivation of the name from "St. Mary le Bourne" -(and not "le bon") is perpetuated in the design of the arms. - -A demi-figure of the Virgin is the crest of Rutherglen;[12] and the Virgin -and Child figure, amongst other ecclesiastical arms, on the shields of the -Sees of Lincoln ["Gules, two lions passant-guardant or; on a chief azure, -the Holy Virgin and Child, sitting crowned, and bearing a sceptre of the -second"], Salisbury ["Azure, the Holy Virgin and Child, with sceptre in her -left hand all or"], Sodor and Man ["Argent, upon three ascents the Holy -Virgin standing with her arms extended between two pillars, on the dexter -whereof is a church; in base the ancient arms of Man upon an -inescutcheon"], Southwell ["Sable, three fountains proper, a chief paly of -three, on the first or, a stag couchant proper, on the second gules, the -Virgin holding in her arms the infant Jesus, on the third also or, two -staves raguly couped in cross vert"], and Tuam ["Azure, three figures erect -under as many canopies or stalls of Gothic work or, their faces, hands, and -legs proper; the first representing an archbishop in his pontificals; the -second the Holy Virgin Mary, a circle of glory over her head, holding in -her left arm the infant Jesus; and the third an angel having his dexter arm -elevated, and under the sinister arm a lamb, all of the second"]. {161} - -[Illustration: FIG. 252.--Arms of Marylebone: Per chevron sable and barry -wavy of six, argent and azure in chief, in the dexter a fleur-de-lis, and -in the sinister a rose, both or. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, upon -two bars wavy argent and azure, between as many lilies of the first, -stalked and leaved vert, a female figure affronte proper, vested of the -first, mantled of the second, on the left arm a child also proper, vested -or, around the head of each a halo of the last. Motto: "Fiat secundum -verbum tuum."] - -{162} Various saints figure in different Scottish coats of arms, and -amongst them will be found the following:-- - -St. Andrew, in the arms of the National Bank of Scotland, granted in 1826 -["Or, the image of St. Andrew with vesture vert and surcoat purpure bearing -before him the cross of his martyrdom argent, all resting on a base of the -second, in the dexter flank a garb gules, in the sinister a ship in full -sail sable, the shield surrounded with two thistles proper, disposed in -orle"]; St. Britius, in the arms of the Royal Burgh of Kirkcaldy ["Azur, -ane abbay of three pyramids argent, each ensigned with a cross patee or. -And on the reverse of the seal is insculped in a field azure the figure of -St. Bryse with long garments, on his head a mytre, in the dexter a -fleur-de-lis, the sinister laid upon his breast all proper. Standing in ye -porch of the church or abbay. Ensigned on the top as before all betwixt a -decrescent and a star in fess or. The motto is 'Vigilando Munio.' And round -the escutcheon of both sydes these words--'Sigillum civitatus Kirkaldie'"]; -St. Columba, in the arms of the College of the Holy Spirit at Cumbrae -["Quarterly, 1 and 4 grand quarters, azure, St. Columba in a boat at sea, -in his sinister hand a dove, and in the dexter chief a blazing star all -proper; 2 and 3 grand quarters, quarterly, i. and iv., argent, an eagle -displayed with two heads gules; ii. and iii., parted per bend embattled -gules and argent; over the second and third grand quarters an escutcheon of -the arms of Boyle of Kelburne, viz. or, three stags' horns gules"]; St. -Duthacus, in the arms of the Royal Burgh of Tain ["Gules, St. Duthacus in -long garments argent, holding in his dexter hand a staff garnished with -ivy, in the sinister laid on his breast a book expanded proper"]; St. -Aegidius (St. Giles), in the arms of the Royal Burgh of Elgin ["Argent, -Sanctus Aegidius habited in his robes and mitred, holding in his dexter -hand a pastoral staff, and in his left hand a clasped book, all proper. -Supporters; two angels proper, winged or volant upwards. Motto: 'Sic itur -ad astra,' upon ane compartment suitabil to a Burgh Royal, and for their -colours red and white"]; St. Ninian, in the arms of the Episcopal See of -Galloway ["Argent, St. Ninian standing and full-faced proper, clothed with -a pontifical robe purple, on his head a mitre, and in his dexter hand a -crosier or"]; and St. Adrian, in the arms of the town of Pittenweem ["Azur, -in the sea a gallie with her oars in action argent, and therein standing -the figure of St. Adrian, with long garments close girt, and a mytre on his -head proper, holding in his sinister hand a crosier or. On the stern a flag -developed argent, charged with the Royall Armes of Scotland, with this -word, 'Deo Duce'"]. - -Biblical characters of the Old Testament have found favour upon the -Continent, and the instances quoted by Woodward are too amusing to omit:-- - -"The families who bear the names of saints, such as ST. ANDREW, ST. GEORGE, -ST. MICHAEL, have (perhaps not unnaturally) included in their arms -representation of their family patrons. - -"The Bavarian family of REIDER include in their shield the mounted effigy -of the good knight ST. MARTIN dividing his cloak with a beggar (date of -diploma 1760). The figure of the great Apostle of the Gentiles appears in -the arms of VON PAULI JOERG, and JORGER, of Austria, similarly make use of -St. George. - -"Continental Heraldry affords not a few examples of the use of the -personages of Holy Writ. The ADAMOLI of Lombardy bear: 'Azure, {163} the -Tree of Life entwined with the Serpent, and accosted with our first -parents, all proper' (_i.e._ in a state of nature). The addition of a chief -of the Empire to this coat makes it somewhat incongruous. - -"The family of ADAM in Bavaria improve on Sacred History by eliminating -EVE, and by representing ADAM as holding the apple in one hand, and the -serpent wriggling in the other. On the other hand, the Spanish family of -EVA apparently consider there is a sufficiently transparent allusion to -their own name, and to the mother of mankind, in the simple bearings: 'Or, -on a mount in base an apple-tree vert, fructed of the field, and encircled -by a serpent of the second.' - -"The family of ABEL in Bavaria make the patriarch in the attitude of prayer -to serve as their crest; while the coat itself is: 'Sable, on a square -altar argent, a lamb lying surrounded by fire and smoke proper.' - -"SAMSON slaying the lion is the subject of the arms of the VESENTINA family -of Verona. The field is gules, and on a terrace in base vert the strong man -naked bestrides a golden lion and forces its jaws apart. The Polish family -of SAMSON naturally use the same device, but the field is azure and the -patriarch is decently habited. The STARCKENS of the Island of OESEL also -use the like as _armes parlantes_; the field in this case is or. After -these we are hardly surprised to find that Daniel in the lions' den is the -subject of the arms of the Rhenish family of DANIELS, granted late in the -eighteenth century; the field is azure. The Bolognese DANIELS are content -to make a less evident allusion to the prophet; their arms are: "per fess -azure and vert, in chief 'the lion of the tribe of Judah' naissant or, -holding an open book with the words 'LIBRI APERTI SUNT' (DANIEL vii. 10). - -"The Archangel ST. MICHAEL in full armour, as conventionally represented, -treading beneath his feet the great adversary, sable, is the charge on an -azure field of the VAN SCHOREL of Antwerp." - -Other instances will be found, as St. Kentigern (who is sometimes said to -be the same as St. Mungo), and who occurs as the crest of Glasgow: "The -half-length figure of St. Kentigern affronte, vested and mitred, his right -hand raised in the act of benediction, and having in his left hand a -crosier, all proper;" St. Michael, in the arms of Linlithgow: "Azure, the -figure of the Archangel Michael, with wings expanded, treading on the belly -of a serpent lying with its tail nowed fesswise in base, all argent, the -head of which he is piercing through with a spear in his dexter hand, and -grasping with his sinister an escutcheon charged with the Royal Arms of -Scotland." The same saint also figures in the arms of the city of Brussels; -while the family of MITCHELL-CARRUTHERS bears as a crest: "St. Michael in -armour, {164} holding a spear in his dexter hand, the face, neck, arms and -legs bare, all proper, the wings argent, and hair auburn." - -St. Martin occurs in the arms of Dover, and he also figures, as has been -already stated, on the shield of the Bavarian family of REIDER, whilst St. -Paul occurs as a charge in the arms of the Dutch family of VON PAULI. - -The arms of the See of Clogher are: "A Bishop in pontifical robes seated on -his chair of state, and leaning towards the sinister, his left hand -supporting a crosier, his right pointing to the dexter chief, all or, the -feet upon a cushion gules, tasselled or." - -A curious crest will be found belonging to the arms of a family of Stewart, -which is: "A king in his robes, crowned." The arms of the Episcopal See of -Ross afford another instance of a bishop, together with St. Boniface. - -The arms of the town of Queensferry, in Scotland, show an instance of a -queen. "A king in his robes, and crowned," will be found in the arms of -Dartmouth ["Gules, the base barry wavy, argent and azure, thereon the hulk -of a ship, in the centre of which is a king robed and crowned, and holding -in his sinister hand a sceptre, at each end of the ship a lion sejant -guardant all or]." - -Allegorical figures, though numerous as supporters, are comparatively rare -as charges upon a shield; but the arms of the University of Melbourne show -a representation of the figure of Victory ["Azure, a figure intended to -represent Victory, robed and attired proper, the dexter hand extended -holding a wreath of laurel or, between four stars of eight points, two in -pale and two in fess argent"], which also appears in other coats of arms. - -The figure of Truth will be found in the coats of arms for various members -of the family of Sandeman. - -The bust of Queen Elizabeth was granted by that Queen, as a special mark of -her Royal favour, to Sir Anthony Weldon, her Clerk of the Spicery. - -Apollo is represented in the arms of the Apothecaries' Company: "Azure, -Apollo, the inventor of physic, proper, with his head radiant, holding in -his left hand a bow and in his right hand an arrow or, supplanting a -serpent argent." - -The figure of Justice appears in the arms of Wiergman [or Wergman]. - -Neptune appears in the arms granted to Sir Isaac Heard, Lancaster Herald, -afterwards Garter King of Arms, and is again to be found in the crest of -the arms of Monneypenny ["On a dolphin embowed, a bridled Neptune astride, -holding with his sinister hand a trident over his shoulder"]. - -The figure of Temperance occurs in the crest of Goodfellow. {165} - -The head of St. John the Baptist in a charger figures in the crest of the -Tallow Chandlers' Livery Company and in the arms of Ayr, whilst the head of -St. Denis is the charge upon the arms of a family of that name. - -Angels, though very frequently met with as supporters, are far from being -usual, either as a charge upon a shield or as a crest. The crest of Leslie, -however, is an angel. - -The crest of Lord Kintore is an angel in a praying posture or, within an -orle of laurel proper. - -Cherubs are far more frequently to be met with. They are represented in -various forms, and will be found in the arms of Chaloner, Thackeray, -Maddocks, and in the crest of Carruthers. - -The nude figure is perhaps the most usual form in which the human being is -made use of as a charge, and examples will be found in the arms of Wood -(Lord Halifax), and in the arms of Oswald. - -The arms of Dalziell show an example--practically unique in British -heraldry--of a naked man, the earliest entry (1685) of the arms of Dalziell -of Binns (a cadet of the family) in the Lyon Register, having them then -blazoned: "Sable, a naked man with his arms extended _au naturel_, on a -canton argent, a sword and pistol disposed in saltire proper." - -This curious coat of arms has been the subject of much speculation. The -fact that in some early examples the body is swinging from a gibbet has led -some to suppose the arms to be an allusion to the fact, or legend, that one -of the family recovered the body of Kenneth III., who had suffered death by -hanging at the hands of the Picts. But it seems more likely that if the -gibbet is found in any authoritative versions of the arms possibly the coat -may owe its origin to a similar reason to that which is said, and probably -correctly, to account for the curious crest of the Davenport family, viz.: -"A man's head in profile couped at the shoulders proper, about the neck a -rope or," or as it is sometimes termed, "a felon's head proper, about the -neck a halter or." There is now in the possession of the Capesthorne branch -of the Davenport family a long and very ancient roll, containing the names -of the master robbers captured and beheaded in the times of Koran, Roger, -and Thomas de Davenport, and probably the Davenport family held some office -or Royal Commission which empowered them to deal in a summary way with the -outlaws which infested the Peak country. It is more than probable that the -crest of Davenport should be traced to some such source as this, and I -suggest the possibility of a similar origin for the arms of Dalziel. - -As a crest the savage and demi-savage are constantly occurring. {166} They -are in heraldry distinguished by the garlands of leaves about either or -both loins and temples. - -Men in armour are sometimes met with. The arms of O'Loghlen are an instance -in point, as are the crests of Marshall, Morse, Bannerman, and Seton of -Mounie. - -Figures of all nationalities and in all costumes will be found in the form -of supporters, and occasionally as crests, but it is difficult to classify -them, and it must suffice to mention a few curious examples. The human -figure as a supporter is fully dealt with in the chapter devoted to that -subject. - -The arms of Jedburgh have a mounted warrior, and the same device occurs in -the crest of the Duke of Fife, and in the arms of Lanigan-O'Keefe. - -The arms of Londonderry afford an instance of a skeleton. - -The emblematical figure of Fortune is a very favourite charge in foreign -heraldry. - -A family of the name of Rodd use the Colossus of Rhodes as a crest: and the -arms of Sir William Dunn, Bart., are worth the passing mention ["Azure, on -a mount in base a bale of wool proper, thereon seated a female figure -representing Commerce, vested argent, resting the dexter hand on a stock of -an anchor, and in the sinister a caduceus, both or, on the chief of the -last a tree eradicated, thereon hanging a hunting-horn between a thistle -slipped proper on the dexter and a fleur-de-lis azure on the sinister. -Crest: a cornucopia fesswise, surmounted by a dexter hand couped proper, -holding a key in bend sinister or. Motto: 'Vigilans et audax.'"]. - -The crests of Vivian ["A demi-hussar of the 18th Regiment, holding in his -right hand a sabre, and in his left a pennon flying to the sinister gules, -and inscribed in gold letters, 'Croix d'Orade,' issuant from a bridge of -one arch, embattled, and at each end a tower"], and Macgregor ["two brass -guns in saltire in front of a demi-Highlander armed with his broadsword, -pistols, and with a target, thereon the family arms of Macgregor," viz.: -"Argent: a sword in bend dexter azure, and an oak-tree eradicated in bend -sinister proper, in the dexter chief an antique crown gules, and upon an -escroll surmounting the crest the motto, 'E'en do and spare not'"] are -typical of many crests of augmentation and quasi-augmentation granted in -the early part of the nineteenth century. - -The crest of the Devonshire family of Arscot ["A demi-man affronte in a -Turkish habit, brandishing in his dexter hand a scimitar, and his sinister -hand resting on a tiger's head issuing from the wreath"] is curious, as is -the crest granted by Sir William Le Neve in 1642 to Sir Robert Minshull, -viz.: "A Turk kneeling on one knee, habited {167} gules, legs and arms in -mail proper, at the side a scymitar sable, hilted or, on the head a turban -with a crescent and feather argent, holding in the dexter hand a crescent -of the last." - -The crest of Pilkington ["a mower with his scythe in front habited as -follows: a high-crowned hat with flap, the crown party per pale, flap the -same, counterchanged; coat buttoned to the middle, with his scythe in bend -proper, habited through quarterly and counterchanged argent and gules"], -and the very similar crest of De Trafford, in which the man holds a flail, -are curious, and are the subjects of appropriate legends. - -The crest of Clerk of Pennycuick (a demi-man winding a horn) refers to the -curious tenure by which the Pennycuick estate is supposed to be held, -namely, that whenever the sovereign sets foot thereupon, the proprietor -must blow a horn from a certain rocky point. The motto, "Free for a blast," -has reference to the same. - -The arms of the College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, I fancy, afford the only -instance of what is presumably a corpse, the blazon being: "Azure, a man -(human body) fesswise between a dexter hand having an eye on the palm -issuing out of a cloud downward and a castle situate on a rock proper, -within a bordure or charged with several instruments peculiar to the art -(_sic_); on a canton of the first a saltire argent surmounted of a thistle -vert, crowned of the third." - -When we come to parts of the human body instances of heads, arms, and legs -are legion. - -There are certain well-known heraldic heads, and though many instances -occur where the blazon is simply a "man's head," it will be most frequently -found that it is more specifically described. - -Sloane Evans in his "Grammar of Heraldry" specifies eight different -varieties, namely: 1. The wild man's; 2. The Moor's; 3. The Saracen's; 4. -The Saxon's; 5. The Englishman's; 6. The old man's; 7. The woman's; 8. The -child's. - -The wild man's or savage's head is usually represented with a wreath of -leaves about the temples, but not necessarily so (Fig. 253). - -The head of the Moor, or "blackamoor," as it is more usually described, is -almost always in profile, and very frequently adorned with a twisted wreath -(torse) about the temples (Fig. 254). - -The head of the Saracen is also usually found with wreaths about the -temples (Fig. 255). - -The head of the Saxon is borne by several Welsh families, and is supposed -to be known by the absence of a beard. - -The Englishman's head, which is borne by the Welsh family of Lloyd of -Plymog, has no very distinctive features, except that whilst the hair and -beard of the savage are generally represented brown, they {168} are black -in the case of the Moor and Saracen, and fair for the Saxon and Englishman. - -The old man's head, which, like that of the Saxon and Englishman, is seldom -met with, is bald and grey-haired and bearded. - -But for all practical purposes these varieties may be all disregarded -except the savage's (Fig. 253), the blackamoor's (Fig. 254), and the -Saracen's (Fig. 255). Examples of the savage's head will be found in the -arms of Eddington of Balbartan ["Azure, three savages' heads couped -argent"], in the arms of Gladstone, and in the canting coat of Rochead of -Whitsonhill ["Argent, a savage's head erased, distilling drops of blood -proper, between three combs azure"]. Moir of Otterburn bears the Moors' -heads ["Argent, three negroes' heads couped proper within a bordure -counter-indented sable and or"], and Moir of Stonniwood matriculated a -somewhat similar coat in which the heads are termed Mauritanian ["Argent, -three Mauritanian negroes' heads couped and distilling guttes-de-sang"]. -Alderson of Homerton, Middlesex, bears Saracens' heads ["Argent, three -Saracens' heads affronte, couped at the shoulders proper, wreathed about -the temples of the first and sable"]. - -[Illustration: FIG. 253.--A savage's head.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 254.--A blackamoor's head.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 255.--A Saracen's head.] - -The woman's head (Fig. 256) in heraldry is always represented young and -beautiful (that is, if the artist is capable of so drawing it), and it is -almost invariably found with golden hair. The colour, however, should be -blazoned, the term "crined" being used. Five maidens' heads appear upon the -arms of the town of Reading, and the crest of Thornhill shows the same -figure. The arms of the Mercers' Livery Company ["Gules, a demi-virgin -couped below the shoulders, issuing from clouds all proper, vested or, -crowned with an Eastern crown of the last, her hair dishevelled, and -wreathed round the temples with roses of the second, all within an orle of -clouds proper"] and of the Master of the Revels in Scotland ["Argent, a -lady rising out of a cloud in the nombril point, richly apparelled, on her -head a garland of ivy, holding in her right hand a poinziard crowned, in -her left a vizard all proper, standing {169} under a veil or canopy azure, -garnished or, in base a thistle vert"] are worthy of quotation. - -The boy's head will seldom be found except in Welsh coats, of which the -arms of Vaughan and Price are examples. - -Another case in which the heads of children appear are the arms of -Fauntleroy ["Gules, three infants' heads couped at the shoulders proper, -crined or"], which are a very telling instance of a canting device upon the -original form of the name, which was "Enfantleroy." - -Children, it may be here noted, are seldom met with in armory, but -instances will be found in the arms of Davies, of Marsh, co. Salop ["Sable, -a goat argent, attired or, standing on a child proper swaddled gules, and -feeding on a tree vert"], of the Foundling Hospital ["Per fesse azure and -vert, in chief a crescent argent, between two mullets of six points or, in -base an infant exposed, stretching out its arms for help proper"], and in -the familiar "bird and bantling" crest of Stanley, Earls of Derby. Arms and -hands are constantly met with, and have certain terms of their own. A hand -should be stated to be either dexter (Fig. 257), or sinister (Fig. 258), -and is usually blazoned and always understood to be couped at the wrist. If -the hand is open and the palm visible it is "apaume" (Figs. 257 and 258), -but this being by far the most usual position in which the hand is met -with, unless represented to be holding anything, the term "apaume" is not -often used in blazon, that position being presumed unless anything contrary -is stated. - -[Illustration: FIG. 256.--A woman's head and bust.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 257.--A dexter hand.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 258.--A sinister hand.] - -The hand is occasionally represented "clenched," as in the arms and crest -of Fraser-Mackintosh. When the thumb and first two fingers are raised, they -are said to be "raised in benediction" (Fig. 259). - -The cubit arm (Fig. 260), should be carefully distinguished from the arm -couped at the elbow (Fig. 261). The former includes only about two-thirds -of the entire arm from the elbow. The form "couped at the elbow" is not -frequently met with. - -When the whole arm from the shoulder is used, it is always bent at {170} -the elbow, and this is signified by the term "embowed," and an arm embowed -necessarily includes the whole arm. Fig. 262 shows the usual position of an -arm embowed, but it is sometimes placed embowed to the dexter (Fig. 263), -upon the point of the elbow, that is, "embowed fesseways" (Fig. 264), and -also, but still more infrequently, resting on the upper arm (Fig. 265). -Either of the latter positions must be specified in the blazon. Two arms -"counter-embowed" occur in many crests (Figs. 266 and 267). - -[Illustration: FIG. 259.--A hand "in benediction."] - -[Illustration: FIG. 260.--A cubit arm.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 261.--An arm couped at the elbow.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 262.--An arm embowed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 263.--An arm embowed to the dexter.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 264.--An arm embowed fesseways.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 265.--An arm embowed the upper part in fesse.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 266.--Two arms counter-embowed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 267.--Two arms counter-embowed and interlaced.] - -When the arm is bare it is termed "proper." When clothed it is termed -either "vested" or "habited" (Fig. 268). The cuff is very {171} frequently -of a different colour, and the crest is then also termed "cuffed." The hand -is nearly always bare, but if not represented of flesh colour it will be -presumed and termed to be "gloved" of such and such a tincture. When it is -represented in armour it is termed "in armour" or "vambraced" (Fig. 269). -Even when in armour the hand is usually bare, but if in a gauntlet this -must be specifically so stated (Fig. 270). The armour is always represented -as riveted _plate_ armour unless it is specifically stated to be _chain -armour_, as in the crest of Bathurst, or _scale armour_. Armour is -sometimes decorated with gold, when the usual term employed will be -"garnished or," though occasionally the word "purfled" is used. - -Gloves are occasionally met with as charges, _e.g._ in the arms of -Barttelot. Gauntlets will be found in the arms of Vane. - -[Illustration: FIG. 268.--A cubit arm habited.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 269.--An arm embowed in armour.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 270.--A cubit arm in armour, the hand in a gauntlet.] - -Legs are not so frequently met with as arms. They will be found, however, -in the arms of the Isle of Man and the families Gillman, Bower, Legg, and -as the crest of Eyre. Boots will be found in the crests of various families -of the name of Hussey. - -Bones occur in the arms of Scott-Gatty and Baines. - -A skull occurs in the crest of Graeme ["Two arms issuing from a cloud -erected and lighting up a man's skull encircled with two branches of palm, -over the head a marquess's coronet, all proper"]. - -A woman's breast occurs in the canting arms of Dodge (Plate VI.) ["Barry of -six or and sable, on a pale gules, a woman's breast distilling drops of -milk proper. Crest: upon a wreath of the colours, a demi sea-dog azure, -collared, maned, and finned or"]. - -An eye occurs in the crest of Blount of Maple-Durham ["On a wreath of the -colours, the sun in splendour charged in the centre with an eye all -proper"]. - -The man-lion, the merman, mermaid, melusine, satyr, satyral, harpy, sphinx, -centaur, sagitarius, and weirwolf are included in the chapter upon mythical -animals. {172} - - - -CHAPTER XI - -THE HERALDIC LION - -Heraldic art without the lion would not amount to very much, for no figure -plays such an important or such an extensive part in armory as the lion, in -one or other of its various positions. These present-day positions are the -results of modern differentiation, arising from the necessity of a larger -number of varying coats of arms; but there can be little doubt that in -early times the majority of these positions did not exist, having been -gradually evolved, and that originally the heraldic animal was just "a -lion." The shape of the shield was largely a governing factor in the manner -in which we find it depicted; the old artists, with a keener artistic sense -than is evidenced in so many later examples of heraldic design, endeavoured -to fill up as large a proportion of the space available as was possible, -and consequently when only one lion was to be depicted upon the shield they -very naturally drew the animal in an upright position, this being the one -most convenient and adaptable for their purpose. Probably their knowledge -of natural history was very limited, and this upright position would seem -to them the most natural, and probably was the only one they knew; at any -rate, at first it is almost the only position to be found. A curious -commentary upon this may be deduced from the head-covering of Geoffrey of -Anjou (Fig. 28), which shows a lion. This lion is identically of the form -and shape of the lions rampant upon the shield, but from the nature of the -space it occupies, is what would now be termed statant; but there is at the -same time no such alteration in the relative position of the limbs as would -now be required. This would seem to indicate very clearly that there was -but the one stereotyped pattern of a lion, which answered all their -purposes, and that our fore-runners applied that one pattern to the spaces -they desired to decorate. - -Early heraldry, however, when the various positions came into recognised -use, soon sought to impose this definite distinction, that the lion could -only be depicted erect in the _rampant_ position, and that an animal -represented to be walking must therefore be a _leopard_ from the very -position which it occupied. This, however, was a distinction known only to -the more pedantic heralds, and found greatest favour {173} amongst the -French; but we find in Glover's Roll, which is a copy of a roll originally -drawn up about the year 1250, that whilst he gives lions to six of the -English earls, he commences with "le Roy d'Angleterre porte, Gules, trois -lupards d'or." On the other hand, the monkish chronicler John of -Harmoustier in Touraine (a contemporary writer) relates that when Henry I. -chose Geoffrey, son of Foulk, Earl of Anjou, Touraine, and Main, to be his -son-in-law, by marrying him to his only daughter and heir, Maud the -Empress, and made him knight; after the bathing and other solemnities -(pedes ejus solutaribus in superficie Leonculos aureos habentibus -muniuntur), boots embroidered with golden lions were drawn on his legs, and -also that (Clypeus Leonculos aureos imaginarios habens collo ejus -suspenditur) a shield with lions of gold therein was hung about his neck. - -It is, therefore, evident that the refinement of distinction between a lion -and a leopard was not of the beginning; it is a later addition to the -earlier simple term of lion. This distinction having been invented by -French heralds, and we taking so much of our heraldry, our language, and -our customs from France, adopted, and to a certain extent used, this -description of lions passant as "leopards." There can be no doubt, however, -that the lions passant guardant upon the English shield have always been -represented as _lions_, no matter what they may have been called, and the -use of the term leopard in heraldry to signify a certain position for the -lion never received any extensive sanction, and has long since become -obsolete in British armory. In French blazon, however, the old distinction -is still observed, and it is curious to observe that on the coins of the -Channel Islands the shield of arms distinctly shows three leopards. The -French lion is our lion rampant, the French leopard is our lion passant -guardant, whilst they term our lion passant a _leopard-lionne_, and our -lion rampant guardant is their _lion-leoparde_. - -A lion rampant and any other beast of prey is usually represented in -heraldry with the tongue and claws of a different colour from the animal. -If it is not itself gules, its tongue and claws are usually represented as -of that colour, unless the lion be on a field of gules. They are then -represented azure, the term being "armed and langued" of such and such a -colour. It is not necessary to mention that a lion is "armed and langued" -in the blazon when tongue and claws are emblazoned in gules, but whenever -any other colour is introduced for the purpose it is better that it should -be specified. Outside British heraldry a lion is always supposed to be -rampant unless otherwise specifically described. The earliest appearance of -the lions in the arms of any member of the Royal Family in England would -appear to be the seal of King John when he was Prince and before he {174} -ascended the throne. This seal shows his arms to be two lions passant. The -English Royal crest, which originated with Richard I., is now always -depicted as a lion statant guardant. There can be no doubt, however, that -this guardant attitude is a subsequent derivation from the position of the -lions on the shield, when heraldry was ceasing to be actual and becoming -solely pictorial. We find in the case of the crest of Edward the Black -Prince, now suspended over his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral, that the lion -upon the chapeau looks straight forward over the front of the helm (see -Fig. 271). - -[Illustration: FIG. 272.] - -Another ancient rule belonging to the same period as the controversy -between leopards and lions was that there cannot be more than _one lion_ -upon a shield, and this was one of the great arguments used to determine -that the charges on the Royal Arms of England must be leopards and not -lions. It was admitted as a rule of British armory to a limited extent, -viz., that when two or more lions rampant appeared upon the same shield, -unless combatant, they were always formerly described as lioncels. Thus the -arms of Bohun are: "Azure, a bend argent, cottised between six lioncels -rampant or." British heraldry has, however, long since disregarded any such -rule (if any definite rule ever really existed upon the point), though -curiously enough in the recent grant of arms to the town of Warrington the -animals are there blazoned six "lioncels." - -The artistic evolution of the lion rampant can be readily traced in the -examples and explanations which follow, but, as will be understood, the -employment in the case of some of these models cannot strictly be said to -be confined within a certain number of years, though the details and -periods given are roughly accurate, and sufficiently so to typify the -changes which have occurred. - -Until perhaps the second half of the thirteenth century the body of the -lion appears straight upright, so that the head, the trunk, and the left -hind-paw fall into the angle of the shield. The left fore-paw is -horizontal, the right fore- and the right hind-paw are placed diagonally -(or obliquely) upwards (Fig. 272). The paws each end in three knobs, -similar to a clover-leaf, out of which the claws come forth. The fourth or -inferior toes appeared in heraldry somewhat later. The jaws are closed or -only very slightly opened, without the tongue being visible. The tail is -thickened in the middle with a bunch of longer hair and is turned down -towards the body. - -[Illustration: FIG. 271.--Shield, helmet, and crest of Edward the Black -Prince, suspended over his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 273.] - -In the course of the period lasting from the second half of the thirteenth -to the second half of the fourteenth centuries, the right hind-paw sinks -lower until it forms a right angle with the left. The mouth {175} grows -pointed, and in the second half of the period the tongue becomes visible. -The tail also shows a knot near its root (Fig. 273). - -[Illustration: FIG. 274.] - -In examples taken from the second half of the fourteenth century and the -fifteenth century the lion's body is no longer placed like a pillar, but -lays its head back to the left so that the right fore-paw falls into an -oblique upward line with the trunk. The toes are lengthened, appearing -almost as fingers, and spread out from one another; the tail, adorned with -flame-like bunches of hair, strikes outwards and loses the before-mentioned -knot, which only remains visible in a forked tail (_queue-fourche_). The -jaws grow deep and are widely opened, and the breast rises and expands -under the lower jaw (Fig. 274). - -Lions of peculiar virility and beauty appear upon a fourteenth-century -banner which shows the arms of the family of Talbot, Earls of Shrewsbury: -Gules, a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed or, quartered with the -arms of _Strange_: Argent, two lions passant in pale gules, armed and -langued azure. Fig. 275 gives the lower half of the banner which was -published in colours in the Catalogue of the Heraldic Exhibition in London, -1894. - -[Illustration: FIG. 275.--Arms of Strange and Talbot. (From a design for a -banner.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 276.] - -Fig. 276 is an Italian coat of arms of the fourteenth century, and shows a -lion of almost exactly the same design, except the paws are {176} here -rendered somewhat more heraldically. The painting (azure, a lion rampant -argent) served as an "Ex libris," and bears the inscription "Libe -accusacionum mey p. he ..." (The remainder has been cut away. It is -reproduced from Warnecke's "German Bookplates," 1890.) - -When we come to modern examples of lions, it is evident that the artists of -the present day very largely copy lions which are really the creations of, -or adaptations from, the work of their predecessors. The lions of the late -Mr. Forbes Nixon, as shown in Fig. 277, which were specially drawn by him -at my request as typical of his style, are respectively as follows:-- - -A winged lion passant coward. A lion rampant regardant. A lion rampant -queue-fourche. A lion passant crowned. A lion passant. A lion rampant. A -lion rampant to the sinister. A lion passant guardant, ducally gorged. A -lion statant guardant, ducally crowned. A lion rampant. A lion statant -guardant. A lion sejant guardant erect. Lions drawn by Mr. Scruby will be -found in Figs. 278 and 279, which are respectively: "Argent, a lion rampant -sable," "Sable, a lion passant guardant argent," and "Sable, a lion rampant -argent." These again were specially drawn by Mr. Scruby as typical of his -style. - -The lions of Mr. Eve would seem to be entirely original. Their singularly -graceful form and proportions are perhaps best shown by Figs. 280 and 281, -which are taken from his book "Decorative Heraldry." - -The lions of Mr. Graham Johnston can be appreciated from the examples in -Figs. 284-9. - -Examples of lions drawn by Miss Helard will be found in Figs. 282, 283. - -The various positions which modern heraldry has evolved for the lions, -together with the terms of blazon used to describe these positions, are as -follows, and the differences can best be appreciated from a series drawn by -the same artist, in this case Mr. Graham Johnston:-- - -_Lion rampant._--The animal is here depicted in profile, and erect, resting -upon its sinister hind-paw (see Fig. 284). {177} - -_Lion rampant guardant._--In this case the head of the lion is turned to -face the spectator (Fig. 285). - -[Illustration: FIG. 277.--Lions. (Drawn by Mr. J. Forbes Nixon.)] - -_Lion rampant regardant._--In this case the head is turned completely -round, looking backwards (Fig. 286). - -_Lion rampant, double-queued._--In this case the lion is represented as -{178} having two tails (Fig. 287). These must both be apparent from the -base of the tail, otherwise confusion will arise with the next example. - -_Lion rampant queue-fourche._--In this case one tail springs from the base, -which is divided or "forked" in the centre (Fig. 288). There is no doubt -that whilst in modern times and with regard to modern arms this distinction -must be adhered to, anciently queue-fourche and double-queued were -interchangeable terms. - -[Illustration: FIG. 278.--Lion passant guardant. (By Mr. G. Scruby.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 279.--Lion rampant. (By Mr. G. Scruby.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 280.--Lion rampant and lion statant guardant, by Mr. G. -W. Eve. (From "Decorative Heraldry.")] - -[Illustration: FIG. 281.--Lion statant, lion passant guardant, and lion -passant regardant, by Mr. G. W. Eve. (From "Decorative Heraldry.")] - -_Lion rampant tail nowed._--The tail is here tied in a knot (Fig. 289). It -is not a term very frequently met with. - -_Lion rampant tail elevated and turned over its head._--The only instances -of the existence of this curious variation (Fig. 290) which have come under -my own notice occur in the coats of two families of the name {179} of -Buxton, the one being obviously a modern grant founded upon the other. - -[Illustration: FIG. 282.--A lion rampant. (By Miss Helard.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 283.--A lion rampant. (By Miss Helard.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 284.--Lion rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 285.--Lion rampant guardant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 286.--Lion rampant regardant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 287.--Lion rampant double queued.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 288.--Lion rampant queue-fourche.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 289.--Lion rampant, tail nowed.] - -_Lion rampant with two heads._--This occurs (Fig. 291) in the coat of arms, -probably founded on an earlier instance, granted in 1739 to {180} Mason of -Greenwich, the arms being: "Per fess ermine and azure, a lion rampant with -two heads counterchanged." This curious charge had been adopted by Mason's -College in Birmingham, and on the foundation of Birmingham University it -was incorporated in its arms. - -_Lion rampant guardant bicorporated._--In this case the lion has one head -and two bodies. An instance of this curious creature occurs in the arms of -Attewater, but I am not aware of any modern instance of its use. - -[Illustration: FIG. 290.--Lion rampant, tail elevated and turned over its -head.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 291.--Lion rampant, with two heads.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 292.--Tricorporate lion.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 293.--Lion coward.] - -_Lion Rampant Tricorporate._--In this case three bodies are united in one -head (Fig. 292). Both this and the preceding variety are most unusual, but -the tricorporate lion occurs in a coat of arms (_temp._ Car. II.) -registered in Ulster's Office: "Or, a tricorporate lion rampant, the bodies -disposed in the dexter and sinister chief points and in base, all meeting -in one head guardant in the fess point sable." - -_Lion coward._--In this case the tail of the lion is depressed, passing -between its hind legs (Fig. 293). The exactitude of this term is to some -extent modern. Though a lion cowarded was known in ancient days, there can -be no doubt that formerly an artist felt himself quite at liberty to put -the tail between the legs if this seemed artistically desirable, without -necessarily having interfered with the arms by so doing. - -[Illustration: FIG. 294.--Armorial bearings of Alexander Charles Richards -Maitland, Esq.: Or, a lion rampant gules, couped in all his joints of the -field, within a double tressure flory and counterflory azure, a bordure -engrailed ermine. Mantling gules and or. Crest: upon a wreath of his -liveries, a lion sejant erect and affronte gules, holding in his dexter paw -a sword proper, hilted and pommelled gold, and in his sinister a -fleur-de-lis argent. Motto: "Consilio et animis."] - -_Lion couped in all its joints_ is a charge which seems peculiar to the -family of Maitland, and it would be interesting to learn to what source its -origin can be traced. It is represented with each of its four paws, its -head and its tail severed from the body, and removed slightly away -therefrom. A Maitland coat of arms exhibiting this peculiarity will be -found in Fig. 294. {181} - -_Lions rampant combatant_ are so termed when two are depicted in one shield -facing each other in the attitude of fighting (Fig. 295). - -A very curious and unique instance of a lion rampant occurs in the arms of -Williams (matriculated in Lyon Register in 1862, as the second and third -quarterings of the arms of Sir James Williams Drummond of Hawthornden, -Bt.), the coat in question being: Argent, a lion rampant, the body sable, -the head, paws, and tuft of the tail of the field. - -_Lion passant._--A lion in this position (Fig. 296) is represented in the -act of walking, the dexter forepaw being raised, but all three others being -upon the ground. - -_Lion passant guardant._--This (Fig. 297) is the same as the previous -position, except that the head is turned to face the spectator. The lions -in the quartering for England in the Royal coat of arms are "three lions -passant guardant in pale." - -_Lion of England._--This is "a lion passant guardant or," and the term is -only employed for a lion of this description when it occurs as or in an -honourable augmentation, then being usually represented on a field of -gules. A lion passant guardant or, is now never granted to any applicant -except under a specific Royal Warrant to that effect. It occurs in many -augmentations, _e.g._ Wolfe, Camperdown, and many others; and when three -lions passant guardant in pale or upon a canton gules are granted, as in -the arms of Lane (Plate II.), the augmentation is termed a "canton of -England." - -_Lion passant regardant_ is as the lion passant, but with the head turned -right round looking behind (Fig. 298). A lion is not often met with in this -position. - -_Lions passant dimidiated._--A curious survival of the ancient but now -{182} obsolete practice of dimidiation is found in the arms of several -English seaport towns. Doubtless all can be traced to the "so-called" arms -of the "Cinque Ports," which show three lions passant guardant dimidiated -with the hulks of three ships. There can be no doubt whatever that this -originally came from the dimidiation of two separate coats, viz. the Royal -Arms of England (the three lions passant guardant), and the other "azure, -three ships argent," typical of the Cinque Ports, referring perhaps to the -protection of the coasts for which they were liable, or possibly merely to -their seaboard position. Whilst Sandwich[13] uses the two separate coats -simply dimidiated upon one shield, the arms of Hastings[14] vary slightly, -being: "Party per pale gules and azure, a lion passant guardant or, between -in chief and in base a lion passant guardant of the last dimidiated with -the hulk of a ship argent." From long usage we have grown accustomed to -consider these two conjoined and dimidiated figures as one figure (Fig. -299), and in the recent grant of arms to Ramsgate[15] a figure of this kind -was granted as a simple charge. - -[Illustration: FIG. 295.--Two lions rampant combatant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 296.--Lion passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 297.--Lion passant guardant.] - -The arms of Yarmouth[16] afford another instance of a resulting figure of -this class, the three lions passant guardant of England being here -dimidiated with as many herrings naiant. - -_Lion statant._--The distinction between a lion passant and a lion statant -is that the lion statant has all four paws resting upon the {183} ground. -The two forepaws are usually placed together (Fig. 300). Whilst but seldom -met with as a charge upon a shield, the lion statant is by no means rare as -a crest. - -_Lion statant tail extended._--This term is a curious and, seemingly, a -purposeless refinement, resulting from the perpetuation in certain cases of -one particular method of depicting the crest--originally when a crest a -lion was always so drawn--but it cannot be overlooked, because in the -crests of both Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, and Percy, Duke of -Northumberland, the crest is now stereotyped as a lion in this form (Fig. -301) upon a chapeau. - -[Illustration: FIG. 298.--Lion passant regardant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 299.--Lion passant guard. dimidiated with the hulk of a -ship.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 300.--Lion statant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 301.--Lion statant tail extended.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 302.--Lion statant guardant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 303.--Lion salient.] - -_Lion statant guardant_ (Fig. 302).--This (crowned) is of course the Royal -crest of England, and examples of it will be found in the arms of the -Sovereign and other descendants, legitimate and illegitimate, of Sovereigns -of this country. An exceptionally fine rendering of it occurs in the -Windsor Castle Bookplates executed by Mr. G. W. Eve. - -_Lion salient._--This, which is a very rare position for a lion, represents -it in the act of springing, the _two_ hind legs being on the ground, the -others in the air (Fig. 303). {184} - -_Lion salient guardant._--There is no reason why the lion salient may not -be guardant or regardant, though an instance of the use of either does not -come readily to mind. - -_Lion sejant._--Very great laxity is found in the terms applied to lions -sejant, consequently care is necessary to distinguish the various forms. -The true lion sejant is represented in profile, seated on its haunches, -with the forepaws resting on the ground (Fig. 304). - -[Illustration: FIG. 304.--Lion sejant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 305.--Lion sejant guardant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 306.--Lion sejant regardant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 307.--Lion sejant erect.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 308.--Lion sejant guardant erect.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 309.--Lion sejant regardant erect.] - -_Lion sejant guardant._--This is as the foregoing, but with the face (only) -turned to the spectator (Fig. 305). - -_Lion sejant regardant._--In this the head is turned right back to gaze -behind (Fig. 306). - -_Lion sejant erect_ (or, as it is sometimes not very happily termed, -sejant-rampant).--In this position the lion is sitting upon its haunches, -but the body is erect, and it has its forepaws raised in the air (Fig. -307). - -_Lion sejant guardant erect_ is as the last figure, but the head faces the -spectator (Fig. 308). - -_Lion sejant regardant erect_ is as the foregoing, but with the head turned -right round to look backwards (Fig. 309). - -_Lion sejant affronte._--In this case the lion is seated on its haunches, -{185} but _the whole body_ is turned to face the spectator, the forepaws -resting upon the ground in front of its body. Ugly as this position is, and -impossible as it might seem, it certainly is to be found in some of the -early rolls. - -_Lion sejant erect affronte_ (Fig. 294).--This position is by no means -unusual in Scotland. A lion sejant erect and affronte, &c., is the Royal -crest of Scotland, and it will also be found in the arms of Lyon Office. - -A good representation of the lion sejant affronte and erect is shown in -Fig. 310, which is taken from Jost Amman's _Wappen und Stammbuch_ (1589). -It represents the arms of the celebrated Lansquenet Captain Sebastian -Schartlin (Schertel) von Burtenbach ["Gules, a lion sejant affronte erect, -double-queued, holding in its dexter paw a key argent and in its sinister a -fleur-de-lis"]. His victorious assault on Rome in 1527, and his striking -successes against France in 1532, are strikingly typified in these arms, -which were granted in 1534. - -[Illustration: FIG. 310.--Arms of Sebastian Schartlin von Burtenbach.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 311.--Lion couchant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 312.--Lion dormant.] - -_Lion Couchant._--In this position the lion is represented lying down, but -the head is erect and alert (Fig. 311). - -_Lion dormant._--A lion dormant is in much the same position as a lion -couchant, except that the eyes are closed, and the head rests upon the -extended forepaws (Fig. 312). Lions dormant are seldom met with, but they -occur in the arms of Lloyd, of Stockton Hall, near York. - -_Lion morne._--This is a lion without teeth and claws, but no instance of -the use of the term would appear to exist in British armory. Woodward -mentions amongst other Continental examples the arms of the old French -family of De Mornay ["Fasce d'argent et de gueules au lion morne de sable, -couronne d'or brochant sur le tout"]. - -_Lions as supporters._--Refer to the chapter on Supporters. - -_Winged lion._--The winged lion--usually known as the lion of St. Mark--is -not infrequently met with. It will be found both passant {186} and sejant, -but more frequently the latter (Fig. 313). The true lion of St. Mark (that -is, when used as a badge for sacred purposes to typify St. Mark) has a -halo. Winged lions are the supporters of Lord Braye. - -_Sea lion_ (or, to use another name for it, a _morse_) is the head, -forepaws, and upper part of a lion conjoined to the tail of a fish. The -most frequent form in which sea lions appear are as supporters, but they -are also met with as crests and charges. When placed horizontally they are -termed naiant. Sea lions, however, will also be found "sejant" and -"sejant-erect" (Fig. 314). When issuing from waves of the sea they are -termed "assurgeant." - -_Lion-dragon._--One hesitates to believe that this creature has any -existence outside heraldry books, where it is stated to be of similar form -and construction to the sea lion, the difference being that the lower half -is the body and tail of a wyvern. I know of no actual arms or crest in -which it figures. - -[Illustration: FIG. 313.--Winged lion.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 314.--Sea lion.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 315.--Man-Lion.] - -_Man-lion_ or _man-tiger_.--This is as a lion but with a human face. Two of -these are the supporters of Lord Huntingdon, and one was granted to the -late Lord Donington as a supporter, whilst as charges they also occur in -the arms of Radford. This semi-human animal is sometimes termed a "lympago" -(Fig. 315). - -_Other terms relating to lions_ occur in many heraldic works--both old and -new--but their use is very limited, if indeed of some, any example at all -could be found in British armory. In addition to this, whilst the fact may -sometimes exist, the _term_ has never been adopted or officially -recognised. Personally I believe most of the terms which follow may for all -practical purposes be entirely disregarded. Amongst such terms are -_contourne_, applied to a lion passant or rampant to the sinister. It -would, however, be found blazoned in these words and not as contourne. -"Dismembered," "Demembre," "Dechaussee," and "Trononnee" are all -"heraldry-book" terms specified to mean the same as "couped in all its -joints," but the uselessness and uncertainty concerning these terms is -exemplified by the fact that the {187} same books state "dismembered" or -"demembre" to mean (when applied to a lion) that the animal is shown -without legs or tail. The term "embrued" is sometimes applied to a lion to -signify that its mouth is bloody and dropping blood; and "vulned" signifies -wounded, heraldically represented by a blotch of gules, from which drops of -blood are falling. A lion "disarmed" is without teeth, tongue, or claws. - -A term often found in relation to lions rampant, but by no means peculiar -thereto, is "debruised." This is used when it is partly defaced by another -charge (usually an ordinary) being placed over it. - -Another of these guide-book terms is "decollated," which is said to be -employed in the case of a lion which has its head cut off. A lion "defamed" -or "diffamed" is supposed to be rampant to the sinister but looking -backwards, the supposition being that the animal is being (against his -will) chased off the field with infamy. A lion "evire" is supposed to be -emasculated and without signs of sex. In this respect it is interesting to -note that in earlier days, before mock modesty and prudery had become such -prominent features of our national life, the genital organ was always -represented of a pronounced size in a prominent position, and it was as -much a matter of course to paint it gules as it now is to depict the tongue -of that colour. To prevent error I had better add that this is not now the -usual practice. - -Lions placed back to back are termed "endorsed" or "addorsed," but when two -lions passant in pale are represented, one passing to the dexter and one to -the sinister, they are termed "counter-passant." This term is, however, -also used sometimes when they are merely passant towards each other. A more -correct description in such cases would be passant "respecting" or -"regarding" each other. - -The term _lionne_ is one stated to be used with animals other than lions -when placed in a rampant position. Whilst doubtless of regular acceptation -in French heraldry as applied to a leopard, it is unknown in English, and -the term rampant is indifferently applied; _e.g._ in the case of a leopard, -wolf, or tiger when in the rampant position. - -_Lionced_ is a term seldom met with, but it is said to be applied (for -example to a cross) when the arms end in lions' heads. I have yet to find -an authentic example of the use of such a cross. - -When a bend or other ordinary issues from the mouths of lions (or other -animals), the heads issuing from the edges or angles of the escutcheon, the -ordinary is said to be "engouled." - -A curious term, of the use of which I know only one example, is "fleshed" -or "flayed." This, as doubtless will be readily surmised, means that the -skin is removed, leaving the flesh gules. This was the method by which the -supporters of Wurtemburg were "differenced" for the Duke of Teck, the -forepaws being "fleshed." {188} - -Woodward gives the following very curious instances of the lion in -heraldry:-- - -"Only a single example of the use of the lioness as a heraldic charge is -known to me. The family of COING, in Lorraine, bears: d'Azure, a une lionne -arretee d'or. - -"The following fourteenth-century examples of the use of the lion as a -heraldic charge are taken from the oft-quoted _Wappenrolle von Zurich_, and -should be of interest to the student of early armory:-- - - * * * * * - -"51: END: Azure, a lion rampant-guardant argent, its feet or. - -"305. WILDENVELS: Per pale argent and sable, in the first a demi-lion -statant-guardant issuant from the dividing line. - -"408. TANNENVELS: Azure, a lion rampant or, queue argent. - -"489. RINACH: Or, a lion rampant gules, headed azure. - -"A curious use of the lion as a charge occurs in several ancient coats of -the Low Countries, _e.g._ in that of TRASEGNIES, whose arms are: Bande d'or -et d'azur, a l'ombre du lion brochant sur le tout, a la bordure engrelee -d'or. Here the ombre du lion is properly represented by a darker shade of -the tincture (either of or or of azure), but often the artist contents -himself with simply drawing the outline of the animal in a neutral tint. - -"Among other curiosities of the use of the lion are the following foreign -coats:-- - -"BOISSIAU, in France, bears: De gueules, seme de lions d'argent. - -"MINUTOLI, of Naples: Gules, a lion rampant vair, the head and feet or. - -"LOEN, of Holland: Azure, a decapitated lion rampant argent, three jets of -blood spurting from the neck proper. - -"PAPACODA, of Naples: Sable, a lion rampant or, its tail turned over its -head and held by its teeth. - -"The Counts REINACH, of Franconia: Or, a lion rampant gules, hooded and -masked azure (see above)." - -To these instances the arms of Westbury may well be added, these being: -Quarterly, or and azure, a cross patonce, on a bordure twenty lions rampant -all counter-changed. No doubt the origin of such a curious bordure is to be -found in the "bordure of England," which, either as a mark of cadency or as -an indication of affinity or augmentation, can be found in some number of -instances. Probably one will suffice as an example. This is forthcoming in -Fig. 61, which shows the arms of John de Bretagne, Earl of Richmond. Of a -similar nature is the bordure of Spain (indicative of his maternal descent) -borne by Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge, who bore: Quarterly -France and England, a label of three points argent, each charged with {189} -as many torteaux, on a bordure of the same twelve lions rampant purpure -(Fig. 316). - -[Illustration: FIG. 317.--Arms of Bohemia, from the "Pulver Turme" at -Prague. (Latter half of the fifteenth century.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 316.--Arms of Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge. -(From MS. Cott., Julius C. vii.)] - -Before leaving the lion, the hint may perhaps be usefully conveyed that the -temptation to over-elaborate the lion when depicting it heraldically should -be carefully avoided. The only result is confusion--the very contrary of -the essence of heraldic emblazonment, which was, is, and should be, the -method of clear advertisement of identity. Examples of over-elaboration -can, however, be found in the past, as will be seen from Fig. 317. This -example belongs to the latter half of the fifteenth century, and represents -the arms of Bohemia. It is taken from a shield on the "Pulver Turme" at -Prague. - -Parts of lions are very frequently to be met with, particularly as crests. -In fact the most common crest in existence is the _demi-lion rampant_ (Fig. -318). This is the upper half of a lion rampant. It is comparatively seldom -found other than rampant and couped, so that the term "a demi-lion," unless -otherwise qualified, may always be assumed to be a demi-lion rampant -couped. As charges upon the shield three will be found in the arms of -Bennet, Earl of Tankerville: "Gules, a bezant between three demi-lions -rampant argent." - -The demi-lion may be both guardant and regardant. - -_Demi-lions rampant and erased_ are more common as charges than as crests. -They are to be found in several Harrison coats of arms. - -[Illustration: FIG. 318.--A demi-lion rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 319.--A demi-lion passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 320.--A lion's head couped.] - -_Demi-lions passant_ (Fig. 319) are rather unusual, but in addition to the -seeming cases in which they occur by dimidiation they are sometimes found, -as in the case of the arms of Newman. {190} - -_Demi-lion affronte._--The only case which has come under notice would -appear to be the crest of Campbell of Aberuchill. - -_Demi-lion issuant._--This term is applied to a demi-lion when it issues -from an ordinary, _e.g._ from the base line of the chief, as in the arms of -Dormer, Markham, and Abney; or from behind a fesse, as in the arms of -Chalmers. - -_Demi-lion naissant_ issues from the centre of an ordinary, and not from -behind it. - -_Lions' heads_, both couped (Fig. 320) and erased, are very frequently met -with both as charges on the shield and as crests. - -[Illustration: FIG. 321.--A lion's face.] - -_Lion's gamb._--Many writers make a distinction between the _gamb_ (which -is stated to be the lower part only, couped or erased half-way up the leg) -and the _paw_, but this distinction cannot be said to be always rigidly -observed. In fact some authorities quote the exact reverse as the -definition of the terms. As charges the gamb or paw will be found to occur -in the arms of Lord Lilford ["Or, a lion's gamb erased in bend dexter -between two crosslets fitchee in bend sinister gules"], and in the arms of -Newdigate. This last is a curious example, inasmuch as, without being so -specified in the blazon, the gambs are represented in the position occupied -by the sinister foreleg of a lion passant. - -The crest upon the Garter Plate of Edward Cherleton, Lord Cherleton of -Powis, must surely be unique. It consists of two lions' paws embowed, the -outer edge of each being adorned with fleurs-de-lis issuant therefrom. - -_A lion's tail_ will sometimes be found as a crest, and it also occurs as a -charge in the arms of Corke, viz.: "Sable, three lions' tails erect and -erased argent." - -_A lion's face_ (Fig. 321) should be carefully distinguished from a lion's -head. In the latter case the neck, either couped or erased, must be shown; -but a lion's face is affronte and cut off closely behind the ears. The -distinction between the head and the face can be more appropriately -considered in the case of the leopard. {191} - - - -CHAPTER XII - -BEASTS - -Next after the lion should be considered the tiger, but it must be -distinctly borne in mind that heraldry knows two kinds of tigers--the -heraldic tiger (Figs. 322 and 323) and the Bengal tiger (Figs. 324 and -325). Doubtless the heraldic tiger, which was the only one found in British -armory until a comparatively recent date, is the attempt of artists to -depict their idea of a tiger. The animal was unknown to them, except by -repute, and consequently the creature they depicted bears little relation -to the animal of real life; but there can be no doubt that their intention -was to depict an animal which they knew to exist. The heraldic tiger had a -body much like the natural tiger, it had a lion's tufted tail and mane, and -the curious head which it is so difficult to describe, but which appears to -be more like the wolf than any other animal we know. This, however, will be -again dealt with in the chapter on fictitious animals, and is here only -introduced to demonstrate the difference which heraldry makes between the -heraldic tiger and the real animal. A curious conceit is that the heraldic -tiger will anciently be often found spelt "tyger," but this peculiar -spelling does not seem ever to have been applied to the tiger of nature. - -[Illustration: FIG. 322.--Heraldic tyger rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 323.--Heraldic tyger passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 324.--Bengal tiger passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 325.--Bengal tiger rampant.] - -{192} - -When it became desirable to introduce the real tiger into British armory as -typical of India and our Eastern Empire, something of course was necessary -to distinguish it from the tyger which had previously usurped the name in -armory, and for this reason the natural tiger is always heraldically known -as the Bengal tiger. This armorial variety appears towards the end of the -eighteenth century in this country, though in foreign heraldry it appears -to have been recognised somewhat earlier. There are, however, but few cases -in which the Bengal tiger has appeared in armory, and in the majority of -these cases as a supporter, as in the supporters of Outram, which are two -tigers rampant guardant gorged with wreaths of laurel and crowned with -Eastern crowns all proper. Another instance of the tiger as a supporter -will be found in the arms of Bombay. An instance in which it appears as a -charge upon a shield will be found in the arms granted to the University of -Madras. - -[Illustration: FIG. 326.--Leopard passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 327.--Leopard passant guardant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 328.--Leopard rampant.] - -Another coat is that granted in 1874 to Augustus Beaty Bradbury of -Edinburgh, which was: "Argent, on a mount in base vert, a Bengal tiger -passant proper, on a chief of the second two other tigers dormant also -proper." A _tigress_ is said to be occasionally met with, and when so, is -sometimes represented with a mirror, in relation to the legend that -ascribes to her such personal vanity that her young ones might be taken -from under her charge if she had the counter attraction of a hand-glass! At -least so say the heraldry books, but I have not yet come across such a -case. - -The leopard (Figs. 326, 327, and 328) has to a certain extent been referred -to already. Doubtless it is the peculiar cat-like and stealthy walk which -is so characteristic of the leopard which led to any animal in that -position being considered a leopard; but the leopard in its natural state -was of course known to Europeans in the early days of heraldry, and appears -amongst the lists of heraldic animals apart from its existence as "a lion -passant." The animal, {193} however, except as a supporter or crest, is by -no means common in English heraldry. It will be found, however, in the -crests of some number of families; for example, Taylor and Potts. - -[Illustration: FIG. 329.--Leopard's head erased.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 330.--Leopard's head erased and affronte.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 331.--Leopard's face.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 332.--Leopard's face jessant-de-lis.] - -A very similar animal is the ounce, which for heraldic purposes is in no -way altered from the leopard. Parts of the latter will be found in use as -in the case of the lion. As a crest the demi-leopard, the leopard's head -(Fig. 329), and the leopard's head affronte (Fig. 330) are often to be met -with. In both cases it should be noticed that _the neck is visible_, and -this should be borne in mind, because this constitutes the difference -between the leopard's head and the leopard's face (Fig. 331). The leopard's -face is by far the most usual form in which the leopard will be found in -armory, and can be traced back to quite an early period in heraldry. The -leopard's face shows no neck at all, the head being removed close behind -the ears. It is then represented affronte. For some unfathomable reason -these charges when they occur in the arms of Shrewsbury are usually -referred to locally as "loggerheads." They were perpetuated in the arms of -the county in its recent grant. A curious development or use of the -leopard's face occurs when it is jessant-de-lis (Fig. 332). This will be -found referred to at greater length under the heading of the Fleur-de-lis. - -{194} - -[Illustration: FIG. 333.--Arms of Styria. (Drawn by Hans Burgkmair, 1523.)] - -The _panther_ is an animal which in its relation to heraldry it is -difficult to know whether to place amongst the mythical or actual animals. -No instance occurs to me in which the panther figures as a charge in -British heraldry, and the panther as a supporter, in the few cases in which -it is met with, is certainly not the actual animal, inasmuch as it is -invariably found flammant, _i.e._ with flames issuing from the mouth and -ears. In this character it will be found as a supporter of the Duke of -Beaufort, and derived therefrom as a supporter of Lord Raglan. Foreign -heraldry carries the panther to a most curious result. It is frequently -represented with the tail of a lion, horns, and for its fore-legs the claws -of an eagle. Even in England it is usually represented vomiting flames, but -the usual method of depicting it on the Continent is greatly at variance -with our own. Fig. 333 represents the same arms of Styria--Vert, a panther -argent, armed close, vomiting flames of fire--from the title-page of the -_Land-bond_ of Styria in the year 1523, drawn by Hans Burgkmair. In -_Physiologus_, a Greek writing {195} of early Christian times of about the -date 140, which in the course of time has been translated into every -tongue, mention is made of the panther, to which is there ascribed the -gaily spotted coat and the pleasant, sweet-smelling breath which induces -all other animals to approach it; the dragon alone retreats into its hole -from the smell, and consequently the panther appears to have sometimes been -used as a symbol of Christ. The earliest armorial representations of this -animal show the form not greatly dissimilar to nature; but very soon the -similarity disappears in Continental representations, and the fancy of the -artist transferred the animal into the fabulous creature which is now -represented. The sweet-smelling breath, _suozzon-stanch_ as it is called in -the early German translation of the _Physiologus_, was expressed by the -flames issuing from the mouth, but later in the sixteenth century flames -issued from every opening in the head. The head was in old times similar to -that of a horse, occasionally horned (as in the seal of Count Heinrich von -Lechsgemund, 1197); the fore-feet were well developed. In the second half -of the fourteenth century the fore-feet assume the character of eagles' -claws, and the horns of the animal were a settled matter. In the -neighbourhood of Lake Constance we find the panther with divided hoofs on -his hind-feet; perhaps with a reference to the panther's "cleanness." -According to the Mosaic law, of course, a four-footed animal, to be -considered clean, must not have paws, and a ruminant must not have an -undivided hoof. Italian heraldry is likewise acquainted with the panther, -but under another name (_La Dolce_, the sweet one) and another form. The -dolce has a head like a hare, and is unhorned. (See A. Anthony v. -Siegenfeld, "The Territorial Arms of Styria," Graz, 1898.) - -The panther is given by Segar, Garter King of Arms 1603-1663, as one of the -badges of King Henry VI., where it is silver, spotted of various colours, -and with flames issuing from its mouth and ears. No doubt this Royal badge -is the origin of the supporter of the Duke of Beaufort. - -English armory knows an animal which it terms the male griffin, which has -no wings, but which has gold rays issuing from its body in all directions. -Strohl terms the badge of the Earls of Ormonde, which from his description -are plainly male griffins, _keythongs_, which he classes with the panther; -and probably he is correct in looking upon our male griffin as merely one -form of the heraldic panther. - -The _cat_, under the name of the cat, the wild cat, the cat-a-mountain, or -the cat-a-mount (Figs. 334, 335, and 336), is by no means infrequent in -British armory, though it will usually be found in Scottish or Irish -examples. The arms of Keates and Scott-Gatty in which it figures are -English examples, however. {196} - -The wolf (Figs. 337-341) is a very frequent charge in English armory. Apart -from its use as a supporter, in which position it is found in conjunction -with the shields of Lord Welby, Lord Rendell, and Viscount Wolseley, it -will be found in the arms of Lovett and in by far the larger proportion of -the coats for the name of Wilson and in the arms of Low. - -[Illustration: FIG. 334.--Cat-a-mountain sejant guardant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 335.--Cat-a-mountain sejant guardant erect.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 336.--Cat-a-mountain passant guardant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 337.--Wolf rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 338.--Wolf salient.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 339.--Wolf courant.] - -The wolf, however, in earlier representations has a less distinctly -wolf-like character, it being sometimes difficult to distinguish the wolf -from some other heraldic animals. This is one of these cases in which, -owing to insufficient knowledge and crude draughtsmanship, ancient heraldry -is not to be preferred to more realistic treatment. The demi-wolf is a very -frequent crest, occurring not only in the arms and crests of members of the -Wilson and many other families, but also as the crest of Wolfe. The latter -crest is worthy of remark, inasmuch as the Royal crown which is held within -its paws typifies the assistance given to King Charles II., after the -battle of Worcester, by Mr. Francis Wolfe of Madeley, to whom the crest was -granted. King Charles, it may be noted, also gave to Mr. Wolfe a silver -tankard, upon the lid of which was a representation of this crest. Wolves' -heads are particularly common, especially in Scottish heraldry. An example -of them will be found in the arms of {197} "Struan" Robertson, and in the -coats used by all other members of the Robertson Clan having or claiming -descent from, or relationship with, the house of Struan. The wolf's head -also appears in the arms of Skeen. Woodward states that the wolf is the -most common of all heraldic animals in Spanish heraldry, where it is -frequently represented as _ravissant, i.e._ carrying the body of a lamb in -its mouth or across its back. - -[Illustration: FIG. 340.--Wolf passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 341.--Wolf statant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 342.--A lynx coward.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 343.--Fox passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 344.--Fox sejant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 345.--A fox's mask.] - -Much akin to the wolf is the _Lynx_; in fact the heraldic representation of -the two animals is not greatly different. The lynx does not often occur in -heraldry except as a supporter, but it will be found as the crest of the -family of Lynch. The lynx is nearly always depicted and blazoned "coward," -_i.e._ with its tail between its legs (Fig. 342). Another instance of this -particular animal is found in the crest of Comber. - -A _Fox_ (Figs. 343 and 344) which from the similarity of its representation -is often confused with a wolf, is said by Woodward to be very seldom met -with in British heraldry. This is hardly a correct statement, inasmuch as -countless instances can be produced in which a fox figures as a charge, a -crest, or a supporter. The fox is found on the arms and as the crest, and -two are the supporters of Lord Ilchester, and instances of its appearance -will be found amongst others in the arms {198} or crests, for example, of -Fox, Colfox, and Ashworth. Probably the most curious example of the -heraldic fox will be found in the arms of Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, who for -the arms of Williams quarters: "Argent, two foxes counter-salient gules, -the dexter surmounted of the sinister." The face of a fox is termed its -mask (Fig. 345). - -_The Bear_ (Figs. 346-349) is frequently found figuring largely in coats of -arms for the names of Barnard, Baring, Barnes, and Bearsley, and for other -names which can be considered to bear canting relation to the charge. In -fact the arms, crest, and motto of Barnard together form such an excellent -example of the little jokes which characterise heraldry that I quote the -blazon in full. The coat is "argent, a bear rampant sable," the crest is "a -demi-bear sable," and the motto "Bear and forbear." - -[Illustration: FIG. 346.--Bear rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 347.--Bear passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 348.--Bear statant.] - -The bear is generally muzzled, but this must not be presumed unless -mentioned in the blazon. Bears' paws are often found both in crests and as -charges upon shields, but as they differ little if anything in appearance -from the lion's gamb, they need not be further particularised. To the -bear's head, however, considerable attention should be paid, inasmuch as -the manner of depicting it in England and Scotland differs. The bear's -head, according to English ideas of heraldry, would be depicted down to the -shoulders, and would show the neck couped or erased (Fig. 350). In Scottish -heraldry, bears' heads are almost invariably found couped or erased close -behind the ears without any of the neck being visible (Figs. 351 and 352); -they are not, however, represented as caboshed or affronte. - -{199} - -[Illustration: FIG. 349.--Bear sejant erect.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 350.--Bear's head couped (English).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 351.--Bear's head couped (Scottish).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 352.--Bear's head erased and muzzled (Scottish).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 353.--Boar rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 354.--Boar passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 355.--Boar statant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 356.--Boar's head erased (English).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 357.--Boar's head couped (Scottish).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 358.--Boar's head erased (Scottish).] - -_The Boar_ is an animal which, with its parts, will constantly be met with -in British armory (Figs. 353-355). Theoretically there is a difference -between the boar, which is the male of the domestic animal, and the wild -boar, which is the untamed creature of the woods. Whilst the latter is -usually blazoned as a wild boar or sanglier, the latter is just a boar; but -for all practical purposes no difference whatever is made in heraldic -representations of these varieties, though it may be noted that the crest -of Swinton is often described as a sanglier, as invariably is also the -crest of Douglas, Earl of Morton ["A sanglier sticking between the cleft of -an oak-tree fructed, with a lock holding the clefts together all proper"]. -The boar, like the lion, is usually described as armed and langued, but -this is not necessary when the tusks are represented in their own colour -and when the tongue is gules. It will, however, be very frequently found -that the tusks are or. The "armed," however, does not include the hoofs, -and if these are to {200} be of any colour different from that of the -animal, it must be blazoned "unguled" of such and such a tincture. -Precisely the same distinction occurs in the heads of boars (Figs. 356-358) -that was referred to in bears. The real difference is this, that whilst the -English boar's head has the neck attached to the head and is couped or -erased at the shoulders, the Scottish boar's head is separated close behind -the ears. No one ever troubled to draw any distinction between the two for -the purposes of blazon, because the English boars' heads were more usually -drawn with the neck, and the boars' heads in Scotland were drawn couped or -erased close. But the boars head in Welsh heraldry followed the Scottish -and not the English type. Matters armorial, however, are now cosmopolitan, -and one can no longer ascertain that the crest of Campbell must be -Scottish, or that the crest of any other family must be English; and -consequently, though the terms will not be found employed officially, it is -just as well to distinguish them, because armory can provide means of such -distinction--the true description of an English boar's head being couped or -erased "at the neck," the Scottish term being a boar's head couped or -erased "close." - -Occasionally a boar's head will be stated to be borne erect; this is then -shown with the mouth pointing upwards. A curious example of this is found -in the crest of Tyrrell: "A boar's head erect argent, in the mouth a -peacock's tail proper." - -Woodward mentions three very strange coats of arms in which the charge, -whilst not being a boar, bears very close connection with it. He states -that among the curiosities of heraldry we may place the canting arms of -Ham, of Holland: "Gules, five hams proper, 2, 1, 2." The Verhammes also -bear: "Or, three hams sable." These commonplace charges assume almost a -poetical savour when placed beside the matter-of-fact coat of the family of -Bacquere: "d'Azur, a un ecusson d'or en abime, accompagne de trois groins -de porc d'argent," and that of the Wursters of Switzerland: "Or, two -sausages gules on a gridiron sable, the handle in chief." - -HORSES - -It is not a matter of surprise that the horse is frequently met with in -armory. It will be found, as in the arms of Jedburgh, carrying a mounted -warrior (Fig. 359), and the same combination appears as the crest of the -Duke of Fife. {201} - -The horse will be found rampant (or forcene, or salient) (Fig. 360), and -will be found courant (Fig. 361), passant (Fig. 362), and trotting. - -[Illustration: FIG. 359.--A chevalier on horseback.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 360.--Horse rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 361.--Horse courant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 362.--Horse passant.] - -When it is "comparisoned" or "furnished" it is shown with saddle and bridle -and all appurtenances; but if the saddle is not present it would only be -blazoned "bridled." - -"Gules, a horse argent," really the arms of Westphalia, is popularly known -in this country as the coat of Hanover, inasmuch as it was the most -prominent charge upon the inescutcheon or quartering of Hanover formerly -borne with the Royal Arms. Every one in this country is familiar with the -expression, "the white horse of Hanover." - -Horses will also be found in many cases as supporters, and these will be -referred to in the chapter upon that subject, but reference should be -particularly made here to the crest of the family of Lane, of King's -Bromley, which is a strawberry roan horse, couped at the flanks, bridled, -saddled, and holding in its feet the Imperial crown proper. This -commemorates the heroic action of Mistress Jane Lane, afterwards Lady -Fisher, and the sister of Sir Thomas Lane, of King's Bromley, who, after -the battle of Worcester and when King Charles was in hiding, rode from -Staffordshire to the south coast upon a strawberry roan horse, with King -Charles as her serving-man. For this the Lane family were first of all -granted the canton of England as an augmentation to their arms, and shortly -afterwards this crest of the demi-horse (Plate II.). - -The arms of Trevelyan afford an interesting example of a horse, being: -"Gules, issuant out of water in base proper, a demi-horse argent, hoofed -and maned or." - -The heads of horses are either so described or (and more usually) termed -"nags' heads," though what the difference may be is beyond {202} the -comprehension of most people; at any rate heraldry knows of none. - -The crest of the family of Duncombe is curious, and is as follows: "Out of -a ducal coronet or, a horse's hind-leg sable, the shoe argent." - -Though they can hardly be termed animate charges, perhaps one may be -justified in here mentioning the horse-shoe (Fig. 363), which is far from -being an uncommon charge. It will be found in various arms for the name of -Ferrar, Ferrers, Farrer, and Marshall; and, in the arms of one Scottish -family of Smith, three horse-shoes interlaced together form an unusual and -rather a curious charge. - -Other instances in which it occurs will be found in the arms of Burlton, -and in the arms used by the town of Oakham. In the latter case it doubtless -has reference to the toll of a horse-shoe, which the town collects from -every peer or member of the Royal Family who passes through its limits. The -collection of these, which are usually of silver, and are carefully -preserved, is one of the features of the town. - -[Illustration: FIG. 363.--Horse-shoe.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 364.--Sea-horse.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 365.--Pegasus rampant.] - -The sea-horse, the unicorn, and the pegasus may perhaps be more properly -considered as mythical animals, and the unicorn will, of course, be treated -under that heading; but the sea-horse and the pegasus are so closely allied -in form to the natural animal that perhaps it will be simpler to treat of -them in this chapter. The sea-horse (Fig. 364) is composed of the head and -neck of a horse and the tail of a fish, but in place of the fore-feet, -webbed paws are usually substituted. Two sea-horses respecting each other -will be found in the coat of arms of Pirrie, and sea-horses naiant will be -found in the arms of McCammond. It is a matter largely left to the -discretion of the artist, but the sea-horse will be found as often as not -depicted with a fin at the back of its neck in place of a mane. A sea-horse -as a crest will be found in the case of Belfast and in the crests of -Clippingdale and Jenkinson. The sea-horse is sometimes represented winged, -but I know of no officially sanctioned example. When represented rising -from the sea the animal is said to be "assurgeant." {203} - -The pegasus (Figs. 365 and 366), though often met with as a crest or found -in use as a supporter, is very unusual as a charge upon an escutcheon. It -will be found, however, in the arms of the Society of the Inner Temple and -in the arms of Richardson, which afford an example of a pegasus rampant and -also an example in the crest of a pegasus sejant, which at present is the -only one which exists in British heraldry. - -Fig. 367 gives a solitary instance of a mare. The arms, which are from -Grunenberg's _Wappenbuch_ (1483), are attributed to "Herr von Frouberg from -the Forest in Bavaria," and are: Gules, a mare rampant argent, bridled -sable. - -[Illustration: FIG. 366.--Pegasus passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 367.--Arms of Herr von Frouberg.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 368.--Talbot passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 369.--Talbot statant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 370.--Talbot rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 371.--Talbot sejant.] - -The _ass_ is not a popular charge, but the family of Mainwaring have an -ass's head for a crest. - -DOGS - -Dogs will be found of various kinds in many English and Scottish coats of -arms, though more frequently in the former than in the latter. The original -English dog, the hound of early days, is, of course, the talbot (Figs. 368, -369, 370, and 371). Under the heading of {204} supporters certain instances -will be quoted in which dogs of various kinds and breeds figure in -heraldry, but the talbot as a charge will be found in the arms of the old -Staffordshire family, Wolseley of Wolseley, a cadet of which house is the -present Field-Marshal Viscount Wolseley. The Wolseley arms are: "Argent, a -talbot passant gules." Other instances of the talbot will be found in the -arms or crests of the families of Grosvenor, Talbot, and Gooch. The arms -"Azure, three talbots statant or," were granted by Cooke to Edward Peke of -Heldchurchgate, Kent. A sleuth-hound treading gingerly upon the points of a -coronet ["On a ducal coronet, a sleuth-hound proper, collared and leashed -gules"] was the crest of the Earl of Perth and Melfort, and one wonders -whether the motto, "Gang warily," may not really have as much relation to -the perambulations of the crest as to the dangerous foothold amongst the -galtraps which is provided for the supporters. - -[Illustration: FIG. 372.--Greyhound passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 373.--Greyhound courant.] - -Greyhounds (Figs. 372 and 373) are, of course, very frequently met with, -and amongst the instances which can be mentioned are the arms of Clayhills, -Hughes-Hunter of Plas Coch, and Hunter of Hunterston. A curious coat of -arms will be found under the name of Udney of that Ilk, registered in the -Lyon Office, namely: "Gules, two greyhounds counter-salient argent, -collared of the field, in the inner point a stag's head couped and attired -with ten tynes, all between the three fleurs-de-lis, two in chief and one -in base, or." Another very curious coat of arms is registered as the design -of the reverse of the seal of the Royal Burgh of Linlithgow, and is: "Or, a -greyhound bitch sable, chained to an oak-tree within a loch proper." This -curious coat of arms, however, being the reverse of the seal, is seldom if -ever made use of. - -Two bloodhounds are the supporters to the arms of Campbell of Aberuchill. - -The dog may be salient, that is, springing, its hind-feet on the ground; -passant, when it is sometimes known as trippant, otherwise walking; and -courant when it is at full speed. It will be found occasionally couchant or -lying down, but if depicted chasing another animal (as in the arms of -Echlin) it is described as "in full chase," or "in full course." - -A mastiff will be found in the crest of Crawshay, and there is a {205} -well-known crest of a family named Phillips which is "a dog sejant -regardant surmounted by a bezant charged with a representation of a dog -saving a man from drowning." Whether this crest has any official authority -or not I do not know, but I should imagine it is highly doubtful. - -Foxhounds appear as the supporters of Lord Hindlip; and when depicted with -its nose to the ground a dog is termed "a hound on scent." - -A winged greyhound is stated to be the crest of a family of Benwell. A -greyhound "courant" will be found in the crests of Daly and Watney; and a -curious crest is that of Biscoe, which is a greyhound seizing a hare. The -crest of Anderson, until recently borne by the Earl of Yarborough, is a -water spaniel. - -[Illustration: FIG. 374.--A sea-dog.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 375.--Bull rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 376.--Bull passant.] - -The sea-dog (Fig. 374) is a most curious animal. It is represented much as -the talbot, but with scales, webbed feet, and a broad scaly tail like a -beaver. In my mind there is very little doubt that the sea-dog is really -the early heraldic attempt to represent a beaver, and I am confirmed in -that opinion by the arms of the city of Oxford. There has been considerable -uncertainty as to what the sinister supporter was intended to represent. A -reference to the original record shows that a beaver is the real supporter, -but the representation of the animal, which in form has varied little, is -very similar to that of a sea-dog. The only instances I am aware of in -British heraldry in which it occurs under the name of a sea-dog are the -supporters of the Barony of Stourton and the crest of Dodge[17] (Plate -VI.). - -BULLS - -The bull (Figs. 375 and 376), and also the calf, and very occasionally the -cow and the buffalo, have their allotted place in heraldry. {206} They are -amongst the few animals which can never be represented proper, inasmuch as -in its natural state the bull is of very various colours. And yet there is -an exception to even this apparently obvious fact, for the bulls connected -with or used either as crests, badges, or supporters by the various -branches of the Nevill family are all pied bulls ["Arms of the Marquis of -Abergavenny: Gules, on a saltire argent, a rose of the field, barbed and -seeded proper. Crest: a bull statant argent, pied sable, collared and chain -reflexed over the back or. Supporters; two bulls argent, pied sable, armed, -unguled, collared and chained, and at the end of the chain two staples or. -Badges: on the dexter a rose gules, seeded or, barbed vert; on the sinister -a portcullis or. Motto: 'Ne vile velis.'"] The bull in the arms of the town -of Abergavenny, which are obviously based upon the arms and crest of the -Marquess of Abergavenny, is the same. - -Examples of the bull will be found in the arms of Verelst, Blyth, and -Ffinden. A bull salient occurs in the arms of De Hasting ["Per pale vert -and or, a bull salient counterchanged"]. The arms of the Earl of -Shaftesbury show three bulls, which happen to be the quartering for Ashley. -This coat of arms affords an instance, and a striking one, of the manner in -which arms have been improperly assumed in England. The surname of the Earl -of Shaftesbury is Ashley-Cooper. It may be mentioned here in passing, -through the subject is properly dealt with elsewhere in the volume, that in -an English sub-quarterly coat for a double name the arms for the last and -most important name are the first and fourth quarterings. But Lord -Shaftesbury himself is the only person who bears the name of Cooper, all -other members of the family except his lordship being known by the name of -Ashley only. Possibly this may be the reason which accounts for the fact -that by a rare exception Lord Shaftesbury bears the arms of Ashley in the -first and fourth quarters, and Cooper in the second and third. But by a -very general mistake these arms of Ashley ["Argent, three bulls passant -sable, armed and unguled or"] were until recently almost invariably -described as the arms of Cooper. The result has been that during the last -century they were "jumped" right and left by people of the name of Cooper, -entirely in ignorance of the fact that the arms of Cooper (if it were, as -one can only presume, the popular desire to indicate a false relationship -to his lordship) are: "Gules, a bend engrailed between six lions rampant -or." The ludicrous result has been that to those who know, the arms have -stood self-condemned, and in the course of time, as it has become necessary -for these Messrs. Cooper to legalise these usurped insignia, the new -grants, differentiated versions of arms previously in use, have nearly all -been founded upon this Ashley coat. At any rate there must be a score or -more Cooper {207} grants with bulls as the principal charges, and -innumerable people of the name of Cooper are still using without authority -the old Ashley coat pure and simple. - -The bull as a crest is not uncommon, belonging amongst other families to -Ridley, Sykes, and De Hoghton; and the demi-bull, and more frequently the -bull's head, are often met with. A bull's leg is the crest of De la Vache, -and as such appears upon two of the early Garter plates. Winged bulls are -the supporters of the Butchers' Livery Company. A bull's scalp occurs upon -a canton over the arms of Cheney, a coat quartered by Johnston and Cure. - -[Illustration: FIG. 377.--Bull's head caboshed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 378.--Armorial bearings of John Henry Metcalfe, Esq.: -Argent, three calves passant sable, a canton gules.] - -The ox seldom occurs, except that, in order sometimes to preserve a pun, a -bovine animal is sometimes so blazoned, as in the case of the arms of the -City of Oxford. Cows also are equally rare, but occur in the arms of Cowell -["Ermine, a cow statant gules, within a bordure sable, bezantee"] and in -the modern grants to the towns of Rawtenstall and Cowbridge. Cows' heads -appear on the arms of Veitch ["Argent, three cows' heads erased sable"], -and these were transferred to the cadency bordure of the Haig arms when -these were rematriculated for Mr. H. Veitch Haig. - -Calves are of much more frequent occurrence than cows, appearing in many -coats of arms in which they are a pun upon the name. They will be found in -the arms of Vaile and Metcalfe (Fig. 378). Special attention may well be -drawn to the last-mentioned illustration, inasmuch as it is by Mr. J. H. -Metcalfe, whose heraldic work has obtained a well-deserved reputation. A -bull or cow is termed "armed" if the horns are of a different tincture from -the head. The term "unguled" applies to the hoofs, and "ringed" is used -when, as is sometimes the case, a ring passes through the nostrils. A -bull's head is sometimes found caboshed (Fig. 377), as in the crest of -Macleod, or as in the arms of Walrond. The position of the tail is one of -those matters which are left to the artist, and unless the blazon contains -any statement to the contrary, it may be placed in any convenient position. - -{208} - -STAGS - -The stag, using the term in its generic sense, under the various names of -stag, deer, buck, roebuck, hart, doe, hind, reindeer, springbok, and other -varieties, is constantly met with in British armory, as well as in that of -other countries. - -[Illustration: FIG. 379.--Stag lodged.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 380.--Stag trippant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 381.--Stag courant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 382.--Stag springing.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 383.--Stag at gaze.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 384.--Stag statant.] - -In the specialised varieties, such as the springbok and the reindeer, -naturally an attempt is made to follow the natural animal in its salient -peculiarities, but as to the remainder, heraldry knows little if any -distinction after the following has been properly observed. The stag, which -is really the male red deer, has horns which are branched with pointed -branches from the bottom to the top; but a buck, which is the fallow deer, -has broad and flat palmated horns. Anything in the nature of a stag must be -subject to the following terms. If lying down it is termed "lodged" (Fig. -379), if walking it is termed "trippant" (Fig. 380), if running it is -termed "courant" (Fig. 381), or "at speed" or "in full chase." It is termed -"salient" when springing (Fig. 382), though the term "springing" is -sometimes employed, and it is said to be "at gaze" when statant with the -head turned to face the spectator (Fig. 383); but it should be noted that a -stag may also be "statant" (Fig. 384); and it is not "at gaze" unless the -head is turned round. {209} When it is necessary owing to a difference of -tincture or for other reasons to refer to the horns, a stag or buck is -described as "attired" of such and such a colour, whereas bulls, rams, and -goats are said to be "armed." - -When the stag is said to be attired of ten or any other number of tynes, it -means that there are so many points to its horns. Like other cloven-footed -animals, the stag can be unguled of a different colour. - -The stag's head is very frequently met with, but it will be almost more -frequently found as a stag's head caboshed (Fig. 385). In these cases the -head is represented affronte and removed close behind the ears, so that no -part of the neck is visible. The stag's head caboshed occurs in the arms of -Cavendish and Stanley, and also in the arms of Legge, Earl of Dartmouth. -Figs. 386 and 387 are examples of other heads. - -[Illustration: FIG. 385.--Stag's head caboshed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 386.--Stag's head erased.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 387.--Buck's head couped.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 388.--Hind.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 389.--Reindeer.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 390.--Winged stag rampant.] - -The attires of a stag are to be found either singly (as in the arms of -Boyle) or in the form of a pair attached to the scalp. The crest of Jeune -affords an instance of a scalp. The hind or doe (Fig. 388) is sometimes met -with, as in the crest of Hatton, whilst a hind's head is the crest of -Conran. - -The reindeer (Fig. 389) is less usual, but reindeer heads will be found in -the arms of Fellows. It, however, appears as a supporter for {210} several -English peers. Winged stags (Fig. 390) were the supporters of De Carteret, -Earls of Granville, and "a demi-winged stag gules, collared argent," is the -crest of Fox of Coalbrookdale, co. Salop. - -Much akin to the stag is the antelope, which, unless specified to be an -_heraldic_ antelope, or found in a very old coat, is usually represented in -the natural form of the animal, and subject to the foregoing rules. - -_Heraldic Antelope._--This animal (Figs. 391, 392, and 393) is found in -English heraldry more frequently as a supporter than as a charge. As an -instance, however, of the latter form may be mentioned the family of -Dighton (Lincolnshire): "Per pale argent and gules, an heraldic antelope -passant counterchanged." It bears little if any relation to the real -animal, though there can be but small doubt that the earliest forms -originated in an attempt to represent an antelope or an ibex. Since, -however, heraldry has found a use for the real antelope, it has been -necessary to distinguish it from the creations of the early armorists, -which are now known as heraldic antelopes. Examples will be found in the -supporters of Lord Carew, in the crest of Moresby, and of Bagnall. - -[Illustration: FIG. 391.--Heraldic antelope statant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 392.--The heraldic antelope rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 393.--Heraldic antelope passant.] - -The difference chiefly consists in the curious head and horns and in the -tail, the heraldic antelope being an heraldic tiger, with the feet and legs -similar to those of a deer, and with two straight serrated horns. - -_Ibex._--This is another form of the natural antelope, but with two -saw-edged horns projecting from the forehead. - -A curious animal, namely, the sea-stag, is often met with in German -heraldry. This is the head, antlers, fore-legs, and the upper part of the -body of a stag conjoined to the fish-tail end of a mermaid. {211} The only -instance I am aware of in which it occurs in British armory is the case of -the arms of Marindin, which were recently matriculated in Lyon Register -(Fig. 394). This coat, however, it should be observed, is really of German -or perhaps of Swiss origin. - -[Illustration: FIG. 394.--Armorial bearings of Marindin.] - -THE RAM AND GOAT - -The ram (Figs. 395 and 396), the consideration of which must of necessity -include the sheep (Fig. 397), the Paschal lamb (Fig. 398), and the fleece -(Fig. 399), plays no unimportant part in armory. The chief heraldic -difference between the ram and the sheep, to some extent, in opposition to -the agricultural distinctions, lies in the fact that the ram is always -represented with horns and the sheep without. The lamb and the ram are -always represented with the natural tail, but the sheep is deprived of it. -A ram can of course be "armed" (_i.e._ with the horns of a different -colour) and "unguled," but the latter will seldom be found to be the case. -The ram, the sheep, and the lamb will nearly always be found either passant -or statant, but a demi-ram is naturally represented in a rampant posture, -though in such a case the word "rampant" is not necessary in the blazon. - -Occasionally, as in the crest of Marwood, the ram will be found couchant. -As a charge upon a shield the ram will be found in the arms of Sydenham -["Argent, three rams passant sable"], and a ram couchant occurs in the arms -of Pujolas (granted 1762) ["Per fess wavy azure and argent, in base on a -mount vert, a ram couchant sable, armed and unguled or, in chief three -doves proper"]. The arms of Ramsey ["Azure, a chevron between three {212} -rams passant or"] and the arms of Harman ["Sable, a chevron between six -rams counter-passant two and two argent, armed and unguled or"] are other -instances in which rams occur. A sheep occurs in the arms of Sheepshanks -["Azure, a chevron erminois between in chief three roses and in base a -sheep passant argent. Crest: on a mount vert, a sheep passant argent"]. - -[Illustration: FIG. 395.--Ram statant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 396.--Ram rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 397.--Sheep passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 398.--Paschal lamb.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 399.--Fleece.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 400.--Ram's head caboshed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 401.--Goat passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 402.--Goat rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 403.--Goat salient.] - -The lamb, which is by no means an unusual charge in Welsh coats of arms, is -most usually found in the form of a "paschal lamb" (Fig. 398), or some -variation evidently founded thereupon. - -The fleece--of course originally of great repute as the badge of {213} the -Order of the Golden Fleece--has in recent years been frequently employed in -the grants of arms to towns or individuals connected with the woollen -industry. - -The demi-ram and the demi-lamb are to be found as crests, but far more -usual are rams' heads, which figure, for example, in the arms of Ramsden, -and in the arms of the towns of Huddersfield, and Barrow-in-Furness. The -ram's head will sometimes be found caboshed, as in the arms of Ritchie and -Roberts. - -Perhaps here reference may fittingly be made to the arms granted by Lyon -Office in 1812 to Thomas Bonar, co. Kent ["Argent, a saltire and chief -azure, the last charged with a dexter hand proper, vested with a -shirt-sleeve argent, issuing from the dexter chief point, holding a -shoulder of mutton proper to a lion passant or, all within a bordure -gules"]. - -_The Goat_ (Figs. 401-403) is very frequently met with in armory. Its -positions are passant, statant, rampant, and salient. When the horns are of -a different colour it is said to be "armed." - -OTHER ANIMALS - -_The Elephant_ is by no means unusual in heraldry, appearing as a crest, as -a charge, and also as a supporter. Nor, strange to say, is its appearance -exclusively modern. The elephant's head, however, is much more frequently -met with than the entire animal. Heraldry generally finds some way of -stereotyping one of its creations as peculiarly its own, and in regard to -the elephant, the curious "elephant and castle" (Fig. 404) is an example, -this latter object being, of course, simply a derivative of the howdah of -Indian life. Few early examples of the elephant omit the castle. The -elephant and castle is seen in the arms of Dumbarton and in the crest of -Corbet. - -A curious practice, the result of pure ignorance, has manifested itself in -British armory. As will be explained in the chapter upon crests, a large -proportion of German crests are derivatives of the stock basis of two -bull's horns, which formed a recognised ornament for a helmet in Viking and -other pre-heraldic days. As heraldry found its footing it did not in -Germany displace those horns, which in many cases continued alone as the -crest or remained as a part of it in the form of additions to other -objects. The craze for decoration at an early period seized upon the horns, -which carried repetitions of the arms or their tinctures. As time went on -the {214} decoration was carried further, and the horns were made with -bell-shaped open ends to receive other objects, usually bunches of feathers -or flowers. So universal did this custom become that even when nothing was -inserted the horns came to be always depicted with these open mouths at -their points. But German heraldry now, as has always been the case, simply -terms the figures "horns." In course of time German immigrants made -application for grants of arms in this country, which, doubtless, were -based upon other German arms previously in use, but which, evidence of -right not being forthcoming, could not be recorded as borne of right, and -needed to be granted with alteration as a new coat. The curious result has -been that these horns have been incorporated in some number of English -grants, but they have universally been described as elephants' proboscides, -and are now always so represented in this country. A case in point is the -crest of Verelst, and another is the crest of Allhusen. - -[Illustration: FIG. 404.--Elephant and castle.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 405.--Hare salient.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 406.--Coney.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 407.--Squirrel.] - -Elephants' tusks have also been introduced into grants, as in the arms of -Liebreich (borne in pretence by Cock) and Randles ["Or, a chevron wavy -azure between three pairs of elephants' tusks in saltire proper"]. - -_The Hare_ (Fig. 405) is but rarely met with in British armory. It appears -in the arms of Cleland, and also in the crest of Shakerley, Bart. ["A hare -proper resting her forefeet on a grab or"]. A very curious coat ["Argent, -three hares playing bagpipes gules"] belongs to an ancient Derbyshire -family FitzErcald, now represented (through the Sacheverell family) by Coke -of Trussley, who quarter the FitzErcald shield. - -_The Rabbit_ (Fig. 406), or, as it is more frequently termed heraldically, -the Coney, appears more frequently in heraldry than the hare, being the -canting charge on the arms of Coningsby, Cunliffe ["Sable, three conies -courant argent"], and figuring also as the supporters of Montgomery -Cunningham ["Two conies proper"]. - -_The Squirrel_ (Fig. 407) occurs in many English coats of arms. It is -always sejant, and very frequently cracking a nut. {215} - -_The Ape_ is not often met with, except in the cases of the different -families of the great Fitz Gerald clan. It is usually the crest, though the -Duke of Leinster also has apes as supporters. One family of Fitzgerald, -however, bear it as a charge upon the shield ["Gules, a saltire invected -per pale argent and or, between four monkeys statant of the second, -environed with a plain collar and chained of the second. Mantling gules and -argent. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a monkey as in the arms, charged -on the body with two roses, and resting the dexter fore-leg on a saltire -gules. Motto: 'Crom-a-boo'"], and the family of Yorke bear an ape's head -for a crest. - -The ape is usually met with "collared and chained" (Fig. 408), though, -unlike any other animal, the collar of an ape environs its loins and not -its neck. A winged ape is included in Elvin's "Dictionary of Heraldry" as a -heraldic animal, but I am not aware to whom it is assigned. - -[Illustration: FIG. 408.--Ape collared and chained.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 409.--Brock.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 410.--Otter.] - -_The Brock_ or _Badger_ (Fig. 409) figures in some number of English arms. -It is most frequently met with as the crest of Brooke, but will be also -found in the arms or crests of Brocklebank and Motion. - -_The Otter_ (Fig. 410) is not often met with except in Scottish coats, but -an English example is that of Sir George Newnes, and a demi-otter issuant -from a fess wavy will be found quartered by Seton of Mounie. - -An otter's head, sometimes called a seal's head, for it is impossible to -distinguish the heraldic representations of the one or the other, appears -in many coats of arms of different families of the name of Balfour, and two -otters are the supporters belonging to the head of the Scottish house of -Balfour. - -_The Ermine_, _the Stoat_, and _the Weasel_, &c., are not very often met -with, but the ermine appears as the crest of Crawford and the marten as the -crest of a family of that name. {216} - -[Illustration: FIG. 411.--Urcheon.] - -_The Hedgehog_, or, as it is usually heraldically termed, the _Urcheon_ -(Fig. 411), occurs in some number of coats. For example, in the arms of -Maxwell ["Argent, an eagle with two heads displayed sable, beaked and -membered gules, on the breast an escutcheon of the first, charged with a -saltire of the second, surcharged in the centre with a hurcheon (hedgehog) -or, all within a bordure gules"], Harris, and as the crest of Money-Kyrle. - -_The Beaver_ has been introduced into many coats of late years for those -connected in any way with Canada. It figures in the arms of Lord Strathcona -and Mount Royal, and in the arms of Christopher. - -The beaver is one of the supporters of the city of Oxford, and is the sole -charge in the arms of the town of Biberach (Fig. 412). Originally the arms -were: "Argent, a beaver azure, crowned and armed gules," but the arms -authorised by the Emperor Frederick IV., 18th July 1848, were: "Azure, a -beaver or." - -[Illustration: FIG. 412.--Arms of the town of Biberach. (From Ulrich -Reichenthal's _Concilium von Constanz_, Augsburg, 1483.)] - -It is quite impossible, or at any rate very unnecessary, to turn a work on -armory into an Illustrated Guide to Natural History, which would be the -result if under the description of heraldic charges the attempt were made -to deal with all the various animals which have by now been brought to the -armorial fold, owing to the inclusion of each for special and sufficient -reasons in one or two isolated grants. - -Far be it from me, however, to make any remark which should seem to -indicate the raising of any objection to such use. In my opinion it is -highly admirable, providing there is some definite reason in each case for -the introduction of these strange animals other than mere caprice. They add -to the interest of heraldry, and they give to modern arms and armory a -definite status and meaning, which is a relief from the endless monotony of -meaningless lions, bends, chevrons, mullets, and martlets. - -But at the same time the isolated use in a modern grant of such an animal -as the kangaroo does not make it one of the peculiarly heraldic menagerie, -and consequently such instances must be dismissed herein with brief -mention, particularly as many of these creatures heraldically exist only as -supporters, in which chapter some are more fully {217} discussed. Save as a -supporter, the only instances I know of the _Kangaroo_ are in the coat of -Moore and in the arms of Arthur, Bart. - -_The Zebra_ will be found as the crest of Kemsley. - -_The Camel_, which will be dealt with later as a supporter, in which form -it appears in the arms of Viscount Kitchener, the town of Inverness (Fig. -251), and some of the Livery Companies, also figures in the reputed but -unrecorded arms of Camelford, and in the arms of Cammell of Sheffield and -various other families of a similar name. - -The fretful _Porcupine_ was borne ["Gules, a porcupine erect argent, -tusked, collared, and chained or"] by Simon Eyre, Lord Mayor of London in -1445: and the creature also figures as one of the supporters and the crest -of Sidney, Lord De Lisle and Dudley. - -[Illustration: FIG. 413.--Bat.] - -_The Bat_ (Fig. 413) will be found in the arms of Heyworth and as the crest -of a Dublin family named Wakefield. - -_The Tortoise_ occurs in the arms of a Norfolk family named Gandy, and is -also stated by Papworth to occur in the arms of a Scottish family named -Goldie. This coat, however, is not matriculated. It also occurs in the -crests of Deane and Hayne. - -_The Springbok_, which is one of the supporters of Cape Colony, and two of -which are the supporters of Viscount Milner, is also the crest of Randles -["On a wreath of the colours, a springbok or South African antelope statant -in front of an assegai erect all proper"]. - -_The Rhinoceros_ occurs as one of the supporters of Viscount Colville of -Culross, and also of the crest of Wade, and the _Hippopotamus_ is one of -the supporters of Speke. - -_The Crocodile_, which is the crest and one of the supporters of Speke, is -also the crest of Westcar ["A crocodile proper, collared and chained or"]. - -_The Alpaca_, and also two _Angora Goats'_ heads figure in the arms of -Benn. - -_The Rat_ occurs in the arms of Ratton,[18] which is a peculiarly good -example of a canting coat. - -_The Mole_, sometimes termed a moldiwarp, occurs in the arms of Mitford -["Argent, a fess sable between three moles displayed sable"]. {218} - - - -CHAPTER XIII - -MONSTERS - -The heraldic catalogue of beasts runs riot when we reach those mythical or -legendary creatures which can only be summarised under the generic term of -monsters. Most mythical animals, however, can be traced back to some -comparable counterpart in natural history. - -The fauna of the New World was of course unknown to those early heraldic -artists in whose knowledge and imagination, no less than in their skill (or -lack of it) in draughtsmanship, lay the nativity of so much of our -heraldry. They certainly thought they were representing animals in -existence in most if not in all cases, though one gathers that they -considered many of the animals they used to be misbegotten hybrids. -Doubtless, working on the assumption of the mule as the hybrid of the horse -and the ass, they jumped to the conclusion that animals which contained -salient characteristics of two other animals which they knew were likewise -hybrids. A striking example of their theories is to be found in the -heraldic Camelopard, which was anciently devoutly believed to be begotten -by the leopard upon the camel. A leopard they would be familiar with, also -the camel, for both belong to that corner of the world where the north-east -of the African Continent, the south-east of Europe, and the west of Asia -join, where were fought out the wars of the Cross, and where heraldry took -on itself a definite being. There the known civilisations of the world met, -taking one from the other knowledge, more or less distorted, ideas and wild -imaginings. A stray giraffe was probably seen by some journeyer up the -Nile, who, unable to otherwise account for it, considered and stated the -animal to be the hybrid offspring of the leopard and camel. Another point -needs to be borne in mind. Earlier artists were in no way fettered by any -supposed necessity for making their pictures realistic representations. -Realism is a modernity. Their pictures were decoration, and they thought -far more of making their subject fit the space to be decorated than of -making it a "speaking likeness." - -Nevertheless, their work was not all imagination. In the _Crocodile_ {219} -we get the basis of the dragon, if indeed the heraldic dragon be not a -perpetuation of ancient legends, or even perhaps of then existing -representations of those winged antediluvian animals, the fossilised -remains of which are now available. Wings, however, need never be -considered a difficulty. It has ever been the custom (from the angels of -Christianity to the personalities of Mercury and Pegasus) to add wings to -any figure held in veneration. Why, it would be difficult to say, but -nevertheless the fact remains. - -_The Unicorn_, however, it is not easy to resolve into an original basis, -because until the seventeenth century every one fondly believed in the -existence of the animal. Mr. Beckles Wilson appears to have paid -considerable attention to the subject, and was responsible for the article -"The Rise of the Unicorn" which recently appeared in _Cassel's Magazine_. -That writer traces the matter to a certain extent from non-heraldic -sources, and the following remarks, which are taken from the above article, -are of considerable interest:-- - -"The real genesis of the unicorn was probably this: at a time when armorial -bearings were becoming an indispensable part of a noble's equipment, the -attention of those knights who were fighting under the banner of the Cross -was attracted to the wild antelopes of Syria and Palestine. These animals -are armed with long, straight, spiral horns set close together, so that at -a side view they appeared to be but a single horn. To confirm this, there -are some old illuminations and drawings extant which endow the early -unicorn with many of the attributes of the deer and goat kind. The sort of -horn supposed to be carried by these Eastern antelopes had long been a -curiosity, and was occasionally brought back as a trophy by travellers from -the remote parts of the earth. There is a fine one to be seen to-day at the -abbey of St. Denis, and others in various collections in Europe. We now -know these so-called unicorn's horns, usually carved, to belong to that -marine monster the narwhal, or sea-unicorn. But the fable of a breed of -horned horses is at least as old as Pliny" [Had the "gnu" anything to do -with this?], "and centuries later the Crusaders, or the monkish artists who -accompanied them, attempted to delineate the marvel. From their first rude -sketches other artists copied; and so each presentment was passed along, -until at length the present form of the unicorn was attained. There was a -time--not so long ago--when the existence of the unicorn was as implicitly -believed in as the camel or any other animal not seen in these latitudes; -and the translators of the Bible set their seal upon the legend by -translating the Hebrew word _reem_ (which probably meant a rhinoceros) as -'unicorn.' Thus the worthy Thomas Fuller came to consider the existence of -the unicorn clearly proved by the mention of it in Scripture! Describing -{220} the horn of the animal, he writes, 'Some are plain, as that of St. -Mark's in Venice; others wreathed about it, which probably is the effect of -age, those wreaths being but the wrinkles of most vivacious unicorns. The -same may be said of the colour: white when newly taken from the head; -yellow, like that lately in the Tower, of some hundred years' seniority; -but whether or no it will soon turn black, as that of Plinie's description, -let others decide.' - -"All the books on natural history so late as the seventeenth century -describe at length the unicorn; several of them carefully depict him as -though the artist had drawn straight from the life. - -"If art had stopped here, the wonder of the unicorn would have remained but -a paltry thing after all. His finer qualities would have been unrecorded, -and all his virtues hidden. But, happily, instead of this, about the animal -first conceived in the brain of a Greek (as Pegasus also was), and embodied -through the fertile fancy of the Crusader, the monks and heraldists of the -Middle Ages devised a host of spiritual legends. They told of his pride, -his purity, his endurance, his matchless spirit. - -"'The greatnesse of his mynde is such that he chooseth rather to dye than -be taken alive.' Indeed, he was only conquerable by a beautiful maiden. One -fifteenth-century writer gives a recipe for catching a unicorn. 'A maid is -set where he hunteth and she openeth her lap, to whom the unicorn, as -seeking rescue from the force of the hunter, yieldeth his head and leaveth -all his fierceness, and resteth himself under her protection, sleepeth -until he is taken and slain.' But although many were reported to be thus -enticed to their destruction, only their horns, strange to say, ever -reached Europe. There is one in King Edward's collection at Buckingham -Palace. - -"Naturally, the horn of such an animal was held a sovereign specific -against poison, and 'ground unicorn's horn' often figures in mediaeval -books of medicine. - -"There was in Shakespeare's time at Windsor Castle the 'horn of a unicorn -of above eight spans and a half in length, valued at above L10,000.' This -may have been the one now at Buckingham Palace. One writer, describing it, -says:-- - -"'I doe also know that horn the King of England possesseth to be wreathed -in spires, even as that is accounted in the Church of St. Dennis, than -which they suppose none greater in the world, and I never saw anything in -any creature more worthy praise than this horne. It is of soe great a -length that the tallest man can scarcely touch the top thereof, for it doth -fully equal seven great feet. It weigheth thirteen pounds, with their -assize, being only weighed by the gesse of the hands it seemeth much -heavier.' {221} - -"Spenser, in the 'Faerie Queen,' thus describes a contest between the -unicorn and the lion:-- - - 'Like as the lyon, whose imperial powre - A proud rebellious unicorn defyes, - T'avoide the rash assault and wrathful stowre - Of his fiers foe, him to a tree applies. - And when him running in full course he spyes - He slips aside; the whiles that furious beast - His precious horne, sought of his enimyes, - Strikes in the stroke, ne thence can be released, - But to the victor yields a bounteous feast.' - -"'It hath,' remarked Guillim, in 1600, 'been much questioned among -naturalists which it is that is properly called the unicorn; and some have -made doubt whether there be such a beast or no. But the great esteem of his -horn in many places to be seen may take away that needless scruple.' - -[Illustration: FIG. 414.--Unicorn rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 415.--Unicorn passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 416.--Unicorn statant.] - -"Another old writer, Topsell, says:-- - -[Illustration: FIG. 417.--Unicorn rampant.] - -"'These beasts are very swift, and their legs have not articles. They keep -for the most part in the deserts, and live solitary in the tops of the -mountaines. There was nothing more horrible than the voice or braying of -it, for the voice is strained above measure. It fighteth both with the -mouth and with the heeles, with the mouth biting like a lyon, and with the -heeles kicking like a horse.' - -"Nor is belief in the unicorn confined to Europe. By Chinese writers it is -characterised as a 'spiritual beast.' The existence of the unicorn is -firmly credited by the most intelligent natives and by not a few Europeans. -A very trustworthy observer, the Abbe Huc, speaks very positively on the -subject: 'The unicorn really exists in Tibet.... We had for a long time a -small Mongol treatise on Natural History, for the use of children, in which -a unicorn formed one of the pictorial illustrations.'" - -The unicorn, however, as it has heraldically developed, is drawn {222} with -the body of a horse, the tail of the heraldic lion, the legs and feet of -the deer, the head and mane of a horse, to which is added the long twisted -horn from which the animal is named, and a beard (Figs. 414, 415, and 416). -A good representation of the unicorn will be found in the figure of the -Royal Arms herein, and in Fig. 417, which is as fine a piece of heraldic -design as could be wished. - -The crest of Yonge of Colbrooke, Devonshire, is "a demi-sea-unicorn argent, -armed gules, finned or," and the crest of Tynte (Kemeys-Tynte of Cefn Mably -and Halswell) is "on a mount vert, a unicorn sejant argent, armed and -crined or." - -The unicorn will be found in the arms of Styleman, quartered by Le Strange, -and Swanzy. - -[Illustration: FIG. 418.--Gryphon segreant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 419.--Gryphon passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 420.--Gryphon Statant.] - -_The Griffin_ or _Gryphon_.--Though in the popular mind any heraldic -monster is generically termed a griffin, the griffin has, nevertheless, -very marked and distinct peculiarities. It is one of the hybrid -monstrosities which heraldry is so fond of, and is formed by the body, -hind-legs, and tail of a lion conjoined to the head and claws of an eagle, -the latter acting as its forepaws (Figs. 418-420). It has the wings of the -eagle, which are never represented close, but it also has ears, and this, -by the way, should be noted, because herein is the only distinction between -a griffin's head and an eagle's head when the rest of the body is not -represented (Fig. 421). Though but very seldom so met with, it is -occasionally found proper, by which description is meant that the plumage -is of the brown colour of the eagle, the rest of the body being the natural -colour of the lion. The griffin is frequently found with its beak and -fore-legs of a different colour from its body, {223} and is then termed -"armed," though another term, "beaked and fore-legged," is almost as -frequently used. A very popular idea is that the origin of the griffin was -the dimidiation of two coats of arms, one having an eagle and the other a -lion as charges, but taking the origin of armory to belong to about the end -of the eleventh century, or thereabouts, the griffin can be found as a -distinct creation, not necessarily heraldic, at a very much earlier date. -An exceedingly good and an early representation of the griffin will be -found in Fig. 422. It is a representation of the great seal of the town of -Schweidnitz in the jurisdiction of Breslau, and belongs to the year 1315. -The inscription is "+ S universitatis civium de Swidnitz." In the grant of -arms to the town in the year 1452, the griffin is gules on a field of -argent. - -[Illustration: FIG. 422.--Seal of the Town of Schweidnitz.] - -The griffin will be found in all sorts of positions, and the terms applied -to it are the same as would be applied to a lion, except in the single -instance of the rampant position. A griffin is then termed "segreant" (Fig. -418). The wings are usually represented as endorsed and erect, but this is -not compulsory, as will be noticed by reference to the supporters of the -Earl of Mar and Kellie, in which the wings are inverted. - -[Illustration: FIG. 421.--Gryphon's head erased.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 423.--Male gryphon.] - -There is a certain curiosity in English heraldry, wholly peculiar to it, -which may be here referred to. A griffin in the ordinary way is merely so -termed, but a male griffin by some curious reasoning has no wings, but is -adorned with spikes showing at some number of points on its body (Fig. -423). I have, under my remarks upon the panther, hazarded the supposition -that the male griffin of English heraldry is nothing more than a British -development and form of the Continental heraldic panther which is unknown -to us. The origin of the clusters and spikes, unless they are to be found -in the flames of fire associated with the panther, must remain a mystery. -The male griffin is very seldom met with, but two of these creatures are -the supporters of Sir George John Egerton Dashwood, Bart. Whilst we -consider the griffin a purely mythical animal, there is no doubt whatever -that earlier writers devoutly believed that such animals existed. Sir John -Maundeville tells us in his "Travels" that they abound in Bacharia. "Sum -men seyn that thei han the body upward as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun; -and treuly thei seyn sothe that thei ben of that schapp. But a Griffoun -{224} hathe the body more gret and more strong than eight lyouns of such -lyouns as ben o' this half (of the world), and more gret and stronger than -an 100 egles such as we han amonges us ...," and other writers, whilst not -considering them an original type of animal, undoubtedly believed in their -existence as hybrid of the eagle and the lion. It is of course a well-known -fact that the mule, the most popular hybrid, does not breed. This fact -would be accepted as accounting for the rarity of animals which were -considered to be hybrids. - -Though there are examples of griffins in some of the earliest rolls of -arms, the animal cannot be said to have come into general use until a -somewhat later period. Nowadays, however, it is probably next in popularity -to the lion. - -The demi-griffin is very frequently found as a crest. - -A griffin's head (Fig. 421) is still yet more frequently met with, and as a -charge upon the shields it will be found in the arms of Raikes, Kay, and -many other families. - -A variety of the griffin is found in the gryphon-marine, or sea-griffin. In -it the fore part of the creature is that of the eagle, but the wings are -sometimes omitted; and the lower half of the animal is that of a fish, or -rather of a mermaid. Such a creature is the charge in the arms of the -Silesian family of Mestich: "Argent, a sea-griffin proper" (Siebmacher, -_Wappenbuch_, i. 69). "Azure, a (winged) sea-griffin per fesse gules and -argent crowned or," is the coat of the Barons von Puttkammer. One or two -other Pomeranian families have the like charge without wings. - -_The Dragon._--Much akin to the griffin is the dragon, but the similarity -of appearance is more superficial than real, inasmuch as in all details it -differs, except in the broad similarity that it has four legs, a pair of -wings, and is a terrible creature. The much referred to "griffin" opposite -the Law Courts in the Strand is really a dragon. The head of a dragon is -like nothing else in heraldry, and from what source it originated or what -basis existed for ancient heraldic artists to imagine it from must remain a -mystery, unless it has developed from the crocodile or some antediluvian -animal much akin. It is like nothing else in heaven or on earth. Its neck -is covered with scales not unlike those of a fish. All four legs are scaled -and have claws, the back is scaled, the tongue is barbed, and the under -part of the body is likewise scaled, but here, in rolls of a much larger -size. Great differences will be found in the shape of the ears, but the -wings of the dragon are always represented as the wings of a bat, with the -long ribs or bones carried to the base (Figs. 424-426). The dragon is one -of the most artistic of heraldic creations, and lends itself very readily -to the genius of any artist. In nearly all modern representations the tail, -like the tongue, {225} will be found ending in a barb, but it should be -observed that this is a comparatively recent addition. All dragons of the -Tudor period were invariably represented without any such additions to -their tails. The tail was long and smooth, ending in a blunt point. - -Whilst we have separate and distinct names for many varieties of -dragon-like creatures, other countries in their use of the word "dragon" -include the wyvern, basilisk, cockatrice, and other similar creatures, but -the distinct name in German heraldry for our four-footed dragon is the -_Lindwurm_, and Fig. 427 is a representation of the dragon according to -German ideas, which nevertheless might form an example for English artists -to copy, except that we very seldom represent ours as coward. - -[Illustration: FIG. 424.--Dragon rampant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 425.--Dragon passant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 426.--Dragon statant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 427.--A German dragon.] - -The red dragon upon a mount vert, which forms a part of the Royal -achievement as the badge of Wales, is known as the red dragon of -Cadwallader, and in deference to a loudly expressed sentiment on the -subject, His Majesty the King has recently added the Welsh dragon -differenced by a label of three points argent as an additional badge to the -achievement of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. The red dragon was -one of the supporters of the Tudor kings, being used by Henry VII., Henry -VIII., and Edward VI. Queen Elizabeth, however, whose liking for gold is -evidenced by her changing the Royal mantle from gules and ermine to gold -and ermine, also changed the colour of the dragon as her supporter to gold, -and many Welsh scholars hold that the ruddy dragon of Wales was and should -be of ruddy gold and not of gules. There is some room for doubt whether the -dragon in the Royal Arms was really of Welsh origin. The point was -discussed at some length by the present writer {226} in the _Genealogical -Magazine_ (October 1902). It was certainly in use by King Henry III. - -A dragon may be statant (Fig. 426), rampant (Fig. 424), or passant (Fig. -425), and the crests of Bicknell and of the late Sir Charles Young, Garter -King of Arms, are examples of dragons couchant. - -A sea-dragon, whatever that creature may be, occurs in one of the crests of -Mr. Mainwaring-Ellerker-Onslow. - -Variations such as that attributed to the family of Raynor ["Argent, a -dragon volant in bend sable"], the dragon overthrown on the arms of -Langridge as quartered by Lowdell, and the sinister supporter of the arms -of Viscount Gough ["The dragon of China or gorged with a mural crown and -chained sable"] may be noted. The Chinese dragon, which is also the dexter -supporter of Sir Robert Hart, Bart., follows closely the Chinese model, and -is without wings. - -[Illustration: FIG. 428.--Wyvern.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 429.--Wyvern with wings displayed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 430.--Wyvern erect.] - -_The Wyvern._--There is no difference whatever between a wyvern's head and -a dragon's, but there is considerable difference between a wyvern and a -dragon, at any rate in English heraldry, though the wyvern appears to be -the form more frequently met with under the name of a dragon in other -countries. The wyvern has only two legs, the body curling away into the -tail, and it is usually represented as resting upon its legs and tail -(Figs. 428 and 429). On the other hand, it will occasionally be found -sitting erect upon its tail with its claws in the air (Fig. 430), and the -supporters of the Duke of Marlborough are generally so represented. As a -charge or crest, however, probably the only instance of a wyvern sejant -erect is the crest of Mansergh. A curious crest also is that of Langton, -namely: "On a wreath of the colours, an eagle or and a wyvern vert, -interwoven and erect on their tails," and an equally curious one is the -crest of Maule, _i.e._ "A wyvern vert, with two heads vomiting fire at both -ends proper, charged with a crescent argent." - -Occasionally the wyvern is represented without wings and with the {227} -tail nowed. Both these peculiarities occur in the case of the crest of a -Lancashire family named Ffarington. - -_The Cockatrice._--The next variety is the cockatrice (Fig. 431), which is, -however, comparatively rare. Two cockatrices are the supporters to the arms -of the Earl of Westmeath, and also to the arms of Sir Edmund Charles -Nugent, Bart. But the animal is not common as a charge. The difference -between a wyvern and a cockatrice is that the latter has the head of a cock -substituted for the dragon's head with which the wyvern is decorated. Like -the cock, the beak, comb, and wattles are often of another tincture, and -the animal is then termed armed, combed, and wattled. - -[Illustration: FIG. 431.--Cockatrice.] - -The cockatrice is sometimes termed a _basilisk_, and according to ancient -writers the basilisk is produced from an egg laid by a nine-year-old cock -and hatched by a toad on a dunghill. Probably this is merely the expression -of the intensified loathing which it was desired to typify. But the -heraldic basilisk is stated to have its tail terminating in a dragon's -head. In English heraldry, at any rate, I know of no such example. - -_The Hydra_, or _Seven-headed Dragon_, as the crest, is ascribed to the -families of Barret, Crespine, and Lownes. - -[Illustration: FIG. 432.--Camelopard.] - -_The Camelopard_ (Fig. 432), which is nothing more or less than an ordinary -giraffe, must be properly included amongst mythical animals, because the -form and semblance of the giraffe was used to represent a mythical hybrid -creation which the ancients believed to be begotten between a leopard and a -camel. Possibly they represented the real giraffe (which they may have -known), taking that to be a hybrid between the two animals stated. It -occurs as the crest of several coats of arms for the name of Crisp. - -_The Camelopardel_, which is another mythical animal fathered upon armory, -is stated to be the same as the camelopard, but with the addition of two -long horns curved backwards. I know of no instance in which it occurs. - -The human face or figure conjoined to some other animal's body gives us a -number of heraldic creatures, some of which play no inconsiderable part in -armory. - -The human figure (male) conjoined to the tail of a fish is known as the -_Triton_ or _Merman_ (Fig. 433). Though there are some number of instances -in which it occurs as a supporter, it is seldom met with as {228} a charge -upon a shield. It is, however, to be found in the arms of Otway, and is -assigned as a crest to the family of Tregent, and a family of Robertson, of -London. - -_The Mermaid_ (Fig. 434), is much more frequently met with. It is generally -represented with the traditional mirror and comb in the hands. It will be -found appearing, for example, in the arms of Ellis, of Glasfryn, co. -Monmouth. The crest of Mason, used without authority by the founder of -Mason's College, led to its inclusion in the arms of the University of -Birmingham. It will also be found as the crest of Rutherford and many other -families. - -_The Melusine, i.e._ a mermaid with two tails disposed on either side, -though not unknown in British heraldry, is more frequent in German. - -[Illustration: FIG. 433.--Merman.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 434.--Mermaid.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 435.--Sphinx.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 436.--Centaur.] - -_The Sphinx_, of course originally derived from the Egyptian figure, has -the body, legs, and tail of a lion conjoined to the breasts, head, and face -of a woman (Fig. 435). As a charge it occurs in the arms of Cochrane and -Cameron of Fassiefern. This last-mentioned coat affords a striking example -of the over-elaboration to be found in so many of the grants which owe -their origin to the Peninsular War and the other "fightings" in which -England was engaged at the period. A winged sphinx is the crest of a family -of the name of Asgile. Two sphinxes were granted as supporters to the late -Sir Edward Malet, G.C.B. - -_The Centaur_ (Fig. 436)--the familiar fabulous animal, half man, half -horse--is sometimes represented carrying a bow and arrow, when it is called -a "sagittarius." It is not infrequently met with in heraldry, though it is -to be found more often in Continental than in English blazonry. In its -"sagittarius" form it is sculptured on a column in the Romanesque cloister -of St. Aubin at Angers. It will be found as the crest of most families -named Lambert, and it was one of the supporters of {229} Lord Hood of -Avelon. It is also the crest of a family of Fletcher. A very curious crest -was borne by a family of Lambert, and is to be seen on their monuments. -They could establish no official authority for their arms as used, and -consequently obtained official authorisation in the early part of the -eighteenth century, when the crest then granted was a regulation -sagittarius, but up to that time, however, they had always used a "female -centaur" holding a rose in its dexter hand. - -_Chimera._--This legendary animal happily does not figure in English -heraldry, and but rarely abroad. It is described as having the head and -breast of a woman, the forepaws of a lion, the body of a goat, the -hind-legs of a griffin, and the tail of a dragon, and would be about as -ugly and misbegotten a creature as can readily be imagined. - -_The Man-Lion_ will be found referred to under the heading of lions, and -Elvin mentions in addition the _Weir-Wolf, i.e._ the wolf with a human face -and horns. Probably this creature has strayed into heraldic company by -mistake. I know of no armorial use of it. - -_The Satyr_, which has a well-established existence in other than heraldic -sources of imagination, is composed of a demi-savage united to the -hind-legs of a goat. - -_The Satyral_ is a hybrid animal having the body of a lion and the face of -an old man, with the horns of an antelope. I know of no instance of its -use. - -_The Harpy_--which is a curious creature consisting of the head, neck, and -breasts of a woman conjoined to the wings and body of a vulture--is -peculiarly German, though it does exist in the heraldry of this country. -The German name for it is the _Jungfraunadler_. The shield of the -Rietbergs, Princes of Ost-Friesland, is: "Sable, a harpy crowned, and with -wings displayed all proper, between four stars, two in chief and as many in -base or." The harpy will be found as a crest in this country. - -_The Devil_ is not, as may be imagined, a favourite heraldic charge. The -arms of Sissinks of Groningen, however, are: "Or, a horned devil having six -paws, the body terminating in the tail of a fish all gules." The family of -Bawde have for a crest: "A satyr's head in profile sable, with wings to the -side of the head or, the tongue hanging out of his mouth gules." Though so -blazoned, I feel sure it is really intended to represent a fiend. On the -Garter Hall-plate of John de Grailly, Captal de Buch, the crest is a man's -head with ass's ears. This is, however, usually termed a Midas' head. A -certain coat of arms which is given in the "General Armory" under the name -of Dannecourt, and also under the name of Morfyn or Murfyn, has for a -crest: "A blackamoor's head couped at the shoulders, habited paly of six -ermine and ermines, pendents in his ears or, wreathed about the {230} -forehead, with bat's wings to the head sable, expanded on each side." - -Many mythical animals can be more conveniently considered under their -natural counterparts. Of these the notes upon the heraldic antelope and the -heraldic ibex accompany those upon the natural antelope, and the heraldic -panther is included with the real animal. The heraldic tiger, likewise, is -referred to concurrently with the Bengal or natural tiger. The pegasus, the -sea-horse, and the winged sea-horse are mentioned with other examples of -the horse, and the sea-dog is included with other breeds and varieties of -that useful animal. The winged bull, of which only one instance is known to -me, occurs as the supporters of the Butchers' Livery Company, and has been -already alluded to, as also the winged stag. The sea-stag is referred to -under the sub-heading of stags. The two-headed lion, the double-queued -lion, the lion queue-fourche, the sea-lion (which is sometimes found -winged) are all included in the chapter upon lions, as are also the winged -lion and the lion-dragon. The winged ape was mentioned when considering the -natural animal, and perhaps it may be as well to allude to the asserted -heraldic existence of the sea-monkey, though I am not aware of any instance -in which it is borne. - -[Illustration: FIG. 437.--Salamander.] - -The arms of Challoner afford an instance of the _Sea-Wolf_, the crest of -that family being: "A demi-sea-wolf rampant or." Guillim, however (p. 271), -in quoting the arms of Fennor, would seem to assert the sea-wolf and -sea-dog to be one and the same. They certainly look rather like each other. - -_The Phoenix_ and the _Double-headed Eagle_ will naturally be more -conveniently dealt with in the chapter upon the eagle. - -_The Salamander_ has been represented in various ways, and is usually -described as a dragon in flames of fire. It is sometimes so represented but -without wings, though it more usually follows the shape of a lizard. - -The salamander is, however, best known as the personal device of Francis -I., King of France. It is to this origin that the arms of the city of Paris -can be traced. - -The remainder of the list of heraldic monsters can be very briefly -dismissed. In many cases a good deal of research has failed to discover an -instance of their use, and one is almost inclined to believe that they were -invented by those mediaeval writers of prolific imagination for their -treatises, without ever having been borne or emblazoned upon helmet or -shield. - -_The Allocamelus_ is supposed to have the head of an ass conjoined {231} to -the body of a camel. I cannot call to mind any British instance of its use. - -_The Amphiptere_ is the term applied to a "winged serpent," a charge of but -rare occurrence in either English or foreign heraldry. It is found in the -arms of the French family of Potier, viz.: "Azure, a bendlet purpure -between two amphipteres or," while they figure as supporters also in that -family, and in those of the Ducs de Tresmes and De Gevres. - -_The Apres_ is an animal with the body similar to that of a bull, but with -a bear's tail. It is seldom met with outside heraldic text-books. - -[Illustration: FIG. 438.--Enfield.] - -_The Amphisboena_ is usually described as a winged serpent (with two legs) -having a head at each end of its body, but in the crest of Gwilt ["On a -saltire or, interlaced by two amphisboenae azure, langued gules, a rose of -the last, barbed and seeded proper"] the creatures certainly do not answer -to the foregoing description. They must be seen to be duly appreciated. - -_The Cockfish_ is a very unusual charge, but it is to be met with in the -arms of the family of Geyss, in Bavaria, _i.e._: "Or, a cock sable, beaked -of the first, crested and armed gules, its body ending in that of a fish -curved upwards, proper." - -[Illustration: FIG. 439.--Opinicus.] - -_The Enfield_ (Fig. 438) is a purely fanciful animal, having the head of a -fox, chest of a greyhound, talons of an eagle, body of a lion, and hind -legs and tail of a wolf. It occurs as the crest of most Irish families of -the name of Kelly. - -_The Bagwyn_ is an imaginary animal with the head of and much like the -heraldic antelope, but with the body and tail of a horse, and the horns -long and curved backwards. It is difficult to say what it is intended to -represent, and I can give no instance in which it occurs. - -_The Musimon_ is a fabulous animal with the body and feet of a goat and the -head of a ram, with four horns. It is supposed to be the hybrid between the -ram and the goat, the four horns being the two straight ones of the goat -and the two curled ones of the ram. Though no heraldic instance is known to -me, one cannot definitely say such an animal never existed. Another name -for it is the tityron. - -_The Opinicus_ (Fig. 439) is another monster seldom met with in armory. -When it does occur it is represented as a winged gryphon, with a lion's -legs and short tail. Another description of it gives it the {232} body and -forelegs of a lion, the head, neck, and wings of an eagle, and the tail of -a camel. It is the crest of the Livery Company of Barbers in London, which -doubtless gives us the origin of it in the recent grant of arms to Sir -Frederick Treves, Bart. Sometimes the wings are omitted. - -_The Manticora_, _Mantegre_, or _Man-Tiger_ is the same as the man-lion, -but has horns attached to its forehead. - -_The Hippogriff_ has the head, wings and foreclaws of the griffin united to -the hinder part of the body of a horse. - -_The Calopus_ or _Chatloup_ is a curious horned animal difficult to -describe, but which appears to have been at one time the badge of the -Foljambe family. No doubt, as the name would seem to indicate, it is a -variant of the wolf. - -Many of the foregoing animals, particularly those which are or are supposed -to be hybrids, are, however well they may be depicted, ugly, inartistic, -and unnecessary. Their representation leaves one with a disappointed -feeling of crudity of draughtmanship. No such objection applies to the -pegasus, the griffin, the sea-horse, the dragon, or the unicorn, and in -these modern days, when the differentiation of well-worn animals is -producing singularly inept results, one would urge that the sea-griffin, -the sea-stag, the winged bull, the winged stag, the winged lion, and winged -heraldic antelope might produce (if the necessity of differentiation -continue) very much happier results. {233} - - - -CHAPTER XIV - -BIRDS - -Birds of course play a large and prominent part in heraldry. Those which -have been impressed into the service of heraldic emblazonment comprise -almost every species known to the zoological world. - -Though the earliest rolls of arms give us instances of various other birds, -the bird which makes the most prominent appearance is the _Eagle_, and in -all early representations this will invariably be found "displayed." A -double-headed eagle displayed, from a Byzantine silk of the tenth century, -is illustrated by Mr. Eve in his "Decorative Heraldry," so that it is -evident that neither the eagle displayed nor the double-headed eagle -originated with the science of armory, which appropriated them ready-made, -together with their symbolism. An eagle displayed as a symbolical device -was certainly in use by Charlemagne. - -It may perhaps here be advantageous to treat of the artistic development of -the eagle displayed. Of this, of course, the earliest prototype is the -Roman eagle of the Caesars, and it will be to English eyes, accustomed to -our conventional spread-eagle, doubtless rather startling to observe that -the German type of the eagle, which follows the Roman disposition of the -wings (which so many of our heraldic artists at the present day appear -inclined to adopt either in the accepted German or in a slightly modified -form as an eagle displayed) is certainly not a true displayed eagle -according to our English ideas and requirements, inasmuch as the wings are -inverted. It should be observed that in German heraldry it is simply termed -an eagle, and not an eagle displayed. Considering, however, its very close -resemblance to our eagle displayed, and also its very artistic appearance, -there is every excuse for its employment in this country, and I for one -should be sorry to observe its slowly increasing favour checked in this -country. It is quite possible, however, to transfer the salient and -striking points of beauty to the more orthodox position of the wings. The -eagle (compared with the lion and the ordinaries) had no such predominance -in early British heraldry that it enjoyed in Continental armory, and -therefore it may be better to trace the artistic development of the German -eagle. {234} - -In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the eagle appears with the head -raised and the beak closed. The _sachsen_ (bones of the wings) are rolled -up at the ends like a snail, and the pinions (like the talons) take a -vertical downward direction. The tail, composed of a number of stiff -feathers, frequently issues from a knob or ball. Compare Fig. 440 herewith. - -With the end of the fourteenth century the head straightens itself, the -beak opens and the tongue becomes visible. The rolling up of the wing-bones -gradually disappears, and the claws form an acute angle with the direction -of the body; and at this period the claws occasionally receive the "hose" -covering the upper part of the leg. The feathers of the tail spread out -sicklewise (Fig. 441). - -[Illustration: FIG. 440.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 441.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 442.] - -The fifteenth century shows the eagle with _sachsen_ forming a half circle, -the pinions spread out and radiating therefrom, and the claws more at a -right angle (Fig. 442). The sixteenth century draws the eagle in a more -ferocious aspect, and depicts it in as ornamental and ornate a manner as -possible. - -From Konrad Grunenberg's _Wappenbuch_ (Constance, 1483) is reproduced the -shield (Fig. 443) with the boldly sketched _Adlerflugel mit Schwerthand_ -(eagle's wing with the sword hand), the supposed arms of the Duke of -Calabria. - -Quite in the same style is the eagle of Tyrol on a corporate flag of the -Society of the Schwazer Bergbute (Fig. 444), which belongs to the last -quarter of the fifteenth century. This is reproduced from the impression in -the Bavarian National Museum given in Hefner-Alteneck's "Book of Costumes." - -A modern German eagle drawn by H. G. Strohl is shown in Fig. 445. The -illustration is of the arms of the Prussian province of Brandenburg. - -The double eagle has, of course, undergone a somewhat similar development. - -The double eagle occurs in the East as well as in the West in very early -times. Since about 1335 the double eagle has appeared sporadically as a -symbol of the Roman-German Empire, and under the Emperor Sigismund (d. -1447) became the settled armorial device of the Roman Empire. King -Sigismund, before his coronation as Emperor, bore the single-headed eagle. - -{235} - -[Illustration: FIG. 443.--Arms of Duke of Calabria.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 444.--Eagle of Tyrol.] - -It may perhaps be as well to point out, with the exception of the two -positions "displayed" (Fig. 451) and "close" (Fig. 446), very little if any -agreement at all exists amongst authorities either as to the terms to be -employed or as to the position intended for the wings when a given term is -used in a blazon. Practically every other single position is simply -blazoned "rising," this term being employed without any additional -distinctive terms of variation in official blazons and emblazonments. Nor -can one obtain any certain information from a reference to the real eagle, -for the result of careful observation would seem to show that in the first -stroke of the wings, when rising from the ground, the wings pass through -every position from the wide outstretched form, which I term "rising with -wings elevated and displayed" (Fig. 450), to a position practically -"close." As a consequence, therefore, no one form can be said to be more -correct than any other, either from the point of view of nature or from the -point of view of ancient precedent. This state of affairs is eminently -unsatisfactory, because in these days of necessary differentiation no -heraldic artist of any appreciable knowledge or ability has claimed the -liberty (which certainly has not been officially conceded) to depict an -eagle rising with wings elevated and displayed, when it has been granted -with the wings in the position addorsed and inverted. Such a liberty when -the wings happen to be charged, as they so frequently are in modern English -crests, must clearly be an impossibility. {236} - -[Illustration: FIG. 445.--Arms of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg. -(From Strohl's _Deutsche Wappenrolle_.)] - -Until some agreement has been arrived at, I can only recommend my readers -to follow the same plan which I have long adopted in blazoning arms of -which the official blazon has not been available to me. That is, to use the -term "rising," followed by the necessary description of the position of the -wings (Figs. 447-450). This obviates both mistake and uncertainty. -Originally with us, as still in Germany, an eagle was always displayed, and -in the days when coats of arms were few in number and simple in character -the artist may well have been permitted to draw an eagle as he chose, -providing it was an eagle. But arms and their elaboration in the last four -hundred years have made this impossible. It is foolish to overlook this, -and idle in the face of existing facts to attempt to revert to former ways. -Although now the English eagle displayed has the tip of its wings pointed -upwards (Fig. 451), and the contrary needs now to be mentioned in the -blazon (Fig. 452), this even with us was not so in the beginning. A -reference to Figs. 453 and 454 will show how the eagle was formerly -depicted. - -[Illustration: FIG. 446.--Eagle close.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 447.--Eagle rising, wings elevated and addorsed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 448.--Eagle rising, wings addorsed and inverted.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 449.--Eagle rising, wings displayed and inverted.] - -{237} - -[Illustration: FIG. 450.--Eagle rising, wings elevated and displayed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 451.--Eagle displayed.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 452.--Eagle displayed with wings inverted.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 453.--Arms of Ralph de Monthermer, Earl of Gloucester -and Hereford: Or, an eagle vert. (From his seal, 1301.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 454.--Arms of Piers de Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall (d. -1312): Vert, six eagles or.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 455.--Double-headed eagle displayed.] - -The earliest instance of the eagle as a definitely heraldic charge upon a -shield would appear to be its appearance upon the Great Seal of the -Markgrave Leopold of Austria in 1136, where the equestrian figure of the -Markgrave carries a shield so charged. More or less regularly, subsequently -to the reign of Frederick Barbarossa, elected King of the Romans in 1152, -and crowned as Emperor in 1155, the eagle with one or two heads (there -seems originally to have been little unanimity upon the point) seems to -have become the recognised heraldic symbol of the Holy Roman Empire; and -the seal of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, elected King of the Romans in 1257, -shows his arms ["Argent, a lion rampant gules, within a bordure sable, -bezante"] displayed upon the breast of an eagle; but no properly -authenticated contemporary instance of the use of this eagle by the Earl of -Cornwall is found in this country. The origin of the double-headed eagle -(Fig. 455) has been the subject of endless controversy, the tale one is -usually taught to believe being that it originated in the dimidiation upon -one shield of two separate coats {238} of arms. Nisbet states that the -Imperial eagle was "not one eagle with two heads, but two eagles, the one -laid upon the other, and their heads separate, looking different ways, -which represent the two heads of the Empire after it was divided into East -and West." The whole discussion is an apt example of the habit of earlier -writers to find or provide hidden meanings and symbolisms when no such -meanings existed. The real truth undoubtedly is that the double-headed -eagle was an accepted figure long before heraldry came into existence, and -that when the displayed eagle was usurped by armory as one of its -peculiarly heraldic figures, the single-headed and double-headed varieties -were used indifferently, until the double-headed eagle became stereotyped -as the Imperial emblem. Napoleon, however, reverted to the single-headed -eagle, and the present German Imperial eagle has likewise only one head. - -[Illustration: FIG. 456.--Napoleonic Eagle.] - -The Imperial eagle of Napoleon had little in keeping with then existing -armorial types of the bird. There can be little doubt that the model upon -which it was based was the Roman Eagle of the Caesars as it figured upon -the head of the Roman standards. In English terms of blazon the Napoleonic -eagle would be: "An eagle displayed with wings inverted, the head to the -sinister, standing upon a thunderbolt or" (Fig. 456). - -The then existing double-headed eagles of Austria and Russia probably -supply the reason why, when the German Empire was created, the Prussian -eagle in a modified form was preferred to the resuscitation of the older -double-headed eagle, which had theretofore been more usually accepted as -the symbol of Empire. - -By the same curious idea which was noticed in the earlier chapter upon -lions, and which ruled that the mere fact of the appearance of two or more -lions rampant in the same coat of arms made them into lioncels, so more -than one eagle upon a shield resulted sometimes in the birds becoming -eaglets. Such a rule has never had official recognition, and no artistic -difference is made between the eagle and the eaglet. The charges on the -arms of Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, are blazoned as eagles (Fig. -454). In the blazon of a few coats of arms, the term eaglet, however, still -survives, _e.g._ in the arms of Child ["Gules a chevron ermine, between -three eaglets close argent"], and in the arms of Smitheman ["Vert, three -eaglets statant with wings displayed argent, collared or"]. - -When an eagle has its beak of another colour, it is termed "armed" of that -colour, and when the legs differ it is termed "membered." {239} - -An eagle volant occurs in the crest of Jessel ["On a wreath of the colours, -a torch fesswise, fired proper, surmounted by an eagle volant argent, -holding in the beak a pearl also argent. Motto: 'Persevere'"]. - -Parts of an eagle are almost as frequently met with as the entire bird. -Eagles' heads (Fig. 457) abound as crests (they can be distinguished from -the head of a griffin by the fact that the latter has always upstanding -ears). - -[Illustration: FIG. 457.--Eagle's head couped.] - -Unless otherwise specified (_e.g._ the crest of the late Sir Noel Paton was -between the two wings of a dove), wings occurring in armory are always -presumed to be the wings of an eagle. This, however, in English heraldry -has little effect upon their design, for probably any well-conducted eagle -(as any other bird) would disown the English heraldic wing, as it certainly -would never recognise the German heraldic variety. A pair of wings when -displayed and conjoined at the base is termed "conjoined in leure" (Fig. -458), from the palpable similarity of the figure in its appearance to the -lure with which, thrown into the air, the falconer brought back his hawk to -hand. The best known, and most frequently quoted instance, is the -well-known coat of Seymour or St. Maur ["Gules, two wings conjoined in -leure the tips downwards or"]. It should always be stated if the wings (as -in the arms of Seymour) are inverted. Otherwise the tips are naturally -presumed to be in chief. - -[Illustration: FIG. 458.--A pair of wings conjoined in leure.] - -Pairs of wings not conjoined can be met with in the arms and crest of -Burne-Jones ["Azure, on a bend sinister argent between seven mullets, four -in chief and three in base or, three pairs of wings addorsed purpure, -charged with a mullet or. Crest: in front of fire proper two wings elevated -and addorsed purpure, charged with a mullet or"]; but two wings, unless -conjoined or addorsed, will not usually be described as a pair. -Occasionally, however, a pair of wings will be found in saltire, but such a -disposition is most unusual. Single wings, unless specified to be the -contrary, are presumed to be dexter wings. - -Care needs to be exercised in some crests to observe the difference between -(_a_) a bird's head between two wings, (_b_) a bird's head winged (a form -not often met with, but in which rather more of the neck is shown, and the -wings are conjoined thereto), and (_c_) a bird's head between two wings -addorsed. The latter form, which of course is really {240} no more than a -representation of a crest between two wings turned to be represented upon a -profile helmet, is one of the painful results of our absurd position rules -for the helmet. - -A pair of wings conjoined is sometimes termed a vol, and one wing a -demi-vol. Though doubtless it is desirable to know these terms, they are -but seldom found in use, and are really entirely French. - -[Illustration: FIG. 459.--An eagle's leg erased a la quise.] - -Eagles' legs are by no means an infrequent charge. They will usually be -found erased at the thigh, for which there is a recognised term "erased a -la quise" (Fig. 459), which, however, is by no means a compulsory one. An -eagle's leg so erased was a badge of the house of Stanley. The eagle's leg -will sometimes be met with couped below the feathers, but would then be -more properly described as a claw. - -[Illustration: FIG. 460.--Phoenix.] - -A curious form of the eagle is found in the _alerion_, which is represented -without beak or legs. It is difficult to conjecture what may have been the -origin of the bird in this debased form, unless its first beginnings may be -taken as a result of the unthinking perpetuation of some crudely drawn -example. Its best-known appearance is, of course, in the arms of Loraine; -and as Planche has pointed out, this is as perfect an example of a canting -anagram as can be met with in armory. - -_The Phoenix_ (Fig. 460), one of the few mythical birds which heraldry has -familiarised us with, is another, and perhaps the most patent example of -all, of the appropriation by heraldic art of an ancient symbol, with its -symbolism ready made. It belongs to the period of Grecian mythology. As a -charge upon a shield it is comparatively rare, though it so occurs in the -arms of Samuelson. On the other hand, it is frequently to be found as a -crest. It is always represented as a demi-eagle issuing from flames of -fire, and though the flames of fire will generally be found mentioned in -the verbal blazon, this is not essential. Without its fiery surroundings it -would cease to be a phoenix. On the other hand, though it is always -depicted as a _demi_-bird (no instance to the contrary exists), it is never -considered necessary to so specify it. It occurs as the crest of the -Seymour family ["Out of a ducal coronet a phoenix issuant from flames of -fire"]. - -PLATE IV. - -[Illustration] - -_The Osprey_ may perhaps be here mentioned, because its heraldic {241} -representation always shows it as a white eagle. It is however seldom met -with, though it figures in the crests of Roche (Lord Fermoy) and Trist. The -osprey is sometimes known as the sea-eagle, and heraldically so termed. - -_The Vulture_ (probably from its repulsive appearance in nature and its -equally repulsive habits) is not a heraldic favourite. Two of these birds -occur, however, as the supporters of Lord Graves. - -[Illustration: FIG. 461.--Falcon.] - -_The Falcon_ (Fig. 461) naturally falls next to the eagle for -consideration. Considering the very important part this bird played in the -social life of earlier centuries, this cannot be a matter of any surprise. -Heraldry, in its emblazonment, makes no distinction between the appearance -of the hawk and the falcon, but for canting and other reasons the bird will -be found described by all its different names, _e.g._ in the arms of -Hobson, to preserve the obvious pun, the two birds are blazoned as hobbies. - -The falcon is frequently (more often than not) found belled. With the -slovenliness (or some may exalt it into the virtue of freedom from -irritating restriction) characteristic of many matters in heraldic blazon, -the simple term "belled" is found used indiscriminately to signify that the -falcon is belled on one leg or belled on both, and if it is belled the bell -must of necessity be on a jess. Others state that every falcon must of -necessity (whether so blazoned or not) be belled upon at least one leg, and -that when the term "belled" is used it signifies that it is belled upon -both legs. There is still yet another alternative, viz. that when "belled" -it has the bell on only one leg, but that when "jessed and belled" it is -belled on both legs. The jess is the leather thong with which the bells are -attached to the leg, and it is generally considered, and this may be -accepted, that when the term "jessed" is included in the wording of the -blazon the jesses are represented with the ends flying loose, unless the -use of the term is necessitated by the jesses being of a different colour. -When the term "vervelled" is also employed it signifies that the jesses -have small rings attached to the floating ends. In actual practice, -however, it should be remembered that if the bells and jesses are of a -different colour, the use of the terms "jessed" and "belled" is essential. -A falcon is seldom drawn without at least one bell, and when it is found -described as "belled," in most cases it will be found that the intention is -that it shall have two bells. - -Like all other birds of prey the falcon may be "armed," a technical term -which theoretically should include the beak and legs, but in actual {242} -practice a falcon will be far more usually found described as "beaked and -legged" when these differ in tincture from its plumage. - -When a falcon is blindfolded it is termed "hooded." It was always so -carried on the wrist until it was flown. - -The position of the wings and the confusion in the terms applied thereto is -even more marked in the case of the falcon than the eagle. - -Demi-falcons are not very frequently met with, but an example occurs in the -crest of Jerningham. - -A falcon's head is constantly met with as a crest. - -When a falcon is represented preying upon anything it is termed "trussing" -its prey, though sometimes the description "preying upon" is (perhaps less -accurately) employed. Examples of this will be found in the arms of Madden -["Sable, a hawk or, trussing a mallard proper, on a chief of the second a -cross botonny gules"], and in the crests of Graham, Cawston, and Yerburgh. - -A falcon's leg appears in the crest of Joscelin. - -[Illustration: FIG. 462.--Pelican in her piety.] - -_The Pelican_, with its curious heraldic representation and its strange -terms, may almost be considered an instance of the application of the -existing name of a bird to an entirely fanciful creation. Mr. G. W. Eve, in -his "Decorative Heraldry," states that in early representations of the bird -it was depicted in a more naturalistic form, but I confess I have not -myself met with such an ancient representation. - -Heraldically, it has been practically always depicted with the head and -body of an eagle, with wings elevated and with the neck embowed, pecking -with its beak at its breast. The term for this is "vulning itself," and -although it appears to be necessary always to describe it in the blazon as -"vulning itself," it will never be met with save in this position; a -pelican's head even, when erased at the neck, being always so represented. -It is supposed to be pecking at its breast to provide drops of blood as -nourishment for its young, and it is termed "in its piety" when depicted -standing in its nest and with its brood of young (Fig. 462). It is -difficult to imagine how the pelican came to be considered as always -existing in this position, because there is nothing in the nature of a -natural habit from which this could be derived. There are, however, other -birds which, during the brooding season, lose their feathers upon the -breast, and some which grow red feathers there, and it is doubtless from -this that the idea originated. - -In heraldic and ecclesiastical symbolism the pelican has acquired a -somewhat sacred character as typical of maternal solicitude. It {243} will -never be found "close," or in any other positions than with the wings -endorsed and either elevated or inverted. - -When blazoned "proper," it is always given the colour and plumage of the -eagle, and not its natural colour of white. In recent years, however, a -tendency has rather made itself manifest to give the pelican its natural -and more ungainly appearance, and its curious pouched beak. - -_The Ostrich_ (Fig. 463) is doubtless the bird which is most frequently met -with as a crest after the falcon, unless it be the dove or martlet. The -ostrich is heraldically emblazoned in a very natural manner, and it is -difficult to understand why in the case of such a bird heraldic artists of -earlier days should have remained so true to the natural form of the bird, -whilst in other cases, in which they could have had no less intimate -acquaintance with the bird, greater variation is to be found. - -As a charge upon a shield it is not very common, although instances are to -be found in the arms of MacMahon ["Argent, an ostrich sable, in its beak a -horse-shoe or"], and in the arms of Mahon ["Per fess sable and argent, an -ostrich counterchanged, holding in its beak a horse-shoe or"]. - -[Illustration: FIG. 463.--Ostrich.] - -It is curious that, until quite recent times, the ostrich is never met with -heraldically, unless holding a horse-shoe, a key, or some other piece of -old iron in its beak. The digestive capacity of the ostrich, though -somewhat exaggerated, is by no means fabulous, and in the earliest forms of -its representation in all the old natural history books it is depicted -feeding upon this unnatural food. If this were the popular idea of the -bird, small wonder is it that heraldic artists perpetuated the idea, and -even now the heraldic ostrich is seldom seen without a key or a horse-shoe -in its beak. - -The ostrich's head alone is sometimes met with, as in the crest of the Earl -of Carysfort. - -The wing of an ostrich charged with a bend sable is the crest of a family -of Gulston, but an ostrich wing is by no means a usual heraldic charge. - -Ostrich feathers, of course, play a large part in armory, but the -consideration of these may be postponed for the moment until the feathers -of cocks and peacocks can be added thereto. - -_The Dove_--at least the heraldic bird--has one curious peculiarity. It is -always represented with a slight tuft on its head. Mr. Eve considers this -to be merely the perpetuation of some case in which the crude draughtsman -has added a tuft to its head. Possibly he is {244} correct, but I think it -may be an attempt to distinguish between the domestic dove and the -wood-pigeon--both of which varieties would be known to the early heraldic -artists. - -The dove with an olive branch in its beak is constantly and continually met -with. When blazoned "proper" it is quite correct to make the legs and feet -of the natural pinky colour, but it will be more usually found that a dove -is specifically described as "legged gules." - -The ordinary heraldic dove will be found most frequently represented with -its wings close and holding a branch of laurel in its beak, but it also -occurs volant and with outstretched wings. It is then frequently termed a -"dove rising." - -[Illustration: FIG. 464.--Dove.] - -The doves in the arms of the College of Arms are always represented with -the sinister wing close, and the dexter wing extended and inverted. This -has given rise to much curious speculation; but whatever may be the reason -of the curious position of the wings, there can be very little doubt that -the coat of arms itself is based upon the coat of St. Edward the Confessor. -The so-called coat of St. Edward the Confessor is a cross patonce between -five martlets, but it is pretty generally agreed that these martlets are a -corruption of the doves which figure upon his coins, and one of which -surmounts the sceptre which is known as St. Edward's staff, or "the sceptre -with the dove." - -_The Wood-Pigeon_ is not often met with, but it does occur, as in the crest -of the arms of Bradbury ["On a wreath of the colours, in front of a -demi-wood-pigeon, wings displayed and elevated argent, each wing charged -with a round buckle tongue pendent sable, and holding in the beak a sprig -of barberry, the trunk of a tree fesswise eradicated, and sprouting to the -dexter, both proper "]. - -[Illustration: FIG. 465.--Martlet.] - -_The Martlet_ is another example of the curious perpetuation in heraldry of -the popular errors of natural history. Even at the present day, in many -parts of the country, it is popularly believed that a swallow has no feet, -or, at any rate, cannot perch upon the ground, or raise itself therefrom. -The fact that one never does see a swallow upon the ground supports the -foundation of the idea. At any rate the heraldic swallow, which is known as -the martlet, is never represented with feet, the legs terminating in the -feathers which cover the upper parts of the leg (Fig. 465). It is curious -that the same idea is perpetuated in the little legend of the explanation, -which may or may {245} not be wholly untrue, that the reason the martlet -has been adopted as the mark of cadency for the fourth son is to typify the -fact that whilst the eldest son succeeds to his father's lands, and whilst -the second son may succeed, perhaps, to the mother's, there can be very -little doubt that by the time the fourth son is reached, there is no land -remaining upon which he can settle, and that he must, perforce, fly away -from the homestead to gather him means elsewhere. At any rate, whether this -be true or false, the martlet certainly is never represented in heraldry -with feet. If the feet are shown, the bird becomes a swallow. - -Most heraldry books state also that the martlet has no beak. How such an -idea originated I am at a loss to understand, because I have never yet come -across an official instance in which the martlet is so depicted. - -[Illustration: FIG. 466.--Martlet volant.] - -Perhaps the confusion between the foreign merlette--which is drawn like a -duck without wings, feet, or forked tail--and the martlet may account for -the idea that the martlet should be depicted without a beak. - -It is very seldom that the martlet occurs except close, and consequently it -is never so specified in blazon. An instance, however, in which it occurs -"rising" will be found in the crest of a family of Smith, and there are a -number of instances in which it is volant (Fig. 466). - -_The Swallow_, as distinct from the martlet, is sometimes met with. - -A swallow "volant" appears upon the arms usually ascribed to the town of -Arundel. These, however, are not recorded as arms in the Visitation books, -the design being merely noted as a seal device, and one hesitates to assert -definitely what the status of the design in question may be. The pun upon -"l'hirondelle" was too good for ancient heralds to pass by. - -[Illustration: FIG. 467.--Swan.] - -_The Swan_ (Fig. 467) is a very favourite charge, and will be found both as -a crest and as a charge upon a shield, and in all varieties of position. It -is usually, however, when appearing as a charge, to be found "close." A -swan couchant appears as the crest of Barttelot, a swan regardant as the -crest of Swaby, and a swan "rising" will be found as a crest of Guise and -as a charge upon the arms of Muntz. Swimming in water it occurs in the -crest of Stilwell, and a swan to which the unusual term of "rousant" is -sometimes applied figures as {246} the crest of Stafford: "Out of a ducal -coronet per pale gules and sable, a demi-swan rousant, wings elevated and -displayed argent, beaked gules." It is, however, more usually blazoned as: -"A demi-swan issuant (from the coronet, per pale gules and sable"). - -Swans' heads and necks are not often met with as a charge, though they -occur in the arms of Baker. As a crest they are very common, and will be -found in the cases of Lindsay and Bates. - -_The Duck_--with its varieties of the moorhen and eider-duck--is sometimes -met with, and appears in the arms of Duckworth and Billiat. Few better -canting examples can be found than the latter coat, in which the duck is -holding the billet in its bill. - -[Illustration: FIG. 468.--Cock.] - -The other domestic bird--the _Cock_--is often met with, though it more -often figures as a crest than upon a shield. A cock "proper" is generally -represented of the kind which in farmyard phraseology is known as a -gamecock (Fig. 468). Nevertheless the gamecock--as such--does occur; though -in these cases, when so blazoned, it is usually depicted in the artificial -form--deprived of its comb and wattles, as was the case when it was -prepared for cock-fighting. Birds of this class are usually met with, with -a comb and wattles, &c., of a different colour, and are then termed "combed -(or crested), wattled, and jelopped"--if it is desired to be strictly -accurate--though it will be generally found that the term is dropped to -"combed and jelopped." If the bird is termed "armed," the beak and spurs -are thereby referred to. It occurs in the arms of Handcock (Lord -Castlemaine) ["Ermine, on a chief sable, a dexter hand between two cocks -argent"] and in the arms of Cokayne ["Argent, three cocks gules, armed, -crested, and jelopped sable"], and also in that of Law. It likewise occurs -in the arms of Aitken. - -_The Sheldrake_ appears occasionally under another name, _i.e._ that of the -_Shoveller_, and as such will be found in the arms of Jackson, of -Doncaster. - -[Illustration: FIG. 469.--Peacock in his pride.] - -The gorgeous plumage of the _Peacock_ has of course resulted in its -frequent employment. It has a special term of its own, being stated to be -"in his pride" when shown affronte, and with the tail displayed (Fig. 469). -It is seldom met with except in this position, though the well-known crest -of Harcourt is an example to the contrary, as is the crest of Sir Jamsetjee -Jejeebhoy, Bart., viz. "A mount vert, thereon {247} a peacock amidst wheat, -and in the beak an ear of wheat all proper." With the tail closed it also -figures as one of the supporters of Sir Robert Hart, Bart. ["Sinister, a -peacock close proper"]: its only appearance in such a position that I am -aware of. - -A peacock's tail is not a familiar figure in British armory, though the -exact contrary is the case in German practices. "Issuant from the mouth of -a boar's head erect" it occurs as the crest of Tyrell, and "A plume of -peacock's feathers"--which perhaps is the same thing--"issuant from the -side of a chapeau" is the crest of Lord Sefton. - -[Illustration: FIG. 470.--Crane in its vigilance.] - -Another bird for which heraldry has created a term of its own is the -_Crane_. It is seldom met with except holding a stone in its claw, the term -for which stone is its "vigilance," a curious old fable, which explains the -whole matter, being that the crane held the stone in its foot so that if by -any chance it fell asleep, the stone, by dropping, would awaken it, and -thus act as its "vigilance" (Fig. 470). It is a pity that the truth of such -a charming example of the old world should be dissipated by the fact that -the crest of Cranstoun is the crane _asleep_--or rather dormant--with its -head under its wing, and nevertheless holding its "vigilance" in its foot! -The crane is not often met with, but it occurs in the arms of Cranstoun, -with the curious and rather perplexing motto, "Thou shalt want ere I want." -Before leaving the crane, it may be of interest to observe that the -derivation of the word "pedigree" is from _pied de grue_, the appearance of -a crane's foot and the branching lines indicative of issue being similar in -shape. - -[Illustration: FIG. 471.--Stork holding in its beak a snake.] - -Heraldic representation makes little if any difference when depicting a -crane, a stork, or a heron, except that the tuft on the head of the latter -is never omitted when a heron is intended. - -Instances of the _Stork_ are of fairly frequent occurrence, the usual -heraldic method of depicting the bird being with the wings close. - -More often than not the stork is met with a snake in its beak (Fig. 471); -and the fact that a heron is also generally provided with an eel to play -with adds to the confusion. - -_The Heron_--or, as it was anciently more frequently termed heraldically, -the _Herne_ (Fig. 472)--will naturally be found in the arms of Hearne and -some number of other coats and crests. {248} - -_The Raven_ (Fig. 473) occurs almost as early as any other heraldic bird. -It is said to have been a Danish device. The powerful Norman family of -Corbet, one of the few remaining families which can show an unbroken male -descent from the time of the Conquest to the present day, have always -remained faithful to the raven, though they have added to it sometimes a -_bordure_ or additional numbers of its kind. "Or, a raven sable," the -well-known Corbet coat, is, of course, a canting allusion to their Norman -name, or nickname, "Le Corbeau." Their name, like their pedigree, is -unique, inasmuch as it is one of the few names of undoubted Norman origin -which are not territorial, and possibly the fact that their lands of -Moreton Corbett, one of their chief seats, were known by their name has -assisted in the perpetuation of what was, originally, undoubtedly a -personal nickname. - -[Illustration: FIG. 472.--Heron.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 473.--Raven.] - -Fig. 474 is a striking example of the virility which can be imparted to the -raven. It is reproduced from Grunenberg's "Book of Arms" (1483). Strohl -suggests it may be of "Corbie" in Picardy, but the identity of the arms -leads one to fancy the name attached may be a misdescription of the English -family of Corbet. - -[Illustration: FIG. 474.] - -Heraldically, no difference is made in depicting the raven, the rook, and -the crow; and examples of the Crow will be found in the arms of Crawhall, -and of the _Rook_ in the crest of Abraham. The arms of the Yorkshire family -of Creyke are always blazoned as rooks, but I am inclined to think they may -possibly have been originally _creykes_, or corn-crakes. - -_The Cornish Chough_ is very much more frequently met with than either the -crow, rook, or raven, and it occurs in the arms of Bewley, the town of -Canterbury, and (as a crest) of Cornwall. - -It can only be distinguished from the raven in heraldic representations by -the fact that the Cornish chough is always depicted and frequently blazoned -as "beaked and legged gules," as it is found in its natural state. {249} - -_The Owl_ (Fig. 475), too, is a very favourite bird. It is always depicted -with the face affronte, though the body is not usually so placed. It occurs -in the arms of Leeds--which, by the way, are an example of colour upon -colour--Oldham, and Dewsbury. In the crest of Brimacombe the wings are -open, a most unusual position. - -_The Lark_ will be found in many cases of arms or crests for families of -the name of Clarke. - -_The Parrot_, or, as it is more frequently termed heraldically, the -_Popinjay_ (Fig. 476), will be found in the arms of Lumley and other -families. It also occurs in the arms of Curzon: "Argent, on a bend sable -three popinjays or, collared gules." - -[Illustration: FIG. 475.--Owl.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 476.--Popinjay.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 477.--Moorcock.] - -There is nothing about the bird, or its representations, which needs -special remark, and its usual heraldic form follows nature pretty closely. - -_The Moorcock_ or _Heathcock_ is curious, inasmuch as there are two -distinct forms in which it is depicted. Neither of them are correct from -the natural point of view, and they seem to be pretty well interchangeable -from the heraldic point of view. The bird is always represented with the -head and body of an ordinary cock, but sometimes it is given the wide flat -tail of black game, and sometimes a curious tail of two or more erect -feathers at right angles to its body (Fig. 477). - -Though usually represented close, it occurs sometimes with open wings, as -in the crest of a certain family of Moore. - -Many other birds are to be met with in heraldry, but they have nothing at -all especial in their bearing, and no special rules govern them. - -_The Lapwing_, under its alternative names of _Peewhit_, _Plover_, and -_Tyrwhitt_, will be found in the arms of Downes, Tyrwhitt, and Tweedy. - -_The Pheasant_ will be found in the crest of Scott-Gatty, and the -_Kingfisher_ in many cases of arms of the name of Fisher. {250} - -_The Magpie_ occurs in the arms of Dusgate, and in those of Finch. - -Woodward mentions an instance in which the _Bird of Paradise_ occurs (p. -267); "Argent, on a terrace vert, a cannon mounted or, supporting a Bird of -Paradise proper" [Rjevski and Yeropkin]; and the arms of Thornton show upon -a canton the Swedish bird _tjader_: "Ermine, a chevron sable between three -hawthorn trees eradicated proper, a canton or, thereon the Swedish bird -tjader, or cock of the wood, also proper." Two similar birds were granted -to the first Sir Edward Thornton, G.C.B., as supporters, he being a Knight -Grand Cross. - -[Illustration: FIG. 478.--The "Shield for Peace" of Edward the Black Prince -(d. 1376): Sable, three ostrich feathers with scrolls argent. (From his -tomb in Canterbury Cathedral.)] - -Single feathers as charges upon a shield are sometimes met with, as in the -"shield for peace" of Edward the Black Prince (Fig. 478) and in the arms of -Clarendon. These two examples are, however, derivatives from the historic -ostrich-feather badges of the English Royal Family, and will be more -conveniently dealt with later when considering the subject of badges. The -single feather enfiled by the circlet of crosses patee and fleurs-de-lis, -which is borne upon a canton of augmentation upon the arms of Gull, Bart., -is likewise a derivative, but feathers as a charge occur in the arms of -Jervis: "Argent, six ostrich feathers, three, two, and one sable." A modern -coat founded upon this, in which the ostrich feathers are placed upon a -pile, between two bombshells fracted in base, belongs to a family of a very -similar name, and the crest granted therewith is a single ostrich feather -between two bombs fired. Cock's feathers occur as charges in the arms of -Galpin. - -In relation to the crest, feathers are constantly to be found, which is not -to be wondered at, inasmuch as fighting and tournament helmets, when -actually in use, frequently did not carry the actual crests of the owners, -but were simply adorned with the plume of ostrich feathers. A curious -instance of this will be found in the case of the family of Dymoke of -Scrivelsby, the Honourable the King's Champions. The crest is really: "Upon -a wreath of the colours, the two ears of an ass sable," though other crests -["1. a sword erect proper; 2. a lion as in the arms"] are sometimes made -use of. When the Champion performs his service at a Coronation the shield -which is carried by his esquire is not that of his sovereign, but is -emblazoned with his personal arms of Dymoke: "Sable, two lions passant in -pale argent, ducally crowned or." The helmet of the Champion is decorated -with a triple plume of ostrich feathers and not with the Dymoke crest. In -{251} old representations of tournaments and warfare the helmet will far -oftener be found simply adorned with a plume of ostrich feathers than with -a heritable crest, and consequently such a plume has remained in use as the -crest of a very large number of families. This point is, however, more -fully dealt with in the chapter upon crests. - -The plume of ostrich feathers is, moreover, attributed as a crest to a far -greater number of families than it really belongs to, because if a family -possessed no crest the helmet was generally ornamented with a plume of -ostrich feathers, which later generations have accepted and adopted as -their heritable crest, when it never possessed such a character. A notable -instance of this will be found in the crest of Astley, as given in the -Peerage Books. - -The number of feathers in a plume requires to be stated; it will usually be -found to be three, five, or seven, though sometimes a larger number are met -with. When it is termed a double plume they are arranged in two rows, the -one issuing above the other, and a triple plume is arranged in three rows; -and though it is correct to speak of any number of feathers as a plume, it -will usually be found that the word is reserved for five or more, whilst a -plume of three feathers would more frequently be termed three ostrich -feathers. Whilst they are usually white, they are also found of varied -colours, and there is even an instance to be met with of ostrich feathers -of ermine. When the feathers are of different colours they need to be -carefully blazoned; if alternately, it is enough to use the word -"alternately," the feather at the extreme dexter side being depicted of the -colour first mentioned. In a plume which is of three colours, care must be -used in noting the arrangement of the colours, the colours first mentioned -being that of the dexter feather; the others then follow from dexter to -sinister, the fourth feather commencing the series of colours again. If any -other arrangement of the colours occurs it must be specifically detailed. -The rainbow-hued plume from which the crest of Sir Reginald Barnewall[19] -issues is the most variegated instance I have met with. - -Two peacock's feathers in saltire will be found in the crest of a family of -Gatehouse, and also occur in the crest of Crisp-Molineux-Montgomerie. The -pen in heraldry is always of course of the quill variety, and consequently -should not be mistaken for a single feather. The term "penned" is used when -the quill of a feather is of a different colour from the remainder of it. -Ostrich and other feathers are very frequently found on either side of a -crest, both in British and Continental armory; but though often met with in -this position, there is nothing peculiar about this use in such character. -German heraldry {252} has evolved one use of the peacock's feather, or -rather for the eye from the peacock's feather, which happily has not yet -reached this country. It will be found adorning the outer edges of every -kind of object, and it even occurs on occasion as a kind of dorsal fin down -the back of animals. Bunches of cock's feathers are also frequently made -use of for the same purpose. There has been considerable diversity in the -method of depicting the ostrich feather. In its earliest form it was stiff -and erect as if cut from a piece of board (Fig. 478), but gradually, as the -realistic type of heraldic art came into vogue, it was represented more -naturally and with flowing and drooping curves. Of later years, however, we -have followed the example of His Majesty when Prince of Wales and reverted -to the earlier form, and it is now very general to give to the ostrich -feather the stiff and straight appearance which it originally possessed -when heraldically depicted. Occasionally a plume of ostrich feathers is -found enclosed in a "case," that is, wrapped about the lower part as if it -were a bouquet, and this form is the more usual in Germany. In German -heraldry these plumes are constantly met with in the colours of the arms, -or charged with the whole or a part of the device upon the shield. It is -not a common practice in this country, but an instance of it will be found -in the arms of Lord Waldegrave: "Per pale argent and gules. Crest: out of a -ducal coronet or a plume of five ostrich feathers, the first two argent, -the third per pale argent and gules, and the last two gules." {253} - - - -CHAPTER XV - -FISH - -Heraldry has a system of "natural" history all its very own, and included -in the comprehensive heraldic term of fish are dolphins, whales, and other -creatures. There are certain terms which apply to heraldic fish which -should be noted. A fish in a horizontal position is termed "naiant," -whether it is in or upon water or merely depicted as a charge upon a -shield. A fish is termed "hauriant" if it is in a perpendicular position, -but though it will usually be represented with the head upwards in default -of any specific direction to the contrary, it by no means follows that this -is always the case, and it is more correct to state whether the head is -upwards or downwards, a practice which it is usually found will be -conformed to. When the charges upon a shield are simply blazoned as "fish," -no particular care need be taken to represent any particular variety, but -on the other hand it is not in such cases usual to add any distinctive -signs by which a charge which is merely a fish might become identified as -any particular kind of fish. - -The heraldic representations of the _Dolphin_ are strangely dissimilar from -the real creature, and also show amongst themselves a wide variety and -latitude. It is early found in heraldry, and no doubt its great importance -in that science is derived from its usage by the Dauphins of France. -Concerning its use by these Princes there are all sorts of curious legends -told, the most usual being that recited by Berry. - -Woodward refers to this legend, but states that "in 1343 King Philip of -France _purchased_ the domains of Humbert III., Dauphin de Viennois," and -further remarks that the legend in question "seems to be without solid -foundation." But neither Woodward nor any other writer seems to have -previously suggested what is doubtless the true explanation, that the title -of Dauphin and the province of Viennois were a separate dignity of a -sovereign character, to which were attached certain territorial and -sovereign arms ["Or, a dolphin embowed azure, finned and langued gules"]. -The assumption of these sovereign arms with the sovereignty and territory -to which they belonged, was as much a matter of course as the use of -separate arms for the Duchy of Lancaster {254} by his present Majesty King -Edward VII., or the use of separate arms for his Duchy of Cornwall by -H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. - -Berry is wrong in asserting that no other family were permitted to display -the dolphin in France, because a very similar coat (but with the dolphin -lifeless) to that of the Dauphin was quartered by the family of La Tour du -Pin, who claimed descent from the Dauphins d'Auvergne, another ancient -House which originally bore the sovereign title of Dauphin. A dolphin was -the charge upon the arms of the Grauff von Dalffin (Fig. 481). - -[Illustration: FIG. 479.--Dolphin naiant.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 480.--Dolphin hauriant.] - -The dolphin upon this shield, as also that in the coat of the Dauphin of -France, is neither naiant nor hauriant, but is "embowed," that is, with the -tail curved towards the head. But the term "embowed" really signifies -nothing further than "bent" in some way, and as a dolphin is never -heraldically depicted straight, it is always understood to be and usually -is termed "embowed," though it will generally be "naiant embowed" (Fig. -479), or "hauriant embowed" (Fig. 480). The dolphin occurs in the arms of -many British families, _e.g._ in the arms of Ellis, Monypenny, -Loder-Symonds, Symonds-Taylor, Fletcher, and Stuart-French. - -Woodward states that the dolphin is used as a supporter by the Trevelyans, -Burnabys, &c. In this statement he is clearly incorrect, for neither of -those families are entitled to or use supporters. But his statement -probably originates in the practice which in accordance with the debased -ideas of artistic decoration at one period added all sorts of fantastic -objects to the edges of a shield for purely decorative (!) purposes. The -only instance within my knowledge in which a dolphin figures as a heraldic -supporter will be found in the case of the arms of Waterford. - -[Illustration: FIG. 481.--Arms of the Grauff von Dalffin lett och in -Dalffinat (Count von Dalffin), which also lies in Dauphine (from -Grunenberg's "Book of Arms"): Argent, a dolphin azure within a bordure -compony of the first and second.] - -_The Whale_ is seldom met with in British armory, one of its few -appearances being in the arms of Whalley, viz.: "Argent, three whales' -heads erased sable." {255} - -The crest of an Irish family named Yeates is said to be: "A shark issuant -regardant swallowing a man all proper," and the same device is also -attributed to some number of other families. - -Another curious piscine coat of arms is that borne, but still -unmatriculated, by the burgh of Inveraray, namely: "The field is the sea -proper, a net argent suspended to the base from the dexter chief and the -sinister fess points, and in chief two and in base three herrings entangled -in the net." - -_Salmon_ are not infrequently met with, but they need no specific -description. They occur in the arms of Peebles,[20] a coat of arms which in -an alternative blazon introduces to one's notice the term "contra-naiant." -The explanation of the quaint and happy conceit of these arms and motto is -that for every fish which goes up the river to spawn two return to the sea. -A salmon on its back figures in the arms of the city of Glasgow, and also -in the arms of Lumsden and Finlay, whilst other instances of salmon occur -in the arms of Blackett-Ord, Sprot, and Winlaw. - -_The Herring_ occurs in the arms of Maconochie, the _Roach_ in the arms of -Roche ["Gules, three roaches naiant within a bordure engrailed argent. -Crest: a rock, thereon a stork close, charged on the breast with a torteau, -and holding in his dexter claw a roach proper"], and _Trout_ in the arms of -Troutbeck ["Azure, three trout fretted tete a la queue argent"]. The same -arrangement of three fish occurs upon the seal of Anstruther Wester, but -this design unfortunately has never been matriculated as a coat of arms. - -The arms of Iceland present a curious charge, which is included upon the -Royal shield of Denmark. The coat in question is: "Gules, a stockfish -argent, crowned with an open crown or." The stockfish is a dried and cured -cod, split open and with the head removed. - -_A Pike_ or _Jack_ is more often termed a "lucy" in English heraldry and a -"ged" in Scottish. Under its various names it occurs in the arms of Lucy, -Lucas, Geddes, and Pyke. - -_The Eel_ is sometimes met with, as in the arms of Ellis, and though, as -Woodward states, it is always given a wavy form, the term "ondoyant," which -he uses to express this, has, I believe, no place in an English armorist's -dictionary. - -_The Lobster_ and _Crab_ are not unknown to English armory, being -respectively the crests of the families of Dykes and Bridger. The arms of -Bridger are: "Argent, a chevron engrailed sable, between three crabs -gules." Lobster claws are a charge upon the arms of Platt-Higgins. {256} - -[Illustration: FIG. 482.--Whelk shell.] - -The arms of Birt are given in Papworth as: "Azure, a birthfish proper," and -of Bersich as: "Argent, a perch azure." The arms of Cobbe (Bart., extinct) -are: "Per chevron gules and sable, in chief two swans respecting and in -base a herring cob naiant proper." The arms of Bishop Robinson of Carlisle -were: "Azure, a flying fish in bend argent, on a chief of the second, a -rose gules between two torteaux," and the crest of Sir Philip Oakley Fysh -is: "On a wreath of the colours, issuant from a wreath of red coral, a -cubit arm vested azure, cuffed argent, holding in the hand a flying fish -proper." The coat of arms of Colston of Essex is: "Azure, two barbels -hauriant respecting each other argent," and a barbel occurs in the crest of -Binney. "Vert, three sea-breams or hakes hauriant argent" is the coat of -arms attributed to a family of Dox or Doxey, and "Or, three chabots gules" -is that of a French family of the name of Chabot. "Barry wavy of six argent -and gules, three crevices (crayfish) two and one or" is the coat of -Atwater. Codfish occur in the arms of Beck, dogfish in the arms of Dodds -(which may, however, be merely the sea-dog of the Dodge achievement), -flounders or flukes in the arms of Arbutt, garvinfishes in the arms of -Garvey, and gudgeon in the arms of Gobion. Papworth also includes instances -of mackerel, prawns, shrimps, soles, sparlings, sturgeon, sea-urchins, -turbots, whales, and whelks. The whelk shell (Fig. 482) appears in the arms -of Storey and Wilkinson. {257} - - - -CHAPTER XVI - -REPTILES - -If armorial zoology is "shaky" in its classification of and dealings with -fish, it is most wonderful when its laws and selections are considered -under the heading of reptiles. But with the exception of serpents (of -various kinds), the remainder must have no more than a passing mention. - -[Illustration: FIG. 483.--Serpent nowed.] - -The usual heraldic _Serpent_ is most frequently found "nowed," that is, -interlaced in a knot (Fig. 483). There is a certain well-understood form -for the interlacing which is always officially adhered to, but of late -there has manifested itself amongst heraldic artists a desire to break -loose to a certain extent from the stereotyped form. A serpent will -sometimes be found "erect" and occasionally gliding or "glissant," and -sometimes it will be met with in a circle with its tail in its mouth--the -ancient symbol of eternity. Its constant appearance in British armory is -due to the fact that it is symbolically accepted as the sign of medicine, -and many grants of arms made to doctors and physicians introduce in some -way either the serpent or the rod of Aesculapius, or a serpent entwined -round a staff. A serpent embowed biting its tail occurs in the arms of -Falconer, and a serpent on its back in the crest of Backhouse. Save for the -matter of position, the serpent of British armory is always drawn in a very -naturalistic manner. It is otherwise, however, in Continental armory, where -the serpent takes up a position closely allied to that of our dragon. It is -even sometimes found winged, and the arms of the family of Visconti, which -subsequently came into use as the arms of the Duchy of Milan (Fig. 484), -have familiarised us as far as Continental armory is concerned with a form -of serpent which is very different from the real animal or from our own -heraldic variety. Another instance of a serpent will be found in the arms -of the Irish family of Cotter, which are: "Argent, a chevron gules between -three serpents proper," and the family of Lanigan O'Keefe bear in one {258} -quarter of their shield: "Vert, three lizards in pale or." The family of -Cole bear: "Argent, a chevron gules between three scorpions reversed -sable," a coat of arms which is sometimes quoted with the chevron and the -scorpions both gules or both sable. The family of Preed of Shropshire bear: -"Azure, three horse-leeches;" and the family of Whitby bear: "Gules, three -snakes coiled or; on a chief of the second, as many pheons sable." A family -of Sutton bears: "Or, a newt vert, in chief a lion rampant gules all within -a bordure of the last," and Papworth mentions a coat of arms for the name -of Ory: "Azure, a chameleon on a shady ground proper, in chief a sun or." -Another coat mentioned by Papworth is the arms of Bume: "Gules, a stellion -serpent proper," though what the creature may be it is impossible to -imagine. Unfortunately, when one comes to examine so many of these curious -coats of arms, one finds no evidence that such families existed, or that -there is no official authority or record of the arms to which reference can -be made. There can be no doubt that they largely consist of misreadings or -misinterpretations of both names and charges, and I am sorely afraid this -remark is the true explanation of what otherwise would be most strange and -interesting curiosities of arms. Sir Walter Scott's little story in -"Quentin Durward" of Toison d'Or, who depicted the "cat looking through the -dairy window" as the arms of Childebert, and blazoned it "sable a musion -passant or, oppressed with a trellis gules, cloue of the second," gives in -very truth the real origin of many quaint coats of arms and heraldic terms. -Ancient heraldic writers seem to have amused themselves by inventing -"appropriate" arms for mythological or historical personages, and I verily -believe that when so doing they never intended these arms to stand for more -than examples of their own wit. Their credulous successors incorporated -these little witticisms in the rolls of arms they collected, and one can -only hope that in the distant future the charming drawings of Mr. E. T. -Reed which in recent years have appeared in _Punch_ may not be used in like -manner. - -There are but few instances in English armory in which the _Toad_ or _Frog_ -is met with. In fact, the only instance which one can recollect is the coat -of arms attributed to a family of Botreaux, who are said to have borne: -"Argent, three toads erect sable." I am confident, however, that this coat -of arms, if it ever existed, and if it could be traced to its earliest -sources, would be found to be really three buckets of water, a canting -allusion to the name. Toads of course are the charges on the mythical arms -of Pharamond. - -[Illustration: FIG. 484.--Arms of the Visconti, Dukes of Milan: Argent, a -serpent azure, devouring a child gules. (A wood-carving from the castle of -Passau at the turn of the fifteenth century.)] - -Amongst the few instances I have come across of a snail in British armory -are the crest of Slack of Derwent Hill ("in front of a crescent or, a snail -proper") and the coat attributed by Papworth to the family of {259} Bartan -or Bertane, who are mentioned as bearing, "Gules, three snails argent in -their shells or." This coat, however, is not matriculated in Scotland, so -that one cannot be certain that it was ever borne. The snail occurs, -however, as the crest of a family named Billers, and is also attributed to -several other families as a crest. - -_Lizards_ appear occasionally in heraldry, though more frequently in Irish -than English or Scottish coats of arms. A lizard forms part of the crest of -Sillifant, and a hand grasping a lizard is the crest of McCarthy, and -"Azure, three lizards or" the first quarter of the arms of an Irish family -of the name of Cotter, who, however, blazon these charges upon their shield -as evetts. The family of Enys, who bear: "Argent, three wyverns volant in -pale vert," probably derive their arms from some such source. {260} - - - -CHAPTER XVII - -INSECTS - -The insect which is most usually met with in heraldry is undoubtedly the -_Bee_. Being considered, as it is, the symbol of industry, small wonder -that it has been so frequently adopted. It is usually represented as if -displayed upon the shield, and it is then termed volant, though of course -the real term which will sometimes be found used is "volant _en arriere_" -(Fig. 485). It occurs in the arms of Dore, Beatson, Abercromby, Samuel, and -Sewell, either as a charge or as a crest. Its use, however, as a crest is -slightly more varied, inasmuch as it is found walking in profile, and with -its wings elevated, and also perched upon a thistle as in the arms of -Ferguson. A bee-hive "with bees diversely volant" occurs in the arms of -Rowe, and the popularity of the bee in British armory is doubtless due to -the frequent desire to perpetuate the fact that the foundation of a house -has been laid by business industry. The fact that the bee was adopted as a -badge by the Emperor Napoleon gave it considerable importance in French -armory, inasmuch as he assumed it for his own badge, and the mantle and -pavilion around the armorial bearings of the Empire were seme of these -insects. They also appeared upon his own coronation mantle. He adopted them -under the impression, which may or may not be correct, that they had at one -time been the badge of Childeric, father of Clovis. The whole story -connected with their assumption by Napoleon has been a matter of much -controversy, and little purpose would be served by going into the matter -here, but it may be added that Napoleon changed the fleur-de-lis upon the -chief in the arms of Paris to golden bees upon a chief of gules, and a -chief azure, seme of bees or, was added as indicative of their rank to the -arms of "Princes-Grand-Dignitaries of the Empire." A bee-hive occurs as the -crest of a family named Gwatkin, and also upon the arms of the family of -Kettle of Wolverhampton. - -[Illustration: FIG. 485.--Bee volant.] - -{261} - -_The Grasshopper_ is most familiar as the crest of the family of Gresham, -and this is the origin of the golden grasshoppers which are so constantly -met with in the city of London. "Argent, a chevron sable between three -grasshoppers vert" is the coat of arms of Woodward of Kent. Two of them -figure in the arms of Treacher, which arms are now quartered by Bowles. - -_Ants_ are but seldom met with. "Argent, six ants, three, two, and one -sable," is a coat given by Papworth to a family of the name of Tregent; -"Vert, an ant argent," to Kendiffe; and "Argent, a chevron vert between -three beetles proper" are the arms attributed by the same authority to a -family named Muschamp. There can be little doubt, however, that these -"beetles" should be described as flies. - -_Butterflies_ figure in the arms of Papillon ["Azure, a chevron between -three butterflies volant argent"] and in the arms of Penhellicke ["Sable, -three butterflies volant argent"]. - -_Gadflies_ are to be found in a coat of arms for the name of Adams ["Per -pale argent and gules, a chevron between three gadflies counterchanged"], -and also in the arms of Somerscales, quartered by Skeet of Bishop -Stortford. "Sable, a hornet argent" is one blazon for the arms of Bollord -or Bolloure, but elsewhere the same coat is blazoned: "Sable, a harvest-fly -in pale volant en arriere argent." Harvest flies were the charges on the -arms of the late Sir Edward Watkin, Bart. - -_Crickets_ appear in the arms ["azure, a fire chest argent, flames proper, -between three crickets or"] recently granted to Sir George Anderson -Critchett, Bart. - -The arms of Bassano (really of foreign origin and not an English coat) are: -"Per chevron vert and argent, in chief three silkworm flies palewise _en -arriere_, and in base a mulberry branch all counterchanged." "Per pale -gules and azure, three stag-beetles, wings extended or," is assigned by -Papworth to the Cornish family of Dore, but elsewhere these charges (under -the same family name) are quoted as bees, gadflies, and flies. "Or, three -spiders azure" is quoted as a coat for Chettle. A spider also figures as a -charge on the arms of Macara. The crest of Thorndyke of Great Carleton, -Lincolnshire, is: "On a wreath of the colours a damask rose proper, leaves -and thorns vert, at the bottom of the shield a beetle or scarabaeus -proper." - -Woodward, in concluding his chapter upon insects, quotes the arms of the -family of Pullici of Verona, viz.: "Or, seme of fleas sable, two bends -gules, surmounted by two bends sinister of the same." {262} - - - -CHAPTER XVIII - -TREES, LEAVES, FRUITS, AND FLOWERS - -The vegetable kingdom plays an important part in heraldry. Trees will be -found of all varieties and in all numbers, and though little difference is -made in the appearance of many varieties when they are heraldically -depicted, for canting purposes the various names are carefully preserved. -When, however, no name is specified, they are generally drawn after the -fashion of oak-trees. - -When a tree issues from the ground it will usually be blazoned "issuant -from a mount vert," but when the roots are shown it is termed "eradicated." - -[Illustration: FIG. 486.--An oak-tree eradicated.] - -_A Hurst of Trees_ figures both on the shield and in the crest of -France-Hayhurst, and in the arms of Lord Lismore ["Argent, in base a mount -vert, on the dexter side a hurst of oak-trees, therefrom issuing a wolf -passant towards the sinister, all proper"]. A hurst of elm-trees very -properly is the crest of the family of Elmhurst. Under the description of a -forest, a number of trees figure in the arms of Forrest. - -The arms of Walkinshaw of that Ilk are: "Argent, a grove of fir-trees -proper," and Walkinshaw of Barrowfield and Walkinshaw of London have -matriculated more or less similar arms. - -_The Oak-Tree_ (Fig. 486) is of course the tree most frequently met with. -Perhaps the most famous coat in which it occurs will be found in the arms -granted to Colonel Carlos, to commemorate his risky sojourn with King -Charles in the oak-tree at Boscobel, after the King's flight subsequent to -the ill-fated battle of Worcester. The coat was: "Or, on a mount in base -vert, an oak-tree proper, fructed or, surmounted by a fess gules, charged -with three imperial crowns of the third" (Plate II.). - -_Fir-Trees_ will be found in the arms of Greg, Melles, De la Ferte, and -Farquharson. - -_A Cedar-Tree_ occurs in the arms of Montefiore ["Argent, a cedar-tree, -between two mounts of flowers proper, on a chief azure, a dagger {263} -erect proper, pommel and hilt or, between two mullets of six points gold"], -and a _hawthorn-tree_ in the arms of MacMurrogh-Murphy, Thornton, and in -the crest of Kynnersley. - -_A Maple-Tree_ figures in the arms of Lord Mount-Stephen ["Or, on a mount -vert, a maple-tree proper, in chief two fleurs-de-lis azure"], and in the -crest of Lord Strathcona ["On a mount vert, a maple-tree, at the base -thereof a beaver gnawing the trunk all proper"]. - -_A Cocoanut-Tree_ is the principal charge in the arms of Glasgow (now -Robertson-Glasgow) of Montgrennan, matriculated in 1807 ["Argent, a -cocoanut-tree fructed proper, growing out of a mount in base vert, on a -chief azure, a shakefork between a martlet on the dexter and a salmon on -the sinister argent, the last holding in the mouth a ring or"]. - -The arms of Clifford afford an instance of a _Coffee-Tree_, and the coat of -Chambers has a negro cutting down a _Sugar-Cane_. - -_A Palm-Tree_ occurs in the arms of Besant and in the armorials of many -other families. The crest of Grimke-Drayton affords an instance of the use -of palmetto-trees. An _Olive-Tree_ is the crest of Tancred, and a -_Laurel-Tree_ occurs in the crest of Somers. - -_Cypress-Trees_ are quoted by Papworth in the arms of Birkin, probably an -error for birch-trees, but the cypress does occur in the arms of Tardy, -Comte de Montravel ["Argent, three cypress-trees eradicated vert, on a -chief gules, as many bezants"], and "Or, a willow (salix) proper" is the -coat of the Counts de Salis (now Fane-de-Salis). - -The arms of Sweetland, granted in 1808, are: "Argent, on a mount vert, an -orange-tree fructed proper, on a chief embattled gules, three roses of the -field, barbed and seeded also proper." - -_A Mountain-Ash_ figures in the shield and crest of Wigan, and a -_Walnut-Tree_ is the crest of Waller, of Groombridge ["On a mount vert, a -walnut-tree proper, on the sinister side an escutcheon pendent, charged -with the arms of France, and thereupon a label of three points argent."] - -The arms of Arkwright afford an example of a _Cotton-Tree_. - -The curious crest of Sir John Leman, Lord Mayor of London, affords an -instance of a _Lemon-Tree_ ["In a lemon-tree proper, a pelican in her piety -proper"]. - -The arms of a family whose name appears to have been variously spelled -Estwere, Estwrey, Estewer, Estower, and Esture, have: "Upon an argent field -a tree proper," variously described as an apple-tree, an ash-tree, and a -cherry-tree. The probabilities largely point to its being an ash-tree. "Or, -on a mount in base vert, a pear-tree fructed proper" is the coat of arms of -Pyrton or Peryton, and the arms granted in 1591 to Dr. Lopus, a physician -to Queen Elizabeth, were: "Or, a {264} pomegranate-tree eradicated vert, -fructed gold, supported by a hart rampant proper, crowned and attired of -the first." - -_A Poplar Tree_ occurs in the arms of Gandolfi, but probably the prime -curiosity must be the coat of Abank, which Papworth gives as: "Argent, a -China-cokar tree vert." Its botanical identity remains a mystery. - -_Trunks of Trees_ for some curious reason play a prominent part in -heraldry. The arms of Borough, of Chetwynd Park, granted in 1702, are: -"Argent, on a mount in base, in base the trunk of an oak-tree sprouting out -two branches proper, with the shield of Pallas hanging thereon or, fastened -by a belt gules," and the arms of Houldsworth (1868) of Gonaldston, co. -Notts, are: "Ermine, the trunk of a tree in bend raguly eradicated at the -base proper, between three foxes' heads, two in chief and one in base -erased gules." - -But it is as a crest that this figure of the withered trunk sprouting again -is most often met with, it being assigned to no less than forty-three -families. - -In England again, by one of those curious fads by which certain objects -were repeated over and over again in the wretched designs granted by the -late Sir Albert Woods, Garter, in spite of their unsuitability, tree-trunks -fesswise eradicated and sprouting are constantly met with either as the -basis of the crest or placed "in front of it" to help in providing the -differences and distinctions which he insisted upon in a new grant. An -example of such use of it will be found in the arms of the town of -Abergavenny. - -_Stocks of Trees_ "couped and eradicated" are by no means uncommon. They -figure in the arms of the Borough of Woodstock: "Gules, the stump of a tree -couped and eradicated argent, and in chief three stags' heads caboshed of -the same, all within a bordure of the last charged with eight oak-leaves -vert." They also occur in the arms of Grove, of Shenston Park, co. -Stafford, and in the arms of Stubbs. - -The arms matriculated in Lyon Register by Capt. Peter Winchester (_c._ -1672-7) are: "Argent, a vine growing out of the base, leaved and fructed, -between two papingoes endorsed feeding upon the clusters all proper." The -vine also appears in the arms of Ruspoli, and the family of Archer-Houblon -bear for the latter name: "Argent, on a mount in base, three hop-poles -erect with hop-vines all proper." - -The town of St. Ives (Cornwall) has no authorised arms, but those usually -attributed to the town are: "Argent, an ivy branch overspreading the whole -field vert." - -"Gules, a flaming bush on the top of a mount proper, between three lions -rampant argent, in the flanks two roses of the last" is the coat of Brander -(now Dunbar-Brander) of Pitgavenny. Holly-bushes {265} are also met with, -as in the crests of Daubeney and Crackanthorpe, and a rose-bush as in the -crest of Inverarity. - -The arms of Owen, co. Pembroke, are: "Gules, a boar argent, armed, -bristled, collared, and chained or to a holly-bush on a mount in base both -proper." - -_A Fern-Brake_ is another stock object used in designing modern crests, and -will be found in the cases of Harter, Scott-Gatty, and Lloyd. - -Branches are constantly occurring, but they are usually oak, laurel, palm, -or holly. They need to be distinguished from "slips," which are much -smaller and with fewer leaves. Definite rules of distinction between e.g. -an acorn "slipped," a slip of oak, and an oak-branch have been laid down by -purists, but no such minute detail is officially observed, and it seems -better to leave the point to general artistic discretion; the colloquial -difference between a slip and a branch being quite a sufficient guide upon -the point. - -An example of an _Oak-Branch_ occurs in the arms of Aikman, and another, -which is rather curious, is the crest of Accrington.[21] - -_Oak-Slips_, on the other hand, occur in the arms of Baldwin. - -_A Palm-Branch_ occurs in the crests of Innes, Chafy, and Corfield. - -_Laurel-Branches_ occur in the arms of Cooper, and sprigs of laurel in the -arms of Meeking. - -_Holly-Branches_ are chiefly found in the arms of families named Irvine or -Irwin, but they are invariably blazoned as "sheaves" of holly or as -holly-branches of three leaves. To a certain extent this is a misnomer, -because the so-called "branch" is merely three holly-leaves tied together. - -"Argent, an almond-slip proper" is the coat of arms attributed to a family -of Almond, and Papworth assigns "Argent, a barberry-branch fructed proper" -to Berry. - -"Argent, three sprigs of balm flowered proper" is stated to be the coat of -a family named Balme, and "Argent, three teasels slipped proper" the coat -of Bowden, whilst Boden of the Friary bears, "Argent, a chevron sable -between three teasels proper, a bordure of the second." A teasle on a -canton figures in the arms of Chichester-Constable. - -The Company of Tobacco-Pipe Makers in London, incorporated in the year -1663, bore: "Argent, on a mount in base vert, three plants of tobacco -growing and flowering all proper." The crest recently granted to Sir Thomas -Lipton, Bart. ["On a wreath of the colours, two arms in saltire, the dexter -surmounted by the sinister {266} holding a sprig of the tea-plant erect, -and the other a like sprig of the coffee-plant both slipped and leaved -proper, vested above the elbow argent"], affords an example of both the -coffee-plant and the tea-plant, which have both assisted him so materially -in piling up his immense fortune. "Or, three birch-twigs sable" is the coat -of Birches, and "Or, a bunch of nettles vert" is the coat of Mallerby of -Devonshire. The pun in the last case is apparent. - -_The Cotton-Plant_ figures in the arms of the towns of Darwen, Rochdale, -and Nelson, and two culms of the papyrus plant occur in the arms of the -town of Bury. - -_The Coffee-Plant_ also figures in the arms of Yockney: "Azure, a chevron -or, between a ship under sail in chief proper, and a sprig of the -coffee-plant slipped in base of the second." - -A branch, slip, bush, or tree is termed "fructed" when the fruit is shown, -though the term is usually disregarded unless "fructed" of a different -colour. When represented as "fructed," the fruit is usually drawn out of -all proportion to its relative size. - -Leaves are not infrequent in their appearance. Holly-leaves occur in the -various coats for most people of the name of Irwin and Irvine, as already -mentioned. Laurel-leaves occur in the arms of Leveson-Gower, Foulis, and -Foulds. - -_Oak-Leaves_ occur in the arms of Trelawney ["Argent, a chevron sable, -between three oak-leaves slipped proper"]; and _hazel-leaves_ in the arms -of Hesilrige or Hazlerigg ["Argent, a chevron sable, between three -hazel-leaves vert]. - -"Argent, three edock (dock or burdock) leaves vert" is the coat of Hepburn. -Papworth assigns "Argent, an aspen leaf proper" to Aspinal, and "Or, a -betony-leaf proper" to Betty. "Argent, three aspen-leaves" is an -unauthorised coat used by Espin, and the same coat with varying tinctures -is assigned to Cogan. Killach is stated to bear: "Azure, three bay-leaves -argent," and to Woodward, of Little Walsingham, Norfolk, was granted in -1806: "Vert, three mulberry-leaves or." - -_The Maple-Leaf_ has been generally adopted as a Canadian emblem, and -consequently figures upon the arms of that Dominion, and in the arms of -many families which have or have had Canadian associations. - -"Vert, three vine-leaves or" is assigned by Papworth to Wortford, and the -same authority mentions coats in which woodbine-leaves occur for Browne, -Theme, and Gamboa. Rose-leaves occur in the arms of Utermarck, and -walnut-leaves figure in the arms of Waller. - -A curious leaf--usually called the "sea-leaf," which is properly the -"nenuphar-leaf," is often met with in German heraldry, as are _Linden_ -leaves. - -Although theoretically leaves, the trefoil, quatrefoil, and cinquefoil -{267} are a class by themselves, having a recognised heraldic status as -exclusively heraldic charges, and the quatrefoil and cinquefoil, in spite -of the derivation of their names, are as likely to have been originally -flowers as leaves. - -_The heraldic Trefoil_ (Fig. 487), though frequently specifically described -as "slipped," is nevertheless always so depicted, and it is not necessary -to so describe it. Of late a tendency has been noticeable in paintings from -Ulster's Office to represent the trefoil in a way more nearly approaching -the Irish shamrock, from which it has undoubtedly been derived. Instances -of the trefoil occur in the arms of Rodd, Dobree, MacDermott, and Gilmour. -The crowned trefoil is one of the national badges of Ireland. - -[Illustration: FIG. 487.--Trefoil.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 488.--Quatrefoil.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 489.--Cinquefoil.] - -A four-leaved "lucky" shamrock has been introduced into the arms of Sir -Robert Hart, Bart. - -_The Quatrefoil_ (Fig. 488) is not often met with, but it occurs in the -arms of Eyre, King, and Dreyer. - -_The Cinquefoil_ (Fig. 489) is of frequent appearance, but, save in -exceedingly rare instances, neither the quatrefoil nor the cinquefoil will -be met with "slipped." The constant occurrence of the cinquefoil in early -rolls of arms is out of all proportion to its distinctiveness or artistic -beauty, and the frequency with which it is met with in conjunction with the -cross crosslet points clearly to the fact that there is some allusion -behind, if this could only be fathomed. Many a man might adopt a lion -through independent choice, but one would not expect independent choice to -lead so many to pitch upon a combination of cross crosslets and -cinquefoils. The cross crosslets, I am confident, are a later addition in -many cases, for the original arms of D'Arcy, for example, were simply: -"Argent, three cinquefoils gules." The arms of the town of Leicester are: -"Gules, a cinquefoil ermine," and this is the coat attributed to the family -of the De Beaumonts or De Bellomonts, Earls of Leicester. Simon de -Montfort, the great Earl of Leicester, was the son or grandson of Amicia, a -coheir of the former Earls, and as such {268} entitled to quarter the arms -of the De Bellomonts. As stated on page 117 (_vide_ Figs. 97 and 98), there -are two coats attributed to De Montfort. His only status in this country -depended solely upon the De Bellomont inheritance, and, conformably with -the custom of the period, we are far more likely to find him using arms of -De Bellomont or De Beaumont than of Montfort. From the similarity of the -charge to the better-known Beaumont arms, I am inclined to think the lion -rampant to be the real De Bellomont coat. The origin of the cinquefoil has -yet to be accounted for. The earliest De Bellomont for whom I can find -proof of user thereof is Robert "Fitz-Pernell," otherwise De Bellomont, who -died in 1206, and whose seal (Fig. 490) shows it. Be it noted it is not on -a shield, and though of course this is not proof in any way, it is in -accord with my suggestion that it is nothing more than a pimpernel flower -adopted as a device or badge to typify his own name and his mother's name, -she being Pernelle or Petronilla, the heiress of Grantmesnil. The -cinquefoil was not the coat of Grantmesnil but a quaint little conceit, and -is not therefore likely to have been used as a coat of arms by the De -Bellomonts, though no doubt they used it as a badge and device, as no doubt -did Simon de Montfort. Simon de Montfort split England into two parties. -Men were for Montfort or the king, and those that were for De Montfort very -probably took and used his badge of a cinquefoil as a party badge. - -[Illustration: FIG. 490.--From the seal of Robert Fitz-Pernell, Earl of -Leicester, d. 1206.] - -The cinquefoil in its ordinary heraldic form also occurs in the arms of -Umfraville, Bardolph, Hamilton, and D'Arcy, and sprigs of cinquefoil will -be found in the arms of Hill, and in the crest of Kersey. The cinquefoil is -sometimes found pierced. The five-foiled flower being the blossom of so -many plants, what are to all intents and purposes cinquefoils occur in the -arms of Fraser, where they are termed "fraises," of Primrose, where they -are blazoned "primroses," and of Lambert, where they are called "narcissus -flowers." - -_The double Quatrefoil_ is cited as the English difference mark for the -ninth son, but as these difference marks are but seldom used, and as ninth -sons are somewhat of a rarity, it is seldom indeed that this particular -mark is seen in use. Personally I have never seen it. - -_The Turnip_ makes an early appearance in armory, and occurs in the coat of -Dammant ["Sable, a turnip leaved proper, a chief or, gutte-de-poix"]. {269} - -The curious crest of Lingen, which is "Seven leeks root upwards issuing -from a ducal coronet all proper," is worthy of especial mention. - -In considering flowers as a charge, a start must naturally be made with the -rose, which figures so prominently in the heraldry of England. - -_The heraldic Rose_ until a much later date than its first appearance in -armory--it occurs, however, at the earliest period--was always represented -in what we now term the "conventional" form, with five displayed petals -(Fig. 491). Accustomed as we are to the more ornate form of the cultivated -rose of the garden, those who speak of the "conventional" heraldic rose -rather seem to overlook that it is an exact reproduction of the wild rose -of the hedgerow, which, morever, has a tendency to show itself "displayed" -and not in the more profile attitude we are perhaps accustomed to. It -should also be observed that the earliest representations of the heraldic -rose depict the intervening spaces between the petals which are noticeable -in the wild rose. Under the Tudor sovereigns, the heraldic rose often shows -a double row of petals, a fact which is doubtless accounted for by the then -increasing familiarity with the cultivated variety, and also by the attempt -to conjoin the rival emblems of the warring factions of York and Lancaster. - -[Illustration: FIG. 491.--Rose.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 492.--Rose slipped and leaved.] - -Though the heraldic rose is seldom, if ever, otherwise depicted, it should -be described as "barbed vert" and "seeded or" (or "barbed and seeded -proper") when the centre seeds and the small intervening green leaves (the -calyx) between the petals are represented in their natural colours. In the -reign of the later Tudor sovereigns the conventionality of earlier heraldic -art was slowly beginning to give way to the pure naturalism towards which -heraldic art thereafter steadily degenerated, and we find that the rose -then begins (both as a Royal badge and elsewhere) to be met with "slipped -and leaved" (Fig. 492). The Royal fleurs-de-lis are turned into natural -lilies in the grant of arms to Eton College, and in the grant to William -Cope, Cofferer to Henry VII., the roses are slipped ["Argent, on a chevron -azure, between three roses gules, slipped and leaved vert, as many -fleurs-de-lis or. Crest: out of a fleur-de-lis or, a dragon's head gules"]. -A rose when "slipped" theoretically has only a stalk added, but in practice -it will always have at least one leaf added to the slip, and a rose -"slipped and leaved" would {270} have a leaf on either side. A rose -"stalked and leaved" is not so limited, and will usually be found with a -slightly longer stalk and several leaves; but these technical refinements -of blazon, which are really unnecessary, are not greatly observed or taken -into account. The arms of the Burgh of Montrose afford an example of a -single rose as the only charge, although other instances will be met with -in the arms of Boscawen, Viscount Falmouth ["Ermine, a rose gules, barbed -and seeded proper"], and of Nightingale, Bart. ["Per pale ermine and gules, -a rose counterchanged"]. - -Amongst the scores of English arms in which the rose figures, it will be -found in the original heraldic form in the case of the arms of Southampton -(Plate VII.); and either stalked or slipped in the arms of Brodribb and -White-Thomson. A curious instance of the use of the rose will be found in -the crest of Bewley, and the "cultivated" rose was depicted in the -emblazonment of the crest of Inverarity, which is a rose-bush proper. - -[Illustration: FIG. 493.--Thistle.] - -Heraldry, with its roses, has accomplished what horticulture has not. There -is an old legend that when Henry VII. succeeded to the English throne some -enterprising individual produced a natural parti-coloured rose which -answered to the conjoined heraldic rose of gules and argent. Our roses "or" -may really find their natural counterpart in the primrose, but the arms of -Rochefort ["Quarterly or and azure, four roses counterchanged"] give us the -_blue_ rose, the arms of Berendon ["Argent, three roses sable"] give us the -_black_ rose, and the coat of Smallshaw ["Argent, a rose vert, between -three shakeforks sable"] is the long-desired _green_ rose. - -_The Thistle_ (Fig. 493) ranks next to the rose in British heraldic -importance. Like the rose, the reason of its assumption as a national badge -remains largely a matter of mystery, though it is of nothing like so -ancient an origin. Of course one knows the time-honoured and wholly -impossible legend that its adoption as a national symbol dates from the -battle of Largs, when one of the Danish invaders gave away an attempted -surprise by his cry of agony caused by stepping barefooted upon a thistle. - -The fact, however, remains that its earliest appearance is on the silver -coinage of 1474, in the reign of James III., but during that reign there -can be no doubt that it was accepted either as a national badge or else as -the personal badge of the sovereign. The period in question was that in -which badges were so largely used, and it is not unlikely that, desiring to -vie with his brother of England, and fired by the {271} example of the -broom badge and the rose badge, the Scottish king, remembering the ancient -legend, chose the thistle as his own badge. In 1540, when the thistle had -become recognised as one of the national emblems of the kingdom, the -foundation of the Order of the Thistle stereotyped the fact for all future -time. The conventional heraldic representation of the thistle is as it -appears upon the star of that Order, that is, the flowered head upon a -short stalk with a leaf on either side. Though sometimes represented of -gold, it is nearly always proper. It has frequently been granted as an -augmentation, though in such a meaning it will usually be found crowned. -The coat of augmentation carried in the first quarter of his arms by Lord -Torphichen is: "Argent, a thistle vert, flowered gules (really a thistle -proper), on a chief azure an imperial crown or." "Sable, a thistle -(possibly really a teasel) or, between three pheons argent" is the coat of -Teesdale, and "Gules, three thistles or" is attributed in Papworth to -Hawkey. A curious use of the thistle occurs in the arms of the National -Bank of Scotland (granted 1826), which are: "Or, the image of St. Andrew -with vesture vert, and surcoat purpure, bearing before him the cross of his -martyrdom argent, all resting on a base of the second, in the dexter flank -a garb gules, in the sinister a ship in full sail sable, _the shield -surrounded with two thistles proper disposed in orle_." - -_The Lily_ in its natural form sometimes occurs, though of course it -generally figures as the fleur-de-lis, which will presently be considered. -The natural lily will be found in the arms of Aberdeen University, of -Dundee, and in the crests of various families of the name of Chadwick. It -also occurs in the arms of the College of St. Mary the Virgin, at Eton -["Sable, three lilies argent, on a chief per pale azure and gules a -fleur-de-lis on the dexter side, and a lion passant guardant or on the -sinister"]. Here they doubtless typify the Virgin, to whom they have -reference; as also in the case of Marylebone (Fig. 252). - -The arms of Lilly, of Stoke Prior, are: "Gules, three lilies slipped -argent;" and the arms of J. E. Lilley, Esq., of Harrow, are: "Azure, on a -pile between two fleurs-de-lis argent, a lily of the valley eradicated -proper. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a cubit arm erect proper, -charged with a fleur-de-lis argent and holding in the hand two lilies of -the valley, leaved and slipped in saltire, also proper." - -_Columbine Flowers_ occur in the arms of Cadman, and _Gillyflowers_ in the -arms of Livingstone. _Fraises_--really the flowers of the -strawberry-plant--occur, as has been already mentioned, in the arms of -Fraser, and _Narcissus Flowers_ in the arms of Lambeth. "Gules, three poppy -bolles on their stalks in fess or" are the arms of Boller. - -_The Lotus-Flower_, which is now very generally becoming the recognised -emblem of India, is constantly met with in the arms granted to {272} those -who have won fortune or reputation in that country. Instances in which it -occurs are the arms of Sir Roper Lethbridge, K.C.I.E., Sir Thomas Seccombe, -G.C.I.E., and the University of Madras. - -The _Sylphium-Plant_ occurs in the arms of General Sir Henry Augustus -Smyth, K.C.M.G., which are: Vert, a chevron erminois, charged with a -chevron gules, between three Saracens' heads habited in profile couped at -the neck proper, and for augmentation a chief argent, thereon a mount vert -inscribed with the Greek letters K Y P A gold and issuant therefrom a -representation of the plant Silphium proper. Crests: 1. (of augmentation) -on a wreath of the colours, a mount vert inscribed with the aforesaid Greek -letters and issuant therefrom the Silphium as in the arms; 2. on a wreath -of the colours, an anchor fesswise sable, thereon an ostrich erminois -holding in the beak a horse-shoe or. Motto: "Vincere est vivere." - -The arms granted to Sir Richard Quain were: "Argent, a chevron engrailed -azure, in chief two fers-de-moline gules, and issuant from the base a rock -covered with daisies proper." - -[Illustration: FIG. 494.--Fleur-de-lis.] - -_Primroses_ occur (as was only to be expected) in the arms of the Earl of -Rosebery ["Vert, three primroses within a double tressure flory -counterflory or"]. - -_The Sunflower_ or _Marigold_ occurs in the crest of Buchan ["A sunflower -in full bloom towards the sun in the dexter chief"], and also in the arms -granted in 1614 to Florio. Here, however, the flower is termed a -heliotrope. The arms in question are: "Azure, a heliotrope or, issuing from -a stalk sprouting from two leaves vert, in chief the sun in splendour -proper." - -_Tulips_ occur in the arms of Raphael, and the _Cornflower_ or _Bluebottle_ -in the arms of Chorley of Chorley, Lancs. ["Argent, a chevron gules between -three bluebottles slipped proper"], and also in the more modern arms of -that town. - -_Saffron-Flowers_ are a charge upon the arms of Player of Nottingham. The -arms granted to Sir Edgar Boehm, Bart., were: "Azure, in the sinister -canton a sun issuant therefrom eleven rays, over all a clover-plant -eradicated proper." - -_The Fleur-de-Lis._--Few figures have puzzled the antiquary so much as the -fleur-de-lis. Countless origins have been suggested for it; we have even -lately had the height of absurdity urged in a suggested phallic origin, -which only rivals in ridiculousness the long since exploded legend that the -fleurs-de-lis in the arms of France were a {273} corrupted form of an -earlier coat, "Azure, three toads or," the reputed coat of arms of -Pharamond! - -To France and the arms of France one must turn for the origin of the -heraldic use of the fleur-de-lis. To begin with, the form of the -fleur-de-lis as a mere presumably meaningless form of decoration is found -long before the days of armory, in fact from the earliest period of -decoration. It is such an essentially natural development of decoration -that it may be accepted as such without any attempt to give it a meaning or -any symbolism. Its earliest heraldic appearances as the finial of a sceptre -or the decoration of a coronet need not have had any symbolical character. - -We then find the "lily" accepted as having some symbolical reference to -France, and it should be remembered that the iris was known by the name of -a lily until comparatively modern times. - -It is curious--though possibly in this case it may be only a -coincidence--that, on a coin of the Emperor Hadrian, Gaul is typified by a -female figure holding in the hand a lily, the legend being, "Restutori -Galliae." The fleur-de-lis as the finial of a sceptre and as an ornament of -a crown can be taken back to the fifth century. Fleurs-de-lis upon crowns -and coronets in France are at least as old as the reign of King Robert (son -of Hugh Capet) whose seal represents him crowned in this manner. - -We have, moreover, the ancient legendary tradition that at the baptism of -Clovis, King of the Franks, the Virgin (whose emblem the lily has always -been) sent a lily by an angel as a mark of her special favour. It is -difficult to determine the exact date at which this tradition was invented, -but its accepted character may be judged from the fact that it was solemnly -advanced by the French bishops at the Council of Trent in a dispute as to -the precedence of their sovereign. The old legend as to Clovis would -naturally identify the flower with him, and it should be noted that the -names Clovis, Lois, Loys, and Louis are identical. "Loys" was the signature -of the kings of France until the time of Louis XIII. It is worth the -passing conjecture that what are sometimes termed "Cleves lilies" may be a -corrupted form of Clovis lilies. There can be little doubt that the term -"fleur-de-lis" is quite as likely to be a corruption of "fleur-de-lois" as -flower of the lily. The chief point is that the desire was to represent a -_flower_ in allusion to the old legend, without perhaps any very definite -certainty of the flower intended to be represented. Philip I. on his seal -(A.D. 1060) holds a short staff terminating in a fleur-de-lis. The same -object occurs in the great seal of Louis VII. In the seal of his wife, -Queen Constance, we find her represented as holding in either hand a -similar object, though in these last cases it is by no means certain that -the objects are not attempts to represent the natural flower. A signet -{274} of Louis VII. bears a single fleur-de-lis "florencee" (or flowered), -and in his reign the heraldic fleur-de-lis undoubtedly became stereotyped -as a symbolical device, for we find that when in the lifetime of Louis VII. -his son Philip was crowned, the king prescribed that the prince should wear -"ses chausses appelees sandales ou bottines de soye, couleur bleu azure -semee en moult endroits de fleurs-de-lys or, puis aussi sa dalmatique de -meme couleur et oeuvre." On the oval counter-seal of Philip II. (d. 1223) -appears a heraldic fleur-de-lis. His great seal, as also that of Louis -VIII., shows a seated figure crowned with an open crown of "fleurons," and -holding in his right hand a flower, and in his left a sceptre surmounted by -a heraldic fleur-de-lis enclosed within a lozenge-shaped frame. On the seal -of Louis VIII. the conjunction of the essentially heraldic fleur-de-lis -(within the lozenge-shaped head of the sceptre), and the more natural -flower held in the hand, should leave little if any doubt of the intention -to represent flowers in the French fleurs-de-lis. The figure held in the -hand represents a flower of five petals. The upper pair turned inwards to -touch the centre one, and the lower pair curved downwards, leave the figure -with a marked resemblance both to the iris and to the conventional -fleur-de-lis. The counter-seal of Louis VIII. shows a Norman-shaped shield -seme of fleurs-de-lis of the conventional heraldic pattern. By then, of -course, "Azure, seme-de-lis or" had become the fixed and determined arms of -France. By an edict dated 1376, Charles V. reduced the number of -fleurs-de-lis in his shield to three: "Pour symboliser la Sainte-Trinite." - -The claim of Edward III. to the throne of France was made on the death of -Charles IV. of France in 1328, but the decision being against him, he -apparently acquiesced, and did homage to Philip of Valois (Philip VI.) for -Guienne. Philip, however, lent assistance to David II. of Scotland against -King Edward, who immediately renewed his claim to France, assumed the arms -and the title of king of that country, and prepared for war. He commenced -hostilities in 1339, and upon his new Great Seal (made in the early part of -1340) we find his arms represented upon shield, surcoat, and housings as: -"Quarterly, 1 and 4, azure, seme-de-lis or (for France); 2 and 3, gules, -three lions passant guardant in pale or (for England)." The Royal Arms thus -remained until 1411, when upon the second Great Seal of Henry IV. the -fleurs-de-lis in England (as in France) were reduced to three in number, -and so remained as part of the Royal Arms of this country until the latter -part of the reign of George III. - -Fleurs-de-lis (probably intended as badges only) had figured upon all the -Great Seals of Edward III. On the first seal (which with slight alterations -had also served for both Edward I. and II.), a small {275} fleur-de-lis -appears over each of the castles which had previously figured on either -side of the throne. In the second Great Seal, fleurs-de-lis took the places -of the castles. - -The similarity of the Montgomery arms to the Royal Arms of France has led -to all kinds of wild genealogical conjectures, but at a time when the arms -of France were hardly determinate, the seal of John de Mundegumbri is met -with, bearing a single fleur-de-lis, the original from which the arms of -Montgomery were developed. Letters of nobility and the name of Du Lis were -granted by Charles VII. in December 1429 to the brothers of Joan of Arc, -and the following arms were then assigned to them: "Azure, a sword in pale -proper, hilted and supporting on its point an open crown or, between two -fleurs-de-lis of the last." - -The fleur-de-lis "florencee," or the "fleur-de-lis flowered," as it is -termed in England, is officially considered a distinct charge from the -simple fleur-de-lis. Eve employs the term "seeded," and remarks of it: -"This being one of the numerous instances of pedantic, because unnecessary -distinction, which showed marks of decadence; for both forms occur at the -same period, and adorn the same object, evidently with the same intention." -The difference between these forms really is that the fleur-de-lis is -"seeded" when a stalk having seeds at the end issues in the upper -interstices. In a fleur-de-lis "florencee," the natural flower of a lily -issues instead of the seeded stalk. This figure formed the arms of the city -of Florence. - -Fleurs-de-lis, like all other Royal emblems, are frequently to be met with -in the arms of towns, _e.g._ in the arms of Lancaster, Maryborough, -Wakefield, and Great Torrington. The arms of Wareham afford an instance of -fleurs-de-lis reversed, and the Corporate Seals of Liskeard and Tamworth -merit reproduction, did space permit, from the designs of the fleurs-de-lis -which there appear. One cannot leave the fleur-de-lis without referring to -one curious development of it, viz. the leopard's face jessant-de-lis (Fig. -332), a curious charge which undoubtedly originated in the arms of the -family of Cantelupe. This charge is not uncommon, though by no means so -usual as the leopard's face. Planche considers that it was originally -derived from the fleur-de-lis, the circular boss which in early -representations so often figures as the centre of the fleur-de-lis, being -merely _decorated_ with the leopard's face. One can follow Planche a bit -further by imagining that this face need not necessarily be that of a -leopard, for at a certain period all decorative art was crowded with -grotesque masks whenever opportunity offered. The leopard's face -jessant-de-lis is now represented as a leopard's face with the lower part -of a fleur-de-lis issuing from the mouth, and the upper part rising from -behind the head. Instances of {276} this charge occur as early as the -thirteenth century as the arms of the Cantelupe family, and Thomas de -Cantelupe having been Bishop of Hereford 1275 to 1282, the arms of that See -have since been three leopards' faces jessant-de-lis, the distinction being -that in the arms of the See of Hereford the leopards' faces are reversed. - -The origin may perhaps make itself apparent when we remember that the -earliest form of the name was Cantelowe. Is it not probable that "lions'" -faces (_i.e._ head _de leo_) may have been suggested by the name? Possibly, -however, wolf-heads may have been meant, suggested by _lupus_, or by the -same analogy which gives us wolf-heads or wolves upon the arms of Low and -Lowe. - -[Illustration: FIG. 495.--Pomegranate.] - -Fruit--the remaining division of those charges which can be classed as -belonging to the vegetable kingdom--must of necessity be but briefly dealt -with. - -_Grapes_ perhaps cannot be easily distinguished from vines (to which refer, -page 264), but the arms of Bradway of Potscliff, co. Gloucester ["Argent, a -chevron gules between three bunches of grapes proper"] and of Viscountess -Beaconsfield, the daughter of Captain John Viney Evans ["Argent, a bunch of -grapes stalked and leaved proper, between two flaunches sable, each charged -with a boar's head argent"] are instances in point. - -_Apples_ occur in the arms of Robert Applegarth (Edward III. Roll) -["Argent, three apples slipped gules"] and "Or, a chevron between three -apples gules" is the coat of a family named Southbey. - -_Pears_ occur in the arms of Allcroft, of Stokesay Castle, Perrins, Perry, -Perryman, and Pirie. - -_Oranges_ are but seldom met with in British heraldry, but an instance -occurs in the arms of Lord Polwarth, who bears over the Hepburn quarterings -an inescutcheon azure, an orange slipped and surmounted by an imperial -crown all proper. This was an augmentation conferred by King William III., -and a very similar augmentation (in the 1st and 4th quarters, azure, three -oranges slipped proper within an orle of thistles or) was granted to -Livingstone, Viscount Teviot. - -_The Pomegranate_ (Fig. 495), which dimidiated with a rose was one of the -badges of Queen Mary, is not infrequently met with. - -_The Pineapple_ in heraldry is nearly always the fir-cone. In the arms of -Perring, Bart. ["Argent, on a chevron engrailed sable between three -pineapples (fir-cones) pendent vert, as many leopards' faces of the first. -Crest: on a mount a pineapple (fir-cone) vert"], and in the crest of -Parkyns, Bart. ["Out of a ducal coronet or, a pineapple {277} proper"], and -also in the arms of Pyne ["Gules, a chevron ermine between three pineapples -or"] and Parkin-Moore, the fruit is the fir or pine cone. Latterly the -likelihood of confusion has led to the general use of the term "pine-cone" -in such cases, but the ancient description was certainly "pineapple." The -arms of John Apperley, as given in the Edward III. Roll, are: "Argent, a -chevron gules between three pineapples (fir-cones) vert, slipped or." - -The real pineapple of the present day does, however, occur, _e.g._ in the -arms of Benson, of Lutwyche, Shropshire ["Argent, on waves of the sea, an -old English galley all proper, on a chief wavy azure a hand couped at the -wrist, supporting on a dagger the scales of Justice between two pineapples -erect or, leaved vert. Mantling azure and argent. Crest: upon a wreath of -the colours, a horse caparisoned, passant, proper, on the breast a shield -argent, charged with a pineapple proper. Motto: 'Leges arma tenent -sanctas'"]. - -[Illustration: FIG. 496.--Acorn slipped and leaved.] - -_Bean-Pods_ occur in the arms of Rise of Trewardreva, co. Cornwall -["Argent, a chevron gules between three bean-pods vert"], and Papworth -mentions in the arms of Messarney an instance of cherries ["Or, a chevron -per pale gules and vert between three cherries of the second slipped of the -third"]. Elsewhere, however, the charges on the shield of this family are -termed apples. Strawberries occur in the arms and crest of Hollist, and the -arms of Duffield are: "Sable, a chevron between three cloves or." The arms -of the Grocers' Livery Company, granted in 1531-1532, are: "Argent, a -chevron gules between nine cloves, three, three and three." The arms of -Garwynton are stated to be: "Sable, a chevron between three heads of -garlick pendent argent," but another version gives the charges as -pomegranates. "Azure, a chevron between three gourds pendent, slipped or" -is a coat attributed to Stukele, but here again there is uncertainty, as -the charges are sometimes quoted as pears. The arms of Bonefeld are: -"Azure, a chevron between three quinces or." The arms of Alderberry are -naturally: "Argent, three branches of alder-berries proper." The arms of -Haseley of Suffolk are: "Argent, a fess gules, between three hazel-nuts or, -stalks and leaves vert." Papworth also mentions the arms of Tarsell, viz.: -"Or, a chevron sable, between three hazel-nuts erect, slipped gules." It -would, however, seem more probable that these charges are really teazles. - -The fruit of the oak--the _Acorn_ (Fig. 496)--has already been incidentally -referred to, but other instances occur in the arms of Baldwin, Stable, and -Huth. {278} - -Wheat and other grain is constantly met with in British armory. The arms of -Bigland ["Azure, two ears of big wheat erect in fess and bladed or"] and of -Cheape are examples, and others occur in the arms of Layland-Barratt, -Cross, and Rye ["Gules, on a bend argent, between two ears of rye, stalked, -leaved, and slipped or, three crosses cramponne sable"]. - -[Illustration: FIG. 497.--Garb.] - -_Garbs_, as they are invariably termed heraldically, are sheaves, and are -of very frequent occurrence. The earliest appearance of the garb (Fig. 497) -in English heraldry is on the seal of Ranulph, Earl of Chester, who died in -1232. Garbs therefrom became identified with the Earldom of Chester, and -subsequently "Azure, three garbs or" became and still remain the -territorial or possibly the sovereign coat of that earldom. Garbs naturally -figure, therefore, in the arms of many families who originally held land by -feudal tenure under the Earls of Chester, e.g. the families of Cholmondeley -["Gules, in chief two helmets in profile argent, and in base a garb vert"] -and Kevilioc ["Azure, six garbs, three, two, and one or"]. Grosvenor -["Azure, a garb or"] is usually quoted as another example, and possibly -correctly, but a very interesting origin has been suggested by Mr. W. G. -Taunton in his work "The Tauntons of Oxford, by One of Them":-- - -"I merely wish to make a few remarks of my own that seem to have escaped -other writers on genealogical matters. - -"In the first place, Sir Gilbert le Grosvenor, who is stated to have come -over with William of Normandy at the Conquest, is described as nephew to -Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester; but Hugh Lupus was himself nephew to King -William. Now, William could not have been very old when he overthrew Harold -at Hastings. It seems, therefore, rather improbable that Sir Gilbert le -Grosvenor, who was his nephew's nephew, could actually have fought with him -at Hastings, especially when William lived to reign for twenty-one years -after, and was not very old when he died. - -"The name Grosvenor does not occur in any of the versions of the Roll of -Battle Abbey. Not that any of these versions of this celebrated Roll are -considered authentic by modern critics, who say that many names were -subsequently added by the monks to please ambitious parvenus. The name -Venour is on the Roll, however, and it is just possible that this Venour -was the Grosvenor of our quest. The addition of 'Gros' would then be -subsequent to his fattening on the spoils of the Saxon and cultivating a -corporation. 'Venour' means hunter, and {279} 'Gros' means fat. Gilbert's -uncle, Hugh Lupus, was, we know, a fat man; in fact, he was nicknamed 'Hugh -the Fat.' The Grosvenors of that period probably inherited obesity from -their relative, Hugh Lupus, therefore, and the fable that they were called -Grosvenor on account of their office of 'Great Huntsman' to the Dukes of -Normandy is not to be relied on. - -"We are further on told by the old family historians that when Sir Robert -Grosvenor lost the day in that ever-memorable controversy with Sir Richard -le Scrope, Baron of Bolton, concerning the coat of arms--'Azure, a bend -or'--borne by both families, Sir Robert Grosvenor took for his arms one of -the garbs of his kinsman, the Earl of Chester. - -"It did not seem to occur to these worthies that the Earl of Chester, who -was their ancestor's uncle, never bore the garbs in his arms, but a wolf's -head. - -"It is true that one or two subsequent Earls of Chester bore garbs, but -these Earls were far too distantly connected with the Grosvenors to render -it likely that the latter would borrow their new arms from this source. - -"It is curious that there should have been in this same county of Chester a -family of almost identical name also bearing a garb in their arms, though -their garb was surrounded by three bezants. - -"The name of this family was Grasvenor, or Gravenor, and, moreover, the -tinctures of their arms were identical with those of Grosvenor. It is far -more likely, therefore, that the coat assumed by Sir Robert after the -adverse decision of the Court of Chivalry was taken from that of Grasvenor, -or Gravenor, and that the two families were known at that time to be of -common origin, although their connection with each other has subsequently -been lost. - -"In French both _gros_ and _gras_ mean fat, and we have both forms in -Grosvenor and Grasvenor. - -"A chief huntsman to Royalty would have been Grandvenor, not Grosvenor or -Grasvenor. - -"All these criticisms of mine, however, only affect the origin of the arms, -and not the ancient and almost Royal descent of this illustrious race. Hugh -Lupus, Earl of Chester, was a son of the Duke of Brittany, as is plainly -stated in his epitaph. - -"This connection of uncle and nephew, then, between 'Hugh the Fat' and -Gilbert Grosvenor implies a maternal descent from the Dukes of Brittany for -the first ancestor of the Grosvenor family. - -"In virtue of their descent from an heiress of the house of Grosvenor, it -is only necessary to add the Tauntons of Oxford are Grosvenors, -heraldically speaking, and that quartering so many ancient coats through -{280} the Tanners and the Grosvenors with our brand-new grant is like -putting old wine into new bottles. - -"Hugh Lupus left no son to succeed him, and the subsequent descent of the -Earldom of Chester was somewhat erratic. So I think there is some point in -my arguments regarding the coat assumed by Sir Robert Grosvenor of Hulme." - -Though a garb, unless quoted otherwise, is presumed to be a sheaf of wheat, -the term is not so confined. The garbs in the arms of Comyn, which figure -as a quartering in so many Scottish coats, are really of cummin, as -presumably are the garbs in the arms of Cummins. When a garb is "banded" of -a different colour this should be stated, and Elvin states that it may be -"eared" of a different colour, though I confess I am aware of no such -instance. - -"Argent, two bundles of reeds in fess vert," is the coat of Janssen of -Wimbledon, Surrey (Bart., extinct), and a bundle of rods occurs in the arms -of Evans, and the crest of Harris, though in this latter case it is termed -a faggot. - -_Reeds_ also occur in the crest of Reade, and the crest of Middlemore ["On -a wreath of colours, a moorcock amidst grass and reeds proper"] furnishes -another example. - -_Bulrushes_ occur in the crest of Billiat, and in the arms of Scott -["Argent, on a mount of bulrushes in base proper, a bull passant sable, a -chief pean, billette or"]. - -_Grass_ is naturally presumed on the mounts vert which are so constantly -met with, but more definite instances can be found in the arms of Sykes, -Hulley, and Hill. {281} - - - -CHAPTER XIX - -INANIMATE OBJECTS - -In dealing with those charges which may be classed under the above -description one can safely say that there is scarcely an object under the -sun which has not at some time or other been introduced into a coat of arms -or crest. One cannot usefully make a book on armory assume the character of -a general encyclopaedia of useful knowledge, and reference will only be -made in this chapter to a limited number, including those which from -frequent usage have obtained a recognised heraldic character. Mention may, -at the outset, be made of certain letters of the _alphabet_. Instances of -these are scarcely common, but the family of Kekitmore may be adduced as -bearing "Gules, three S's or," while Bridlington Priory had for arms: "Per -pale, sable and argent, three B's counterchanged." The arms of Rashleigh -are: "Sable, a cross or, between in the first quarter a Cornish chough -argent, beaked and legged gules; in the second a text T; in the third and -fourth a crescent all argent." Corporate arms (in England) afford an -instance of alphabetical letters in the case of the B's on the shield of -Bermondsey. - -[Illustration: FIG. 498.--Anchor.] - -_The Anchor_ (Fig. 498).--This charge figures very largely in English -armory, as may, perhaps, be looked for when it is remembered that maritime -devices occur more frequently in sea-board lands than in continents. The -arms of the town of Musselburgh are: "Azure, three anchors in pale, one in -the chief and two in the flanks or, accompanied with as many mussels, one -in the dexter and one in the sinister chief points, and the third in base -proper." The Comtes de St. Cricq, with "Argent, two anchors in saltire -sable, on a chief three mullets or," will be an instance in point as to -France. - -_Anvils._--These are occasionally met with, as in the case of the arms of a -family of the name of Walker, who bear: "Argent, on a chevron gules, -between two anvils in chief and an anchor in base sable, a bee between two -crescents or. Mantling gules and argent. {282} Crest: upon a wreath of the -colours, on a mount within a wreathed serpent a dove all statant proper." - -Arches, castles, towers, and turrets may be exemplified, amongst others, by -the following. - -Instances of _Castles_ and _Towers_ will be found in the arms of Carlyon -and Kelly, and of the former fractured castles will be found in the shield -of Willoughby quartered by Bertie; while an example of a quadrangular -castle may be seen in the arms of Rawson. The difference between a Castle -(Fig. 499) and a Tower (Fig. 500) should be carefully noticed, and though -it is a distinction but little observed in ancient days it is now always -adhered to. When either castle or tower is surmounted by smaller towers (as -Fig. 501) it is termed "triple-towered." - -[Illustration: FIG. 499.--Castle.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 500.--Tower.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 501.--Tower triple-towered.] - -An instance of a _Fortification_ as a charge occurs in the shield of -Sconce: "Azure, a fortification (sconce) argent, masoned sable, in the -dexter chief point a mullet of six points of the second." - -_Gabions_ were hampers filled with earth, and were used in the construction -of fortifications and earthworks. They are of occasional occurrence in -English armory at any rate, and may be seen in the shields of Christie and -of Goodfellow. - -The arms of Banks supply an instance of _Arches_. Mention may here perhaps -be made of William Arches, who bore at the siege of Rouen: "Gules, three -double arches argent." The family of Lethbridge bear a bridge, and this -charge figures in a number of other coats. - -_An Abbey_ occurs in the arms of Maitland of Dundrennan ["Argent, the ruins -of an old abbey on a piece of ground all proper"], and a monastery in that -of McLarty ["Azure, the front of an ancient monastery argent"]. A somewhat -isolated instance of a _Temple_ occurs in the shield of Templer. - -A curious canting grant of arms may be seen in that to the town of Eccles, -in which the charge is an _Ecclesiastical Building_, and similar {283} -though somewhat unusual charges figure also in the quartering for Chappel -["Per chevron or and azure, in chief a mullet of six points between two -crosses patee of the last, and in base the front elevation of a chapel -argent"], borne by Brown-Westhead. - -_Arrows_ are very frequently found, and the arms of Hales supply one of the -many examples of this charge, while a bow--without the arrows--may be -instanced in the shield of Bowes: "Ermine, three bows bent and stringed -palewise in fess proper." - -_Arrow-Heads_ and _Pheons_ are of common usage, and occur in the arms of -Foster and many other families. Pheons, it may be noticed in passing, are -arrow-heads with an inner engrailed edge (Fig. 502), while when depicted -without this peculiarity they are termed "broad arrows" (Fig. 503). This is -not a distinction very stringently adhered to. - -Charges associated with warfare and military defences are frequently to be -found both in English and foreign heraldry. - -[Illustration: FIG. 502.--Pheon.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 503.--Broad arrow.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 504.--Battle-axe.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 505.--Caltrap.] - -_Battle-Axes_ (Fig. 504), for example, may be seen in the shield of Firth -and in that of Renty in Artois, which has: "Argent, three doloires, or -broad-axes, gules, those in chief addorsed." In blazoning a battle-axe care -should be taken to specify the fact if the head is of a different colour, -as is frequently the case. - -The somewhat infrequent device of a _Battering-Ram_ is seen in the arms of -Bertie, who bore: "Argent, three battering-rams fesswise in pale proper, -armed and garnished azure." - -An instrument of military defence consisting of an iron frame of four -points, and called a _Caltrap_ (Fig. 505) or _Galtrap_ (and sometimes a -Cheval trap, from its use of impeding the approach of cavalry), is found in -the arms of Trappe ["Argent, three caltraps sable"], Gilstrap and other -families; while French armory supplies us with another example in {284} the -case of the family of Guetteville de Guenonville, who bore for arms: -"D'argent, semee de chausse-trapes de sable." Caltraps are also strewn upon -the compartment upon which the supporters to the arms of the Earl of Perth -are placed. - -As the well-known badge of the Royal House of Tudor, the _Portcullis_ (Fig. -506) is familiar to any one conversant with Henry VII.'s Chapel at -Westminster Abbey, but it also appears as a charge in the arms of the -family of Wingate ["Gules, a portcullis and a chief embattled or"], where -it forms an obvious pun on the earliest form of the name, viz. Windygate, -whilst it figures also as the crest of the Dukes of Beaufort ["A portcullis -or, nailed azure, chained of the first"]. The disposition of the chains is -a matter always left to the discretion of the artist. - -[Illustration: FIG. 506.--Portcullis.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 507.--Beacon.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 508.--Grenade.] - -Examples of _Beacons_ (Fig. 507) are furnished by the achievements of the -family of Compton and of the town of Wolverhampton. A _fire chest_ occurs -in the arms of Critchett (_vide_ p. 261). - -_Chains_ are singularly scarce in armory, and indeed nearly wholly absent -as _charges_, usually occurring where they do as part of the crest. The -English shield of Anderton, it is true, bears: "Sable, three chains -argent;" while another one (Duppa de Uphaugh) has: "Quarterly, 1 and 4, a -lion's paw couped in fess between two chains or, a chief nebuly of the -last, thereon two roses of the first, barbed and seeded proper (for Duppa); -2 and 3, party fess azure and sable, a trident fesswise or, between three -turbots argent (for Turbutt)." In Continental heraldry, however, chains are -more frequently met with. Principal amongst these cases maybe cited the -arms of Navarre ("Gules, a cross saltire and double orle of chains, linked -together or"), while many other instances are found in the armories of -Southern France and of Spain. - -_Bombs_ or _Grenades_ (Fig. 508), for Heraldry does not distinguish, figure -in the shields of Vavasseur, Jervoise, Boycott, and many other families. -{285} - -Among the more recent grants _Cannon_ have figured, as in the case of the -Pilter arms and in those of the burgh of Portobello; while an earlier -counterpart, in the form of a culverin, forms the charge of the Leigh -family: "Argent, a culverin in fess sable." - -[Illustration: FIG. 509.--Scaling ladder.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 510.--Lance or javelin.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 511.--Tilting-spear.] - -The _Column_ appears as a crest in the achievement of Coles. Between two -cross crosslets it occurs in the arms of Adam of Maryburgh ["Vert, a -Corinthian column with capital and base in pale proper, between two cross -crosslets fitchee in fess or"], while the arms of the See of Sodor and Man -are blazoned: "Argent, upon a pedestal the Virgin Mary with her arms -extended between two pillars, in the dexter hand a church proper, in base -the arms of Man in an escutcheon." Major, of Suffolk, bears: "Azure, three -Corinthian columns, each surmounted by a ball, two and one argent." It is -necessary to specify the kind of column in the blazon. - -[Illustration: FIG. 512.--Arms of William Shakespeare the poet (d. 1616): -Or, on a bend sable, a tilting-spear of the field.] - -_Scaling-Ladders_ (Fig. 509) (viz. ordinary-shaped ladders with grapnels -affixed to the tops) are to be seen in the English coats of D'Urban and -Lloyd, while the Veronese Princes della Scala bore the ordinary ladder: -"Gules, a ladder of four steps in pale argent." A further instance of this -form of the charge occurs in the Swiss shield of Laiterberg: "Argent, two -ladders in saltire gules." - -_Spears_ and _Spear-Heads_ are to be found in the arms of many families -both in England, Wales, and abroad; for example, in the arms of Amherst and -Edwards. Distinction must be drawn between the lance or javelin (Fig. 510) -and the heraldic tilting-spear (Fig. 511), particularly as the latter is -always depicted with the sharp point for warfare instead of the blunted -point which was actually used in the tournament. The Shakespeare arms (Fig. -512) are: "Or, on a bend sable a tilting-spear of the field," while "Azure, -a lance or enfiled {286} at its point by an annulet argent" represents the -French family of Danby. - -_Spurs_ (Fig. 513) occur in coat armour as such in the arms of Knight and -Harben, and also occasionally "winged" (Fig. 514), as in the crest of -Johnston. - -_Spur-Rowels_, or _Spur-Revels_, are to be met with under that name, but -they are, and are more often termed, "mullets of five points pierced." - -Examples of _Stirrups_ are but infrequent, and the best-known one (as -regards English armory) is that of Scudamore, while the Polish Counts -Brzostowski bore: "Gules, a stirrup argent, within a bordure or." - -[Illustration: FIG. 513.--Spur.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 514.--Winged spur.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 515.--Sword.] - -_Stones_ are even more rare, though a solitary example may be quoted in the -arms of Staniland: Per pale or and vert, a pale counterchanged, three -eagles displayed two and one, and as many flint-stones one and two all -proper. The "vigilance" of the crane has been already alluded to on page -247. The mention of stones brings one to the kindred subject of -_Catapults_. These engines of war, needless to say on a very much larger -scale than the object which is nowadays associated with the term, were also -known by the name _balistae_, and also by that of _swepe_. Their occurrence -is very infrequent, but for that very reason one may, perhaps, draw -attention to the arms of the (English) family of Magnall: "Argent, a swepe -azure, charged with a stone or." - -_Swords_, differing in number, position, and kind are, perhaps, of this -class of charge the most numerous. A single sword as a charge may be seen -in the shield of Dick of Wicklow, and Macfie, and a sword entwined by a -serpent in that of Mackesy. A flaming sword occurs in the arms of Maddocks -and Lewis. Swords frequently figure, too, in the hands or paws of -supporters, accordingly as the latter are human figures or animals, whilst -they figure as the "supporters" themselves in the unique case of the French -family of Bastard, whose shield is cottised by "two swords, point in base." -The heraldic sword is represented as Fig. 515, the blade of the _dagger_ -{287} being shorter and more pointed. The _scymitar_ follows the form -depicted in Fig. 516. - -A _Seax_ is the term employed to denote a curved scimitar, or falchion, -having a notch at the back of the blade (Fig. 517). In heraldry the use of -this last is fairly frequent, though generally, it must be added, in -shields of arms of doubtful authority. As such they are to be seen, amongst -others, in the reputed arms of Middlesex, and owing to this origin they -were included in the grant of arms to the town of Ealing. The sabre and the -cutlass when so blazoned follow their utilitarian patterns. - -_Torches_ or _Firebrands_ are depicted in the arms and crest of Gillman and -Tyson. - -_Barnacles_ (or _Breys_)--horse curbs--occur in some of the earlier coats, -as in the arms of Wyatt ["Gules, a barnacle argent"], while another family -of the same name (or, possibly, Wyot) bore: "Per fess gules and azure (one -or) three barnacles argent". - -[Illustration: FIG. 516.--Scymitar.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 517.--Seax.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 518.--Church-bell.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 519.--Hawk's bell.] - -_Bells_ are well instanced in the shield of Porter, and the poet Wordsworth -bore: "Argent, three bells azure." It may be noted in passing that in -Continental armory the clapper is frequently of a different tincture to -that of the bell, as, for instance, "D'Azure, a la cloche d'argent, -butaille [viz. with the clapper] de sable"--the arms of the Comtes de -Bellegarse. A bell is assumed to be a church-bell (Fig. 518) unless -blazoned as a hawk's bell (Fig. 519). - -_Bridle-Bits_ are of very infrequent use, though they may be seen in the -achievement of the family of Milner. - -The _Torse_ (or wreath surmounting the helm) occasionally figures as a -charge, for example, in the arms of Jocelyn and Joslin. - -_The Buckle_ is a charge which is of much more general use than some of the -foregoing. It appears very frequently both in English {288} and foreign -heraldry--sometimes oval-shaped (Fig. 520), circular (Fig. 521), or square -(Fig. 522), but more generally lozenge-shaped (Fig. 523), especially in the -case of Continental arms. A somewhat curious variation occurs in the arms -of the Prussian Counts Wallenrodt, which are: "Gules, a lozenge-shaped -buckle argent, the tongue broken in the middle." It is, of course, purely -an artistic detail in all these buckles whether the tongue is attached to a -crossbar, as in Figs. 520 and 521, or not, as in Figs. 522 and 523. As a -badge the buckle is used by the Pelhams, Earls of Chichester and Earls of -Yarborough, and a lozenge-shaped arming buckle is the badge of Jerningham. - -_Cups_ (covered) appear in the Butler arms, and derived therefrom in the -arms of the town of Warrington. Laurie, of Maxwelltown, bear: "Sable, a cup -argent, issuing therefrom a garland between two laurel-branches all -proper," and similar arms are registered in Ireland for Lowry. The Veronese -family of Bicchieri bear: "Argent, a fess gules between three -drinking-glasses half-filled with red wine proper." An uncovered cup occurs -in the arms of Fox, derived by them from the crest of Croker, and another -instance occurs in the arms of a family of Smith. In this connection we may -note in passing the rare use of the device of a _Vase_, which forms a -charge in the coat of the town of Burslem, whilst it is also to be met with -in the crest of the family of Doulton: "On a wreath of the colours, a -demi-lion sable, holding in the dexter paw a cross crosslet or, and resting -the sinister upon an escutcheon charged with a vase proper." The motto is -perhaps well worth recording; "Le beau est la splendeur de vrai." - -[Illustration: FIG. 520.--Oval buckle.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 521.--Circular buckle.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 522.--Square buckle.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 523.--Lozenge-shaped buckle.] - -The arms of both the city of Dundee and the University of Aberdeen afford -instances of a _Pot of Lilies_, and _Bowls_ occur in the arms of Bolding. - -PLATE V. - -[Illustration] - -{289} - -Though blazoned as a _Cauldron_, the device occurring in the crest of De la -Rue may be perhaps as fittingly described as an open bowl, and as such may -find a place in this classification: "Between two olive-branches vert a -cauldron gules, fired and issuant therefrom a snake nowed proper." The use -of a _Pitcher_ occurs in the arms of Bertrand de Monbocher, who bore at the -siege of Carlaverock: "Argent, three pitchers sable (sometimes found gules) -within a bordure sable bezante;" and the arms of Standish are: "Sable, -three standing dishes argent." - -The somewhat singular charge of a _Chart_ appears in the arms of -Christopher, and also as the crest of a Scottish family of Cook. - -[Illustration: FIG. 524.--Chess-rook.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 525.--Crescent.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 526.--Increscent.] - -_Chess-Rooks_ (Fig. 524) are somewhat favourite heraldic devices, and are -to be met with in a shield of Smith and the arms of Rocke of Clungunford. - -The _Crescent_ (Fig. 525) figures largely in all armories, both as a charge -and (in English heraldry) as a difference. - -Variations, too, of the form of the crescent occur, such as when the horns -are turned to the dexter (Fig. 526), when it is termed "a crescent -increscent," or simply "an increscent," or when they are turned to the -sinister--when it is styled "decrescent" (Fig. 527). An instance of the -crescent "reversed" may be seen in the shield of the Austrian family of -Puckberg, whose blazon was: "Azure, three crescents, those in chief -addorsed, that in base reversed." In English "difference marks" the -crescent is used to denote the second son, but under this character it will -be discussed later. - -Independently of its use in conjunction with ecclesiastical armory, the -_Crosier_ (Fig. 528) is not widely used in ordinary achievements. It does -occur, however, as a principal charge, as in the arms of the Irish family -of Crozier and in the arms of Benoit (in Dauphiny) ["Gules, a pastoral -staff argent"], while it forms part of the crest of Alford. The term -"crosier" is synonymous with the pastoral or episcopal staff, and is -independent of the cross which is borne _before_ (and not _by_) {290} -Archbishops and Metropolitans. The use of pastoral staves as charges is -also to be seen in the shield of Were, while MacLaurin of Dreghorn bears: -"Argent, a shepherd's crook sable." The _Palmer's Staff_ (Fig. 529) has -been introduced into many coats of arms for families having the surname of -Palmer, as has also the palmer's wallet. - -[Illustration: FIG. 527.--Decrescent.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 528.--Crosier, or pastoral staff.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 529.--Palmer's staff.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 530.--Shuttle.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 531.--Woolpack.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 532.--Escarbuncle.] - -_Cushions_, somewhat strangely, form the charges in a number of British -shields, occurring, for example, in the arms of Brisbane, and on the shield -of the Johnstone family. In Scottish heraldry, indeed, cushions appear to -have been of very ancient (and general) use, and are frequently to be met -with. The Earls of Moray bore: "Argent, three cushions lozengewise within a -double tressure flory-counterflory gules," but an English example occurs in -the arms of Hutton. - -_The Distaff_, which is supposed to be the origin of the lozenge upon which -a lady bears her arms, is seldom seen in heraldry, but the family of Body, -for instance, bear one in chief, and three occur in the arms of a family of -Lees. - -_The Shuttle_ (Fig. 530) occurs in the arms of Shuttleworth, and in those -of the town of Leigh, while the shield of the borough of Pudsey affords an -illustration of shuttles in conjunction with a woolpack (Fig. 531). - -_The Escarbuncle_ (Fig. 532) is an instance of a charge having so developed -by the evolution of an integral part of the shield itself. In {291} ancient -warfare shields were sometimes strengthened by being bound with iron bands -radiating from the centre, and these bands, from the shape they assumed, -became in course of time a charge in themselves under the term escarbuncle. - -The crest of the Fanmakers' Company is: "A hand couped proper holding a -_fan_ displayed," while the chief charge in the arms is "... a fan -displayed ... the sticks gules." This, however, is the only case I can cite -of this object. - -The _Fasces_ (Fig. 533), emblematic of the Roman magisterial office, is -very frequently introduced in grants of arms to Mayors and Lord Mayors, -which no doubt accounts for its appearance in the arms of Durning-Lawrence, -Knill, Evans, and Spokes. - -[Illustration: FIG. 533.--Fasces.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 534.--Fetterlock.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 535.--Fleam.] - -An instance of _Fetterlocks_ (Fig. 534) occurs in the arms of Kirkwood, and -also in the coat of Lockhart and the crest of Wyndham. A chain is often -substituted for the bow of the lock. The modern padlock has been introduced -into the grant of arms to the town of Wolverhampton. - -_Keys_, the emblem of St. Peter, and, as such, part of the insignia of His -Holiness the Pope, occur in many ecclesiastical coats, the arms of the -Fishmongers' Livery Company, and many families. - -_Flames of Fire_ are not frequently met with, but they are to be found in -the arms of Baikie, and as crests they figure in the achievements of -Graham-Wigan, and also in conjunction with keys in that of Flavel. In -connection with certain other objects flames are common enough. The phoenix -always issues from flames, and a salamander is always in the midst of -flames (Fig. 437). The flaming sword, a device, by the way, included in the -recent grant to Sir George Lewis, Bart., has been already alluded to, as -has also the flaming brand. A notable example of the torch occurs in the -crest of Sir William Gull, Bart., no doubt an allusion (as is his -augmentation) to the skill by which he kept the torch of life burning in -the then Prince of Wales during his serious illness in 1871. A flaming -mountain occurs as the crest of several families of the name of Grant. -{292} - -A curious instrument now known nearly exclusively in connection with its -use by farriers, and termed a _Fleam_ (Fig. 535), occurs on the chief of -the shield of Moore. A fleam, however, is the ancient form and name of a -surgeon's lancet, and some connection with surgery may be presumed when it -occurs. It is one of the charges in the arms recently granted to Sir -Frederick Treves, Bart. - -_Furison._--This singular charge occurs in the shield of Black, and also in -that of Steel. Furisons were apparently the instruments by which fire was -struck from flint stones. - -[Illustration: FIG. 536.--Clarion.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 537.--Bugle-horn.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 538.--Bugle-horn stringed.] - -Charges in connection with music and musical instruments do not occur very -frequently, though the heraldic use of the _Clarion_ (Fig. 536) and the -_Harp_ may perhaps be mentioned. The bugle-horn (Fig. 537) also occurs -"stringed" (Fig. 538), and when the bands round it are of a different -colour it is termed "veruled" or "virolled" of that colour. - -_The Human Heart_, which should perhaps have been more correctly referred -to in an earlier chapter, is a charge which is well known in heraldry, both -English and foreign. Perhaps the best known examples of the heart ensigned -with a crown is seen in the shields of Douglas and Johnstone. The legend -which accounts for the appearance of this charge in the arms of Douglas is -too well known to need repetition. - -_Ingots of silver_ occur in the shield of the borough of St. Helens, whilst -the family of Woollan go one better by bearing ingots of gold. - -_A Maunch_ (Fig. 539), which is a well-known heraldic term for the sleeve, -is, as it is drawn, scarcely recognisable as such. Nevertheless its -evolution can be clearly traced. The maunch--which, of course, as a -heraldic charge, originated in the knightly "favour" of a lady's -sleeve--was borne from the earliest periods in different tinctures by the -three historic families of Conyers, Hastings, and Wharton. Other garments -have been used as heraldic charges; gloves in the arms of {293} Fletcher -and Barttelot; stockings in the arms of Hose; a boot in the crest of Hussy, -and a hat in the arms of Huth. Armour is frequently met with, a cuirass -appearing in the crest of Somers, helmets in the arms of Salvesen, Trayner, -Roberton, and many other families, gauntlets (Fig. 540), which need to be -specified as dexter or sinister, in the arms of Vane and the crest of -Burton, and a morion (Fig. 541) in the crest of Pixley. The Garter is, of -course, due to that Order of knighthood; and the Blue Mantle of the same -Order, besides giving his title to one of the Pursuivants of Arms, who uses -it as his badge, has also been used as a charge. - -_The Mill-rind_ or _Fer-de-moline_ is, of course, as its name implies, the -iron from the centre of a grindstone. It is depicted in varying forms, more -or less recognisable as the real thing (Fig. 542). - -_Mirrors_ occur almost exclusively in crests and in connection with -mermaids, who, as a general rule, are represented as holding one in the -dexter hand with a comb in the sinister. Very occasionally, however, -mirrors appear as charges, an example being that of the Counts Spiegel zum -Desenberg, who bore: "Gules, three round mirrors argent in square frames -or." - -[Illustration: FIG. 539.--Maunch.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 540.--Gauntlet.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 541.--Morion.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 542.--Mill-rind.] - -Symbols connected with the Sacred Passion--other than the cross itself--are -not of very general use in armory, though there are instances of the -_Passion-Nails_ being used, as, for example, in the shield of Procter viz.: -"Or, three passion-nails sable." - -_Pelts, or Hides_, occur in the shield of Pilter, and the Fleece has been -mentioned under the division of Rams and Sheep. - -_Plummets_ (or _Sinkers_ used by masons) form the charges in the arms of -Jennings. - -An instance of a _Pyramid_ is met with in the crest of Malcolm, Bart., and -an _Obelisk_ in that of the town of Todmorden. {294} - -The shield of Crookes affords an example of two devices of very rare -occurrence, viz. a _Prism_ and a _Radiometer_. - -Water, lakes, ships, &c., are constantly met with in armory, but a few -instances must suffice. The various methods of heraldically depicting water -have been already referred to (pages 88 and 151). - -_Three Wells_ figure in the arms of Hodsoll, and a masoned well in that of -Camberwell. The shields of Stourton and Mansergh supply instances of -heraldic _Fountains_, whilst the arms of Brunner and of Franco contain -Fountains of the ordinary kind. A _Tarn_, or _Loch_, occurs in the shield -of the family of Tarn, while Lord Loch bears: "Or, a saltire engrailed -sable, between in fess two swans in water proper, all within a bordure -vert." - -[Illustration: FIG. 543.--Lymphad, sail furled.] - -The use of _Ships_ may be instanced by the arms of many families, while a -_Galley_ or _Lymphad_ (Fig. 543) occurs in the arms of Campbell, Macdonald, -Galbraith, Macfie, and numerous other families, and also in the arms of the -town of Oban. Another instance of a coat of arms in which a galley appears -will be found in the arms recently granted to the burgh of Alloa, while the -towns of Wandsworth and Lerwick each afford instances of a _Dragon Ship_. -The _Prow of a Galley_ appears in the arms of Pitcher. - -[Illustration: FIG. 544.--Rainbow.] - -A modern form of ship in the shape of a _Yacht_ may be seen in the arms of -Ryde; while two Scottish families afford instances of the use of the _Ark_. -"Argent, an ark on the waters proper, surmounted of a dove azure, bearing -in her beak an olive-branch vert," are the arms borne by Gellie of -Blackford; and "Argent, an ark in the sea proper, in chief a dove azure, in -her beak a branch of olive of the second, within a bordure of the third" -are quoted as the arms of Primrose Gailliez of Chorleywood. Lastly, we may -note the appropriate use of a _Steamer_ in the arms of Barrow-in-Furness. -The curious figure of the lion dimidiated with the hulk of a ship which is -met with in the arms of several of the towns of the Cinque Ports has been -referred to on page 182. - -_Clouds_ form part of the arms of Leeson, which are: "Gules, a chief nebuly -argent, the rays of the sun issuing therefrom or." - -The _Rainbow_ (Fig. 544), though not in itself a distinctly modern charge, -for it occurs in the crest of Hope, has been of late very frequently -granted as part of a crest. Instances occur in the crest of {295} the -family of Pontifex, and again in that of Thurston, and of Wigan. Its use as -a part of a crest is to be deprecated, but in these days of complicated -armory it might very advantageously be introduced as a charge upon a -shield. - -An unusual device, the _Thunderbolt_, is the crest of Carnegy. The arms of -the German family of Donnersperg very appropriately are: "Sable, three -thunderbolts or issuing from a chief nebuly argent, in base a mount of -three coupeaux of the second." The arms of the town of Blackpool furnish an -instance of a thunderbolt in dangerous conjunction with windmill sails. - -[Illustration: FIG. 545.--Estoile.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 546.--Mullet (Scottish star).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 547.--Mullet pierced (Scottish spur-revel).] - -_Stars_, a very common charge, may be instanced as borne under that name by -the Scottish shield of Alston. There has, owing to their similarity, been -much confusion between _stars_, _estoiles_, _and mullets_. The difficulty -is increased by the fact that no very definite lines have ever been -followed officially. In England stars under that name are practically -unknown. When the rays are wavy the charge is termed an estoile, but when -they are straight the term mullet is used. That being so, these rules -follow: that the estoile is never pierced (and from the accepted method of -depicting the estoile this would hardly seem very feasible), and that -unless the number of points is specified there will be six (see Fig. 545). -Other numbers are quite permissible, but the number of points (more usually -in an estoile termed "rays") must be stated. The arm of Hobart, for -example, are: "Sable, an estoile of eight rays or, between two flaunches -ermine." An estoile of sixteen rays is used by the town of Ilchester, but -the arms are not of any authority. Everything with straight points being in -England a mullet, it naturally follows that the English practice permits a -mullet to be plain (Fig. 546) or pierced (Fig. 547). Mullets are -occasionally met with pierced of a colour other than the field they are -charged upon. According to the English practice, therefore, the mullet is -not represented as pierced unless it is expressly stated to be so. The -mullet both in England and {296} Scotland is of five points unless a -greater number are specified. But mullets pierced and unpierced of six -(Fig. 548) or eight points (Fig. 549) are frequent enough in English -armory. - -The Scottish practice differs, and it must be admitted that it is more -correct than the English, though, strange to say, more complicated. In -Scottish armory they have the estoile, the star, and the mullet or the -spur-revel. As to the estoile, of course, their practice is similar to the -English. But in Scotland a straight-pointed charge is a mullet if it be -pierced, and a star if it be not. As a mullet is really the "molette" or -rowel of a spur, it certainly could not exist as a fact unpierced. -Nevertheless it is by no means stringently adhered to in that country, and -they make confusion worse confounded by the frequent use of the additional -name of "spur-rowel," or "spur-revel" for the pierced mullet. The mullet -occurs in the arms of Vere, and was also the badge of that family. The part -this badge once played in history is well known. Had the De Veres worn -another badge on that fatal day the course of English history might have -been changed. - -[Illustration: FIG. 548.--Mullet of six points.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 549.--Mullet of eight points.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 550.--Sun in splendour.] - -The six-pointed mullet pierced occurs in the arms of De Clinton. - -The _Sun in Splendour_--(Fig. 550) always so blazoned--is never represented -without the surrounding rays, but the human face is not essential though -usual to its heraldic use. The rays are alternately straight and wavy, -indicative of the light and heat we derive therefrom, a typical piece of -genuine symbolism. It is a charge in the arms of Hurst, Pearson, and many -other families; and a demi-sun issuing in base occurs in the arms of Davies -(Plate VI.) and of Westworth. The coat of Warde-Aldam affords an example of -the _Rays_ of the sun alone. - -A Scottish coat, that of Baillie of Walstoun, has "Azure, the moon in her -complement, between nine mullets argent, three, two, three and one." The -term "in her complement" signifies that the moon is full, but with the moon -no rays are shown, in this of course differing from the sun in splendour. -The face is usually represented in the full moon, {297} and sometimes in -the crescent moon, but the crescent moon must not be confused with the -ordinary heraldic crescent. - -In concluding this class of charges, we may fitly do so by an allusion to -the shield of Sir William Herschel, with its appropriate though clumsy -device of a _Telescope_. - -As may be naturally expected, the insignia of sovereignty are of very -frequent occurrence in all armories, both English and foreign. Long before -the days of heraldry, some form of decoration for the head to indicate rank -and power had been in vogue amongst, it is hardly too much to say, all -nations on the earth. As in most things, Western nations have borrowed both -ideas, and added developments of those ideas, from the East, and in -traversing the range of armory, where crowns and coronets appear in modern -Western heraldry, we find a large proportion of these devices are -studiously and of purpose delineated as being _Eastern_. - -With crowns and coronets as symbols of rank I am not now, of course, -concerned, but only with those cases which may be cited as supplying -examples where the different kinds of crowns appear either as charges on -shields, or as forming parts of crests. - -Crowns, in heraldry, may be differentiated under the Royal or the Imperial, -the Eastern or antique, the Naval, and the Mural, which with the Crowns -Celestial, Vallery and Palisado are all known as charges. Modern grants of -crowns of Eastern character in connection with valuable service performed -in the East by the recipient may be instanced; _e.g._ by the Eastern Crown -in the grant to Sir Abraham Roberts, G.C.B., the father of Field-Marshal -Earl Roberts, K.G. - -In order of antiquity one may best perhaps at the outset allude to the arms -borne by the seaport towns of Boston, and of Kingston-on-Hull (or Hull, as -the town is usually called), inasmuch as a tradition has it that the three -crowns which figure on the shield of each of these towns originate from a -recognised device of merchantmen, who, travelling in and trading with the -East and likening themselves to the Magi, in their Bethlehem visit, adopted -these crowns as the device or badge of their business. The same remarks may -apply to the arms of Cologne: "Argent, on a chief gules, three crowns or." - -From this fact (if the tradition be one) to the adoption of the same device -by the towns to which these merchants traded is not a far step. - -One may notice in passing that, unlike what from the legend one would -expect, these crowns are not of Eastern design, but of a class wholly -connected with heraldry itself. The legend and device, however, are both -much older than these modern minutiae of detail. - -The Archbishopric of York has the well-known coat: "Gules, two keys in -saltire argent, in chief a regal crown proper." {298} - -The reputed arms of St. Etheldreda, who was both Queen, and also Abbess of -Ely, find their perpetuation in the arms of that See, which are: "Gules, -three ducal (an early form of the Royal) crowns or;" while the -recently-created See of St. Alban's affords an example of a celestial -crown: "Azure, a saltire or, a sword in pale proper; in chief a celestial -crown of the second." The _Celestial Crown_ is to be observed in the arms -of the borough of Kensington and as a part of the crest of Dunbar. The See -of Bristol bears: "Sable, three open crowns in pale or." The Royal or -Imperial Crown occurs in the crest of Eye, while an _Imperial Crown_ occurs -in the crests of Robertson, Wolfe, and Lane. - -The family of Douglas affords an instance of a crown ensigning a human -heart. The arms of Toledo afford another case in point, being: "Azure, a -Royal crown or" (the cap being gules). - -_Antique Crowns_--as such--appear in the arms of Fraser and also in the -arms of Grant. - -The crest of the Marquess of Ripon supplies an unusual variation, inasmuch -as it issues from a coronet composed of fleurs-de-lis. - -The other chief emblem of sovereignty--_the Sceptre_--is occasionally met -with, as in the Whitgreave crest of augmentation. - -The Marquises of Mun bear the Imperial orb: "Azure, an orb argent, banded, -and surmounted by the cross or." The reason for the selection of this -particular charge in the grant of arms [Azure, on a fess or, a horse -courant gules, between three orbs gold, banded of the third] to Sir H. E. -Moss, of the Empire Theatre in Edinburgh and the London Hippodrome, will be -readily guessed. - -Under the classification of tools and implements the _Pick_ may be noted, -this being depicted in the arms of Mawdsley, Moseley, and Pigott, and a -pick and shovel in the arms of Hales. - -The arms of Crawshay supply an instance of a _Plough_--a charge which also -occurs in the arms of Waterlow and the crest of Provand, but is otherwise -of very infrequent occurrence. - -In English armory the use of _Scythes_, or, as they are sometimes termed, -_Sneds_, is but occasional, though, as was only to be expected, this device -appears in the Sneyd coat, as follows: "Argent, a scythe, the blade in -chief, the sned in bend sinister sable, in the fess point a fleur-de-lis of -the second." In Poland the Counts Jezierski bore: "Gules, two scythe-blades -in oval, the points crossing each other argent, and the ends in base tied -together or, the whole surmounted in chief by a cross-patriarchal-patee, of -which the lower arm on the sinister side is wanting." - -Two sickles appear in the arms of Shearer, while the Hungerford crest in -the case of the Holdich-Hungerford family is blazoned: {299} "Out of a -ducal coronet or, a pepper garb of the first between two sickles erect -proper." The sickle was the badge of the Hungerfords. - -A _Balance_ forms one of the charges of the Scottish Corporation of the -Dean and Faculty of Advocates: "Gules, a balance or, and a sword argent in -saltire, surmounted of an escutcheon of the second, charged with a lion -rampant within a double tressure flory counterflory of the first," but it -is a charge of infrequent appearance. It also figures in the arms of the -Institute of Chartered Accountants. - -[Illustration: FIG. 551.--Water-bouget.] - -Bannerman of Elsick bears a _Banner_ for arms: "Gules, a banner displayed -argent and thereon on a canton azure a saltire argent as the badge of -Scotland." - -[Illustration: FIG. 552.--Arms of Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, K.G.: -Quarterly, 1 and 4, argent, a cross engrailed gules, between four -water-bougets sable (for Bourchier); 2 and 3, gules, billette or, a fess -argent (for Louvain). (From his seal.)] - -_Books_ are frequently made use of. The arms of Rylands, the family to -whose generosity Manchester owes the Rylands Library, afford a case in -point, and such charges occur in the arms of the Universities of both -Oxford and Cambridge, and in many other university and collegiate -achievements. - -_Buckets_ and _Water-bougets_ (Fig. 551) can claim a wide use. In English -armory Pemberton has three buckets, and water-bougets appear in the -well-known arms of Bourchier (Fig. 552). Water-bougets, which are really -the old form of water-bucket, were leather bags or bottles, two of which -were carried on a stick over the shoulder. The heraldic water-bouget -represents the pair. - -[Illustration: FIG. 553.--Escallop.] - -For an instance of the heraldic usage of the _Comb_ the case of the arms of -Ponsonby, Earls of Bessborough, may be cited. Combs also figure in the -delightfully punning Scottish coat for Rocheid. - -Generally, however, when they do occur in heraldry they represent combs for -carding wool, as in the shield of Tunstall: "Sable, three wool-combs -argent," while the Russian Counts Anrep-Elmpt use: "Or, a comb in bend -azure, the teeth downwards." - -_Escallops_ (Fig. 553) rank as one of the most widely used heraldic charges -in all countries. They figured in early days outside the limits of heraldry -as the badge of pilgrims going to the Holy Land, and may {300} be seen on -the shields of many families at the period of the Crusades. Many other -families have adopted them, in the hope of a similar interpretation being -applied to the appearance of them in their own arms. Indeed, so numerous -are the cases in which they occur that a few representative ones must -suffice. - -[Illustration: FIG. 554.--Arms of Hammersmith: Party per pale azure and -gules, on a chevron between two cross crosslets in chief and an escallop in -base argent, three horseshoes of the first. Crest: on a wreath of the -colours, upon the battlements of a tower, two hammers in saltire all -proper. Motto: "Spectemur agendo."] - -[Illustration: FIG. 555.--Arms of the Great Central Railway: Argent, on a -cross gules, voided of the field, between two wings in chief sable and as -many daggers erect in base of the second, in the fess point a morion winged -of the third, on a chief also of the second a pale of the first, thereon -eight arrows saltirewise banded also of the third, between on the dexter -side three bendlets enhanced and on the sinister a fleur-de-lis or. Crest: -on a wreath of the colours, a representation of the front of a locomotive -engine proper, between two wings or. [The grant is dated February 25, -1898.]] - -They will be found in the arms of the Lords Dacre, who bore: "Gules, three -escallops argent;" and an escallop argent was used by the same family as a -badge. The Scottish family of Pringle, of Greenknowe, supplies an instance -in: "Azure, three escallops or within a bordure engrailed of the last;" -while the Irish Earls of Bandon bore: "Argent, on a bend azure three -escallops of the field." {301} - -_Hammers_ figure in the crests of Hammersmith (Fig. 554) and of Swindon -(Plate VI.), and a hammer is held in the claw of the demi-dragon which is -the crest of Fox-Davies of Coalbrookdale, co. Salop (Plate VI.). - -A _Lantern_ is a charge on the shield of Cowper, and the arms of the town -of Hove afford an absolutely unique instance of the use of _Leg-Irons_. - -Three towns--Eccles, Bootle, and Ramsgate--supply cases in their arms in -which a _Lighthouse_ is depicted, and this charge would appear, so far as -can be ascertained, not only to be restricted to English armory, but to the -three towns now named. - -_Locomotives_ appear in the arms of Swindon (Plate VI.) and the Great -Central Railway (Fig. 555). - -Of a similar industrial character is the curious coat of arms granted at -his express wish to the late Mr. Samson Fox of Leeds and Harrogate, which -contains a representation of the _Corrugated Boiler-Flue_ which formed the -basis of his fortune. - -[Illustration: FIG. 556.--Catherine wheel.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 557.--Staple.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 558.--Hawk's Lure.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 559.--Fylfot.] - -An instance of the use of a _Sand-Glass_ occurs in the arms of the Scottish -family of Joass of Collinwort, which are thus blazoned: "Vert, a sand-glass -running argent, and in chief the Holy Bible expanded proper." - -A Scottish corporation, too, supplies a somewhat unusual charge, that of -_Scissors_: "Azure, a pair of scissors or" (Incorporation of Tailors of -Aberdeen); though a Swabian family (by name Jungingen) has for its arms: -"Azure, a pair of scissors open, blades upwards argent." - -_Barrels_ and _Casks_, which in heraldry are always known as _tuns_, -naturally figure in many shields where the name lends itself to a pun, as -in the arms of Bolton. - -_Wheels_ occur in the shields of Turner ["Argent, gutte-de-sang, a {302} -wheel of eight spokes sable, on a chief wavy azure, a dolphin naiant of the -first"] and Carter, and also in the arms of Gooch. The _Catherine Wheel_ -(Fig. 556), however, is the most usual heraldic form. The _Staple_ (Fig. -557) and the _Hawk's Lure_ (Fig. 558) deserve mention, and I will wind up -the list of examples with the _Fylfot_ (Fig. 559), which no one knows the -meaning or origin of. - -The list of heraldic charges is very far, indeed, from being exhausted. The -foregoing must, however, suffice; but those who are curious to pursue this -branch of the subject further should examine the arms, both ancient and -modern, of towns and trade corporations. {303} - - - -CHAPTER XX - -THE HERALDIC HELMET - -Since one's earliest lessons in the rules of heraldry, we have been taught, -as one of the fundamental laws of the achievement, that the helmet by its -shape and position is indicative of rank; and we early learnt by rote that -the esquire's helmet was of steel, and was placed in profile, with the -visor closed: the helmet of the knight and baronet was to be open and -affronte; that the helmet of the peer must be of silver, guarded by grilles -and placed in profile; and that the royal helmet was of gold, with grilles, -and affronte. Until recent years certain stereotyped forms of the helmet -for these varying circumstances were in use, hideous alike both in the -regularity of their usage and the atrocious shapes into which they had been -evolved. These regulations, like some other adjuncts of heraldic art, are -comparatively speaking of modern origin. Heraldry in its earlier and better -days knew them not, and they came into vogue about the Stuart times, when -heraldic art was distinctly on the wane. It is puzzling to conceive a -desire to stereotype these particular forms, and we take it that the fact, -which is undoubted, arose from the lack of heraldic knowledge on the part -of the artists, who, having one form before them, which they were assured -was correct, under the circumstances simply reproduced this particular form -in facsimile time after time, not knowing how far they might deviate and -still remain correct. The knowledge of heraldry by the heraldic artist was -the real point underlying the excellence of mediaeval heraldic art, and -underlying the excellence of much of the heraldic art in the revival of the -last few years. As it has been often pointed out, in olden times they -"played" with heraldry, and therein lay the excellence of that period. The -old men knew the lines within which they could "play," and knew the laws -which they could not transgress. Their successors, ignorant of the laws of -arms, and afraid of the hidden meanings of armory, had none but the -stereotyped lines to follow. The result was bad. Let us first consider the -development of the actual helmet, and then its application to heraldic -purposes will be more readily followed. - -[Illustration: FIG. 560.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 561.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 562.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 563.] - -To the modern mind, which grumbles at the weight of present-day {304} head -coverings, it is often a matter of great wonder how the knights of ancient -days managed to put up with the heavy weight of the great iron helmet, with -its wooden or leather crest. A careful study of ancient descriptions of -tournaments and warfare will supply the clue to the explanation, which is -simply that the helmet was very seldom worn. For ceremonial purposes and -occasions it was carried by a page, and in actual use it was carried slung -at the saddle-bow, until the last moment, when it was donned for action as -blows and close contact became imminent. Then, by the nature of its -construction, the weight was carried by the shoulders, the head and neck -moving freely within necessary limits inside. All this will be more readily -apparent, when the helmet itself is considered. Our present-day ideas of -helmets--their shape, their size, and their proportions--are largely taken -from the specimens manufactured (not necessarily in modern times) for -ceremonial purposes; _e.g._ for exhibition as insignia of knighthood. By -far the larger proportion of the genuine helmets now to be seen were -purposely made (certainly at remote dates) not for actual use in battle or -tournament, but for ceremonial use, chiefly at funerals. Few, indeed, are -the examples still existing of helmets which have been actually used in -battle or tournament. Why there are so few remaining to us, when every -person of position must necessarily have possessed one throughout the -Plantagenet period, and probably at any rate to the end of the reign of -Henry VII., is a mystery which has puzzled many people--for helmets are -not, like glass and china, subject to the vicissitudes of breakage. The -reason is doubtless to be found in the fact that at that period they were -so general, and so little out of the common, that they possessed no greater -value than any other article of clothing; and whilst the real helmet, -lacking a ceremonial value, was not preserved, the sham ceremonial helmet -of a later period, possessing none but a ceremonial value, was preserved -from ceremonial to ceremonial, and has been passed on to the present day. -But a glance at so many of these helmets which exist will plainly show that -it was quite impossible for any man's head to have gone inside them, and -the sculptured helmets of what may seem to us uncouth shape and exaggerated -size, which are occasionally to be found as part of a monumental effigy, -are the size and shape of the helmets that were worn in battle. This -accounts for the much larger-sized helmets in proportion to the size of -shield which will be found in heraldic emblazonments of the Plantagenet and -Tudor periods. The artists of those periods were accustomed to the sight of -real helmets, and knew and drew the real proportion which existed between -the fighting helmet and the fighting shield. Artists of Stuart and Georgian -days knew only the ceremonial helmet, and consequently adopted and -stereotyped its impossible shape, {305} and equally impossible size. -Victorian heraldic artists, ignorant alike of the actual and the -ceremonial, reduced the size even further, and until the recent revulsion -in heraldic art, with its reversion to older types, and its copying of -older examples, the helmets of heraldry had reached the uttermost limits of -absurdity. - -The recent revival of heraldry is due to men with accurate and extensive -knowledge, and many recent examples of heraldic art well compare with -ancient types. One happy result of this revival is a return to older and -better types of the helmet. But it is little use discarding the "heraldic" -helmet of the stationer's shop unless a better and more accurate result can -be shown, so that it will be well to trace in detail the progress of the -real helmet from earliest times. - -[Illustration: FIG. 564.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 565.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 566.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 567.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 568.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 569.--Painted "Pot-Helmet," _c._ 1241.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 570.--"Pot-Helmet," from the _Eneit_ of Heinrich von -Veldeke.] - -In the Anglo-Saxon period the common helmet was merely a cap of leather, -often four-cornered, and with a serrated comb (Figs. 560 and 561), but men -of rank had a conical one of metal (Fig. 562), which was frequently richly -gilt. About the time of Edward the Confessor a small piece, of varying -breadth, called a "nasal," was added (Fig. 563), which, with a quilted or -gamboised hood, or one of mail, well protected the face, leaving little -more than the eyes exposed; and in this form the helmet continued in -general use until towards the end of the twelfth century, when we find it -merged into or supplanted by the {306} "chapelle-de-fer," which is first -mentioned in documents at this period, and was shaped like a flat-topped, -cylindrical cap. This, however, was soon enlarged so as to cover the whole -head (Fig. 564), an opening being left for the features, which were -sometimes protected by a movable "ventaille," or a visor, instead of the -"nasal." This helmet (which was adopted by Richard I., who is also -sometimes represented with a conical one) was the earliest form of the -large war and tilting "heaume" (or helm), which was of great weight and -strength, and often had only small openings or slits for the eyes (Figs. -565 and 566). These eyepieces were either one wide slit or two, one on -either side. The former was, however, sometimes divided into two by an -ornamental bar or buckle placed across. It was afterwards pointed at the -top, and otherwise slightly varied in shape, but its general form appears -to have been the same until the end of the fourteenth century (Figs. 567, -568). This type of helmet is usually known as the "pot-shaped." The helmets -themselves were sometimes painted, and Fig. 569 represents an instance -which is painted in green and white diagonal stripes. The illustration is -from a parchment MS. of about 1241 now in the Town Library of Leipzic. Fig. -570 shows another German example of this type, being taken from the _Eneit_ -of Heinrich von Veldeke, a MS. now in the Royal Library in Berlin, -belonging to the end of the twelfth century. The crest depicted in this -case, a red lion, must be one of the earliest instances of a crest. These -{307} are the helmets which we find on early seals and effigies, as will be -seen from Figs. 571-574. - -[Illustration: FIG. 571.--Helmet of Hamelin, Earl of Surrey and Warenne (d. -1202). (From MS. Cott., Julius, C. vii.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 572.--From the seal of Richard de Clare, Earl of -Gloucester and Hertford (d. 1262).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 573.--From the seal of John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey -(d. 1305).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 574.--From the seal (1315) of John de Bretagne, Earl of -Richmond.] - -The cylindrical or "pot-shaped" helmet of the Plantagenets, however, -disappears in the latter part of the thirteenth century, when we first find -mention of the "bascinet" (from Old French for a basin), Figs. 575-579. -This was at first merely a hemispherical steel cap, put over the coif of -mail to protect the top of the head, when the knight wished to be relieved -from the weight of his large helm (which he then slung at his back or -carried on his saddlebow), but still did not consider the mail coif -sufficient protection. It soon became pointed at the top, and gradually -lower at the back, though not so much as to protect the neck. In the -fourteenth century the mail, instead of being carried over the top of the -head, was hung to the bottom rim of the helmet, and {308} spread out over -the shoulders, overlapping the cuirass. This was called the "camail," or -"curtain of mail." It is shown in Figs. 576 and 577 fastened to the -bascinet by a lace or thong passing through staples. - -The large helm, which throughout the fourteenth century was still worn over -the bascinet, did not fit down closely to the cuirass (though it may have -been fastened to it with a leather strap), its bottom curve not being -sufficiently arched for that purpose; nor did it wholly rest on the -shoulders, but was probably wadded inside so as to fit closely to the -bascinet. - -[Illustration: FIG. 575.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 576.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 577.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 578.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 579.] - -It is doubtful if any actual helm previous to the fourteenth century -exists, and there are very few of that period remaining. In that of the -Black Prince at Canterbury (Fig. 271) the lower, or cylindrical, portion is -composed of a front and back piece, riveted together at the sides, and this -was most likely the usual form of construction; but in the helm of Sir -Richard Pembridge (Figs. 580 and 581) the three pieces (cylinder, conical -piece, and top piece) of which it is formed are fixed with nails, and are -so welded together that no trace of a join is visible. The edges of the -metal, turned outwards round the ocularium, are very thick, and the bottom -edge is rolled inwards over a thick wire, so as not to cut the surcoat. -There are many twin holes in the helmet for the aiglets, by which the crest -and lambrequin were attached, and in front, near the bottom, are two + -shaped holes for the T bolt, which was fixed by a chain to the cuirass. - -The helm of Sir Richard Hawberk (Figs. 582 and 583), who died in 1417, is -made of five pieces, and is very thick and heavy. It is much more like the -later form adapted for jousting, and was probably only for use in the -tilt-yard; but, although more firmly fixed to the cuirass than the earlier -helm, it did not fit closely down to it, as all later helms did. - -Singularly few examples of the pot-helmet actually exist. The "Linz" -example (Figs. 584 and 585), which is now in the {309} Francisco-Carolinum -Museum at Linz, was dredged out of the Traun, and is unfortunately very -much corroded by rust. The fastening-place for the crest, however, is well -preserved. The example belongs to the first half of the fourteenth century. - -[Illustration: FIG. 580.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 581.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 582.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 583.] - -The so-called "Pranker-Helm" (Fig. 586), from the chapter of Seckau, now in -the collection of armour in the Historical Court Museum at Vienna, and -belonging to the middle of the fourteenth century, could only have been -used for tournaments. It is made of four strong hammered sheets of iron 1-2 -millimetres thick, with other strengthening plates laid on. The helmet by -itself weighs 5 kilogrammes 357 grammes. {310} - -[Illustration: FIGS. 584 and 585.--The "Linz" Pot-Helmet.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 587.] - -The custom of wearing the large helm over the bascinet being clumsy and -troublesome, many kinds of visor were invented, so as to dispense with the -large helm, except for jousting, two of which are represented in Figs. 575 -and 579. In the first a plate shaped somewhat to the nose was attached to -the part of the camail which covered the mouth. This plate, and the mail -mouth-guard, when not in use, hung downwards towards the breast; but when -in use it was drawn up and attached to a staple or locket on the front of -the bascinet. This fashion, however, does not appear to have been adopted -in England, but was peculiar to Germany, Austria, &c. None of these -contrivances seem to have been very satisfactory, but towards the end of -the fourteenth century the large and salient beaked visor was invented -(Fig. 587). It was fixed to hinges at the sides of the bascinet with pins, -and was removable at will. A high collar of steel was next added as a -substitute for the camail. This form of helmet remained in use during the -first half of the fifteenth century, and the large helm, which was only -used for jousting, took a different form, or rather several different -forms, which may be divided into three kinds. In this connection it should -be remembered that the heavy jousting helmet to which the crest had -relation was probably never used in actual warfare. The first was called a -bascinet, and was used for combats on foot. It had an almost spherical -crown-piece, and came right down to the cuirass, to which it was firmly -fixed, and was, like all large helms of the fifteenth century, large enough -for the wearer to move his head about freely inside. The helm of Sir Giles -Capel (Fig. 588) is a good specimen of this class; it has a visor of great -thickness, in which are a great number of holes, thus enabling the wearer -to see in every direction. The "barbute," or ovoid bascinet, with a -chin-piece riveted to it, was somewhat like this helm, and is often seen on -the brasses of {311} 1430-1450; the chin-piece retaining the name of -"barbute," after the bascinet had gone out of fashion. - -[Illustration: FIG. 586.--Pranker-Helm.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 591.--German Tilting Armour, 1480, from the Collection -in the Museum at Vienna.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 592.--Tilting-Helmet of Sir John Gostwick, 1541.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 588.] - -The second kind of large helm used in the fifteenth century was the -"jousting-helm," which was of great strength, and firmly fixed to the -cuirass. One from the Brocas Collection (Figs. 589 and 590, date about -1500) is perhaps the grandest helm in existence. It is formed of three -pieces of different thicknesses (the front piece being the thickest), which -are fixed together with strong iron rivets with salient heads and thin -brass caps soldered to them. The arrangements for fixing it in front and -behind are very complete and curious. - -The manner in which the helmet was connected with the rest of the armour is -shown in Fig. 591, which is a representation of a German suit of tilting -armour of the period about 1480, now in the collection of armour at the -Royal Museum in Vienna. - -Of the same character, but of a somewhat different shape, is the helmet -(Fig. 592) of Sir John Gostwick, who died in 1541, which is now in -Willington Church, Bedfordshire. The illustration here given is taken from -the _Portfolio_, No. 33. The visor opening on the right side of the helmet -is evidently taken from an Italian model. - -[Illustration: FIG. 589.] - -The third and last kind of helm was the "tournament helm," and was similar -to the first kind, and also called a "bascinet"; but the visor was -generally barred, or, instead of a movable visor, the bars were riveted on -the helm, and sometimes the face was only protected by a sort of wire-work, -like a fencing-mask. It was only used for the tourney or melee, when the -weapons were the sword and mace. - -[Illustration: FIG. 590.] - -The "chapelle-de-fer," which was in use in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and -fifteenth centuries, was a light iron head-piece, with a broad, flat brim, -somewhat turned down. Fig. 593 represents one belonging to the {312} end of -the fifteenth century, which is one of the few remaining, and is delicately -forged in one piece of thin, hard steel. - -During the fourteenth century a new kind of helmet arose, called in England -the "sallad," or "sallet." The word appears to have two derivations, each -of which was applied to a different form of head-piece. First, the Italian -"celata" (Fig. 594), which seems originally to have been a modification of -the bascinet. Second, the German "schallern," the form of which was -probably suggested by the chapelle-de-fer. Both of these were called by the -French "salade," whence our English "sallad." The celata came lower down -than the bascinet, protected the back and sides of the neck, and, closing -round the cheeks, often left only the eyes, nose, and mouth exposed. A -standard of mail protected the neck if required. In the fifteenth century -the celata ceased to be pointed at the summit, and was curved outwards at -the nape of the neck, as in Fig. 595. - -[Illustration: FIG. 593.] - -The "schallern" (from _shale_, a shell, or bowl), was really a helmet and -visor in one piece; it had a slit for the eyes, a projecting brim, and a -long tail, and was completed by a chin-piece, or "bavier" (Eng. "beaver"), -which was strapped round the neck. Fig. 596 shows a German sallad and a -Spanish beaver. The sallad was much used in the fifteenth century, during -the latter half of which it often had a visor, as in one from Rhodes (Fig. -597), which has a spring catch on the right side to hold the visor in place -when down. The rivets for its lining-cap have large, hollow, twisted heads, -which are seldom found on existing sallads, though often seen in sculpture. - -[Illustration: FIG. 594.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 595.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 596.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 597.] - -The schale, schallern (_schelern_), or sallad, either with or without a -{313} visor, is very seldom seen in heraldic use. An instance, however, in -which it has been made use of heraldically will be found in Fig. 598, which -is from a pen and ink drawing in the _Fest-Buch_ of Paulus Kel, a MS. now -in the Royal Library at Munich. This shows the schallern with the slit for -seeing through, and the fixed neck-guard. The "bart," "baviere," or beaver, -for the protection of the under part of the face, is also visible. It is -not joined to the helmet. The helmet bears the crest of Bavaria, the -red-crowned golden lion of the Palatinate within the wings of the curiously -disposed Bavarian tinctures. Fig. 599 (p. 316) is a very good -representation of a schallern dating from the latter part of the fifteenth -century, with a sliding neck-guard. It is reproduced from the _Deutscher -Herold_, 1892, No. 2. - -[Illustration: FIG. 598.--Schallern, with Crest of Bavaria (Duke Ludwig of -Bavaria, 1449).] - -Until almost the middle of the fifteenth century all helmets fitted on the -top of the head, or were put right over; but about 1440 the Italians made a -great improvement by inventing the "armet," the lower part of which opened -out with hinges, so that when put on it enclosed the head, fitting closely -round the lower part of it, while its weight was borne by the steel collar, -or "gorget." The Italian armet had a roundel or disc to protect the opening -at the back of the neck, and a bavier strapped on in front to cover the -joining of the two {314} cheek-pieces. The earlier armets, like the beaked -bascinet, had a camail attached by a row of staples (Fig. 600), which was -continued later, but then fixed either to a metal band or leather strap and -riveted to the base of the armet. This form of helmet was not in common use -in England until about 1500. - -Fig. 600 shows the earliest form of Italian armet, with a reinforcing-piece -on the forehead, and a removable visor. Date 1450-1480. Fig. 601 represents -an armet of very fine form (probably Italian), which is a nearer approach -to the close-helmet of the sixteenth century, as the visor cannot be -removed, and the eye-slit is in the visor, instead of being formed by the -space between it and the crown-piece, and there is also no -reinforcing-piece in the crown. Date 1480-1500. Fig. 602 is still more like -the sixteenth-century helmet, for it opens down the sides instead of down -the chin and back, and the same pivot which secures the visor also serves -as a hinge for the crown and chin-piece. The small mentonniere, or bavier, -is equal on both sides, but it was often of less extent on the right. Date -about 1500. - -Fig. 603 shows a German fluted helmet, of magnificent form and workmanship, -which is partly engraved and gilded. Date 1510-1525. It opens down the -chin, like the early armets, but the tail-piece of the crown is much -broader. The skill shown in the forging of the crown and the fluting of the -twisted comb is most remarkable, and each rivet for the lining-strap of the -cheek-pieces forms the centre of an engraved six-leaved rose. A grooved rim -round the bottom of the helmet fitted closely on a salient rim at the top -of the steel gorget or hause col, so that when placed on its gorget and -closed, it could not be wrenched off, but could yet be moved round freely -in a horizontal direction. The gorget being articulated, the head could -also be raised or lowered a little, but not enough to make this form of -joint very desirable, and a looser kind was soon substituted. - -Fig. 604 shows what is perhaps the most perfect type of close helmet. The -comb is much larger than was the custom at an earlier date, and much -resembles those of the morions of this period. The visor is formed of two -separate parts; the upper fits inside the lower, and could be raised to -facilitate seeing without unfixing the lower portion. It is engraved with -arabesques, and is probably Italian. Date 1550-1570. Fig. 605 is an English -helmet, half-way between a close helmet and a "burgonet." It is really a -"casque," with cheek-pieces to meet in front. The crown-piece is joined -down the middle of the comb. This helmet was probably made for the Earl of -Leicester. Date about 1590. - -The word "burgonet" first appeared about the beginning of the fifteenth -century, and described a form of helmet like the "celata," and {315} called -by that name in Italy. It was completed by a "buffe," or chin-piece, -similar to the bavier. - -[Illustration: FIG. 600.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 601.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 602.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 603.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 604.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 605.] - -During this century the "morion," really an improved "chapelle-de-fer," was -much in use. It had a curved top, surmounted by a comb, and a broad, -turned-up brim, and was often elaborately engraved and gilt. The "cabasset" -was a similar head-piece, but had a peaked top, surmounted by a small spike -turned backwards, and generally a flatter, narrower brim than the morion. -These three forms of helmet were all called casques. - -[Illustration: FIG. 606.--"Grid-iron" Helmet (fifteenth century).] - -The barred or grilled helmet owed its introduction to tournaments with -swords and clubs, which necessitated better opportunities of vision than -the earlier tilting-helm afforded, sufficient though that was for -encounters with the tilting-spear. The earliest form of this type of helmet -will be seen in Fig. 606, which is termed a "grid-iron" helmet, developing -shortly afterwards into the form of Fig. 607, which has a lattice-work -visor. The former figure, the "grid-iron" helmet, is a {316} representation -taken from an original now in the possession of Count Hans Wilczek, of -Vienna. Fig. 607, the helmet with the latticed visor, is from an example in -the German National Museum at Nurnberg. Neither of these types of helmet -appears to have been regularly adopted into heraldic art. Indeed they are -seldom, if ever, to be found in heraldic emblazonment. For pictorial and -artistic purposes they seem to be entirely supplanted in paintings, in -seals, and in sculpture by the "grilled" helmet or "buckler." Whether this -helmet, as we find it depicted in paintings or on seals, was ever really -worn in battle or tournament seems very doubtful, and no actual instance -appears to have been preserved. On the other hand, the so-called -"Prankhelme" (pageant helmet) bucklers, frequently made of gilded leather -and other materials, are extant in some number. It is evident from their -nature, however, that they can only have been used for ceremonial or -decorative purposes. - -Fig. 608 shows one of these buckled "pageant" helmets surmounted by the -crest of the Margraviate of Burgau. Fig. 609 shows another of these pageant -helmets, with the crest of Austria (ancient) or of Tyrol. These were borne, -with many others of the same character, in the pageant of the funeral -procession of the Emperor Frederick III. (IV.) in 1493. The helmets were -made of leather, and gilded, the two crests being carved out of boards and -painted. The Burgau wings, which are inclined very far forward, are: "Bendy -of six argent and gules, charged with a pale or." In their normal position -the wings are borne upright. The second crest, which is 86 cm. in height, -is black, and adorned on the outside with eared pegs 4 cm. long, from which -gold linden-leaves hang. These helmets and crests, which were formerly in -St. Stephen's Cathedral, are now in the Vienna Historical Museum. - -At the beginning of the seventeenth century the workmanship became -inferior, and beauty of line was no longer sought after. Shortly afterwards -helmets ceased to be worn outside the regular army, and with the subsequent -evolution of military head coverings heraldry has no concern. - -As a part of a heraldic achievement the helmet is not so old as the shield. -It was not until the introduction of the crest that any one thought of -depicting a helmet with a shield. - -[Illustration: FIG. 599.--Schallern (end of fifteenth century).] - -[Illustration: FIG. 607.--Helmet, with Latticed Visor (end of fifteenth -century).] - -A careful and attentive examination of the early "Rolls of Arms," and of -seals and other ancient examples of heraldic art and handicraft, will at -once make it plainly apparent that the helmets then heraldically depicted -were in close keeping and of the style actually in use for warfare, joust, -or tournament at the period. This is particularly noticeable in the helmets -on the stall plates of the Knights of the Garter in St. George's Chapel at -Windsor. The helms on the early {317} stall plates, though far from being -identical in shape, all appear to be of the same class or type of -tilting-helm drawn in profile. Amongst the early plates only one instance -(Richard, Duke of Gloucester, elected 1475) can be found of the barred -helmet. This is the period when helmets actually existed in fact, and were -actually used, but at the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the -seventeenth centuries, when the helmet was being fast relegated to -ceremonial usage and pictorial emblazonment, ingenious heralds began to -evolve the system by which rank and degree were indicated by the helmet. - -[Illustration: FIG. 608.--Pageant Helmet, with the Crest of Burgau.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 609.--Pageant Helmet, with the Crest of Austria -(ancient) or Tyrol.] - -Before proceeding to consider British rules concerning the heraldic helmet, -it may be well to note those which have been accepted abroad. In Germany -heraldry has known but two classes of helmet, the open helmet guarded by -bars (otherwise buckles or grilles), and the closed {318} or "visored" -helmet. The latter was the helmet used by the newly ennobled, the former by -the older families of higher position, it being originally held that only -those families whose birth qualified them to tilt were permitted to use -this buckled helmet. Tournaments were of course always conducted on very -strict lines. Woodward reprints in his "Treatise on Heraldry" the "Tourney -Regulations for the Exposure of Arms and Crest, drawn up by Rene, Duke of -Anjou, King of Sicily and Jerusalem," from Menetrier's _L'Origin des -Armoiries_. The rules to be complied with are there set out. Fig. 12 herein -is a representation of a "Helmschau," where the examination of the crests -is being carried on. It is interesting to notice therein that the whole of -the helmets without exception have the grilles. Germany was perhaps the -earliest country to fall from grace in the matter, for towards the end of -the fifteenth century the buckled helmet is found with the arms of the -lower Briefadels (those ennobled by patent), and the practice continued -despite the violent protests of the tournament families, who considered -their prerogative had been infringed. The closed helmet consequently sank -gradually in Germany to the grade of a mere burgess's helmet, and as such -became of little account, although in former times it had been borne by the -proudest houses. - -Similarly in France the "buckled" helmet was considered to be reserved for -the military noblesse, and newly ennobled families were denied its use -until the third generation, when they became _bons gentilhommes_. Woodward -states that when "in 1372 Charles V. conferred on the bourgeoisie of Paris -the right to use armorial bearings, it was strenuously denied that they -could use the timbred helm. In 1568 an edict of Charles IX. prohibited the -use of _armoiries timbrees_ to any who were not noble by birth." The -grilles of the helmet produced with the old French heralds the opportunity -of a minutiae of rule which, considering the multitude of rules fathered, -rightly or wrongly, upon British heraldry, we may be devoutly happy never -reached our shores. They assigned different numbers of grilles to different -ranks, but as the writers differ as to the varying numbers, it is probable -that such rules were never officially accepted even in that country. In -France the rule was much as in this country, a gold helmet for the -Sovereign, silver for princes and great nobles, steel for the remainder. It -is curious that though the timbred helm was of course known in England -whilst the controversy as to its heraldic use was raging in France and -Germany, no heraldic use of it whatever occurs till the beginning of the -seventeenth century. From Royalty to the humblest gentleman, all used for -heraldic purposes the closed or visored helms. - -The present rules concerning helmets which hold in Great Britain are that -the helmet of the Sovereign and the Royal princes of this {319} country -shall be of gold, placed in an affronte position, and shall have grilles. -The helmet of a peer shall be of silver, shall be placed in profile, and -shall have golden grilles, frequently stated to be five in number, a detail -not stringently adhered to. The helmet of a knight or baronet shall be of -steel, placed full-faced, and shall be open; whilst the helmet of an -esquire or gentleman shall be of steel and in profile, with the visor -closed. Within these limits considerable latitude is allowed, and even in -official grants of arms, which, as far as emblazonment goes, are very much -of a stereotyped style, actual unvarying adherence to a particular pattern -is not insisted upon. - -The earliest instance amongst the Garter plates in which a helmet with -grilles is used to denote the rank of a peer is the stall plate of Lord -Knollys in 1615. In the Visitations but few instances can be found in which -the arms of peers are included. Peers were not compelled to attend and -enter their arms and pedigrees at Visitations, doubtless owing to the fact -that no Garter King of Arms ever made a Visitation, whilst it has been the -long-asserted prerogative of Garter to deal with peers and their arms by -himself. At the same time, however, there are some number of instances of -peers' arms and pedigrees in the Visitation Books, several occurring in the -1587 Visitation of Yorkshire. In these cases the arms of peers are set out -with supporters and mottoes, but there is no difference between their -helmets and what we should now term the helmet of an esquire or gentleman. -This is all the more curious because neither helmet nor motto is found in -the tricks given of the arms of commoners. Consequently one may with -certainty date the introduction of the helmet with grilles as the -distinguishing mark of a peer in this country between the years 1587 and -1615. The introduction of the open full-faced helmet as indicative of -knight or baronet is known to date from about the period of the -Restoration. - -Whilst these fixed rules as to helmets are still scrupulously adhered to by -English heralds, Lyon King of Arms would seem to be inclined to let them -quietly lapse into desuetude, and the emblazonment of the arms of Sir -George Duff-Sutherland-Dunbar, Bart., in the Lyon Register at the recent -rematriculation of his arms, affords an instance in which the rules have -been ignored. - -Some of the objections one hears raised to official heraldry will not hold -water when all facts are known; but one certainly thinks that those who -object to the present helmet and its methods of usage have ample reason for -such remarks as one frequently sees in print upon the subject. To put it -mildly, it is absolutely ridiculous to see a helmet placed affronte, and a -lion passant looking out over the side of it; or to see a helmet in profile -with the crest of a man's head {320} affronte placed above it, and as a -consequence also peeping over the side. The necessity for providing a -resting-place for the crest other than unoccupied space has also led to the -ridiculous practice of depicting the wreath or torse in the form of a -straight bar balanced upon the apex of the helmet. The rule itself as to -the positions of helmets for the varying ranks is officially recognised, -and the elaboration of the rule with regard to the differing metals of the -Royal helmet and the helmets of peers and knights and baronets is -officially followed; though the supposed regulation, which requires that -the helmet of an esquire or gentleman shall be of steel alone is not, -inasmuch as the helmet painted upon a grant is _always_ ornamented with -gold. - -These rules in England only date from the times of the Stuarts, and they -cannot be said to be advantageous from any point of view; they are -certainly distinctly harmful from the artistic standpoint. It is plainly -utterly impossible to depict some crests upon a profile helmet, and equally -impossible to display others upon an affronte helmet. In Scotland the -crests do not afford quite such a regular succession of glaring examples -for ridicule as is the case in England. No need is recognised in Scotland -for necessarily distinguishing the crest of one family from that of -another, though proper differences are rigidly adhered to with regard to -the coats of arms. Nevertheless, Scotland provides us with many crests -which it is utterly impossible to actually carry on an actual helmet, and -examples of this kind can be found in the rainbow which floats above the -broken globe of the Hopes, and the coronets in space to which the hand -points in the crest of the family of Dunbar of Boath, with many other -similar absurdities. - -In England an equal necessity for difference is insisted upon in the crest -as is everywhere insisted upon with regard to the coat of arms; and in the -time of the late Garter King of Arms, it was rapidly becoming almost -impossible to obtain a new crest which has not got a row of small objects -in front of it, or else two somethings, one on either side. (Things, -however, have now considerably improved.) If a crest is to be depicted -between two ostrich feathers, for example, it stands to reason that the -central object should be placed upon the centre of the helmet, whilst the -ostrich feathers would be one on either side--that is, placed in a position -slightly above the ears. Yet, if a helmet is to be rigidly depicted in -profile, with such a crest, it is by no means inconceivable that the one -ostrich feather at the one side would hide both the other ostrich feather -and the central object, leaving the crest to appear when properly depicted -(for example, if photographed from a profile view of an actual helmet) as a -single ostrich feather. Take, for instance, the Sievier crest, which is an -estoile between two ostrich feathers. If that crest were properly depicted -upon a profile helmet, the one ostrich feather {321} would undoubtedly hide -everything else, for it is hardly likely that the estoile would be placed -edge-forwards upon an actual helmet; and to properly display it, it ought -to take its place upon an affronte helmet. Under the present rules it would -be officially depicted with the estoile facing the side, one ostrich -feather in front over the nose, and the other at the back of the head, -which of course reduces it to an absurdity. To take another example, one -might instance the crest of Sir William Crookes. It is hardly to be -supposed that a helmet would ever have been borne into a tournament -surmounted by an elephant looking out over the side; it would most -certainly have had its head placed to the front; and yet, because Sir -William Crookes is a knight, he is required to use an affronte helmet, with -a crest which most palpably was designed for use in profile. The absurd -position which has resulted is chiefly due to the position rules and -largely a consequence of the hideous British practice (for no other nation -has ever adopted it) of depicting, as is so often done, a coat of arms and -crest without the intervening helmet and mantling; though perhaps another -cause may have had its influence. I allude to the fact that an animal's -head, for example, in profile, is considered quite a different crest to the -same animal's head when placed affronte; and so long as this idea holds, -and so long as the rules concerning the position of the helmet exist, for -so long shall we have these glaring and ridiculous anomalies. And whilst -one generation of a family has an affronte helmet and another using the -same crest may have a profile one, it is useless to design crests -specifically to fit the one or the other. - -Mr. G. W. Eve, who is certainly one of the most accomplished heraldic -artists of the present time, has adopted a plan in his work which, whilst -conforming with the rules to which I have referred, has reduced the -peculiarities resulting from their observance to a minimum. His plan is -simple, inasmuch as, with a crest which is plainly affronte and has to be -depicted upon a profile helmet, he slightly alters the perspective of each, -twisting round the helmet, which, whilst remaining slightly in profile, -more nearly approaches the affronte position, and bringing the crest -slightly round to meet it. In this way he has obtained some very good -results from awkward predicaments. Mr. Joseph Foster, in his "Peerage and -Baronetage," absolutely discarded all rules affecting the position of the -helmet; and though the artistic results may be excellent, his plan cannot -be commended, because whilst rules exist they ought to be adhered to. At -the same time, it must be frankly admitted that the laws of position seem -utterly unnecessary. No other country has them--they are, as has been -shown, impracticable from the artistic {322} standpoint; and there can be -very little doubt that it is highly desirable that they should be wholly -abolished. - -It is quite proper that there should be some means of distinction, and it -would seem well that the helmet with grilles should be reserved for peers. -In this we should be following or closely approximating to the rules -observed formerly upon the Continent, and if all questions of position are -waived the only difficulty which remains is the helmet of baronets and -knights. The full-faced open helmet is ugly in the extreme--anything would -be preferable (except an open helmet in profile), and probably it would be -better to wipe out the rule on this point as well. Knights of any Order -have the circle of that order within which to place their shields, and -baronets have the augmentations of their rank and degree. The knight -bachelor would be the only one to suffer. The gift of a plain circlet -around the shield or (following the precedent of a baronet), a spur upon a -canton or inescutcheon, could easily remove any cause of complaint. - -But whilst one may think it well to urge strongly the alteration of -existing rules, it should not be considered permissible to ignore rules -which undoubtedly do exist whilst those rules remain in force. - -The helmets of knights and baronets and of esquires and gentlemen, in -accordance with present official practice, are usually ornamented with -gold, though this would not appear to be a fixed and unalterable rule. - -When two or more crests need to be depicted, various expedients are -adopted. The English official practice is to paint one helmet only, and -both the crests are detached from it. The same plan was formerly adopted in -Scotland. The dexter crest is naturally the more important and the -principal one in each case. By using one helmet only the necessity of -turning the dexter crest to face the sinister is obviated. - -The present official method adopted in England of depicting three crests is -to use one helmet only, and all three crests face to the dexter. The centre -one, which is placed on the helmet, is the principal or first crest, that -on the dexter side the second, and the one on the sinister the third. - -In Germany, the land of many crests (no less than thirteen were borne above -the shield of the Margraves of Brandenburg-Anspach), there has from the -earliest times been a fixed invariable practice of never dissociating a -crest from the helmet which supported it, and consequently one helmet to -every crest has long been the only recognised procedure. In the United -Kingdom duplication of crests is quite a modern practice. Amongst the -Plantagenet Garter plates there is not a single example to be found of a -coat of arms with more than a single crest, and there is no ancient British -example of more {323} than one helmet which can be referred to for -guidance. The custom originated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries -in Germany. This point is more fully dealt with in the chapter devoted to -the consideration of crests, but it may be here noted that in Austria a -knight may place two and a baron three helmets over his shield. The -Continental practice is as follows: When the number of the helms is even, -they are arranged so that all look inwards towards the centre line of the -escutcheon, half being turned to the dexter, half to the sinister. If the -number be uneven, the principal helm is placed in the centre affronte, the -others with their crests being turned towards it; thus, some face to the -dexter, some to the sinister. The crests are always turned with the -helmets. In Scandinavia the centre helm is affronte; the others, with their -crests, are often turned outwards. - -English officialism, whilst confining its own emblazonments to one helmet -only, has never sought to assert that the use of two or more was either -incorrect or faulty heraldry, and particularly in these later days of the -revival of heraldic art in this country, all heraldic artists, following -the German example, are inclined to give each crest its own helmet. This -practice has been adopted during the last few years by Lyon King of Arms, -and now all paintings of arms in Lyon Register which have two crests have -the same number of helmets. Some of the Bath stall plates in Henry VII.'s -chapel in Westminster Abbey also display two helmets. - -When two helmets are used, it has been customary, still following the -German model, to turn them to face each other, except in the cases of the -full-faced helmets of a knight or baronet, and (with the same exception) -when three helmets have been employed the outer ones have been placed to -face the centre, whilst the centre one has been placed in profile, as would -be the case were it standing alone. But the multiplication of English -crests in number, all of which as granted are required to differ, has -naturally resulted in the stereotyping of points of difference in attitude, -&c., and the inevitable consequence is unfortunately that without -sacrificing this character of differentiation it is impossible to allow the -English heraldic artist the same latitude and freedom of disposition with -regard to crests that his German confrere enjoys. These remarks apply -solely to English and Irish crests, for Scottish practices, requiring no -differentiation in the crests, have left Scottish crests simple and -unspoiled. In England the result is that to "play" with the position of a -crest frequently results in an entire alteration of its character, and -consequently, as there is nothing whatever in the nature of a law or of a -rule to the contrary, it is quite as usual to now find that two profile -helmets are both placed to face the dexter, as placed to face each other. -Another point seems also in {324} England to have been lost sight of in -borrowing our methods from Germany. They hold themselves at liberty to, and -usually _do_, make all their _charges on the shield_ face to the centre. -This is never done in England, where all face to the dexter. It seems -therefore to me an anomaly to apply one rule to the shield and another to -the helmet, and personally I prefer that both helmets and all charges -should face the dexter. - -In British heraldry (and in fact the rule is universal) no woman other than -a reigning Sovereign is permitted to surmount her arms by a helmet. -Woodward states that "Many writers have denied the right of ecclesiastics -(and, of course, of women) to the use of helmet and crest. Spener, the -great German herald, defends their use by ecclesiastics, and says that, in -Germany at any rate, universal custom is opposed to the restriction. There -the prelates, abbots, and abbesses, who held princely fiefs by military -tenure, naturally retained the full knightly insignia." - -In official English heraldry, there is a certain amount of confirmation and -a certain amount of contradiction of this supposed rule which denies a -helmet to an ecclesiastic. A grant of arms to a clergyman at the present -day, and at all times previously, after the granting of crests had become -usual, contains the grant of the crest and the emblazonment shows the -helmet. But the grant of arms to a bishop is different. The emblazonment of -the arms is surmounted by a mitre, and the crest is depicted in the body of -the patent away from and distinct from the emblazonment proper in the -margin. But the fact that a crest is granted proves that there is not any -disability inherent in the ecclesiastic which debars him from the -possession of the helmet and crest, and the rule which must be deduced, and -which really is the definite and accepted rule, is that a mitre cannot be -displayed together with a helmet or crest. It must be one or other, and as -the mitre is indicative of the higher rank, it is the crest and helmet -which are discarded. - -There are few rules in heraldry to which exceptions cannot be found, and -there is a painting now preserved in the College of Arms, which depicts the -arms of the Bishop of Durham surmounted by a helmet, that in its turn being -surmounted by the mitre of episcopal rank. But the Bishopric of Durham was, -in addition to its episcopal character, a temporal Palatinate, and the arms -of the Bishops of that See therefore logically present many differences and -exceptions from established heraldic rules. - -The rules with regard to the use of helmets for the coats of arms of -corporate bodies are somewhat vague and vary considerably. All counties, -cities, and towns, and all corporate bodies to whom crests have been -granted in England, have the ordinary closed profile helmet {325} of an -esquire or gentleman. No grant of a crest has as yet been made to an -English university, so that it is impossible to say that no helmet would be -allowed, or if it were allowed what it would be. - -For some reason the arms of the City of London are always depicted with the -helmet of a peer, but as the crest is not officially recorded, the -privilege necessarily has no official sanction or authority. - -In Scotland the helmet painted upon a grant of arms to town or city is -always the open full-faced helmet of a knight or baronet. But in the grant -of arms to a county, where it includes a crest, the helmet is that of an -esquire, which is certainly curious. - -In Ireland no helmet at all was painted upon the patent granting arms to -the city of Belfast, in spite of the fact that a crest was included in the -grant, and the late Ulster King of Arms informed me he would not allow a -helmet to any impersonal arms. - -Care should be taken to avoid errors of anachronism when depicting helmet -and shield. The shapes of these should bear some approximate relation to -each other in point of date. It is preferable that the helmet should be so -placed that its lower extremity reaches somewhat over the edge of the -shield. The inclined position of the shield in emblazonment is borrowed -from the natural order of things, because the shield hanging by its chain -or shield-strap (the guige), which was so balanced that the shield should -most readily fall into a convenient position when slung on the rider's -shoulders, would naturally retain its equilibrium only in a slanting -direction. {326} - - - -CHAPTER XXI - -THE CREST - -If uncertainty exists as to the origin of arms, it is as nothing to the -huge uncertainty that exists concerning the beginnings of the crest. Most -wonderful stories are told concerning it; that it meant this and meant the -other, that the right to bear a crest was confined to this person or the -other person. But practically the whole of the stories of this kind are -either wild imagination or conjecture founded upon insufficient facts. - -The real facts--which one may as well state first as a basis to work -upon--are very few and singularly unconvincing, and are useless as original -data from which to draw conclusions. - -First of all we have the definite, assured, and certain fact that the -earliest known instance of a crest is in 1198, and we find evidence of the -use of arms before that date. - -The next fact is that we find infinitely more variation in the crests used -by given families than in the arms, and that whilst the variations in the -arms are as a rule trivial, and not affecting the general design of the -shield, the changes in the crest are frequently radical, the crest borne by -a family at one period having no earthly relation to that borne by the same -family at another. - -Again, we find that though the occasional use of a crest can (by isolated -instances) be taken back, as already stated, to a fairly early period, the -use of crests did not become general until very much later. - -Another fact is that, except perhaps in the persons of sovereigns, there is -no official instance, nor any other authentic instance of importance, in -which a crest appears ever to have been used by a woman until these recent -and unfortunate days when unofficial examples can be found of the wildest -ignorance of all armorial rules. - -The foregoing may be taken as general principles which no authentic -instance known can be said to refute. - -Bearing these in mind, let us now see what other results can be obtained by -deduction from specific instances. - -The earliest form in which anything can be found in the nature of a crest -is the lion upon the head-dress of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou (Fig. 28). This -has been already referred to. {327} - -The helmet of Philippe D'Alsace, Count of Flanders (_c._ 1181), has painted -upon the side the same figure of a lion which appears upon his shield. - -What is usually accepted as the earliest authenticated instance of a -regular crest is that afforded by the Great Seal of King Richard I. of -England, which shows over the helmet a lion passant painted upon the -fan-shaped ornament which surmounts the helmet. - -If one accepts--as most people nowadays are inclined to do--the Darwinian -theory of evolution, the presumption is that the development of the human -being, through various intermediate links including the ape, can be traced -back to those cell-like formations which are the most "original" types of -life which are known to us. At the same time one is hardly disposed to -assert that some antediluvian jellyfish away back in past ages was the -first human being. By a similar, but naturally more restricted argument, -one cannot accept these paintings upon helmets, nor possibly can one accept -paintings upon the fan-like ornaments which surmounted the helmet, as -examples of crests. The rudiments and origin of crests doubtless they were. -Crests they were not. - -We must go back, once again, to the bed-rock of the peacock-popinjay vanity -ingrained in human nature. The same impulse which nowadays leads to the -decoration of the helmets of the Life Guards with horsehair plumes and -regimental badges, the cocked hats of field-marshals and other officers -with waving plumes, the kepis of commissionaires, and the smasher hats of -Colonial irregulars with cocks' feathers, the hat of the poacher and -gamekeeper with a pheasant's feather, led unquestionably to the -"decoration" of the helmets of the armoured knights of old. The matter was -just a combination of decoration and vanity. At first (Fig. 569) they -frequently painted their helmets, and as with the gradual evolution and -crystallisation of armory a certain form of decoration (the device upon his -shield) became identified with a certain person, that particular device was -used for the decoration of the helmet and painted thereupon. - -Then it was found that a fan-shaped erection upon the helmet improved its -appearance, and, without adding greatly to its weight, advantaged it as a -head protection by attracting the blow of an opponent's sword, and -lessening or nullifying its force ere the blow reached the actual -crown-plates of the helmet. Possibly in this we see the true origin (as in -the case of the scalloped edges of the mantling) of the serrated border -which appears upon these fan-shaped erections. But this last suggestion is -no more than a conjecture of my own, and may not be correct, for human -nature has always had a weakness for decoration, and ever has been -agreeable to pay the extra {328} penny in the "tuppence" for the coloured -or decorated variety. The many instances which can be found of these -fan-shaped ornaments upon helmets in a perfectly undecorated form leads me -to unhesitatingly assert that they originated _not_ as crests, nor as a -vehicle for the display of crests, but as an integral and protective part -of the _helmet_ itself. The origin of the crest is due to the decoration of -the fan. The derivation of the word "crest," from the Latin _crista_, a -cock's comb, should put the supposition beyond any doubt. - -Disregarding crests of later grant or assumption, one can assert with -confidence that a large proportion of those--particularly in German armory, -where they are so frequent--which we now find blazoned or depicted as wings -or plumes, carrying a device, are nothing more than developments of or -derivatives from these fan-shaped ornaments. - -[Illustration: FIG. 610.--From the seal (1301) of Richard FitzAlan, Earl of -Arundel.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 611.--From the seal (1301) of Humphrey de Bohm, Earl of -Hereford.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 612.--From the seal (1305) of Edward of Carnarvon, -Prince of Wales.] - -These fans being (from other reasons) in existence, of course, and very -naturally, were painted and decorated, and equally of course such -decoration took the form of the particular decoration associated with the -owner, namely, the device upon the shield. It seems to me, and for long has -so seemed, essentially strange that no specialist authority, writing upon -armory, has noticed that these "fans" (as I will call them) are really a -part, though possibly only a decorative part, of the helmet itself. There -has always in these matters been far too great a tendency on the part of -writers to accept conclusions of earlier authorities ready made, and to -simply treat these fans as selected and chosen crests. Figs. 610-612 are -instances of helmets having these fans. All are {329} taken from seals, and -it is quite possible that the actual fans upon the seal helmets had some -device painted upon them which it was impossible by reason of the size to -represent upon the seal. As has been already stated, the great seal of -Richard I. does show a lion painted on the fan. - -There are many examples of the heraldic development of these fans,--for -their use obtained even in this country long after the real heraldic crest -had an assured footing--and a typical example occurs in Fig. 613, but -probably the best-known instance, one which has been often illustrated, is -that from the effigy of Sir Geoffrey de Luttrell (_c._ 1340), which shows a -fan of this character upon which the entire Luttrell arms are depicted. - -[Illustration: FIG. 613.--Arms of the family of Schaler (Basle): Gules, a -bend of lozenges argent. (From the Zurich Roll of Arms.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 614.--Modern reverse of the Common Seal of the City of -London (1539).] - -A much later instance in this country will be found in the seal (dated -1539) of the City of London, which shows upon the helmet one of these -fan-shaped ornaments, charged with the cross of the City arms (Fig. 614). - -The arms of the City of London are recorded in the College of Arms -(Vincent) without a crest (and by the way without supporters) and this seal -affords a curious but a very striking and authentic instance of the extreme -accuracy of the records of the College of Arms. There being no crest for -the City of London at the time of the preparation of this seal, recourse -was had to the ancient practice of depicting the whole or a part (in this -case a part) of the device of the shield upon a fan surmounting the helmet. -In course of time this fan, in the case of London, as in so many other -cases, has through ignorance been {330} converted or developed into a wing, -but the "rays" of the fan in this instance are preserved in the "rays" of -the dragon's wing (charged with a cross) which the crest is now supposed to -be. - -Whilst dealing with the arms of London, one of the favourite "flaring" -examples of ancient but unrecorded arms often mentioned as an instance in -which the Records of the College of Arms are at fault, perhaps I may be -pardoned for adding that the shield _is_ recorded. The crest and supporters -are not. The seeming omission as to the crest is explained above. The real -supporters of the City of London, to which a claim by user _could_ (even -now) be established (they are two lions, not dragons), had, with the single -exception of their use upon the Mayor's seal, which use is continued to the -present day, been practically discarded. Consequently the lions as -supporters remained unclaimed, and therefore are not recorded. - -The supporters now used (two dragons) are _raw new_ adornments, of which no -example can be found before the seventeenth century. Those naturally, being -"assumed" without authority at so recent a date, are not recorded, which is -yet another testimony to the impartial accuracy of the Heralds' College -Records. - -The use of the fan-crest has long been obsolete in British armory, in which -it can hardly ever be said to have had a very great footing, unless such -use was prevalent in the thirteenth century; but it still survives in -Germany at the present day, where, in spite of the fact that many of these -fans have now degenerated into reduplications of the arms upon wings or -plumes of feathers, other crests to a considerable number are still -displayed upon "fans." - -Many of the current practices in British armory are the culmination of -long-continued ignorance. Some, mayhap, can be allowed to pass without -comment, but others deserve at any rate their share of criticism and -remark. Amongst such may be included the objectionable practice, in the -grants of so many modern crests, of making the crest itself a _shield_ -carrying a repetition of the arms or some other device, or of introducing -in the crest an escutcheon. To the resuscitation of these "fan" repetitions -of the shield device there is not, and cannot be, any objection. One would -even, in these days of the multiplication of differentiated crests, -recommend this as a relief from the abominable rows of assorted objects -nowadays placed (for the purposes of differentiation) in front of so many -modern crests. One would gladly see a reversion to the German development -(from this source) of wings charged with the arms or a part of the armorial -device; but one of the things a new grantee should pray to be delivered -from is an escutcheon of any sort, shape, or form in the crest assigned to -him. {331} - -To return, however, to the "fans" upon the early helmets. Many of the -examples which have come down to us show the fan of a rather diminutive -height, but (in the form of an arc of a much enlarged circle) projected far -forward beyond the front of the helmet, and carried far back, apparently as -a safeguard from blows which would otherwise descend upon the neck. (A -survival of the fan, by the way, may perhaps be found in the dragoon -helmets of the time of the Peninsular War, in the firemen's helmets of -to-day, and in the helmets now worn by different regiments in the Italian -army.) The very shape of these fans should prove they were originally a -protective part of the helmet. The long low shape, however, did not, as a -general circumstance, lend itself to its decoration by a duplication -thereupon of the whole of the arms. Consequently these fans will nearly -always be found simply adorned with one figure from the shield. It should -not be forgotten that we are now dealing with a period in armory when the -charges upon the shield itself were very much, as far as number and -position are concerned, of an indeterminate character. If they were -indeterminate for the shield, it evidences that there cannot have been any -idea of a necessity to repeat the whole of the device upon the fan. As -there was seldom room or opportunity for the display of the whole device, -we invariably find that these fan decorations were a duplication of a -distinctive part, but not necessarily the whole of the device; and this -device was disposed in the most suitable position which the shape of the -fan would accommodate. Herein is the explanation of the fact that whilst -the arms of Percy, Talbot, and Mowbray were all, in varying tinctures, a -lion rampant, the crest in each case was a lion passant or statant. In -short, the fan did not lend itself to the representation of a lion rampant, -and consequently there is no early instance of such a crest. Perhaps the -insecurity of a large and heavy crest balanced upon one leg may be an added -reason. - -The next step in the evolution of the crest, there can be little doubt, was -the cutting of the fan into the outline of the crest, and though I know of -no instance of such a crest on any effigy, there can be no reasonable doubt -on the point, if a little thought is given to the matter. Until a very much -later period, we never find in any heraldic representation that the helmet -or crest are represented in an affronte position. Why? Simply because -crests at that period were merely profile representations. - -In later days, when tournament crests were made of leather, the weight even -of these was very considerable, but for tournament purposes that weight -could be endured. Half-a-dozen courses down the _barriere_ would be a -vastly different matter to a whole day under arms in actual battle. Now a -crest cut out from a thin plate of metal set {332} on edge would weigh but -little. But perhaps the strongest proof of all is to be found in the -construction of so many German crests, which are adorned down the back with -a fan. - -Now it is hardly likely, if the demi-lion in relief had been the earliest -form, that the fan would have been subsequently added to it. The fan is -nothing more than the remains of the original fan-shaped ornament left when -the crest, or most likely only the front outline of it, had been cut out in -profile from the fan. We have no instance until a very much later period of -a crest which could not be depicted in profile, and in the representations -of crests upon seals we have no means of forming a certain judgment that -these representations are not of profile crests, for the very nature of the -craft of seal-engraving would lead the engraver to add a certain amount of -relief, even if this did not actually exist. It is out of the question to -suppose, by reason of their weight, that crests were made in metal. But if -made of leather, as were the tournament crests, what protection did the -crest add to the helmet? The fact that wreaths and coronets did not come -into use at the earliest advent of crests is confirmatory evidence of the -fact that modelled crests did not exist, inasmuch as the fan prolonged in -front and prolonged behind was narrowed at its point of contact with the -helmet into such a diminished length that it was comparatively easy to slip -the mantling by means of a slit over the fan, or even drape it round it. - -Many of the old illustrations of tournaments and battles which have come -down to us show no crests on the helmets, but merely plumes of feathers or -some fan-shaped erection. Consequently it is a fairly safe conclusion that -for the actual purposes of warfare modelled crests never had any real -existence, or, if they had any such existence, that it was most limited. -Modelled crests were tournament crests. The crests that were used in battle -must have been merely cut out in profile from the fan. Then came the era, -in Plantagenet times, of the tournament. We talk glibly about tournaments, -but few indeed really know much about them. Trial by combat and the real -tournament _a l'outrance_ seldom occurred, and though trial by combat -remained upon the statute-book until the 59 Geo. III., it was seldom -invoked. Tournaments were chiefly in the nature of athletic displays, -taking the place of our games and sports, and inasmuch as they contributed -to the training of the soldier, were held in the high repute that polo, for -example, now enjoys amongst the upper and military classes. Added to this, -the tournament was the essential climax of ceremony and ceremonial, and in -all its details was ordered by such strict regulations, rules, and -supervision that its importance and its position in the public and official -estimate was far in advance of its present-day equivalents. {333} - -The joust was fought with tilting-spears, the "tourney" with swords. The -rules and regulations for jousts and tournaments drawn up by the High -Constable of England in the reign of Edward IV. show clearly that in -neither was contemplated any risk of life. - -In the tourney the swords were blunted and without points, but the -principal item was always the joust, which was fought with tilting-spears -and shields. Many representations of the tourney show the participants -without shields. The general ignorance as to the manner in which the tilt -was run is very widespread. A strong barrier was erected straight down the -centre of the lists, and the knights were placed one on either side, so -that by no possible chance could the two horses come into contact. Those -who will read Mallory's "Morte d'Arthur" carefully--bearing in mind that -Mallory described legendary events of an earlier period clothed in the -manners and customs of his own day (time of Edward IV.), and made no -attempt to reproduce the manners and customs and real atmosphere of the -Arthurian times, which could have had no relation to the manners and -proceedings which Sir Thomas Mallory employs in telling his legends--will -notice that, when it came to jousting, some half-dozen courses would be all -that were run between contending knights. In fact the tournament rules -above referred to say, for the tourney, that two blows at passage and ten -at the joining ought to suffice. The time which this would occupy would not -exceed the period for which any man could easily sustain the weight of a -modelled crest. - -[Illustration: FIG. 615.--Crest of Roger de Quincey, Earl of Winchester (d. -1264). (From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 616.--Crest of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. (From his -seal, 1301.)] - -Another point needs to be borne in mind. The result of a joust depended -upon the points scored, the highest number being gained for the absolute -unhorsing of an opponent. This, however, happened comparatively seldom, and -points or "spears" were scored for the lances broken upon an opponent's -helmet, shield, or body, and the points so scored were subject to deduction -if the opponent's horse were touched, and under other circumstances. The -head of the tilting-spear which was used was a kind of rosette, and -heraldic representations are really incorrect in adding a point when the -weapon is described as a tilting-spear. Whilst a fine point meeting a -wooden shield or metal armour would stick in the one or glance off the -other, and neither result in the breaking of the lance nor in the unhorsing -of the opponent, a broad rosette would convey a heavy shock. But to effect -the desired object the tilting-spear would need to meet resistance, and -little would be gained by knocking off an opponent's ornamental crest. -Certainly no prize appears to have been allotted for the performance of -this feat (which always attracts the imagination of the novelist), whilst -there was for striking the "sight" of the helmet. Consequently there was -nothing to be gained from the protection to {334} the helmet which the fan -of earlier date afforded, and the tendency of ceremonial led to the use in -tournaments of helmets and elaborate crests which were not those used in -battle. The result is that we find these tournament or ceremonial crests -were of large and prominent size, and were carved in wood, or built up of -leather. But I firmly believe that these crests were used only for -ceremonial and tournament purposes, and were never actually worn in battle. -That these modelled crests in relief are the ones that we find upon -effigies is only natural, and what one would expect, inasmuch as a man's -effigy displayed his garments and accoutrements in the most ornate and -honourable form. The same idea exists at the present day. The subjects of -modern effigies and modern portraits are represented in robes, and with -insignia which are seldom if ever worn, and which sometimes even have no -existence in fact. In the same way the ancient effigies are the -representations of the ceremonial dress and not the everyday garb of those -for whom they stand. But even allowing all the foregoing, it must be -admitted that it is from these ceremonial or tournament helmets and crests -that the heraldic crest has obtained its importance, and herein lies the -reason of the exaggerated size of early heraldic crests, and also the -unsuitability of some few for actual use. Tournaments were flourishing in -the Plantagenet, Yorkist, and Lancastrian periods, and ended with the days -of the Tudor dynasty; and the Plantagenet period witnessed the rise of the -ceremonial and heraldic crest. But in the days when crests had any actual -existence they were made to fit the helmet, and the crests in Figs. 615-618 -show crests very much more naturally disposed than those of later periods. -{335} Crests appear to have come into wider and more general use in Germany -at an earlier period than is the case in this country, for in the early -part of the thirteenth century seals are there to be met with having only -the device of helmet and crest thereupon, a proof that the "oberwappen" -(helmet and crest) was then considered of equal or greater value than the -shield. - -[Illustration: FIG. 617.--Crest of William de Montagu, Earl of Salisbury -(d. 1344). (From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 618.--Crest of Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, -and Earl Marshal. (From a drawing of his seal, 1389: MS Cott., Julius, C. -vii.)] - -The actual tournament crests were made of light material, pasteboard, -cloth, or a leather shell over a wood or wire framework filled with tow, -sponge, or sawdust. Fig. 271, which shows the shield, helmet, and crest of -the Black Prince undoubtedly contemporary, dating from 1376, and now -remaining in Canterbury Cathedral, is made of leather and is a good example -of an actual crest, but even this, there can be little doubt, was never -carried in battle or tournament, and is no more than a ceremonial crest -made for the funeral pageant. - -The heraldic wings which are so frequently met with in crests are not the -natural wings of a bird, but are a development from the fan, and in actual -crests were made of wooden or basket-work strips, and probably at an -earlier date were not intended to represent wings, but were mere pieces of -wood painted and existing for the display of a certain device. Their shape -and position led to their transition into "wings," and then they were -covered with dyed or natural-coloured feathers. It was the art of heraldic -emblazonment which ignored the practical details, that first copied the -wing from nature. - -Actual crests were fastened to the helmets they surmounted by {336} means -of ribbons, straps, laces (which developed later into the fillet and -torse), or rivets, and in Germany they were ornamented with hanging and -tinkling metal leaves, tiny bells, buffalo horns, feathers, and projecting -pieces of wood, which formed vehicles for still further decorative -appendages. - -Then comes the question, what did the crest signify? Many have asserted -that no one below the rank of a knight had the right to use a crest; in -fact some writers have asserted, and doubtless correctly as regards a -certain period, that only those who were of tournament rank might assume -the distinction, and herein lies another confirmation of the supposition -that crests had a closer relation to the tournament than to the -battlefield. - -Doubts as to a man's social position might disqualify him from -participation in a tournament--hence the "helme-schau" previously referred -to--but they certainly never relieved him from the obligations of warfare -imposed by the tenure under which he held his lands. There is no doubt, -however, that whatever the regulation may have been--and there seems little -chance of our ever obtaining any real knowledge upon the point--the right -to display a crest was an additional privilege and honour, something extra -and beyond the right to a shield of arms. For how long any such supposition -held good it is difficult to say, for whilst we find in the latter part of -the fourteenth century that all the great nobles had assumed and were using -crests, and whilst there is but one amongst the Plantagenet Garter plates -without a crest where a helmet has been represented above the shield, we -also find that the great bulk of the lesser landed gentry bore arms, but -made no pretension to a crest. The lesser gentry were bound to fight in -war, but not necessarily in the tournament. Arms were a necessity of -warfare, crests were not. This continued to be the case till the end of the -sixteenth century, for we find that at one of the Visitations no crests -whatever are inserted with the arms and pedigrees of the families set out -in the Visitation Book, and one is probably justified in assuming that -whilst this state of feeling and this idea existed, the crest was highly -thought of, and valued possibly beyond the shield of arms, for with those -of that rank of life which aspired to the display of a crest the right to -arms would be a matter of course. In the latter part of the reign of Queen -Elizabeth and in Stuart days the granting of crests to ancient arms became -a widespread practice. Scores upon scores of such grants can be referred -to, and I have myself been led to the irresistible conclusion that the -opportunity afforded by the grant of a crest was urged by the heralds and -officers of arms, in order to give them the opportunity of confirming and -recording arms which they knew needed such confirmation to be - -{337} rendered legal, without giving offence to those who had borne these -arms merely by strength of user for some prolonged but at the same time -insufficient period to confer an unquestioned right. That has always seemed -to me the obvious reason which accounts for these numberless grants of -crests to apparently existing arms, which arms are recited and emblazoned -in the patents, because there are other grants of crests which can be -referred to, though these are singularly few in number, in which the arms -are entirely ignored. But as none of these grants, which are of a crest -only, appear to have been made to families whose right to arms was not -absolutely beyond question or dispute, the conclusion above recited appears -to be irresistible. The result of these numerous grants of crests, which I -look upon as carrying greater importance in the sense that they were also -confirmations of the arms, resulted in the fact that the value and dignity -of the crest slowly but steadily declined, and the cessation of tournaments -and, shortly afterwards, the marked decline in funereal pageantry no doubt -contributed largely to the same result. Throughout the Stuart period -instances can be found, though not very frequently, of grants of arms -without the grant of a crest being included in the patent; but the practice -was soon to entirely cease, and roughly speaking one may assert that since -the beginning of the Hanoverian dynasty no person has ever been granted -arms without the corresponding grant of a crest, if a crest could be -properly borne with the arms. Now no crest has ever been granted where the -right to arms has not existed or been simultaneously conferred, and -therefore, whilst there are still many coats of arms legally in existence -without a crest, a crest cannot exist without a coat of arms, so that those -people, and they are many, who vehemently assert a right to the "_crest_ of -their family," whilst admitting they have no right to arms, stand -self-convicted heraldically both of having spoken unutterable rubbish, and -of using a crest to which they can have no possible right. One exception, -and one only, have I ever come across to the contrary, and very careful -inquiry can bring me knowledge of no other. That crest is the crest of a -family of Buckworth, now represented by Sir Charles Buckworth-Herne-Soame, -Bart. This family at the time of the Visitations exhibited a certain coat -of arms and crest. The coat of arms, which doubtless interfered with the -rights of some other family, was respited for further proof; but the crest, -which did not, appears to have been allowed, and as nothing further was -done with regard to the arms, the crest stood, whilst the arms were bad. -But even this one exception has long since been rectified, for when the -additional name and arms of Soame were assumed by Royal License, the arms -which had been exhibited and respited were (with the addition of an ermine -spot as a charge upon the chevron) granted as the arms of Buckworth to be -borne quarterly with the arms of Soame. - -PLATE VI. - -[Illustration] - -{338} - -With the cessation of tournaments, we get to the period which some writers -have stigmatised as that of "paper" heraldry. That is a reference to the -fact that arms and crests ceased to be painted upon shields or erected upon -helmets that enjoyed actual use in battle and tournament. Those who are so -ready to decry modern heraldry forget that from its very earliest existence -heraldry has always had the _same_ significance as a symbol of rank and -social position which it now enjoys and which remains undiminished in -extent, though doubtless less potent in effect. They forget also that from -the very earliest period armory had three uses--viz. its martial use, its -decorative use, and its use as a symbol of ownership. The two latter uses -still remain in their entirety, and whilst that is the case, armory cannot -be treated as a dead science. - -But with the cessation of tournaments the decorative became the chief use -of arms, and the crest soon ceased to have that distinctive adaptability to -the purpose of a helmet ornament. Up to the end of the Tudor period crests -had retained their original simplicity. Animals' heads and animals passant, -human heads and demi-animals, comprised the large majority of the early -crests. Scottish heraldry in a marked degree has retained the early -simplicity of crests, though at the expense of lack of distinction between -the crests of different families. German heraldry has to a large extent -retained the same character as has Scottish armory, and though many of the -crests are decidedly elaborated, it is noticeable that this elaboration is -never such as to render the crest unsuitable for its true position upon a -helmet. - -In England this aspect of the crest has been almost entirely lost sight of, -and a large proportion of the crests in modern English grants are utterly -unsuitable for use in relief upon an actual helmet. Our present rules of -position for a helmet, and our unfortunate stereotyped form of wreath, are -largely to blame, but the chief reason is the definite English rule that -the crests of separate English families must be differentiated as are the -arms. No such rule holds good in Scotland, hence their simple crests. - -Whether the rule is good or bad it is difficult to say. When all the pros -and cons have been taken into consideration, the whole discussion remains a -matter of opinion, and whilst one dislikes the Scottish idea under which -the same identical crest can be and regularly is granted to half-a-dozen -people of as many different surnames, one objects very considerably to the -typical present-day crest of an English grant of arms. Whilst a collar can -be put round an animal's neck, and whilst it can hold objects in its mouth -or paws, it does seem {339} ridiculous to put a string of varied and -selected objects "in front" of it, when these plainly would only be visible -from one side, or to put a crest "between" objects if these are to be -represented "fore and aft," one toppling over the brow of the wearer of the -helmet and the other hanging down behind. - -The crests granted by the late Sir Albert Woods, Garter, are the crying -grievance of modern English heraldry, and though a large proportion are far -greater abortions than they need be, and though careful thought and -research even yet will under the present regime result in the grant of at -any rate a quite unobjectionable crest, nevertheless we shall not obtain a -real reform, or attain to any appreciable improvement, until the "position" -rule as to helmets is abolished. Some of the crests mentioned hereunder are -typical and awful examples of modern crests. - - Crest of Bellasis of Marton, Westmoreland: A mount vert, thereon a lion - couchant guardant azure, in front of a tent proper, lined gules. - - Crest of Hermon of Preston, Lancashire, and Wyfold Court, Checkendon, - Oxon.: In front of two palm-trees proper, a lion couchant guardant - erminois, resting the dexter claw upon a bale of cotton proper. Motto: - "Fido non timeo." - - Crest of James Harrison, Esq., M.A., Barrister-at-Law: In front of a - demi-lion rampant erased or, gorged with a collar gemelle azure, and - holding between the paws a wreath of oak proper, three mascles - interlaced also azure. Motto: "Pro rege et patria." - - Crest of Colonel John Davis, F.S.A., of Bifrons, Hants: A lion's head - erased sable, charged with a caltrap or, upon two swords in saltire - proper, hilted and pommelled also or. Motto: "Ne tentes, aut perfice." - - Crest of the late Sir Saul Samuel, Bart., K.C.M.G.: Upon a rock in - front of three spears, one in pale and two in saltire, a wolf current - sable, pierced in the breast by an arrow argent, flighted or. Motto: "A - pledge of better times." - - Crest of Jonson of Kennal Manor, Chislehurst, Kent: In front of a - dexter arm embowed in armour proper, the hand also proper, grasping a - javelin in bend sinister, pheoned or, and enfiled with a chaplet of - roses gules, two branches of oak in saltire vert. - - Crest of C. E. Lamplugh, Esq.: In front of a cubit arm erect proper, - encircled about the wrist with a wreath of oak and holding in the hand - a sword also proper, pommel and hilt or, an escutcheon argent, charged - with a goat's head couped sable. Mottoes: "Through," and "Providentia - Dei stabiliuntur familiae." - - Crest of Glasford, Scotland: "Issuing from clouds two hands conjoined - grasping a caduceus ensigned with a cap of liberty, all between two - cornucopiae all proper. Motto: "Prisca fides." - -We now come to the subject of the inheritance of crests, concerning which -there has been much difference of opinion. - -It is very usually asserted that until a comparatively recent date crests -were not hereditary, but were assumed, discarded, and changed at pleasure. -Like many other incorrect statements, there is a certain modicum of truth -in the statement, for no doubt whilst arms themselves {340} had a more or -less shifting character, crests were certainly not "fixed" to any greater -extent. - -But I think no one has as yet discovered, or at any rate brought into -notice, the true facts of the case, or the real position of the matter, and -I think I am the first to put into print what actually were the rules which -governed the matter. The rules, I believe, were undoubtedly these:-- - -Crests were, save in the remote beginning of things heraldic, definitely -hereditary. They were hereditary even to the extent (and herein lies the -point which has not hitherto been observed) that they were transmitted by -an heiress. Perhaps this heritability was limited to those cases in which -the heiress transmitted the _de facto_ headship of her house. We, judging -by present laws, look upon the crest as a part of the _one_ heraldic -achievement inseparable from the shield. What proof have we that in early -times any necessary connection between arms and crest existed? We have -none. The shield of arms was one inheritance, descending by known rules. -The crest was another, but a separate inheritance, descending equally -through an heir or coheir-general. The crest was, as an inheritance, as -separate from the shield as were the estates then. The social conditions of -life prevented the possibility of the existence or inheritance of a crest -where arms did not exist. But a man inheriting several coats of arms from -different heiress ancestresses could marshal them all upon one shield, and -though we find the heir often made selection at his pleasure, and -marshalled the arms in various methods, the determination of which was a -mere matter of arbitrary choice, he could, if he wished, use them all upon -one shield. But he had but one helmet, and could use and display but one -crest. So that, if he had inherited two, he was forced to choose which he -would use, though he sometimes tried to combine two into one device. It is -questionable if an instance can be found in England of the regular display -of two helmets and crests together, surmounting one shield, before the -eighteenth century, but there are countless instances of the contemporary -but separate display of two different crests, and the Visitation Records -afford us some number of instances of this tacit acknowledgment of the -inheritance of more than one crest. - -The patent altering or granting the Mowbray crest seems to me clear -recognition of the right of inheritance of a crest passing through an heir -female. This, however, it must be admitted, may be really no more than a -grant, and is not in itself actual evidence that any crest had been -previously borne. My own opinion, however, is that it is fair presumptive -evidence upon the point, and conveys an alteration and not a grant. - -The translation of this Patent (Patent Roll 339, 17 Ric. II. pt. 1, {341} -memb. 2) is as follows: "The King to all to whom, &c., Greeting, Know that -whereas our well-beloved and faithful kinsman, Thomas, Earl-Marshal and -Earl of Nottingham, has a just hereditary title to bear for his crest a -leopard or with a white label, which should be of right the crest of our -eldest son if we had begotten a son. We, for this consideration, have -granted for us and our heirs to the said Thomas and his heirs that for a -difference in this crest they shall and may bear a leopard, and in place of -a label a crown argent, without hindrance from us or our heirs -aforesaid.--In witness, &c. Witness the King at Westminster, the 12th day -of January [17 Ric. II.]. By writ of Privy Seal." - -Cases will constantly be found in which the crests have been changed. I -necessarily totally exclude from consideration crests which have been -changed owing to specific grants, and also changes due to the discarding of -crests which can be shown to have been borne without right. Changes in -crests must also be disregarded where the differences in emblazonment are -merely differences in varying designs of the same crest. Necessarily from -none of these instances can a law of inheritance be deduced. But if other -changes in the crests of important families be considered, I think it will -be very evident that practically the whole of these are due to the -inheritance through heiresses or ancestresses of an alternative crest. It -can be readily shown that selection played an important part in the -marshalling of quarterings upon an escutcheon, and where important -quarterings were inherited they are as often as not found depicted in the -first quarter. Thus the Howards have borne at different periods the wings -of Howard; the horse of Fitzalan; and the Royal crest granted to the -Mowbrays with remainder to the heir general; and these crests have been -borne, as will be seen from the Garter plates, quite irrespective of what -the surname in use may have been. Consequently it is very evident the -crests were considered to be inherited with the representation of the -different families. The Stourton crest was originally a stag's head, and is -to be seen recorded in one of the Visitations, and upon the earliest seal -in existence of any member of the family. But after the inheritance through -the heiress of Le Moyne, the Le Moyne crest of the demi-monk was adopted. -The Stanleys, Earls of Derby, whatever their original crest may have been, -inherited the well-known bird and bantling of the family of Lathom. The -Talbot crest was originally a talbot, and this is still so borne by Lord -Talbot of Malahide: it was recorded at the Visitation of Dublin; but the -crest at present borne by the Earls of Shrewsbury is derived from the arms -inherited by descent from Gwendolin, daughter of Rhys ap Griffith. The -Nevill crest was a bull's head as it is now borne by the Marquess {342} of -Abergavenny, and as it will be seen on the Garter plate of William Nevill, -Lord Fauconberg. An elder brother of Lord Fauconberg had married the -heiress of the Earl of Salisbury, and was summoned to Parliament in her -earldom. He quartered her arms, which appear upon his Garter plate and -seal, in the first and fourth quarters of his shield, and adopted her -crest. A younger son of Sir Richard Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, bore the -same crest differenced by two annulets conjoined, which was the difference -mark added to the shield. The crest of Bourchier was a soldan's head -crowned, and with a pointed cap issuing from the crown, but when the barony -of Bourchier passed to the family of Robsart, as will be seen from the -Garter plate of Sir Lewis Robsart, Lord Bourchier, the crest of Bourchier -was adopted with the inheritance of the arms and Barony of Bourchier. - -I am aware of no important case in English heraldry where the change has -been due to mere caprice, and it would seem therefore an almost -incontrovertible assertion that changes were due to inheritance, and if -that can be established it follows even more strongly that until the days -when armory was brought under rigid and official control, and even until a -much later date, say up to the beginning of the Stuart period, crests were -heritable through heiresses equally with quarterings. The fact that we find -comparatively few changes considering the number of crests in existence is -by no means a refutation of this theory, because a man had but one helmet, -and was forced therefore to make a selection. Unless, therefore, he had a -very strong inclination it would be more likely that he would select the -crest he was used to than a fresh one. I am by no means certain that to a -limited extent the German idea did not hold in England. This was, and is, -that the crest had not the same personal character that was the case with -the arms, but was rather attached to or an appanage of the territorial fief -or lordship. By the time of the Restoration any idea of the transmission of -crests through heiresses had been abandoned. We then find a Royal License -necessary for the assumption of arms and crests. Since that date it has -been and at the present time it is stringently held, and is the official -rule, that no woman can bear or inherit a crest, and that no woman can -transmit a right to one. Whilst that is the official and accepted -interpretation of heraldic law upon the point, and whilst it cannot now be -gainsaid, it cannot, however, be stated that the one assertion is the -logical deduction of the other, for whilst a woman cannot inherit a -lordship of Parliament, she undoubtedly can transmit one, together with the -titular honours, the enjoyment of which is not denied to her. - -In Scotland crests have always had a very much less important position than -in England. There has been little if any continuity {343} with regard to -them, and instances of changes for which caprice would appear to be the -only reason are met with in the cases of a large proportion of the chief -families in that kingdom. To such a widespread extent has the permissive -character been allowed to the crest, that many cases will be found in which -each successive matriculation for the head of the house, or for a cadet, -has produced a change in the crest, and instances are to be found where the -different crests are the only existing differences in the achievements of a -number of cadets of the same family. At the present time, little if any -objection is ever made to an entire and radical change in the crest--if -this is wished at the time of a rematriculation--and as far as I can gather -such changes appear to have always been permitted. Perhaps it may be well -here to point out that this is not equivalent to permission to change the -crest at pleasure, because the patent of matriculation until it is -superseded by another is the authority, and the compulsory authority, for -the crest which is to be borne. In Germany the crest has an infinitely -greater importance than is the case with ourselves, but it is there -considered in a large degree a territorial appanage, and it is by no means -unusual in a German achievement to see several crests surmounting a single -coat of arms. In England the Royal coat of arms has really three crests, -although the crests of Scotland and Ireland are seldom used, which, it may -be noted, are all in a manner territorial; but the difference of idea with -which crests are regarded in Germany may be gathered from the fact that the -King of Saxony has five, the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin five, the -Grand Duke of Saxe-Meiningen six, the Grand Duke of Saxe-Altenburg seven, -the Duke of Anhalt seven, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha six, the Prince -of Schwartzburg-Sondershausen six, the Prince of Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt -six, the Prince of Waldeck-Pyrmont five, the Prince of Lippe five, the Duke -of Brunswick five, and instances can be quoted of sixteen and seventeen. -Probably Woodward is correct when he says that each crest formerly denoted -a noble fief, for which the proprietor had a right to vote in the "circles" -of the Empire, and he instances the Margraves of Brandenburg-Anspach, who -were entitled to no less than thirteen crests. In France the use of crests -is not nearly so general as in England or Germany. In Spain and Portugal it -is less frequent still, and in Italy the use of a crest is the exception. - -The German practice of using horns on either side of the crest, which the -ignorance of English heralds has transformed into the proboscides of -elephants, is dealt with at some length on page 214. The horns, which are -termed buffalo's or bull's horns until the middle of the thirteenth -century, were short and thick-set. It is difficult to {344} say at what -date these figures came to be considered as heraldic _crests_, for as mere -helmet ornaments they probably can be traced back very far beyond any proof -of the existence of armory. In the fourteenth century we find the horns -curved inwards like a sickle, but later the horns are found more erect, the -points turning outwards, slimmer in shape, and finally they exhibit a -decidedly marked double curve. Then the ends of the horns are met with -open, like a trumpet, the fact which gave rise to the erroneous idea that -they represented elephants' trunks. The horns became ornamented with -feathers, banners, branches of leaves, balls, &c., and the orifices -garnished with similar adornments. - -In England, crests are theoretically subject to marks of cadency and -difference. This is not the case, however, in any other country. In -Germany, in cases where the crests reproduce the arms, any mark of cadency -with which the arms are distinguished will of course be repeated; but in -German heraldry, doubtless owing to the territorial nature of the crest, a -change in the crest itself is often the only mark of distinction between -different branches of the same family, and in Siebmacher's _Wappenbuch_ -thirty-one different branches of the Zorn family have different crests, -which are the sole marks of difference in the achievements. - -But though British crests are presumed to be subject to the recognised -marks of cadency, as a matter of fact it is very seldom indeed that they -are ever so marked, with the exception that the mark used (usually a cross -crosslet) to signify the lack of blood relationship when arms are assumed -under a Royal License, is compulsory. Marks of distinction added to signify -illegitimacy are also compulsory and perpetual. What these marks are will -be dealt with in a subsequent chapter upon the subject. How very seldom a -mark of difference is added to a crest may be gathered from the fact that -with the exception of labels, chiefly upon the Royal crest, one crest only -amongst the Plantagenet Garter plates is differenced, that one being the -crest of John Neville, Lord Montague. Several crests, however, which are -not Royal, are differenced by similar labels to those which appear upon the -shields; but when we find that the difference marks have very much of a -permissive character, even upon the shield, it is not likely that they are -perpetuated upon the crest, where they are even less desirable. The arms of -Cokayne, as given in the funeral certificate of Sir William Cokayne, Lord -Mayor of London, show upon the shield three crescents, sable, or, and -gules, charged one upon the other, the Lord Mayor being the second son of a -second son of Cokayne of Sturston, descending from William, second son of -Sir John Cokayne of Ashborne. But, in spite of the fact that three -difference marks are charged upon the shield (one of the quarterings of -which, by the way, {345} has an additional mark), the crest itself is only -differenced by one crescent. These difference marks, as applied to arms, -are in England (the rules in Scotland are utterly distinct) practically -permissive, and are never enforced against the wish of the bearer except in -one circumstance. If, owing to the grant of a crest or supporters, or a -Royal License, or any similar opportunity, a formal exemplification of the -arms is entered on the books of the College of Arms, the opportunity is -generally taken to add such mark of cadency as may be necessary; and no -certificate would be officially issued to any one claiming arms through -that exemplification except subject to the mark of cadency therein -depicted. In such cases as these the crest is usually differenced, because -the necessity for an exemplification does not often occur, except owing to -the establishment of an important branch of the family, which is likely to -continue as a separate house in the future, and possibly to rival the -importance of the chief of the name. Two examples will show my meaning. The -crest of the Duke of Bedford is a goat statant argent, armed or. When Earl -Russell, the third son of the sixth Duke of Bedford, was so created, the -arms, crest, and supporters were charged with a mullet argent. When the -first Lord Ampthill, who was the third son of the father of the ninth Duke -of Bedford, was so created, the arms of Russell, with the crest and -supporters, were also charged with mullets, these being of different -tinctures from those granted to Earl Russell. The crest of the Duke of -Westminster is a talbot statant or. The first Lord Stalbridge was the -second son of the Marquess of Westminster. His arms, crest, and supporters -were charged with a crescent. Lord Ebury was the third son of the first -Marquess of Westminster. His arms, crest, and supporters were charged with -a mullet. In cases of this kind the mark of difference upon the crest would -be considered permanent; but for ordinary purposes, and in ordinary -circumstances, the rule may be taken to be that it is not necessary to add -the mark of cadency to a crest, even when it is added to the shield, but -that, at the same time, it is not incorrect to do so. - -Crests must nowadays always be depicted upon either a wreath, coronet, or -chapeau; but these, and the rules concerning them, will be considered in a -more definite and detailed manner in the separate chapters in which those -objects are discussed. - -Crests are nowadays very frequently used upon livery buttons. Such a usage -is discussed at some length in the chapter on badges. - -When two or more crests are depicted together, and when, as is often the -case in England, the wreaths are depicted in space, and without the -intervening helmets, the crests always all face to the dexter side, and the -stereotyped character of English crests perhaps more than any other reason, -has led of late to the depicting of English {346} helmets all placed to -face in the same direction to the dexter side. But if, as will often be -found, the two helmets are turned to face each other, the crests also must -be turned. - -Where there are two crests, the one on the dexter side is the first and the -one on the sinister side is the second. When there are three, the centre -one comes first, then the one on the dexter side, then the one on the -sinister. When there are four crests, the first one is the dexter of the -two inner ones; the second is the sinister inner one; the third is the -dexter outer, and the fourth the sinister outer. When there are five (and I -know of no greater number in this country), they run as follows: (1) -centre, (2) dexter inner, (3) sinister inner, (4) dexter outer, (5) -sinister outer. - -A very usual practice in official emblazonments in cases of three crests is -to paint the centre one of a larger size, and at a slightly lower level, -than the others. In the case of four, Nos. 1 and 2 would be of the same -size, Nos. 3 and 4 slightly smaller, and slightly raised. - -It is a very usual circumstance to see two or more crests displayed in -England, but this practice is of comparatively recent date. How recent may -be gathered from the fact that in Scotland no single instance can be found -before the year 1809 in which two crests are placed above the same shield. -Scottish heraldry, however, has always been purer than English, and the -practice in England is much more ancient, though I question if in England -any authentic official exemplification can be found before 1700. There are, -however, many cases in the Visitation Books in which two crests are allowed -to the same family, but this fact does not prove the point, because a -Visitation record is merely an official record of inheritance and -possession, and not necessarily evidence of a regulation permitting the -simultaneous display of more than one. It is of course impossible to use -two sets of supporters with a single shield, but there are many peers who -are entitled to two sets; Lord Ancaster, I believe, is entitled to three -sets. But an official record in such a case would probably emblazon both -sets as evidence of right, by painting the shield twice over. - -During the eighteenth century we find many instances of the grant of -additional crests of augmentation, and many exemplifications under Royal -License for the use of two and three crests. Since that day the correctness -of duplicate crests has never been questioned, where the right of -inheritance to them has been established. The right of inheritance to two -or more crests at the present time is only officially allowed in the -following cases. - -If a family at the time of the Visitations had two crests recorded to them, -these would be now allowed. If descent can be proved from a family to whom -a certain crest was allowed, and also from ancestors {347} at an earlier -date who are recorded as entitled to bear a different crest, the two would -be allowed unless it was evident that the later crest had been granted, -assigned, or exemplified _in lieu_ of the earlier one. Two crests are -allowed in the few cases which exist where a family has obtained a grant of -arms in ignorance of the fact that they were then entitled to bear arms and -crest of an earlier date to which the right has been subsequently proved, -but on this point it should be remarked that if a right to arms is known to -exist a second grant in England is point-blank refused unless the petition -asks for it to be borne instead of, and in lieu of, the earlier one: it is -then granted in those terms. - -To those who think that the Heralds' College is a mere fee-grabbing -institution, the following experience of an intimate friend of mine may be -of interest. In placing his pedigree upon record it became evident that his -descent was not legitimate, and he therefore petitioned for and obtained a -Royal License to bear the name and arms of the family from which he had -sprung. But the illegitimacy was not modern, and no one would have -questioned his right to the name which all the other members of the family -bear, if he had not himself raised the point in order to obtain the ancient -arms in the necessarily differenced form. The arms had always been borne -with some four or five quarterings and with two crests, and he was rather -annoyed that he had to go back to a simple coat of arms and single crest. -He obtained a grant for his wife, who was an heiress, and then, with the -idea of obtaining an additional quartering and a second crest, he conceived -the brilliant idea--for money was of no object to him--of putting his -brother forward as a petitioner for arms to be granted to him and his -descendants and to the other descendants of his father, a grant which would -of course have brought in my friend. He moved heaven and earth to bring -this about, but he was met with the direct statement that two grants of -arms could not be made to the same man to be borne simultaneously, and that -if he persisted in the grant of arms to his brother, his own name, as being -then entitled to bear arms, would be specifically exempted from the later -grant, and the result was that this second grant was never made. - -In Scotland, where re-matriculation is constantly going on, two separate -matriculations _to the same line_ would not confer the right to two crests, -inasmuch as the last matriculation supersedes everything which has preceded -it. But if a cadet matriculates a different crest, _and subsequently_ -succeeds to the representation under an earlier matriculation, he legally -succeeds to both crests, and incidentally to both coats of arms. As a -matter of ordinary practice, the cadet matriculation is discarded. A -curious case, however, occurs when after {348} matriculation by a cadet -there is a _later_ matriculation behind it, by some one nearer the head of -the house to which the first-mentioned cadet succeeds; in which event -selection must be brought into play, when succession to both occurs. But -the selection lies only between the two patents, and not from varied -constituent parts. - -Where as an augmentation an additional crest is granted, as has been the -case in many instances, of course a right to the double crest is thereby -conferred, and a crest of augmentation is not granted in lieu, but in -addition. - -A large number of these additional crests have been granted under specific -warrants from the Crown, and in the case of Lord Gough, two additional -crests were granted as separate augmentations and under separate patents. -Lord Kitchener recently received a grant of an additional crest of -augmentation. There are also a number of grants on record, not officially -ranking as augmentations, in which a second crest has been granted as a -memorial of descent or office, &c. - -The other cases in which double and treble crests occur are the results of -exemplifications following upon Royal Licenses to assume name and arms. As -a rule, when an additional surname is adopted by Royal License, the rule is -that the arms adopted are to be borne in addition to those previously in -existence; and where one name is adopted instead of another the warrant -very frequently permits this, and at the same time permits or requires the -new arms to be borne quarterly with those previously possessed, and gives -the right to two crests. But in cases where names and arms are assumed by -Royal License the arms and crest or crests are in accordance with the -patent of exemplification, which, no matter what its terms (for some do not -expressly exclude any prior rights), is always presumed to supersede -everything which has gone before, and to be the authority by which the -subsequent bearing of arms is regularised and controlled. Roughly speaking, -under a Royal License one generally gets the right to one crest for every -surname, and if the original surname be discarded, in addition a crest for -every previous surname. Thus Mainwaring-Ellerker-Onslow has three crests, -Wyndham-Campbell-Pleydell-Bouverie has four, and the last Duke of -Buckingham and Chandos, who held the record, had one for each of his -surnames, namely, Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville. In addition to -the foregoing, there are one or two exceptions which it is difficult to -explain. The Marquess of Bute for some reason or other obtained a grant, in -the year 1822, of the crest of Herbert. The original Lord Liverpool -obtained a grant of an additional crest, possibly an augmentation, and his -representative, Lord Hawkesbury, afterwards created Earl of Liverpool, for -some reason or other which I am quite at a loss to understand, obtained a -grant of a crest {349} very similar to that of Lord Liverpool to -commemorate the representation which had devolved upon him. He subsequently -obtained a grant of a third crest, this last being of augmentation. Sir -Charles Young, Garter King of Arms, obtained the grant of a second crest, -and a former Marquess of Camden did the same thing; Lord Swansea is another -recent case, and though the right of any person to obtain the grant of a -second crest is not officially admitted, and is in fact strenuously denied, -I cannot for the life of me see how in the face of the foregoing precedents -any such privilege can be denied. Sir William Woods also obtained the grant -of a second crest when he was Garter, oblivious of the fact that he had not -really established a right to arms. Those he used were certainly granted in -Lyon Office to a relative, but no matriculation of them in his own name was -ever registered. {350} - - - -CHAPTER XXII - -CROWNS AND CORONETS - -The origin of the crown or coronet is, of course, to be met with in the -diadem and fillet. In one of the Cantor Lectures delivered by Mr. Cyril -Davenport, F.S.A., in February 1902, on "The History of Personal Jewellery -from Prehistoric Times," he devoted considerable attention to the -development of the diadem, and the following extracts are from the printed -report of his lecture:-- - -"The bandeau or fillet tied round the head was probably first used to keep -long hair from getting into the eyes of primitive man. Presently it became -specialised, priests wearing one pattern and fighting men another. - -"The soft band which can be seen figured on the heads of kings in early -coins, is no doubt a mark of chieftainship. This use of a band, of special -colour, to indicate authority, probably originated in the East. It was -adopted by Alexander the Great, who also used the diadem of the King of -Persia. Justinian says that Alexander's predecessors did not wear any -diadem. Justinian also tells us that the diadems then worn were of some -soft material, as in describing the accidental wounding of Lysimachus by -Alexander, he says that the hurt was bound up by Alexander _with his own -diadem_. This was considered a lucky omen for Lysimachus, who actually did -shortly afterwards become King of Thrace. - -"In Egypt diadems of particular shape are of very ancient use. There were -crowns for Upper and Lower Egypt, and a combination of both for the whole -country. They were also distinguished by colour. The Uraeus or snake worn -in the crowns and head-dresses of the Pharaohs was a symbol of royalty. -Representations of the Egyptian gods always show them as wearing crowns. - -"In Assyrian sculptures deities and kings are shown wearing diadems, -apparently bands of stuff or leather studded with discs of _repousse_ work. -Some of these discs, detached, have actually been found. Similar discs were -plentifully found at Mycenae, which were very likely used in a similar way. -Some of the larger ornamental head-dresses worn by Assyrian kings appear to -have been conical-shaped helmets, or perhaps crowns; it is now difficult to -say which, {351} because the material of which they were made cannot be -ascertained. If they were of gold, they were probably crowns, like the -wonderful openwork golden Scythian head-dress found at Kertch, but if of an -inferior metal they may have been only helmets. - -"At St. Petersburg there is a beautiful ancient Greek diadem representing a -crown of olive. An Etruscan ivy wreath of thin gold, still encircling a -bronze helmet, is in the British Museum. - -"Justinian says that Morimus tried to hang himself with the diadem, -evidently a ribbon-like bandeau, sent to him by Mithridates. The Roman -royal diadem was originally a white ribbon, a wreath of laurel was the -reward of distinguished citizens, while a circlet of golden leaves was -given to successful generals. - -"Caesar consistently refused the royal white diadem which Antony offered -him, preferring to remain perpetual dictator. One of his partisans ventured -to crown Caesar's bust with a coronet of laurel tied with royal white -ribbon, but the tribunes quickly removed it and heavily punished the -perpetrator of the offence. - -"During the Roman Empire the prejudice against the white bandeau remained -strong. The emperors dared not wear it. Caligula wished to do so, but was -dissuaded on being told that such a proceeding might cost his life. -Eliogabalus used to wear a diadem studded with precious stones, but it is -not supposed to have indicated rank, but only to have been a rich lady's -parure, this emperor being fond of dressing himself up as a woman. -Caracalla, who took Alexander the Great as his model as far as possible, is -shown on some of his coins wearing a diadem of a double row of pearls, a -similar design to which was used by the kings of Parthia. On coins of -Diocletian, there shows a double row of pearls, sewn on a double band and -tied in a knot at the back. - -"Diadems gradually closed in and became crowns, and on Byzantine coins -highly ornate diadems can be recognised, and there are many beautiful -representations of them in enamels and mosaics, as well as a few actual -specimens. At Ravenna, in mosaic work in the church of San Vitale, are -crowned portraits of Justinian and his Empress Theodosia; in the enamel -portrait of the Empress Irene in the Pal d'Oro at Venice, can be seen a -beautiful jewelled crown with hinged plaques, and the same construction is -used on the iron crown of Lombardy, the sacred crown of Hungary, and the -crown of Charlemagne, all most beautiful specimens of jewellers' work. - -"On the plaques of the crown of Constantine Monomachos are also fine enamel -portraits of himself and his queen Zoe, wearing similar crowns. The -cataseistas, or jewelled chains, one over each ear and one at the back, -which occur on all these crowns, may be the survival of the loose ends of -the tie of the original fillet. {352} - -"In later times of Greece and Rome, owing to the growth of republican -feeling the diadem lost its political significance, and was relegated to -the ladies. - -"In the Middle Ages the diadem regained much of its earlier significance, -and ceased to be only the simple head ornament it had become. Now it became -specialised in form, reserved as an emblem of rank. The forms of royal -crowns and diadems is a large and fascinating study, and where original -examples do not now exist, the development can often be followed in -sculpture, coins, or seals. Heraldry now plays an important part. Diadems -or circlets gradually give way to closed crowns, in the case of sovereigns -possessing independent authority." - -But to pass to the crown proper, there is no doubt that from the earliest -times of recorded history crowns have been a sign and emblem of -sovereignty. It equally admits of no doubt that the use of a crown or -coronet was by no means exclusive to a sovereign, but whilst our knowledge -is somewhat curtailed as to the exact relation in which great overlords and -nobles stood to their sovereign, it is difficult to draw with any certainty -or exactitude definitive conclusions of the symbolism a crown or coronet -conveyed. Throughout Europe in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth, and -well into the fourteenth centuries, the great territorial lords enjoyed and -exercised many--in fact most--of the attributes of sovereignty, and in -England especially, where the king was no more than the first amongst his -peers, the territorial earls were in much the position of petty sovereigns. -It is only natural, therefore, that we should find them using this emblem -of sovereignty. But what we do find in England is that a coronet or fillet -was used, apparently without let or hindrance, by even knights. It is, -however, a matter for thought as to whether many of these fillets were not -simply the turban or "puggaree" folded into the shape of a fillet, but -capable of being unrolled if desired. What the object of the wholesale -wearing of crowns and coronets was, it is difficult to conjecture. - -The development of the crown of the English sovereigns has been best told -by Mr. Cyril Davenport in his valuable work on "The English Regalia" (Kegan -Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.). Mr. Davenport, whose knowledge on these -matters is probably unequalled, may best be allowed to tell the story in -his own words, he and his publishers having very kindly permitted this -course to be taken:-- {353} - -THE CROWN OF GREAT BRITAIN - -BY CYRIL DAVENPORT, F.S.A. - -"Crowns appear to have been at an early period worn by kings in battle, in -order that they might be easily recognised; and although it is quite -possible that this outward sign of sovereignty may have marked the wearer -as being entitled to special protection by his own men, it is also likely -that it was often a dangerous sign of importance. Upon the authority of -their coins, the heads of the early British kings were adorned with -variously formed fillets and ornamental wreaths. Helmets are also evidently -intended to be shown, and on some of the coins of Athelstan the helmet -bears upon it a crown of three raised points, with a single pearl at the -top of each (Fig. 619). Other coins bear the crown with the three raised -points without the helmet (Fig. 620). This crown of three points, bearing -sometimes one and sometimes three pearls at the top of each, continued to -be used by all the sole monarchs until Canute, on whose head a crown is -shown in which the three points develop into three clearly-marked trefoils -(Fig. 621). On the great seal of Edward the Confessor the king is wearing -an ornamental cap, which is described by Mr. Wyon in his book about the -Great Seals as bearing a crown with three points trefoiled; but the -impressions of this Great Seal that I have been able to see are so -indistinct in this particular that I do not feel justified in corroborating -his opinion. On some of the coins, however, of Edward the Confessor, an -arched crown is very clearly shown, and this crown has depending from it, -on each side, tassels with ornamental ends (Fig. 622). - -[Illustration: FIG. 619.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 620.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 621.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 622.] - -"In the list of the English regalia which were destroyed under the -Commonwealth in 1649 is found an item of great interest, viz. 'a gold wyer -work crown with little bells,' which is there stated to have belonged to -King Alfred, who appears to have been the first English king for whom the -ceremony of coronation was used; and it is remarkable that on several of -the crowns on coins and seals, from the time of Edward the Confessor until -Henry I., little tassels or tags are shown which may indeed represent -little bells suspended by a ribbon. - -"On King Alfred's own coins there is unfortunately nothing which can be -recognised as a crown. {354} - -"On the coins of Henry II. a crown is shown with arches, apparently -intended to be jewelled, as is also the rim. There are also tassels with -ornamental ends at the back of the crown (Fig. 623). - -[Illustration: FIG. 623.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 624.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 625.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 626.] - -"William I. on his Great Seal wears a crown with three points, at the top -of each of which are three pearls (Fig. 624), and on some of his coins a -more ornamental form of crown occurs having a broad jewelled rim and two -arches, also apparently jewelled, and at each side are two pendants with -pearl ends (Fig. 625). William II. on his Great Seal has a crown with five -points (Fig. 626), the centre one being slightly bigger than the others, -and at the top of each a single pearl. At each side of the crown are -pendants having three pearls at the ends. - -[Illustration: FIG. 627.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 628.] - -"On some of the coins of Stephen a pretty form of crown is seen. It has -three fleurs-de-lis and two jewelled arches (Fig. 627). The arches -disappear from this time until the reign of Edward IV. On the Great Seal of -Henry I. the king wears a simple crown with three fleurs-de-lis points, and -two pendants each with three pearls at the ends (Fig. 628), and after this -the pendants seem to have been discontinued. - -[Illustration: FIG. 629.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 630.] - -"On the first Great Seal of Henry III. a crown with three fleurs-de-lis is -shown surmounting a barred helmet (Fig. 629), and Edward I. wore a similar -crown with three fleurs-de-lis, but having supplementary pearls between -each (Fig. 630), and this form lasted for a long time, as modifications of -it are found on the coins of all the kings till Henry VII. On the third -Great Seal of Edward IV. the king wears a crown with five fleurs-de-lis, -the centre one being larger than the others, and the crown is arched and -has at the top an orb and cross (Fig. 631). Henry VI. on his first seal for -foreign affairs, on which occurs the English shield, uses above it a crown -with three crosses-patee and between each a pearl (Fig. 632), this being -the first distinct use of the cross-patee on the English crown; and it -probably was used here in place of the fleurs-de-lis hitherto worn in order -to {355} make a clear distinction between it and the French crown, which -has the fleurs-de-lis only and surmounts the coat of arms of that country. -The king himself wears an arched crown, but the impressions are so bad that -the details of it cannot be followed. - -[Illustration: FIG. 631.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 632.] - -"Henry VII. on his Great Seal uses as ornaments for the crown, -crosses-patee alternately with fleurs-de-lis, and also arches with an orb -and cross at the top (Fig. 633) and, on some of his coins, he reverts to -the three fleurs-de-lis with points between them, arches being still used, -with the orb and cross at the top (Fig. 634). An ornamental form of crown -bearing five ornamental leaves alternately large and small, with arches, -orb, and cross at the top (Fig. 635), occurs on the shillings of Henry VII. -On the crowns of Henry VIII., as well as upon his Great Seals, the -alternate crosses-patee and fleurs-de-lis are found on the rim of the -crown, which is arched, and has an orb and cross at the top, and this is -the form that has remained ever since (Fig. 636). So we may consider that -the growth of the ornament on the rim of the crown has followed a regular -sequence from the points with one pearl at the top, of Aethelstan, to the -trefoil of Canute; the arches began with Edward the Confessor, and the -centre trefoil turned into the cross-patee of Henry VI. The fact that the -remaining trefoils turned eventually into fleurs-de-lis is only, I think, a -natural expansion of form, and does not appear to have had anything to do -with the French fleur-de-lis, which was adopted as an heraldic bearing for -an entirely different reason. The Royal coat of arms of England did bear -for a long time in one of its quarterings the actual fleurs-de-lis of -France, and this, no doubt, has given some reason to the idea that the -fleurs-de-lis on the crown had also something to do with France; but as a -matter of fact they had existed on the crown of England long anterior to -our use of them on the coat of arms, as well as remaining there -subsequently to their discontinuance on our Royal escutcheon. - -[Illustration: FIG. 633.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 634.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 635.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 636.] - -"The cross-patee itself may possibly have been evolved in a somewhat -similar way from the three pearls of William I., as we often find the -centre trefoil, into which, as we have seen, these three points eventually -{356} turned, has a tendency to become larger than the others, and this -difference has been easily made more apparent by squaring the ends of the -triple leaf. At the same time it must not be forgotten that the cross-patee -was actually used on the sceptre of Edward the Confessor, so it is just -possible it may have had some specially English significance. - -"I have already mentioned that as well as the official crown of England, -which alone I have just been describing, there has often been a second or -State crown, and this, although it has in general design followed the -pattern of the official crown, has been much more elaborately ornamented, -and in it has been set and reset the few historic gems possessed by our -nation. The fact that these State crowns have in turn been denuded of their -jewels accounts for the fact that the old settings of some of them still -exist. - -[Illustration: FIG. 637.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 638.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 639.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 640.] - -"Charles II.'s State Crown is figured in Sir Edward Walker's account of his -coronation, but the illustration of it is of such an elementary character -that little reliance can be placed on it; the actual setting of this crown, -however--which was the one stolen by Colonel Blood on May 13, 1671--is now -the property of Lord Amherst of Hackney, and the spaces from which the -great ruby and the large sapphire--both of which are now in King Edward's -State crown--have been taken are clearly seen (Fig. 637). James II.'s State -Crown, which is very accurately figured in Sandford's account of his -coronation, and pieces of which are still in the Tower, also had this great -ruby as its centre ornament (Fig. 638). In Sir George Nayler's account of -the coronation of George IV. there is a figure of his so-called 'new -crown,' the arches of which are composed of oak-leaf sprays with acorns, -and the rim adorned with laurel sprays (Fig. 639). The setting of this -crown also belongs to Lord Amherst of Hackney, and so does another setting -of a small State queen's crown, the ownership of which is doubtful. William -IV. appears to have had a very beautiful State crown, with arches of laurel -sprays and a cross at the top with large diamonds. It is figured in -Robson's 'British Herald,' published in 1830 (Fig. 640). - -"There is one other crown of great interest, which, since the time {357} of -James Sixth of Scotland and First of England, forms part of our regalia. -This is the crown of Scotland, and is the most ancient piece of State -jewellery of which we can boast. - -"Edward I., after his defeat of John Baliol in 1296, carried off the crown -of Scotland to England, and Robert Bruce had another made for himself. This -in its turn, after Bruce's defeat at Methven, fell into Edward's hands. -Another crown seems to have been made for Bruce in 1314, when he was -established in the sovereignty of Scotland after Bannockburn, and the -present crown probably consists largely of the material of the old one, and -most likely follows its general design. It has, however, much French work -about it, as well as the rougher gold work made by Scottish jewellers, and -it seems probable that the crown, as it now is, is a reconstruction by -French workmen, made under the care and by order of James V. about 1540. It -was with this crown that Queen Mary was crowned when she was nine months -old. - -[Illustration: FIG. 641.] - -"In 1661 the Scottish regalia were considered to be in danger from the -English, and were sent to Dunnottar Castle for safety. From 1707 until 1818 -they were locked up in a strong chest in the Crown-Room of Edinburgh -Castle, and Sir Walter Scott, in whose presence the box was opened, wrote -an account of them in 1810. The crown consists of a fillet of gold bordered -with flat wire. Upon it are twenty-two large stones set at equal distances, -_i.e._ nine carbuncles, four jacinths, four amethysts, two white topazes, -two crystals with green foil behind them, and one topaz with yellow foil. -Behind each of these gems is a gold plate, with bands above and below of -white enamel with black spots, and between each stone is a pearl. Above the -band are ten jewelled rosettes and ten fleurs-de-lis alternately, and -between each a pearl. Under the rosettes and fleurs-de-lis are jewels of -blue enamel and pearls alternately. The arches have enamelled leaves of -French work in red and gold upon them, and the mount at the top is of blue -enamel studded with gold stars. The cross at the top is black enamel with -gold arabesque patterns; in the centre is an amethyst, and in this cross -and in the corners are Oriental pearls set in gold. At the back of the -cross are the letters I. R. V. in enamel-work. On the velvet cap are four -large pearls in settings of gold and enamel (Fig. 641). - -"Generally, the Scottish work in gold is cast solid and chased, the foreign -work being thinner and _repousse_. Several of the diamonds are undoubtedly -old, and are cut in the ancient Oriental fashion; and many of the pearls -are Scottish. It is kept in Edinburgh Castle with the rest of the Scottish -regalia. None of the other pieces at all equal it in interest, as with the -exception of the coronation ring of Charles I. {358} they are of foreign -workmanship, or, at all events, have been so altered that there is little -or no original work left upon them." - -Very few people are aware, when they speak of the crown of England, that -there are two crowns. The one is the official crown, the sign and symbol of -the sovereigns of England. This is known by the name of St. Edward's Crown, -and is never altered or changed. As to this Mr. Cyril Davenport writes:-- - -"St. Edward's crown was made for the coronation of Charles II. in 1662, by -Sir Robert Vyner. It was ordered to be made as nearly as possible after the -old pattern, and the designs of it that have been already mentioned as -existing in the works of Sir Edward Walker and Francis Sandford show that -in a sensual form it was the same as now; indeed, the existing crown is in -all probability mainly composed of the same materials as that made by Sir -Robert. The crown consists of a rim or circlet of gold, adorned with -rosettes of precious stones surrounded with diamonds, and set upon enamel -arabesques of white and red. The centre gems of these rosettes are rubies, -emeralds, and sapphires. Rows of large pearls mark the upper and lower -edges of the rim, from which rise the four crosses-patee and four -fleurs-de-lis alternately, adorned with diamonds and other gems. The gem -clusters upon the crosses are set upon enamel arabesques in white and red, -of similar workmanship to that upon the rim. From the tops of the crosses -rise two complete arches of gold crossing each other, and curving deeply -downwards at the point of intersection. The arches are considered to be the -mark of independent sovereignty. They are edged with rows of large pearls, -and have gems and clusters of gems upon them set in arabesques of red and -white, like those upon the crosses. From the intersection of the arches -springs a mound of gold, encircled by a fillet from which rises a single -arch, both of which are ornamented with pearls and gems. On the top of the -arch is a cross-patee of gold, set in which are coloured gems and diamonds. -At the top of the cross is a large spheroidal pearl, and from each of the -side arms, depending from a little gold bracelet, is a beautifully formed -pear-shaped pearl. The crown is shown in the Tower with the crimson velvet -cap, turned up with miniver, which would be worn with it. - -"This crown is very large, but whether it is actually worn or not it would -always be present at the coronation, as it is the 'official' crown of -England." - -St. Edward's crown is the crown supposed to be heraldically represented -when for State or official purposes the crown is represented over the Royal -Arms or other insignia. In this the fleurs-de-lis upon the rim are only -half fleurs-de-lis. This detail is scrupulously adhered to, but during the -reign of Queen Victoria many of the other details {359} were very much "at -the mercy" of the artist. Soon after the accession of King Edward VII. the -matter was brought under consideration, and the opportunity afforded by the -issue of a War Office Sealed Pattern of the Royal Crown and Cypher for use -in the army was taken advantage of to notify his Majesty's pleasure, that -for official purposes the Royal Crown should be as shown in Fig. 642, which -is a reproduction of the War Office Sealed Pattern already mentioned. It -should be noted that whilst the cap of the real crown is of _purple_ -velvet, the cap of the _heraldic_ crown is _always_ represented as of -crimson. - -[Illustration: FIG. 642.--Royal Crown.] - -The second crown is what is known as the "Imperial State Crown." This is -the one which is actually worn, and which the Sovereign after the ceremony -of his coronation wears in the procession from the Abbey. It is also -carried before the Sovereign at the opening of Parliament. Whilst the gems -which are set in it are national property, the crown is usually remade for -each successive sovereign. The following is Mr. Davenport's description of -Queen Victoria's State Crown:-- - -"This beautiful piece of jewellery was made by Roundell & Bridge in 1838. -Many of the gems in it are old ones reset, and many of them are new. The -entire weight of the crown is 39 ozs. 5 dwts. It consists of a circlet of -open work in silver, bearing in the front the great sapphire from the crown -of Charles II. which was bequeathed to George III. by Cardinal York, with -other Stuart treasure. At one end this gem is partly pierced. It is not a -thick stone, but it is a fine colour. Opposite to the large sapphire is one -of smaller size. The remainder of the rim is filled in with rich jewel -clusters having alternately sapphires and emeralds in their centres, -enclosed in ornamental borders thickly set with diamonds. These clusters -are separated from each other by trefoil designs also thickly set with -diamonds. The rim is bordered above and below with bands of large pearls, -129 in the lower row, and 112 in the upper. [The crown as remade for King -Edward VII. now has 139 pearls in the lower row, and 122 in the upper.] -Above the rim are shallow festoons of diamonds caught up between the larger -ornaments by points of emeralds encircled with diamonds, and a large pearl -above each. On these festoons are set alternately eight crosses-patee, and -eight fleurs-de-lis of silver set with gems. The crosses-patee are thickly -set with brilliants, and have each an emerald in the centre, except that in -front of the crown, which {360} contains the most remarkable jewel -belonging to the regalia. This is a large spinal ruby of irregular -drop-like form, measuring about 2 ins. in length, and is highly polished on -what is probably its natural surface, or nearly so. Its irregular outline -makes it possible to recognise the place that it has formerly occupied in -the older State crowns, and it seems always to have been given the place of -honour. It is pierced after an Oriental fashion, and the top of the -piercing is filled with a supplementary ruby set in gold. Don Pedro, King -of Castille in 1367, murdered the King of Granada for the sake of his -jewels, one of which was this stone, and Don Pedro is said to have given it -to Edward the Black Prince after the battle of Najera, near Vittoria, in -the same year. After this, it is said to have been worn by Henry V. in his -crown at Agincourt in 1415, when it is recorded that the King's life was -saved from the attack of the Duc D'Alencon, because of the protection -afforded him by his crown, a portion of which, however, was broken off. It -may be confidently predicted that such a risk of destruction is not very -likely to happen again to the great ruby. - -"In the centre of each of the very ornamental fleurs-de-lis is a ruby, and -all the rest of the ornamentation on them is composed of rose diamonds, -large and small. From each of the crosses-patee, the upper corners of which -have each a large pearl upon them, rises an arch of silver worked into a -design of oak-leaves and acorn-cups. These leaves and cups are all closely -encrusted with a mass of large and small diamonds, rose brilliant, and -table-cut; the acorns themselves formed of beautiful drop-shaped pearls of -large size. From the four points of intersection of the arches at the top -of the crown depend large egg-shaped pearls. From the centre of the arches, -which slope slightly downwards, springs a mound with a cross-patee above -it. The mound is ornamented all over with close lines of brilliant -diamonds, and the fillet which encircles it, and the arch which crosses -over it, are both ornamented with one line of large rose-cut diamonds set -closely together. The cross-patee at the top has in the centre a large -sapphire of magnificent colour set openly. The outer lines of the arms of -the cross are marked by a row of small diamonds close together and in the -centre of each arm is a large diamond, the remaining spaces being filled -with more small diamonds. The large sapphire in the centre of this cross is -said to have come out of the ring of Edward the Confessor, which was buried -with him in his shrine at Westminster, and the possession of it is supposed -to give to the owner the power of curing the cramp. If this be indeed the -stone which belonged to St. Edward, it was probably recut in its present -form of a 'rose' for Charles II., even if not since his time. - -[Illustration: FIG. 643.--Queen Alexandra's Coronation Crown.] - -"Not counting the large ruby or the large sapphire, this crown {361} -contains: Four rubies, eleven emeralds, sixteen sapphires, 277 pearls, 2783 -diamonds. [As remade for King Edward VII. the crown now has 297 pearls and -2818 diamonds.] - -"The large ruby has been valued at L110,000. - -"When this crown has to take a journey it is provided with a little casket, -lined with white velvet, and having a sliding drawer at the bottom, with a -boss on which the crown fits closely, so that it is safe from slipping. The -velvet cap turned up with miniver, with which it is worn, is kept with it." - -This crown has been recently remade for King Edward VII., but has not been -altered in any essential details. The cap of the real crown is of purple -velvet. - -Fig. 643 represents the crown of the Queen Consort with which Queen -Alexandra was crowned on August 9, 1902. It will be noticed that, unlike -the King's crowns, this has eight arches. The circlet which forms the base -is 1-1/2 inches in height. The crown is entirely composed of diamonds, of -which there are 3972, and these are placed so closely together that no -metal remains visible. The large diamond visible in the illustration is the -famous Koh-i-noor. Resting upon the rim are four crosses-patee, and as many -fleurs-de-lis, from each of which springs an arch. As a matter of actual -fact the crown was made for use on this one occasion and has since been -broken up. - -There is yet another crown, probably the one with which we are most -familiar. This is a small crown entirely composed of diamonds: and the -earliest heraldic use which can be found of it is in the design by Sir -Edgar Boehm for the 1887 Jubilee coinage. Though effective enough when -worn, it does not, from its small size, lend itself effectively to -pictorial representation, and as will be remembered, the design of the 1887 -coinage was soon abandoned. This crown was made at the personal expense of -Queen Victoria, and under her instructions, owing to the fact that her late -Majesty found her "State" crown uncomfortable to wear, and too heavy for -prolonged or general use. It is understood, also, that the Queen found the -regulations concerning its custody both inconvenient and irritating. During -the later part of her reign this smaller crown was the only one Queen -Victoria ever wore. By her will the crown was settled as an heirloom upon -Queen Alexandra, to devolve upon future Queens Consort for the time being. -This being the case, it is not unlikely that in the future this crown may -come to be regarded as a part of the national regalia, and it is as well, -therefore, to reiterate the remark, that it was made at the personal -expense of her late Majesty, and is to no extent and in no way the property -of the nation. {362} - -CORONETS OF RANK - -[Illustration: FIG. 644.--Coronet of Thomas FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel. -(From his monument in Arundel Church, 1415.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 645.--Crown of King Henry IV. (1399-1413). (From his -monument in Trinity Chapel, Canterbury Cathedral.)] - -In spite of various Continental edicts, the heraldic use of coronets of -rank, as also their actual use, seems elsewhere than in Great Britain to be -governed by no such strict regulations as are laid down and conformed to in -this country. For this reason, no less than for the greater interest these -must necessarily possess for readers in this country, English coronets will -first claim our attention. It has been already observed that coronets or -jewelled fillets are to be found upon the helmets even of simple knights -from the earliest periods. They probably served no more than decorative -purposes, unless these fillets be merely turbans, or suggestions thereof. -As late as the fifteenth century there appears to have been no regularised -form, as will be seen from Fig. 644, which represents the coronet as shown -upon the effigy of Thomas FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel, in Arundel Church -(1415). A very similar coronet surmounts the head-dress of the effigy of -Beatrice, Countess of Arundel, at the same period. In his will, Lionel, -Duke of Clarence (1368), bequeaths "two golden circles," with one of which -he was created Duke. It is of interest to compare this with Fig. 645, which -represents the crown of King Henry IV. as represented on his effigy. -Richard, Earl of Arundel, in his will (December 5, 1375), leaves his -"melieure coronne" to his eldest son Richard, his "second melieure coronne" -to his daughter Joan, and his "tierce coronne" to his daughter Alice. -Though not definite proof of the point, the fact that the earl distributes -his coronets amongst his family irrespective of the fact that the earldom -(of which one would presume the coronets to be a sign) would pass to his -son, would seem to show that the wearing of a coronet even at that date was -merely indicative of high nobility of birth, and not of the possession of a -substantive Parliamentary peerage. In spite of the variations {363} in -form, coronets were, however, a necessity. When both dukes and earls were -created they were invested with a coronet in open Parliament. As time went -on the coronet, however, gradually came to be considered the sign of the -possession of a peerage, and was so borne; but it was not until the reign -of Charles II. that coronets were definitely assigned by Royal Warrant -(February 19, 1660) to peers not of the Blood Royal. Before this date a -coronet had not (as has been already stated) been used heraldically or in -fact by barons, who, both in armorial paintings and in Parliament, had used -a plain crimson cap turned up with white fur. - -[Illustration: FIG. 646.--Coronet of the Prince of Wales.] - -The coronet of the Prince of Wales is exactly like the official (St. -Edward's) crown, except that instead of two intersecting arches it has only -one. An illustration of this is given in Fig. 646 (this being the usual -form in which it is heraldically depicted). It should be noticed, however, -that this coronet belongs to the prince as eldest son of the Sovereign and -heir-apparent to the Throne, and not as Prince of Wales. It was assigned by -Royal Warrant 9th February, 13 Charles II. The coronet of the Princess of -Wales, as such, is heraldically the same as that of her husband. - -[Illustration: FIG. 647.--Coronet of the younger children of the -Sovereign.] - -The coronets of the sons and daughters or brothers and sisters of a -sovereign of Great Britain (other than a Prince of Wales) is as in Fig. -647, that is, the circlet being identical with that of the Royal Crown, and -of the Prince of Wales' coronet, but without the arch. This was also -assigned in the warrant of 9th February, 13 Charles II. Officially this -coronet is described as being composed of crosses-patee and fleurs-de-lis -alternately. - -The grandchildren of a sovereign being sons and daughters of the Prince of -Wales, or of other sons of the sovereign, have a coronet in which -strawberry leaves are substituted for the two outer crosses-patee appearing -at the edges of the coronet, which is officially described as composed of -crosses-patee, fleurs-de-lis, and strawberry leaves. - -Princes of the English Royal Family, being sons of younger sons of a -sovereign, or else nephews of a sovereign being sons of brothers of a -sovereign, and having the rank and title of a duke of the United Kingdom, -have a coronet composed alternately of crosses-patee and strawberry leaves, -the latter taking the place of the fleurs-de-lis upon {364} the circlet of -the Royal Crown. This coronet was also assigned in the warrant of 9th -February, 13 Charles II. - -It will be observed by those who compare one heraldic book with another -that I have quoted these rules differently from any other work upon the -subject. A moment's thought, however, must convince any one of the accuracy -of my version. It is a cardinal rule of armory that save for the single -circumstance of attainder no man's armorial insignia shall be degraded. -Whilst any man's status may be increased, it cannot be lessened. Most -heraldic books quote the coronet of crosses-patee, fleurs-de-lis, and -strawberry leaves as the coronet of the "grandsons" of the sovereign, -whilst the coronet of crosses-patee and strawberry leaves is stated to be -the coronet of "nephews" or cousins of the sovereign. Such a state of -affairs would be intolerable, because it would mean the liability at any -moment to be degraded to the use of a less honourable coronet. Take, for -example, the case of Prince Arthur of Connaught. During the lifetime of -Queen Victoria, as a grandson of the sovereign he would be entitled to the -former, whereas as soon as King Edward ascended the throne he would have -been forced to relinquish it in favour of the more remote form. - -The real truth is that the members of the Royal Family do not inherit these -coronets as a matter of course. They technically and in fact have no -coronets until these have been assigned by Royal Warrant with the arms. -When such warrants are issued, the coronets assigned have up to the present -time conformed to the above rules. I am not sure that the "rules" now exist -in any more potent form than that up to the present time those particular -patterns happen to have been assigned in the circumstances stated. But the -warrants (though they contain no hereditary limitation) certainly contain -no clause limiting their operation to the lifetime of the then sovereign, -which they certainly would do if the coronet only existed whilst the -particular relationship continued. - -The terms "grandson of the sovereign" and "nephew of the sovereign," which -are usually employed, are not correct. The coronets only apply to the -children of _princes_. The children of princesses, who are undoubtedly -included in the terms "grandson" and "nephew," are not technically members -of the Royal Family, nor do they inherit either rank or coronet from their -mothers. - -By a curious fatality there has never, since these Royal coronets were -differentiated, been any male descendant of an English sovereign more -remotely related than a nephew, with the exception of the Dukes of -Cumberland. Their succession to the throne of Hanover renders them useless -as a precedent, inasmuch as their right to arms and coronet must be derived -from Hanover and its laws, and not {365} from this country. The Princess -Frederica of Hanover, however, uses an English coronet and the Royal Arms -of England, presumably preferring her status as a princess of this country -to whatever _de jure_ Hanoverian status might be claimed. It is much to be -wished that a Royal Warrant should be issued to her which would decide the -point--at present in doubt--as to what degree of relationship the coronet -of the crosses-patee and strawberry leaves is available for, or failing -that coronet what the coronet of prince or princess of this country might -be, he or she not being child, grandchild, or nephew or niece of a -sovereign. - -The unique use of actual coronets in England at the occasion of each -coronation ceremony has prevented them becoming (as in so many other -countries) mere pictured heraldic details. Consequently the instructions -concerning them which are issued prior to each coronation will be of -interest. The following is from the _London Gazette_ of October 1, 1901:-- - - "EARL MARSHAL'S OFFICE, - NORFOLK HOUSE, ST. JAMES'S SQUARE, S.W., - _October 1, 1901_. - - "The Earl Marshal's Order concerning the Robes, Coronets, &c., which - are to be worn by the Peers at the Coronation of Their Most Sacred - Majesties King Edward the Seventh and Queen Alexandra. - - "These are to give notice to all Peers who attend at the Coronation of - Their Majesties, that the robe or mantle of the Peers be of crimson - velvet, edged with miniver, the cape furred with miniver pure, and - powdered with bars or rows of ermine (_i.e._ narrow pieces of black - fur), according to their degree, viz.: - - "Barons, two rows. - - "Viscounts, two rows and a half. - - "Earls, three rows. - - "Marquesses, three rows and a half. - - "Dukes, four rows. - - "The said mantles or robes to be worn over full Court dress, uniform, - or regimentals. - - "The coronets to be of silver-gilt; the caps of crimson velvet turned - up with ermine, with a gold tassel on the top; and no jewels or - precious stones are to be set or used in the coronets, or counterfeit - pearls instead of silver balls. - - "The coronet of a Baron to have, on the circle or rim, six silver balls - at equal distances. - - "The coronet of a Viscount to have, on the circle, sixteen silver - balls. - - {366} "The coronet of an Earl to have, on the circle, eight silver - balls, raised upon points, with gold strawberry leaves between the - points. - - "The coronet of a Marquess to have, on the circle, four gold strawberry - leaves and four silver balls alternately, the latter a little raised on - points above the rim. - - "The coronet of a Duke to have, on the circle, eight gold strawberry - leaves. - - "By His Majesty's Command, - "NORFOLK, _Earl Marshal_." - - - - "EARL MARSHAL'S OFFICE, - NORFOLK HOUSE, ST. JAMES'S SQUARE, S.W., - _October 1, 1901_. - - "The Earl Marshal's Order concerning the Robes, Coronets, &c., which - are to be worn by the Peeresses at the Coronation of Their Most Sacred - Majesties King Edward the Seventh and Queen Alexandra. - - "These are to give notice to all Peeresses who attend at the Coronation - of Their Majesties, that the robes or mantles appertaining to their - respective ranks are to be worn over the usual full Court dress. - - "That the robe or mantle of a Baroness be of crimson velvet, the cape - whereof to be furred with miniver pure, and powdered with two bars or - rows of ermine (_i.e._ narrow pieces of black fur); the said mantle to - be edged round with miniver pure 2 inches in breadth, and the train to - be 3 feet on the ground; the coronet to be according to her - degree--viz. a rim or circle with six pearls (represented by silver - balls) upon the same, not raised upon points. - - "That the robe or mantle of a Viscountess be like that of a Baroness, - only the cape powdered with two rows and a half of ermine, the edging - of the mantle 2 inches as before, and the train 1-1/4 yards; the - coronet to be according to her degree--viz. a rim or circle with pearls - (represented by silver balls) thereon, sixteen in number, and not - raised upon points. - - "That the robe or mantle of a Countess be as before, only the cape - powdered with three rows of ermine, the edging 3 inches in breadth, and - the train 1-1/2 yards; the coronet to be composed of eight pearls - (represented by silver balls) raised upon points or rays, with small - strawberry leaves between, above the rim. - - "That the robe or mantle of a Marchioness be as before, only the cape - powdered with three rows and a half of ermine, the edging 4 inches in - breadth, the train 1-3/4 yards; the coronet to be composed of four - strawberry leaves and four pearls (represented by silver balls) {367} - raised upon points of the same height as the leaves, alternately, above - the rim. - - "That the robe or mantle of a Duchess be as before, only the cape - powdered with four rows of ermine, the edging 5 inches broad, the train - 2 yards; the coronet to be composed of eight strawberry leaves, all of - equal height, above the rim. - - "And that the caps of all the said coronets be of crimson velvet, - turned up with ermine, with a tassel of gold on the top. - - "By His Majesty's Command, - "NORFOLK, _Earl Marshal_." - -The Coronation Robe of a peer is not identical with his Parliamentary Robe -of Estate. This latter is of fine scarlet cloth, lined with taffeta. The -distinction between the degrees of rank is effected by the guards or bands -of fur. The robe of a duke has four guards of _ermine_ at equal distances, -with gold lace above each guard and tied up to the left shoulder by a white -riband. The robe of a marquess has four guards of _ermine_ on the right -side, and three on the left, with gold lace above each guard and tied up to -the left shoulder by a white riband. An earl's robe has three guards of -ermine and gold lace. The robes of a viscount and baron are identical, each -having two guards of plain _white_ fur. - -By virtue of various warrants of Earls Marshal, duly recorded in the -College of Arms, the use or display of a coronet of rank by any person -other than a peer is stringently forbidden. This rule, unfortunately, is -too often ignored by many eldest sons of peers, who use peerage titles by -courtesy. - -The heraldic representations of these coronets of rank are as follows:-- - -The coronet of a duke shows five strawberry leaves (Fig. 648). This coronet -should not be confused with the ducal _crest_ coronet. - -The coronet of a marquess shows two balls of silver technically known as -"pearls," and three strawberry leaves (Fig. 649). - -The coronet of an earl shows five "pearls" raised on tall spikes, -alternating with four strawberry leaves (Fig. 650). {368} - -The coronet of a viscount shows nine "pearls," all set closely together, -directly upon the circlet (Fig. 651). - -The coronet of a baron shows four "pearls" upon the circlet (Fig. 652). -This coronet was assigned by Royal Warrant, dated 7th August, 12 Charles -II., to Barons of England, and to Barons of Ireland by warrant 16th May, 5 -James II. - -All coronets of degree actually, and are usually represented to, enclose a -cap of crimson velvet, turned up with ermine. None of them are permitted to -be jewelled, but the coronet of a duke, marquess, earl, or viscount is -chased in the form of jewels. In recent times, however, it has become very -usual for peers to use, heraldically, for more informal purposes a -representation of the circlet only, omitting the cap and the ermine edging. - -[Illustration: FIG. 648.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 649.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 650.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 651.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 652.] - -The crown or coronet of a king of arms (Fig. 653) is of silver-gilt formed -of a circlet, upon which is inscribed part of the first verse of the 51st -Psalm, viz.: "Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam misericordiam tuam." The -rim is surmounted with sixteen leaves, in shape resembling the oak-leaf, -every alternate one being somewhat higher than the rest, nine of which -appear in the profile view of it or in heraldic representations. The cap is -of crimson satin, closed at the top by a gold tassel and turned up with -ermine. - -[Illustration: FIG. 653.--The Crown of a King of Arms.] - -Anciently, the crown of Lyon King of Arms was, in shape, an exact replica -of the crown of the King of Scotland, the only difference being that it was -not jewelled. - -Coronets of rank are used very indiscriminately on the Continent, -particularly in France and the Low Countries. Their use by no means implies -the same as with us, and frequently indicates little if anything beyond -mere "noble" birth. - -The _Mauerkrone_ [mural crown] (Fig. 654) is used in Germany principally as -an adornment to the arms of towns. It is borne with three, four, or five -battlemented towers. The tincture, likewise, is not {369} always the same: -gold, silver, red, or the natural colour of a wall being variously -employed. Residential [_i.e._ having a _royal_ residence] and capital towns -usually bear a Mauerkrone with five towers, large towns one with four -towers, smaller towns one with three. Strict regulations in the matter do -not yet exist. It should be carefully noted that this practice is peculiar -to Germany and is quite incorrect in Great Britain. - -[Illustration: FIG. 654.--Mauerkrone.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 655.--Naval crown.] - -The _Naval Crown_ [Schiffskrone] (Fig. 655), on the circlet of which sails -and sterns of ships are alternately introduced, is very rarely used on the -Continent. With us it appears as a charge in the arms of the towns of -Chatham, Ramsgate, Devonport, &c. The Naval Coronet, however, is more -properly a crest coronet, and as such will be more fully considered in the -next chapter. It had, however, a limited use as a coronet of rank at one -time, inasmuch as the admirals of the United Provinces of the Netherlands -placed a crown composed of prows of ships above their escutcheons, as may -be seen from various monuments. {370} - - - -CHAPTER XXIII - -CREST CORONETS AND CHAPEAUX - -The present official rules are that crests must be upon, or must issue -from, a wreath (or torse), a coronet, or a chapeau. It is not at the -pleasure of the wearer to choose which he will, one or other being -specified and included in the terms of the grant. If the crest have a -lawful existence, one or other of them will unchangeably belong to the -crest, of which it now is considered to be an integral part. - -In Scotland and Ireland, Lyon King of Arms and Ulster King of Arms have -always been considered to have, and still retain, the right to grant crests -upon a chapeau or issuing from a crest. But the power is (very properly) -exceedingly sparingly used; and, except in the cases of arms and crests -matriculated in Lyon Register as of ancient origin and in use before 1672, -or "confirmed" on the strength of user by Ulster King of Arms, the ordinary -ducal crest coronet and the chapeau are not now considered proper to be -granted in ordinary cases. - -Since about the beginning of the nineteenth century the rules which follow -have been very definite, and have been very rigidly adhered to in the -English College of Arms. - -Crests issuing from the ordinary "ducal crest coronet" are not now granted -under any circumstances. The chapeau is only granted in the case of a grant -of arms to a peer, a mural coronet is only granted to officers in the army -of the rank of general or above, and the naval coronet is only granted to -officers in his Majesty's Royal Navy of the rank of admiral and above. An -Eastern coronet is now only granted in the case of those of high position -in one or other of the Imperial Services, who have served in India and the -East. - -The granting of crests issuing from the other forms of crest coronets, the -"crown-vallary" and the "crown palisado," is always discouraged, but no -rule exists denying them to applicants, and they are to be obtained if the -expectant grantee is sufficiently patient, importunate, and pertinacious. -Neither form is, however, particularly ornamental, and both are of modern -origin. {371} - -There is still yet another coronet, the "celestial coronet". This is not -unusual as a charge, but as a coronet from which a crest issues I know of -no instance, nor am I aware of what rules, if any, govern the granting of -it. - -Definite rank coronets have been in times past granted for use as crest -coronets, but this practice, the propriety of which cannot be considered as -other than highly questionable, has only been pursued, even in the more lax -days which are past, on rare and very exceptional occasions, and has long -since been definitely abandoned as improper. - -In considering the question of crest coronets, the presumption that they -originated from coronets of rank at once jumps to the mind. This is by no -means a foregone conclusion. It is difficult to say what is the earliest -instance of the use of a coronet in this country as a coronet of rank. When -it is remembered that the coronet of a baron had no existence whatever -until it was called into being by a warrant of Charles II. after the -Restoration, and that differentiated coronets for the several ranks in the -Peerage are not greatly anterior in date, the question becomes distinctly -complicated. From certainly the reign of Edward the Confessor the kings of -England had worn crowns, and the great territorial earls, who it must be -remembered occupied a position akin to that of a petty sovereign (far -beyond the mere high dignity of a great noble at the present day), from an -early period wore crowns or coronets not greatly differing in appearance -from the crown of the king. But the Peerage as such certainly neither had -nor claimed the technical right to a coronet as a mark of their rank, in -the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. But coronets of a kind were used, -as can be seen from early effigies, long before the use of crests became -general. But these coronets were merely in the nature of a species of -decoration for the helmet, many of them far more closely resembling a -jewelled torse than a coronet. Parker in his "Glossary of Terms used in -Heraldry" probably correctly represents the case when he states: "From the -reign of Edward III. coronets of various forms were worn (as it seems -indiscriminately) by princes, dukes, earls, and even knights, but -apparently rather by way of ornament than distinction, or if for -distinction, only (like the collar of SS) as a mark of gentility. The -helmet of Edward the Black Prince, upon his effigy at Canterbury, is -surrounded with a coronet totally different from that subsequently assigned -to his rank." - -The instance quoted by Parker might be amplified by countless others, but -it may here with advantage be pointed out that the great helmet (or, as -this probably is, the ceremonial representation of it) suspended above the -Prince's tomb (Fig. 271) has no coronet, and the crest is upon a chapeau. -Of the fourteen instances in the {372} Plantagenet Garter plates in which -the _torse_ appears, twelve were peers of England, one was a foreign count, -and one only a commoner. On the other hand, of twenty-nine whose Garter -plates show crests issuing from coronets, four are foreigners, seven are -commoners, and eighteen were peers. The coronets show very great variations -in form and design, but such variations appear quite capricious, and to -carry no meaning, nor does it seem probable that a coronet of gules or of -azure, of which there are ten, could represent a coronet of rank. The -Garter plate of Sir William De la Pole, Earl of (afterwards Duke of) -Suffolk, shows his crest upon a narrow black fillet. Consequently, whatever -may be the conclusion as to the wearing of coronets alone, it would seem to -be a very certain conclusion that the heraldic crest coronet bore no -relation to any coronet of rank or to the right to wear one. Its adoption -must have been in the original instance, and probably even in subsequent -generations, a matter of pure fancy and inclination. This is borne out by -the fact that whilst the Garter plate of Sir Henry Bourchier, Earl of -Essex, shows his crest upon a torse, his effigy represents it issuing from -a coronet. - -Until the reign of Henry VIII., the Royal crest, both in the case of the -sovereign and all the other members of the Royal Family, is always -represented upon a chapeau or cap of dignity. The Great Seal of Edward VI. -shows the crest upon a coronet, though the present form of crown and crest -were originated by Queen Elizabeth. In depicting the Royal Arms, it is -usual to omit one of the crowns, and this is always done in the official -warrants controlling the arms. One crown is placed upon the helmet, and -upon this crown is placed the crest, but theoretically the Royal -achievement has two crowns, inasmuch as one of the crowns is an inseparable -part of the crest. Probably the finest representation of the Royal crest -which has ever been done is the design for one of the smaller bookplates -for the Windsor Castle Library. This was executed by Mr. Eve, and it would -be impossible to imagine anything finer. Like the rest of the Royal -achievement, the Royal crest is of course not hereditary, and consequently -it is assigned by a _separate_ Royal Warrant to each male member of the -Royal Family, and the opportunity is then taken to substitute for the Royal -crown, which is a part of the sovereign's crest, a coronet identical with -whatever may be assigned in that particular instance as the coronet of -rank. In the case of Royal bastards the crest has always been assigned upon -a chapeau. - -The only case which comes to one's mind in which the Royal crown has -(outside the sovereign) been allowed as a crest coronet is the case of the -town of Eye. - -The Royal crown of Scotland is the crest coronet of the sovereign's {373} -crest for the kingdom of Scotland. This crest, together with the crest of -Ireland, is never assigned to any member of the Royal Family except the -sovereign. The crest of Ireland (which is on a wreath or and azure) is by -the way confirmatory evidence that the crowns in the crests of Scotland and -England have a duplicate and separate existence apart from the crown -denoting the sovereignty of the realm. - -The ordinary crest coronet or, as it is usually termed in British heraldry, -the "ducal coronet" (Ulster, however, describes it officially as "a ducal -crest coronet"), is quite a separate matter from a duke's coronet of rank. -Whilst the coronet of a duke has upon the rim five strawberry leaves -visible when depicted, a ducal coronet has only three. The "ducal coronet" -(Fig. 656) is the conventional "regularised" development of the crest -coronets employed in early times. - -Unfortunately it has in many instances been depicted of a much greater and -very unnecessary width, the result being inartistic and allowing -unnecessary space between the leaves, and at the same time leaving the -crest and coronet with little circumferential relation. It should be noted -that it is quite incorrect for the rim of the coronet to be jewelled in -colour though the outline of jewelling is indicated. - -[Illustration: FIG. 656.--Ducal coronet.] - -Though ducal crest coronets are no longer granted (of course they are still -exemplified and their use permitted where they have been previously -granted), they are of very frequent occurrence in older grants and -confirmations. - -It is quite incorrect to depict a cap (as in a coronet of rank) in a crest -coronet, which is never more than the metal circlet, and consequently it is -equally incorrect to add the band of ermine below it which will sometimes -be seen. - -The coronet of a duke has in one or two isolated cases been granted as a -crest coronet. In such a case it is not described as a duke's coronet, but -as a "ducal coronet of five leaves." It so occurs in the case of -Ormsby-Hamilton. - -The colour of the crest coronet must be stated in the blazon. Crest -coronets are of all colours, and will be sometimes found bearing charges -upon the rim (particularly in the cases of mural and naval coronets). An -instance of this will be seen in the case of Sir John W. Moore, and of -Mansergh, the label in this latter case being an unalterable charge and not -the difference mark of an eldest son. Though the tincture of the coronet -ought to appear in the blazon, nevertheless it is always a fair presumption -(when it is not specified) that it is of gold, coronets of colours being -very much less frequently met with. On this point it is interesting to note -that in some of the cases where {374} the crest coronet is figured upon an -early Garter plate as of colour, it is now borne gold by the present -descendants of the family. For example on the Garter plate of Sir Walter -Hungerford, Lord Hungerford, the crest ["A garb or, between two silver -sickles"] issues from a coronet azure. The various Hungerford families now -bear it "or." The crest upon the Garter plate of Sir Humphrey Stafford, -Duke of Buckingham ["A demi-swan argent, beaked gules"], issues from a -coronet gules. This crest as it is now borne by the present Lord Stafford -is: "Out of a ducal coronet per pale gules and sable," &c. - -Another instance of coloured coronets will be found in the crest of -Nicholson, now borne by Shaw.[22] - -Probably, however, the most curious instance of all will be found in the -case of a crest coronet of ermine, of which an example occurs in the Gelre -"Armorial." - -A very general misconception--which will be found stated in practically -every text-book of armory--is that when a crest issues from a coronet the -wreath must be omitted. There is not and never has been any such rule. The -rule is rather to the contrary. Instances where both occur are certainly -now uncommon, and the presence of a wreath is not in present-day practice -considered to be essential if a coronet occurs, but the use or absence of a -wreath when the crest issues from a coronet really depends entirely upon -the original grant. If no wreath is specified with the coronet, none will -be used or needed, but if both are granted both should be used. An instance -of the use of both will be found on the Garter Stall plate of Sir Walter -Devereux, Lord Ferrers. The crest (a talbot's head silver) issues from a -coronet or, which is placed upon a torse argent and sable. Another instance -will be found in the case of the grant of the crest of Hanbury. - -A quite recent case was the grant by Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King of -Arms, of a crest to Sir Richard Quain, Bart., the blazon of which was: "On -a wreath argent and azure, and out of a mural coronet proper a demi-lion -rampant or, charged on the shoulder with a trefoil slipped vert, and -holding between the paws a battle-axe also proper, the blade gold." - -Other instances are the crests of Hamilton of Sunningdale and Tarleton. - -Another instance will be found in the grant to Ross-of-Bladensburg. -Possibly this blazon may be a clerical error in the engrossment, because it -will be noticed that the wreath does not appear in the emblazonment (Plate -II.). - -I wonder how many of the officers of arms are aware of the {375} existence -of a warrant, dated in 1682, issued by the Deputy Earl-Marshal to the -Companies of Painters, Stainers, and Coachmakers, forbidding them to paint -crests which issue out of ducal coronets without putting them upon "wreaths -of their colours." The wording of the warrant very plainly shows that at -that date a wreath was always painted below a crest coronet. The warrant, -however, is not so worded that it can be accepted as determining the point -for the future, or that it would override a subsequent grant of a crest in -contrary form. But it is evidence of what the law then was. - -No crest is now granted without either wreath, coronet, or chapeau. - -An instance of the use of the coronet of a marquess as a crest coronet will -be found in the case of the Bentinck crest.[23] - -There are some number of instances of the use of an earl's coronet as a -crest coronet. Amongst these may be mentioned the crests of Sir Alan Seton -Steuart, Bart. ["Out of an earl's coronet a dexter hand grasping a thistle -all proper"], that granted to Cassan of Sheffield House, Ireland ["Issuant -from an earl's coronet proper, a boar's head and neck erased or langued -gules"], James Christopher Fitzgerald Kenney, Esq., Dublin ["Out of an -earl's coronet or, the pearls argent, a cubit arm erect vested gules, -cuffed also argent, the hand grasping a roll of parchment proper"], and -Davidson ["Out of an earl's coronet or, a dove rising argent, holding in -the beak a wheat-stalk bladed and eared all proper"]. - -I know of no crest which issues from the coronet of a viscount, but a -baron's coronet occurs in the case of Forbes of Pitsligo and the cadets of -that branch of the family: "Issuing out of a baron's coronet a dexter hand -holding a scimitar all proper." - -Foreign coronets of rank have sometimes been granted as crest coronets in -this country, as in the cases of the crests of Sir Francis George -Manningham Boileau, Bart., Norfolk ["In a nest or, a pelican in her piety -proper, charged on the breast with a saltire couped gules, the nest resting -in a foreign coronet"], Henry Chamier, Esq., Dublin ["Out of a French noble -coronet proper, a cubit arm in bend vested azure, charged with five -fleurs-de-lis in saltire or, cuffed ermine, holding in the hand a scroll, -and thereon an open book proper, garnished gold"], John Francis Charles -Fane De Salis, Count of the Holy Roman Empire ["1. Out of a marquis' -coronet or, a demi-woman proper, crowned or, hair flowing down the back, -winged in place of arms and from the armpits azure; 2. out of a ducal -coronet or, an eagle displayed sable, ducally crowned also or; 3. out of a -ducal coronet a demi-lion rampant double-queued and crowned with a like -{376} coronet all or, brandishing a sword proper, hilt and pommel of the -first, the lion cottised by two tilting-spears of the same, from each a -banner paly of six argent and gules, fringed also or"], and Mahony, Ireland -["Out of the coronet of a Count of France a dexter arm in armour embowed -grasping in the hand a sword all proper, hilt and pommel or, the blade -piercing a fleur-de-lis of the last"]. - -A curious crest coronet will be found with the Sackville crest. This is -composed of fleurs-de-lis only, the blazon of the crest being: "Out of a -coronet composed of eight fleurs-de-lis or, an estoile of eight points -argent." - -A curious use of coronets in a crest will be found in the crest of Sir -Archibald Dunbar, Bart. ["A dexter hand apaumee reaching at an astral crown -proper"] and Sir Alexander James Dunbar, Bart. ["A dexter hand apaumee -proper reaching to two earls' coronets tied together"]. - -[Illustration: FIG. 657.--Mural coronet.] - -Next after the ordinary "ducal coronet" the one most usually employed is -the mural coronet (Fig. 657), which is composed of masonry. Though it may -be and often is of an ordinary heraldic tincture, it will usually be found -"proper." An exception occurs in the case of the crest of Every-Halstead -["Out of a mural coronet chequy or and azure, a demi-eagle ermine beaked -or."] - -Care should be taken to distinguish the mural crown from the "battlements -of a tower." This originated as a modern "fakement" and is often granted to -those who have been using a mural coronet, and desire to continue within -its halo, but are not qualified to obtain in their own persons a grant of -it. It should be noticed that the battlements of a tower must always be -represented upon a wreath. Its facility for adding a noticeable distinction -to a crest has, however, in these days, when it is becoming somewhat -difficult to introduce differences in a stock pattern kind of crest, led to -its very frequent use in grants during the last hundred years. - -Care should also be taken to distinguish between the "battlements of a -tower" and a crest issuing from "a castle," as in the case of Harley; "a -tower," as in that of Boyce; and upon the "capital of a column," as in the -crests of Cowper-Essex and Pease. - -Abroad, _e.g._ in the arms of Paris, it is very usual to place a mural -crown over the shield of a town, and some remarks upon the point will be -found on page 368. This at first sight may seem an appropriate practice to -pursue, and several heraldic artists have followed it and advocate it in -this country. But the correctness of such a practice is, for British -purposes, strongly and emphatically denied officially, and whilst we -reserve this privilege for grants to certain army officers of high {377} -rank, it does not seem proper that it should be available for casual and -haphazard assumption by a town or city. That being the case, it should be -borne in mind that the practice is not permissible in British armory. - -The naval coronet (Fig. 658), though but seldom granted now, was very -popular at one time. In the latter part of the eighteenth and the early -part of the nineteenth centuries, naval actions were constantly being -fought, and in a large number of cases where the action of the officer in -command was worthy of high praise and reward, part of such reward was -usually an augmentation of arms. Very frequently it is found that the crest -of augmentation issued from a naval coronet. This is, as will be seen, a -curious figure composed of the sail and stern of a ship repeated and -alternating on the rim of a circlet. Sometimes it is entirely gold, but -usually the sails are argent. An instance of such a grant of augmentation -will be found in the crest of augmentation for Brisbane and in a crest of -augmentation granted to Sir Philip Bowes Broke to commemorate his glorious -victory in the Shannon over the American ship _Chesapeake_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 658.--Naval crown.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 659.--Eastern crown.] - -Any future naval grant of a crest of augmentation would probably mean, that -it would be granted issuing out of a naval coronet, but otherwise the -privilege is now confined to those grants of arms in which the patentee is -of the rank of admiral. Instances of its use will be found in the crests of -Schomberg and Farquhar, and in the crest of Dakyns of Derbyshire: "Out of a -naval coronet or, a dexter arm embowed proper, holding in the hand a -battle-axe argent, round the wrist a ribbon azure." The crest of Dakyns is -chiefly memorable for the curious motto which accompanies it; "Strike, -Dakyns, the devil's in the hempe," of which no one knows the explanation. - -Why a naval crown was recently granted as a badge to a family named Vickers -(Plate VIII.) I am still wondering. - -The crest of Lord St. Vincent ["Out of a naval coronet or, encircled by a -wreath of oak proper, a demi-pegasus argent, maned and hoofed of the first, -winged azure, charged on the wing with a fleur-de-lis gold"] is worthy of -notice owing to the encircling of the coronet, and in some number of cases -the circlet of the coronet has been made use of to carry the name of a -captured ship or of a naval engagement. - -The Eastern Coronet (Fig. 659) is a plain rim heightened with spikes. -Formerly it was granted without restriction, but now, as has {378} been -already stated, it is reserved for those of high rank who have served in -India or the East. An instance occurs, for example, in the crest of -Rawlinson, Bart. ["Sable, three swords in pale proper, pommels and hilts -or, two erect, points upwards, between them one, point downwards, on a -chief embattled of the third an antique crown gules. Crest: out of an -Eastern crown or, a cubit arm erect in armour, the hand grasping a sword in -bend sinister, and the wrist encircled by a laurel wreath proper"]. - -[Illustration: FIG. 660.--Crown vallary.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 661.--Palisado crown.] - -Of _identically_ the same shape is what is known as the "Antique Coronet." -It has no particular meaning, and though no objection is made to granting -it in Scotland and Ireland, it is not granted in England. Instances in -which it occurs under such a description will be found in the cases of -Lanigan O'Keefe and Matheson. - -The Crown Vallary or Vallary Coronet (Fig. 660) and the Palisado Coronet -(Fig. 661) were undoubtedly originally the same, but now the two forms in -which it has been depicted are considered to be different coronets. Each -has the rim, but the vallary coronet is now heightened only by pieces of -the shape of vair, whilst the palisado coronet is formed by high -"palisadoes" affixed to the rim. These two are the only forms of coronet -granted to ordinary and undistinguished applicants in England. - -The circlet from the crown of a king of arms has once at least been granted -as a crest coronet, this being in the case of Rogers Harrison. - -In a recent grant of arms to Gee, the crest has no wreath, but issues from -"a circlet or, charged with a fleur-de-lis gules." The circlet is -emblazoned as a plain gold band. - -THE CHAPEAU - -Some number of crests will be found to have been granted to be borne upon a -"chapeau" in lieu of wreath or coronet. Other names for the chapeau, under -which it is equally well known, are the "cap of maintenance" or "cap of -dignity." - -There can be very little doubt that the heraldic chapeau combines two -distinct origins or earlier prototypes. The one is the real cap of dignity, -and the other is the hat or "capelot" which covered the top of the helm -before the mantling was introduced, but from which the {379} lambrequin -developed. The curious evolution of the chapeau from the "capelot," which -is so marked and usual in Germany, is the tall conical hat, often -surmounted by a tuft or larger plume of feathers, and usually employed in -German heraldry as an opportunity for the repetition of the livery colours, -or a part of, and often the whole design of, the arms. But it should at the -same time be noticed that this tall, conical hat is much more closely -allied to the real cap of maintenance than our present crest "chapeau." - -Exactly what purpose the real cap of maintenance served, or of what it was -a symbol, remains to a certain extent a matter of mystery. The "Cap of -Maintenance"--a part of the regalia borne before the sovereign at the State -opening of Parliament (but _not_ at a coronation) by the Marquesses of -Winchester, the hereditary bearers of the cap of maintenance--bears, in its -shape, no relation to the heraldic chapeau. The only similarity is its -crimson colour and its lining of ermine. It is a tall, conical cap and is -carried on a short staff. - -[Illustration: FIG. 662.--The Crown of King Charles II.] - -Whilst crest coronets in early days appear to have had little or no -relation to titular rank, there is no doubt whatever that caps of dignity -had. Long before, a coronet was assigned to the rank of baron in the reign -of Charles II.; all barons had their caps of dignity, of scarlet lined with -white fur; and in the old pedigrees a scarlet cap with a gold tuft or -tassel on top and a lining of fur will be found painted above the arms of a -baron. This fact, the fact that until after Stuart days the chapeau does -not appear to have been allowed or granted to others than peers, the fact -that it is now reserved for the crests granted to peers, the fact that the -velvet cap is a later addition both to the sovereign's crown and to the -coronet of a peer, and finally the fact that the cap of maintenance is -borne before the sovereign only in the precincts of Parliament, would seem -to indubitably indicate that the cap of maintenance was inseparably -connected with the lordship and overlordship of Parliament vested in peers -and in the sovereign. In the crumpled and tasselled top of the velvet cap, -and in the ermine border visible below the rim, the high conical form of -the cap of maintenance proper can be still traced in the cap of a peer's -coronet, and that the velvet cap contained in {380} the crown of the -sovereign and in the coronet of a peer is the survival of the old cap of -dignity there can be no doubt. This is perhaps even more apparent in Fig. -662, which shows the crown of King Charles II., than in the representations -of the Royal crown which we are more accustomed to see. The present form of -a peer's coronet is undoubtedly the conjoining of two separate emblems of -his rank. The cap of maintenance or dignity, however, as represented above -the arms of a baron, as above referred to, was not of this high, conical -shape. It was much flatter. - -The high, conical, original shape is, however, preserved in many of the -early heraldic representations of the chapeau, as will be noticed from an -examination of the ancient Garter plates or from a reference to Fig. 271, -which shows the helmet with its chapeau-borne crest of Edward the Black -Prince. - -[Illustration: FIG. 663.--The Chapeau.] - -Of the chapeaux upon which crests are represented in the early Garter -plates the following facts may be observed. They are twenty in number of -the eighty-six plates reproduced in Mr. St. John Hope's book. It should be -noticed that until the end of the reign of Henry VIII. the Royal crest of -the sovereign was always depicted upon a chapeau gules, lined with ermine. -Of the twenty instances in which the chapeau appears, no less than twelve -are representations of the Royal crest, borne by closely allied relatives -of the sovereign, so that we have only eight examples from which to draw -deductions. But of the twenty it should be pointed out that nineteen are -peers, and the only remaining instance (Sir John Grey, K.G.) is that of the -eldest son and heir apparent of a peer, both shield and crest being in this -case boldly marked with the "label" of an eldest son. Consequently it is a -safe deduction that whatever may have been the regulations and customs -concerning the use of coronets, there can be no doubt that down to the end -of the fifteenth century the use of a chapeau marked a crest as that of a -peer. Of the eight non-Royal examples one has been repainted, and is -valueless as a contemporary record. Of the remaining seven, four are of the -conventional gules and ermine. One only has not the ermine lining, that -being the crest of Lord Fanhope. It is plainly the Royal crest -"differenced" (he being of Royal but illegitimate descent), and probably -the argent in lieu of ermine lining is one of the intentional marks of -distinction. The chapeau of Lord Beaumont is azure, seme-de-lis, lined -ermine, and that of the Earl of Douglas is azure lined ermine, this being -in each case in conformity with the mantling. Whilst the Beaumont family -still use this curiously coloured chapeau with their crest, the Douglas -crest is now borne (by {381} the Duke of Hamilton) upon one of ordinary -tinctures. Chapeaux, other than of gules lined ermine, are but rarely met -with, and unless specifically blazoned to the contrary a cap of maintenance -is always presumed to be gules and ermine. - -About the Stuart period the granting of crests upon chapeaux to others than -peers became far from unusual, and the practice appears to have been -frequently adopted prior to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Some -of these crest chapeaux, however, were not of gules. An instance of this -kind will be found in the grant in 1667 to Sir Thomas Davies, then one of -the sheriffs of the City of London, but afterwards (in 1677) Lord Mayor. -The crest granted was: "On a chapeau sable, turned up or, a demi-lion -rampant of the last." The reason for the grant at that date of such a -simple crest and the even more astonishingly simple coat of arms ["Or, a -chevron between three mullets pierced sable"] has always been a mystery to -me. - -The arms of Lord Lurgan (granted or confirmed 1840) afford another instance -of a chapeau of unusual colour, his crest being: "Upon a chapeau azure -turned up ermine, a greyhound statant gules, collared or." - -There are some number of cases in which peers whose ancestors originally -bore their crests upon a wreath have subsequently placed them upon a -chapeau. The Stanleys, Earls of Derby, are a case in point, as are also the -Marquesses of Exeter. The latter case is curious, because although they -have for long enough so depicted their crest, they only comparatively -recently (within the last few years) obtained the necessary authorisation -by the Crown. - -At the present time the official form of the chapeau is as in Fig. 663, -with the turn up split at the back into two tails. No such form can be -found in any early representation, and most heraldic artists have now -reverted to an earlier type. - -Before leaving the subject of the cap of maintenance, reference should be -made to another instance of a curious heraldic headgear often, but _quite -incorrectly_, styled a "cap of maintenance." This is the fur cap invariably -used over the shields of the cities of London, Dublin, and Norwich. There -is no English official authority whatever for such an addition to the arms, -but there does appear to be some little official recognition of it in -Ulster's Office in the case of the city of Dublin. The late Ulster King of -Arms, however, informed me that he would, in the case of Dublin, have no -hesitation whatever in certifying the right of the city arms to be so -displayed (Plate VII.). - -In the utter absence of anything in the nature of a precedent, it is quite -unlikely that the practice will be sanctioned in England. The {382} hat -used is a flat-topped, brown fur hat of the shape depicted with the arms of -the City of Dublin. It is merely (in London) a part of the official uniform -or livery of the City sword-bearer. It does not even appear to have been a -part of the costume of the Lord Mayor, and it must always remain a mystery -why it was ever adopted for heraldic use. But then the chain of the Lord -Mayor of London is generally called a Collar of SS. Besides this the City -of London uses a Peer's helmet, a bogus modern crest, and even more modern -bogus supporters, so a few other eccentricities need not in that particular -instance cause surprise. {383} - - - -CHAPTER XXIV - -THE MANTLING OR LAMBREQUIN - -The mantling is the ornamental design which in a representation of an -armorial achievement depends from the helmet, falling away on either side -of the escutcheon. Many authorities have considered it to have been no more -than a fantastic series of flourishes, devised by artistic minds for the -purpose of assisting ornamentation and affording an artistic opportunity of -filling up unoccupied spaces in a heraldic design. There is no doubt that -its readily apparent advantages in that character have greatly led to the -importance now attached to the mantling in heraldic art. But equally is it -certain that its real origin is to be traced elsewhere. - -The development of the heraldry of to-day was in the East during the period -of the Crusades, and the burning heat of the Eastern sun upon the metal -helmet led to the introduction and adoption of a textile covering, which -would act in some way as a barrier between the two. It was simply in fact -and effect a primeval prototype of the "puggaree" of Margate and Hindustan. -It is plain from all early representations that originally it was short, -simply hanging from the apex of the helmet to the level of the shoulders, -overlapping the textile tunic or "coat of arms," but probably enveloping a -greater part of the helmet, neck, and shoulders than we are at present -(judging from pictorial representations) inclined to believe. - -Adopted first as a protection against the heat, and perhaps also the rust -which would follow damp, the lambrequin soon made evident another of its -advantages, an advantage to which we doubtless owe its perpetuation outside -Eastern warfare in the more temperate climates of Northern Europe and -England. Textile fabrics are peculiarly and remarkably deadening to a -sword-cut, to which fact must be added the facility with which such a -weapon would become entangled in the hanging folds of cloth. The hacking -and hewing of battle would show itself plainly upon the lambrequin of one -accustomed to a prominent position in the forefront of a fight, and the -honourable record implied by a ragged and slashed lambrequin accounts for -the fact that we find at an early period after their introduction into -heraldic art, that mantlings {384} are depicted cut and "torn to ribbons." -This opportunity was quickly seized by the heraldic artist, who has always, -from those very earliest times of absolute armorial freedom down to the -point of greatest and most regularised control, been allowed an entire and -absolute discretion in the design to be adopted for the mantling. Hence it -is that we find so much importance is given to it by heraldic artists, for -it is in the design of the mantling, and almost entirely in that -opportunity, that the personal character and abilities of the artist have -their greatest scope. Some authorities have, however, derived the mantling -from the robe of estate, and there certainly has been a period in British -armory when most lambrequins found in heraldic art are represented by an -unmutilated cloth, suspended from and displayed behind the armorial -bearings and tied at the upper corners. In all probability the robes of -estate of the higher nobility, no less than the then existing and -peremptorily enforced sumptuary laws, may have led to the desire and to the -attempt, at a period when the actual lambrequin was fast disappearing from -general knowledge, to display arms upon something which should represent -either the parliamentary robes of estate of a peer, or the garments of rich -fabric which the sumptuary laws forbade to those of humble degree. To this -period undoubtedly belongs the term "mantling," which is so much more -frequently employed than the word lambrequin, which is really--from the -armorial point of view--the older term. - -The heraldic mantling was, of course, originally the representation of the -actual "capeline" or textile covering worn upon the helmet, but many early -heraldic representations are of mantlings which are of skin, fur, or -feathers, being in such cases invariably a continuation of the crest drawn -out and represented as the lambrequin. When the crest was a part of the -human figure, the habit in which that figure was arrayed is almost -invariably found to have been so employed. The Garter plate of Sir Ralph -Bassett, one of the Founder Knights, shows the crest as a black boar's -head, the skin being continued as the sable mantling. - -Some Sclavonic families have mantlings of fur only, that of the Hungarian -family of Chorinski is a bear skin, and countless other instances can be -found of the use by German families of a continuation of the crest for a -mantling. This practice affords instances of many curious mantlings, this -in one case in the Zurich _Wappenrolle_ being the scaly skin of a salmon. -The mane of the lion, the crest of Mertz, and the hair and beard of the -crests of Bohn and Landschaden, are similarly continued to do duty for the -mantling. This practice has never found great favour in England, the cases -amongst the early Garter plates where it has been followed standing almost -alone. In a {385} manuscript (M. 3, 67_b_) of the reign of Henry VII., now -in the College of Arms, probably dating from about 1506, an instance of -this character can be found, however. It is a representation of the crest -of Stourton (Fig. 664) as it was borne at that date, and was a black -Benedictine demi-monk proper holding erect in his dexter hand a scourge. -Here the proper black Benedictine habit (it has of later years been -corrupted into the russet habit of a friar) is continued to form the -mantling. - -PLATE VII. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: FIG. 664.--The Crest of Stourton.] - -By what rules the colours of the mantlings were decided in early times it -is impossible to say. No rules have been handed down to us--the old -heraldic books are silent on the point--and it seems equally hopeless to -attempt to deduce any from ancient armorial examples. The one fact that can -be stated with certainty is that the rules of early days, if there were -any, are not the rules presently observed. Some hold that the colours of -the mantling were decided by the colours of the actual livery in use as -distinct from the "livery colours" of the arms. It is difficult to check -this rule, because our knowledge of the liveries in use in early days is so -meagre and limited; but in the few instances of which we now have knowledge -we look in vain for a repetition of the colours worn by the retainers as -liveries in the mantlings used. The fact that the livery colours are -represented in the background of some of the early Garter plates, and that -in such instances in no single case do they agree with the colours of the -mantling, must certainly dissipate once and for all any such supposition as -far as it relates to that period. - -A careful study and analysis of early heraldic emblazonment, however, -reveals one point as a dominating characteristic. That is, that where the -crest, by its nature, lent itself to a continuation into the mantling it -generally was so continued. This practice, which was almost universal upon -the Continent, and is particularly to be met with {386} in German heraldry, -though seldom adopted in England, certainly had some weight in English -heraldry. In the recently published reproductions of the Plantagenet Garter -plates eighty-seven armorial achievements are included. Of these, in ten -instances the mantlings are plainly continuations of the crests, being -"feathered" or in unison. Fifteen of the mantlings have both the outside -and the inside of the principal colour and of the principal metal of the -arms they accompany, though in a few cases, contrary to the present -practice, the metal is outside, the lining being of the colour. Nineteen -more of the mantlings are of the principal colour of the arms, the majority -(eighteen) of these being lined with ermine. No less than forty-nine are of -some colour lined with ermine, but thirty-four of these are of gules lined -ermine, and in the large majority of cases in these thirty-four instances -neither the gules nor the ermine are in conformity with the principal -colour and metal (what we now term the "livery colours") of the arms. In -some cases the colours of the mantling agree with the colours of the crest, -a rule which will usually be found to hold good in German heraldry. The -constant occurrence of gules and ermine incline one much to believe that -the colours of the mantling were not decided by haphazard fancy, but that -there was some law--possibly in some way connected with the sumptuary laws -of the period--which governed the matter, or, at any rate, which greatly -limited the range of selection. Of the eighty-seven mantlings, excluding -those which are gules lined ermine, there are four only the colours of -which apparently bear no relation whatever to the colours of the arms or -the crests appearing upon the same Stall plate. In some number of the -plates the colours certainly are taken from a quartering other than the -first one, and in one at least of the four exceptions the mantling (one of -the most curious examples) is plainly derived from a quartering inherited -by the knight in question though not shown upon the Stall plate. Probably a -closer examination of the remaining three instances would reveal a similar -reason in each case. That any law concerning the colours of their mantlings -was enforced upon those concerned would be an unwarrantable deduction not -justified by the instances under examination, but one is clearly justified -in drawing from these cases some deductions as to the practice pursued. It -is evident that unless one was authorised by the rule or reason governing -the matter--whatever such rule or reason may have been--in using a mantling -of gules and ermine, the dominating colour (not as a rule the metal) of the -coat of arms (or of one of the quarterings), or sometimes of the crest if -the tinctures of arms and crest were not in unison, decided the colour of -the mantling. That there was some meaning behind the mantlings of gules -lined with ermine there can be little doubt, for it is noticeable that in a -case in {387} which the colours of the arms themselves are gules and -ermine, the mantling is of gules and argent, as by the way in this -particular case is the chapeau upon which the crest is placed. But probably -the reason which governed these mantlings of gules lined with ermine, as -also the ermine linings of other mantlings, must be sought outside the -strict limits of armory. That the colours of mantlings are repeated in -different generations, and in the plates of members of the same family, -clearly demonstrates that selection was not haphazard. - -Certain of these early Garter plates exhibit interesting curiosities in the -mantlings:-- - -1. Sir William Latimer, Lord Latimer, K.G., c. 1361-1381. Arms: gules a -cross patonce or. Crest: a plume of feathers sable, the tips or. Mantling -gules with silver vertical stripes, lined with ermine. - -2. Sir Bermond Arnaud de Presac, Soudan de la Tran, K.G., 1380-_post_ 1384. -Arms: or, a lion rampant double-queued gules. Crest: a Midas' head argent. -Mantling sable, lined gules, the latter veined or. - -3. Sir Simon Felbrigge, K.G., 1397-1442. Arms: or, a lion rampant gules. -Crest: out of a coronet gules, a plume of feathers ermine. Mantling ermine, -lined gules (evidently a continuation of the crest). - -4. Sir Reginald Cobham, Lord Cobham, K.G., 1352-1361. Arms: gules, on a -chevron or, three estoiles sable. Crest: a soldan's head sable, the brow -encircled by a torse or. Mantling sable (evidently a continuation of the -crest), lined gules. - -5. Sir Edward Cherleton, Lord Cherleton of Powis, K.G., 1406-7 to 1420-1. -Arms: or, a lion rampant gules. Crest: on a wreath gules and sable, two -lions' gambs also gules, each adorned on the exterior side with three -demi-fleurs-de-lis issuing argent, the centres thereof or. Mantling: on the -dexter side, sable; on the sinister side, gules; both lined ermine. - -6. Sir Hertong von Clux, K.G., 1421-1445 or 6. Arms: argent, a vine branch -couped at either end in bend sable. Crest: out of a coronet or, a plume of -feathers sable and argent. Mantling: on the dexter side, azure; on the -sinister, gules; both lined ermine. - -7. Sir Miles Stapleton, K.G. (Founder Knight, died 1364). Arms: argent, a -lion rampant sable. Crest: a soldan's head sable, around the temples a -torse azure, tied in a knot, the ends flowing. Mantling sable (probably a -continuation of the crest), lined gules. - -8. Sir Walter Hungerford, Lord Hungerford and Heytesbury, K.G., 1421-1449. -Arms: sable, two bars argent, and in chief three plates. Crest: out of a -coronet azure a garb or, enclosed by two sickles argent. Mantling (within -and without): dexter, barry of six {388} ermine and gules; sinister, barry -of six gules and ermine. (The reason of this is plain. The mother of Lord -Hungerford was a daughter and coheir of Hussey. The arms of Hussey are -variously given: "Barry of six ermine and gules," or "Ermine, three bars -gules.") - -9. Sir Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford, 1429-1460. Arms: or, a chevron -gules. Crest: out of a coronet gules, a swan's head and neck proper, beaked -gules, between two wings also proper. Mantling: the dexter side, sable; the -sinister side, gules; both lined ermine. Black and gules, it may be noted, -were the livery colours of Buckingham, an earldom which had devolved upon -the Earls of Stafford. - -10. Sir John Grey of Ruthin, K.G., 1436-1439. Arms: quarterly, 1 and 4, -barry of six argent and azure, in chief three torteaux; 2 and 3, quarterly -i. and iiii., or, a maunch gules; ii. and iii., barry of eight argent and -azure, an orle of ten martlets gules; over all a label of three points -argent. Crest: on a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a wyvern or, gorged -with a label argent. Mantling or, lined ermine. - -11. Sir Richard Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, K.G., 1436-1460. Arms: -quarterly, 1 and 4, quarterly i. and iiii., argent, three lozenges -conjoined in fess gules; ii. and iii., or, an eagle displayed vert; 2 and -3, gules, a saltire argent, a label of three points compony argent and -azure. Crest: on a coronet, a griffin sejant, with wings displayed or. -Mantling: dexter side, gules; the sinister, sable; both lined ermine. - -12. Sir Gaston de Foix, Count de Longueville, &c., K.G., 1438-1458. Arms: -quarterly, 1 and 4, or, three pallets gules; 2 and 3, or, two cows passant -in pale gules, over all a label of three points, each point or, on a cross -sable five escallops argent. Crest: on a wreath or and gules, a -blackamoor's bust with ass's ears sable, vested paly or and gules, all -between two wings, each of the arms as in the first quarter. Mantling paly -of or and gules, lined vert. - -13. Sir Walter Blount, Lord Mountjoye, K.G., 1472-1474. Arms: quarterly, 1. -argent, two wolves passant in pale sable, on a bordure also argent eight -saltires couped gules (for Ayala); 2. or, a tower (? gules) (for Mountjoy); -3. barry nebuly or and sable (for Blount); 4. vaire argent and gules (for -Gresley). Crest: out of a coronet two ibex horns or. Mantling sable, lined -on the dexter side with argent, and on the sinister with or. - -14. Frederick, Duke of Urbino. Mantling or, lined ermine. - -In Continental heraldry it is by no means uncommon to find the device of -the arms repeated either wholly or in part upon the mantling. In reference -to this the "Tournament Rules" of Rene, Duke of Anjou, {389} throw some -light on the point. These it may be of interest to quote:-- - - "Vous tous Princes, Seigneurs, Barons, Cheualiers, et Escuyers, qui - auez intention de tournoyer, vous estes tenus vous rendre es heberges - le quartrieme jour deuan le jour du Tournoy, pour faire de vos Blasons - fenestres, sur payne de non estre receus audit Tournoy. Les armes - seront celles-cy. Le tymbre doit estre sur vne piece de cuir bouilly, - la quelle doit estre bien faultree d'vn doigt d'espez, ou plus, par le - dedans: et doit contenir la dite piece de cuir tout le sommet du - heaulme, et sera couuerte la dite piece du lambrequin armoye des armes - de celuy qui le portera, et sur le dit lambrequin au plus haut du - sommet, sera assis le dit Tymbre, et autour d'iceluy aura vn tortil des - couleurs que voudra le Tournoyeur. - - "Item, et quand tous les heaulmes seront ainsi mis et ordonnez pour les - departir, viendront toutes Dames et Damoiselles et tout Seigneurs, - Cheualiers, et Escuyers, en les visitant d'vn bout a autre, la present - les Juges, qui meneront trois ou quatre tours les Dames pour bien voir - et visiter les Tymbres, et y aura vu Heraut ou poursuivant, qui dira - aux Dames selon l'endroit ou elles seront, le nom de ceux a qui sont - les Tymbres, afin que s'il en a qui ait des Dames medit, et elles - touchent son Tymbre, qu'il soit le lendemain pour recommande." - (Menetrier, _L'Origine des Armoiries_, pp. 79-81.) - -Whilst one can call to mind no instance of importance of ancient date where -this practice has been followed in this country, there are one or two -instances in the Garter plates which approximate closely to it. The -mantling of John, Lord Beaumont, is azure, seme-de-lis (as the field of his -arms), lined ermine. Those of Sir John Bourchier, Lord Berners, and of Sir -Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, are of gules, billette or, evidently -derived from the quartering for Louvaine upon the arms, this quartering -being: "Gules, billette and a fess or." - -According to a MS. of Vincent, in the College of Arms, the Warrens used a -mantling chequy of azure and or with their arms. - -A somewhat similar result is obtained by the mantling, "Gules, seme of -lozenges or," upon the small plate of Sir Sanchet Dabrichecourt. The -mantling of Sir Lewis Robessart, Lord Bourchier, is: "Azure, bezante, lined -argent." - -"The azure mantling on the Garter Plate of Henry V., as Prince of Wales, is -'seme of the French golden fleurs-de-lis.'... The Daubeny mantling is 'seme -of mullets.' On the brass of Sir John Wylcote, at Tew, the lambrequins are -chequy.... On the seals of Sir John Bussy, in 1391 and 1407, the mantlings -are barry, the coat being 'argent, three bars sable.'" - -There are a few cases amongst the Garter plates in which badges are plainly -and unmistakably depicted upon the mantlings. Thus, on the lining of the -mantling on the plate of Sir Henry Bourchier (elected 1452) will be found -water-bougets, which are repeated on a fillet round the head of the crest. -The Stall plate of Sir John Bourchier, Lord {390} Berners, above referred -to (elected 1459), is lined with silver on the dexter side, seme in the -upper part with water-bougets, and in the lower part with Bourchier knots. -On the opposite side of the mantling the knots are in the upper part, and -the water-bougets below. That these badges upon the mantling are not -haphazard artistic decoration is proved by a reference to the monumental -effigy of the Earl of Essex, in Little Easton Church, Essex. The differing -shapes of the helmet, and of the coronet and the mantling, and the -different representation of the crest, show that, although depicted in his -Garter robes, upon his effigy the helmet, crest, and mantling upon which -the earl's head there rests, and the representations of the same upon the -Garter plate, are not slavish copies of the same original model. -Nevertheless upon the effigy, as on the Garter plate, we find the outside -of the mantling "seme of billets," and the inside "seme of water-bougets." -Another instance amongst the Garter plates will be found in the case of -Viscount Lovell, whose mantling is strewn with gold padlocks. - -Nearly all the mantlings on the Garter Stall plates are more or less -heavily "veined" with gold, and many are heavily diapered and decorated -with floral devices. So prominent is some of this floral diapering that one -is inclined to think that in a few cases it may possibly be a diapering -with floral badges. In other cases it is equally evidently no more than a -mere accessory of design, though between these two classes of diapering it -would be by no means easy to draw a line of distinction. The veining and -"heightening" of a mantling with gold is at the present day nearly always -to be seen in elaborate heraldic painting. - -From the Garter plates of the fourteenth century it has been shown that the -colours of a large proportion of the mantlings approximated in early days -to the colours of the arms. The popularity of gules, however, was then fast -encroaching upon the frequency of appearance which other colours should -have enjoyed; and in the sixteenth century, in grants and other paintings -of arms, the use of a mantling of gules had become practically universal. -In most cases the mantling of "gules, doubled argent" forms an integral -part of the terms of the grant itself, as sometimes do the "gold tassels" -which are so frequently found terminating the mantlings of that and an -earlier period. This custom continued through the Stuart period, and though -dropped officially in England during the eighteenth century (when the -mantling reverted to the livery colours of the arms, and became in this -form a matter of course and so understood, not being expressed in the -wording of the patent), it continued in force in Lyon Office in Scotland -until the year 1890, when the present Lyon King of Arms (Sir James Balfour -Paul) altered the practice, and, as had earlier been done in England, {391} -ordered that all future Scottish mantlings should be depicted in the livery -colours of the arms, but in Scotland the mantlings, though now following -the livery colours, are still included in the terms of the grant, and -thereby stereotyped. In England, in an official "exemplification" at the -present day of an ancient coat of arms (_e.g._ in an exemplification -following the assumption of name and arms by Royal License), the mantling -is painted in the livery colours, irrespective of any ancient patent in -which "gules and argent" may have been _granted_ as the colour of the -mantling. Though probably most people will agree as to the expediency of -such a practice, it is at any rate open to criticism on the score of -propriety, unless the new mantling is expressed in terms in the new patent. -This would of course amount to a grant overriding the earlier one, and -would do all that was necessary; but failing this, there appears to be a -distinct hiatus in the continuity of authority. - -Ermine linings to the mantling were soon denied to the undistinguished -commoner, and with the exception of the early Garter plates, it would be -difficult to point to an instance of their use. The mantlings of peers, -however, continued to be lined with ermine, and English instances under -official sanction can be found in the Visitation Books and in the Garter -plates until a comparatively recent period. In fact the relegation of peers -to the ordinary livery colours for their mantlings is, in England, quite a -modern practice. In Scotland, however, the mantlings of peers have always -been lined with ermine, and the present Lyon continues this whilst usually -making the colours of the outside of the mantlings agree with the principal -colour of the arms. This, as regards the outer colour of the mantling, is -not a fixed or stereotyped rule, and in some cases Lyon has preferred to -adopt a mantling of gules lined with ermine as more comformable to a peer's -Parliamentary Robe of Estate. - -In the Deputy Earl-Marshal's warrant referred to on page 375 are some -interesting points as to the mantling. It is recited that "some persons -under y^e degree of y^e Nobilitie of this Realme doe cause Ermins to be -Depicted upon ye Lineings of those Mantles which are used with their Armes, -and also that there are some that have lately caused the Mantles of their -Armes to be painted like Ostrich feathers as tho' they were of some -peculiar and superior degree of Honor," and the warrant commands that these -points are to be rectified. - -The Royal mantling is of cloth of gold. In the case of the sovereign and -the Prince of Wales it is lined with ermine, and for other members of the -Royal Family it is lined with argent. Queen Elizabeth was the first -sovereign to adopt the golden mantling, the Royal tinctures before that -date (for the mantling) being gules lined ermine. The mantling of or and -ermine has, of course, since that date been rigidly denied to {392} all -outside the Royal Family. Two instances, however, occur amongst the early -Garter plates, viz. Sir John Grey de Ruthyn and Frederick, Duke of Urbino. -It is sometimes stated that a mantling of or and ermine is a sign of -sovereignty, but the mantling of our own sovereign is really the only case -in which it is presently so used. - -In Sweden, as in Scotland, the colours of the mantling are specified in the -patent, and, unlike our own, are often curiously varied. - -The present rules for the colour of a mantling are as follows in England -and Ireland:-- - - 1. That with ancient arms of which the grant specified the colour, - where this has not been altered by a subsequent exemplification, the - colours must be as stated in the grant, _i.e._ usually gules, lined - argent. - - 2. That the mantling of the sovereign and Prince of Wales is of cloth - of gold, lined with ermine. - - 3. That the mantling of other members of the Royal Family is of cloth - of gold lined with argent. - - 4. That the mantlings of all other people shall be of the livery - colours. - -The rules in Scotland are now as follows: - - 1. That in the cases of peers whose arms were matriculated before 1890 - the mantling is of gules lined with ermine (the Scottish term for - "lined" is "doubled"). - - 2. That the mantlings of all other arms matriculated before 1890 shall - be of gules and argent. - - 3. That the mantlings of peers whose arms have been matriculated since - 1890 shall be either of the principal colour of the arms, lined with - ermine, or of gules lined ermine (conformably to the Parliamentary Robe - of Estate of a peer) as may happen to have been matriculated. - - 4. That the mantlings of all other persons whose arms have been - matriculated since 1890 shall be of the livery colours, unless other - colours are, as is occasionally the case, specified in the patent of - matriculation. - -Whether in Scotland a person is entitled to assume of his own motion an -ermine lining to his mantling upon his elevation to the peerage, without a -rematriculation in cases where the arms and mantling have been otherwise -matriculated at an earlier date, or whether in England any peer may still -line his mantling with ermine, are points on which one hesitates to express -an opinion. - -When the mantling is of the livery colours the following rules must be -observed. The outside must be of some colour and the lining of some metal. -The colour must be the principal colour of the arms, {393} _i.e._ the -colour of the field if it be of colour, or if it is of metal, then the -colour of the principal ordinary or charge upon the shield. The metal will -be as the field, if the field is of metal, or if not, it will be as the -metal of the principal ordinary or charge. In other words, it should be the -same tinctures as the wreath. - -If the field is party of colour and metal (_i.e._ per pale barry, -quarterly, &c.), then that colour and that metal are "the livery colours." -If the field is party of two _colours_ the principal colour (_i.e._ the one -first mentioned in the blazon) is taken as the colour and the other is -ignored. The mantling is _not_ made party to agree with the field in -British heraldry, as would be the case in Germany. If the field is of a -fur, then the dominant metal or colour of the fur is taken as one component -part of the "livery colours," the other metal or colour required being -taken from the next most important tincture of the field. For example, -"ermine, a fess gules" has a mantling of gules and argent, whilst "or, a -chevron ermines" would need a mantling of sable and or. The mantling for -"azure, a lion rampant erminois" would be azure and or. But in a coat -showing fur, metal, and colour, sometimes the fur is ignored. A field of -vair has a mantling argent and azure, but if the charge be vair the field -will supply the one, _i.e._ either colour or metal, whilst the vair -supplies whichever is lacking. Except in the cases of Scotsmen who are -peers and of the Sovereign and Prince of Wales, no fur is ever used -nowadays in Great Britain for a mantling. - -In cases where the principal charge is "proper," a certain discretion must -be used. Usually the heraldic colour to which the charge approximates is -used. For example, "argent, issuing from a mount in base a tree proper," -&c., would have a mantling vert and argent. The arms "or, three Cornish -choughs proper," or "argent, three negroes' heads couped proper," would -have mantlings respectively sable and or and sable and argent. Occasionally -one comes across a coat which supplies an "impossible" mantling, or which -does not supply one at all. Such a coat would be "per bend sinister ermine -and erminois, a lion rampant counterchanged." Here there is no colour at -all, so the mantling would be gules and argent. "Argent, three stags -trippant proper" would have a mantling gules and argent. A coat of arms -with a landscape field would also probably be supplied (in default of a -chief, _e.g._ supplying other colours and tinctures) with a mantling gules -and argent. It is quite permissible to "vein" a mantling with gold lines, -this being always done in official paintings. - -In English official heraldry, where, no matter how great the number of -crests, one helmet only is painted, it naturally follows that one mantling -only can be depicted. This is always taken from the livery colours of the -chief (_i.e._ the first) quartering or sub-quartering. {394} In Scottish -patents at the present day in which a helmet is painted for each crest the -mantlings frequently vary, being in each case in accordance with the livery -colours of the quartering to which the crest belongs. Consequently this -must be accepted as the rule in cases where more than one helmet is shown. - -In considering the fashionings of mantlings it must be remembered that -styles and fashions much overlap, and there has always been the tendency in -armory to repeat earlier styles. Whilst one willingly concedes the immense -gain in beauty by the present reversion in heraldic art to older and -better, and certainly more artistic types, there is distinctly another side -to the question which is strangely overlooked by those who would have the -present-day heraldic art slavishly copied in all minutiae of detail, and -even (according to some) in all the crudity of draughtmanship from examples -of the earliest periods. - -Hitherto each period of heraldic art has had its own peculiar style and -type, each within limits readily recognisable. Whether that style and type -can be considered when judged by the canons of art to be good or bad, there -can be no doubt that each style in its turn has approximated to, and has -been in keeping with, the concurrent decorative art outside and beyond -heraldry, though it has always exhibited a tendency to rather lag behind. -When all has been said and done that can be, heraldry, in spite of its -symbolism and its many other meanings, remains but a form of decorative -art; and therefore it is natural that it should be influenced by other -artistic ideas and other manifestations of art and accepted forms of design -current at the period to which it belongs. For, from the artistic point of -view, the part played in art by heraldry is so limited in extent compared -with the part occupied by other forms of decoration, that one would -naturally expect heraldry to show the influence of outside decorative art -to a greater extent than decorative art as a whole would be likely to show -the influence of heraldry. In our present revulsion of mind in favour of -older heraldic types, we are apt to speak of "good" or "bad" heraldic art. -But art itself cannot so be divided, for after all allowances have been -made for crude workmanship, and when bad or imperfect examples have been -eliminated from consideration (and given always necessarily the essential -basis of the relation of line to curve and such technical details of art), -who on earth is to judge, or who is competent to say, whether any -particular style of art is good or bad? No one from preference executes -speculative art which he knows whilst executing it to be bad. Most -manifestations of art, and peculiarly of decorative art, are commercial -matters executed with the frank idea of subsequent sale, and consequently -with the subconscious idea, true though but seldom acknowledged, of -pleasing that public which will {395} have to buy. Consequently the -ultimate appeal is to the taste of the public, for art, if it be not the -desire to give pleasure by the representation of beauty, is nothing. -Beauty, of course, must not necessarily be confounded with prettiness; it -may be beauty of character. The result is, therefore, that the decorative -art of any period is an indication of that which gives pleasure at the -moment, and an absolute reflex of the artistic wishes, desires, and tastes -of the cultivated classes to whom executive art must appeal. At every -period it has been found that this taste is constantly changing, and as a -consequence the examples of decorative art of any period are a reflex only -of the artistic ideas current at the time the work was done. - -At all periods, therefore, even during the early Victorian period, which we -are now taught and believe to be the most ghastly period through which -English art has passed, the art in vogue has been what the public have -admired, and have been ready to pay for, and most emphatically what they -have been taught and brought up to consider good art. In early Victorian -days there was no lack of educated people, and because they liked the -particular form of decoration associated with their period, who is -justified in saying that, because that peculiar style of decoration is not -acceptable now to ourselves, their art was bad, and worse than our own? If -throughout the ages there had been one dominating style of decoration -equally accepted at all periods and by all authorities as the highest type -of decorative art, then we should have some standard to judge by. Such is -not the case, and we have no such standard, and any attempt to arbitrarily -create and control ideas between given parallel lines of arbitrary thought, -when the ideas are constantly changing, is impossible and undesirable. Who -dreams of questioning the art of Benvenuto Cellini, or of describing his -craftsmanship as other than one of the most vivid examples of his period, -and yet what had it in keeping with the art of the Louis XVI. period, or -the later art of William Morris and his followers? Widely divergent as are -these types, they are nevertheless all accepted as the highest expressions -of three separate types of decorative art. Any one attempting to compare -them, or to rank these schools of artistic thought in order of superiority, -would simply be laying themselves open to ridicule unspeakable, for they -would be ranked by the highest authorities of different periods in -different orders, and it is as impossible to create a permanent standard of -art as it is impossible to ensure a permanence of any particular public -taste. The fact that taste changes, and as a consequence that artistic -styles and types vary, is simply due to the everlasting desire on the part -of the public for some new thing, and their equally permanent appreciation -of novelty of idea or sensation. That master-minds have arisen to teach, -and {396} that they have taught with some success their own particular -brand of art to the public, would seem rather to argue against the -foregoing ideas were it not that, when the master-mind and the dominating -influence are gone, the public, desiring as always change and novelty, are -ready to fly to any new teacher and master who can again afford them -artistic pleasure. The influence of William Morris in household decoration -is possibly the most far-reaching modern example of the influence of a -single man upon the art of his period; but master-mind as was his, and -master-craftsman as he was, it has needed but a few years since his death -to start the undoing of much that he taught. After the movement initiated -by Morris and carried further by the Arts and Crafts Society, which made -for simplicity in structural design as well as in the decoration of -furniture, we have now fallen back upon the flowery patterns of the early -Victorian period, and there is hardly a drawing-room in fashionable London -where the chairs and settees are not covered with early Victorian chintzes. - -Artistic authorities may shout themselves hoarse, but the fashion having -been set in Mayfair will be inevitably followed in Suburbia, and we are -doubtless again at the beginning of the cycle of that curious manifestation -of domestic decorative art which was current in the early part of the -nineteenth century. It is, therefore, evident that it is futile to describe -varying types of art of varying periods as good or bad, or to differentiate -between them, unless some such permanent basis of comparison or standard of -excellence be conceded. The differing types must be accepted as no more -than the expression of the artistic period to which they belong. That being -so, one cannot help thinking that the abuse which has been heaped of late -(by unthinking votaries of Plantagenet and Tudor heraldry) upon heraldic -art in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries has very -greatly overstepped the true proportion of the matter. Much that has been -said is true, but what has been said too often lacks proportion. There is -consequently much to be said in favour of allowing each period to create -its own style and type of heraldic design, in conformity with the ideas -concerning decorative art which are current outside heraldic thought. This -is precisely what is not happening at the present time, even with all our -boasted revival of armory and armorial art. The tendency at the present -time is to slavishly copy examples of other periods. There is another point -which is usually overlooked by the most blatant followers of this school of -thought. What are the ancient models which remain to us? The early Rolls of -Arms of which we hear so much are not, and were never intended to be, -examples of artistic execution. They are merely memoranda of _fact_. It is -absurd to suppose that an actual shield was painted with the crudity to be -met {397} with in the Rolls of Arms. It is equally absurd to accept as -unimpeachable models, Garter plates, seals, or architectural examples -unless the purpose and medium--wax, enamel, or stone--in which they are -executed is borne in mind, and the knowledge used with due discrimination. -Mr. Eve, without slavishly copying, originally appears to have modelled his -work upon the admirable designs and ideas of the "little masters" of German -art in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He has since progressed -therefrom to a distinctive and very excellent style of his own. Mr. Graham -Johnson models his work upon Plantagenet and Tudor examples. The work of -Pere Anselm, and of Pugin, the first start towards the present ideas of -heraldic art, embodying as it did so much of the beauty of the older work -whilst possessing a character of its own, and developing ancient ideals by -increased beauty of execution, has placed their reputation far above that -of others, who, following in their footsteps, have not possessed their -abilities. But with regard to most of the heraldic design of the present -day as a whole it is very evident that we are simply picking and choosing -tit-bits from the work of bygone craftsmen, and copying, more or less -slavishly, examples of other periods. This makes for no advance in design -either, in its character or execution, nor will it result in any -peculiarity of style which it will be possible in the future to identify -with the present period. Our heraldry, like our architecture, though it may -be dated in the twentieth century, will be a heterogeneous collection of -isolated specimens of Gothic, Tudor, or Queen Anne style and type, which -surely is as anachronistic as we consider to be those Dutch paintings which -represent Christ and the Apostles in modern clothes. - -Roughly the periods into which the types of mantlings can be divided, when -considered from the standpoint of their fashioning, are somewhat as -follows. There is the earliest period of all, when the mantling depicted -approximated closely if it was not an actual representation of the capelote -really worn in battle. Examples of this will be found in the _Armorial de -Gelre_ and the Zurich _Wappenrolle_. As the mantling worn lengthened and -evolved itself into the lambrequin, the mantling depicted in heraldic art -was similarly increased in size, terminating in the long mantle drawn in -profile but tasselled and with the scalloped edges, a type which is found -surviving in some of the early Garter plates. This is the transition stage. -The next definite period is when we find the mantling depicted on both -sides of the helmet and the scalloped edges developed, in accordance with -the romantic ideas of the period, into the slashes and cuts of the bold and -artistic mantlings of Plantagenet armorial art. - -Slowly decreasing in strength, but at the same time increasing in -elaboration, this mantling and type continued until it had reached its -{398} highest pitch of exuberant elaboration in Stuart and early Georgian -times. Side by side with this over-elaboration came the revulsion to a -Puritan simplicity of taste which is to be found in other manifestations of -art at the same time, and which made itself evident in heraldic decoration -by the use as mantling of the plain uncut cloth suspended behind the -shield. Originating in Elizabethan days, this plain cloth was much made use -of, but towards the end of the Stuart period came that curious evolution of -British heraldry which is peculiar to these countries alone. That is the -entire omission of both helmet and mantling. How it originated it is -difficult to understand, unless it be due to the fact that a large number, -in fact a large proportion, of English families possessed a shield only and -neither claimed nor used a crest, and that consequently a large number of -heraldic representations give the shield only. It is rare indeed to find a -shield surmounted by helmet and mantling when the former is not required to -support a crest. At the same time we find, among the official records of -the period, that the documents of chief importance were the Visitation -Books. In these, probably from motives of economy or to save needless -draughtsmanship, the trouble of depicting the helmet and mantling was -dispensed with, and the crest is almost universally found depicted on the -wreath, which is made to rest upon the shield, the helmet being omitted. -That being an accepted official way of representing an achievement, small -wonder that the public followed, and we find as a consequence that a large -proportion of the bookplates during the seventeenth and eighteenth -centuries had no helmet or mantling at all, the elaboration of the edges of -the shield, together with the addition of decorative and needless -accessories bearing no relation to the arms, fulfilling all purposes of -decorative design. It should also be remembered that from towards the close -of the Stuart period onward, England was taking her art and decoration -almost entirely from Continental sources, chiefly French and Italian. In -both the countries the use of crests was very limited indeed in extent, and -the elimination of the helmet and mantling, and the elaboration in their -stead of the edges of the shield, we probably owe to the effort to -assimilate French and Italian forms of decoration to English arms. So -obsolete had become the use of helmet and mantling that it is difficult to -come across examples that one can put forward as mantlings typical of the -period. - -Helmets and mantlings were of course painted upon grants and upon the Stall -plates of the knights of the various orders, but whilst the helmets became -weak, of a pattern impossible to wear, and small in size, the mantling -became of a stereotyped pattern, and of a design poor and wooden according -to our present ideas. - -[Illustration: FIG. 665.--Carriage Panel of Georgiana, Marchioness of -Cholmondeley.] - -Unofficial heraldry had sunk to an even lower style of art, and {399} the -regulation heraldic stationer's types of shield, mantling, and helmet are -awe-inspiring in their ugliness. - -The term "mantle" is sometimes employed, but it would seem hardly quite -correctly, to the parliamentary robe of estate upon which the arms of a -peer of the realm were so frequently depicted at the end of the eighteenth -and in the early part of the nineteenth centuries. Its popularity is an -indication of the ever-constant predilection for something which is denied -to others and the possession of which is a matter of privilege. Woodward, -in his "Treatise on Heraldry," treats of and dismisses the matter in one -short sentence: "In England the suggestion that the arms of peers should be -mantled with their Parliament robes was never generally adopted." In this -statement he is quite incorrect, for as the accepted type in one particular -opportunity of armorial display its use was absolutely universal. The -opportunity in question was the emblazonment of arms upon carriage panels. -In the early part of the nineteenth and at the end of the eighteenth -centuries armorial bearings were painted of some size upon carriages, and -there were few such paintings executed for the carriages, chariots, and -state coaches of peers that did not appear upon a background of the robe of -estate. With the modern craze for ostentatious unostentation (the result, -there can be little doubt, in this respect of the wholesale appropriation -of arms by those without a right to bear these ornaments), the decoration -of a peer's carriage nowadays seldom shows more than a simple coronet, or a -coroneted crest, initial, or monogram; but the State chariots of those who -still possess them almost all, without exception, show the arms emblazoned -upon the robe of estate. The Royal and many other State chariots made or -refurbished for the recent coronation ceremonies show that, when an -opportunity of the fullest display properly arises, the robe of estate is -not yet a thing of the past. Fig. 665 is from a photograph of a carriage -panel, and shows the arms of a former Marchioness of Cholmondeley displayed -in this manner. Incidentally it also shows a practice frequently resorted -to, but quite unauthorised, of taking one supporter from the husband's -shield and the other (when the wife was an heiress) from the arms of her -family. The arms are those of Georgiana Charlotte, widow of George James, -first Marquess of Cholmondeley, and younger daughter and coheir of -Peregrine, third Duke of Ancaster. She became a widow in 1827 and died in -1838, so the panel must have been painted between those dates. The arms -shown are: "Quarterly, 1 and 4, gules, in chief two esquires' helmets -proper, and in base a garb or (for Cholmondeley); 2. gules, a chevron -between three eagles' heads erased argent; 3. or, on a fesse between two -chevrons sable, three cross crosslets or (for Walpole), and on an {400} -escutcheon of pretence the arms of Bertie, namely: argent, three -battering-rams fesswise in pale proper, headed and garnished azure." The -supporters shown are: "Dexter, a griffin sable, armed, winged, and membered -or (from the Cholmondeley achievement); sinister, a friar vested in russet -with staff and rosary or" (one of the supporters belonging to the Barony of -Willoughby D'Eresby, to which the Marchioness of Cholmondeley in her own -right was a coheir until the abeyance in the Barony was determined in -favour of her elder sister). - -"In later times the arms of sovereigns--the German Electors, &c.--were -mantled, usually with crimson velvet fringed with gold, lined with ermine, -and crowned; but the mantling armoye was one of the marks of dignity used -by the Pairs de France, and by Cardinals resident in France; it was also -employed by some great nobles in other countries. The mantling of the -Princes and Dukes of Mirandola was chequy argent and azure, lined with -ermine. In France the mantling of the Chancelier was of cloth of gold; that -of Presidents, of scarlet, lined with alternate strips of ermine and _petit -gris_. In France, Napoleon I., who used a mantling of purple seme of golden -bees, decreed that the princes and grand dignitaries should use an azure -mantling thus seme; those of Dukes were to be plain, and lined with vair -instead of ermine. In 1817 a mantling of azure, fringed with gold and lined -with ermine, was appropriated to the dignity of Pair de France." - -The pavilion is a feature of heraldic art which is quite unknown to British -heraldry, and one can call to mind no single instance of its use in this -country; but as its use is very prominent in Germany and other countries, -it cannot be overlooked. It is confined to the arms of sovereigns, and the -pavilion is the tent-like erection within which the heraldic achievement is -displayed. The pavilion seems to have originated in France, where it can be -traced back upon the Great Seals of the kings to its earliest form and -appearance upon the seal of Louis XI. In the case of the Kings of France, -it was of azure seme-de-lis or. The pavilion used with the arms of the -German Emperor is of gold seme alternately of Imperial crowns and eagles -displayed sable, and is lined with ermine. The motto is carried on a -crimson band, and it is surmounted by the Imperial crown, and a banner of -the German colours gules, argent, and sable. The pavilion used by the -German Emperor as King of Prussia is of crimson, seme of black eagles and -gold crowns, and the band which carries the motto is blue. The pavilions of -the King of Bavaria and the Duke of Baden, the King of Saxony, the Duke of -Hesse, the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, -the Duke of {401} SaxeMeiningen-Hildburghausen, the Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, -and the Duke of Anhalt are all of crimson. - -In German heraldry a rather more noticeable distinction is drawn than with -ourselves between the lambrequin (_Helmdecke_) and the mantle -(_Helmmantel_). This more closely approximates to the robe of estate, -though the _helmmantel_ has not in Germany the rigid significance of -peerage degree that the robe of estate has in this country. The German -_helmmantel_ with few exceptions is always of purple lined with ermine, and -whilst the mantel always falls directly from the coronet or cap, the -pavilion is arranged in a dome-like form which bears the crown upon its -summit. The pavilion is supposed to be the invention of the Frenchman -Philip Moreau (1680), and found its way from France to Germany, where both -in the Greater and Lesser Courts it was enthusiastically adopted. Great -Britain, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, and Wurtemberg are the only -Royal Arms in which the pavilion does not figure. {402} - - - -CHAPTER XXV - -THE TORSE, OR WREATH - -The actual helmet, from the very _earliest_ heraldic representations which -have come down to us, would sometimes appear not to have had any mantling, -the crest being affixed direct to the (then) flat top of the helmet in use. -But occasional crests appear very early in the existence of "ordered" -armory, and at much about the same time we find the "textile" covering of -the helmet coming into heraldic use. In the earliest times we find that -frequently the crest itself was continued into the mantling. But where this -was not possible, the attaching of the crest to the helmet when the -mantling intervened left an unsightly joining. The unsightliness very soon -called forth a remedy. At first this remedy took the form of a coronet or a -plain fillet or ribbon round the point of juncture, sometimes with and -sometimes without the ends being visible. If the ends were shown they were -represented as floating behind, sometimes with and sometimes without a -representation of the bow or knot in which they were tied. The plain fillet -still continued to be used long after the torse had come into recognised -use. The consideration of crest coronets has been already included, but -with regard to the wreath an analysis of the Plantagenet Garter plates will -afford some definite basis from which to start deduction. - -Of the eighty-six achievements reproduced in Mr. St. John Hope's book, five -have no crest. Consequently we have eighty-one examples to analyse. Of -these there are ten in which the crest is not attached to the lambrequin -and helmet by anything perceptible, eight are attached with fillets of -varying widths, twenty-one crests are upon chapeaux, and twenty-nine issue -from coronets. But at no period governed by the series is it possible that -either fillet, torse, chapeau, or coronet was in use to the exclusion of -another form. This remark applies more particularly to the fillet and torse -(the latter of which undoubtedly at a later date superseded the former), -for both at the beginning and at the end of the series referred to we find -the fillet and the wreath or torse, and at both periods we find crests -without either coronet, torse, chapeau, or fillet. The fillet must soon -afterwards (in the fifteenth century) have completely fallen into -desuetude. {403} The torse was so small and unimportant a matter that upon -seals it would probably equally escape the attention of the engraver and -the observer, and probably there would be little to be gained by a -systematic hunt through early seals to discover the date of its -introduction, but it will be noticed that no wreaths appear in some of the -early Rolls. General Leigh says, "In the time of Henry the Fifth, and long -after, no man had his badge set on a wreath under the degree of a knight. -But that order is worn away." It probably belongs to the end of the -fourteenth century. There can be little doubt that its twisted shape was an -evolution from the plain fillet suggested by the turban of the East. We -read in the old romances, in Mallory's "Morte d'Arthur" and elsewhere, of -valiant knights who in battle or tournament wore the favour of some lady, -or even the lady's sleeve, upon their helmets. It always used to be a -puzzle to me how the sleeve could have been worn upon the helmet, and I -wonder how many of the present-day novelists, who so glibly make their -knightly heroes of olden time wear the "favours" of their lady-lovers, know -how it was done? The favour did not take the place of the crest. A knight -did not lightly discard an honoured, inherited, and known crest for the -sake of wearing a favour only too frequently the mere result of a temporary -flirtation; nor to wear her colours could he at short notice discard or -renew his lambrequin, surcoat, or the housings and trappings of his horse. -He simply took the favour--the colours, a ribbon, or a handkerchief of the -lady, as the case might be--and twisted it in and out or over and over the -fillet which surrounded the joining-place of crest and helmet. To put her -favour on his helmet was the work of a moment. The wearing of a lady's -sleeve, which must have been an honour greatly prized, is of course the -origin of the well-known "maunch," the solitary charge in the arms of -Conyers, Hastings, and Wharton. Doubtless the sleeve twined with the fillet -would be made to encircle the base of the crest, and it is not unlikely -that the wide hanging mouth of the sleeve might have been used for the -lambrequin. The dresses of ladies at that period were decorated with the -arms of their families, so in each case would be of the "colours" of the -lady, so that the sleeve and its colours would be quickly identified, as it -was no doubt usually intended they should be. The accidental result of -twining a favour in the fillet, in conjunction with the pattern obviously -suggested by the turban of the East, produced the conventional torse or -wreath. As the conventional slashings of the lambrequin hinted at past hard -fighting in battle, so did the conventional torse hint at past service to -and favour of ladies, love and war being the occupations of the perfect -knight of romance. How far short of the ideal knight of {404} romance the -knight of fact fell, perhaps the frequent bordures and batons of heraldry -are the best indication. At first, as is evident from the Garter plates, -the colours of the torse seem to have had little or no compulsory relation -to the "livery colours" of the arms. The instances to be gleaned from the -Plantagenet Garter plates which have been reproduced are as follows:-- - -Sir John Bourchier, Lord Bourchier. Torse: sable and vert. Arms: argent and -gules. - -Sir John Grey, Earl of Tankerville. Torse: vert, gules, and argent. Arms: -gules and argent. - -Sir Lewis Robsart, Lord Bourchier. Torse: azure, or, and sable. Arms: vert -and or. [The crest, derived from his wife (who was a daughter of Lord -Bourchier) is practically the same as the one first quoted. It will be -noticed that the torse differs.] - -Sir Edward Cherleton, Lord Cherleton of Powis. Torse: gules and sable. -Arms: or and gules. - -Sir Gaston de Foix, Count de Longueville. Torse: or and gules. Arms: or and -gules. - -Sir William Nevill, Lord Fauconberg. Torse: argent and gules. Arms: gules -and argent. - -Sir Richard Wydville, Lord Rivers. Torse: vert. Arms: argent and gules. - -Sir Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex. Torse: sable and vert. Arms: argent and -gules. [This is the same crest above alluded to.] - -Sir Thomas Stanley, Lord Stanley. Torse: or and azure. Arms: or and azure. - -Sir John Bourchier, Lord Berners. Torse: gules and argent. Arms: argent and -gules. [This is the same crest above alluded to.] - -Sir Walter Devereux, Lord Ferrers. Torse: argent and sable. Arms: argent -and gules. [The crest really issues from a coronet upon a torse in a -previous case, this crest issues from a torse only.] - -Sir Francis Lovel, Viscount Lovel. Torse: azure and or. Arms: or and gules. - -Sir Thomas Burgh, Lord Burgh. Torse: azure and sable. Arms: azure and -ermine. - -Sir Richard Tunstall, K.G. Torse: argent and sable. Arms: sable and argent. - -I can suggest no explanation of these differences unless it be, which is -not unlikely, that they perpetuate "favours" worn; or perhaps a more likely -supposition is that the wreath or torse was of the "family colours," as -these were actually worn by the servants or retainers of each person. If -this be not the case, why are the colours of the wreath termed the livery -colours? At the present time in an English or Irish {405} grant of arms the -colours are not specified, but the crest is stated to be "on a wreath of -the colours." In Scotland, however, the crest is granted in the following -words: "and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest." Consequently, -I have very little doubt, the true state of the case is that originally the -wreath was depicted of the colours of the livery which was worn. Then new -families came into prominence and eminence, and had no liveries to inherit. -They were granted arms and chose the tinctures of their arms as their -"colours," and used these colours for their personal liveries. The natural -consequence would be in such a case that the torse, being in unison with -the livery, was also in unison with the arms. The consequence is that it -has become a fixed, unalterable rule in British heraldry that the torse -shall be of the principal metal and of the principal colour of the arms. I -know of no recent exception to this rule, the latest, as far as I am aware, -being a grant in the early years of the eighteenth century. This, it is -stated in the patent, was the regranting of a coat of foreign origin. -Doubtless the formality of a grant was substituted for the usual -registration in this case, owing to a lack of formal proof of a right to -the arms, but there is no doubt that the peculiarities of the foreign arms, -as they had been previously borne, were preserved in the grant. The -peculiarity in this case consisted of a torse of three tinctures. The late -Lyon Clerk once pointed out to me, in Lyon Register, an instance of a coat -there matriculated with a torse of three colours, but I unfortunately made -no note of it at the time. Woodward alludes to the curious chequy wreath on -the seals of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, in 1389. This appears to have -been repeated in the seals of his son Murdoch. - -The wreath of Patrick Hepburn appears to be of roses in the Gelre -"Armorial," and a careful examination of the plates in this volume will -show many curious Continental instances of substitutes for the conventional -torse. Though by no means peculiar to British heraldry, there can be no -manner of doubt that the wreath in the United Kingdom has obtained a -position of legalised necessity and constant usage and importance which -exists in no other country. - -As has been already explained, the torse should fit closely to the crest, -its object and purpose being merely to hide the joining of crest and -helmet. Unfortunately in British heraldry this purpose has been ignored. -Doubtless resulting first from the common practice of depicting a crest -upon a wreath and without a helmet, and secondly from the fact that many -English crests are quite unsuitable to place on a helmet, in fact -impossible to affix by the aid of a wreath to a helmet, and thirdly from -our ridiculous rules of position for a helmet, which result in the crest -being depicted (in conjunction with the {406} representation of the helmet) -in a position many such crests never could have occupied on any helmet, the -effect has been to cause the wreath to lose its real form, which encircled -the _helmet_, and to become considered as no more than a straight support -for and relating only to the crest. When, therefore, the crest and its -supporting basis is transferred from indefinite space to the helmet, the -support, which is the torse, is still represented as a flat resting-place -for the crest, and it is consequently depicted as a straight and rigid bar, -balanced upon the apex of the helmet. This is now and for long has been the -only accepted official way of depicting a wreath in England. Certainly this -is an ungraceful and inartistic rendering, and a rendering far removed from -any actual helmet wreath that can ever have been actually borne. Whilst one -has no wish to defend the "rigid bar," which has nothing to recommend it, -it is at the same time worth while to point out that the heraldic day of -actual helmets and actual usage is long since over, never to be revived, -and that our heraldry of to-day is merely decorative and pictorial. The -rigid bar is none other than a conventionalised form of the actual torse, -and is perhaps little more at variance with the reality than is our -conventionalised method of depicting a lambrequin. Whilst this conventional -torse remains the official pattern, it is hopeless to attempt to banish -such a method of representation: but Lyon King of Arms, happily, will have -none of it in his official register or on his patents, and few heraldic -artists of any repute now care to so design or represent it. As always -officially painted it must consist of six links alternately of metal and -colour (the "livery colours" of the arms), of which the metal must be the -first to be shown to the dexter side. The torse is now supposed to be and -represented as a skein of coloured silk intertwined with a gold or silver -cord. {407} - - - -CHAPTER XXVI - -SUPPORTERS - -In this country a somewhat fictitious importance has become attached to -supporters, owing to their almost exclusive reservation to the highest -rank. The rules which hold at the moment will be recited presently, but -there can be no doubt that originally they were in this country little more -than mere decorative and artistic appendages, being devised and altered -from time to time by different artists according as the artistic -necessities of the moment demanded. The subject of the origin of supporters -has been very ably dealt with in "A Treatise on Heraldry" by Woodward and -Burnett, and with all due acknowledgment I take from that work the -subjoined extract:-- - -"Supporters are figures of living creatures placed at the side or sides of -an armorial shield, and appearing to support it. French writers make a -distinction, giving the name of _Supports_ to animals, real or imaginary, -thus employed; while human figures or angels similarly used are called -_Tenants_. Trees, and other inanimate objects which are sometimes used, are -called _Soutiens_. - -"Menetrier and other old writers trace the origin of supporters to the -usages of the tournaments, where the shields of the combatants were exposed -for inspection, and guarded by their servants or pages disguised in -fanciful attire: 'C'est des Tournois qu'est venu cet usage parce que les -chevaliers y faisoient porter leurs lances, et leurs ecus, par des pages, -et des valets de pied, deguisez en ours, en lions, en mores, et en -sauvages' (_Usage des Armoiries_, p. 119). - -"The old romances give us evidence that this custom prevailed; but I think -only after the use of supporters had already arisen from another source. - -"There is really little doubt now that Anstis was quite correct when, in -his _Aspilogia_, he attributed the origin of supporters to the invention of -the engraver, who filled up the spaces at the top and sides of the -triangular shield upon a circular seal with foliage, or with fanciful -animals. Any good collection of mediaeval seals will strengthen this -conviction. For instance, the two volumes of Laing's 'Scottish Seals' -afford numerous examples in which the shields used in the thirteenth and -fourteenth centuries were placed between two creatures {408} resembling -lizards or dragons. (See the seal of ALEXANDER DE BALLIOL, 1295.--LAING, -ii. 74.) - - * * * * * - -"The seal of John, Duke of Normandy, eldest son of the King of FRANCE, -before 1316 bears his arms (FRANCE-ANCIENT, _a bordure gules_) between two -lions rampant away from the shield, and an eagle with expanded wings -standing above it. The _secretum_ of Isabelle de FLANDRES (_c._ 1308) has -her shield placed between three lions, each charged with a bend (Vree, -_Gen. Com. Flanr._, Plates XLIII., XLIV., XCII.). In 1332 AYMON OF SAVOY -places his arms (SAVOY, _with a label_) between a winged lion in chief and -a lion without wings at either side. Later, on the seal of AMADEUS VI., a -lion's head between wings became the crest of SAVOY. In 1332 AMADEUS bears -SAVOY on a lozenge between in chief two eagles, in base two lions. -(CIBRARIO, Nos. 61, 64; and GUICHENON, tome i. No. 130.) In Scotland the -shield of REGINALD CRAWFORD in 1292 is placed between two dogs, and -surmounted by a fox; in the same year the paly shield of REGINALD, Earl of -ATHOLE, appears between two lions in chief and as many griffins in -flanks.--LAING, i. 210, 761. - -"The seal of HUMBERT II., Dauphin de Viennois in 1349, is an excellent -example of the fashion. The shield of DAUPHINY is in the centre of a -quatrefoil. Two savages mounted on griffins support its flanks; on the -upper edge an armed knight sits on a couchant lion, and the space in base -is filled by a human face between two wingless dragons. The spaces are -sometimes filled with the Evangelistic symbols, as on the seal of YOLANTE -DE FLANDRES, Countess of Bar (_c._ 1340). The seal of JEANNE, Dame de -PLASNES, in 1376 bears her arms _en banniere_ a quatrefoil supported by two -kneeling angels, a demi-angel in chief, and a lion couchant guardant in -base." - -Corporate and other seals afford countless examples of the interstices in -the design being filled with the figures similar to those from which in -later days the supporters of a family have been deduced. But I am myself -convinced that the argument can be carried further. Fanciful ornamentation -or meaningless devices may have first been made use of by seal engravers, -but it is very soon found that the badge is in regular use for this -purpose, and we find both animate and inanimate badges employed. Then where -this is possible the badge, if animate, is made to support the helmet and -crest, and, later on, the shield, and there can be no doubt the badge was -in fact acting as a supporter long before the science of armory recognised -that existence of supporters. - -Before passing to supporters proper, it may be well to briefly allude to -various figures which are to be found in a position analogous to that of -supporters. The single human figure entire, or in the form {409} of a -demi-figure appearing above the shield, is very frequently to be met with, -but the addition of such figures _was and remains purely artistic_, and I -know of no single instance in British armory where one figure, animate or -inanimate, has ever existed alone in the character of a single supporter, -and as an integral part of the heritable armorial achievement. Of course I -except those figures upon which the arms of certain families are properly -displayed. These will be presently alluded to, but though they are -certainly exterior ornaments, I do not think they can be properly classed -as supporters unless to this term is given some elasticity, or unless the -term has some qualifying remarks of reservation added to it. There are, -however, many instances of armorial ensigns depicted, and presumably -correctly, in the form of banners supported by a single animal, but it will -always be found that the single animal is but one of the pair of duly -allocated supporters. Many instances of arms depicted in this manner will -be found in "Prince Arthur's Book." The same method of display was adopted -in some number of cases, and with some measure of success, in Foster's -"Peerage." Single figures are very frequently to be met with in German and -Continental heraldry, but on these occasions, as with ourselves, the -position they occupy is merely that of an artistic accessory, and bears no -inseparable relation to the heraldic achievement. The single exception to -the foregoing statement of which I am aware is to be found in the arms of -the Swiss Cantons. These thirteen coats are sometimes quartered upon one -shield, but when displayed separately each is accompanied by a single -supporter. Zurich, Lucerne, Uri, Unter-Walden, Glarus, and Basle all bear -the supporter on the dexter side; Bern, Schweig, Zug, Freiburg, and -Soluthurn on the sinister. Schafhausen (a ram) and Appenzell (a bear) place -their supporters in full aspect behind the shield. - -On the corbels of Gothic architecture, shields of arms are frequently -supported by _Angels_, which, however, cannot generally be regarded as -heraldic appendages--being merely supposed to indicate that the owners have -contributed to the erection of the fabric. Examples of this practice will -be found on various ecclesiastical edifices in Scotland, and among others -at Melrose Abbey, St. Giles', Edinburgh, and the church of Seton in East -Lothian. An interesting instance of an angel supporting a shield occurs on -the beautiful seal of Mary of Gueldres, Queen of James II. (1459); and the -Privy Seal of David II., a hundred years earlier, exhibits a pretty design -of an escutcheon charged with the ensigns of Scotland, and borne by two -arms issuing from clouds above, indicative of Divine support.[24] {410} - -Of instances of single objects from which shields are found depending or -supported the "Treatise on Heraldry" states:-- - -"Allusion has been made to the usage by which on vesica-shaped shields -ladies of high rank are represented as supporting with either hand shields -of arms. From this probably arose the use of a single supporter. MARGUERITE -DE COURCELLES in 1284, and ALIX DE VERDUN in 1311, bear in one hand a -shield of the husband's arms, in the other one of their own. The curious -seal of MURIEL, Countess of STRATHERNE, in 1284, may be considered akin to -these. In it the shield is supported partly by a falcon, and partly by a -human arm issuing from the sinister side of the _vesica_, and holding the -falcon by the jesses (LAING, i. 764). The early seal of BOLESLAS III., King -of POLAND, in 1255, bears a knight holding a shield charged with the Polish -eagle (VOSSBERG, _Die Siegel des Mittelalters_). In 1283 the seal of -FLORENT of HAINAULT bears a warrior in chain mail supporting a shield -charged with a lion impaling an eagle dimidiated. - - * * * * * - -"On the seal of HUMPHREY DE BOHUN in 1322 the _guige_ is held by a swan, -the badge of the Earls of HEREFORD; and in 1356 the shield of the first -Earl of DOUGLAS is supported by a lion whose head is covered by the crested -helm, a fashion of which there are many examples. A helmed lion holds the -shield of MAGNUS I., Duke of BRUNSWICK, in 1326. - - * * * * * - -"On the seal of JEAN, Duc de BERRI, in 1393 the supporter is a helmed swan -(compare the armorial slab of HENRY of LANCASTER, in BOUTELL, Plate -LXXIX.). Jean IV., Comte d'ALENCON (1408), has a helmed lion sejant as -supporter. In 1359 a signet of LOUIS VAN MALE, Count of FLANDERS, bears a -lion sejant, helmed and crested, and mantled with the arms of FLANDERS -between two small escutcheons of NEVERS, or the county of Burgundy ["Azure, -billetty, a lion rampant or"], and RETHEL ["Gules, two heads of rakes -fesswise in pale or"]. - - * * * * * - -"A single lion sejant, helmed and crested, bearing on its breast the -quartered arms of BURGUNDY between two or three other escutcheons, was used -by the Dukes up to the death of CHARLES THE BOLD in 1475. In LITTA'S -splendid work, _Famiglie celebri Italiane_, the BUONAROTTI arms are -supported by a brown dog sejant, helmed, and crested with a pair of -dragon's wings issuing from a crest-coronet. On the seal of THOMAS HOLLAND, -Earl of KENT, in 1380 the shield is buckled round the neck of the white -hind lodged, the badge of his half-brother, RICHARD II. Single supporters -were very much in favour in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and -the examples are numerous. {411} CHARLES, Dauphin de VIENNOIS (_c._ 1355), -has his shield held by a single dolphin. In 1294 the seal of the Dauphin -JEAN, son of HUMBERT I., bears the arms of DAUPHINE pendent from the neck -of a griffon. The shields of arms of BERTRAND DE BRICQUEBEC, in 1325; -PIERRE DE TOURNEBU, in 1339; of CHARLES, Count of ALENCON, in 1356; and of -OLIVER DE CLISSON in 1397, are supported by a warrior who stands behind the -shield. In England the seal of HENRY PERCY, first Earl, in 1346, and -another in 1345, have similar representations. - -"On several of our more ancient seals only one supporter is represented, -and probably the earliest example of this arrangement occurs on the curious -seal of William, first Earl of Douglas (_c._ 1356), where the shield is -supported from behind by a lion 'sejant,' _with his head in the helmet_, -which is surmounted by the crest. - -"On the seal of Archibald, fourth Earl of Douglas (_c._ 1418), the shield -is held, along with a club, in the right hand of a savage _erect_, who -bears a helmet in his left; while on that of William, eighth Earl (1446), a -_kneeling_ savage holds a club in his right hand, and supports a couche -shield on his left arm." - -[Illustration: FIG. 666.--Arms of Sigmund Hagelshaimer.] - -An example reproduced from Jost Amman's _Wappen und Stammbuch_, published -at Frankfurt, 1589, will be found in Fig. 666. In this the figure partakes -more of the character of a shield guardian than a shield supporter. The -arms are those of "Sigmund Hagelshaimer," otherwise "Helt," living at -Nurnberg. The arms are "Sable, on a bend argent, an arrow gules." The crest -is the head and neck of a hound sable, continued into a mantling sable, -lined argent. The crest is charged with a pale argent, and thereupon an -arrow as in the arms, the arrow-head piercing the ear of the hound. - -Seated figures as supporters are rare, but one occurs in Fig. 667, which -shows the arms of the Vohlin family. They bear: "Argent, on a fesse sable, -three 'P's' argent." The wings which form the crest are charged with the -same device. This curious charge of the three letters is explained in the -following saying:-- - - "Piper Peperit Pecuniam, - Pecunia Peperit Pompam, - Pompa Peperit Pauperiem, - Pauperies Peperit Pietatem." - -{412} - -There are, however, certain exceptions to the British rule that there can -be no single supporters, if the objects upon which shields of arms are -displayed are accepted as supporters. It was always customary to display -the arms of the Lord High Admiral on the sail of the ship. In the person of -King William IV., before he succeeded to the throne, the office of Lord -High Admiral was vested for a short time, but it had really fallen into -desuetude at an earlier date and has not been revived again, so that to all -intents and purposes it is now extinct, and this recognised method of -depicting arms is consequently also extinct. But there is one other case -which forms a unique instance which can be classified with no others. The -arms of Campbell of Craignish are always represented in a curious manner, -the gyronny coat of Campbell appearing on a shield displayed in front of a -lymphad (Plate II.). What the origin of this practice is it would be -difficult to say; probably it merely originated in the imaginative ideas of -an artist when making a seal for that family, artistic reasons suggesting -the display of the gyronny arms of Campbell in front of the lymphad of -Lorne. The family, however, seem to have universally adopted this method of -using their arms, and in the year 1875, when Campbell of Inverneil -matriculated in Lyon Register, the arms were matriculated in that form. I -know of no other instance of any such coat of arms, and this branch of the -Ducal House of Campbell possesses armorial bearings which, from the -official standpoint, are absolutely unique from one end of Europe to the -other. - -In Germany the use of arms depicted in front of the eagle displayed, either -single-headed or double-headed, is very far from being unusual. Whatever -may have been its meaning originally in that country, there is no doubt -that now and for some centuries past it has been accepted as meaning, or as -indicative of, princely rank or other honours of the Holy Roman Empire. But -I do not think it can always have had that meaning. About the same date the -Earl of Menteith placed his shield on the breast of an eagle, as did -Alexander, Earl of Ross, in 1338; and in 1394 we find the same -ornamentation in the seal of Euphemia, Countess of Ross. The shield of Ross -is borne in her case on the breast of an eagle, while the arms of Leslie -and Comyn appear on its displayed wings. On several other Scottish seals of -the same era, the shield is placed on the breast of a displayed eagle, as -on those of Alexander Abernethy and Alexander Cumin of Buchan (1292), and -Sir David Lindsay, Lord of Crawford. English heraldry supplies several -similar examples, of which we may mention the armorial insignia of Richard, -Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III., and of the ancient family of -Latham, in the fourteenth century. A curious instance of a shield placed on -the breast of a _hawk_ is noticed by Hone in his "Table {413} Book," viz. -the arms of the Lord of the Manor of Stoke-Lyne, in the county of Oxford. -It appears therefrom that when Charles I. held his Parliament at Oxford, -the offer of knighthood was gratefully declined by the then Lord of -Stoke-Lyne, who merely requested, and obtained, the Royal permission to -place the arms of his family upon the breast of a hawk, which has ever -since been employed in the capacity of single supporter. What authority -exists for this statement it is impossible to ascertain, and one must doubt -its accuracy, because in England at any rate no arms, allocated to any -particular _territorial estate_, have ever received official recognition. - -[Illustration: FIG. 667.--Arms of Vohlin of Augsberg.] - -In later years, as indicative of rank in the Holy Roman Empire, the eagle -has been rightly borne by the first Duke of Marlborough and by Henrietta -his daughter, Duchess of Marlborough, but the use of the eagle by the later -Dukes of Marlborough would appear to be entirely without authority, -inasmuch as the princedom, created in the person of the first duke, became -extinct on his death. His daughters, though entitled of right to the -courtesy rank of princess and its accompanying privilege of the right to -use the eagle displayed behind their arms, could not transmit it to their -descendants upon whom the title of Duke of Marlborough was specially -entailed by English Act of Parliament. - -The Earl of Denbigh and several members of the Fielding family have often -made use of it with their arms, in token of their supposed descent from the -Counts of Hapsburg, which, if correct, would apparently confer the right -upon them. This descent, however, has been much questioned, and in late -years the claim thereto would seem to have been practically dropped. The -late Earl Cowper, the last remaining Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in the -British Peerage, was entitled to use the double eagle behind his shield, -being the descendant and representative of George Nassau Clavering Cowper, -third Earl Cowper, created a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire by the Emperor -Joseph II., the patent being dated at Vienna, 31st January 1778, and this -being followed by a Royal Licence from King George III. to accept and bear -the title in this country. - -There are some others who have the right by reason of honours of lesser -rank of the Holy Roman Empire, and amongst these may be mentioned Lord -Methuen, who bears the eagle by Royal Warrant dated 4th April 1775. Sir -Thomas Arundel, who served in the Imperial army of Hungary, having in an -engagement with the Turks near Strignum taken their standard with his own -hands, was by Rodolph II. created Count of the Empire to hold for him and -the heirs of his body for ever, dated at Prague 14th December 1595. This -patent, of course, means that every one of his descendants in the male -{414} line has the rank of a Count of the Empire, and that every daughter -of any such male descendant is a Countess, but this does not confer the -rank of count or countess upon descendants of the daughters. It was this -particular patent of creation that called forth the remark from Queen -Elizabeth that she would not have her sheep branded by any foreign -shepherd, and we believe that this patent was the origin of the rule -translated in later times (_temp._ George IV.) into a definite Royal -Warrant, requiring that no English subject shall, without the express Royal -Licence of the Sovereign conveyed in writing, accept or wear any foreign -title or decoration. No Royal Licence was subsequently obtained by the -Arundel family, who therefore, according to British law, are denied the use -of the privileged Imperial eagle. Outside those cases in which the double -eagle is used in this country to denote rank of the Holy Roman Empire, the -usage of the eagle displayed behind the arms or any analogous figure is in -British heraldry most limited. - -One solitary authoritative instance of the use of the displayed eagle is -found in the coat of arms of the city of Perth. These arms are recorded in -Lyon Register, having been matriculated for that Royal Burgh about the year -1672. The official blazon of the arms is as follows: "Gules ane holy lambe -passant regardant staff and cross argent, with the banner of St. Andrew -proper, all within a double tressure counter-flowered of the second, the -escutcheon being surmounted on the breast of ane eagle with two necks -displayed or. The motto in ane Escroll, 'Pro Rege Lege et Grege.'" - -Another instance of usage, though purely devoid of authority, occurs in the -case of a coat of arms set up on one of the panels in the Hall of Lincoln's -Inn. In this case the achievement is displayed on the breast of a -single-headed eagle. What reason led to its usage in this manner I am quite -unaware, and I have not the slightest reason for supposing it to be -authentic. The family of Stuart-Menteith also place their arms upon a -single-headed eagle displayed gules, as was formerly to be seen in -Debrett's Peerage, but though arms are matriculated to them in Lyon -Register, this particular adornment forms no part thereof, and it has now -disappeared from the printed Peerage books. The family of Britton have, -however, recently recorded as a badge a double-headed eagle displayed -ermine, holding in its claws an escutcheon of their arms (Plate VIII.). - -Occasionally batons or wands or other insignia of office are to be found in -conjunction with armorial bearings, but these will be more fully dealt with -under the heading of Insignia of Office. Before dealing with the usual -supporters, one perhaps may briefly allude to "inanimate" supporters. {415} - -Probably the most curious instance of all will be found in the achievement -of the Earls of Errol as it appears in the MS. of Sir David Lindsay. In -this two ox-yokes take the place of the supporters. The curious tradition -which has been attached to the Hay arms is quoted as follows by Sir James -Balfour Paul, Lyon King of Arms, in his "Heraldry in relation to Scottish -History and Art," who writes: "Take the case of the well-known coat of the -Hays, and hear the description of its origin as given by Nisbet: 'In the -reign of Kenneth III., about the year 980, when the Danes invaded Scotland, -and prevailing in the battle of Luncarty, a country Scotsman with his two -sons, of great strength and courage, having rural weapons, as the yokes of -their plough, and such plough furniture, stopped the Scots in their flight -in a certain defile, and upbraiding them with cowardice, obliged them to -rally, who with them renewed the battle, and gave a total overthrow to the -victorious Danes; and it is said by some, after the victory was obtained, -the old man lying on the ground, wounded and fatigued, cried, "Hay, Hay," -which word became a surname to his posterity. He and his sons being -nobilitate, the King gave him the aforesaid arms (argent, three escutcheons -gules) to intimate that the father and the two sons had been luckily the -three shields of Scotland, and gave them as much land in the Carse of -Gowrie as a falcon did fly over without lighting, which having flown a -great way, she lighted on a stone there called the Falcon Stone to this -day. The circumstances of which story is not only perpetuated by the three -escutcheons, but by the exterior ornaments of the achievement of the family -of Errol; having for crest, on a wreath, a falcon proper; for supporters -two men in country habits, holding the oxen-yokes of a plough over their -shoulders; and for motto, "Serva jugum."' - -"Unfortunately for the truth of this picturesque tale there are several -reasons which render it utterly incredible, not the least being that at the -period of the supposed battle armorial bearings were quite unknown, and -could not have formed the subject of a royal gift. Hill Burton, indeed, -strongly doubts the occurrence of the battle itself, and says that Hector -Boece, who relates the occurrence, must be under strong suspicion of having -entirely invented it. As for the origin of the name itself, it is, as Mr. -Cosmo Innes points out in his work on 'Scottish Surnames,' derived from a -place in Normandy, and neither it nor any other surname occurred in -Scotland till long after the battle of Luncarty. I have mentioned this -story in some detail, as it is a very typical specimen of its class; but -there are others like unto it, often traceable to the same incorrigible old -liar, Hector Boece." - -It is not unlikely that the ox-yoke was a badge of the Hays, Earls of -Errol, and a reference to the variations of the original arms, crest, {416} -and supporters of Hay will show how the changes have been rung on the -shields, falcon, ox-yokes, and countrymen of the legend. - -Another instance is to be found in the arms of the Mowbray family as they -were at one time depicted with an ostrich feather on either side of the -shield (Fig. 675, p. 465), and at first one might be inclined to class -these amongst the inanimate supporters. The Garter plate, however, of John -Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, probably supplies the key to the whole matter, -for this shows not only the ostrich feathers but also supporters of the -ordinary character in their usual position. From the last-mentioned -instance, it is evident the ostrich feathers can be only representations of -the badge, their character doubtless being peculiarly adaptable to the -curious position they occupy. They are of course the same in the case of -the Mowbray arms, and doubtless the ox-yoke of the Earl of Errol is -similarly no more than a badge. - -A most curious instance of supporters is to be found in the case of the -arms of Viscount Montgomery. This occurs in a record of them in Ulster's -Office, where the arms appear without the usual kind of supporters, but -represented with an arm in armour, on either side issuing from clouds in -base, the hands supporting the shield. - -When supporters are inanimate objects, the escutcheon is said to be -cottised--a term derived from the French word _cote_ (a side)--in -contradistinction to supported. An old Scottish term for supporters was -"bearers." - -Amongst other cases where the shield is cottised by inanimate objects may -be mentioned the following. The Breton family of "Bastard" depict their -shield cottised by two swords, with the points in base. The Marquises -Alberti similarly use two lighted flambeaux, and the Dalzells (of Binns) -the extraordinary device of a pair of tent-poles. Whether this last has -been officially sanctioned I am unaware. The "Pillars of Hercules" used by -Charles V. are, perhaps, the best known of this group of supporters. In -many cases (notably foreign) the supporters appear to have gradually -receded to the back of the shield, as in the case of the Comte d'Erps, -Chancellor of Brabant, where two maces (or) are represented saltirewise -_behind_ the shield. Generally, however, this variation is found in -conjunction with purely official or corporate achievements. - -A curious example of inanimate supporters occurs on the English seal of -William, Lord Botreaux (1426), where, on each side of a couche shield -exhibiting a griffin "segreant" and surmounted by a helmet and crest, a -buttress is quaintly introduced, in evident allusion to the owner's name. A -somewhat similar arrangement appears on the Scottish seal of William -Ruthven (1396), where a tree growing from a mount is placed on each side of -the escutcheon. Another instance is to be {417} found in the seal of John -de Segrave, where a garb is placed on either side of the shield. Perhaps -mention should here be made of the arms (granted in 1826) of the National -Bank of Scotland, the shield of which is "surrounded with two thistles -proper disposed in orle." - -Heraldic supporters as such, or badges occupying the position and answering -the purpose of supporters, and not merely as artistic accessories, in -England date from the early part of the fourteenth century. Very restricted -in use at first, they later rapidly became popular, and there were few -peers who did not display them upon their seals. For some reason, however, -very few indeed appear on the early Garter plates. It is a striking fact -that by far the larger number of the ancient standards display as the chief -device not the arms but one of the supporters, and I am inclined to think -that in this fact we have further confirmation of my belief that the origin -of supporters is found in the badge. - -Even after the use of two supporters had become general, a third figure is -often found placed behind the shield, and forms a connecting link with the -old practice of filling the void spaces on seals, to which we have already -referred. On the seal of WILLIAM STERLING, in 1292, two lions rampant -support the shield in front of a tree. The shield on the seal of OLIVER -ROUILLON, in 1376, is supported by an angel, and by two demi-lions -couchant-guardant in base. That of PIERRE AVOIR, in 1378, is held by a -demi-eagle above the shield, and by two mermaids. On many ancient seals the -supporters are disposed so that they hold the crested helm above a couche -shield. - -The counter-seals of RUDOLF IV., Archduke of AUSTRIA, in 1359 and 1362, -afford instances in which a second set of supporters is used to hold up the -crested helm. The shield of AUSTRIA is supported by two lions, on whose -volets are the arms of HAPSBURG and PFIRT; the crested helm (coroneted, and -having a panache of ostrich feathers) is also held by two lions, whose -volets are charged with the arms of STIRIA, and of CARINTHIA (HUEBER, -_Austria Illustrata,_ tab. xviii.). - -In 1372 the seal of EDMUND MORTIMER represents his shield hanging from a -rose-tree, and supported by two lions couchant (of MARCH), whose heads are -covered by coroneted helmets with a panache (azure) as crest. - -BOUTELL directs attention to the fact that the shield of EDMUND DE ARUNDEL -(1301-1326) is placed between similar helms and panaches, without the -supporting beasts ("Heraldry: Historical and Popular," pp. 271-418). - -Crested supporters have sometimes been misunderstood, and quoted as -instances of double supporters--for instance, by LOWER, "Curiosities of -Heraldry," who gives (p. 144) a cut from the {418} achievement of the -French D'ALBRETS as "the most singular supporters, perhaps, in the whole -circle of heraldry." These supporters are two lions couchant (or), each -helmed, and crested with an eagle au vol leve. These eagles certainly -assist in holding the shield, but the lions are its true supporters; nor is -this arrangement by any means unique. The swans which were used as -supporters by JEAN, DUC DE BERRI, in 1386, are each mounted upon a bear. -Two wild men, each _a cheval_ on a lion, support the escutcheons of GERARD -D'HARCHIES (1476) and of NICOLE DE GIRESME (1464). Two lions sejant, helmed -and crested (the crest is a human head with the ears of an ass) were the -supporters of ARNAUD D'ALBREY in 1368. - -Scotland, which is the home of curiosities of heraldry, gives us at least -two instances of the use of supporters which must be absolutely -unique--that is, the surcharging of an escutcheon with an inescutcheon, to -the latter of which supporters are attached. The first instance occurs in -the cases of Baronets of Nova Scotia, a clause appearing in all the earlier -patents which ordained "that the Baronets, and their heirs-male, should, as -an _additament of honour_ to their armorial ensigns, bear, either on a -canton or inescutcheon, in their option, the ensign of Nova Scotia, being -_argent_, a cross of St. Andrew _azure_ (the badge of Scotland -counterchanged), charged with an inescutcheon of the Royal Arms of -Scotland, supported on the dexter by the Royal unicorn, and on the sinister -by a savage, or wild man, proper; and for crest, a branch of laurel and a -thistle issuing from two hands conjoined, the one being armed, the other -naked; with the motto, "Munit haec et altera vincit." The incongruity of -these exterior ornaments within a shield of arms is noticed by Nisbet, who -informs us, however, that they are very soon removed. In the year 1629, -after Nova Scotia was sold to the French, the Baronets of Scotland, and -their heirs-male, were authorised by Charles I. "to wear and carry about -their necks, in all time coming, an orange-tawny silk ribbon, whereon shall -be pendent, in a scutcheon _argent_, a saltire _azure_, thereon an -inescutcheon, of the arms of Scotland, with an Imperial crown above the -scutcheon and encircled with this motto: 'Fax mentis honestae gloria.'" -According to the same authority, this badge was never much used "about -their necks," but was carried, by way of canton or inescutcheon, on their -armorial bearings, without the motto, and, of course, since then the -superimposed supporters have been dropped. - -The same peculiarity of supporters being surcharged upon a shield will be -found, however, in the matriculation (1795) to Cumming-Gordon of Altyre. -These arms are depicted on Plate III. In this the entire achievement (arms, -crest, motto, and supporters) of Gordon of Gordon {419} is placed upon an -inescutcheon superimposed over the arms of Cumming. - -In Scotland the arms, and the arms only, constitute the mark of a given -family, and whilst due difference is made in the respective shields, no -attempt is made as regards crest or supporters to impose any distinction -between the figures granted to different families even where no blood -relationship exists. The result is that whilst the same crests and -supporters are duplicated over and over again, they at any rate remain in -Scotland simple, graceful, and truly heraldic, even when judged by the most -rigid mediaeval standard. They are, of course, necessarily of no value -whatever for identification. In England the simplicity is relinquished for -the sake of distinction, and it is held that equivalent differentiation -must be made, both in regard to the crests and the supporters, as is made -between the shields of different families. The result as to modern crests -is truly appalling, and with supporters it is almost equally so, for by -their very nature it is impossible to design adequate differences for -crests and supporters, as can readily be done in the charges upon a shield, -without creating monstrosities. With regret one has to admit that the -dangling shields, the diapered chintz-like bodies, and the fasces and other -footstools so frequently provided for modern supporters in England would -seem to be pedantic, unnecessary, and inartistic strivings after a useless -ideal. - -In England the right to bear supporters is confined to those to whom they -have been granted or recorded, but such grant or record is very rigidly -confined to peers, to Knights of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, and -to Knights Grand Cross, or Knights Grand Commanders (as the case may be) of -other Orders. Before the Order of the Bath was divided into classes, -Knights of the Bath had supporters. As by an unwritten but nowadays -invariably accepted law, the Orders of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick -are confined to members of the peerage, those entitled to claim (upon their -petitioning) a grant of supporters in England are in practice limited to -peers and Knights Grand Cross or Knights Grand Commanders. In the cases of -peers, the grant is always attached to a particular peerage, the -"remainder" in the limitations of the grant being to "those of his -descendants upon whom the peerage may devolve," or some other words to this -effect. In the cases of life peers and Knights Grand Cross the grant has no -hereditary limitation, and the right to the supporters is personal to the -grantee. There is nothing to distinguish the supporters of a peer from -those of a Knight Grand Cross. Baronets of England, Ireland, Great Britain, -and the United Kingdom as such are not entitled to claim grants of -supporters, but there are some number of cases in which, by special favour -of the sovereign, specific Royal Warrants have been {420} issued-either as -marks of favour or as augmentations of honour--conveying the pleasure of -the sovereign to the kings of arms, and directing the latter to grant -supporters--to descend with the baronetcy. Of the cases of this nature the -following may be quoted: Guise (Royal Warrant, dated July 12, 1863), -Prevost (Royal Warrant, October 1816), Guinness, now Lord Ardilaun (Royal -Warrant, dated April 15, 1867), Halford (Royal Warrant, May 19, 1827), -Otway (Royal Warrant, June 10, 1845), and Laking. These, of course, are -exceptional marks of favour from the sovereign, and this favour in at least -two instances has been extended to untitled families. In 1815 Mr. George -Watson-Taylor, an especial intimate of the then Prince Regent, by Royal -Warrant dated September 28, 1815, was granted the following supporters: "On -either side a leopard proper, armed and langued gules, collared and chained -or." A more recent instance, and, with the exception of an Irish case -presently to be referred to, the only other one within the knowledge of the -writer, is the case of the Speke[25] arms. It is recited in the Royal -Warrant, dated July 26, 1867, that Captain John Hanning Speke "was by a -deplorable accident suddenly deprived of his life before he had received -any mark of our Royal favour" in connection with the discovery of the -sources of the Nile. The Warrant goes on to recite the grant to his father, -William Speke, of Jordans, co. Somerset, of the following augmentations to -his original arms (argent, two bars azure) namely: on a chief a -representation of flowing water superinscribed with the word "Nile," and -for a crest of honourable augmentation a "crocodile," also the supporters -following--that is to say, on the dexter side a crocodile, and on the -sinister side a hippopotamus. Some number of English baronets have gone to -the trouble and expense of obtaining grants of supporters in Lyon Office; -for example Sir Christopher Baynes, by grant dated June 10, 1805, obtained -two savages, wreathed about the temples and loins, each holding a club over -the exterior shoulder. It is very doubtful to what extent such grants in -Scotland to domiciled Englishmen can be upheld. Many other baronets have at -one time or another assumed supporters without any official warrant or -authority in consequence of certain action taken by an earlier committee of -the baronetage, but cases of this kind are slowly dropping out of the -Peerage books, and this, {421} combined with the less ostentatious taste of -the present day in the depicting of armorial bearings upon carriages and -elsewhere, is slowly but steadily reducing the use of supporters to those -who possess official authority for their display. - -Another fruitful origin of the use of unauthorised supporters at the -present day lies in the fact that grants of supporters personal to the -grantee for his life only have been made to Knights Grand Cross or to life -peers in cases where a hereditary title has been subsequently conferred. -The limitations of the grant of supporters having never been extended, the -grant has naturally expired with the death of the life honour to which the -supporters were attached. - -In addition to these cases there is a very limited number of families which -have always claimed supporters by prescriptive right, amongst whom may be -mentioned Tichborne of Tichborne (two lions guardant gules), De Hoghton of -Hoghton (two bulls argent), Scroope of Danby (two choughs), and Stapylton. -Concerning such cases it can only be said that in England no official -sanction has ever been given to such use, and no case exists of any -official recognition of the right of an untitled family to bear supporters -to their arms save those few exceptional cases governed by specific Royal -Warrants. In many cases, notably Scroope, Luttrel, Hilton, and Stapylton, -the supporters have probably originated in their legitimate adoption at an -early period in connection with peerage or other titular distinction, and -have continued inadvertently in use when the titular distinctions to which -they belonged have ceased to exist or have devolved upon other families. -Possibly their use in some cases has been the result of a _claim_ to _de -jure_ honours. The cases where supporters are claimed "by prescriptive -right" are few indeed in England, and need not be further considered. - -Whilst the official laws in Ireland are, and have apparently always been, -the same as in England, there is no doubt that the heads of the different -septs assert a claim to the right to use supporters. On this point Sir -Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms, wrote: "No registry of supporters to an -Irish chieftain appears in Ulster's Office, in right of his chieftaincy -only, and without the honour of peerage, nor does any authority to bear -them exist." But nevertheless "The O'Donovan" uses, dexter, a lion -guardant, and sinister, a griffin; "The O'Gorman" uses, dexter, a lion, and -sinister, a horse; "The O'Reilly" uses two lions or. "The O'Connor Don," -however, is in the unique position of bearing supporters by unquestionable -right, inasmuch as the late Queen Victoria, on the occasion of her last -visit to Dublin, issued her Royal Warrant conferring the right upon him. -The supporters granted to him were "two lions rampant gules, each gorged -with an antique crown, and charged on the shoulder with an Irish harp or." -{422} - -The right to bear supporters in Scotland is on a widely different basis -from that in any other country. As in England and Ireland, peers and -Knights Grand Cross are permitted to obtain grants of these distinctions. -But outside and beyond these there are many other families who bear them by -right. At the official inquiry concerning the Lyon Office, the Lyon-Depute, -Mr. George Tait, put in a Note of Persons whom he considered might lawfully -bear supporters under Scottish Heraldic Law. The following is the text of -the note in question:-- - - "NOTE OF PERSONS who are considered by GEORGE TAIT, Esq., Lyon-Depute, - to be entitled to supporters, furnished to the Commissioners of Inquiry - by their desire, intimated to him at his examination this day, June 27, - 1821. - - "1. _Peers._--By immemorial usage, Peers have right to supporters, and - supporters are commonly inserted in modern patents of Peerage. This - includes Peeresses in their own right. - - "2. _Ancient Usage._--Those private gentlemen, and the lawful - heirs-male of their bodies, who can prove immemorial usage of carrying - supporters, or a usage very ancient, and long prior to the Act 1672, - are entitled to have their supporters recognised, it being presumed - that they received them from lawful authority, on account of feats of - valour in battle or in tournament, or as marks of the Royal favour (see - _Murray of Touchadam's Case_, June 24, 1778). - - "3. _Barons._--Lawful heirs-male of the bodies of the smaller Barons, - who had the full right of free barony (not mere freeholders) prior to - 1587, when representation of the minor Barons was fully established, - upon the ground that those persons were Barons, and sat in Parliament - as such, and were of the same as the titled Barons. Their right is - recognised by the writers on heraldry and antiquities. Persons having - right on this ground, will almost always have established it by ancient - usage, and the want of usage is a strong presumption against the right. - - "4. _Chiefs._--Lawful heirs-male of Chiefs of tribes or clans which had - attained power, and extensive territories and numerous members at a - distant period, or at least of tribes consisting of numerous families - of some degree of rank and consideration. Such persons will in general - have right to supporters, either as Barons (great or small) or by - ancient usage. When any new claim is set up on such a ground, it may be - viewed with suspicion, and it will be extremely difficult to establish - it, chiefly from the present state of society, by which the traces of - clanship, or the patriarchal state, are in most parts of the country - almost obliterated; and indeed it is very difficult to conceive a case - {423} in which a new claim of that kind could be admitted. Mr. Tait has - had some such claims, and has rejected them. - - "5. _Royal Commissions._--Knights of the Garter and Bath, and any - others to whom the King may think proper to concede the honour of - supporters. - - "These are the only descriptions of persons who appear to Mr. Tait to - be entitled to supporters. - - "An idea has gone abroad, that Scots Baronets are entitled to - supporters; but there is no authority for this in their patents, or any - good authority for it elsewhere. And for many years subsequent to 1672, - a very small portion indeed of their arms which are matriculated in the - Lyon Register, are matriculated with supporters; so small as - necessarily to lead to this inference, that those whose arms are - entered with supporters had right to them on other grounds, _e.g._ - ancient usage, chieftainship, or being heirs of Barons. The arms of few - Scots Baronets are matriculated during the last fifty or sixty years; - but the practice of assigning supporters gradually gained ground during - that time, or rather the practice of assigning supporters to them, - merely as such, seems to have arisen during that period; and it appears - to Mr. Tait to be an erroneous practice, which he would not be - warranted in following. - - "British Baronets have also, by recent practice, had supporters - assigned to them, but Mr. Tait considers the practice to be - unwarranted; and accordingly, in a recent case, a gentleman, upon being - created a Baronet, applied for supporters to the King--having applied - to Mr. Tait, and been informed by him that he did not conceive the Lord - Lyon entitled to give supporters to British Baronets. - - "No females (except Peeresses in their own right) are entitled to - supporters, as the representation of families is only in the male line. - But the widows of Peers, by courtesy, carry their arms and supporters; - and the sons of Peers, using the lower titles of the peerage by - courtesy, also carry the supporters by courtesy. - - "Mr. Tait does not know of any authority for the Lord Lyon having a - discretionary power of granting supporters, and understands that only - the King has such a power. - - "Humbly submitted by - - (Signed) "G. TAIT." - -Though this statement would give a good general idea of the Scottish -practice, its publication entails the addition of certain qualifying -remarks. Supporters are most certainly not "commonly inserted in modern -patents of peerage." Supporters appertaining to peerages are granted by -special and separate patents. These to English subjects {424} are now under -the hand and seal of Garter alone. In the event of a grant following upon -the creation of an Irish peerage, the patent of supporters would be issued -by Ulster King of Arms. But it is competent to Lyon King of Arms to -matriculate the arms of Scottish peers with supporters, or to grant these -to such as may still be without them. Both Lyon and Ulster would appear to -have the right to grant supporters to Peers of the United Kingdom who are -heraldically their domiciled subjects. With regard to the second paragraph -of Mr. Tait's memorandum, there will be few families within its range who -will not be included within the range of the paragraph which follows, and -the presumption would rather be that the use of supporters by an untitled -family originated in the right of barony than in any mythical grant -following upon mythical feats of valour. - -Mr. Tait, however, is clearly wrong in his statement that "no females -(except peeresses in their own right) are entitled to supporters." They -have constantly been allowed to the heir of line, and their devolution -through female heirs must of necessity presuppose the right thereto of the -female heir through whom the inheritance is claimed. A recent case in point -occurs with regard to the arms of Hunter-Weston, matriculated in 1880, Mrs. -Hunter-Weston being the heir of line of Hunter of Hunterston. Widows of -peers, providing they have arms of their own to impale with those of their -husbands, cannot be said to only bear the supporters of their deceased -husbands by courtesy. With them it is a matter of right. The eldest sons of -peers bearing courtesy titles most certainly do not bear the supporters of -the peerage to which they are heirs. Even the far more generally accepted -"courtesy" practice of bearing coronets is expressly forbidden by an -Earl-Marshal's Warrant. - -Consequently it may be asserted that the laws concerning the use of -supporters in Scotland are as follows: In the first place, no supporters -can be borne of right unless they have been the subject of formal grant or -matriculation. The following classes are entitled to obtain, upon payment -of the necessary fees, the grant or matriculation of supporters to -themselves, or to themselves and their descendants according as the case -may be: (1) Peers of Scotland, and other peers who are domiciled Scotsmen. -(2) Knights of the Garter, Knights of the Thistle, and Knights of St. -Patrick, being Scotsmen, are entitled as such to obtain grants of -supporters to themselves for use during life, but as these three orders are -now confined to members of the peerage, the supporters used would be -probably those appertaining to their peerages, and it is unlikely that any -further grants for life will be made under these circumstances. (3) Knights -of the Bath until the revision of the order were entitled to obtain grants -of supporters to themselves for {425} use during their lifetimes, and there -are many instances in the Lyon Register where such grants have been made. -(4) Knights Grand Cross of the Bath, of St. Michael and St. George, and of -the Royal Victorian Order, and Knights Grand Commanders of the Orders of -the Star of India, and of the Indian Empire, are entitled to obtain grants -of supporters for use during their lifetimes. (5) The lawful heirs of the -minor barons who had the full right of free barony prior to 1587 may -matriculate supporters if they can show their ancestors used them, or may -now obtain grants. Though practically the whole of these have been at some -time or other matriculated in Lyon Register, there still remain a few whose -claims have never been officially adjudicated upon. For example, it is only -quite recently that the ancient Swinton supporters have been formally -enrolled on the official records (Plate IV.). (6) There are certain others, -being chiefs of clans and the heirs of those to whom grants have been made -in times past, who also have the right, but as no new claim is likely to be -so recognised in the future, it may be taken that these are confined to -those cases which have been already entered in the Lyon Register. - -During the latter part of the eighteenth century, the executive of Lyon -Office had fallen into great disrepute. The office of Lyon King of Arms had -been granted to the Earls of Kinnoul, who had contented themselves with -appointing deputies and drawing fees. The whole subject of armorial -jurisdiction in Scotland had become lax to the last degree, and very many -irregularities had crept in. One, and probably the worst result, had been -the granting of supporters in many cases where no valid reason other than -the payment of fees could be put forward to warrant the obtaining of such a -privilege. And the result was the growth and acceptance of the fixed idea -that it was within the power of Lyon King of Arms to grant supporters to -any one whom he might choose to so favour. Consequently many grants of -supporters were placed upon the records, and many untitled families of -Scotland apparently have the right under these patents of grant to add -supporters to their arms. Though it is an arguable matter whether the Lord -Lyon was justified in making these grants, there can be no doubt that, so -long as they remain upon the official register, and no official steps are -taken to cancel the patents, they must be accepted as existing by legal -right. Probably the most egregious instance of such a grant is to be found -in the case of the grant to the first baronet of the family of Antrobus, -who on purchasing the estate of Rutherford, the seat of the extinct Lords -Rutherford, obtained from the then Lyon King of Arms a grant of the peerage -supporters carried by the previous owners of the property. - -With regard to the devolution of Scottish supporters, the large {426} -proportion of those registered in Lyon Office are recorded in the terms of -some patent which specifies the limitations of their descent, so that there -are a comparatively small number only concerning which there can be any -uncertainty as to whom the supporters will descend to. The difficulty can -only arise in those cases in which the arms are matriculated with -supporters as borne by ancient usage in the early years of the Lyon -Register, or in the cases of supporters still to be matriculated on the -same grounds by those families who have so far failed to comply with the -Act of 1672. Whilst Mr. Tait, in his memorandum which has been previously -quoted, would deny the right of inheritance to female heirs, there is no -doubt whatever that in many cases such heirs have been allowed to succeed -to the supporters of their families. Taking supporters as an appanage of -right of barony (either greater or lesser), there can be no doubt that the -greater baronies, and consequently the supporters attached to them, -devolved upon heirs female, and upon the heir of line inheriting through a -female ancestor; and, presumably, the same considerations must of necessity -hold good with regard to those supporters which are borne by right of -lesser barony, for the greater and the lesser were the same thing, -differing only in degree, until in the year 1587 the lesser barons were -relieved of compulsory attendance in Parliament. At the same time there can -be no doubt that the headship of a family must rest with the heir male, and -consequently it would seem that in those cases in which the supporters are -borne by right of being head of a clan or chief of a name, the right of -inheritance would devolve upon the heir male. There must of necessity be -some cases in which it is impossible to determine whether the supporters -were originally called into being by right of barony or because of -chieftainship, and the consequence has been that concerning the descent of -the supporters of the older untitled families there has been no uniformity -in the practice of Lyon Office, and it is impossible from the precedents -which exist to deduce any certain and unalterable rule upon the point. -Precedents exist in each case, and the well-known case of Smith-Cunningham -and Dick-Cunningham, which is often referred to as settling the point, did -nothing of the kind, inasmuch as that judgment depended upon the -interpretation of a specific Act of Parliament, and was not the -determination of a point of heraldic law. The case, however, afforded the -opportunity to Lord Jeffrey to make the following remarks upon the point -(see p. 355, Seton):-- - -"If I may be permitted to take a common-sense view, I should say that there -is neither an inflexible rule nor a uniform practice in the matter. There -may be cases where the heir of line will exclude the heir male, and there -may be cases where the converse will be held. In {427} my opinion the -common-sense rule is that the chief armorial dignities should follow the -more substantial rights and dignities of the family. _If the heir male -succeed to the title and estates, I think it reasonable that he should also -succeed to the armorial bearings of the head of the house._ I would think -it a very difficult proposition to establish that the heir of line, when -denuded of everything else, was still entitled to retain the barren honours -of heraldry. But I give no opinion upon that point." - -Mr. Seton, in his "Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland," sums up the -matter of inheritance in these words (see p. 357): "As already indicated, -however, by one of the learned Lords in his opinion on the case of -Cuninghame, the practice in the matter in question has been far from -uniform; and accordingly we are very much disposed to go along with his -relative suggestion, that 'the chief armorial dignities should follow the -more substantial rights and dignities of the family'; and that when the -latter are enjoyed by the female heir of line, such heir should also be -regarded as fairly entitled to claim the principal heraldic honours." - -The result has been in practice that the supporters of a family have -usually been matriculated to whoever has carried on the name and line of -the house, unless the supporters in question have been governed by a -specific grant, the limitations of which exist to be referred to, but in -cases where both the heir of line and the heir male have been left in a -prominent position, the difficulty of decision has in many cases been got -over by allowing supporters to both of them. The most curious instance of -this within our knowledge occurs with regard to the family of Chisholm. - -Chisholm of Erchless Castle appears undoubtedly to have succeeded as head -and chief of his name--"The Chisholm"--about the end of the seventeenth -century. As such supporters were carried, namely: "On either side a savage -wreathed about the head and middle with laurel, and holding a club over his -exterior shoulder." - -At the death of Alexander Chisholm--"The Chisholm"--7th February 1793, the -chieftainship and the estates passed to his half-brother William, but his -heir of line was his only child Mary, who married James Gooden of London. -Mrs. Mary Chisholm or Gooden in 1827 matriculated the _undifferenced_ arms -of Chisholm ["Gules, a boar's head couped or"], without supporters, but in -1831 the heir male _also_ matriculated the same _undifferenced_ arms, in -this case with supporters. - -The chieftainship of the Chisholm family then continued with the male line -until the death of Duncan Macdonell Chisholm--"The Chisholm"--in 1859, when -his only sister and heir became heir of line of the later chiefs. She was -then Jemima Batten, and by Royal {428} Licence in that year she and her -husband assumed the additional surname of Chisholm, becoming -Chisholm-Batten, and, contrary to the English practice in such cases, the -arms of Chisholm _alone_ were matriculated in 1860 to Mrs. Chisholm-Batten -and her descendants. These once again were the _undifferenced_ coat of -Chisholm, viz.: "Gules, a boar's head couped or." Arms for Batten have -since been granted in England, the domicile of the family being English, -and the arms of the present Mr. Chisholm-Batten, though including the -quartering for Chisholm, is usually marshalled as allowed in the College of -Arms by English rules. - -Though there does not appear to have been any subsequent rematriculation in -favour of the heir male who succeeded as "The Chisholm," the undifferenced -arms were also considered to have devolved upon him together with the -supporters. On the death of the last known male heir of the family, -Roderick Donald Matheson Chisholm, The Chisholm, in 1887, Mr. James -Chisholm Gooden-Chisholm claimed the chieftainship as heir of line, and in -that year the Gooden-Chisholm arms were again rematriculated. In this case -supporters were added to the again undifferenced arms of Chisholm, but a -slight alteration in the supporters was made, the clubs being reversed and -placed to rest on the ground. - -Amongst the many other untitled Scottish families who rightly bear -supporters, may be mentioned Gibsone of Pentland, Barclay of Urie, Barclay -of Towie, Drummond of Megginch, Maclachlan of that Ilk, "Cluny" Macpherson, -Cunninghame, and Brisbane of that Ilk. - -Armorial matters in the Channel Islands present a very unsatisfactory state -of affairs. There never appears to have been any Visitation, and the arms -of Channel Island families which officially pass muster must be confined to -those of the very few families (for example, De Carteret, Dobree, and -Tupper) who have found it necessary or advisable on their own initiative to -register their arms in the official English sources. In none of these -instances have supporters been allowed, nor I believe did any of these -families claim to use them, but some (Lempriere, De Saumerez, and other -families) assert the possession of such a distinction by prescriptive -right. If the right to supporters be a privilege of peerage, or if, as in -Scotland, it anciently depended upon the right of free barony, the position -of these Channel Island families in former days as seignorial lords was -much akin. But it is highly improbable that the right to bear supporters in -such cases will ever be officially recognised, and the case of De Saumerez, -in which the supporters were bedevilled and regranted to descend with the -peerage, will probably operate as a decisive precedent upon the point and -against such a right. There are some number of families {429} of foreign -origin who bear supporters or claim them by the assertion of foreign right. -Where this right can be established their use has been confirmed by Royal -Licence in this country in some number of cases; for example, the cases of -Rothschild and De Salis. In other cases (for example, the case of Chamier) -no official record of the supporters exists with the record of the arms, -and presumably the foreign right to the supporters could not have been -established at the time of registration. - -With regard to impersonal arms, the right to supporters in England is not -easy to define. In the case of counties, crests and supporters are granted -if the county likes to pay for them. - -In the case of towns, the rule in England is that an ordinary town may not -have supporters but that a city may, and instances are numerous where -supporters have been granted upon the elevation of a town to the dignity of -a city. Birmingham, Sheffield, and Nottingham are all recent instances in -point. This rule, however, is not absolutely rigid, and an exception may be -pointed to in the case of Liverpool, the supporters being granted in 1797, -and the town not being created a city until a subsequent date. In Scotland, -where, of course, until quite recently supporters were granted practically -to anybody who chose to pay for them, a grant will be found for the county -of Perth dated in 1800, in which supporters were included. But as to towns -and cities it is no more than a matter of fees, any town in Scotland -eligible for arms being at liberty to obtain supporters also if they are -desired. In grants of arms to corporate bodies it is difficult to draw the -line or to deduce any actual rule. In 23rd of Henry VIII. the Grocers' -Livery Company were granted "two griffins per fess gules and or," and many -other of the Livery Companies have supporters to their arms. Others, for no -apparent reason, are without them. The "Merchant Adventurers' Company or -Hamburg Merchants" have supporters, as had both the old and the new East -India Companies. The arms of Jamaica and Cape Colony and of the British -North Borneo Company have supporters, but on the other hand no supporters -were assigned to Canada or to any of its provinces. In Ireland the matter -appears to be much upon the same footing as in England, and as far as -impersonal arms are concerned it is very difficult to say what the exact -rule is, if this is to be deduced from known cases and past precedents. - -Probably the freedom--amounting in many cases to great laxity--with which -in English heraldic art the positions and attitudes of supporters are -changed, is the one point in which English heraldic art has entirely -ignored the trammels of conventionalised officialism. There must be in this -country scores of entrance gates where each {430} pillar of the gateway is -surmounted by a shield held in the paws of a single supporter, and the -Governmental use of the Royal supporters in an amazing variety of -attitudes, some of which are grossly unheraldic, has not helped towards a -true understanding. The reposeful attitude of watchful slumber in which the -Royal lion and unicorn are so often depicted, may perhaps be in the nature -of submission to the Biblical teaching of Isaiah that the lion shall lie -down with the lamb (and possibly therefore also with the unicorn), in these -times of peace which have succeeded those earlier days when "the lion beat -the unicorn round and round the town." - -[Illustration: FIG. 668.--The Arms used by Kilmarnock, Ayrshire: Azure, a -fess chequy gules and argent. Crest: a dexter hand raised in benediction. -Supporters: on either side a squirrel sejant proper.] - -In official minds, however, the sole attitude for the supporters is the -rampant, or as near an approach to it as the nature of the animal will -allow. A human being, a bird, or a fish naturally can hardly adopt the -attitude. In Scotland, the land of heraldic freedom, various exceptions to -this can be found. Of these one can call to mind the arms used by the town -of Kilmarnock (Fig. 668), in which the supporters, "squirrels proper," are -depicted always as sejant. These particular creatures, however, would look -strange to us in any other form. These arms unfortunately have never been -matriculated as the arms of the town (being really the arms of the Boyd -family, the attainted Earls of Kilmarnock), and consequently can hardly as -yet be referred to as a definite precedent, because official matriculation -might result in a similar "happening" to the change which was made in the -case of the arms of Inverness. In all representations of the arms of -earlier date than the matriculation, the supporters, (dexter) {431} a camel -and (sinister) an elephant, are depicted _statant_ on either side of the -shield, no actual contact being made between the escutcheon and the -supporters. But in 1900, when in a belated compliance with the Act of 1672 -the armorial bearings of the Royal Burgh of Inverness were matriculated, -the position was altered to that more usually employed for supporters. - -The supporters always used by Sir John Maxwell Stirling-Maxwell of Pollok -are two lions sejant guardant. These, as appears from an old seal, were in -use as far back as the commencement of the fifteenth century, but the -supporters officially recorded for the family are two apes. In English -armory one or two exceptional cases may be noticed; for example, the -supporters of the city of Bristol, which are: "On either side, on a mount -vert, a unicorn sejant or, armed, maned, and unguled sable." Another -instance will be found in the supporters of Lord Rosmead, which are: "On -the dexter side an ostrich and on the sinister side a kangaroo, both -regardant proper." From the nature of the animal, the kangaroo is depicted -sejant. - -Supporters in Germany date from the same period as with ourselves, being to -be met with on seals as far back as 1276. At first they were similarly -purely artistic adjuncts, but they have retained much of this character and -much of the purely permissive nature in Germany to the present day. It was -not until about the middle of the seventeenth century that supporters were -granted or became hereditary in that country. Grants of supporters can be -found in England at an earlier date, but such grants were isolated in -number. Nevertheless supporters had become hereditary very soon after they -obtained a regularly heraldic (as opposed to a decorative) footing. Their -use, however, was governed at that period by a greater freedom as to -alteration and change than was customary with armory in general. Supporters -were an adjunct of the peerage, and peers were not subject to the -Visitations. With his freedom from arrest, his high social position, and -his many other privileges of peerage, a peer was "too big" a person -formerly to accept the dictatorial armorial control which the Crown -enforced upon lesser people. Short of treason, a peer in any part of Great -Britain for most practical purposes of social life was above the ordinary -law. In actual fact it was only the rights of one peer as opposed to the -rights of another peer that kept a Lord of Parliament under any semblance -of control. When the great lords of past centuries could and did raise -armies to fight the King a peer was hardly likely to, nor did he, brook -much interference. - -Of the development of supporters in Germany Strohl writes:-- - -"Only very late, about the middle of the seventeenth century, were -supporters granted as hereditary, but they appear in the arms of {432} -burghers in the first half of the fifteenth century, and the arms of many -towns also possess them as decorative adjuncts. - -"The first supporters were human figures, generally portraits of the -arms-bearers themselves; then women, young men, and boys, so-called -_Schildbuben_. In the second half of the fourteenth century animals appear: -lions, bears, stags, dogs, griffins, &c. In the fifteenth century one -frequently encounters angels with richly curling hair, saints (patrons of -the bearer or of the town), then later, nude wild men and women -(_Waldmenschen_) thickly covered with hair, with garlands round their loins -and on their heads. The thick, hairy covering of the body in the case of -women is only to be met with in the very beginning. Later the endeavour was -to approach the feminine ideal as nearly as possible, and only the garlands -were retained to point out the origin and the home of these figures. - -"At the end of the fifteenth and in the sixteenth century, there came into -fashion lansquenets, huntsmen, pretty women and girls, both clothed and -unclothed." Speaking of the present day, and from the executive standpoint, -he adds:-- - -"Supporters, with the exception of flying angels, should have a footing on -which they can stand in a natural manner, whether it be grass, a pedestal, -a tree, or line of ornament, and to place them upon a ribbon of a motto is -less suitable because a thin ribbon can hardly give the impression of a -sufficiently strong support for the invariably heavy-looking figures of the -men or animals. The supporters of the shield may at the same time be -employed as bearers of the helmets. They bear the helmets either over the -head or hold them in their hands. Figures standing near the shield, but not -holding or supporting it in any way, cannot in the strict sense of the word -be designated supporters; such figures are called _Schildwachter_ -(shield-watchers or guardians)." - -HUMAN FIGURES AS SUPPORTERS - -Of all figures employed as supporters probably human beings are of most -frequent occurrence, even when those single and double figures referred to -on an earlier page, which are not a real part of the heraldic achievement, -are excluded from consideration. The endless variety of different figures -perhaps gives some clue to the reason of their frequent occurrence. - -Though the nude human figure appears (male) upon the shield of Dalziel and -(female) in the crest of Ellis (Agar-Ellis, formerly Viscount Clifden), one -cannot call to mind any instance of such an occurrence in the form of -supporters, though possibly the supporters of the {433} Glaziers' Livery -Company ["Two naked boys proper, each holding a long torch inflamed of the -last"] and of the Joiners' Livery Company ["Two naked boys proper, the -dexter holding in his hand an emblematical female figure, crowned with a -mural coronet sable, the sinister holding in his hand a square"] might be -classed in such a character. Nude figures in armory are practically always -termed "savages," or occasionally "woodmen" or "wildmen," and garlanded -about the loins with foliage. - -[Illustration: FIG. 669.--Arms of Arbroath: Gules, a portcullis with chains -pendent or. Motto: "Propter Libertatem." Supporters: dexter, St. Thomas a -Becket in his archiepiscopal robes all proper; sinister, a Baron of -Scotland armed cap-a-pie, holding in his exterior hand the letter from the -Convention of the Scottish Estates, held at Arbroath in the year of 1320, -addressed to Pope John XXII., all proper.] - -With various adjuncts--clubs, banners, trees, branches, &c.--_Savages_ will -be found as the supporters of the arms of the German Emperor, and in the -sovereign arms of Brunswick, Denmark, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, and -Rudolstadt, as well as in the arms of the kingdom of Prussia. They also -appear in the arms of the kingdom of Greece, though in this case they -should perhaps be more properly described as figures of Hercules. - -In British armory--amongst many other families--two savages are the -supporters of the Marquess of Ailesbury, Lord Calthorpe, Viscount de Vesci, -Lord Elphinstone, the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, the Duke of Fife, Earl -Fitzwilliam (each holding in the exterior hand a tree eradicated), Lord -Kinnaird, the Earl of Morton; and amongst the baronets who possess -supporters, Menzies, Douglas of Carr, and Williams-Drummond have on either -side of their escutcheons a "savage." Earl Poulett alone has both man and -woman, his supporters being: "Dexter, a savage man; sinister, a savage -woman, both wreathed with oak, all proper." As some one remarked on seeing -a realistic representation of this coat of arms by Catton, R.A., the blazon -might more appropriately have concluded "all improper." - -Next after savages, the most favourite variety of the human being adopted -as a supporter is the _Man in Armour_. - -Even as heraldic and heritable supporters angels are not uncommon, and are -to be met with amongst other cases in the arms of the Marquess of -Waterford, the Earl of Dudley, and Viscount Dillon. - -It is rare to find supporters definitely stated to represent any specific -person, but in the case of the arms of Arbroath (Fig. 669) the supporters -are "Dexter: 'St. Thomas a Becket,' and sinister, a Baron of Scotland." -Another instance, again from Scotland, appears in a most extraordinary -grant by the Lyon in 1816 to Sir Jonathan Wathen Waller, Bart., of Braywick -Lodge, co. Berks, and of Twickenham, co. Middlesex. In this case the -supporters were two elaborately "harnessed" ancient warriors, "to -commemorate the surrender of Charles, Duke of Orleans, at the memorable -battle of Agincourt (that word being the motto over the crest) in the year -1415, to Richard Waller of Groombridge in Kent, Esq., from which Richard -the said {434} Sir Jonathan Wathen Waller is, according to the tradition of -his family, descended." This pedigree is set out in Burke's Peerage, which -assigns as arms to this family the old coat of Waller of Groombridge, with -the augmented crest, viz.: "On a mount vert, a walnut-tree proper, and -pendent therefrom an escutcheon of the arms of France with a label of three -points argent." Considerable doubt, however, is thrown upon the descent by -the fact that in 1814, when Sir Jonathan (then Mr. Phipps) obtained a Royal -Licence to assume the name and arms of Waller, a very different and much -bedevilled edition of the arms and not the real coat of Waller of -Groombridge was exemplified to him. These supporters (the grant was quite -_ultra vires_, Sir Jonathan being a domiciled Englishman) do not appear in -any of the Peerage books, and it is not clear to what extent they were ever -made use of, but in a painting which came under my notice the Duke of -Orleans, in his surcoat of France, could be observed handing his sword -across the front of the escutcheon to Mr. (or Sir) Richard Waller. The -supporters of the Needlemakers' Company are commonly known as Adam and Eve, -and the motto of the Company ["They sewed fig-leaves together and made -themselves aprons"] bears this supposition out. The blazon, however, is: -"Dexter, a man; sinister, a woman, both proper, each wreathed round the -waist with leaves of the last, in the woman's dexter hand a needle or." The -supporters of the Earl of Aberdeen are, "dexter an Earl and sinister a -Doctor of Laws, both in their robes all proper." - -Highlanders in modern costume figure as supporters to the arms of -Maconochie-Wellwood, and in more ancient garb in the case of Cluny -Macpherson, and soldiers in the uniforms of every regiment, and savages -from every clime, have at some time or other been pressed into heraldic -service as supporters; but a work on Armory is not a handbook on costume, -military and civil, nor is it an ethnographical directory, which it would -certainly become if any attempt were to be made to enumerate the different -varieties of men and women, clothed and unclothed, which have been used for -the purposes of supporters. - -ANIMALS AS SUPPORTERS - -When we turn to animals as supporters, we at once get to a much wider -range, and but little can be said concerning them beyond stating that -though usually rampant, they are sometimes sejant, and may be guardant or -regardant. One may, however, append examples of the work of different -artists, which will doubtless serve as models, or possibly may develop -ideas in other artists. The _Lion_ naturally first claims {435} one's -attention. Fig. 670 shows an interesting and curious instance of the use of -a single lion as a supporter. This is taken from a drawing in the -possession of the town library at Breslau (_Herold_, 1888, No. 1), and -represents the arms of Dr. Heinrich Rubische, Physician to the King of -Hungary and Bohemia. The arms are, "per fesse," the chief argent, a "point" -throughout sable, charged with a lion's face, holding in the jaws an -annulet, and the base also argent charged with two bars sable. The mantling -is sable and argent. Upon the helmet as crest are two buffalo's horns of -the colours of the shield, and between them appears (apparently as a part -of the heritable crest) a lion's face holding an annulet as in the arms. -This, however, is the face of the lion, which, standing behind the -escutcheon, is employed as the supporter, though possibly it is intended -that it should do double duty. This employment of one animal to serve a -double armorial purpose is practically unknown in British armory, except -possibly in a few early examples of seals, but in German heraldry it is -very far from being uncommon. - -[Illustration: FIG. 670.--Arms of Dr. Heinrich Rubische.] - -{436} - -Winged lions are not very usual, but they occur as the supporters of Lord -Braye: "On either side a lion guardant or, winged vair." A winged lion is -also one of the supporters (the dexter) of Lord Leconfield, but this, owing -to the position of the wings, is quite unique. The blazon is: "A lion with -wings inverted azure, collared or." Two lions rampant double-queued, the -dexter or, the sinister sable, are the supporters of the Duke of Portland, -and the supporters of both the Earl of Feversham and the Earl of Dartmouth -afford instances of lions crowned with a coronet, and issuing therefrom a -plume of ostrich feathers. - -Sea-lions will be found as supporters to the arms of Viscount Falmouth -["Two sea-lions erect on their tails argent, gutte-de-l'armes"], and the -Earl of Howth bears: "Dexter, a sea-lion as in the crest; sinister, a -mermaid proper, holding in her exterior hand a mirror." - -The heraldic tiger is occasionally found as a supporter, and an instance -occurs in the arms of the Marquess of Dufferin and Ava. It also occurs as -the sinister supporter of the Duke of Leeds, and of the Baroness Darcy de -Knayth, and was the dexter supporter of the Earls of Holderness. Two -heraldic tigers are the supporters both of Sir Andrew Noel Agnew, Bart., -and of the Marquess of Anglesey. Of recent years the natural tiger has -taken its place in the heraldic menagerie, and instances of its appearance -will be found in the arms of Sir Mortimer Durand, and as one of the -supporters of the arms of the city of Bombay. When occurring in heraldic -surroundings it is always termed for distinction a "Bengal tiger," and two -Royal Bengal tigers are the supporters of Sir Francis Outram, Bart.: "On -either side a Royal Bengal tiger guardant proper, gorged with a wreath of -laurel vert, and on the head an Eastern crown or." - -The griffin is perhaps the next most favourite supporter. Male griffins are -the supporters of Sir George John Egerton Dashwood: "On either side a male -gryphon argent, gorged with a collar flory counterflory gules." - -A very curious supporter is borne by Mr. Styleman Le Strange. Of course, as -a domiciled English commoner, having no Royal Licence to bear supporters, -his claim to these additions would not be recognised, but their use no -doubt originated in the fact that he represents the lines of several -coheirships to different baronies by writ, to some one of which, no doubt, -the supporters may have at some time belonged. The dexter supporter in -question is "a stag argent with a lion's forepaws and tail, collared." - -The supporters recently granted to Lord Milner are two "springbok," and the -same animal (an "oryx" or "springbok") is the sinister supporter of the -arms of Cape Colony. {437} - -Goats are the supporters of the Earl of Portsmouth (who styles his "chamois -or wild goats"), of Lord Bagot and Lord Cranworth, and they occur in the -achievements of the Barony of Ruthven and the Marquess of Normanby. The -supporters of Viscount Southwell are two "Indian" goats. - -Rams are the supporters of Lord de Ramsey and Lord Sherard. A ram is also -one of the supporters attached to the Barony of Ruthven, and one of the -supporters used by the town of New Galloway. These arms, however, have -never been matriculated, which on account of the curious charge upon the -shield is very much to be regretted. - -The supporters of Lord Mowbray and Stourton afford an example of a most -curious and interesting animal. Originally the Lords Stourton used two -antelopes azure, but before the seventeenth century these had been changed -to two "sea-dogs." When the abeyance of the Barony of Mowbray was -determined in favour of Lord Stourton the dexter supporter was changed to -the lion of Mowbray, but the sinister supporter still remained a "sea-dog." - -The horse and the pegasus are constantly met with supporting the arms of -peers and others in this country. A bay horse regardant figures as the -dexter supporter of the Earl of Yarborough, and the horses which support -the shield of Earl Cowper are very specifically detailed in the official -blazon: "Two dun horses close cropped (except a tuft upon the withers) and -docked, a large blaze down the face, a black list down the back, and three -white feet, viz. the hind-feet and near fore-foot." Lord Joicey has two -Shetland ponies and Lord Winterstoke has "two horses sable, maned, tailed, -and girthed or." - -The arms of the City of London are always used with dragons for supporters, -but these supporters are not officially recorded. The arms of the City of -London are referred to at greater length elsewhere in these pages. The town -of Appleby uses dragons with wings expanded (most fearsome creatures), but -these are not official, nor are the "dragons sejant addorsed gules, each -holding an ostrich feather argent affixed to a scroll" which some -enterprising artist designed for Cheshire. Dragons will be found as -supporters to the arms of the Earl of Enniskillen, Lord St. Oswald, the -Earl of Castlestuart, and Viscount Arbuthnot. The heraldic dragon is not -the only form of the creature now known to armory. The Chinese dragon was -granted to Lord Gough as one of his supporters, and it has since also been -granted as a supporter to Sir Robert Hart, Bart. - -Wyverns are the supporters of the Earl of Meath and Lord Burghclere, and -the sinister supporter of both Lord Raglan and Lord Lyveden. {438} - -The arms of the Royal Burgh of Dundee are quite unique. The official blazon -runs: "Azure, a pott of growing lillies argent, the escutcheon being -supported by two dragons, their tails nowed together underneath vert, with -this word in an escroll above a lilie growing out of the top of the shield -as the former, 'Dei Donum.'" Though blazoned as dragons, the creatures are -undoubtedly wyverns. - -Wyverns when figuring as supporters are usually represented standing on the -one claw and supporting the shield with the other, but in the case of the -Duke of Marlborough, whose supporters are two wyverns, these are generally -represented sejant erect, supporting the shield with both claws. This -position is also adopted for the wyvern supporters of Sir Robert Arbuthnot, -Bart., and the Earl of Eglinton. - -Two cockatrices are the supporters of Lord Donoughmore, the Earl of -Westmeath, and Sir Edmund Nugent, Bart., and the dexter supporter of Lord -Lanesborough is also a cockatrice. - -The basilisk is the same creature as the cockatrice, and in the arms of the -town of Basle (German Basel), is an example of a supporter blazoned as a -basilisk. The arms are: "Argent, a crosier sable." The supporter is a -basilisk vert, armed and jelloped gules. - -The supporters of the Plasterers' Company, which were granted with the arms -(January 15, 1556), are: "Two opinaci (figures very similar to griffins) -vert pursted (? purfled) or, beaked sable, the wings gules." The dexter -supporter of the arms of Cape Colony is a "gnu." - -The zebra, the giraffe, and the okapi are as yet unclaimed as supporters, -though the giraffe, under the name of the camelopard, figures in some -number of cases as a crest, and there is at least one instance (Kemsley) of -a zebra as a crest. The ass, though there are some number of cases in which -it appears as a crest or a charge, does not yet figure anywhere as a -supporter, nor does the mule. The hyena, the sacred cow of India, the -bison, the giant-sloth, and the armadillo are all distinctive animals which -still remain to be withdrawn from the heraldic "lucky bag" of Garter. The -mythical human-faced winged bull of Egyptian mythology, the harpy, and the -female centaur would lend themselves well to the character of supporters. - -Robertson of Struan has no supporters matriculated with his arms, and it is -difficult to say for what length of time the supporters now in use have -been adopted. But he is chief of his name, and the representative of one of -the minor barons, so that there is no doubt that supporters would be -matriculated to him if he cared to apply. Those supporters in use, viz. -"Dexter, a serpent; sinister, a dove, the heads of each encircled with -rays," must surely be no less unique than is the strange compartment, "a -wild man lying in chains," which is borne {439} below the arms of Struan -Robertson, and which was granted to his ancestor in 1451 for arresting the -murderers of King James I. - -The supporters belonging to the city of Glasgow[26] are also unique, being -two salmon, each holding a signet-ring in the mouth. - -The supporters of the city of Waterford, though not recorded in Ulster's -Office, have been long enough in use to ensure their official -"confirmation" if a request to this effect were to be properly put forward. -They are, on the dexter side a lion, and on the sinister side a dolphin. -Two dolphins azure, finned or, are the supporters of the Watermen and -Lightermen's Livery Company, and were granted 1655. - -BIRDS AS SUPPORTERS - -Whilst eagles are plentiful as supporters, nevertheless if eagles are -eliminated the proportion of supporters which are birds is not great. - -A certain variety and differentiation is obtained by altering the position -of the wings, noticeably in regard to eagles, but these differences do not -appear to be by any means closely adhered to by artists in pictorial -representations of armorial bearings. - -Fig. 671 ought perhaps more properly to have been placed amongst those -eagles which, appearing as single figures, carry shields charged upon the -breast, but in the present case, in addition to the shield charged upon it -in the usual manner, it so palpably supports the two other escutcheons, -that we are tempted to include it amongst definite supporters. The figure -represents the arms of the free city of Nurnberg, and the design is -reproduced from the title-page of the German edition of Andreas Vesili's -_Anatomia_, printed at Nurnberg in 1537. The eagle is that of the German -Empire, carrying on its breast the impaled arms of Castile and Austria. The -shields it supports may now be said both to belong to Nurnberg. The dexter -shield, which is the coloured seal device of the old Imperial city, is: -"Azure, a harpy (in German _frauenadler_ or maiden eagle) displayed and -crowned or." The sinister shield (which may more properly be considered the -real arms of Nurnberg) is: "Per pale or, a double-headed Imperial eagle -displayed, dimidiated with bendy of six gules and argent." {440} - -The supporters of Lord Amherst of Hackney are two _Herons_: "On either side -a heron proper, collared or." - -[Illustration: FIG. 671.--The Arms of Nurnberg.] - -The city of Calcutta, to which arms and supporters were granted in 1896, -has for its supporters _Adjutant Birds_, which closely approximate to -storks. Two woodpeckers have recently been granted as the supporters of -Lord Peckover. {441} - - - -CHAPTER XXVII - -THE COMPARTMENT - -A compartment is anything depicted below the shield as a foothold or -resting-place for the supporters, or indeed for the shield itself. -Sometimes it is a fixed part of the blazon and a constituent part of the -heritable heraldic bearings. At other times it is a matter of mere artistic -fancy, and no fixed rules exist to regulate or control nor even to check -the imagination of the heraldic artist. The fact remains that supporters -must have something to stand upon, and if the blazon supplies nothing, the -discretion of the artist is allowed considerable laxity. - -On the subject of compartments a great deal of diversity of opinion exists. -There is no doubt that in early days and early examples supporters were -placed to stand upon some secure footing, but with the decadence of -heraldic art in the seventeenth century came the introduction of the gilded -"freehand copy" scroll with which we are so painfully familiar, which one -writer has aptly termed the heraldic gas-bracket. Arising doubtless from -and following upon the earlier habit of balancing the supporters upon the -unstable footing afforded by the edge of the motto scroll, the -"gas-bracket" was probably accepted as less open to objection. It certainly -was not out of keeping with the heraldic art of the period to which it owed -its evolution, or with the style of armorial design of which it formed a -part. It still remains the accepted and "official" style and type in -England, but Scotland and Ireland have discarded it, and "compartments" in -those countries are now depicted of a nature requiring less gymnastic -ability on the part of the animals to which they afford a foothold. The -style of compartment is practically always a matter of artistic taste and -design. With a few exceptions it is always entirely disregarded in the -blazon of the patent, and the necessity of something for the supporters to -stand upon is as much an understood thing as is the existence of a shield -whereon the arms are to be displayed. But as the shape of the shield is -left to the fancy of the artist, so is the character of the compartment, -and the Lyon Register nowadays affords examples of achievements where the -supporters stand on rocks and flowery mounds {442} or issue from a watery -abiding-place. The example set by the Lyon Register has been eagerly -followed by most heraldic artists. - -[Illustration: FIG. 672.] - -It is a curious commentary upon the heraldic art of the close of the -eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth centuries that whilst the -gymnastic capabilities of animals were admitted to be equal to "tight-rope" -exhibitions of balancing upon the ordinary scroll, these feats were not -considered practicable in the case of human beings, for whom little square -platforms were always provided. Fig. 672, which represents the sinister -supporter of Lord Scarsdale (viz. the figure of Liberality represented by a -woman habited argent, mantled purpure, holding a cornucopia proper) shows -the method by which platform accommodation was provided for human figures -when acting as supporters. - -At the same time this greater freedom of design may occasionally lead to -mistakes in relation to English supporters and their compartments. -Following upon the English practice already referred to of differentiating -the supporters of different families, it has apparently been found -necessary in some cases to place the supporters to stand upon a definite -object, which object is recited in the blazon and becomes an integral and -unchangeable portion of the supporter. Thus Lord Torrington's supporters -are each placed upon dismounted ships' guns ["Dexter, an heraldic antelope -ermine, horned, tusked, maned and hoofed or, standing on a ship gun proper; -sinister, a sea-horse proper, on a like gun"], Lord Hawke's[27] dexter -supporter rests his sinister foot upon a dolphin, and Lord Herschell's -supporters each stand upon a fasces ["Supporters: on either side a stag -proper, collared azure, standing on a fasces or"]. The supporters of Lord -Iveagh each rest a hind-foot upon an escutcheon ["Supporters: on either -side a stag gules, attired and collared gemel or, resting the inner hoof on -an escutcheon vert charged with a lion rampant of the second"], whilst the -inner hind-foot of each of Lord Burton's supporters {443} rests upon a -stag's head caboshed proper. Probably absurdity could go no further. But in -the case of the supporters granted to Cape Town (Fig. 673), the official -blazon runs as follows: "On the dexter {444} side, standing on a rock, a -female figure proper, vested argent, mantle and sandals azure, on her head -an estoile radiated or, and supporting with her exterior hand an anchor -also proper; and on the sinister side, standing on a like rock, a lion -rampant guardant gules." In this case it will be seen that the rocks form -an integral part of the supporters, and are not merely an artistic -rendering of the compartment. The illustration, which was made from an -official drawing supplied from the Heralds' College, shows the curious way -in which the motto scroll is made to answer the purpose of the compartment. - -[Illustration: FIG. 673.--Arms of Cape Town: Or, an anchor erect sable, -stock proper, from the ring a riband flowing azure, and suspended therefrom -an escocheon gules charged with three annulets of the field; and for the -crest, on a wreath of the colours, upon the battlements of a tower proper, -a trident in bend dexter or, surmounted by an anchor and cable in bend -sinister sable.] - -Occasionally the compartment itself--as a thing apart from the -supporters--receives attention in the blazon, _e.g._ in the case of the -arms of Baron de Worms, which are of foreign origin, recorded in this -country by Royal Warrant. His supporters are: "On a bronze compartment, on -either side a lion gold, collared and chained or, and pendent from the -compartment a golden scroll, thereon in letters gules the motto, 'Vinctus -non victus.'" - -In the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom the motto "Dieu et mon Droit" is -required to be on the compartment below the shield, and thereon the Union -Badge of the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock engrafted on the same stem. - -The city of Norwich is not officially recognised as having the right to -supporters, and doubtless those in use have originated in the old artistic -custom, previously referred to, of putting escutcheons of arms under the -guardianship of angels. They may be so deciphered upon an old stone carving -upon one of the municipal buildings in that city. The result has been that -two angels have been regularly adopted as the heraldic supporters of the -city arms. The point that renders them worthy of notice is that they are -invariably represented each standing upon its own little pile of clouds. - -The arms of the Royal Burgh of Montrose (Forfarshire) afford an official -instance of another variety in the way of a compartment, which is a fixed -matter of blazon and not depending upon artistic fancy. The entry in Lyon -Register is as follows:-- - -"The Royal Burgh of Montrose gives for Ensignes Armoriall, Argent, a rose -gules. The shield adorned with helmet, mantling, and wreath suteable -thereto. And for a crest, a hand issuing from a cloud and reaching down a -garland of roses proper, supported by two mermaids aryseing from the sea -proper. The motto, 'Mare ditat Rosa decorat.' And for a revers, Gules, St. -Peter on the cross proper, with the keyes hanging at his girdle or. Which -Arms, &c., Ext. December 16, 1694." - -An English example may be found in the case of the arms of {445} -Boston,[28] which are depicted with the supporters (again two mermaids) -rising from the sea, though to what extent the sea is a fixed and -unchangeable part of the achievement in this case is less a matter of -certainty. - -Probably of all the curious "supporters" to be found in British armory, -those of the city of Southampton (Plate VII.) must be admitted to be the -most unusual. As far as the actual usage of the arms by the corporation is -concerned, one seldom if ever sees more than the simple shield employed. -This bears the arms: "Per fess gules and argent, three roses -counterchanged." But in the official record of the arms in one of the -Visitation books a crest is added, namely: "Upon a mount vert, a double -tower or, and issuing from the upper battlements thereof a demi-female -affronte proper, vested purpure, crined and crowned with an Eastern coronet -also or, holding in her dexter hand a sword erect point upwards argent, -pommel and hilt of the second, and in her sinister hand a balance sable, -the pans gold. The shield in the Visitation book rests upon a mount vert, -issuing from waves of the sea, and thereupon placed on either side of the -escutcheon a ship of two masts at anchor, the sails furled all proper, the -round top or, and from each masthead flying a banner of St. George, and -upon the stern of each vessel a lion rampant or, supporting the -escutcheon." - -From the fact that in England the compartment is so much a matter of -course, it is scarcely ever alluded to, and the _term_ "Compartment" is -practically one peculiar to Scottish heraldry. It does not appear to be a -very ancient heraldic appendage, and was probably found to be a convenient -arrangement when shields were depicted erect instead of couche, so as to -supply a resting-place (or standpoint) for the supporters. In a few -instances the compartment appears on seals with couche shields, on which, -however, the supporters are usually represented as resting _on the sides of -the escutcheon_, and bearing up the helmet and crest, as already mentioned. -Sir George Mackenzie conjectures that the compartment "represents the -bearer's land and territories, though sometimes (he adds) it is bestowed in -recompense of some honourable action." Thus the Earls of Douglas are said -to have obtained the privilege of placing their supporters with a pale of -wood wreathed, because the doughty lord, in the reign of King Robert the -Bruce, defeated the English in Jedburgh Forest, and "caused wreathe and -impale," during the night, that part of the wood by which he conjectured -they might make their escape. Such a fenced compartment appears on the seal -of James Douglas, second Earl of Angus, "Dominus de Abernethie et Jedworth -Forest" (1434), on {446} that of George Douglas, fourth Earl (1459), and -also on those of several of his successors in the earldom (1511-1617). A -still earlier example, however, of a compartment "representing a park with -trees, &c., enclosed by a wattled fence," occurs on the seal of Walter -Stewart, Earl of Atholl (_c._ 1430), where the escutcheon is placed in the -entrance to the park between two trees. Nisbet refers to a seal of William, -first Earl of Douglas (1377), exhibiting a single supporter (a lion) -"sitting on a compartment like to a rising ground, with a tree growing out -of it, and seme of hearts, mullets, and cross crosslets," these being the -charges of Douglas and Mar in the escutcheon. - -According to Sir George Mackenzie, these compartments were usually allowed -only to sovereign princes; and he further informs us that, besides the -Douglases, he knows of no other subject in Britain, except the Earl of -Perth, whose arms stand upon a compartment. In the case of the Perth -family, the compartment consists of a green hill or mount, seme of -caltraps[29] (or cheval-traps), with the relative motto, "Gang warily," -above the achievement. "Albeit of late," says Mackenzie, "compartments are -become more common, and some families in Scotland have some creatures upon -which their achievement stands, as the Laird of Dundas, whose achievement -has for many hundreds of years stood upon a salamander in flames proper (a -device of the kings of France), and Robertson of Struan has a monstrous man -lying under the escutcheon chained, which was given him for his taking the -murderer of James I...." Such figures, however, as Nisbet remarks, cannot -properly be called compartments, having rather the character of devices; -while, in the case of the Struan achievement, the chained man would be more -accurately described as "an honourable supporter." Sir George Mackenzie -engraves "the coat of Denham of ould," viz. a stag's head "caboshed," below -a shield couche charged with three lozenges, or fusils, conjoined in bend. -In like manner, Nisbet represents the crest and motto of the Scotts of -Thirlstane, "by way of compartment," below the escutcheon of Lord Napier, -and a blazing star, with the legend "Luceo boreale," under that of Captain -Robert Seton, of the family of Meldrum; while in the case of the -illumination which accompanies the latest entry in the first volume of the -Lyon Register (1804), relative to the arms of John Hepburn Belshes of -Invermay, the trunk of an oak-tree sprouting forth anew is placed on a -compartment under the shield, with the motto, "Revirescit." - -Two other instances of regular compartments are mentioned by Nisbet, viz. -those carried by the Macfarlanes of that Ilk and the Ogilvies of -Innerquharity. The former consists of a wavy {447} representation of Loch -Sloy, the gathering-place of the clan, which word is also inscribed on the -compartment as their _cri-de-guerre_ or slogan; while the latter is a -"green hill or rising terrace," on which are placed two serpents, "nowed," -spouting fire, and the motto, "Terrena pericula sperno." For some of the -foregoing instances I am indebted to Seton's well-known "Law and Practice -of Heraldry in Scotland." {448} - - - -CHAPTER XXVIII - -MOTTOES - -To the uninitiated, the subject of the motto of a family has a far greater -importance than is conceded to it by those who have spent any time in the -study of armory. Perhaps it may clear the ground if the rules presently in -force are first recited. It should be carefully observed that the status of -the motto is vastly different in England and in other countries. Except in -the cases of impersonal arms (and not always then), the motto is never -mentioned or alluded to in the terms of the patent in a grant of arms in -England; consequently they are not a part of the "estate" created by the -Letters Patent, though if it be desired a motto will always be painted -below the emblazonment in the margin of the patent. Briefly speaking, the -position in England with regard to personal armorial bearings is that -mottoes are _not hereditary_. No one is compelled to bear one, nor is any -authority needed for the adoption of a motto, the matter is left purely to -the personal pleasure of every individual; but if that person elects to use -a motto, the officers of arms are perfectly willing to paint any motto he -may choose upon his grant, and to add it to the record of his arms in their -books. There is no necessity expressed or implied to use a motto at all, -nor is the slightest control exercised over the selection or change of -mottoes, though, as would naturally be expected, the officers of arms would -decline to record to any private person any motto which might have been -appropriated to the sovereign or to any of the orders of knighthood. In the -same way no control is exercised over the position in which the motto is to -be carried or the manner in which it is to be displayed. - -In Scotland, however, the matter is on an entirely different footing. The -motto is included within the terms of the patent, and is consequently made -the subject of grant. It therefore becomes inalienable and unchangeable -without a rematriculation, and a Scottish patent moreover always specifies -the position in which the motto is to be carried. This is usually "in an -escroll over the same" (_i.e._ over the crest), though occasionally it is -stated to be borne on "a compartment below the arms." The matter in Ireland -is not quite the same as in {449} either Scotland or England. Sometimes the -motto is expressed in the patent--in fact this is now the more usual -alternative--but the rule is not universal, and to a certain extent the -English permissiveness is recognised. Possibly the subject can be summed up -in the remark that if any motto has been granted or is recorded with a -particular coat of arms in Ireland, it is expected that that shall be the -motto to be made use of therewith. - -As a general practice the use of mottoes in England did not become general -until the eighteenth century--in fact there are very few, if any, grants of -an earlier date on which a motto appears. The majority, well on towards the -latter part of the eighteenth century, had no motto added, and many patents -are still issued without such an addition. With rare exceptions, no mottoes -are to be met with in the Visitation books, and it does not appear that at -the time of the Visitations the motto was considered to be essentially a -part of the armorial bearings. The one or two exceptions which I have met -with where mottoes are to be found on Visitation pedigrees are in every -case the arms of a peer. There are at least two such in the Yorkshire -Visitation of 1587, and probably it may be taken for granted that the -majority of peers at that period had begun to make use of these additions -to their arms. Unfortunately we have no exact means of deciding the point, -because peers were not compelled to attend a Visitation, and there are but -few cases in which the arms or pedigree of a peer figure in the Visitation -books. In isolated cases the use of a motto can, however, be traced back to -an even earlier period. There are several instances to be met with upon the -early Garter plates. - -Many writers have traced the origin of mottoes to the "slogan" or war-cry -of battle, and there is no doubt whatever that instances can be found in -which an ancient war-cry has become a family motto. For example, one can -refer to the Fitzgerald "Crom-a-boo": other instances can be found amongst -some of the Highland families, but the fact that many well-known war-cries -of ancient days never became perpetuated as mottoes, and also the fact that -by far the greater number of mottoes, even at a much earlier period than -the present day, cannot by any possibility have ever been used for or have -originated with the purposes of battle-cries, inclines me to believe that -such a suggested origin for the motto in general is without adequate -foundation. There can be little if any connection between the war-cry as -such and the motto as such. The real origin would appear to be more -correctly traced back to the badge. As will be found explained elsewhere, -the badge was some simple device used for personal and household purposes -and seldom for war, except by persons who used the badge of the leader they -followed. No man wore his own badge {450} in battle. It generally partook -of the nature of what ancient writers would term "a quaint conceit," and -much ingenuity seems to have been expended in devising badges and mottoes -which should at the same time be distinctive and should equally be or -convey an index or suggestion of the name and family of the owner. Many of -these badges are found in conjunction with words, mottoes, and phrases, and -as the distinction between the badge in general and the crest in general -slowly became less apparent, they eventually in practice became -interchangeable devices, if the same device did not happen to be used for -both purposes. Consequently the motto from the badge became attached to the -crest, and was thence transferred to its present connection with the coat -of arms. Just as at the present time a man may and often does adopt a maxim -upon which he will model his life, some pithy proverb, or some trite -observation, without any question or reference to armorial bearings--so, in -the old days, when learning was less diffuse and when proverbs and sayings -had a wider acceptance and vogue than at present, did many families and -many men adopt for their use some form of words. We find these words carved -on furniture, set up on a cornice, cut in stone, and embroidered upon -standards and banners, and it is to this custom that we should look for the -beginning of the use of mottoes. But because such words were afterwards in -later generations given an armorial status, it is not justifiable to -presume such status for them from their beginnings. The fact that a man put -his badges on the standard that he carried into battle, and with his badges -placed the mottoes that thereto belonged, has led many people mistakenly to -believe that these mottoes were _designed_ for war-cries and for use in -battle. That was not the case. In fact it seems more likely that the bulk -of the standards recorded in the books of the heralds which show a motto -were never carried in battle. - -With regard to the mottoes in use at the moment, some of course can be -traced to a remote period, and many of the later ones have interesting -legends connected therewith. Of mottoes of this character may be instanced -the "Jour de ma vie" of West, which was formerly the motto of the La Warr -family, adopted to commemorate the capture of the King of France at the -battle of Poictiers. There are many other mottoes of this character, -amongst which may be mentioned the "Grip fast" of the Leslies, the origin -of which is well known. But though many mottoes relate to incidents in the -remote past, true or mythical, the motto and the incident are seldom -contemporary. Nothing would be gained by a recital of a long list of -mottoes, but I cannot forbear from quoting certain curious examples which -by their very weirdness must excite curiosity as to their origin. A family -of Martin used the singular words, "He who looks at Martin's {451} ape, -Martin's ape shall look at him," whilst the Curzons use, "Let Curzon hold -what Curzon helde." The Cranston motto is still more grasping, being, "Thou -shalt want ere I want;" but probably the motto of the Dakyns is the most -mysterious of all, "Strike Dakyns, the devil's in the hempe." The motto of -Corbet, "Deus pascit corvos," evidently alludes to the raven or ravens -(corby crows) upon the shield. The mottoes of Trafford, "Now thus," and -"Gripe griffin, hold fast;" the curious Pilkington motto, "Pilkington -Pailedown, the master mows the meadows;" and the "Serva jugum" of Hay have -been the foundation of many legends. The "Fuimus" of the Bruce family is a -pathetic allusion to the fact that they were once kings, but the majority -of ancient mottoes partake rather of the nature of a pun upon the name, -which fact is but an additional argument towards the supposition that the -motto has more relation to the badge than to any other part of the armorial -bearings. Of mottoes which have a punning character may be mentioned "Mon -Dieu est ma roche," which is the motto of Roche, Lord Fermoy; "Cavendo -tutus," which is the motto of Cavendish; "Forte scutum salus ducum," which -is the motto of Fortescue; "Set on," which is the motto of Seton; "Da fydd" -of Davies, and "Ver non semper viret," the well-known pun of the Vernons. -Another is the apocryphal "Quid rides" which Theodore Hook suggested for -the wealthy and retired tobacconist. This punning character has of late -obtained much favour, and wherever a name lends itself to a pun the effort -seems nowadays to be made that the motto shall be of this nature. Perhaps -the best pun which exists is to be found in the motto of the Barnard -family, who, with arms "Argent, a bear rampant sable, muzzled or," and -crest "A demi-bear as in the arms," use for the motto, "Bear and Forbear," -or in Latin, as it is sometimes used, "Fer et perfer." Others that may be -alluded to are the "What I win I keep" of Winlaw; the "Libertas" of -Liberty; the "Ubi crux ibi lux" of Sir William Crookes; the "Bear thee -well" of Bardwell; the "Gare le pied fort" of Bedford; the "Gare la bete" -of Garbett; and the "Cave Deus videt" of Cave. Other mottoes--and they are -a large proportion--are of some saintly and religious tendency. However -desirable and acceptable they may be, and however accurately they may apply -to the first possessor, they sometimes are sadly inappropriate to later and -more degenerate successors. - -In Germany, a distinction appears to be drawn between their "Wahlspruche" -(_i.e._ those which are merely dictated by personal choice) and the -"armorial mottoes" which remained constantly and heritably attached to the -armorial bearings, such as the "Gott mit uns" ("God with us") of Prussia -and the "Nihil sine Deus" of Hohenzollern. {452} - -The Initial or Riddle Mottoes appear to be peculiar to Germany. Well-known -examples of these curiosities are the "W. G. W." (_i.e._ "Wie Gott -will"--"As God wills"), or "W. D. W." (_i.e._ "Wie du willst"--"As thou -wilt"), which are both frequently to be met with. The strange but -well-known alphabet or vowel-motto "A. E. I. O. V." of the Emperor -Frederick III. has been variously translated, "Aquila Electa Juste Omnia -Vincit" ("The chosen eagle vanquishes all by right"), "Aller Ehren Ist -Oesterrich Voll" ("Austria is full of every honour"), or perhaps with more -likelihood, "Austria Est Imperare Orbe Universo" ("All the earth is subject -to Austria"). - -The _cri-de-guerre_, both as a heraldic fact and as an armorial term, is -peculiar, and exclusively so, to British and French heraldry. The national -_cri-de-guerre_ of France, "Montjoye Saint Denis," appeared above the -pavilion in the old Royal Arms of France, and probably the English Royal -motto, "Dieu et mon Droit," is correctly traced to a similar origin. A -distinction is still made in modern heraldry between the _cri-de-guerre_ -and the motto, inasmuch as it is considered that the former should always -of necessity surmount the crest. This is very generally adhered to in -Scotland in the cases where both a motto and a _cri-de-guerre_ (or, as it -is frequently termed in that country, a "slogan") exist, the motto, -contrary to the usual Scottish practice, being then placed below the -shield. It is to be hoped that a general knowledge of this fact will not, -however, result in the description of every motto found above a crest as a -_cri-de-guerre_, and certainly the concentrated piety now so much in favour -in England for the purposes of a motto can be quite fitly left below the -shield. - -Artists do not look kindly on the motto for decorative purposes. It has -been usually depicted in heraldic emblazonment in black letters upon a -white scroll, tinted and shaded with pink, but with the present revival of -heraldic art, it has become more general to paint the motto ribbon in -conformity with the colour of the field, the letters being often shown -thereon in gold. The colour and shape of the motto ribbon, however, are -governed by no heraldic laws, and except in Scottish examples should be -left, as they are purely unimportant accessories of the achievement, wholly -at the discretion of the artist. {453} - - - -CHAPTER XXIX - -BADGES - -The exact status of the badge in this country, to which it is peculiar, has -been very much misunderstood. This is probably due to the fact that the -evolution of the badge was gradual, and that its importance increased -unconsciously. Badges do not formerly appear to have ever been made the -subjects of grants, and the instances which can be referred to showing -their control, or attempted control, by the Crown in past times are _very -rare indeed_. As a matter of fact, the Crown seems to have perhaps -purposely ignored them. They are not, as we know them, found in the -earliest times of heraldry, unless we are to presume their existence from -early seals, many of which show isolated charges taken from the arms; for -if in the cases where such charges appear upon the seals we are to accept -those seals as proofs of the contemporary existence of those devices as -heraldic badges, we should often be led into strange conclusions. - -There is no doubt that these isolated devices which are met with were not -only a part of the arms, but in many cases the _origin_ of the arms. -Devices possessing a more or less personal and possessive character occur -in many cases before record of the arms they later developed into can be -traced. This will be noticed in relation to the arms of Swinton, to which -reference is made elsewhere. If these are badges, then badges go back to an -earlier date than arms. Such devices occur many centuries before such a -thing as a shield of arms existed. - -The _Heraldic Badge, as we know it_, came into general use about the reign -of Edward III., that is, the heraldic badge as a separate matter having a -distinct existence in addition to concurrent arms, and having at the same -time a distinctly heraldic character. But long before that date, badges are -found with an allied reference to a particular person, which very possibly -are rightly included in any enumeration of badges. Of such a character is -the badge of the broom plant, which is found upon the tomb of Geoffrey, -Count of Anjou, from which badge the name of the Plantagenet dynasty -originated (Plantagenet, by the way, was never a personal surname, but was -the name of the dynasty). {454} - -It is doubtful, however, if at that early period there existed much if -indeed any opportunity for the use of heraldic badges. At the same time, as -far back as the reign of Richard I.--and some writers would take examples -of a still more remote period--these badges must have been occasionally -depicted upon banners, for Richard I. appears to have had a dragon upon one -of his banners. - -These banner decorations, which at a later date have been often accepted as -badges, can hardly be quite properly so described, for there are many cases -where no other proof of usage can be found, and there is no doubt that many -such are instances of no more than banners prepared for specific purposes; -and the record of such and such a banner cannot necessarily carry proof -that the owner of the banner claimed or used the objects depicted thereupon -as personal badges. If they are to be so included some individuals must -have revelled in a multitude of badges. - -But the difficulty in deciding the point very greatly depends upon the -definition of the badge; and if we are to take the definition according to -the manner of acceptance and usage at the period when the use of badges was -greatest, then many of the earliest cannot be taken as coming within the -limits. - -In later Plantagenet days, badges were of considerable importance, and -certain characteristics are plainly marked. They were never worn by the -owner--in the sense in which he carried his shield, or bore his crest; they -were his sign-mark indicative of ownership; they were stamped upon his -belongings in the same way in which Government property is marked with the -broad arrow, and they were worn by his servants. They were worn not only by -his retainers, but very probably were also worn more or less temporarily by -adherents of his party if he were big enough to lead a party in the State. -At all times badges had very extensive decorative use. - -There was never any fixed form for the badge; there was never any fixed -manner of usage. I can find no fixed laws of inheritance, no common method -of assumption. In fact the use of a badge, in the days when everybody who -was anybody possessed arms, was quite subsidiary to the arms, and very much -akin to the manner in which nowadays monograms are made use of. At the same -time care must be taken to distinguish the "badge" from the "rebus," and -also from the temporary devices which we read about as having been so often -adopted for the purpose of the tournament when the combatant desired his -identity to be concealed. Modern novelists and poets give us plenty of -illustrations of the latter kind, but proof of the fact even that they were -ever adopted in that form is by no means easy to find, though their -professedly temporary nature of course militates against {455} the -likelihood of contemporary _record_. The rebus had never an heraldic -status, and it had seldom more than a temporary existence. A fanciful -device adopted (we hear of many such instances) for the temporary purpose -of a tournament could generally be so classed, but the rebus proper has -some device, usually a pictorial rendering of the name of the person for -whom it stood. In such a category would be included printers' and masons' -marks, but probably the definition of Dr. Johnson of the word rebus, as a -word represented by a picture, is as good a definition and description as -can be given. The rebus in its nature is a different thing from a badge, -and may best be described as a pictorial signature, the most frequent -occasion for its use being in architectural surroundings, where it was -constantly introduced as a pun upon some name which it was desired to -perpetuate. The best-known and perhaps the most typical and characteristic -rebus is that of Islip, the builder of part of Westminster Abbey. Here the -pictured punning representation of his name had nothing to do with his -armorial bearings or personal badge; but the great difficulty, in dealing -with both badges and rebuses, is the difficulty of knowing which is which, -for very frequently the same or a similar device was used for both -purposes. Parker, in his glossary of heraldic terms, gives several typical -examples of rebuses which very aptly illustrate their status and meaning. -At Lincoln College at Oxford, and on other buildings connected with Thomas -Beckynton, Bishop of Bath and Wells, will be found carved the rebus of a -beacon issuing from a tun. This is found in conjunction with the letter T -for his Christian name, Thomas. Now this design was not his coat of arms, -and was not his crest, nor was it his badge. Another rebus which is found -at Canterbury shows an ox and the letters N, E, as the rebus of John Oxney. -A rebus which indicates Thomas Conyston, Abbot of Cirencester, which can be -found in Gloucester Cathedral, is a comb and a tun, and the printer's mark -of Richard Grifton, which is a good example of a rebus and its use, was a -tree, or graft, growing on a tun. In none of these cases are the designs -mentioned on any part of the arms, crest, or badge of the persons -mentioned. Rebuses of this character abound on all our ancient buildings, -and their use has lately come very prominently into favour in connection -with the many allusive bookplates, the design of which originates in some -play upon the name. The words "device," "ensign," and "cognisance" have no -definite heraldic meaning, and are used impartially to apply to the crest, -the badge, and sometimes to the arms upon the shield, so that they may be -eliminated from consideration. There remains therefore the crest and the -badge between which to draw a definite line of distinction. The real -difference lay in the method of use, though there is usually a difference -of form, {456} recognisable by an expert, but difficult to put into words. -The crest was the ornament upon the helmet, seldom if ever actually worn, -and never used except by the person to whom it belonged. The badge, on the -other hand, was never placed upon the helmet, but was worn by the servants -and retainers, and was used right and left on the belongings of the owner -as a sign of his ownership. So great and extensive at one period was the -use of these badges, that they were far more generally employed than either -arms or crest, and whilst the knowledge of a man's badge or badges would be -everyday knowledge and common repute throughout the kingdom, few people -would know that man's crest, fewer still would ever have seen it worn. - -It is merely an exaggeration of the difficulty that we are always in -uncertainty whether any given device was merely a piece of decoration -borrowed from the arms or crest, or whether it had continued usage as a -badge. In the same way many families who had never used crests, but who had -used badges, took the opportunity of the Visitations to record their badges -as crests. A notable example of the subsequent record of a badge as a crest -is met with in the Stourton family. Their crest, originally a buck's head, -but after the marriage with the heiress of Le Moigne, a demi-monk, can be -readily substantiated, as can their badge of the drag or sledge. At one of -the Visitations, however, a cadet of the Stourton family recorded the -sledge as a crest. Uncertainty also arises from the lack of precision in -the diction employed at all periods, the words badge, device, and crest -having so often been used interchangeably. - -Another difficulty which is met with in regard to badges is that, with the -exception of the extensive records of the Royal badges and some other more -or less informal lists of badges of the principal personages at different -periods, badges were never a subject of official record, and whilst it is -difficult to determine the initial point as to whether any particular -device is a badge or not, the difficulty of deducing rules concerning -badges becomes practically impossible, and after most careful consideration -I have come to the conclusion that there were never any hard and fast rules -relating to badges, that they were originally and were allowed to remain -matters of personal fancy, and that although well-known cases can be found -where the same badge has been used generation after generation, those cases -may perhaps be the exception rather than the rule. Badges should be -considered and accepted in the general run as not being matters of -permanence, and as of little importance except during the time from about -the reign of Edward III. to about the reign of Henry VIII. Their principal -use upon the clothes of the retainers came to an end by the creation of the -standing army, the beginning of which can be traced to the reign of Henry -VIII., and as badges never had any ceremonial use to perpetuate {457} their -status, their importance almost ceased altogether at that period except as -regards the Royal family. - -Speaking broadly, regularised and _recorded_ heraldic control as a matter -of operative fact dates little if any further back than the end of the -reign of Henry VIII., consequently badges originally do not appear to have -been taken much cognisance of by the Heralds. Their actual use from that -period onwards rapidly declined, and hence the absence of record. - -Though the use of badges has become very restricted, there are still one or -two occasions on which badges are used as badges, in the style formerly in -vogue. Perhaps the case which is most familiar is the broad arrow which is -used to mark Government stores. It is a curious commentary upon heraldic -officialdom and its ways that though this is the only badge which has -really any extensive use, it is not a Crown badge in any degree. Although -this origin has been disputed it is said to have originated in the fact -that one of the Sydney family, when Master of the Ordnance, to prevent -disputes as to the stores for which he was responsible, marked everything -with his private badge of the broad arrow, and this private badge has since -remained in constant use. One wonders at what date the officers of His -Majesty will observe that this has become one of His Majesty's recognised -badges, and will include it with the other Royal badges in the warrants in -which they are recited. Already more than two centuries have passed since -it first came into use, and either they should represent to the Government -that the pheon is not a Crown mark, and that some recognised Royal badge -should be used in its place, or else they should place its status upon a -definite footing. - -Another instance of a badge used at the present day in the ancient manner -is the conjoined rose, thistle, and shamrock which is embroidered front and -back upon the tunics of the Beefeaters and the Yeomen of the Guard. The -crowned harps which are worn by the Royal Irish Constabulary are another -instance of the kind, but though a certain number of badges are recited in -the warrant each time any alteration or declaration of the Royal Arms -occurs, their use has now become very limited. Present badges are the -crowned rose for England, the crowned thistle for Scotland, and the crowned -trefoil and the crowned harp for Ireland; whilst for the Union there is the -conjoined rose, thistle, and shamrock under the crown, and the crowned -shield which carries the device of the Union Jack. The badge of Wales, -which has existed for long enough, is the uncrowned dragon upon a mount -vert, and the crowned cyphers, one within and one without the Garter, are -also depicted upon the warrant. These badges, which appear on the -Sovereign's warrant, are never assigned to any other member of the Royal -Family, of whom {458} the Prince of Wales is the only one who rejoices in -the possession of officially assigned badges. The badge of the eldest son -of the Sovereign, as such, and not as Prince of Wales, is the plume of -three ostrich feathers, enfiled with the circlet from his coronet. Recently -an additional badge (on a mount vert, a dragon passant gules, charged on -the shoulder with a label of three points argent) has been assigned to His -Royal Highness. This action was taken with the desire to in some way -gratify the forcibly expressed wishes of Wales, and it is probable that, -the precedent having been set, it will be assigned to all those who may -bear the title of Prince of Wales in future. - -The only instances I am personally aware of in which a real badge of -ancient origin is still worn by the servants are the cases of the state -liveries of the Earl of Yarborough, whose servants wear an embroidered -buckle, and of Lord Mowbray and Stourton, whose servants wear an -embroidered sledge. The family of Daubeney of Cote still bear the old -Daubeney badge of the pair of bat's wings; Lord Stafford still uses his -"Stafford knot." I believe the servants of Lord Braye still wear the badge -of the hemp-brake, and those of the Earl of Loudoun wear the Hastings -maunch; and doubtless there are a few other instances. When the old -families were becoming greatly reduced in number, and the nobility and the -upper classes were being recruited from families of later origin, the -wearing of badges, like so much else connected with heraldry, became lax in -its practice. - -The servants of all the great nobles in ancient days appear to have worn -the badges of their masters in a manner similar to the use of the royal -badge by the Yeomen of the Guard, although sometimes the badge was -embroidered upon the sleeve; and the wearing of the badge by the retainers -is the chief and principal use to which badges were anciently put. Nisbet -alludes on this point to a paragraph from the Act for the Order of the -Riding of Parliament in 1681, which says that "the noblemen's lacqueys may -have over their liveries velvet coats with their badges, _i.e._ their -crests and mottoes done on plate, or embroidered on the back and breast -conform to ancient custom." A curious survival of these plates is to be -found in the large silver plaques worn by so many bank messengers. Badges -appear, however, to have been frequently depicted seme upon the lambrequins -of armorial achievements, as will be seen from many of the old Garter -plates; but here, again, it is not always easy to distinguish between -definite badges and artistic decoration, nor between actual badges in use -and mere appropriately selected charges from the shield. - -The water-bougets of Lord Berners, the knot of Lord Stafford, popularly -known as "the Stafford knot"; the Harington fret; the ragged staff or the -bear and the ragged staff of Lord Warwick (this {459} being really a -conjunction of two separate devices); the Rose of England, the Thistle of -Scotland, and the sledge of Stourton, the hemp-brake of Lord Braye wherever -met with are readily recognised as badges, but there are many badges which -it is difficult to distinguish from crests, and even some which in all -respects would appear to be more correctly regarded as coats of arms. - -It is a point worthy of consideration whether or not a badge needs a -background; here, again, it is a matter most difficult to determine, but it -is singular that in any matter of _record_ the badge is almost invariably -depicted upon a background, either of a standard or a mantling, or upon the -"field" of a roundel, and it may well be that their use in such -circumstances as the two cases first mentioned may have only been -considered correct when the colour of the mantling or the standard happened -to be the right colour for the background of the badge. - -Badges are most usually met with in stained glass upon roundels of some -colour or colours, and though one would hesitate to assert it as an actual -fact, there are many instances which would lead one to suppose that the -background of a badge was usually the livery colour or colours of its then -owner, or of the family from which it was originally inherited. Certain is -it that there are very few contemporary instances of badges which, when -emblazoned, are not upon the known livery colours; and if this fact be -accepted, then one is perhaps justified in assuming all to be livery -colours, and we get at once a ready explanation on several points which -have long puzzled antiquaries. The name of Edward "the Black Prince" has -often been a matter of discussion, and the children's history books tell us -that the nickname originated from the colour of his armour. This may be -true enough, but as most armour would be black when it was unpolished, and -as most armour was either polished or dull, the probabilities are not very -greatly in its favour. Though there can be found instances, it was not a -usual custom for any one to paint his armour red or green. Even if the -armour of the prince were enamelled black it would be so usually hidden by -his surcoat that he is hardly likely to have been nicknamed from it. It -seems to me far more probable that black was the livery colour of the Black -Prince, and that his own retainers and followers wore the livery of black. -If that were the case, one understands at once how he would obtain the -nickname. The nickname is doubtless contemporary. A curious confirmation of -my supposition is met with in the fact that his shield for peace was: -"Sable, three ostrich feathers two and one, the quill of each passing -through a scroll argent." There we get the undoubted badge of the ostrich -feather, which was originally borne singly, depicted upon his livery -colour--black. {460} - -The badges represented in Prince Arthur's Book in the College of Arms (an -important source of our knowledge upon the subject) are all upon -backgrounds; and the curious divisions of the colours on the backgrounds -would seem to show that each badge had its own background, several badges -being only met with upon the same ground when that happens to be the true -background belonging to them. But in attempting to deduce rules, it should -be remembered that in all and every armorial matter there was greater -laxity of rule at the period of the actual use of arms as a reality of life -than it was possible to permit when the multiplication of arms as paper -insignia made regulation necessary and more restrictive; so that an -occasional variation from any deduction need not necessarily vitiate the -conclusion, even in a matter exclusively relating to the shield. How much -more, then, must we remain in doubt when dealing with badges which appear -to have been so largely a matter of personal caprice. - -It is a striking comment that of all the badges presently to be referred to -of the Stafford family, each single one is depicted upon a background. It -is a noticeable fact that of the eighteen "badges" exemplified as belonging -to the family of Stafford, nine are upon parti-coloured fields. This is not -an unreasonable proportion if the fields are considered to be the livery -colours of the families from whom the badges were originally derived, but -it is altogether out of proportion to the number of shields in any roll of -arms which would have the field party per pale, or party in any other form -of division. With the exception of the second badge, which is on a striped -background of green and white, all the party backgrounds are party per -pale, which was the most usual way of depicting a livery in the few records -which have come down to us of the heraldic use of livery colours, and of -the eighteen badges, no less than eight are upon a parti-coloured field of -which the dexter is sable and the sinister gules. Scarlet and black are -known to have been the livery colours of Edward Stafford, Duke of -Buckingham, who was beheaded in 1521. The arms of the town of Buckingham -are on a field per pale sable and gules. - -With regard to the descent of badges and the laws which govern their -descent still less is known. The answer to the question, "How did badges -descend?" is simple: "Nobody knows." One can only hazard opinions more or -less pious, of more or less value. It is distinctly a point upon which it -is risky to be dogmatic, and we must wait for the development which will -follow the recent revival of the granting of standards. As cases occur for -decision precedents will be found and disclosed. Whilst the secrecy of the -records of the College of Arms is so jealously preserved it is impossible -to speak definitely at present, for an exact and comprehensive knowledge of -exact and {461} authoritative instances of fact is necessary before a -decision can be definitely put forward. Unless some officer of arms will -carefully collate the information which can be gleaned from the records in -the College of Arms which are relevant to the subject, it does not seem -likely that our knowledge will advance greatly. - -The grant of supporters to the Earl of Stafford, as under, is worthy of -attention. - -"To all and singular to whom these Presents shall come, John Anstis Esq^r -Garter principal King of Arms, sends greeting, Whereas his late Majesty -King James the Second by Letters Patents under the Great Seal, did create -Henry Stafford Howard to be Earl of Stafford, to have and hold the same to -him and the heirs males of his body; and for default thereof to John and -Francis his Brothers and the heirs males of their bodies respectively, -whereby the said Earldom is now legally vested in the right Hon^{ble} -William Stafford Howard Son and Heir of the said John; And in regard that -y^e said Henry late Earl of Stafford omitted to take any Grant of -Supporters, which the Peers of this Realm have an indisputable Right to use -and bear, the right Hon^{ble} Henry Bowes Howard Earl of Berkshire Deputy -(with the Royal Approbation) of his Grace Thomas Howard Duke of Norfolk -Earl Marshall and Hereditary Marshall of England hath been pleased to -direct me to grant to the said right Hon^{ble} William Stafford Howard Earl -of Stafford the Supporters formerly granted to y^e late Viscount Stafford, -Grandfather to the said Earl; as also to order me to cause to be depicted -in the Margin of my said Grant y^e Arms of Thomas of Woodstock Duke of -Gloucester quartered with the Arms of the said Earl of Stafford, together -with the Badges of the said Noble Family of Stafford: Now these presents -Witness that according to the consent of the said Earl of Berkshire -signified under his Lordship's hand and seal I do by the Authority and -power annexed to my Office hereby grant and assign to y^e said Right -Honourable William Stafford Howard Earl of Stafford, the following -Supporters which were heretofore borne by the late Lord Viscount Stafford, -that is to say, on the Dexter side a Lion Argent, and on the Sinister Side -a Swan surgiant Argent Gorged with a Ducal Coronet per Pale Gules and sable -beaked and membered of the Second; to be used and borne at all times and -upon all occasions by the said Earl of Stafford and the heirs males of his -body, and such persons to whom the said Earldom shall descend according to -the Law and Practice of Arms without the let or interruption of any Person -or Persons whatsoever. And in pursuance of the Warrant of the said Earl of -Berkshire, The Arms of Thomas of Woodstock Duke of Gloucester, as the same -are on a Plate remaining in the Chapel of S^t George within y^e Castle of -Windsor, set up there for his Descendant the Duke of Buckingham {462} are -depicted in the margin, and quartered in such place and manner as the same -were formerly borne by the Staffords Dukes of Buckingham, together with -Eighteen badges belonging to the said most ancient and illustrious Family -of Stafford, as the same are represented in a Manuscript remaining in the -College of Arms (Fig. 674). In Witness whereof I the said Garter have -hereto subscribed my Name and affixed the Seal of my Office this First Day -of August Anno Domini 1720. - - "JOHN ANSTIS Garter - "Principal King of Arms." - -[Illustration: FIG. 674.--The Stafford Badges as exemplified in 1720 to -William Stafford Howard, Earl of Stafford.] - -{463} - -It may be of interest to call attention to the fact that in this -exemplification the Royal Arms are displayed before those of Stafford. On -the face of it, the document--as far as it relates to the badges--is no -more than a certificate or exemplification, in which case it is undoubted -evidence that badges descend to the heir-general as do quarterings; but -there is the possibility that the document is a re-grant in the nature of -an exemplification following a Royal Licence, or a re-grant to remove -uncertainty as to the attainder. And if the document--as far as its -relation to the badges goes--has any of the character of a grant, it can -have but little value as evidence of the descent of badges. It is -remarkable that it is absolutely silent as to the future destination of the -badges. The real fact is that the whole subject of the descent and -devolution of badges is shrouded in mystery. Each of the badges (Fig. 674) -is depicted within a circle adorned with a succession of Stafford knots, as -is shown in the one instance at the head. Five of these badges appear upon -a well-known portrait of Edward, Duke of Buckingham. The fact that some of -these _badges_ are really crests depicted upon wreaths goes far as an -authority for the use of a crest upon livery buttons for the purposes of a -badge. - -In ancient days all records seemed to point to the fact that badges were -personal, and that though they were worn by the retainers, they were the -property of _the head_ of the family, rather than (as the arms) of the -whole family, and though the information available is meagre to the last -degree, it would appear probable that in all cases where their use by other -members of the family than the head of the house can be proved, the -likelihood is that the cadets would render feudal service and would wear -the badge as retainers of the man whose standard they followed into battle, -so that we should expect to find the badge following the same descent as -the peerage, together with the lands and liabilities which accompanied it. -This undoubtedly makes for the inheritance of a badge upon the same line of -descent as a barony by writ, and such a method of inheritance accounts for -the known descent of most of the badges heraldically familiar to us. -Probably we shall be right in so accepting it as the ancient rule of -inheritance. But, on the other hand, a careful examination of the "Book of -Standards," now preserved in the College of Arms, provides several examples -charged with marks of cadency. But here again one is in ignorance whether -this is an admission of inheritance by cadets, or whether the cases should -be considered as grants of differenced versions to cadets. This then gives -us the badge, the property in and of which would descend to the -heir-general (and perhaps also to cadets), whilst it would be used (if -there were no inherited right) in token of allegiance or service, actual, -quasi-actual, {464} or sentimental, by the cadets of the house and their -servants; for whilst the use of the cockade is a survival of the right to -be waited on and served by a soldier servant, the use of a badge by a cadet -may be a survival and reminder of the day when (until they married -heiresses and continued or founded other families) the cadets of a house -owed and gave military service to the head of their own family, and in -return were supported by him. - -From the wording of the recent grants of badges I believe the intention, -however, is that the badge is to descend of right to all of those people on -whom a right to it would devolve if it were a quartering. - -The use of badges having been so limited, the absence of rule and -regulation leaves it very much a matter of personal taste how badges, where -they exist, shall be heraldically depicted, and perhaps it is better to -leave their manner of display to artistic requirements. The most usual -place, when depicted in conjunction with an achievement, is on either side -of the crest, and they may well be placed in that position. Where they -exist, however, they ought undoubtedly to be continued in use upon the -liveries of the servants, and the present practice is for them to be placed -on the livery buttons, and embroidered upon the epaulettes or on the -sleeves of state liveries. Undoubtedly the former practice of placing the -badge upon the servants' livery is the precursor of the present vogue of -placing crests upon livery buttons, and many heraldic writers complain of -the impropriety of placing the crest in such a position. I am not sure that -I myself may not have been guilty in this way; but when one bears in mind -the number of cases in which the badge and the crest are identical, and -when, as in the above instance, devices which are undoubtedly crests are -exemplified as and termed badges, even as such being represented upon -wreaths, and even in that form granted upon standards, whilst in other -cases the action has been the reverse, it leaves one under the necessity of -being careful in making definite assertions. - -Having dealt with the laws (if there ever were any) and the practice -concerning the use and display of badges in former days, it will be of -interest to notice some of those which were anciently in use. - -I have already referred to the badge of the ostrich feathers, now borne -exclusively by the heir-apparent to the throne. The old legend that the -Black Prince won the badge at the battle of Crecy by the capture of John, -King of Bohemia, together with the motto "Ich dien," has been long since -exploded. Sir Harris Nicolas brought to notice the fact that among certain -pieces of plate belonging to Queen Philippa of Hainault was a large -silver-gilt dish enamelled with a black escutcheon with ostrich feathers, -"vuo scuch nigro cum pennis de {465} ostrich," and upon the strength of -that, suggested that the ostrich feather was probably originally a badge of -the Counts of Hainault derived from the County of Ostrevaus, a title which -was held by their eldest sons. The suggestion in itself seems probable -enough and may be correct, but it would not account for the use of the -ostrich feathers by the Mowbray family, who did not descend from the -marriage of Edward III. and Philippa of Hainault. Contemporary proof of the -use of badges is often difficult to find. The Mowbrays had many badges, and -certainly do not appear to have made any very extensive use of the ostrich -feathers. But there seems to be very definite authority for the existence -of the badge. There is in one of the records of the College of Arms (R. 22, -67), which is itself a copy of another record, the following statement:-- - -"The discent of Mowbray written at length in lattin from the Abby booke of -newborough wherein Rich 2 gaue to Thomas Duke of norff. & Erle Marshall the -armes of Saint Edward Confessor in theis words: - -"Et dedit eidem Thome ad pertandum in sigillo et vexillo quo arma S^{ti} -Edwardi. Idcirco arma bipartata portavit scil' 't Sci Edwardi et domini -marcialis angliae cum duabus pennis strutionis erectis et super crestam -leonem et duo parva scuta cum leonibus et utraq' parto predictorum -armorum." - -[Illustration: FIG. 675.--The arms granted by King Richard II. to Thomas de -Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, and showing the ostrich feather badges.] - -Accompanying this is a rough-tricked sketch of the arms upon which the -illustration (Fig. 675) has been based. Below this extract in the College -Records is written in another hand: "I find this then {466} in ye chancell -window of Effingham by Bungay in the top of the cot window with Mowbraye & -Segrave on the side in glass there." - -Who the writer was I am unaware. He appends a further sketch to his note, -which slightly differs. No helmet or crest is shown, and the central shield -has only the arms of Brotherton. The feathers which flank it are both -enfiled below the shield by one coronet. Of the smaller shields at the -side, the dexter bears the arms of Mowbray and the sinister those of -Segrave. Possibly the Mowbrays, as recognised members of the Royal Family, -bore the badge by subsequent grant and authorisation and not on the simple -basis of inheritance. - -An ostrich feather piercing a scroll was certainly the favourite badge of -the Black Prince and so appears on several of his seals, and triplicated it -occurs on his "shield of peace" (Fig. 478), which, set up under the -instructions in his will, still remains on his monument in Canterbury -Cathedral. The arms of Sir Roger de Clarendon, the illegitimate son of the -Black Prince, were derived from this "shield for peace," which I take it -was not really a coat of arms at all, but merely the badge of the Prince -depicted upon his livery colour, and which might equally have been -displayed upon a roundle. In the form of a shield bearing three feathers -the badge occurs on the obverse of the second seal of Henry IV. in 1411. A -single ostrich feather with the motto "Ich dien" upon the scroll is to be -seen on the seal of Edward, Duke of York, who was killed at the battle of -Agincourt in 1415. Henry IV. as Duke of Lancaster placed on either side of -his escutcheon an ostrich feather with a garter or belt carrying the motto -"Sovereygne" _twined around_ the feather, John of Gaunt used the badge with -a chain laid along the quill, and Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, used it with -a garter and buckle instead of the chain; whilst John Beaufort, Duke of -Somerset, placed an ostrich feather on each side of his shield, the quills -in his case being compony argent and azure, like the bordure round his -arms. - -[Illustration: FIG. 676.--Seal of King James II. for the Duchy of -Lancaster.] - -There is a note in Harl. MS. 304, folio 12, which, if it be strictly -accurate, is of some importance. It is to the effect that the "feather -silver with the pen gold is the King's, the ostrich feather pen and all -silver is the Prince's (_i.e._ the Prince of Wales), and the ostrich -feather gold the pen ermine is the Duke of Lancaster's." That statement -evidently relates to a time when the three were in existence -contemporaneously, _i.e._ before the accession of Henry IV. In the reign of -Richard II. there was no Prince of Wales. During the reign of Edward III. -from 1376 onwards, Richard, afterwards Richard II., was Prince of Wales, -and John of Gaunt was Duke of Lancaster (so cr. 1362). But John of Gaunt -used the feather in the form above stated, and to find a Duke of Lancaster -_before_ John of Gaunt we must go {467} back to before 1360, when we have -Edward III. as King, the Black Prince as Prince, and Henry of Lancaster -(father-in-law of John of Gaunt) as Duke of Lancaster. He derived from -Henry III., and like the Mowbrays had no blood descent from Philippa of -Hainault. A curious confirmation of my suggestion that black was the livery -colour of the Black Prince is found in the fact that there was in a window -in St. Dunstan's Church, London, within a wreath of roses a roundle per -pale sanguine and azure (these being unquestionably livery colours), a -plume of ostrich feathers argent, quilled or, enfiled by a scroll bearing -the words "Ich dien." Above was the Prince's coronet and the letters E. & -P., one on each side of the plume. This was intended for Edward VI., -doubtless being erected in the reign of Henry VIII. The badge in the form -in which we know it, _i.e._ enfiled by the princely coronet, dates from -about the beginning of the Stuart dynasty, since when it appears to have -been exclusively reserved for the eldest son and heir-apparent to the -throne. At the same time the right to the display of the badge would appear -to have been reserved by the Sovereign, and Woodward remarks:-- - -"On the Privy Seals of our Sovereigns the ostrich feather is still employed -as a badge. The shield of arms is usually placed between two lions sejant -guardant addorsed, each holding the feather. On the Privy Seal of Henry -VIII. the feathers are used without the lions, and this was the case on the -majority of the seals of the Duchy of Lancaster. On the reverse of the -present seal of the Duchy the feathers appear to be ermine." - -[Illustration: FIG. 677.--Badge of King Henry II.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 678.--Badge of Edward IV.] - -Fig. 676 shows the seal of James II. for the Duchy of Lancaster. The seal -of the Lancashire County Council shows a shield supported by two talbots -sejant addorsed, each supporting in the exterior paw an ostrich feather -seme-de-lis. It is possible that the talbots may be intended for lions and -the fleurs-de-lis for ermine spots. The silver swan, one of the badges of -King Henry V., was used also by Henry IV. It was derived from the De -Bohuns, Mary de Bohun being the wife of Henry IV. From the De Bohuns it has -been traced to the Mandevilles, Earls of Essex, who may have adopted it to -typify their descent from Adam Fitz Swanne, _temp._ Conquest. Fig. 33 on -the same plate is the white hart of Richard II. Although some have traced -this badge from the white hind used as a badge by Joan, the Fair Maid of -Kent, the mother of Richard II., it is probably a device punning upon his -name, "Rich-hart." Richard II. was not the heir of his mother. The heir was -his half-brother, Thomas Holand, Earl of Kent, who _did_ use the badge of -the hind, and perhaps the real truth is that the Earl of Kent having the -better claim to the hind, Richard was under the necessity of making an -alteration which the obvious pun upon his {468} name suggested. There is no -doubt that the crest of Ireland originated therefrom. The stag in this case -was undoubtedly "lodged" in the earliest versions, and I have been much -interested in tracing the steps by which the springing attitude has -developed owing to the copying of badly drawn examples. - -Amongst the many Royal and other badges in this country there are some of -considerable interest. Fig. 677 represents the famous badge of the -"broom-cod" or "planta genista," from which the name of the dynasty was -derived. It appears to have been first used by King Henry II., though it -figures in the decoration of the tomb of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou. -"Peascod" Street in Windsor of course derives its name therefrom. The -well-known badges of the white and red roses of York and Lancaster have -been already referred to, and Fig. 678, the well-known device of the -"rose-en-soliel" used by King Edward IV., was really a combination of two -distinct badges, viz. "the blazing sun of York" and the "white rose of -York." The rose again appears in 679, here dimidiated with the pomegranate -of Catharine of Aragon. This is taken from the famous Tournament Roll (now -in the College of Arms), which relates to the Tournament, 13th and 14th of -February 1510, to celebrate the birth of Prince Henry. - -[Illustration: FIG. 679.--Compound Badge of Henry VIII. and Catharine of -Aragon. (From the Westminster Tournament Roll.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 680.--Badge of Richard I.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 681.--Two badges of Henry VII., viz. the "sun-burst" -and the crowned portcullis.] - -Richard I., John, and Henry III. are all said to have used the device of -the crescent and star (Fig. 680). Henry VII. is best known by his two -badges of the crowned portcullis and the "sun-burst" (Fig. 681). The -suggested origin of the former, that it was a pun on the name Tudor (_i.e._ -two-door) is confirmed by the motto "Altera securitas" which was used with -it, but at the same time is rather vitiated by the fact that it was also -used by the Beauforts, who had {469} no Tudor descent. Save a very -tentative remark hazarded by Woodward, no explanation has as yet been -suggested for the sun-burst. My own strong conviction, based on the fact -that this particular badge was principally used by Henry VII., who was -always known as Henry of Windsor, is that it is nothing more than an -attempt to pictorially represent the name "Windsor" by depicting "winds" of -"or." The badge is also attributed to Edward III., and he, like Henry VII., -made his principal residence at Windsor. Edward IV. also used the white -lion of March (whence is derived the shield of Ludlow: "Azure, a lion -couchant guardant, between three roses argent," Ludlow being one of the -fortified towns in the Welsh Marches), and the black bull which, though -often termed "of Clarence," is generally associated with the Duchy of -Cornwall. Richard III., as Duke of Gloucester, used a white boar. - -The Earl of Northumberland used a silver crescent; the Earl of Douglas, a -red hart; the Earl of Pembroke, a golden pack-horse with collar and traces; -Lord Hastings bore as badge a black bull's head erased, gorged with a -coronet; Lord Stanley, a golden griffin's leg, erased; Lord Howard, a white -lion charged on the shoulder with a blue crescent; Sir Richard Dunstable -adopted a white cock as a badge; Sir John Savage, a silver unicorn's head -erased; Sir Simon Montford, a golden lily; Sir William Gresham, a green -grasshopper. - -[Illustration: FIG. 682.--Badge of the Duke of Suffolk.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 683.--Badge of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 684.--Stafford Knot.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 685.--Wake or Ormonde Knot.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 686.--Bourchier Knot.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 687.--Heneage Knot.] - -Two curious badges are to be seen in Figs. 682 and 683. The former is an -ape's clog argent, chained or, and was used by William de la Pole, Duke of -Suffolk (d. 1450). Fig. 683, "a salet silver" (MS. Coll. of Arms, 2nd M. -16), is the badge of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk (d. 1524). Various -families used knots of different design, of which the best known is the -Stafford knot (Fig. 684). The wholesale and improper appropriation of this -badge with a territorial application has unfortunately caused it to be very -generally referred to as a "Staffordshire" knot, and that it was the -personal badge of the Lords Stafford is too often overlooked. Other badge -knots are the Wake or Ormonde knot (Fig. 685), the Bourchier knot (Fig. -686), and the Heneage knot (Fig. 687). - -{470} - -The personal badges of the members of the Royal Family continued in use -until the reign of Queen Anne, but from that time forward the Royal badges -obtained a territorial character; the rose of England, the thistle of -Scotland, and the shamrock of Ireland. To these popular consent has added -the lotus-flower for India, the maple for Canada, and in a lesser degree -the wattle or mimosa for Australia; but at present these lack any official -confirmation. The two first named, nevertheless, figured on the Coronation -Invitation Cards. {471} - - - -CHAPTER XXX - -HERALDIC FLAGS, BANNERS, AND STANDARDS - -When it comes to the display of flags, the British-born individual usually -makes a hash of the whole business, and flies either the Sovereign's -personal coat of arms, which really should only be made use of over a -residence of the Sovereign when the Sovereign is actually there, or flown -at sea when the Sovereign is on board; or else he uses the national flag, -colloquially termed the "Union Jack," which, strictly speaking, and as a -matter of law, ought never to be made use of on land except over the -residence of the Sovereign in his absence, or on a fortress or other -Government building. But recently an official answer has been given in -Parliament, declaring what is presumably the pleasure of His Majesty to the -effect that the Union Jack is the National Flag, and may be flown as such -on land by any British subject. If this is the intention of the Crown, it -is a pity that this permission has not been embodied in a Royal warrant. - -The banner of St. George, which is a white flag with a plain red cross of -St. George throughout, is now appropriated to the Order of the Garter, of -which St. George is the patron saint, though I am by no means inclined to -assert that it would be incorrect to make use of it upon a church which -happened to be specifically placed under the patronage of St. George. - -The white ensign, which is a white flag bearing the cross of St. George and -in the upper quarter next to the staff a reproduction of the Union device, -belongs to the Royal Navy, and certain privileged individuals to whom the -right has been given by a specific warrant. The blue ensign, which is a -plain blue flag with the Union device on a canton in the upper corner next -the staff, belongs to the Royal Naval Reserve; and the red ensign, which is -the same as the former, except that a red flag is substituted for the blue -one, belongs to the ships of the merchant service. These three flags have -been specifically called into being by specific warrants for certain -purposes which are stated in these warrants, and these purposes being -wholly connected with the sea, neither the blue, the red, nor the white -ensign ought to be hoisted on land by anybody. Of course there is no -penalty for doing so on {472} land, though very drastic penalties can be -enforced for misuse of these ensigns on the water, a step which is taken -frequently enough. For a private person to use any one of these three flags -on land for a private purpose, the only analogy which I can suggest to -bring home to people the absurdity of such action would be to instance a -private person for his own private pleasure adopting the exact uniform of -some regiment whenever he might feel inclined to go bathing in the sea. If -he were to do so, he would find under the recent Act that he had incurred -the penalty, which would be promptly enforced, for bringing His Majesty's -uniform into disrepute. It is much to be wished that the penalties exacted -for the wrongful display of these flags at sea should be extended to their -abuse on shore. - -The development of the Union Jack and the warrants relating to it are dealt -with herein by the Rev. J. R. Crawford, M.A., in a subsequent chapter, and -I do not propose to further deal with the point, except to draw attention -to a proposal, which is very often mooted, that some change or addition to -the Union Jack should be made to typify the inclusion of the colonies. - -But to begin with, what is the Union Jack? Probably most would be inclined -to answer, "The flag of the Empire." It is nothing of the kind. It is in a -way stretching the definition to describe it as the King's flag. Certainly -the design of interlaced crosses is a badge of the King's, but that badge -is of a later origin than the flag. - -The flag itself is the fighting emblem of the Sovereign, which the -Sovereign has declared shall be used by his soldiers or sailors for -fighting purposes under certain specified circumstances. That it is used, -even officially, in all sorts of circumstances with which the King's -warrants are not concerned is beside the matter, for it is to the Royal -Warrants that one must refer for the theory of the thing. - -Now let us go further back, and trace the "argent, a cross gules," the part -which is England's contribution to the Union Jack, which itself is a -combination of the "crosses" of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick. -The theory of one is the theory of the three, separately or conjoined. - -"Argent, a cross gules" was never the coat of arms of England (except under -the Commonwealth, when its use for armorial purposes may certainly be -disregarded), and the reason it came to be regarded as the flag of England -is simply and solely because fighting was always done under the supposed -patronage of some saint, and England fought, _not_ under the arms of -England, but under the flag of St. George, the patron saint of England and -of the Order of the Garter. The battle-cry "St. George for Merrie England!" -is too well known to need more than the passing mention. Scotland fought -under St. Andrew; Ireland, by a similar analogy, had for its patron saint -St. Patrick (if {473} indeed there was a Cross of St. Patrick before one -was needed for the Union flag, which is a very doubtful point), and the -Union Jack was not the combination of three territorial flags, but the -combination of the recognised emblems of the three recognised saints, and -though England claimed the sovereignty of France, and for that reason -quartered the arms of France, no Englishman bothered about the patronage of -St. Denis, and the emblem of St. Denis was never flown in this country. The -fact that no change was ever made in the flag to typify Hanover, whilst -Hanover duly had its place upon the arms, proves that the flag was -recognised to be, and allowed to remain, the emblem of the three patron -saints under whose patronage the British fought, and not the badge of any -sovereignty or territorial area. If the colonies had already any saint of -their own under whose patronage they had fought in bygone days, or in whose -name they wished to fight in the future, there might be reason _for -including the emblem of that saint_ upon the fighting flag of the Empire; -but they have no recognised saintly patrons, and they may just as well -fight for our saints as choose others for themselves at so late a day; but -having a flag which is a _combination_ of the emblems of three saints, and -which contains nothing that is not a part of those emblems, to make any -addition heraldic or otherwise to it now would, in my opinion, be best -expressed by the following illustration. Imagine three soldiers in full and -complete uniform, one English, one Scottish, and one Irish, it being -desired to evolve a uniform that should be taken from all three for use by -a Union regiment. A tunic from one, trousers from another, and a helmet -from a third, might be blended into a very effective and harmonious -composite uniform. Following the analogy of putting a bordure, which is not -the emblem of a saint, round the recognised emblems of the three recognised -saints, and considering it to be in keeping because the bordure was -heraldic and the emblems heraldic, one might argue, that because a uniform -was clothing as was also a ballet-dancer's skirt, therefore a -ballet-dancer's skirt outside the whole would be in keeping with the rest -of the uniform. For myself I should dislike any addition to the Union -device, as much as we should deride the donning of tulle skirts outside -their tunics and trousers by the brigade of Guards. - -The flag which should float from a church tower should have no more on it -than the recognised ecclesiastical emblems of the saint to whom it is -dedicated: the keys of St. Peter, the wheel of St. Catherine, the sword of -St. Paul, the cross and martlets of St. Edmund, the lily of St. Mary, the -emblem of the Holy Trinity, or whatever the emblem may be of the saint in -question. (The alternative for a church is the banner of St. George, the -patron saint of the realm.) The flags upon public buildings should bear the -arms of the corporate bodies to whom those {474} buildings belong. The flag -to be flown by a private person, as the law now stands, should bear that -person's private arms, if he has any, and if he has not he should be -content to forego the pleasures arising from the use of bunting. A private -flag should be double its height in length. The entire surface should be -occupied by the coat of arms. - -These flags of arms are _banners_, and it is quite a misnomer to term the -banner of the Royal Arms the Royal Standard. The flags of arms hung over -the stalls of the Knights of the Garter, St. Patrick, and the former -Knights of the Bath are properly, and are always termed _banners_. The term -_standard_ properly refers to the long tapering flag used in battle, and -under which an overlord mustered his retainers in battle. This did _not_ -display his armorial bearings. Next to the staff usually came the cross of -St. George, which was depicted, of course, on a white field. This occupied -rather less than one-third of the standard. The remainder of the standard -was of the colour or colours of the livery, and thereupon was represented -all sorts of devices, usually the badges and sometimes the crest. The motto -was usually on transverse bands, which frequently divided the standard into -compartments for the different badges. These mottoes from their nature are -_not_ war-cries, but undoubtedly relate and belong to the badges with which -they appear in conjunction. The whole banner was usually fringed with the -livery colours, giving the effect of a bordure compony. The use of -standards does not seem, except for the ceremonial purposes of funerals, to -have survived the Tudor period, this doubtless being the result of the -creation of the standing army in the reign of Henry VIII. The few exotic -standards, _e.g._, remaining from the Jacobite rebellion, seldom conform to -the old patterns, but although the shape is altered, the artistic character -largely remains in the regimental colours of the present day with their -assorted regimental badges and scrolls with the names of battle honours. - -With the recent revival of the granting of badges the standard has again -been brought into use as the vehicle to carry the badge (Plate VIII.). The -arms are now placed next the staff, and upon the rest of the field the -badge is repeated or alternated with the crest. Badges and standards are -now granted to any person already possessing a right to arms and willing to -pay the necessary fees. - -PLATE VIII. - -[Illustration] - -The armorial use of the banner in connection with the display of heraldic -achievements is very limited in this country. In the case of the Marquess -of Dufferin and Ava the banner or flag is an integral and unchangeable part -of the heraldic supporters, and in Ross-of-Bladensburg, _e.g._, it is -similarly an integral part of the crest. In the warrant of augmentation -granted to H.M. Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain on her marriage, banners of -the Royal Arms of {475} England were placed in the paws of her supporters. -Other cases where arms have been depicted on banners are generally no more -than matters of artistic design; but in the arms of Scotland as -matriculated in Lyon Register for King Charles II. the supporters are -accompanied by banners, the dexter being of the arms of Scotland, and the -sinister the banner of St. Andrew. These banners possess rather a different -character, and approach very closely to the German use. The same practice -has been followed in the seals of the Duchy of Lancaster, inasmuch as on -the obverse of the seal of George IV. and the seal of Queen Victoria the -Royal supporters hold banners of the arms of England and of the Duchy -(_i.e._ England, a label for difference). James I. on his Great Seal had -the banners of Cadwallader (azure, a cross patte fitche or) and King Edgar -(azure, a cross patonce between four martlets or), and on the Great Seal of -Charles I. the dexter supporter holds a banner of St. George, and the -sinister a banner of St. Andrew. - -[Illustration: FIG. 688.--"Middle" arms of the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg. -(From Strohl's _Deutsche Wappenrolle_.)] - -Of the heraldic use of the banner in Germany Strohl writes:-- - -"The banner appears in a coat of arms, either in the hands or paws of the -supporters (Fig. 688), also set up behind the shield, or the pavilion, as, -for instance, in the larger achievement of his Majesty the German Emperor, -in the large achievement of the kingdom of Prussia, of the dukedom of -Saxe-Altenburg, and further in the Arms of State of Italy, Russia, -Roumania, &c. - -"Banners on the shield as charges, or on the helmet as a crest, are here, -of course, not in question, but only those banners which serve as -_Prachtstucke_ (appendages of magnificence). - -"The banners of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries are long and narrow, -and frequently run in stripes, like battlements. However, in {476} the -second half of the thirteenth century flags were also to be met with, with -the longer side attached to the stick. Later on the banners became more -square, and show on the top a long strip, generally of another colour, the -_Schwenkel_ (_i.e._ something that flourishes), waves to and fro. To bear a -red _Schwenkel_ was a special privilege, similar to the right of sealing -with red wax. - -"The ecclesiastical banner has three points, and is provided with rings on -the top in order that it may be fastened to the stick by them, in an -oblique position. - -"The banner always represents the field of the shield, and assumes -accordingly its tincture. The charges of the shield should be placed upon -the banner without the outline of a shield, and the edge against the -flag-staff is considered the dexter; it follows from this that the figure -must be turned towards it. - -"For instance, if the shield bear the following arms, argent an eagle -gules, the same figure, suited to the size of the flag, appears on the -banner, with its head turned towards the staff. If it be wished to -represent only the _colours_ of the arms upon the flag, that of the charge -is placed above, and that of the field below. Thus, for example, the -Prussian flag is black and white, corresponding to the black eagle on the -silver field; the flag of Hohenzollern is white and black, corresponding to -their coat of arms, quartered silver and black, because in the latter case, -so soon as a heraldic representation is available, from the position of the -coloured fields, the correct order of the tinctures is determined." {477} - - - -CHAPTER XXXI - -MARKS OF CADENCY - -The manner in which cadency is indicated in heraldic emblazonment forms one -of the most important parts of British armory, but our own intricate and -minutely detailed systems are a purely British development of armory. I do -not intend by the foregoing remark to assert that the occasional use, or -even, as in some cases, the constant use of altered arms for purposes of -indicating cadency is unknown on the Continent, because different branches -of one family are constantly found using, for the purposes of distinction, -variations of the arms appertaining to the head of their house; in France -especially the bordure has been extensively used, but the fact nevertheless -remains that in no other countries is there found an organised system or -set of rules for the purpose. Nor is this idea of the indication of cadency -wholly a modern development, though some, in fact most, of the rules -presently in force are no doubt a result of modern requirements, and do not -date back to the earliest periods of heraldry in this country. - -The obligation of cadet lines to difference their arms was recognised -practically universally in the fourteenth century; and when, later, the -systematic use of differencing seemed in danger of being ignored, it was -made the subject of specific legislation. In the treatise of ZYPOEUS, _de -Notitia juris Belgici_, lib. xii., quoted also in MENETRIER, _Recherches du -Blazon_, p. 218, we find the following:-- - -"Ut secundo et ulterius geniti, quinimo primogeniti vivo patre, integra -insignia non gerant, sed aliqua nota distincta, ut perpetuo linae dignosci -possint, et ex qua quique descendant, donec anteriores defecerint. Exceptis -Luxenburgis et Gueldris, quibus non sunt ii mores." (The exception is -curious.) - -The choice of these _brisures_, as marks of difference are often termed, -was, however, left to the persons concerned; and there is, consequently, a -great variety of differences or differentiation marks which seem to have -been used for the purpose. The term "brisure" is really French, whilst the -German term for these marks is "Beizeichen." - -British heraldry, on the contrary, is remarkable for its use of two {478} -distinct sets of rules--the English and the Scottish--the Irish system -being identical with the former. - -To understand the question of cadency it is necessary to revert to the -status of a coat of arms in early periods. In the first chapter we dealt -with the origin of armory; and in a subsequent chapter with the status of a -coat of arms in Great Britain, and it will therefrom have been apparent -that arms, and a right to them, developed in this country as an adjunct of, -or contemporaneously with, the extension of the feudal system. Every -landowner was at one time required to have his seal--presumably, of -arms--and as a result arms were naturally then considered to possess -something of a territorial character. I do not by this mean to say that the -arms belonged to the land and were transferable with the sale and purchase -thereof. There never was in this country a period at which such an idea -held; nor were arms originally entirely personal or individual. They -belonged rather to a position half-way between the two. They were the arms -of a given family, originating because that family held land and accepted -the consequent responsibilities thereto belonging, but the arms appertained -for the time being to the member of that family who owned the land, and -that this is the true idea of the former status of a coat of arms is -perhaps best evidenced by the Grey and Hastings controversy, which engaged -the attention of the Court of Chivalry for several years prior to 1410. The -decision and judgment in the case gave the undifferenced arms of Hastings -to the heir-general (Grey de Ruthyn), the heir-male (Sir Edward Hastings) -being found only capable of bearing the arms of Hastings subject to some -mark of difference. - -This case, and the case of Scrope and Grosvenor, in which the king's award -was that the bordure was not sufficient difference for a stranger in blood, -being only the mark of a cadet, show clearly that the status of a coat of -arms in early times was that in its undifferenced state it belonged to one -person only for the time being, and that person the head of the family, -though it should be noted that the term "Head of the Family" seems to have -been interpreted into the one who held the lands of the family--whether he -were heir-male or heir-general being apparently immaterial. - -This much being recognised, it follows that some means were needed to be -devised to differentiate the armorial bearings of the younger members of -the family. Of course the earliest definite instances of any attempt at a -systematic "differencing" for cadency which can be referred to are -undoubtedly those cases presented by the arms of the younger members of the -Royal Family in England. These cases, however, it is impossible to take as -precedents. Royal Arms have always, from the very earliest times, been a -law unto themselves, {479} subject only to the will of the Sovereign, and -it is neither safe nor correct to deduce precedents to be applied to the -arms of subjects from proved instances concerning the Royal Arms. - -Probably, apart from these, the earliest mark of cadency which is to be met -with in heraldry is the label (Fig. 689) used to indicate the eldest son, -and this mark of difference dates back far beyond any other regularised -methods applicable to "younger" sons. The German name for the label is -"Turnierkragen," _i.e._ Tournament Collar, which may indicate the origin of -this curious figure. Probably the use of the label can be taken back to the -middle or early part of the thirteenth century, but the opportunity and -necessity of marking the arms of the heir-apparent temporarily, he having -the expectation of eventually succeeding to the undifferenced arms, is a -very different matter to the other opportunities for the use of marks of -cadency. The lord and his heir were the two most important members of the -family, and all others sunk their identity in their position in the -household of their chief unless they were established by marriage, or -otherwise, in lordships of their own, in which cases they are usually found -to have preferred the arms of the family from whom they inherited the -lordships they enjoyed; and their identities being to such a large extent -overlooked, the necessity for any system of marking the arms of a younger -son was not so early apparent as the necessity for marking the arms of the -heir. - -[Illustration: FIG. 689.--The label.] - -The label does not appear to have been originally confined exclusively to -the heir. It was at first the only method of differencing known, and it is -not therefore to be wondered at that we find that it was frequently used by -other cadets, who used it with no other meaning than to indicate that they -were not the Head of the House. It has, consequently, in some few cases -[for example, in the arms of Courtenay (Fig. 246), Babington, and -Barrington] become stereotyped as a charge, and is continuously and -unchangeably used as such, whereas doubtless it may have been no more -originally than a mere mark of cadency. The label was originally drawn with -its upper edge identical with the top of the shield (Fig. 520), but later -its position on the shield was lowered. The number of points on the label -was at first without meaning, a five-pointed label occurring in Fig. 690 -and a seven-pointed one in Fig. 235. - -In the Roll of Caerlaverock the label is repeatedly referred to. Of Sir -MAURICE DE BERKELEY it is expressly declared that - - "... un label de asur avoit, - Porce qe ces peres vivoit." - -{480} - -Sir PATRICK DUNBAR, son of the Earl of LOTHIAN (_i.e._ of MARCH), then bore -arms similar to his father, with the addition of a label "azure." On the -other hand, Sir JOHN DE SEGRAVE is said to bear his deceased father's arms -undifferenced, while his younger brother NICHOLAS carries them with a label -"gules"; and in the case of EDMUND DE HASTINGS the label is also assigned -to a younger brother. Further proof of its being thus borne by cadets is -furnished by the evidence in the GREY and HASTINGS controversy in the reign -of HENRY IV., from which it appeared that the younger line of the HASTINGS -family had for generations differenced the paternal coat by a label of -three points; and, as various knights and esquires had deposed to this -label being the cognisance of the nearest heir, it was argued that the -defendant's ancestors would not have borne their arms in this way had they -not been the reputed next heirs of the family of the Earl of PEMBROKE. The -label will be seen in Figs. 690, 691, and 692, though its occurrence in the -last case in each of the quarters is most unusual. The argent label on the -arms for the Sovereignty of Man is a curious confirmation of the -reservation of an argent label for Royalty. - -[Illustration: FIG. 690.--Arms of John de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln (d. 1240): -Quarterly, or and gules, a bend sable, and a label argent. (MS. Cott. Nero, -D. 1.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 691.--Arms of John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln (son of -John, Duke of Suffolk), d. 1487: Quarterly, 1 and 4, azure, a fess between -three leopards' faces or; 2 and 3, per fess gules and argent, a lion -rampant queue fourche or, armed and langued azure, over all a label argent. -(From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 692.--Arms of William Le Scrope, Earl of Wiltes (d. -1399): Quarterly, 1 and 4, the arms of the Isle of Man, a label argent; 2 -and 3, azure, a bend or, a label gules. (From Willement's Roll, sixteenth -century.)] - -WILLIAM RUTHVEN, Provost of PERTH, eldest son of the Master of RUTHVEN, -bore a label of four points in 1503. Two other instances may be noticed of -a label borne by a powerful younger brother. One is WALTER STEWART, Earl of -MENTEITH, the fourth High Steward, in 1292; and we find the label again on -the seal of his son ALEXANDER STEWART, Earl of MENTEITH. - -At Caerlaverock, HENRY of Lancaster, brother and successor of THOMAS, Earl -of LANCASTER-- - - "Portait les armes son frere - Au beau bastoun sans label," - -_i.e._ he bore the Royal Arms, differenced by a bendlet "azure." {481} - -JANE FENTOUN, daughter and heir-apparent of WALTER FENTOUN of Baikie, bore -a label in 1448, and dropped it after her father's death. This is -apparently an instance quite unique. I know of no other case where the -label has been used by a woman as a mark of difference. - -In FRANCE the label was the chief recognised mode of difference, though the -bend and the bordure are frequently to be met with. - -In GERMANY, SPENER tells us that the use of the label, though occasional, -was not infrequent: "Sicuti in Gallia vix alius discerniculorum modus -frequentior est, ita rariora exempla reperimus in Germania," and he gives a -few examples, though he is unable to assign the reason for its assumption -as a hereditary bearing. The most usual method of differencing in Germany -was by the alteration of the tinctures or by the alteration of the charges. -As an example of the former method, the arms of the Bavarian family of -Parteneck may be instanced (Figs. 693 to 697), all representing the arms of -different branches of the same family. - -[Illustration: FIG. 693.--Parteneck.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 694.--Cammer.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 695.--Cammerberg.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 696.--Hilgertshauser.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 697.--Massenhauser.] - -Next to the use of the label in British heraldry came the use of the -bordure, and the latter as a mark of cadency can at any rate be traced back -_as a well-established matter of rule_ and precedent as far as the Scrope -and Grosvenor controversy in the closing years of the fourteenth century. - -At the period when the bordure as a difference is to be most frequently met -with in English heraldry, it never had any more definite status or meaning -than a sign that the bearer was _not_ the head of the house, though one -cannot but think that in many cases in which it occurs its significance is -a doubt as to legitimate descent, or a doubt of the probability of an -asserted descent. In modern _English_ practice the bordure as a difference -for cadets only continues to be used by those whose ancestors bore it in -ancient times. Its other use as a modern mark of illegitimacy is dealt with -in the chapter upon marks of illegitimacy, but the curious and unique -_Scottish_ system of cadency bordures will be presently referred to. - -In Germany of old the use of the bordure as a difference does not appear to -have been very frequent, but it is now used to distinguish {482} the arms -of the Crown Prince. In Italian heraldry, although differences are known, -there is no system whatever. In Spain and Portugal marks of cadency, in our -sense of the word, are almost unknown, but nevertheless the bordure, -especially as indicating descent from a maternal ancestor, is very largely -employed. The most familiar instance is afforded by the Royal Arms of -Portugal, in which the arms of PORTUGAL are surrounded by a "bordure" of -CASTILE. - -Differencing, however, had become a necessity at an earlier period than the -period at which we find an approach to the systematic usage of the label, -bordure, and bend, but it should be noticed that those who wished, and -needed, to difference were those younger members of the family who by -settlement, or marriage, had themselves become lords of other estates, and -heads of distinct houses. For a man must be taken as a "Head of a House" -for all intents and purposes as soon as by his possession of lands "held in -chief" he became _himself_ liable to the Crown to provide stated military -service, and as a consequence found the necessity for a banner of arms, -under which his men could be mustered. Now having these positions as -overlords, the inducement was rather to set up arms for themselves than to -pose merely as cadets of other families, and there can be no doubt whatever -that at the earliest period, differencing, for the above reason, took the -form of and was meant as a _change in the arms_. It was something quite -beyond and apart from the mere condition of a right to recognised arms, -with an indication thereupon that the bearer was not the person chiefly -entitled to the display of that particular coat. We therefore find cadets -bearing the arms of their house with the tincture changed, with subsidiary -charges introduced, or with some similar radical alteration made. Such -coats should properly be considered essentially _different_ coats, merely -_indicating_ in their design a given relationship rather than as the _same_ -coat regularly differenced by rule to indicate cadency. For instance, the -three original branches of the Conyers family bear: "Azure, a maunch -ermine; azure, a maunch or; azure, a maunch ermine debruised by a bendlet -gules." The coat differenced by the bend, of course, stands self-confessed -as a differenced coat, but it is by no means certain, nor is it known -whether "azure, a maunch ermine," or "azure, a maunch or" indicates the -original Conyers arms, for the very simple reason that it is now impossible -to definitely prove which branch supplies the true head of the family. It -is known that a wicked uncle intervened, and usurped the estates to the -detriment of the nephew and heir, but whether the uncle usurped the arms -with the estates, or whether the heir changed his arms when settled on the -other lands to which he migrated, there is now no means of ascertaining. - -Similarly we find the Darcy arms ["Argent, three cinquefoils gules," {483} -which is probably the oldest form], "Argent, crusuly and three cinquefoils -gules," and "Azure, crusuly and three cinquefoils argent," and countless -instances can be referred to where, for the purpose of indicating cadency, -the arms of a family were changed in this manner. This reason, of which -there can be no doubt, supplies the origin and the excuse for the custom of -assigning _similar_ arms when the descent is but doubtful. Similarity -originally, though it _may_ indicate consanguinity, was never intended to -be proof thereof. - -The principal ancient methods of alteration in arms, which nowadays are -apparently accepted as former modes of differencing merely to indicate -cadency, may perhaps be classified into: (_a_) Change of tincture; (_b_) -the addition of small charges to the field, or to an ordinary; (_c_) the -addition of a label or (_d_) of a canton or quarter; (_e_) the addition of -an inescutcheon; (_f_) the addition (or change) of an ordinary; (_g_) the -changing of the lines of partition enclosing an ordinary, and perhaps also -(_h_) diminishing the number of charges; (_i_) a change of some or all of -the minor charges. At a later date came (_j_) the systematic use of the -label, the bordure, and the bend; and subsequently (_k_) the use of the -modern systems of "marks of cadency." Perhaps, also, one should include -(_l_) the addition of quarterings, the use of (_m_) augmentations and -official arms, and (_n_) the escutcheon _en surtout_, indicating a -territorial and titular lordship, but the three last-mentioned, though -useful for distinction and frequently obviating the necessity of other -marks of cadency, did not originate with the theory or necessities of -differencing, and are not properly marks of cadency. At the same time, the -warning should be given that it is not safe always to presume cadency when -a change of tincture or other slight deviation from an earlier form of the -arms is met with. Many families when they exhibited their arms at the -Visitations could not substantiate them, and the heralds, in confirming -arms, frequently deliberately changed the tinctures of many coats they met -with, to introduce distinction from other authorised arms. - -Practically contemporarily with the use of the bordure came the use of the -bend, then employed for the same purpose. In the _Armorial de Gelre_, one -of the earliest armorials now in existence which can be referred to, the -well-known coat of Abernethy is there differenced by the bendlet engrailed, -and the arms of the King of Navarre bear his quartering of France -differenced by a bendlet compony. Amongst other instances in which the bend -or bendlet appears originally as a mark of cadency, but now as a charge, -may be mentioned the arms of Fitzherbert, Fulton, Stewart (Earl of -Galloway), and others. It is a safe presumption with regard to ancient -coats of arms that any coat in which the field is seme is in nine cases out -of ten a differenced coat {484} for a junior cadet, as is also any coat in -which a charge or ordinary is debruised by another. Of course in more -modern times no such presumption is permissible. An instance of a seme -field for cadency will be found in the case of the D'Arcy arms already -mentioned. Little would be gained by a long list of instances of such -differences, because the most careful and systematic investigations clearly -show that in early times no definite rules whatever existed as to the -assumption of differences, which largely depended upon the pleasure of the -bearer, and no system can be deduced which can be used to decide that the -appearance of any given difference or kind of difference meant a given set -of circumstances. Nor can any system be deduced which has any value for the -purposes of precedent. - -Certain instances are appended which will indicate the style of -differencing which was in vogue, but it should be distinctly remembered -that the object was not to allocate the bearer of any particular coat of -arms to any specific place in the family pedigree, but merely to show that -he was not the head of the house, entitled to bear the undifferenced arms, -if indeed it would not be more accurate to describe these instances as -simply examples of different coats of arms used by members of the same -family. For it should be remembered that anciently, before the days of -"black and white" illustration, prominent change of tincture was admittedly -a sufficient distinction between strangers in blood. Beyond the use of the -label and the bordure there does not seem to have been any recognised -system of differencing until at the earliest the fifteenth -century--probably any regulated system does not date much beyond the -commencement of the series of Visitations. - -Of the four sons of GILLES DE MAILLY, who bore, "Or, three mallets vert," -the second, third, and fourth sons respectively made the charges "gules," -"azure," and "sable." The "argent" field of the DOUGLAS coat was in some -branches converted into "ermine" as early as 1373; and the descendants of -the DOUGLASES of Dalkeith made the chief "gules" instead of "azure." A -similar mode of differencing occurs in the Lyon Register in many other -families. The MURRAYS of Culbin in the North bore a "sable" field for their -arms in lieu of the more usual "azure," and there seems reason to believe -that the Southern Frasers originally bore their field "sable," the change -to "azure" being an alteration made by those branches who migrated -northwards. An interesting series of arms is met with in the case of the -differences employed by the Earls of Warwick. Waleran, Earl of Warwick (d. -1204), appears to have added to the arms of Warenne (his mother's family) -"a chevron ermine." His son Henry, Earl of Warwick (d. 1229), changed the -chevron to a bend, but Thomas, Earl {485} of Warwick (d. 1242), reverted to -the chevron, a form which was perpetuated after the earldom had passed to -the house of Beauchamp. An instance of the addition of mullets to the bend -in the arms of Bohun is met with in the cadet line created Earls of -Northampton. - -The shield of WILLIAM DE ROUMARE, Earl of LINCOLN, who died in 1198, is -adduced by Mr. PLANCHE as an early example of differencing by crosses -crosslet; the principal charges being seven mascles conjoined, three, -three, and one. We find in the Rolls of Arms of the thirteenth and early -part of the fourteenth century many instances of coats crusily, billetty, -bezanty, and "pleyn d'escallops," fleurette, and "a les trefoiles d'or." -With these last Sir EDMOND DACRE of Westmoreland powdered the shield borne -by the head of his family: "Gules, three escallops or" (Roll of Edward -II.). The coat borne by the ACTONS of Aldenham, "Gules, crusily or, two -lions passant argent," is sometimes quoted as a gerated coat of LESTRANGE; -for EDWARD DE ACTON married the coheiress of LESTRANGE (living 1387), who -bore simply: "Gules, two lions passant argent." That the arms of Acton are -derived from Lestrange cannot be questioned, but the probability is that -they were _a new invention_ as a distinct coat, the charges suggested by -Lestrange. The original coat of the House of Berkeley in England (Barclay -in Scotland) appears to have been: "Gules, a chevron or" (or "argent"). The -seals of ROBERT DE BERKELEY, who died 4 Henry III., and MAURICE DE -BERKELEY, who died 1281, all show the shield charged with a chevron only. -MORIS DE BARKELE, in the Roll _temp._ Henry III., bears: "Goules, a chevron -argent." - -But THOMAS, son of MAURICE, who died 15 EDWARD II., has the present coat: -"Gules, a chevron between ten crosses patee argent;" while in the roll of -Edward II., "De goules od les rosettes de argent et un chevron de argent" -is attributed to Sir THOMAS DE BERKELEY. In Leicestershire the BERKELEYS -gerated with cinquefoils, an ancient and favourite bearing in that county, -derived of course from the arms or badge of the Earl of Leicester. In -Scotland the BARCLAYS differenced by change of tincture, and bore: "Azure, -a chevron argent between (or in chief) three crosses patee of the same." An -interesting series of differences is met with upon the arms of NEVILLE of -Raby, which are: "Gules, a saltire argent," and which were differenced by a -crescent "sable"; a martlet "gules"; a mullet "sable" and a mullet "azure"; -a "fleur-de-lis"; a rose "gules"; a pellet, or annulet, "sable," this being -the difference of Lord Latimer; and two interlaced annulets "azure," all -borne on the centre point of the saltire. The interlaced annulets were -borne by Lord Montagu, as a _second_ difference on the arms of his father, -Richard Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, he and his brother the King-maker _both_ -using the curious {486} compony label of azure and argent borne by their -father, which indicated their descent from John of Gaunt. One of the best -known English examples of differencing by a change of charges is that of -the coat of the COBHAMS, "Gules, a chevron or," in which the ordinary was -charged by various cadets with three pierced estoiles, three lions, three -crossed crosslets, three "fleurs-de-lis," three crescents, and three -martlets, all of "sable." - -The original GREY coat ["Barry of six argent and azure"] is differenced in -the Roll of Edward I. by a bend gules for JOHN DE GREY; at Caerlaverock -this is engrailed. - -The SEGRAVE coat ["Sable, a lion rampant argent"] is differenced by the -addition of "a bendlet or"; or "a bendlet gules"; and the last is again -differenced by engrailing it. - -In the Calais Roll the arms of WILLIAM DE WARREN ["Chequy or and azure"] -are differenced by the addition of a canton said to be that of FITZALAN -(but really that of NERFORD). - -Whilst no regular system of differencing has survived in France, and whilst -outside the Royal Family arms in that country show comparatively few -examples of difference marks, the system as regards the French Royal Arms -was well observed and approximated closely to our own. The Dauphin of -France bore the Royal Arms undifferenced but never alone, they being always -quartered with the sovereign arms of his personal sovereignty of Dauphine: -"Or, a dolphin embowed azure, finned gules." This has been more fully -referred to on page 254. It is much to be regretted that the arms of H.R.H. -the Prince of Wales do not include the arms of his sovereignty of the Duchy -of Cornwall, nor any allusion to his dignities of Prince of Wales or Earl -of Chester. - -[Illustration: FIG. 698.--Seal of Elizabeth, widow of Philip, Duke of -Orleans.] - -The arms of the Dukes of Orleans were the arms of France differenced by a -label argent. This is to be observed, for example, upon the seal (Fig. 698) -of the Duchess Charlotte Elizabeth of Orleans, widow of Philip of Orleans, -brother of King Louis XIV. of France. She was a daughter of the Elector -Charles Louis. The arms of the old Dukes of Anjou were the ancient coat of -France (azure, seme-de-lis or) differenced by a label of five points gules, -but the younger house {487} of Anjou bore the modern arms of France -differenced by a bordure gules. The Dukes d'Alencon also used the bordure -gules, but charged this with eight plates, whilst the Dukes de Berri used a -bordure _engrailed_ gules. - -The Counts d'Angouleme used the arms of the Dukes of Orleans, adding a -crescent gules on each point of the label, whilst the Counts d'Artois used -France (ancient) differenced by a label gules, each point charged with -three castles (towers) or. - -The rules which govern the marks of cadency at present in England are as -follows, and it should be carefully borne in mind that the Scottish system -bears no relation whatever to the English system. The eldest son during the -lifetime of his father differences his arms by a label of three points -couped at the ends. This is placed in the centre chief point of the -escutcheon. There is no rule as to its colour, which is left to the -pleasure of the bearer; but it is usually decided as follows: (1) That it -shall not be metal on metal, or colour on colour; (2) that it shall not be -argent or white; and, if possible, that it shall differ from any colour or -metal in which any component part of the shield is depicted. Though -anciently the label was drawn throughout the shield, this does not now seem -to be a method officially adopted. At any rate drawn throughout it -apparently obtains no official countenance for the arms of subjects, though -many of the best heraldic artists always so depict it. The eldest son bears -this label during his father's lifetime, succeeding to the undifferenced -shield on the death of his father. His children--being the grandchildren of -the then head of the house--difference upon the label, but such difference -marks are, like their father's, only contemporary with the life of the -grandfather, and, immediately upon the succession of their father, the -children remove the label, and difference upon the original arms. The use -of arms by a junior grandson is so restricted in ordinary life that to all -intents and purposes this may be ignored, except in the case of the -heir-apparent of the heir-apparent, _i.e._ of the grandson in the lifetimes -of his father and grandfather. In his case one label of _five_ points is -used, and to place a label upon a label is not correct when both are marks -of cadency, and not charges. But the grandson on the death of his father, -during the lifetime of the grandfather, and when the grandson succeeds as -heir-apparent of the grandfather, succeeds also to the label of three -points, which may therefore more properly be described as the difference -mark of the heir-apparent than the difference mark of the eldest son. It is -necessary, perhaps, having said this, to add the remark that heraldry knows -no such thing as disinheritance, and heirship is an inalienable matter of -blood descent, and not of worldly inheritance. No woman can ever be an -heir-apparent. Though now {488} the number of points on a label is a matter -of rule, this is far from having been always the case, and prior to the -Stuart period no deductions can be drawn with certainty from the number of -the points in use. It seems a very great pity that no warrants were issued -for the children of the then Duke of York during the lifetime of Queen -Victoria, as labels for _great_-grandchildren would have been quite unique. - -If the eldest son succeeds through the death of his mother to her arms and -quarterings during his father's lifetime, he must be careful that the label -which he bears as heir-apparent to his father's arms does not cross the -quartering of his mother's arms. - -If his father bears a quarterly shield, the label is so placed that it -shall apparently debruise all his father's quarterings, _i.e._ in a shield -quarterly of four the label would be placed in the centre chief point, the -centre file of the label being upon the palar line, and the other files in -the first and second quarters respectively, whilst the colour would usually -depend, as has been above indicated, upon the tinctures of the pronominal -arms. Due regard, however, must be had that a label of gules, for example, -is not placed on a field of gules. A parti-coloured label is not nowadays -permissible, though instances of its use can occasionally be met with in -early examples. Supposing the field of the first quarter is argent, and -that of the second azure, in all probability the best colour for the label -would be gules, and indeed gules is the colour most frequently met with for -use in this purpose. - -If the father possess the quarterly coat of, say, four quarterings, which -are debruised by a label by the heir-apparent, and the mother die, and the -heir-apparent succeed to her arms, he would of course, after his father's -death, arrange his mother's quarterings with these, placing his father's -pronominal arms 1 and 4, the father's quartering in the second quarter, and -the mother's arms in the third quarter. This arrangement, however, is not -permissible during his father's lifetime, because otherwise his label in -chief would be held to debruise _all_ the four coats, and the only method -in which such a combination could be properly displayed in the lifetime of -the father but after the death of his mother is to place the father's arms -in the grand quartering in the first and fourth quarters, each being -debruised by the label, and the mother's in the grand quartering in the -second and third quarters without any interference by the label. - -The other marks of difference are: For the second son a crescent; for the -third son a mullet; for the fourth son a martlet; for the fifth son an -annulet; for the sixth son a fleur-de-lis; for the seventh son a rose; for -the eighth son a cross moline; for the ninth son a double quatrefoil (Fig. -699). - -Of these the first six are given in BOSSEWELL'S "Workes of {489} Armorie" -(1572), and the author adds: "If there be any more than six brethren the -devise or assignment of further difference only appertaineth to the kingis -of armes especially when they visite their severall provinces; and not to -the father of the children to give them what difference he list, as some -without authoritie doe allege." - -[Illustration: FIG. 699.--The English marks of cadency.] - -The position for a mark of difference is in the centre chief point, though -it is not incorrect (and many such instances will be found) for it to be -charged on a chevron or fess, in the centre point. This, however, is not a -very desirable position for it in a simple coat of arms. The second son of -the second son places a crescent upon a crescent, the third son a mullet on -a crescent, the fourth son a martlet on a crescent, and so on; and there is -an instance in the Visitation of London in which the arms of Cokayne appear -with _three_ crescents one upon another: this instance has been already -referred to on page 344. Of course, when the English system is carried to -these lengths it becomes absurd, because the crescents charged one upon -each other become so small as to be practically indistinguishable. There -are, however, very few cases in which such a display would be correct--as -will be presently explained. This difficulty, which looms large in theory, -amounts to very little in the practical use of armory, but it nevertheless -is the one outstanding objection to the English system of difference marks. -It is constantly held up to derision by those people who are unaware of the -next rule upon the subject, which is, that as soon as a quartering comes -into the possession of a cadet branch--which quartering is not enjoyed by -the head of the house--all necessity for any marks of difference at all is -considered to be ended, provided that that quartering is always -displayed--and that cadet branch then begins afresh from that generation to -redifference. - -Now there are few English families in whose pedigree during three or four -generations one marriage is not with an heiress in blood, so that this -theoretical difficulty very quickly disappears. - -No doubt there is always an inducement to retain the quarterings of an -historical or illustrious house which may have been brought in in the past, -but if the honours and lands brought in with that quartering are wholly -enjoyed by the head of the house, it becomes, from a practical point of -view, mere affectation to prefer that quartering to another (brought in -subsequently) of a family, the entire representation of which belongs to -the junior branch and not to the senior. If {490} the old idea of confining -a shield to four quarters be borne in mind, concurrently with the -necessity--for purposes of distinction--of introducing new quarterings, the -new quarterings take the place of the old, the use of which is left to the -senior branch. Under such circumstances, and the regular practice of them, -the English system is seldom wanting, and it at once wipes out the -difficulty which is made much of--that under the English system there is no -way of indicating the difference between the arms of uncle and nephew. If -the use of impalements is also adhered to, the difficulty practically -vanishes. - -To difference a _single_ coat the mark of difference is placed in the -centre chief point; to difference a _quarterly_ coat of four quarters the -same position on the shield is most generally used, the mark being placed -over the palar line, though occasionally the difference mark is placed, and -not incorrectly, in the centre of the quarterings. A coat of six quarters, -however, is always differenced on the fess line of partition, the mark -being placed in the fess point, because if placed in the centre chief point -it would only appear as a difference upon the second quartering, so that on -all shields of six or more quarterings the difference mark must be placed -on some line of partition at the nearest possible point to the true centre -fess point of the escutcheon. It is then understood to difference the whole -of the quarterings over which it is displayed, but directly a quartering is -introduced which has been inherited subsequently to the cadency which -produced the difference mark, that difference mark must be either discarded -or transferred to the first quartering only. - -_The use of these difference marks is optional._ Neither officially nor -unofficially is any attempt made to enforce their use in England--they are -left to the pleasure and discretion of the bearers, though it is a -well-understood and well-accepted position that, unless differenced by -quarterings or impalement, it is neither courteous nor proper for a cadet -to display the arms of the head of his house: beyond this, the matter is -usually left to good taste. - -There is, however, one position in which the use of difference marks is -compulsory. If under a Royal Licence, or other exemplification--for -instance, the creation of a peerage--a difference mark is painted upon the -arms, or even if an exemplification of the arms differenced is placed at -the head of an official record of pedigree, those arms would not -subsequently be exemplified, or their use officially admitted, without the -difference mark that has been recorded with them. - -The differencing of crests for cadency is very rare. Theoretically, these -should be marked equally with the shield, and when arms are exemplified -officially under the circumstances above referred to, crest, {491} - -[Illustration: FIG. 700.--King John, before his accession to the throne. -(From MS. Cott., Julius, C. vii.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 701.--Edmund "Crouchback," Earl of Lancaster, second -son of Henry III. (From his tomb.) His arms are elsewhere given: De goules -ove trois leopardes passantz dor, et lambel dazure florete d'or.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 702.--Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, d. 1322 (son of -preceding): England with a label azure, each point charged with three -fleurs-de-lis. (From his seal, 1301.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 703.--Henry of Lancaster, 1295-1324 (brother of -preceding, before he succeeded his brother as Earl of Lancaster): England -with a bend azure. (From his seal, 1301.) After 1324 he bore England with a -label as his brother.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 704.--Henry, Duke of Lancaster, son of preceding. (From -his seal, 1358.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 705.--Edward of Carnarvon, Prince of Wales (afterwards -Edward II.), bore before 1307: England with a label azure. (From his seal, -1305.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 706.--John of Eltham (second son of Edward II.): -England with a bordure of the arms of France. (From his tomb.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 707.--Arms of Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, 3rd -son of Edward I.: England within a bordure argent. The same arms were borne -by his descendant, Thomas de Holand, Earl of Kent.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 708.--Arms of John de Holand, Duke of Exeter (d. 1400): -England, a bordure of France. (From his seal, 1381.)] - -{492} supporters, and shield are all equally differenced, but the -difficulty of adding difference mark on difference mark when no marriage or -heiress can ever bring in any alteration to the crest is very generally -recognised and admitted, even officially, and it is rare indeed to come -across a crest carrying more than a single difference mark. - -The grant of an augmentation to any cadet obviates the slightest necessity -for any further use of difference marks inherited before the grant. - -There are no difference marks whatever for daughters, there being in -English common law no seniority between the different daughters of one man. -They succeed equally, whether heiresses or not, to the arms of their father -for use during their lifetimes, and they must bear them on their own -lozenges or impaled on the shields of their husbands, with the difference -marks which their father needed to use. It would be permissible, however, -to discard these difference marks of their fathers if subsequently to his -death his issue succeeded to the position of head of the family. For -instance, suppose the daughters of the younger son of an earl are under -consideration. They would bear upon lozenges the arms of their father, -which would be those of the earl, charged with the mullet or crescent which -their father had used as a younger son. If by the extinction of issue the -brother of these daughters succeed to the earldom, they would no longer be -required to bear their father's difference mark. - -There are no marks of difference between illegitimate children. In the eye -of the law an illegitimate person has no relatives, and stands alone. -Supposing it be subsequently found that a marriage ceremony had been -illegal, the whole issue of that marriage becomes of course illegitimate. -As such, no one of them is entitled to bear arms. A Royal Licence, and -exemplification following thereupon, is necessary for each single one. Of -these exemplifications there is one case on record in which I think nine -follow each other on successive pages of one of the Grant Books: all differ -in some way--usually in the colour of the bordure; but the fact that there -are illegitimate brothers of the same parentage does not prevent the -descendants of any daughter quartering the differenced coat exemplified to -her. As far as heraldic law is concerned, she is the heiress of herself, -representing only herself, and consequently her heir quarters her arms. - -Marks of difference are never added to an exemplification following upon a -Royal Licence _after illegitimacy_. Marks of difference are to indicate -cadency, and there is no cadency vested in a person of illegitimate -birth--their right to the arms proceeding only from the regrant of them in -the exemplification. What is added in lieu is the _mark of distinction_ to -indicate the bastardy. {493} - -[Illustration: FIG. 709.--John de Holand, Duke of Exeter, son of preceding. -Arms as preceding. (From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 710.--Henry de Holand, Duke of Exeter, son of -preceding. Arms as preceding. (From his seal, 1455.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 711.--Thomas of Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, second son -of Edward I.: Arms of England, a label of three points argent.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 712.--Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk (d. 1400). -(From a drawing of his seal, MS. Cott., Julius, C. vii., f. 166.) Arms, see -page 465.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 713.--John de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk (d. 1432): Arms -as Fig. 711. (From his Garter plate.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 714.--John de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk (d. 1461): Arms -as Fig. 711. (From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 715.--Edward the Black Prince: Quarterly, 1 and 4 -France (ancient); 2 and 3 England, and a label of three points argent. -(From his tomb.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 716.--Richard, Prince of Wales (afterwards Richard -II.), son of preceding: Arms as preceding. (From his seal, 1377.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 717.--Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, fifth son of -King Edward III.: France (ancient) and England quarterly, a label of three -points argent, each point charged with three torteaux. (From his seal, -1391.) His son, Edward, Earl of Cambridge, until he succeeded his father, -_i.e._ before 1462, bore the same with an additional difference of a -bordure of Spain (Fig. 316). Vincent attributes to him, however, a label as -Fig. 719, which possibly he bore after his father's death.] - -{494} - -The method of differencing the English Royal Arms is quite unique, and has -no relation to the method ordinarily in use in this country for the arms of -subjects. The Royal Arms are not personal. They are the sovereign arms of -dominion, indicating the sovereignty enjoyed by the person upon the throne. -Consequently they are in no degree hereditary, and from the earliest times, -certainly since the reign of Edward I., the right to bear the undifferenced -arms has been confined exclusively to the sovereign upon the throne. In -early times there were two methods employed, namely, the use of the bordure -and of varieties of the label, the label of the heir-apparent to the -English throne being originally of azure. The arms of Thomas of Woodstock, -the youngest son of Edward I., were differenced by a bordure argent; his -elder brother, Thomas de Brotherton, having had a label of three points -argent; whilst the eldest son, Edward II., as Prince of Wales used a label -of three points azure. From that period to the end of the Tudor period the -use of labels and bordures seems to have continued concurrently, some -members of the Royal Family using one, some the other, though there does -not appear to have been any precise rules governing a choice between the -two. When Edward III. claimed the throne of France and quartered the arms -of that country with those of England, of course a portion of the field -then became azure, and a blue label upon a blue field was no longer -possible. The heir-apparent therefore differenced his shield by the plain -label of three points argent, and this has ever since, down to the present -day, continued to be the "difference" used by the heir-apparent to the -English throne. A label of gules upon the gules quartering of England was -equally impossible, and consequently from that period all labels used by -any member of the Royal Family have been argent, charged with different -objects, these being frequently taken from the arms of some female -ancestor. Figs. 700 to 730 are a somewhat extensive collection of -variations of the Royal Arms. - -Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, third son of Edward III., bore: France -(ancient) and England quarterly, a label of three points argent, and on -each point a canton gules. - -The use of the bordure as a legitimate difference upon the Royal Arms -ceased about the Tudor period, and differencing between members of the -Royal Family is now exclusively done by means of these labels. A few cases -of bordures to denote illegitimacy can, however, be found. The method of -deciding these labels is for separate warrants under the hand and seal of -the sovereign to be issued to the different members of the Royal Family, -assigning to each a certain coronet, and the label to be borne over the -Royal Arms, crest, and supporters. These warrants are personal to those for -whom they are {495} - -[Illustration: FIG. 718.--Richard, Duke of York (son of Edward, Earl of -Cambridge and Duke of York): Arms as preceding. (From his seal, 1436.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 719.--Referred to under Fig. 717.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 720.--Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham, seventh -son of Edward III.: France (ancient) and England quarterly, a bordure -argent. (From a drawing of his seal, 1391, MS. Cott., Julius, C. vii.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 721.--Henry of Monmouth, afterwards Henry V.: France -(modern) and England quarterly, a label of three points argent. (From his -seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 722.--Richard, Duke of Gloucester (afterwards Richard -III.): A label of three points ermine, on each point a canton gules.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 723.--Humphrey of Lancaster, Duke of Gloucester, fourth -son of Henry IV.: France (modern) and England quarterly, a bordure argent. -(From his seal.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 724.--John de Beaufort, Earl and Marquis of Somerset, -son of John of Gaunt. Arms subsequent to his legitimation: France and -England quarterly, within a bordure gobony azure and argent. Prior to his -legitimation he bore: Per pale argent and azure (the livery colours of -Lancaster), a bend of England (_i.e._ a bend gules charged with three lions -passant guardant or) with a label of France.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 725.--Thomas, Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV. -France and England quarterly, a label of three points ermine. (From his -seal, 1413.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 726.--George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, brother of -Edward IV.: France and England quarterly, a label of three points argent, -each charged with a canton gules. (From MS. Harl. 521.)] - -{496} issued, and are not hereditary. Of late their use, or perhaps may be -their issue, has not been quite so particularly conformed to as is -desirable, and at the present time the official records show the arms of -their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Fife, the Princess Victoria, and the -Queen of Norway, still bearing the label of five points indicative of their -position as grandchildren of the sovereign, which of course they were when -the warrants were issued in the lifetime of the late Queen Victoria. In -spite of the fact that the warrants have no hereditary limitation, I am -only aware of two modern instances in which a warrant has been issued to -the son of a cadet of the Royal House who had previously received a -warrant. One of these was the late Duke of Cambridge. The warrant was -issued to him in his father's lifetime, and to the label previously -assigned to his father a second label of three points gules, to be borne -directly below the other, was added. The other case was that of his cousin, -afterwards Duke of Cumberland and King of Hanover. In his case the second -label, also gules, was charged with the white horse of Hanover. - -[Illustration: FIG. 727.--John, Duke of Bedford, third son of Henry IV.: -France and England quarterly, a label of five points, the two dexter -ermine, the three sinister azure, charged with three fleurs-de-lis or. -(From MS. Add. 18,850.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 728.--Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford: France and England -quarterly, a bordure azure, charged with martlets or. (From his seal.) -Although uncle of Henry VII., Jasper Tudor had no blood descent whatever -which would entitle him to bear these arms. His use of them is very -remarkable.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 729.--Thomas de Beaufort, Earl of Dorset, brother of -John, Earl of Somerset (Fig. 724): France and England quarterly, a bordure -compony ermine and azure. (From his Garter plate.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 730.--John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, bore: France -(ancient) and England quarterly, a label of three points _ermine_ (_i.e._ -each point charged with three ermine spots).] - -The label of the eldest son of the heir-apparent to the English throne is -not, as might be imagined, a plain label of five points, but the plain -label of three points, the centre point only being charged. The late Duke -of Clarence charged the centre point of his label of {497} three points -with a cross couped gules. After his death the Duke of York relinquished -the label of five points which he had previously borne, receiving one of -three, the centre point charged with an anchor. In every other case all of -the points are charged. The following examples of the labels in use at the -moment will show how the system now exists:-- - -_Prince of Wales._--A label of three points argent. - -_Princess Royal_ (Louise, Duchess of Fife).--A label of five points argent, -charged on the centre and outer points with a cross of St. George gules, -and on the two others with a thistle proper. - -_Princess Victoria._--A label of five points argent, charged with three -roses and two crosses gules. - -_Princess Maud_ (H.M. The Queen of Norway).--A label of five points argent, -charged with three hearts and two crosses gules. - -_The Duke of Edinburgh_ (Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha).--A label of three -points argent, the centre point charged with a cross gules, and on each of -the others an anchor azure. His son, the hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg -and Gotha, who predeceased his father, bore a label of five points, the -first, third, and fifth each charged with a cross gules, and the second and -fourth each with an anchor azure (Fig. 731). - -[Illustration: FIG. 731.--Label of the late hereditary Prince of -Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.] - -_The Duke of Connaught._--A label of three points argent, the centre point -charged with St. George's cross, and each of the other points with a -fleur-de-lis azure. - -_The late Princess Royal_ (German Empress).--A label of three points -argent, the centre point charged with a rose gules, and each of the others -with a cross gules. - -_The late Grand Duchess of Hesse._--A label of three points argent, the -centre point charged with a rose gules, and each of the others with an -ermine spot sable. - -_Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein._--A label of three points, the -centre point charged with St. George's cross, and each of the other points -with a rose gules. - -_Princess Louise_ (Duchess of Argyll).--A label of three points, the centre -point charged with a rose, and each of the other two with a canton gules. - -_Princess Henry of Battenberg._--A label of three points, the centre point -charged with a heart, and each of the other two with a rose gules. - -_The late Duke of Albany._--A label of three points, the centre point -charged with a St. George's cross, and each of the other two with a heart -gules. {498} - -_The Dukes of Cambridge._--The first Duke had a label of three points -argent, the centre point charged with a St. George's cross, and each of the -other two with _two_ hearts in pale gules. The warrant to the late Duke -assigned him the same label with the addition of a second label, plain, of -three points gules, to be borne below the former label. - -_The first Duke of Cumberland._--A label of three points argent, the centre -point charged with a fleur-de-lis azure, and each of the other two points -with a cross of St. George gules. - -Of the foregoing recently assigned labels all are borne over the plain -English arms (1 and 4 England, 2 Scotland, 3 Ireland), charged with the -escutcheon of Saxony, except those of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, -Cambridge, and Cumberland. In the two latter cases the labels are borne -over the _latest_ version of the arms of King George III., _i.e._ with the -inescutcheon of Hanover, but, of course, neither the electoral bonnet nor -the later crown which surmounted the inescutcheon of Hanover was made use -of, and the smaller inescutcheon bearing the crown of Charlemagne was also -omitted for the children of George III., except in the case of the Prince -of Wales, who bore the plain inescutcheon of gules, but without the crown -of Charlemagne thereupon. - -The labels for the other sons and daughters of King George III. were as -follows:-- - -_The Duke of York._--A label of three points argent, the centre point -charged with a cross gules. The Duke of York bore upon the inescutcheon of -Hanover an inescutcheon argent (in the place occupied in the Royal Arms by -the inescutcheon charged with the crown of Charlemagne) charged with a -wheel of six spokes gules, for the Bishopric of Osnaburgh, which he -possessed. - -_The Duke of Clarence_ (afterwards William IV.).--A label of three points -argent, the centre point charged with a cross gules, and each of the others -with an anchor erect azure. - -_The Duke of Kent_ had his label charged with a cross gules between two -fleurs-de-lis azure. - -_The Duke of Sussex._--The label argent charged with two hearts in pale -gules in the centre point between two crosses gules. - -_The Princess Royal_ (Queen of Wurtemberg).--A rose between two crosses -gules. - -_The Princess Augusta._--A like label, charged with a rose gules between -two ermine spots. - -_The Princess Elizabeth_ (Princess of Hesse-Homburg).--A like label charged -with a cross between two roses gules. - -_The Princess Mary_ (Duchess of Gloucester).--A like label, charged with a -rose between two cantons gules. {499} - -_The Princess Sophia._--A like label, charged with a heart between two -roses gules. - -_The Princess Amelia._--A like label, charged with a rose between two -hearts gules. - -_The Duke of Gloucester_ (brother of George III.).--A label of _five_ -points argent, charged with a fleur-de-lis azure between four crosses -gules. His son (afterwards Duke of Gloucester) bore an additional plain -label of three points during the lifetime of his father. - -The Royal labels are placed across the shield, on the crest, and on each of -the supporters. The crest stands upon and is crowned with a coronet -identical with the circlet of any coronet of rank assigned in the same -patent; the lion supporter is crowned and the unicorn supporter is gorged -with a similar coronet. It may perhaps be of interest to note that no -badges and no motto are ever now assigned in these Royal Warrants except in -the case of the Prince of Wales. - -F.-M. H.S.H. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, the Consort of H.R.H. the -Princess Charlotte (only child of George IV.), received by warrant dated -April 7, 1818, the right "to use and bear the Royal Arms (without the -inescocheon of Charlemagne's crown, and without the Hanoverian Royal crown) -differenced with a label of five points argent, the centre point charged -with a rose gules, quarterly with the arms of his illustrious House ['Barry -of ten sable and or, a crown of rue in bend vert'], the Royal Arms in the -first and fourth quarters." - -By Queen Victoria's desire this precedent was followed in the case of the -late Prince Consort, the label in his case being of three points argent, -the centre point charged with a cross gules, and, by a curious coincidence, -the arms of his illustrious House, with which the Royal Arms were -quartered, were again the arms of Saxony, these appearing in the second and -third quarters. - -Quite recently a Royal Warrant has been issued for H.M. Queen Alexandra. -This assigns, upon a single shield within the Garter, the undifferenced -arms of His Majesty impaled with the undifferenced arms of Denmark. The -shield is surmounted by the Royal crown. The supporters are: (dexter) the -lion of England, and (sinister) a savage wreathed about the temples and -loins with oak and supporting in his exterior hand a club all proper. This -sinister supporter is taken from the Royal Arms of Denmark. - -Abroad there is now no equivalent whatever to our methods of differencing -the Royal Arms. An official certificate was issued to me recently from -Denmark of the undifferenced Royal Arms of Denmark certified as correct for -the "Princes and Princesses" of that country. But the German Crown Prince -bears his shield within a bordure gules, and anciently in France (from -which country the English system was {500} very probably originally -derived) the differencing of the Royal French Arms for the younger branches -seems to have been carefully attended to, as has been already specified. - -Differencing in Scotland is carried out on an entirely different basis from -differencing in England. In Scotland the idea is still rigidly preserved -and adhered to that the coat of arms of a family belongs only to the head -of the family for the time being, and the terms of a Scottish grant are as -follows: "Know ye therefore that we have devised and do by these presents -assign ratify and confirm to the said ---- and his descendants _with such -congruent differences as may hereafter be matriculated for them the -following ensigns armorial_." Under the accepted interpretation of Scottish -armorial law, whilst the inherent gentility conferred by a patent of arms -is not denied to cadets, no right to make use of arms is conceded to them -until such time as they shall elect to matriculate the arms of their -ancestor in their own names. This point has led to a much purer system of -heraldry in Scotland than in England, and there is far less heraldic abuse -in that country as a result, because the differences are decided not -haphazardly by the user himself, as is the case in England, but by a -competent officer of arms. Moreover the constant occasions of matriculation -bring the arms frequently under official review. There is no fixed rule -which decides _ipse facto_ what difference shall be borne, and consequently -this decision has retained in the hands of the heraldic executive an amount -of control which they still possess far exceeding that of the executive in -England, and perhaps the best way in which to state the rules which hold -good will be to reprint a portion of one of the Rhind Lectures, delivered -by Sir James Balfour Paul, which is devoted to the point:-- - -"I have said that in Scotland the principle which limited the number of -paternal coats led to a careful differencing of these coats as borne by the -junior branches of the family. Though the English system was sometimes -used, it has never obtained to any great extent in Scotland, the practice -here being generally to difference by means of a bordure, in which way many -more generations are capable of being distinguished than is possible by the -English method. The weak point of the Scottish system is that, whilst the -general idea is good, there is no definite rule whereby it can be carried -out on unchanging lines; much is left to the discretion of the authorities. - -"As a general rule, it may be stated that the second son bears a plain -bordure of the tincture of the principal charge in the shield, and his -younger brothers also bear plain bordures of varying tinctures. In the next -generation the eldest son of the second son would bear his father's coat -and bordure without change; the second son would have the bordure -engrailed; the third, invected; the fourth, indented, {501} and so on, the -other sons of the younger sons in this generation differencing their -father's bordures in the same way. The junior members of the next -generation might have their bordures parted per pale, the following -generations having their bordures parted per fess and per saltire, per -cross or quarterly, gyronny or compony, that is, divided into alternate -spaces of metal or colour in a single trace--this, however, being often in -Scotland a mark of illegitimacy--counter-compone or a similar pattern in -two tracts, or chequy with three or more tracts. - -"You will see that these modifications of the simple bordure afford a great -variety of differences, and when they are exhausted the expedient can then -be resorted to of placing on the bordures charges taken from other coats, -often from those of a maternal ancestor; or they may be arbitrarily -assigned to denote some personal characteristic of the bearer, as in the -case of James Maitland, Major in the Scots regiment of Foot Guards, who -carries the dismembered lion of his family within a bordure wavy azure -charged with eight hand grenades or, significant, I presume, of his -military profession. - -"You will observe that, with all these varieties of differencing we have -mentioned, the younger branches descending from the original eldest son of -the parent house are still left unprovided with marks of cadency. These, -however, can be arranged for by taking the ordinary which appears in their -father's arms and modifying its boundary lines. Say the original coat was -'argent, a chevron gules,' the second son of the eldest son would have the -chevron engrailed, but without any bordure; the third, invected, and so on; -and the next generations the systems of bordures accompanying the modified -chevron would go on as before. And when all these methods are exhausted, -differences can still be made in a variety of ways, _e.g._ by charging the -ordinary with similar charges in a similar manner to the bordure as Erskine -of Shielfield, a cadet of Balgownie, who bore: 'Argent, on a pale sable, a -cross crosslet fitchee or within a bordure azure'; or by the introduction -of an ordinary into a coat which had not one previously, a bend or the -ribbon (which is a small bend) being a favourite ordinary to use for this -purpose. Again, we occasionally find a change of tincture of the field of -the shield used to denote cadency. - -"There are other modes of differencing which need not be alluded to in -detail, but I may say that on analysing the earlier arms in the Lyon -Register, I find that the bordure is by far the most common method of -indicating cadency, being used in no less than 1080 cases. The next most -popular way is by changing the boundary lines of an ordinary, which is done -in 563 shields; 233 cadets difference their arms by the insertion of a -smaller charge on the ordinary and 195 on {502} the shield. A change of -tincture, including counterchanging, is carried out in 155 coats, and a -canton is added in 70 cases, while there are 350 coats in which two or more -of the above methods are used. From these figures, which are approximately -correct, you will see the relative frequency of the various modes of -differencing. You will also note that the original coat of a family can be -differenced in a great many ways so as to show the connection of cadets -with the parent house. The drawback to the system is that heralds have -never arrived at a uniform treatment so as to render it possible to -calculate the exact relationship of the cadets. Much is left, as I said, to -the discretion of the officer granting the arms; but still it gives -considerable assistance in determining the descent of a family." - -The late Mr. Stodart, Lyon Clerk Depute, who was an able herald, -particularly in matters relating to Scotland, had elaborated a definite -system of these bordures for differencing which would have done much to -simplify Scottish cadency. Its weak point was obviously this, that it could -only be applied to new matriculations of arms by cadets; and so, if adopted -as a definite and unchangeable matter of rule, it might have occasioned -doubt and misunderstanding in future times with regard to many important -Scottish coats now existing, without reference to Mr. Stodart's system. But -the scheme elaborated by Mr. Stodart is now accepted as the broad basis of -the Scottish system for matriculations (Fig. 732). - -In early Scottish seals the bordures are to so large an extent engrailed as -to make it appear that the later and present rule, which gives the plain -bordure to immediate cadets, was not fully recognised or adopted. Bordures -charged appear at a comparatively early date in Scotland. The bordure -compony in Scotland and the bordure wavy in England, which are now used to -signify illegitimacy, will be further considered in a subsequent chapter, -but neither one nor the other originally carried any such meaning. The -doubtful legitimacy of the Avondale and Ochiltree Stewarts, who bore the -bordure compony in Scotland, along with its use by the Beauforts in -England, has tended latterly to bring that difference into disrepute in the -cadency of lawful sons--yet some of the bearers of that bordure during the -first twenty years of the Lyon Register were unquestionably legitimate, -whilst others, as SCOTT of Gorrenberry and PATRICK SINCLAIR of Ulbester, -were illegitimate, or at best only legitimated. The light in which the -bordure compony had come to be regarded is shown by a Royal Warrant granted -in 1679 to JOHN LUNDIN of that Ilk, allowing him to drop the coat which his -family had hitherto carried, and, as descended of a natural son of WILLIAM -THE LION, to bear the arms of Scotland within a bordure compony argent and -azure. {503} - -The bordure counter-compony is assigned to fifteen persons, none of them, -it is believed, of illegitimate descent, and some expressly said to be -"lineallie and lawfulie descended" from the ancestor whose arms they bore -thus differenced. The idea of this bordure having been at any time a mark -of bastardy is a very modern error, arising from a confusion with the -bordure compony. - -[Illustration: FIG. 732.--The scheme of Cadency Bordures devised by Mr. -Stodart.] - -In conclusion, attention needs to be pointedly drawn to the fact that all -changes in arms are not due to cadency, nor is it safe always to presume -cadency from proved instances of change. Instead of merely detailing -isolated instances of variation in a number of different families, the -matter may be better illustrated by closely following the successive -variations in the same family, and an instructive instance is met with in -the case of the arms of the family of Swinton of that Ilk. This is -peculiarly instructive, because at no point in the descent covered by the -arms referred to is there any doubt or question as to the fact of -legitimate descent. - -Claiming as they do a male descent and inheritance from Liulf the son of -Edulf, Vicecomes of Northumbria, whose possession before {504} 1100 of the -lands of Swinton is the earliest contemporary evidence which has come down -to us of landowning by a Scottish subject, it is unfortunate that we cannot -with authority date their armorial ensigns before the later half of the -thirteenth century. Charters there are in plenty. Out of the twenty-three -earliest Scottish writings given in the National MSS. of Scotland, nine, -taken from the Coldingham documents preserved at Durham, refer to the -village and lands of Swinton. Among these are two confirmations by David -I., _i.e._ before 1153, of Swinton "in hereditate sibi et heredibus" to -"meo militi Hernulfo" or "Arnolto isti meo Militi," the first of the family -to follow the Norman fashion, and adopt the territorial designation of de -Swinton; while at Durham and elsewhere, Cospatric de Swinton and his son -Alan and grandson Alan appear more than eighty times in charters before -1250. - -[Illustration: FIG. 733.--Seal of Alan de Swinton, _c._ 1271.] - -But it is not till we come to _c._ 1271 that we find a Swinton seal still -attached to a charter. This is a grant by a third Alan of the Kirk croft of -Lower Swinton to God and the blessed Cuthbert and the blessed Ebba and the -Prior and Monks of Coldingham. The seal is of a very early form (Fig. 733), -and may perhaps have belonged to the father and grandfather of the -particular Alan who uses it. - -Of the Henry de Swinton who came next, and who swore fealty to Edward the -First of England at Berwick in 1296, and of yet a fourth Alan, no seals are -known. These were turbulent days throughout Scotland: but then we find a -distinct advance; a shield upon a diapered ground, and upon it the single -boar has given place to the three boars' heads which afterwards became so -common in Scotland. Nisbet lends his authority to the tradition that all -the families of Border birth who carried them--Gordon, Nisbet, Swinton, -Redpath, Dunse, he mentions, and he might have added others--were -originally of one stock, and if so, the probability must be that the breed -sprung from Swinton. - -[Illustration: FIG. 734.--Seal of Henry de Swinton, 1378.] - -This seal (Fig. 734) was put by a second Henry de Swynton to one of the -family charters, probably of the date of 1378, which have lately been -placed for safe keeping in the Register House in Edinburgh. - -His successor, Sir John, the hero of Noyon in Picardy, of Otterburn, and -Homildon, was apparently the first of the race to use {505} supporters. His -seal (Fig. 735) belongs to the second earliest of the Douglas charters -preserved at Drumlanrig. Its date is 1389, and Sir John de Swintoun is -described as Dominus de Mar, a title he bore by right of his marriage with -Margaret, Countess of Douglas and Mar. This probably also accounts for his -coronet, and it is interesting to note that the helmet, coronet, and crest -are the exact counterpart of those on the Garter plate of Ralph, Lord -Basset, in St. George's Chapel at Windsor. It is possibly more than a -coincidence, for Froissart mentions them both as fighting in France ten to -twenty years earlier. - -[Illustration: FIG. 735.--Seal of Sir John de Swinton, 1389.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 736.--Seal of Sir John de Swinton, 1475.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 737.--Seal of Robert Swinton, of that Ilk, 1598.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 738.--Arms of Swinton. (From Swinton Church, 163-.)] - -Of his son, the second Sir John, "Lord of that Ilk," we have no seal. His -lance it was that overthrew Thomas, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Henry -V., at Beauge in 1421, and he fell, a young man, three years later with the -flower of the Scottish army at Verneuil; but in 1475 his son, a third Sir -John, uses the identical crest and shield which his descendants carry to -this day (Fig. 736). John had become a common name in the family, and the -same or a similar seal did duty for the next three generations; but in 1598 -we find the great-great-grandson, Robert Swinton of that Ilk, who -represented Berwickshire in the first regularly constituted Parliament of -Scotland, altering the character of the boars' heads (Fig. 737). He would -also appear to have placed upon the chevron something which is difficult to -decipher, but is probably the rose so borne by the Hepburns, his second -wife having been a daughter of Sir Patrick Hepburn of Whitecastle. - -Whatever the charge was, it disappeared from the shield (Fig. 738) erected -on the outer wall of Swinton Church by his second son and eventual heir, -Sir Alexander, also member for his native county; but {506} the boars' -heads are turned the other way, perhaps in imitation of those above the -very ancient effigy of the first Sir Alan inside the church. - -Sir Alexander's son, John Swinton, "Laird Swinton" Carlyle calls him, -wrecked the family fortunes. According to Bishop Burnet he was "the man of -all Scotland most trusted and employed by Cromwell," and he died a Quaker, -excommunicated and forfeited. To the circumstance that when, in 1672, the -order went out that all arms were to be officially recorded, he was a -broken man under sentence that his arms should be "laceret and delete out -of the Heralds' Books," we probably owe it that until of late years no -Swinton arms appeared on the Lyon Register. - -[Illustration: FIG. 739.--Bookplate of Sir John Swinton of that Ilk, 1707.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 740.--Bookplate of Archibald Swinton of Kimmerghame.] - -Then to come to less stirring times, and turn to book-plates. His son, yet -another Sir John of that Ilk, in whose favour the forfeiture was rescinded, -sat for Berwickshire in the last Parliament of Scotland and the first of -Great Britain. His bookplate (Fig. 739) is one of the earliest Scottish -dated plates. - -His grandson, Captain Archibald Swinton of Kimmerghame, county Berwick -(Fig. 740), was an ardent book collector up to his death in 1804, and -Archibald's great-grandson, Captain George C. Swinton (Fig. 741), walked as -March Pursuivant in the procession in Westminster Abbey at the coronation -of King Edward the Seventh of {507} England in 1902, and smote on the gate -when that same Edward as First of Scotland claimed admission to his castle -of Edinburgh in 1903. - -[Illustration: FIG. 741.--Bookplate of Captain George S. Swinton, March -Pursuivant of Arms.] - -The arms as borne to-day by the head of the family, John Edulf Blagrave -Swinton of Swinton Bank, a lieutenant in the Lothians and Berwickshire -Imperial Yeomanry, are as given (Plate IV.). {508} - - - -CHAPTER XXXII - -MARKS OF BASTARDY - -It has been remarked that the knowledge of "the man in the street" is least -incorrect when he knows nothing. Probably the only heraldic knowledge that -a large number possess is summed up in the assertion that the heraldic sign -of illegitimacy is the "bar sinister." - -No doubt it is to the novelists--who, seeking to touch lightly upon an -unpleasant subject, have ignorantly adopted a French colloquialism--that we -must attribute a great deal of the misconception which exists concerning -illegitimacy and its heraldic marks of indication. I assert most -unhesitatingly that there are not now and never have been any unalterable -laws as to what these marks should be, and the colloquialism which insists -upon the "bar sinister" is a curiously amusing example of an utter -misnomer. To any one with the most rudimentary knowledge of heraldry it -must plainly be seen to be radically impossible to depict a bar sinister, -for the simple reason that the bar is neither dexter nor sinister. It is -utterly impossible to draw a bar sinister--such a thing does not exist. But -the assertion of many writers with a knowledge of armory that "bar -sinister" is a mistake for "bend sinister" is also somewhat misleading, -because the real mistake lies in the spelling of the term. The "barre -sinistre" is merely the French translation of bend sinister, the French -word "barre" meaning a _bend_. The French "barre" is not the English "bar." - -In order to properly understand the true significance of the marks of -illegitimacy, it is necessary that the attempt should be made to transplant -oneself into the environment when the laws and rules of heraldry were in -the making. At that period illegitimacy was of little if any account. It -has not debarred the succession of some of our own sovereigns, although, -from the earliest times, the English have always been more prudish upon the -point than other nations. In Ireland, even so late as the reign of Queen -Elizabeth, it is a striking genealogical difficulty to decide in many noble -pedigrees which if any of the given sons of any person were legitimate, and -which of the ladies of his household, if any, might be legally termed his -wife. In Scotland we find the same thing, though perhaps it is not quite so -{509} blatant to so late a date, but considering what are and have been the -Scottish laws of marriage, it is the _fact_ or otherwise of marriage which -has to be ascertained; and though in England the legal status was -recognised from an earlier period, the social status of the illegitimate -offspring of a given man depended little upon the legal legitimacy of -birth, but rather upon the amount of recognition the bastard received from -his father. If a man had an unquestionably legitimate son, that son -undoubtedly succeeded; but if he had not, any technical stain upon the -birth of the others had little effect in preventing their succession. A -study of the succession to the Barony of Meinill clearly shows that the -illegitimate son of the second Lord Meinill succeeded to the estates and -peerage of his father in preference to his legitimate uncle. There are many -other analogous cases. And when the Church juggled at its pleasure with the -sacrament of marriage--dispensing and annulling or recognising marriages -for reasons which we nowadays can only term whimsical--small wonder is it -that the legal fact, though then admitted, had little of the importance -which we now give to it. When the actual fact was so little more than a -matter at the personal pleasure of the person most concerned, it would be -ridiculous to suppose that any perpetuation of a mere advertisement of the -fact would be considered necessary, whilst the fact itself was so often -ignored; so that until comparatively recent times the Crown certainly never -attempted to enforce any heraldic marks of illegitimacy. Rather were these -enforced by the legitimate descendants if and when such descendants -existed. - -The point must have first arisen when there were both legitimate and -illegitimate descendants of a given person, and it was desired to make -record of the true line in which land or honours should descend. To effect -this purpose, the arms of the illegitimate son were made to carry some -charge or alteration to show that there was some reason which debarred -inheritance by their users, whilst there remained those entitled to bear -the arms without the mark of distinction. But be it noted that this -obligation existed equally on the legitimate cadets of a family, and in the -earliest periods of heraldry there is little or no distinction either in -the marks employed or in the character of the marks, which can be drawn -between mere marks of cadency and marks of illegitimacy. Until a -comparatively recent period it is absolutely unsafe to use these marks as -signifying or proving either legitimate cadency or illegitimacy. The same -mark stood for both, the only object which any distinctive change -accomplished, being the distinction which it was necessary to draw between -those who owned the right to the undifferenced arms, and owned the land, -and those who did not. The object was to safeguard the right of the real -{510} possessors and their true heirs, and not to penalise the others. -There was no particular mark either for cadency or for illegitimacy, the -distinctions made being dictated by what seemed the most suitable and -distinctive mark applicable to the arms under consideration. - -When that much has been thoroughly grasped, one gets a more accurate -understanding of the subject. One other point has to be borne in mind (and -to the present generation, which knows so well how extensively arms have -been improperly assumed, the statement may seem startling), and that is, -that the use of arms was formerly evidence of pedigree. As late as the -beginning of the nineteenth century evidence of this character was -submitted to the Committee of Privileges at the hearing of a Peerage case. -The evidence was _admitted_ for that purpose, though doubt (in that case -very properly) was thrown upon its value. - -Therefore, in view of the two foregoing facts, there can be very little -doubt that the use of armorial marks of bastardy _was not invented or -instituted, nor were these marks enforced, as punishment or as a disgrace_. - -It is a curious instance how a careful study of words and terms employed -will often afford either a clue or confirmation, when the true meaning of -the term has long been overlooked. - -The official term for a mark of cadency is a "difference" mark, _i.e._ it -was a mark to show the difference between one member of a family and -another. The mark used to signify a lack of blood relationship, and a mark -used to signify illegitimacy are each termed a "mark of distinction," -_i.e._ a mark that shall make something plainly "distinct." What is that -something? The fact that the use of the arms is not evidence of descent -through which heirship can be claimed or proved. This, by the way, is a -patent example of the advantage of adherence to precedent. - -The inevitable conclusion is that a bastard was originally only required to -mark his shield sufficiently that it should be distinctly apparent that -heirship would never accrue. The arms had to be distinct from those borne -by those members of the family upon whom heirship might devolve. The social -position of a bastard as "belonging" to a family was pretty generally -conceded, therefore he carried their arms, sufficiently marked to show he -was not in the line of succession. - -This being accepted, one at once understands the great variety of the marks -which have been employed. These answered the purpose of distinction, and -nothing more was demanded or necessary. Consequently a recapitulation of -marks, of which examples can be quoted, would be largely a list of isolated -instances, and as such they are useless for the purposes of deduction in -any attempt to arrive at a correct conclusion as to what the ancient rules -were. In brief, there were no {511} rules until the eighteenth, or perhaps -even until the nineteenth century. The only rule was that the arms must be -sufficiently marked in _some_ way. This is borne out by the dictum of -Menestrier. - -Except the label, which has been elsewhere referred to, the earliest marks -of either cadency or illegitimacy for which accepted use can be found are -the bend and the bordure; but the bend for the purpose of illegitimacy -seems to be the earlier, and a bend superimposed over a shield remained a -mark of illegitimate cadency until a comparatively late period. This bend -as a difference naturally was originally depicted as a bend dexter, and as -a mark of legitimate cadency is found in the arms of the _younger_ son of -Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, before he succeeded his elder -brother. - -There are scores of other similar instances which a little research will -show. Whether the term "left-handed marriage" is the older, and the -sinister bend is derived therefrom, or whether the slang term is derived -from the sinister bend, it is perhaps not necessary to inquire. But there -is no doubt that from an early period the bend of cadency, when such -cadency was illegitimate, is frequently met with in the sinister form. But -concurrently with such usage instances are found in which the dexter bend -was used for the same purpose, and it is very plainly evident that it was -never at that date looked upon as a penalty, but was used merely as a -_distinction_, or for the purpose of showing that the wearer was not the -head of his house or in possession of the lordship. The territorial idea of -the nature of arms, which has been alluded to in the chapter upon marks of -cadency, should be borne in mind in coming to a conclusion. - -Soon after the recognition of the bend as a mark of illegitimacy we come -across the bordure; but there is some confusion with this, bordures of all -kinds being used indiscriminately to denote both legitimate and -illegitimate cadency. There are countless other forms of marking -illegitimacy, and it is impossible to attempt to summarise them, and -absolutely impossible to draw conclusions as to any family from marks upon -its arms when this point is under discussion. To give a list of these -instances would rather seem an attempt to deduce a rule or rules upon the -point, so I say at once that there was no recognised mark, and any plain -distinction seems to have been accepted as sufficient; and no distinction -whatever was made when the illegitimate son, either from failure of -legitimate issue or other reason, succeeded to the lands and honours of his -father. Out of the multitude of marks, the bend, and subsequently the bend -sinister, emerge as most frequently in use, and finally the bend sinister -exclusively; so that it has come to be considered, and perhaps correctly as -regards one period, that its use was equivalent to a mark of illegitimacy -in England. {512} - -But there has always remained to the person of bastard descent the right of -discarding the bastardised coat, and adopting a new coat of arms, the only -requirement as to the new coat being that it shall be so distinct from the -old one as not to be liable to confusion therewith. And it is a moot point -whether or not a large proportion of the instances which are tabulated in -most heraldic works as examples of marks of bastardy are anything whatever -of the kind. My own opinion is that many are not, and that it is a mistake -to so consider them; the true explanation undoubtedly in some--and outside -the Royal Family probably in most--being that they are new coats of arms -adopted _as_ new coats of arms, doubtless bearing relation to the old -family coat, but sufficiently distinguished therefrom to rank as new arms, -and were never intended to be taken as, and never were bastardised examples -of formerly existing coats. It is for this reason that I have refrained -from giving any extensive list such as is to be found in most other -treatises on heraldry, for all that can be said for such lists is that they -are lists of the specific arms of specific bastards, which is a very -different matter from a list of heraldic marks of illegitimacy. - -Another objection to the long lists which most heraldic works give of early -instances of marks of bastardy as data for deduction lies in the fact that -most are instances of the illegitimate children of Royal personages. It is -singularly unsafe to draw deductions, to be applied to the arms of others, -from the Royal Arms, for these generally have laws unto themselves. - -The bend sinister in its bare simplicity, as a mark of illegitimacy, was -seldom used, the more frequent form being the sinister bendlet, or even the -diminutive of that, the cottise. There is no doubt, of course, that when a -sinister bend or bendlet debruises another coat that that is a bastardised -version of an older coat, but examples can be found of the sinister bend as -a charge which has no reference whatever to illegitimacy. Two instances -that come to mind, which can be found by reference to any current peerage, -are the arms of Shiffner and Burne-Jones. Certainly in these cases I know -of no illegitimacy, and neither coat is a bastardised version of an older -existing coat. Anciently the bendlet was drawn across arms and quarterings, -and an example of a coat of arms of some number of quarterings debruised -for an illegitimate family is found in the registration of a Talbot -pedigree in one of the Visitation Books. As a mark of distinction upon arms -the bend sinister for long past has fallen out of use, though for the -purpose of differencing crests a bendlet wavy sinister is still made use -of, and will be again presently referred to. - -Next to the bend comes the bordure. Bordures of all kinds were used for the -purposes of cadency from practically the earliest periods {513} of heraldic -differencing. But they were used indiscriminately, as has been already -stated, both for legitimate and illegitimate cadency. John of Gaunt, as is -well known, was the father of Henry IV. and the ancestor of Henry VII., the -former being the issue of his legitimate wife, the latter coming from a son -who, as one of the old chroniclers puts it, "was of double advowtrie -begotten." But, as every one knows, John of Gaunt's children by Catherine -Roet or Swynford were legitimated by Act of Parliament, the Act of -Parliament not excepting the succession to the Throne, a disability later -introduced in Letters Patent of the Crown when giving a subsequent -confirmation of the Act, but which, nevertheless, they could not overrule. -But taking the sons of the latter family as legitimate, which (whatever may -have been the moral aspect of the case) they were undoubtedly in the eyes -of the common law after the passing of the Act referred to, they existed -concurrently with the undoubtedly senior descendants of the first marriage -of John of Gaunt with Blanche of Lancaster, and it was necessary--whether -they were legitimate or not--to distinguish the arms of the junior from the -senior branch. The result was that as legitimate cadets, and not as -bastards, the arms of John of Gaunt were differenced for the line of the -Dukes of Somerset by the addition of the bordure compony argent and -azure--the livery colours of Lancaster. It is a weird position, for these -colours were derived from the family of the legitimate wife. - -The fight as to whether these children were legitimate or illegitimate was, -of course, notorious, and a matter of history; but from the fact that they -bore a bordure compony, an idea grew up both in this country and in -Scotland also from the similarity of the cases of the doubtful legitimacy -of the Avondale and Ochiltree Stewarts, who both used the bordure compony, -that the bordure compony was a sign of illegitimacy, whereas in both -countries at an earlier period it undoubtedly was accepted as a mark of -legitimate cadency. - -As a mark of bastardy it had subsequently some extensive use in both -countries, and it still remains the only mark now used for the purpose in -Scottish heraldry. Whether it was that it was not considered as of a fixed -nature, or whether it was that it had become notorious and unacceptable, it -is difficult to say, though the officers of arms have been blamed for -making a change on the assumption that it was the latter. - -Some writers who clamour strongly for the _penalising_ of bastard arms, and -for the plain and recognisable marking of them as such (a position adopted -rather vehemently by Woodward, a singularly erudite heraldic writer), are -rather uncharitable, and at the same time rather lacking in due observation -and careful consideration of ancient ideas {514} and ancient precedents. -That the recognised mark has been changed at different periods, and as a -consequence that to a certain extent the advertisement it conveys has been -less patent is, of course, put down to the "venality" of mediaeval heralds -(happily their backs are broad) by those who are too short-sighted to -observe that the one thing an official herald moves heaven and earth to -escape from is the making of a new precedent; and that, on the score of -signs of illegitimacy, the official heralds, when the control of arms -passed into their hands, found no established rule. So far from having been -guilty of venality, as Woodward suggests, they have erred on the other -side, and by having worked only on the limited number of precedents they -found they have stereotyped the advertisement, and thereby made the -situation more stringent than they found it. - -We have it from biblical sources that the sins of the fathers shall be -visited upon the children unto the third and fourth generations, and this -spirit has undoubtedly crept into the views of many writers, but to get -into the true perspective of the matter one needs to consider the subject -from the point of view of less prudish days than our own. - -I have no wish to be misunderstood. In these days much heraldic reviewing -of the blatant and baser sort depends not upon the value of the work -performed, a point of view which is never given a thought, but entirely -upon the identity of the writer whose work is under review, and is largely -composed of misquotation and misrepresentation. It may perhaps be as well, -therefore, to state that I am not seeking to condone illegitimacy or to -combat present opinions upon the point. I merely state that our present -opinions are a modern growth, and that in the thirteenth, fourteenth, -fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, when the fundamental principles of -heraldry were in the making, it was not considered a disgrace to have an -illegitimate son, nor was it considered then that to be of illegitimate -birth carried the personal stigma that came later. - -At any rate, the fact remains that a new mark was called into being in -England about the year 1780 when in a grant to Zachary to quarter the arms -of Sacheverell, from which family he was in the female line illegitimately -descended, the bordure wavy was first met with as a sufficient and proper -mark of illegitimacy. The curious point is that before that date in -Scotland and in England the bordure wavy possessed nothing of this -character, and to the present day the bordure wavy in Scotland is -undoubtedly nothing more than a legitimate mark of legitimate cadency, for -which mark Mr. Stodart provides a place in the scheme of differencing which -he tabulated as the basis of cadency marks in Scotland (Fig. 732). Since -that date the bordure wavy has {515} remained the mark which has been used -for the purpose in England, as the bordure compony has remained the mark in -Scotland. - -Bearing in mind that the only necessity was some mark which should carry -sufficient _distinction_ from the arms of the family, it follows, as a -natural consequence of human nature, that as soon as any particular mark -became identified with illegitimacy (after that was considered to be a -stigma), that mark was quietly dropped and some other substituted, and no -one should be surprised to find the bordures wavy and compony quietly -displaced by something else. If any change is to be made in the future it -is to be hoped that no existing mark will be adopted, and that the marks in -England and Scotland shall not conflict even if they do not coincide. - -The bendlet sinister, however, survives in the form of the baton sinister, -which is a bendlet couped placed across the centre of the shield. The baton -sinister, however, is a privilege which, as a charge on a shield, is -reserved, such as it is, for Royal bastards. The latest instance of this -was in the exemplification of arms to the Earl of Munster and his brothers -and sisters early in the nineteenth century. Other surviving instances are -met with in the arms of the Duke of St. Albans and the Duke of Grafton. -Another privilege of Royal bastards is that they may have the baton of -_metal_, a privilege which is, according to Berry, denied to those of -humbler origin. - -According to present law the position of an illegitimate person -heraldically is based upon the common law of the country, which practically -declares that an illegitimate child has no name, no parentage, and no -relations. The illegitimacy of birth is an insuperable bar to inheritance, -and a person of illegitimate birth inherits no arms at all, the popular -idea that he inherits a right to the arms subject to a mark of distinction -being quite incorrect. He has none at all. There has never been any mark -which, as a matter of course and of mere motion, could attach itself -automatically to a shield, as is the case with the English marks of -difference, _e.g._ the crescent of the second son or the mullet of the -third. This is a point upon which I have found mistaken ideas very -frequently held, even by those who have made some study of heraldry. - -But a very little thought should make it plain that by the very nature of -the fact there cannot be either a recognised mark, compulsory use, or an -_ipse facto_ sign. Illegitimacy is negative, not positive--a fact which -many writers hardly give sufficient weight to. - -If any one of illegitimate birth desires to obtain a right to arms he has -two courses open to him. He can either (not disclosing the fact of his -illegitimacy, and not attempting to prove that he is a descendant of any -kind from any one else) apply for and obtain a new grant of {516} arms on -his own basis, and worry through the College the grant of a coat as closely -following in design that of the old family as he can get, which means that -he would be treated and penalised with such _alterations_ (not "marks of -distinction") as would be imposed upon a stranger in blood endeavouring to -obtain arms founded upon a coat to which he had no right. The cost of such -a proceeding in England is L76, 10s., the usual fees upon an ordinary -grant. - -The alternative course is simple. He must avow himself a bastard, and must -prove his paternity or maternity, as the case may be (for in the eye of the -law--common and heraldic--he bears the same relation, which is nil, and the -same right to the name and arms, which is nil, of both his father and his -mother). - -Illegitimacy under English law affords one of the many instances in which -anomalies exist, for, strange as the statement is, a bastard comes into the -world without any name at all. - -Legally, at birth a bastard child has then no name at all, and no arms. It -must subsequently acquire such right to a name (whatever right that may -amount to) as user of and reputation therein may give him. He inherits no -arms at all, no name, and no property, save by specific devise or bequest. -The lack of parents operates as a _chasm_ which it is impossible to bridge. -It is not a case of a peculiar bridge or a faulty bridge; there is no -bridge at all. - -Names, in so far as they are matters of law, are subject to canon law; at -any rate, the law upon the subject, such as it is, originated in canon law, -and not in statute or common law. Canon law was made, and has never since -been altered, at a time when surnames were not in existence. A bastard no -more inherits the surname of the mother than it does the surname of its -father; and the spirit of petty officialism, so rampant amongst the clergy, -which seeks to impose upon a bastard _nolens volens_ the surname of its -mother, has no justification in law or fact. A bastard has precisely as -little right to the surname of its mother as it has to the surname of its -father. Obviously, however, under the customs of our present social life, -every person must have a surname of one kind or another; and it is here -that the anomaly in the British law exists, inasmuch as neither statute nor -canon law provide any means for conferring a surname. That the King has the -prerogative, and exercises it, of conferring or confirming surnames is, of -course, unquestioned, but it is hardly to be supposed that the King will -trouble himself to provide a surname for every illegitimate child which may -be born; and outside this prerogative, which probably is exercised about -once a year, there is no method provided or definitely recognised by the -law to meet this necessity. To obviate the difficulty, the surname has to -be that which is conferred upon the child by {517} general custom; and as -an illegitimate child is in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred brought up -by its mother, it is usually by the same custom which confers the surname -of its owner upon a dog in so many parts of the country that a bastard -child gets known by its mother's surname, and consequently has that surname -conferred upon it by general custom. The only names that an illegitimate -child has an inalienable right to are the names by which it is baptized; -and if two names are given, and the child or its guardians elect that it -should be known only by those baptismal names, and if common repute and -general custom, as would be probable, uses the last of those names as a -surname, there is no legal power on earth which can force upon the child -any other name; and if the last of the baptismal names happens to be its -father's surname, the child will have an absolute right to be known only by -its Christian names, which to all intents and purposes will mean that it -will be known by its father's surname. - -In the same way that an illegitimate child inherits no surname at all, it -equally inherits no arms. Consequently it has no shield upon which to carry -a mark of bastardy, if such a mark happened to be in existence. But if -under a will or deed of settlement an illegitimate child is required to -assume the name and arms of its father _or of its mother_, a Royal Licence -to assume such name and arms is considered to be necessary. It may be here -noted that voluntary applications to assume a name and arms in the case of -an illegitimate child are not entertained unless it can be clearly shown -(which is not always an easy matter) what the parentage really was. - -It will be noticed that I have said he will be required to prove his -paternity. This is rigorously insisted upon, inasmuch as it is not fair to -penalise the reputation of a dead man by inflicting upon him a record of -bastard descendants whilst his own life might have been stainless. An -illegitimate birth is generally recorded under the name of the mother only, -and even when it is given, the truth of any statement as to paternity is -always open to grave suspicion. There is nothing, therefore, to prevent a -person asserting that he is the son of a duke, whereas his real father may -have been in a very plebeian walk in life; and to put the arms of the -duke's family at the mercy of any fatherless person who chose to fancy a -differenced version of them would be manifestly unjust, so that without -proof in a legal action of the actual paternity, or some recognition under -a will or settlement, it is impossible to adopt the alternative in -question. But if such recognition or proof is forthcoming, the procedure is -to petition the Sovereign for a Royal Licence to use (or continue to use) -the name desired and to bear the arms of the family. Such a petition is -always granted, on {518} proper proof of the facts, if made in due form -through the proper channels. The Royal Licence to that effect is then -issued. But the document contains two conditions, the first being that the -arms shall be exemplified according to the laws of arms "with due and -proper marks of distinction," and that the Royal Licence shall be recorded -in the College of Arms, otherwise "to be void and of none effect." The -invariable insertion of this clause puts into the hands of the College one -of the strongest weapons the officers of arms possess. - -Under the present practice the due and proper marks of distinction are, for -the arms, a bordure wavy round the shield of the most suitable colour, -according to what the arms may be, but if possible of some colour or metal -different from any of the tinctures in the arms. The crest is usually -differenced by a bendlet sinister wavy, but a pallet wavy is sometimes -used, and sometimes a saltire wavy, couped or otherwise. The choice between -these marks generally depends upon the nature of the crest. But even with -this choice, the anomaly is frequently found of blank space being carefully -debruised. Seeing that the mark of the debruising is not a tangible object -or thing, but a mark painted upon another object, such a result seems -singularly ridiculous, and ought to be avoided. Whilst the ancient practice -certainly appears to have been to make some slight change in the crest, it -does not seem to have been debruised in the present manner. There are some -number of more recent cases where, whilst the existing arms have been -charged with the necessary marks of distinction, entirely new, or very much -altered crests have been granted without any recognisable "marks of -distinction." There can be no doubt that the bendlet wavy sinister upon the -crest is a palpable penalising of the bearer, and I think the whole subject -of the marks of bastardy in the three kingdoms might with advantage be -brought under official consideration, with a view to new regulations being -adopted. A bendlet wavy sinister is such an absolute defacement of a crest -that few can care to make use of a crest so marked. It carries an effect -far beyond what was originally the intention of marks of distinction. - -A few recent bastardised exemplifications which have issued from Ulster's -Office have had the crest charged with a baton couped sinister. The baton -couped sinister had always hitherto been confined to the arms of Royal -bastards, but I am not aware of any Royal crest so bastardised. Of course -no circumstances can be conceived in which it is necessary to debruise -supporters, as under no circumstances can these be the subject of a Royal -Licence of this character, except in a possible case where they might have -been granted as a simple augmentation to a man and his descendants, without -further limitation. I know of no bastardised version consequent upon such a -grant. {519} Supporters signify some definite honour which cannot -ordinarily survive illegitimacy. - -The bordure wavy is placed round the pronominal arms only, and no right to -any quarterings the family may have enjoyed previously is conferred, except -such right to a quarterly coat as might ensue through the assumption of a -double name. Quartering is held to signify representation which cannot be -given by a Royal Licence, but a quartering of augmentation or a duplicate -coat for the pronominal name which had been so regularly used with the -alternative coat as to constitute the two something in the nature of a -compound coat, would be exemplified "all within a bordure wavy." Each -illegitimate coat stands on its own basis, and there is a well-known -instance in which a marriage was subsequently found to be illegal, or to -have never taken place, after which, I believe, some number of brothers and -sisters obtained Royal Licences and exemplifications. The descendants of -one of the brothers will be found in the current Peerage Books, and those -who know their peerage history well will recognise the case I allude to. -All the brothers and sisters had the same arms exemplified, each with a -bordure wavy _of a different colour_. If there were descendants of any of -the sisters, those descendants would have been entitled to quarter the -arms, because the illegitimacy made each sister an heiress for heraldic -purposes. This is a curious anomaly, for had they been legitimate the -descendants would have enjoyed no such right. - -In Scotland the mark of illegitimacy for the arms is the bordure compony, -which is usually but not always indicative of the same. The bordure -counter-compony has been occasionally stated to have the same character. -This is hardly correct, though it may be so in a few isolated cases, but -the bordure chequy has nothing whatever of an illegitimate character. It -will be noticed that whilst the bordure compony and the bordure -counter-company have their chequers or "panes," to use the heraldic term, -following the outline of the shield, by lines parallel to those which mark -its contour, the bordure chequy is drawn by lines parallel to and at right -angles to the palar line of the shield, irrespective of its outline. A -bordure chequy must, of course, at one point or another show three distinct -rows of checks. - -The bastardising of crests even in England is a comparatively modern -practice. I know of no single instance ancient or modern of the kind in -Scottish heraldry, though I could mention scores of achievements in which -the shields carry marks of distinction. This is valuable evidence, for no -matter how lax the official practice of Scottish armory may have been at -one period, the theory of Scottish armory far more nearly approaches the -ancient practices and rules of heraldry {520} than does the armory of any -other country. That theory is much nearer the ideal theory than the English -one, but unfortunately for the practical purposes of modern heraldic needs, -it does not answer so well. At the present day, therefore, a Scottish crest -is not marked in any way. - -Most handbooks refer to a certain rule which is supposed to exist for the -differencing of a coat to denote illegitimacy when the coat is that of the -mother and not the father, the supposed method being to depict the arms -under a surcoat, the result being much the same as if the whole of the arms -appeared in exaggerated flaunches, the remainder of the shield being left -vacant except for the tincture of the surcoat. As a matter of fact only one -instance is known, and consequently we must consider it as a new coat -devised to bear reference to the old one, and not as a regularised method -of differencing for a particular set of circumstances. - -In Ireland the rules are to all intents and purposes the same as in -England, with the exception of the occasional use of a sinister baton -instead of a bendlet wavy sinister upon the crest. In Scotland, where Royal -Licences are unknown, it is merely necessary to prove paternity, and -rematriculate the arms with due and proper marks of distinction. - -It was a very general idea during a former period, but subsequently to the -time when the bend and bendlet sinister and the bordure were recognised as -in the nature of the accepted marks of bastardy, and when their penal -nature was admitted, that whatever mark was adopted for the purpose of -indicating illegitimacy need only be borne for three generations. Some of -the older authorities tell us that after that length of time had elapsed it -might be discarded, and some other and less objectionable mark be taken in -its place. The older writers were striving, consciously or unconsciously, -to reconcile the disgrace of illegitimacy, which they knew, with heraldic -facts which they also knew, and to reconcile in certain prominent families -undoubted illegitimacy with unmarked arms, the probability being that their -sense of justice and regard for heraldry prompted them to the remark that -some other mark of distinction _ought_ to be added, whilst all the time -they knew it never was. The arms of Byron, Somerset, Meinill, and Herbert -are all cases where the marks of illegitimacy have been quietly dropped, -entire reversion being had to the undifferenced original coat. At a time -when marks of illegitimacy, both in fact and in theory, were nothing more -than marks of cadency and difference from the arms of the head of the -house, it was no venality of the heralds, but merely the acceptance of -current ideas, that permitted them to recognise the undifferenced arms for -the illegitimate descendants when there were no legitimate owners from -whose claim the arms of the others needed {521} to be differentiated, and -when lordships and lands had lapsed to a bastard branch. To this fact must -be added another. The armorial control of the heralds after the days of -tournaments was exercised through the Visitations and the Earl Marshal's -Court. Peers were never subject to the Visitations, and so were not under -control unless their arms were challenged in the Earl Marshal's Court by -the rightful owner. The cases that were notorious are cases of the arms of -peers. - -The Visitations gave the officers of arms greater control over the arms of -Commoners than they had had theretofore, and the growing social opinions -upon legitimacy and marriage brought social observances more into -conformity with the technical law, and made that technical law of no -inheritance and no paternity an operative fact. The result is that the hard -legal fact is now rigidly and rightly insisted upon, and the claim and -right to arms of one of illegitimate descent depends and is made to depend -solely upon the instruments creating that right, and the conditions of "due -and proper marks of distinction" always subject to which the right is -called into being. Nowadays there is no release from the penalty of the -bordures wavy and compony save through the avenue of a new and totally -different grant and the full fees payable therefor. But, as the bearer of a -bordure wavy once remarked to me, "I had rather descend illegitimately from -a good family and bear their arms marked than descend from a lot of -nobodies and use a new grant." But until the common law is altered, if it -ever is, the game must be played fairly and the conditions of a Royal -Licence observed, for the sins of the fathers are visited upon the -children. - -Although I have refrained from giving any extended list of bastardised -coats as examples of the rules for indicating illegitimacy, reference may -nevertheless be made to various curious examples. - -The canton has occasionally been used. Sir John de Warren, a natural son of -John, Earl of Surrey, Sussex, and Warenne (d. 1347), bore a canton of the -arms of his mother, Alice de Nerford ["Gules, a lion rampant ermine"], over -the chequy shield of Warren. A similar instance can be found in modern -times, the arms of Charlton of Apley Castle, co. Salop, being bastardised -by a sinister canton which bears two coats quarterly, these coats having -formerly been quarterings borne in the usual manner. - -The custom of placing the paternal arms upon a bend has been occasionally -adopted, but this of course is the creation of a _new_ coat. It was -followed by the Beauforts before their legitimation, and by Sir Roger de -Clarendon, the illegitimate son of the Black Prince. The Somerset family, -who derived illegitimately from the Beauforts, Dukes of Somerset, first -debruised the Beaufort arms by {522} a bendlet sinister, but in the next -generation the arms were placed upon a wide fess, this on a plain field of -or. Although the Somersets, Dukes of Beaufort, have discarded all signs of -bastardy from their shield, the version upon the fess was continued as one -of the quarterings upon the arms of the old Shropshire family of Somerset -Fox. One of the most curious bastardised coats is that of Henry Fitz-Roy, -Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of Henry VIII. This shows -the Royal Arms within a bordure quarterly ermine and counter-compony or and -azure, debruised by a baton sinister argent, an inescutcheon quarterly -gules and vaire, or and vert [possibly hinting at the Blount arms of his -mother, barry nebuly or and sable], over all a lion rampant argent, on a -chief azure a tower between two stags' heads caboshed argent, attired or. -{523} - - - -CHAPTER XXXIII - -THE MARSHALLING OF ARMS - -The science of marshalling is the conjoining of two or more coats of arms -upon one shield for the purpose of indicating sovereignty, dominion, -alliance, descent, or pretension, according to recognised rules and -regulations, by the employment of which the story of any given achievement -shall be readily translatable. - -The methods of marshalling are (1) dimidiation, (2) impalement, (3) -quartering, (4) superimposition. - -Instances of quartered shields are to be met with possibly before -impalements or dimidiation. The earliest attempt at anything like a -regularised method of procedure to signify marriage was that usually males -_quartered_ the arms of their wives or ancestresses from whom they acquired -their lands; whilst impaled coats were to all intents and purposes the -armorial bearings of married women, or more frequently of widows who took -an immediate interest in their husbands' property. This ancient usage -brings home very forcibly the former territorial connection of arms and -land. The practice of the husband impaling the wife's arms, whether heiress -or not, probably arose near the close of the fifteenth century. Even now it -is laid down that the arms of a wife should not in general be borne upon -the husband's banner, surcoat, or official seal. - -But impalement as we now know it was preceded by dimidiation. Dimidiation, -which was but a short-lived method, was effected by the division of the -shield down the centre. On the dexter side was placed the dexter half of -the husband's arms, and on the sinister side was placed the sinister half -of the wife's arms. With some coats of arms no objection could be urged -against the employment of this method. But it was liable to result (_e.g._ -with two coats of arms having the same ordinary) in the creation of a -design which looked far more like one simple coat than a conjunction of -two. The dimidiation of "argent, a bend gules" and "argent, a chevron -sable" would simply result in a single coat "argent, a bend per pale gules -and sable." This fault of the system must have made itself manifest at an -early period, for we soon find it became customary to introduce about -two-thirds of {524} the design of each coat for the sake of demonstrating -their separate character. It must soon thereafter have become apparent that -if two-thirds of the design of a coat of arms could be squeezed into half -of the shield there was no valid reason why the whole of the design could -not be employed. This therefore became customary under the name of -impalement, and the practice has ever since remained with us. Few examples -indeed of dimidiation are to be met with, and as a practical method of -conjunction, the practice was chiefly in vogue during the earlier part of -the fourteenth century. - -Occasionally quartered coats were dimidiated, in which case the first and -third quarters of the husband's coat were conjoined with the second and -fourth of the wife's. As far as outward appearance went, this practice -resulted in the fact that no distinction existed from a plain quartered -coat. Thus the seal of Margaret of Bavaria, Countess of Holland, and wife -of John, Count de Nevers, in 1385 (afterwards Duke of Burgundy), bears a -shield on which is apparently a simple instance of quartering, but really a -dimidiated coat. The two coats to the dexter side of the palar line are: In -chief Burgundy-Modern ("France-Ancient, a bordure compony argent and -gules"), and in base Burgundy-Ancient. On the sinister side the coat in -chief is Bavaria ("Bendy-lozengy argent and azure"); and the one in base -contains the quartered arms of Flanders ("Or, a lion rampant sable"); and -Holland ("Or, a lion rampant gules"); the lines dividing these latter -quarters being omitted, as is usually found to be the case with this -particular shield. - -Certain examples can be found amongst the Royal Arms in England which show -much earlier instances of dimidiation. The arms of Margaret of France, who -died in 1319, the second queen of Edward I., as they remain on her tomb in -Westminster Abbey, afford an example of this method of conjunction. The -arms of England appear on the dexter side of the escocheon; and this coat -undergoes a certain amount of curtailment, though the dimidiation is not -complete, portions only of the hindmost parts of the lions being cut off by -the palar line. The coat of France, on the sinister side, of course does -not readily indicate the dimidiation. - -Boutell, in his chapter on marshalling in "Heraldry, Historical and -Popular," gives several early examples of dimidiation. The seal of Edmond -Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall (d. 1300), bears his arms (those of Richard, -Earl of Cornwall, and King of the Romans) dimidiating those of his wife, -Margaret de Clare. Here only the sinister half of his bordure is removed, -while the Clare coat ("Or, three chevrons gules") is entirely dimidiated, -and the chevrons are little distinguishable from bends. Both coats are -dimidiated in other examples mentioned {525} by Boutell, viz. William de -Valence and his wife, and Alianore Montendre and her husband Guy Ferre. On -the seal of Margaret Campbell, wife of Alexander Napier, in 1531, the -shield shows upon the dexter side the arms of Lennox, and on the sinister -the dimidiated coat (the sinister half of the quartered arms) of Campbell -and Lorn. This results in the galley of Lorn being in chief, and the -Campbell gyrons in base. - -An early and interesting Irish example of this kind of marshalling is -afforded by a dimidiated coat of Clare and Fitzgerald, which now figures on -the official seal of the Provosts of Youghal (Clare: "Or, three chevrons -gules." Fitzgerald: "Argent, a saltire gules, with a label of five points -in chief"). Both these coats are halved. They result from the marriage of -Richard Clare, Earl of Hertford, with Juliana, daughter and heir of Maurice -Fitzgerald, feudal lord of Inchiquin and Youghal. - -An even more curious case of dimidiation comes to light in the arms -formerly used by the Abbey of St. Etienne at Caen, in which the arms of -England and those attributed to the Duchy of Normandy ("Gules, two lions -passant guardant or") were dimidiated, so that in the former half three of -the fore-quarters of the lions appear, while in the sinister half only two -of the hind-quarters are represented. - -Dimidiation was not always effected by conjunction down the palar line, -other partition lines of the shield being occasionally, though very rarely, -employed in this manner. - -Certain curious (now indivisible) coats of arms remain which undoubtedly -originated in the dimidiation of two separate coats, _e.g._ the arms of -Yarmouth, Sandwich, Hastings, Rye, and Chester. In all cases some Royal -connection can be traced which has caused the Royal Arms of England to be -conjoined with the earlier devices of fish, ships, or garbs which had been -employed by the towns in question. It is worth the passing thought, -however, whether the conjoined lions and hulks used by the Cinque Ports may -not originally have been a device of the Sovereign for naval purposes, or -possibly the naval version of the Royal Arms (see page 182). - -One other remainder from the practice of dimidiation still survives amongst -the presently existing rules of heraldry. It is a rule to which no modern -authoritative exception can be mentioned. When a coat within a bordure is -impaled with another coat, the bordure is not continued down the centre of -the shield, but stops short at top and bottom when the palar line is -reached. This rule is undoubtedly a result of the ancient method of -conjunction by dimidiation, but the curious point is that, at the period -when dimidiation was employed and during the period which followed, some -number of examples can be {526} found where the bordure is continued round -the whole coat which is within it. - -The arms of man and wife are now conjoined according to the following -rules:--If the wife is not an heraldic heiress the two coats are impaled. -If the wife be an heraldic heir or coheir, in lieu of impalement the arms -of her family are placed on an inescutcheon superimposed on the centre of -her husband's arms, the inescutcheon being termed an escutcheon of -pretence, because _jure uxoris_ she being an heiress of her house, the -husband "pretends" to the representation of her family. - -For heraldic purposes it therefore becomes necessary to define the terms -heir and heiress. It is very essential that the point should be thoroughly -understood, because quarterings other than those of augmentation can only -be inherited from or through female ancestors who are in themselves heirs -or coheirs (this is the true term, or, rather, the ancient term, though -they are now usually referred to colloquially as heiresses or coheiresses) -in blood, or whose issue subsequently become in a later generation the -representatives of any ancestor in the male line of that female ancestor. A -woman is an "heir" or "heiress" (1) if she is an only child; (2) if all her -brothers die without leaving any issue to survive, either male or female; -(3) she becomes an heiress "in her issue," as it is termed, if she die -leaving issue herself if and when all the descendants male and female of -her brothers become absolutely extinct. The term "coheir" or "coheiress" is -employed in cases similar to the foregoing when, instead of one daughter, -there are two or more. - -No person can be "heir" or "coheir" of another person until the latter is -dead, though he or she may be heir-apparent or heir-presumptive. Though the -word "heir" is frequently used with regard to material matters, such usage -is really there incorrect, except in cases of intestacy. A person -benefiting under a will is a legatee of money, or a devisee of land, and -not an heir to either. The table on page 527 may make things a little -clearer, but in the following remarks intestacy is ignored, and the -explanations apply solely to _heirship of blood_. - -Charles in the accompanying pedigree is, after 1800, _heir_ of David. -Thomas is _heir-apparent_ of Charles, being a son and the eldest born. He -dies _v.p._ (_vita patris_, _i.e._ in the lifetime of his father) and never -becomes heir. A daughter can never become an heir-apparent, as there is -always, during the lifetime of her father, the possibility of a son being -born. Mary, Ellen, and Blanche are coheirs of Thomas their father, whom -they survive, and they are also coheirs of their grandfather Charles, to -whom they succeed, and they would properly in a pedigree be described as -both. They are heirs-general of Thomas, Charles, and David, and, being the -heirs of the senior line, they are heirs-general or coheirs-general of -their house. David being possessed of the barony "by writ" of Cilfowyr, it -would "fall into abeyance" at the death of Charles between the three -daughters equally. - -{527} - - DAVID CILFOWYR, created Duke of London - in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, - remainder to him and the heirs male of his body, - was Earl of Edinburgh in the Peerage of Scotland - (with remainder to his heirs), and Lord Cilfowyr - by writ in the Peerage of England - (with remainder to his heirs-general). Died 1800. - | - -------------------------------------------------- - | | - CHARLES CILFOWYR, OWEN CILFOWYR, Esq., - elder son and heir; head of commonly called Lord Owen - his house, Duke of London, Cilfowyr by courtesy. - Earl of Edinburgh, and Lord Cilfowyr. Died 1870. - Died 1840. | - | -------------------------------------------------- - | | | | - | | | | - | ROBERT CILFOWYR, Esq., PHILIP CILFOWYR, Esq., | - | eldest son, becomes heir second son. Died 1879. | - | male of his house in 1880 | | - | at the death of George, and ADA, only child, has | - | as such succeeds as Duke of no courtesy title. | - | London. Died 1896. Living in 1900. | - | | | - | HARRIET CILFOWYR, | - | only child, by CECIL CILFOWYR, Esq., - | courtesy after 1880 third son. When his brother - | Lady Harriet Cilfowyr. succeeds in 1880 as Duke of - | Died 1897. London he petitions the - | Queen for that style and - | precedence which he would - | have enjoyed had his father - | lived to inherit the Dukedom. - | His petition being granted, - | he becomes by courtesy Lord - | Cecil Cilfowyr, until he - | succeeds in 1896, at the - | death of his brother, to - | the Dukedom of London. - | - --------------------------------------------------------- - | | | | | - THOMAS CILFOWYR, Esq., | | | ISABEL CILFOWYR, - eldest son and heir-apparent, | | | styled by courtesy as - styled Earl of Edinburgh by | | | Lady Isabel Cilfowyr. - courtesy. Died _v.p._ | | | Living 1900. - 1830, so never succeeds. | | | - | | | | - | | | IRENE CILFOWYR, - | | | styled by courtesy as - | | | Lady Irene Cilfowr - | | | Living 1900. - | | | - | ---------------- | - | | | - | | | - | EDMOND CILFOWYR, Esq., | - | second son, styled by courtesy | - | courtesy Lord Edmond Cilfowyr | - | until 1840, when he succeeds | - | as Duke of London. Died 1850. | - | | | - | | -------------- - | | | - | | JOHN CILFOWYR, Esq., = EDITH TORKINGTON, - | | third son, styled by | succeeds in 1861 as - | | courtesy Lord John Cilfowyr | _suo jure_ Baroness - | | until 1850, when he | Neville by writ in England, - | | succeeds as Duke of London. | and Countess of Torkington - | | London. Died 1870. | (to herself and her heirs) - | | | in Scotland. Died 1862. - | | | - | | ----------------------------- - | | | - | --------------------------------------------------------- | - | | | - ------------------------------------------------- | | - | | | | | - MARY CILFOWYR, ELLEN CILFOWYR, BLANCHE CILFOWYR, | | - Countess of styled by courtesy styled by courtesy | | - Edinburgh. Lady Ellen Cilfowyr. Lady Blanche Cilfowyr. | | - Living 1900. Living 1900. Living 1900. | | - _Heir of Line._ | | - | | | | - ------------------------------------------- | | - | | | - The Barony of Cilfowyr falls into abeyance between these | | - three equally. In Scottish phraseology they are termed | | - heirs portioners. | | - --------------------------------- | - | | | - GRACE CILFOWYR, MURIEL CILFOWYR, | - styled by courtesy styled by courtesy | - Lady Grace Cilfowyr, Lady Muriel Cilfowyr. | - elder dau. Living 1900. Living 1900. | - | - | - --------------------------------------------------------------- - | | | - GEORGE CILFOWYR, Esq., ALICE CILFOWYR, | - only son, and so styled styled by courtesy | - until 1850, when his father succeeds Lady Alice Cilfowyr until | - as Duke of London. As son of a Duke 1885, when she succeeds as | - he then becomes by courtesy Lord George Countess of Torkington. | - Cilfowyr, and this is his proper Died 1887, _s.p._ | - description, because his father has no | - minor title which he could assume. But | - by a quite modern custom which has ------------------------- - sprung up of late years he would very | - probably call himself "Lord Cilfowyr." ANNIE CILFOWYR, = REGINALD - In 1861 his mother succeeds in her styled by courtesy | SHERWIN. - own right to two titles, and by Lady Annie Cilfowyr | Died 1872. - courtesy he would thenceforward be and Lady Annie | - styled by her minor title as Lord Sherwin. Died 1870. | - Neville until her death in 1862, when | - he becomes Earl of Torkington in his | - own right and also Lord Neville. ---------------------- - At his father's death in 1870 he | | - becomes Duke of London. Died 1880. | LILIAN SHERWIN, - | | only daughter, known - | | as Lady Lilian Sherwin - DOROTHY CILFOWYR, styled | until 1896, when she - Lady Dorothy Cilfowyr until 1880, | succeeds as Countess - when she becomes _suo jure_ | of Torkington and - Countess of Torkington and Baroness | Baroness Neville. - Neville. Died _s.p._ 1885. | Living 1900. - | - ARTHUR SHERWIN, - only son and heir, - succeeds as Earl - of Torkington and - Lord Neville in 1887, - at the death of - his aunt. Died 1888. - | - | - | - ------------------------------------------------------------- - | | | - | | | - MARIA SHERWIN, called JANE SHERWIN, | - by courtesy Lady Maria Sherwin, by courtesy Lady Jane | - succeeds in 1888 as Countess of Sherwin, succeeds as | - Torkington and senior coheir Countess of Torkington | - to the Barony of Neville, in 1889, but the | - which falls into abeyance between Barony of Neville again | - herself and her sisters. The falls into abeyance | - Queen determines the abeyance between herself and her | - in her favour, and she consequently younger sister. | - becomes also Baroness Died _s.p._ 1890. | - Neville. Died _s.p._ 1889. | - ------------- - | - HANNAH SHERWIN, - called by courtesy - Lady Hannah Sherwin. - She succeeds in 1890 - as sole heir of her - father, and consequently - the abeyance determines - of itself, and she - becomes both Countess - of Torkington and - Baroness Neville. - Died _s.p._ 1896. - -{528} - -In Scotland Mary, Ellen, and Blanche would be termed "heirs portioners," -and Mary, being an heiress and the eldest born in the direct and senior -line, would be termed the "heir of line." David being possessed of an -ancient Scottish peerage not limited to males (the Earldom of Edinburgh), -Mary, the heir of line, would at once succeed in her own right as Countess -of Edinburgh on the death of her grandfather Charles. If the family were an -untitled Scottish family entitled to supporters, these would descend to -Mary unless they had been specifically granted with some other limitation. - -At the death of Thomas in 1830 Edmond becomes heir male apparent, and at -the death of his father in 1840 Edmond becomes heir male of his house until -his death. David having been created a peer (Duke of London) with remainder -to the heirs male of his body, Edmond succeeded as Duke of London at the -death of Charles in 1840. Grace and Muriel are coheirs of Edmond after his -death. They are _not_ either coheirs or heirs-general of Charles, in spite -of the fact that their father was his heir male. At the death of Charles in -1840, when Edmond succeeded as heir male, John succeeded as heir male -presumptive to Edmond. He was not heir-apparent, because a son might at any -moment have been born to Edmond. An heir-apparent and an heir-presumptive -cannot exist at the same time, for whilst there is an heir-apparent there -cannot be an heir-presumptive. John succeeded as heir male of his house, -and therefore as Duke of London, in 1850, at the death of his elder brother -Edmond; but, though John was the "heir male" of his said elder brother, he -was _not_ his "heir" (Grace and Muriel being the coheirs of Edmond), nor -was he the "heir male of the body" of Edmond, not being descended from him. -John, however, was "heir male of the body" of Charles. George is -heir-apparent of John until his death in 1870, when George succeeds as -"heir" of his father and heir male of his house, and consequently Duke of -London. At his death in 1880 Dorothy becomes the "sole heir," or, more -properly, the "sole heir-general," of her father George; but his kinsman -Robert becomes his "heir male," and therefore Duke of London, in spite of -the fact that there was a much nearer male relative, viz. a nephew, Arthur, -the son of his sister. Robert also becomes the heir male of the body of -Owen and heir male of his house, and as such Duke of London. He would also -be generally described as the heir male of the body of David. - -At the death of Dorothy in 1885 her coheirs were her aunt Alice and her -cousin Arthur equally, and though these really were the coheirs {529} of -_Dorothy_ (the claims of Alice and Annie being equal, and the rights of -Annie having devolved upon Arthur), they would more usually be found -described as the coheirs of George or of John. Annie was never _herself_ -really a coheir, because she died before her brother, but "in her issue" -she became the coheir of Dorothy, though she would, after 1885, be usually -described as "in her issue" a coheir of George, or possibly even of John, -though this would be an inexact description. Arthur was heir of his mother -after 1870, heir of his father after 1872, and heir-apparent of his father -before that date; after 1885 he is a coheir of Dorothy, and after 1887 sole -heir of Dorothy and sole heir of Alice. He would also be usually described -as heir-general of George, and heir-general of John. Let us suppose that -John had married Edith Torkington, an English baroness (_suo jure_) by writ -(Baroness Neville), who had died in 1862. At that date the barony would -have descended to her eldest son George until his death in 1880, when -Dorothy, _suo jure_, would have succeeded. At her death in 1885 the barony -would have fallen into abeyance between Alice and Arthur. At the death of -Alice in 1887 the abeyance would be at an end, and the barony in its -entirety would have devolved upon Arthur, who would have enjoyed it until -at his death in 1888 the barony would have again fallen into abeyance -between Maria, Jane, and Hannah equally. It is not unlikely that Her -Majesty might have "determined the abeyance," or "called the barony out of -abeyance" (the meanings of the terms are identical) in favour of Maria, who -would consequently have enjoyed the barony in its entirety. At her death in -1889 it would again fall into abeyance between Jane and Hannah. At Jane's -death in 1890 Hannah became sole heir, and the abeyance came to an end when -Hannah succeeded to the barony. At her death it would pass to her aunt -Lilian. Hannah would usually be described as "coheir and subsequently sole -heir of" Arthur. If the Baroness Neville had been possessed of an ancient -Scottish Peerage (the Earldom of Torkington) it would have passed -undividedly and in full enjoyment to the heir of line, _i.e._ in 1862 to -George, 1880 to Dorothy, 1885 to Alice, 1887 to Arthur, 1888 to Maria, 1889 -to Jane, 1890 to Hannah, and 1896 to Lilian, the last (shown on the -pedigree) in remainder. Lilian does not become an heiress until 1896, when -the whole issue of her brother becomes extinct. Irene and Isabel never -become heirs at all. - -Robert, as we have seen, became heir male of his house and Duke of London -in 1880. At his death (1896) Harriet becomes sole heir of Robert, but at -her death in 1897 his niece Ada, the only child of his younger brother -Philip, who had predeceased him, would be usually referred to as heir of -Robert, whilst Cecil is heir male of his house. {530} - -When the term "of the body" is employed, _actual descent_ from that person -is signified, _e.g._ Arthur after 1885 is "collateral" heir-general of -Dorothy, but "heir-general of the body" of Edith Torkington. - -An "heir of entail," or, to use the Scottish term, the "heir of tailzie," -is merely the person succeeding to _property_ under a specific remainder -contained in a deed of entail. This has no relation to heirship in blood, -and the term, from an armorial point of view, might be entirely -disregarded, were it not that some number of Scottish coats of arms, and a -greater number of Scottish supporters, and some Scottish peerages and -baronetcies, are specifically granted and limited to the heirs of entail. -There are a few similar English grants following upon Royal Licences for -change of name and arms. - -[Illustration: FIG. 742.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 743.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 744.] - -The term "heir in expectancy" is sometimes heard, but it is not really a -proper term, and has no exact or legal meaning. When George was alive his -daughter Dorothy was his heir-presumptive, but supposing that Dorothy were -a Catholic nun and Alice a lunatic, in each of which cases there would be -very little likelihood of any marriage ever taking place, Arthur would very -generally be described as "heir in expectancy," for though he was neither -heir-apparent nor heir-presumptive, all probability pointed to the eventual -succession of himself or his issue. - -Anybody is said to be "in remainder" to entailed property or a peerage if -he is included within the recited limits of the entail or peerage. The -"heir in remainder" is the person next entitled to succeed after the death -of the existing holder. - -Thus (excluding heirs in expectancy and women who are {531} -heirs-presumptive) a marriage with any woman who is an heir or coheir -results in her arms being placed upon an escutcheon of pretence over the -arms of the husband. In the cases of all other women the arms are "impaled" -only. To "impale two coats" the shield is divided by a straight line down -the centre, the whole design of the arms of the husband being placed on the -dexter side of the escutcheon, and the whole design of the wife's arms -being placed on the sinister side (Fig. 742). - -[Illustration: FIG. 745.] - -It may perhaps be as well to here exemplify the different methods of the -conjunction of the arms of man and wife, arranging the same two coats in -the different methods in which they might be marshalled before reverting to -ancient practices. - -[Illustration: FIG. 746.] - -An ordinary commoner impales his wife's arms as in Fig. 742. If she be an -heiress, he places them on an escutcheon of pretence as in Fig. 743. If the -husband, not being a Knight, is, however, a Companion of an Order of -Knighthood, this does not (except in the case of the Commanders of the -Victorian Order) give him the right to use the circle of his Order round -his arms, and his badge is simply hung below the escutcheon, the arms of -the wife being impaled or placed on an escutcheon of pretence thereupon as -the case may necessitate. The wife of a Knight Bachelor shares the state -and rank with her husband, and the only difference is in the helmet (Fig. -744). But if the husband be a knight of any order, the ensigns of that -order are personal to himself, and cannot be shared with his wife, and -consequently two shields are employed. On the dexter shield are the arms of -the husband with the circle of his order of knighthood, and on the sinister -shield are the arms of the husband impaling the arms of the wife. Some -meaningless decoration, usually a wreath of oak-leaves, is placed round the -sinister shield to "balance," from the artistic point, the {532} ribbon, or -the ribbon and collar, as the case may be, of the order of knighthood of -the husband (Fig. 745). A seeming exception to this rule in the case of the -recent warrant to Queen Alexandra, whose arms, impaled by those of His -Majesty, are depicted impaled within the Garter, is perhaps explained by -the fact that Her Majesty is herself a member of that Order. A Knight Grand -Cross, of course, adds his collar to the dexter shield, and if he has -supporters, these are placed outside the _two_ shields. - -A peer impales the arms of his wife as in the case of a commoner, the arms -of the wife being, of course, under the protection of the supporters, -coronet, and helmet of the peer (Fig. 746). If, in addition to being a -peer, he is also a knight of an order, he follows the rules which prescribe -the use of two shields as already described. - -[Illustration: FIG. 747.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 748.] - -Supposing the wife to be a peeress in her own right, she cannot nowadays -confer any rank whatever upon her husband; consequently, if she marry a -commoner, the husband places her arms upon an escutcheon of pretence -surmounted by a coronet of her rank, but the supporters belonging to her -peerage cannot be added to his shield. The arms of the wife are -consequently repeated alone, but in this case upon a lozenge on the -sinister side of the husband's shield. Above this lozenge is placed the -coronet of her rank, and the supporters belonging to her peerage are placed -on either side of the lozenge (Fig. 747). But the arms of a peeress in her -own right are frequently represented on a lozenge without any reference to -the arms of her husband. In the case of a peeress in her own right marrying -a peer, the arms of the peeress are placed upon an escutcheon of pretence -in the centre of {533} her husband's shield, the only difference being that -this escutcheon of pretence is surmounted by the coronet belonging to the -peerage of the wife; and on the sinister side the arms of the wife are -repeated upon a lozenge with the supporters and coronet belonging to her -own peerage. It is purely an artistic detail, but it is a happy conceit in -such an instance to join together the compartments upon which the two pairs -of supporters stand to emphasise the fact that the whole is in reality but -one achievement (Fig. 748). - -[Illustration: FIG. 749.] - -Now, it is not uncommon to see an achievement displayed in this manner, for -there have been several instances in recent years of peeresses in their own -right who have married peers. Every woman who _inherits_ a peerage must of -necessity be an heir or coheir, and, as will have been seen, the laws of -armory provide for this circumstance; but supposing that the peeress were a -peeress by creation and were not an heiress, how would her arms be -displayed? Apparently it would not be permissible to place them on an -escutcheon of pretence, and consequently there is no way upon the husband's -shield of showing that his wife is a peeress in her own right. Such an -instance did arise in the case of the late Baroness Stratheden, who was -created a peeress whilst not being an heiress. Her husband was subsequently -created Baron Campbell. Now, how were the arms of Lord Campbell and Lady -Stratheden and Campbell displayed? I think I am correct in saying that not -a single textbook on armory recites the method which should be employed, -and I candidly confess that I myself am quite ignorant upon the point. - -[Illustration: FIG. 750.] - -All the foregoing are simply instances of how to display the arms of man -and wife, or, to speak more correctly, they are instances of the methods -_in which a man should bear arms for himself and his wife when he is -married_; for the helmet and mantling clearly indicate that it is the man's -coat of arms, and not the woman's. In olden days, when the husband -possessed everything, this might have been enough for all the circumstances -which were likely to occur. - -A lady whilst unmarried bears arms on a lozenge (Fig. 749), and upon -becoming a widow, bears again upon a lozenge the arms of her husband -impaled with the arms borne by her father (Fig. 750), or with the latter -upon an escutcheon of pretence if the widow be herself an {534} heiress -(Fig. 751). The widow of a knight has no way whatever of indicating that -her husband was of higher rank than an ordinary untitled gentleman. The -widow of a baronet, however, places the inescutcheon with the hand of -Ulster upon her husband's arms (Fig. 752). I have often heard this -disputed, but a reference to the Grant Books at the College of Arms (_vide_ -a grant of arms some years ago to Lady Pearce) will provide the necessary -precedent. If, however, the baronetcy is of Nova Scotia, this means of -indicating the rank cannot be employed. The widow of a peer (not being a -peeress in her own right) uses a lozenge of her husband's and her own arms, -with his supporters and his coronet (Fig. 753). - -[Illustration: FIG. 751.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 752.] - -If a peeress, after marriage with a commoner, becomes a widow she bears on -the dexter side a lozenge of her late husband's arms and superimposed -thereupon her own on an escutcheon of pretence surmounted by a coronet. -(The coronet, it should be noted, is over the escutcheon of pretence and -not above the lozenge.) On the sinister side she bears a lozenge of her own -arms alone with her supporters and with her coronet above the lozenge. The -arms of the present Baroness Kinloss would show an example of such an -arrangement of two lozenges, but as Lady Kinloss does not possess -supporters these additions could not be introduced. - -[Illustration: FIG. 753.] - -The laws of arms provide no way in which a married woman (other than a -peeress in her own right) can display arms in her own right during the -lifetime of her husband, unless this is to be presumed from the method of -depicting the arms of a wife upon a hatchment. In such a case, a _shield_ -is used, usually suspended from a ribbon, identical with the shield of the -husband, but omitting the helmet, crest, mantling, and motto. - -Impalement is used occasionally in other circumstances than marriage, -_i.e._ to effect conjunction of official and personal arms. - -With rare exceptions, the official arms which exist are those of -Archiepiscopal and Episcopal Sees, of the Kings of Arms, and of the {535} -Regius Professors at Cambridge. Here certainly, in the ecclesiastical -cases, the theory of marriage remains, the official arms being placed on -the dexter side and the personal arms on the sinister, inasmuch as the laws -of armory for ecclesiastics were made at a time when the clergy were -celibate. The personal helmet and crest are placed above the impaled coat, -except in the cases of bishops and archbishops, who, of course, use a mitre -in place thereof. It is not correct to impale the arms of a wife upon the -same shield which carries the impalement of an official coat of arms, -because the wife does not share the office. In such a case it is necessary -to make use of two shields placed side by side, as is done in conjoining -the arms of a Knight of any Order with those of his wife. - -In impaling the arms of a wife, it is not correct to impale more than her -pronominal coat. This is a definite rule in England, somewhat modified in -Scotland, as will be presently explained. Though it has never been -considered good form to impale a quartered shield, it is only recently that -the real fact that such a proceeding is definitely incorrect has come to -light. It appears from the State Papers, Domestic Series, Eliz. xxvi. 31, -1561:-- - -"At a Chapitre holden by the office of Armes at the Embroyderers' Hall in -London, anno 4^o Reginae Elizabethae it was agreed that no inhiritrix -eyther mayde wife or widow should bear or cause to be borne any Creast or -cognizance of her Ancestors otherwise than as followeth. If she be -unmarried to bear in her ringe, cognizaunce or otherwise, the first coate -of her ancestors in a Lozenge. And during her widowhood to set the first -coate of her husbande in pale with the first coate of her Auncestors. And -if she mary on who is noe gentleman, then she to be clearly exempted from -the former conclusion." - -Whilst this rule holds in England, it must, to a certain extent, be -modified in relation to the arms of a Scottish wife. Whilst the inalienable -right _to quarter arms derived_ from an heiress cannot be said to be -non-existent in Scotland, it should be noted that the custom of -indiscriminately quartering is much less frequent than in England, and -comparatively seldom adopted, unless estates, or chief representation in an -important or appreciable degree, follow the technical heraldic -representation. In England the claim is always preferred to quarter the -arms of an ancestress who had no brothers whether she transmitted estates -or not. Of course, technically and theoretically the claim is perfectly -correct, and cannot, and should not, be denied. But in practice in England -it has in some cases reached a rather absurd extent, when a man on marrying -an only daughter of the youngest son of the youngest branch of a family -consequently acquires the right to display with his own ensigns the full -arms and quarterings of {536} the head of a house from which he has -inherited no lands, and which is still thriving in the senior male line. In -Scottish practice such an event would be ignored, and in that country it is -not usual to add quarterings to a shield, _nor are these officially -recognised_ without a rematriculation of the arms. In England it is merely -a question of recording the pedigree and proving heirship, and many -quarterings are proved and recorded that there is not the slightest -intention to use regularly. Rematriculation has a more permanent character -than mere registration, inasmuch as the coat with its quarterings upon -matriculation as far as usage is concerned becomes indivisible, and, -consequently, for a Scottish wife the impalement should be of the -indivisible arms and quarterings matriculated to her father in Lyon -Register, with his bordure and other "difference" marks. - -All the old armorists provide ways of impaling the arms of several wives, -and consequently the idea has grown up that it is permissible and correct -to bear and use the arms of two wives at the same time. This is a mistake, -because, strictly and technically speaking, the right to impale the arms of -a wife ceases at her death. Impalement means marriage, and when the -marriage is dissolved the impalement becomes meaningless, and should be -discontinued. A man cannot be married to two people at one time, nor can he -as a consequence impale two coats of arms at the same time. - -The matter is more clearly apparent if the question of an escutcheon of -pretence be considered in place of an impalement. The escutcheon of -pretence means that the husband _pretends_ to represent the family of his -wife. This _jure uxoris_ he undoubtedly does whilst she is alive, but the -moment she dies the _actual_ representation of her family passes to her son -and heir, and it is ridiculous for her husband to _pretend_ to represent -when there is an undoubted representative in existence, and when the -representation, such as it was when vested in himself, has come to an end, -and passed elsewhere. If his heiress-wife had been a peeress, he would have -borne her escutcheon of pretence surmounted by her coronet; but it is -ridiculous for him to continue to do so when the right to the coronet and -to the peerage has passed to his wife's heir. The same argument holds good -with regard to impalement. That, of course, raises the point that in every -authority (particularly in those of an earlier period) will be found -details of the methods to be adopted for impaling the arms of several -wives. People have quite failed to appreciate the object of these rules. -Armory from its earliest introduction has had great memorial use, and when -a monument or hatchment is put up to a man it has been usual, prior to -these utilitarian days of funeral reform, to memorialise _all_ the wives he -has been possessed of. In the same way, in a pedigree it is necessary to -{537} enumerate the names and arms of all the wives of a man. Consequently -for tombs and pedigrees--when all being dead, there is no reason to -indicate any particular woman as the present _wife_--plans have been -devised for the combination of several coats into one memorial achievement, -plans necessitated by the circumstances of the cases, and plans to which no -objection can be taken. Tombs, pedigrees, and other memorials are the usual -form in which the records of arms have chiefly come down to us, and from -the frequency in which cases of achievements with double impalements have -been preserved, a mistaken idea has arisen that it is correct to bear, and -actually use and carry, two impalements at one and the same time. Outside -memorial instances, I have utterly failed to find any instance in former -days of a man himself using in his own lifetime two impalements, and I -believe and state it to be absolutely incorrect for a man to use, say on a -carriage, a bookplate, or a seal, the arms of a deceased wife. You may -_have been_ married to a presently deceased woman, therefore impale her -arms in a record or memorial; but no one _is_ married to a deceased woman, -therefore it is wrong to advertise that you are married to her by impaling -her arms; and as you cannot be married to two people at the same time, it -is illogical and wrong to _use_ or carry two impalements. I know of no -instance of a grant to a man of arms to bear in right of a deceased wife. -It is for these occasions of memorial and record that methods have been -devised to show a man's marriage with several wives. They certainly were -not devised for the purpose of enabling him to bear and use for -contemporary purposes the arms of a series of dead women, the -representation of whom is no longer vested in himself. - -Whilst admitting that for the purposes of record or memorial rules _do_ -exist, it should at the same time be pointed out that even for such -occasions it is much more usual to see two shields displayed, each carrying -its separate impalement, than to find two impalements on one shield. The -use of a separate shield for each marriage is the method that I would -strongly advocate, but as a knowledge of past observances must be had -fully, if one is to read aright the records of the tombs, I recite what the -rules are:-- - -(1) _To impale the arms of two wives._--Either the husband's arms are -placed in the centre, with the first wife on the dexter and the second wife -on the sinister, or else the husband's arms are placed on the dexter side, -and the sinister side is divided in fess, the arms of the first wife being -placed in chief and those of the second in base. The former method is the -one more generally employed of the two. - -(2) _Three wives._--Husband's arms in centre, first wife's on dexter side, -second wife's on sinister side in chief, and third wife in base. {538} - -(3) _Four wives._--Husband's in centre, first and second wives' in chief -and base respectively on the dexter side, and third and fourth similarly on -the sinister. - -If one of two wives be an heiress her arms might be found in pretence and -the other coat or coats impaled, but it is impossible in such a case to -place a number to the wife, and it is impossible to display an escutcheon -of pretence for more than one wife, as if the escutcheon of pretence is -removed from the exact centre it at once ceases to be an escutcheon of -pretence. Consequently, if more than one wife be an heiress, separate -escutcheons should be used for each marriage. Plans have been drawn up and -apparently accepted providing for wives up to nearly twenty in number, but -no useful purpose will be served by repeating them. A man with more than -four wives is unusual in this country. - -Divorce nullifies marriage, and both husband and wife must at once revert -to bachelor and maiden achievements respectively. - -It is difficult to deduce any certain conclusions as to the ancient rules -connected with impalement, for a simple reason which becomes very -noticeable on an examination of ancient _seals_ and other armorial records. -In early times there can be no doubt whatever that men did not impale, or -bother about the arms of wives who were not great heiresses. A man bore his -own arms, and he left his father-in-law, or his brother-in-law, to bear -those of the family with which he had matched. Of course, we find many -cases in which the arms of a wife figure upon the husband's shield, but a -careful examination of them shows that in practically every case the reason -is to be found in the fact that the wife was an heiress. Husbands were -called to Parliament in virtue of the peerages vested in their wives, and -we cannot but come to the conclusion that whenever one finds use in early -times of the arms of a wife, it is due to the fact that the husband was -bearing them not because of his mere marriage, but because he was enjoying -the estates, or peerage, of his wife. - -For that reason we find in many cases the arms of the wife borne in -preference to the paternal arms of descent, or meet with them quartered -with the arms of the husband, and frequently being given precedence over -his own; and on the analogy of the coats of arms of wives at present borne -with the wife's surname by the husband under Royal Licence, there can be -little doubt that at a period when Royal Licences had not come into regular -vogue the same idea was dominant, and the appearance of a wife's coat of -arms meant the assumption of those arms by the husband as his own, with or -without the surname of the wife. - -The connection between name and arms was not then so stereotyped as it is -at present; rather was it a connection between arms and {539} land, and -perhaps more pointedly of arms and a peerage title where this existed, for -there are many points and many facts which conclusively show that at an -early period a coat of arms was often considered to have a territorial -limitation; or perhaps it should be said that, whilst admittedly personal, -arms have territorial attributes or connection. - -This is borne out by the pleadings and details remaining to us concerning -the Grey and Hastings controversy, and if this territorial character of a -coat of arms is admitted, together with another characteristic no less -important--and certainly equally accepted--that a coat of arms could belong -to but one person at the same time, it must be recognised that the -appearance of a wife's arms on a husband's shield is not an instance of a -sign of mere marriage or anything analogous thereto. But when we turn to -the arms of women, the condition of affairs is wholly reversed. A woman, -who of course retained her identity, drew her position from her marriage -and from her husband's position, and from the very earliest period we find -that whilst a man simply bore his own arms, the wife upon her seal -displayed both the arms of her own family and the arms of her husband's. -Until a much later period it cannot be said to have been ordinarily -customary for the husband to bear the arms of his wife unless she were an -heiress, but from almost the beginning of armory the wife conjoined the -arms of her husband and herself. But the instances which have come down to -us from an early period of dimidiated or impaled coats are chiefly -instances of the display of arms by a widow. - -The methods of conjunction which can be classed as above, however, at first -seem to have been rather varied. - -Originally separate shields were employed for the different coats of arms, -then dimidiated examples occur; at a later period we find the arms impaled -upon one shield, and at a subsequent date the escutcheon of pretence comes -into use as a means of indicating that the wife was an heiress. - -The origin of this escutcheon is easy to understand. Taking arms to have a -territorial limitation--a point which still finds a certain amount of -acceptance in Scottish heraldry--there was no doubt that a man, in -succeeding to a lordship in right of his wife, would wish to bear the arms -associated therewith. He placed them, therefore, upon his own, and arms -exclusively of a territorial character have certainly very frequently been -placed "in pretence." His own arms he would look upon as arms of descent; -they consequently occupied the field of his shield. The lordship of his -wife he did not enjoy through descent, and consequently he would naturally -incline to place it "in pretence," and from the constant occasions in which -such a proceeding would seem to be the natural course of events (all of -which occasions {540} would be associated with an heiress-wife), one would -be led to the conclusion that such a form of display indicated an -heiress-wife; and consequently the rule deduced, as are all heraldic rules, -from past precedents became established. - -In the next generation, the son and heir would have descent from his mother -equally with his father, and the arms of her family would be equally arms -of descent to him, and no longer the mere territorial emblem of a lordship. -Consequently they became on the same footing as the arms of his father. The -son would naturally, therefore, quarter the arms. The escutcheon of -pretence being removed, and therefore having enjoyed but a temporary -existence, the association thereof with the heiress-wife becomes emphasised -in a much greater degree. - -This is now accepted as a definite rule of armory, but in reciting it as a -rule it should be pointed out, first, that no man may place the arms of his -wife upon an escutcheon of pretence during the lifetime of her father, -because whilst her father is alive there is always the opportunity of a -re-marriage, and of the consequent birth of a son and heir. No man is -compelled to bear arms on an escutcheon of pretence, it being quite correct -to impale them merely to indicate the marriage--if he so desires. There are -many cases of arms which would appear meaningless and undecipherable when -surmounted by an escutcheon of pretence. - -"Sometimes, also (says Guillim), he who marries an heretrix may carry her -arms in an inescutcheon upon his own, because the husband pretends that his -heirs shall one day inherit an estate by her; it is therefore called an -escutcheon of pretence; but this way of bearing is not known abroad upon -that occasion." - -A man on marrying an heiress-wife has no great space at his disposal for -the display of her arms, and though it is now considered perfectly correct -to place any number of quarterings upon an escutcheon of pretence, the -opportunity does not in fact exist for more than the display of a limited -number. In practice, three or four are as many as will usually be found, -but theoretically it is correct to place the whole of the quarterings to -which the wife is entitled upon the escutcheon of pretence. - -Two early English instances may be pointed out in the fifteenth century, in -which a husband placed his wife's arms _en surtout_. These are taken from -the Garter Plates of Sir John Neville, Lord Montagu, afterwards Marquess of -Montagu (elected K.G. _circa_ 1463), and of Richard Beauchamp, fifth Earl -of Warwick and Albemarle (elected K.G. _circa_ 1400); but it was not until -about the beginning of the seventeenth century that the regular practice -arose by which the husband of an heiress places his wife's arms in an -escutcheon _en surtout_ {541} upon his personal arms, whether his coat be a -quartered one or not. Another early instance is to be found in Fig. 754, -which is interesting as showing the arms of both wives of the first Earl of -Shrewsbury. His first was _suo jure_ Baroness Furnivall. Her arms are, -however, impaled. His second wife was the daughter (but not the heir) of -Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, but she was coheir of her mother, the -Baroness Lisle. - -[Illustration] - - FIG. 754.--Arms of John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, K.G.: Quarterly, 1 - and 4, gules, a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed or (Talbot); 2 - and 3, argent, two lions passant in pale gules (Strange); impaling the - arms of his first wife whose Peerage he enjoyed, viz.: quarterly, 1 and - 4, argent, a bend between six martlets gules (Furnival); 2 and 3, or, a - fret gules (Verdon); and upon an escutcheon of pretence the arms of the - mother of his second wife (to whom she was coheir, conveying her - mother's Peerage to her son), viz.: 1 and 4, gules, a lion passant - guardant argent, crowned or (Lisle); 2 and 3, argent, a chevron gules - (Tyes). (From MS. Reg. 15, E. vi.) - -It should be borne in mind that even in Great Britain an inescutcheon _en -surtout_ does not always mean an heiress-wife. The Earl of Mar and Kellie -bears an inescutcheon surmounted by an earl's coronet for his Earldom of -Kellie, and other instances are to be found in the arms of Cumming-Gordon -(see Plate III.), whilst Sir Hector Maclean Hay, Bart., thus bears his -pronominal arms over his quarterings in continental fashion. Inescutcheons -of augmentation occur in the arms of the Dukes of Marlborough and -Wellington, Lord Newton, and on the shields of Newman, Wolfe, and others. - -Under the Commonwealth the Great Seals of Oliver Cromwell and his son -Richard, as Protectors, bore a shield of arms: "Quarterly, 1 and 4, argent, -a cross gules (for England); 2. azure, a saltire argent (for Scotland); 3. -azure, a harp or, stringed argent (for Ireland);" and upon these -quarterings _en surtout_ an escutcheon of the personal arms of Cromwell: -"Sable, a lion rampant argent." - -In the heraldry of the Continent of Europe it has long been the custom for -an elected sovereign to place his hereditary arms in an escutcheon _en -surtout_ above those of his dominions. As having obtained the crown by -popular election, the Kings of the Hellenes also place _en surtout_ upon -the arms of the Greek kingdom ("Azure, a Greek cross couped argent") an -escutcheon of their personal arms. Another instance is to be found in the -arms of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Whilst all the descendants of -the late Prince Consort (other than his Majesty King Edward VII.) bear in -England the Royal Arms of this country, differenced by their respective -labels with an escutcheon of Saxony _en surtout_ as Dukes and Duchesses of -Saxony, the late Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha bore {542} the arms of -Saxony, placing the differenced Royal shield of this country _en surtout_. - -We now come to the subject of quartering. Considering the fact that every -single text-book on armory gives the ordinary rules for the marshalling of -quarterings, it is strange how many mistakes are made, and how extremely -funny are the ideas of some people upon the subject of quartering. As has -already been stated, the rules of quartering are governed by the simple, -but essential and important fact, that every quartering exhibited means the -representation in blood of some particular person. Quarterings, other than -those of augmentation, can only be inherited from or through those female -ancestors who are in themselves heirs or coheirs in blood, or whose issue -subsequently become in a later generation the representatives of any -ancestor in the male line of that said female ancestor. Briefly speaking, a -woman is an heiress, first, if she is only child; second, if all her -brothers die without issue in her own lifetime; and third, if the entire -issue, male and female, of her brothers, becomes extinct in her own -lifetime. A woman becomes an "heiress in her issue," as it is termed, if -she die before her brothers, if and when all the descendants of her -brothers become absolutely extinct. - -If the wife be either an heir or coheir, she transmits after her death to -_all_ her children the arms and quarterings--_as quarterings to add to -their paternal arms, and as such only_--which she was entitled to place -upon her own lozenge. - -The origin and theory of quartering is as follows: If the daughter be an -heiress or coheiress she represents either wholly or in part her father and -his branch of the family, even if "his branch" only commenced with himself. -Now in the days when the science of armory was slowly evolving itself there -was no Married Women's Property Act, and the husband _ipso facto_ became to -all intents and purposes possessed of and enjoyed the rights of his wife. -But it was at the same time only a possession and enjoyment by courtesy, -and not an actual possession in fee, for the reversion remained with the -wife's heirs, and did not pass to the heirs of the husband; for in cases -where the husband or wife had been previously married, or where there was -no issue of their marriage, their heirs would not be identical. Of course -during the lifetime of his wife he could not actually _represent_ his -wife's family, and consequently could not quarter the arms, but in right of -his wife he "pretended" to the representation of her house, and -consequently the inescutcheon of her arms is termed an "escutcheon of -pretence." - -After the death of a wife her children immediately and actually become the -representatives of their mother, and are as such _entitled_ of right to -quarter the arms of their mother's family. {543} - -The earliest example which has been discovered at the present time of the -use of a quartered coat of arms is afforded by the seal of Joanna of -Ponthieu, second wife of Ferdinand III., King of Castile and Leon, in 1272. -This seal bears on its reverse in a vesica the triple-towered castles of -Castile, and the rampant lion of Leon, repeated as in the modern -quarterings of Spain. There is, however, no separation of the quarters by a -line of partition. This peculiarity will be also noticed as existing in the -quartered coats of Hainault a quarter of a century later. The quartered -coat of Castile and Leon remains upon the monument in Westminster Abbey -erected in memory of Eleanor of Castile, who died in 1290, the first wife -of Edward I. - -Providing the wife be an heiress--and for the remainder of this chapter, -which deals only with quarterings, this will be assumed--the son of a -marriage _after the death_ of his mother quarters her arms with those of -his father, that is, he divides his shield into four quarters, and places -the arms of his father in the first and fourth quarters, and the arms of -his mother in the second and third. That is the root, basis, and original -rule of all the rules of quartering, but it may be here remarked, that no -man is entitled to quarter the arms of his mother whilst she is alive, -inasmuch as she is alive to represent herself and her family, and her issue -cannot assume the representation whilst she is alive. - -[Illustration] - - FIG. 755.--Arms of Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby (d. 1572); Quarterly, - 1. quarterly, i. and iiii., argent, on a bend azure, three bucks' heads - caboshed or (Stanley); ii. and iii., or, on a chief indented azure, - three bezants (Lathom); 2 and 3, gules, three legs in armour conjoined - at the thigh and flexed at the knee proper, garnished and spurred or - (for the Lordship of Man); 4. quarterly, i. and iiii., gules, two lions - passant in pale argent (for Strange); ii. and iii., argent, a fess and - a canton gules (for Wydeville). The arms on the escutcheon of pretence - are not those of his wife (Anne Hastings), who was not an heiress, and - they seem difficult to account for unless they are a coat for Rivers or - some other territorial lordship inherited from the Wydeville family. - The full identification of the quarterings borne by Anthony, Lord - Rivers, would probably help in determining the point. - -But it should not be imagined that the definite rules which exist at the -moment had any such unalterable character in early times. Husbands are -found to have quartered the arms of their wives if they were heiresses, and -if important lordships devolved through the marriage. Territorial arms of -dominion were quartered with personal arms (Fig. 755), quarterings of -augmentation were granted, and the present system is the endeavour to -reconcile all the varying circumstances and precedents which exist. One -point, however, stands out clearly from all ancient examples, viz. that -quartering meant quartering, and a shield was supposed to have but four -quarters upon it. Consequently we find that instead of the elaborate -schemes now in vogue showing {544} 10, 20, 50, or 100 quarterings, the -shield had but four; and this being admitted and recognised, it became -essential that the four most important should be shown, and consequently we -find that quarterings were selected in a manner which would seem to us -haphazard. Paternal quarterings were dropped and the result has been that -many coats of arms are now known as the arms of a family with quite a -different surname from that of the family with which they originated. The -matter was of little consequence in the days when the "upper-class" and -arms-bearing families were few in number. Every one knew how Stafford -derived his Royal descent, and that it was not male upon male, so no -confusion resulted from the Earls of Buckingham giving the Royal coat -precedence before their paternal quartering of Stafford (see Fig. 756), or -from their using only the Woodstock version of the Royal Arms; but as time -went on the upper classes became more numerous, arms-bearing ancestors by -the succession of generations increased in number, and while in the -thirteenth and fourteenth centuries it would be a physical impossibility -for any man to have represented one hundred different heiresses of -arms-bearing families, in later days such became the case. The result has -been the necessity to formulate those strict and rigid rules which for -modern purposes must be conformed to, and it is futile and childish to -deduce a set of rules from ancient and possibly isolated examples -originating in and suitable for the simpler genealogical circumstances of -an earlier day, and assert that it is equally permissible to adopt them at -the moment, or to marshal a modern shield accordingly. - -[Illustration] - - FIG. 756.--Arms of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham (d. 1521): - Quarterly, 1 and 4, quarterly, i. and iiii., France; ii. and iii., - England, within the bordure argent of Thomas of Woodstock; 2 and 3, or, - a chevron gules (for Stafford). (From MS. Add. 22, 306.) - -The first attempt to break away from the four quarters of a shield was the -initiation of the system of grand quarters (see Figs. 755 and 756). By this -means the relative importance could roughly be shown. Supposing a man had -inherited a shield of four quarters and then married a wife in whom was -vested a peerage, he naturally wished to display the arms connected with -that peerage, for these were of greater importance than his own four -quarterings. The problem was how to introduce the fifth. In some cases we -find it borne in pretence, but in other cases, particularly in a later -generation, we find that important quarter given the whole of a quarter of -the shield to itself, the other four being conjoined together and displayed -so as to occupy a similar space. These, therefore, became sub-quarters. The -system also had advantages, because it permitted coats which by constant -quartering had become {545} indivisible to be perpetuated in this form. So -definite was this rule, that in only one of the series of Garter plates -anterior to the Tudor period is any shield found containing more than four -quarters, though many of these are grand quarters containing other coats -borne sub-quarterly. The one instance which I refer to as an exception is -the shield of the Duke D'Urbino, and it is quite possible that this should -not be quoted as an instance in point. He appears to have borne in the -ordinary way four quarters, but he subsequently added thereto two -quarterings which may or may not have been one and the same coat of arms by -way of augmentation. These he placed in pale in the centre of the others, -thus making the shield apparently one of six quarters. - -[Illustration] - - FIG. 757.--Arms of George Nevill, Baron Abergavenny (d. 1535): - Quarterly, 1. gules, on a saltire argent, a rose of the field (Nevill); - 2. chequy or and azure (Warenne); 3. or, three chevrons gules (Clare); - 4. quarterly argent and gules, in the second and third quarters a fret - or, over all a bend sable (Le Despencer); 4. gules, on a fess between - six cross crosslets or, a crescent sable (for Beauchamp). (Add. MS. 22, - 306.) - -But one is safe in the assertion that during the Plantagenet period no more -than four quarters were ordinarily placed upon a shield. Then we come to -the brief period of "squeezed in" quarterings (Figs. 757 and 758). In the -early Visitations we get instances of six, eight, and even a larger number, -and the start once being made, and the number of four relinquished, there -was of course no reason why it should not be extended indefinitely. This -appears to have rapidly become the case, and we find that schemes of -quarterings are now proved and recorded officially in England and Ireland -some of which exceed 200 in number. The record number of officially proved -and recorded quarterings is at present held by the family of Lloyd, of -Stockton in Chirbury, co. Salop, but many of the quarterings of this family -are mere repetition owing to constant intermarriages, and to the fact that -a single Welsh line of male descent often results in a number of different -shields. Welsh arms did not originally have the hereditary unchangeability -we are accustomed to in English heraldry, and moreover a large proportion -are later inventions borne to denote descent and are not arms actually used -by those they stand for, so that the recorded scheme {546} of the -quarterings of Mr. Money-Kyrle, or of the sister Countesses of Yarborough -and Powis, respectively Baroness Fauconberg and Conyers and Baroness Darcy -de Knayth are decidedly more enviable. Nobody of course attempts to bear -such a number. In Scotland, however, even to the present day, the system of -four quarterings is still adhered to. The result is that in Scotland the -system of grand quarterings is still pursued, whilst in England it is -almost unknown, except in cases where coats of arms have for some reason or -another become indivisible. This is a very patent difficulty when it -becomes necessary to marshal indivisible Scottish coats with English ones, -and the system of cadency adopted in Scotland, which has its chief -characteristic in the employment of bordures, makes the matter sometimes -very far from simple. The system adopted at the present time in the case of -a Royal Licence, for example, to bear a Scottish name and arms where the -latter is a coat of many quarterings within a bordure, is to treat such -coat as made indivisible by and according to the most recent matriculation. -That coat is then treated as a grand quartering of an equivalent value to -the pronominal coat in England. - -[Illustration] - - FIG. 758.--Arms of Henry Algernon Percy, Earl of Northumberland (d. - 1527): Quarterly, 1. quarterly, i. and iiii., or, a lion rampant azure - (Percy); ii. and iii., gules, three lucies haurient argent (Lucy); 2. - azure, five fusils conjoined in fess or (for Percy); 3. barry of six or - and vert, a bendlet gules (Poynings); 4. gules, three lions passant in - pale argent, a bendlet azure (FitzPayne), or three piles azure (Brian). - -But reverting to the earlier chart, by the aid of which heirship was -demonstrated, the following were entitled to transmit the Cilfowyr arms as -quarterings. Mary, Ellen, Blanche, Grace, Muriel, and Dorothy all had the -right to transmit. By the death of Dorothy _v.p._ Alice and Annie both -became entitled. Maria Jane and Hannah would have been entitled to transmit -Sherwin and Cilfowyr, but not Cilfowyr alone, if there had been no arms for -Sherwin, though they could have transmitted Sherwin alone if there had been -arms for Sherwin and none for Cilfowyr. Harriet would have transmitted the -arms of Cilfowyr if she had survived, and Ada would, each subject to -differences as has been previously explained. - -As has been already explained, every woman is entitled to bear upon a -lozenge in her own lifetime the arms, quarterings, and difference marks -which belonged to her father. If her mother were an heiress she adds her -mother's arms to her father's, and her mother's quarterings also, -marshalling the whole into a correct sequence, and placing the said -sequence of quarterings upon a lozenge. Such are the armorial bearings of a -daughter. If the said daughter be not an heraldic heiress in blood she -_cannot_ transmit either arms or quarterings to her descendants. Needless -to say, no woman, heiress or non-heiress, can now transmit a crest, and no -woman can bear either crest, helmet, mantling, or motto. A daughter not -being an heiress simply confers the right upon her husband to _impale_ upon -his shield such arms and difference marks as her father bore in his own -right. If an heiress possessing arms marry a man with illegal arms, or a -man making no pretensions to arms, her children have no arms at all, and -really inherit {547} nothing; and the rights, such as they are, to the arms -of the mother as a quartering remain, and must remain, _dormant_ unless and -until arms are established for their father's line, inasmuch as they can -only inherit armorially from their mother _through_ their father. In -England it is always optional for a man to have arms assigned to him to -fill in any blanks which would otherwise mar his scheme of quarterings. - -Let us now see how various coats of arms are marshalled as quarterings into -one achievement. - -[Illustration: FIG. 759.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 760.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 761.] - -The original theory of quartering upon which all rules are based is that -after a marriage with an heiress, necessitating for the children the -combination of the two coats, the shield is divided into four quarters. -These four are numbered from the top left-hand (the dexter) corner (No. 1) -across towards the sinister (No. 2) side of the shield; then the next row -is numbered in the same way (Nos. 3 and 4). This rule as to the method of -numbering holds good for any number of quarterings. - -In allocating the position of the different coats to their places in the -scheme of quarterings, the pronominal coat must _always_ be in the first -quartering. - -In a simple case (the exceptions will presently be referred to) that places -the arms of the father in the first and fourth quarters, and the arms of -the mother in the second and third; such, of course, being on the -assumption that the father possessed only a simple coat without -quarterings, and that the mother was in the same position. The children -therefore possess a coat of four quarters (Fig. 759). Suppose a son of -theirs in his turn marries another heiress, also possessing only a simple -coat without quarterings, he bears arms as Fig. 760, and the grandchildren -descending from the aforesaid marriage put that last-mentioned coat in the -third quarter, and the coat, though still of only four quarters, is: 1 and -4, the pronominal coat; 2, the first heiress; 3, the second (Fig. 761). - -If another single quartering is brought in, in a later generation, that -takes the place of No. 4. So far it is all plain sailing, but very {548} -few text-books carry one beyond this point. Another single quartering -inherited gives five quarterings to be displayed on one shield. The usual -plan is to repeat the first quartering, and gives you six, which are then -arranged in two rows of three. If the shield be an impaled shield one -sometimes sees them arranged in three rows of two, but this is unusual -though not incorrect. But five quarterings are sometimes arranged in two -rows, three in the upper and two in the lower, and with a shield of the -long pointed variety this plan may be adopted with advantage. Subsequent -quarterings, as they are introduced by subsequent marriages, take their -places, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and so on _ad infinitum_. - -In arranging them on one shield, the order in which they devolve (according -to the _pedigree_ and _not_ necessarily according to the _date_ order in -which they are inherited) must be rigidly adhered to; but a person is -perfectly at liberty (1) to repeat the _first_ quartering at the end to -make an even number or not at his pleasure, but no more than the first -quartering must be repeated in such cases; (2) to arrange the quarters in -any number of rows he may find most convenient according to the shape of -the space the quarterings will occupy. - -Upon the Continent it is usual to specify the number and position of the -lines by which the shield is divided. Thus, while an English herald would -say simply, _Quarterly of six_, and leave it to the painter's or engraver's -taste to arrange the quarterings in three rows of two, or in two rows of -three, a French or German herald would ordinarily specify the arrangement -to be used in distinct terms. - -If a man possessing only a simple coat of arms without quarterings marry an -heiress with a number of quarterings (_e.g._ say twenty), he himself places -the arms and quarterings of his wife in pretence. Their children -eventually, as a consequence, inherit twenty-one quarterings. The first is -the coat of their father, the second is the first coat of the mother, and -the remaining nineteen follow in a regular sequence, according to their -position upon their mother's achievement. - -To sum the rule up, it is necessary first to take _all_ the quarterings -inherited from the father and arrange them in a proper sequence, and then -follow on _in the same sequence_ with the arms and quarterings inherited -from the mother. - -The foregoing explanations should show how generation by generation -quarterings are added to a paternal shield, but I have found that many of -those who possess a knowledge of the laws to this extent are yet at a loss, -given a pedigree, to marshal the resulting quarterings in their right -order. - -Given your pedigree--the first quartering _must_ be _the pronominal coat_ -(I am here presuming no change of name or arms has occurred), which is the -coat of the strict male line of descent. Then follow this male line back as -far as it is known. The second quartering is the {549} coat of the _first_ -heiress who married your earliest ancestor in the male line who is known to -have married an heiress. Then after her coat will follow all the -quarterings which she was entitled to and which she has "brought in" to -your family. Having exhausted these, you then follow your male line _down_ -to the next heiress, adding her arms as a quartering to those already -arranged, and following it by her quarterings. The same plan must be -pursued until you arrive at your own name upon the pedigree. Unless some -exceptional circumstance has arisen (and such exceptions will presently be -found detailed at length), all the quarterings are of equal heraldic value, -and must be the same size when displayed. - -If after having worked out your quarterings you find that you have more -than you care to use, you are quite at liberty to make a selection, -omitting any number, _but_ it is entirely _wrong_ to display quarterings -without those quarterings which brought them into the paternal line. -Supposing your name to be Brown, you _must_ put the Brown arms in the first -quarter, but at your pleasure you can quarter the arms of each single -heiress who married an ancestor of yours in the male line (_i.e._ who -herself became Mrs. Brown), or you can omit the whole or a part. But -supposing one of these, Mrs. Brown (_nee_ Smith), was entitled to quarter -the arms of Jones, which arms of Jones had brought in the arms of Robinson, -you are not at liberty to quarter the arms of Jones without quartering -Smith, and if you wish to display the arms of Robinson you _must_ also -quarter the arms of Jones to bring in Robinson and the arms of Smith to -bring in Robinson and Jones to your own Brown achievement. You can use -Brown only: or quarterly, 1 and 4, Brown; 2 and 3, Smith: or 1 and 4, -Brown; 2. Smith; 3. Jones: or quarterly, 1. Brown; 2. Smith; 3. Jones; 4. -Robinson; but you are _not_ entitled to quarter: 1 and 4, Brown; 2. Jones; -3. Robinson, because Smith, which brought in Jones and Robinson, has been -omitted, and there was never a match between Brown and Jones. - -Quarterings signifying nothing beyond mere representation are not -compulsory, and their use or disuse is quite optional. - -So much for the general rules of quartering. Let us now consider certain -cases which require rules to themselves. - -It is possible for a daughter to be the sole heir or coheir of her mother -whilst not being the heir of her father, as in the following imaginary -pedigree:-- - - _1st wife_ - (an heiress). _2nd wife._ - MARY CONYERS=JOHN DARCY=MARGARET FAUCONBERG. - | | - ------------- -------------- - | | | - JOAN (only daughter), THOMAS. HENRY. - heir of her mother - but not of her father. - -{550} In this case Joan is not the heir of her father, inasmuch as he has -sons Thomas and Henry, but she is the heir of her mother and the only issue -capable of inheriting and transmitting the Conyers arms and quarterings. -Joan is heir of her mother but not of her father. - -The husband of Joan can either impale the arms of Darcy as having married a -daughter of John Darcy, or he can place upon an escutcheon of pretence arms -to indicate that he has married the heiress of Conyers. But it would be -quite incorrect for him to simply place Conyers in pretence, because he has -not married a Miss Conyers. What he must do is to charge the arms of -Conyers with a dexter canton of the arms of Darcy and place this upon his -escutcheon of pretence.[30] The children will quarter the arms of Conyers -with the canton of Darcy and inherit likewise all the quarterings to which -Mary Conyers succeeded, but the Conyers arms must be always thereafter -charged with the arms of Darcy on a canton, and no right accrues to the -Darcy quarterings. - -The following curious, but quite genuine case, which was pointed out to me -by the late Ulster King of Arms, presents a set of circumstances absolutely -unique, and it still remains to be decided what is the correct method to -adopt:-- - - _1st wife._ _2nd wife._ - Lady MARY, dau. and = WILLIAM ST. LAWRENCE, = MARGARET, dau. of - coheir of Thomas | 2nd Earl of Howth. | William Burke. - Bermingham, Earl | | - of Louth. Married | | - 1777, died 1793. | ---------------------- - | | | - | THOMAS ST. LAWRENCE, | - ----------------------- 3rd Earl of Howth. | - | | | | Other issue. - | Three other daughters - | and coheirs of their - | mother. - | - Lady ISABELLA ST. LAWRENCE, = WILLIAM RICHARD ANNESLEY, = PRISCILLA, - 2nd dau. and coheir of her | 3rd Earl of Annesley. | 2nd dau. of - mother, but not heir of her | | Hugh Moore. - father, therefore entitled | | - to transmit the arms of | | - Bermingham with those of | ------------------- - St. Lawrence on a canton. | | | - First wife of Earl | WILLIAM, 4th Earl HUGH, 5th Earl - Annesley. Married 1803, | of Annesley. of Annesley. - died 1827. | - ------------ - | - Lady MARY ANNESLEY, only child and = WILLIAM JOHN McGUIRE - sole heir of her mother and of Rostrevor. - coheir of her grandmother, but - not heir of her father or of her - grandfather. She is therefore - entitled to transmit the arms of - Bermingham with St. Lawrence on - a canton plus Annesley on a - canton. Married 1828. - -How the arms of Bermingham are to be charged with both St. Lawrence and -Annesley remains to be seen. I believe Ulster favoured {551} two separate -cantons, dexter and sinister respectively, but the point did not come -before him officially, and I know of no official decision which affords a -precedent. - -The reverse of the foregoing affords another curious point when a woman is -the heir of her father but not the heir of her mother:-- - - JOHN SMITH=MARY JONES. - | - _1st husband._ | _2nd husband._ - JOHN WILLIAMS = ETHEL SMITH, = HENRY ROBERTS. - | only child | - | and heir. | - ------------------- ------- - | | - ALICE WILLIAMS, = ARTHUR ELLIS. EDWARD ROBERTS, - only child and | heir of his mother. - heir of John | | - Williams. | Issue. - | - THEODORE ELLIS, - who claims to quarter: - 1 and 4, Ellis; 2. Williams; 3. Smith. - -It is officially admitted (see the introduction to Burke's "General -Armory") that the claim is accurately made. The process of reasoning is -probably thus. John Williams places upon an escutcheon of pretence the arms -of Smith, and Alice Williams succeeds in her own right to the arms of her -mother because the latter was an heiress, and for herself is entitled to -bear, as would a son, the arms of the two parents quarterly; and having so -inherited, Alice Williams being herself an heiress, is entitled to -transmit. At any rate Arthur Ellis is entitled to impale or place upon his -escutcheon of pretence Williams and Smith quarterly. To admit the right for -the descendants to quarter the arms Arthur Ellis so bore is no more than a -logical progression, but the eventual result appears faulty, because we -find Theodore Ellis quartering the arms of Smith, whilst the representation -of Smith is in the line of Edward Roberts. This curious set of -circumstances, however, is rare in the extreme. - -It frequently happens, in devising a scheme of quarterings, that a person -may represent heiresses of several families entitled to bear arms, but to -whom the pedigree must be traced through an heiress of another family which -did not possess arms. Consequently any claim to quarterings inherited -through the non-armorial heiress is dormant, and the quarterings must not -be used or inserted in any scheme drawn up. It is always permissible, -however, to petition for arms to be granted to be borne for that -non-armorial family for the purpose of introducing the quarterings in -question, and such a grant having been made, the dormant claim then becomes -operative and the new coat is introduced, followed by the dormant -quartering in precisely the same manner as would have been the case if the -arms granted had always existed. Grants of this character are constantly -being obtained. {552} - -When a Royal Licence to assume or change name and arms is granted it very -considerably affects the question of quartering, and many varying -circumstances attending these Royal Licences make the matter somewhat -intricate. If the Royal Licence is to assume a name and arms in lieu of -those previously used, this means that for everyday use the arms are -_changed_, the right to the old arms lapsing except for the purpose of a -scheme of quarterings. The new coat of arms under the terms of the Royal -Licence, which requires it first "to be exemplified in our Royal College of -Arms, otherwise this our Royal Licence to be void and of none effect," is -always so exemplified, this exemplification being from the legal point of -view equivalent to a new grant of the arms to the person assuming them. The -terms of the Royal Licence have always carefully to be borne in mind, -particularly in the matter of remainder, because sometimes these -exemplifications are for a limited period or intended to devolve with -specified property, and a Royal Licence only nullifies a prior right to -arms to the extent of the terms recited in the Letters Patent of -exemplification. In the ordinary way, however, such an exemplification is -equivalent to a new grant affecting all the descendants. When it is assumed -in lieu, for the ordinary purpose of use the new coat of arms takes the -place of the old one, but the right to the old one remains in theory to a -certain extent, inasmuch as its existence _is necessary_ in any scheme of -quartering _to bring in_ any quarterings previously inherited, and these -cannot be displayed with the new coat unless they are preceded by the old -one. Quarterings, however, which are brought into the family through a -marriage in the generation in which the Royal Licence is obtained, or in a -subsequent generation, can be displayed with the new coat without the -interposition of the old one. - -If the Royal Licence be to bear the name of a certain family in lieu of a -present name, and to bear the arms of that family quarterly with the arms -previously borne, the quarterly coat is then exemplified. In an English or -Irish Royal Licence the coat of arms for the name assumed is placed in the -first and the fourth quarters, and the old paternal arms figure in the -second and third. This is an invariable rule. The quarterly coat thus -exemplified becomes an indivisible coat for the new name, and it is not -permissible to subsequently divide these quarterings. They become as much -one coat of arms as "azure, a bend or" is the coat of arms of Scrope. If -this quarterly coat is to be introduced in any scheme of quarterings it -will only occupy the same space as any other single quartering and counts -only as one, though it of course is in reality a grand quartering. In -devising a scheme of quarterings for which a sub-quarterly coat of this -character exemplified under a Royal Licence is the pronominal coat, that -{553} quarterly coat is placed in the first quarter. Next to it is placed -the original coat of arms borne as the pronominal coat before the Royal -Licence and exemplified in the second and third sub-quarters of the first -quarter. When here repeated it occupies an entire quarter. Next to it are -placed the whole of the quarterings belonging to the family in the order in -which they occur. If the family whose name has been assumed is represented -through an heiress that coat of arms is also repeated in its proper -position and in that place in which it would have appeared if unaffected by -the Royal Licence. But if it be the coat of arms of a family from whom -there is no descent, or of whom there is no representation, the fact of the -Royal Licence does not give any further right to quarter it beyond its -appearance in the pronominal grand quartering. The exact state of the case -is perhaps best illustrated by the arms of Reid-Cuddon. The name of the -family was originally Reid, and representing an heiress of the Cuddons of -Shaddingfield Hall they obtained a Royal Licence to take the name and arms -of Cuddon in addition to the name and arms of Reid, becoming thereafter -Reid-Cuddon. The arms were exemplified in due course, and the achievement -then became: Quarterly, 1 and 4, Reid-Cuddon sub-quarterly, 2. the arms of -Reid, 3. the arms of Cuddon. In Scotland no such thing as a Royal Licence -exists, the matter being determined merely by a rematriculation following -upon a voluntary change of name. There is no specified order or position -for the arms of the different names, and the arrangement of the various -quarterings is left to be determined by the circumstances of the case. Thus -in the arms of Anstruther-Duncan the arms of Anstruther are in the first -quarter, and the matter is always largely governed by the importance of the -respective estates and the respective families. In England this is not the -case, because it is an unalterable rule that the arms of the last or -principal surname if there be two, or the arms of the one surname if that -be the case when the arms of two families are quartered, must always go in -the 1st and 4th quarters. If three names are assumed by Royal Licence, the -arms of the last name go in the 1st and 4th quarters, and the last name but -one in the second quarter, and of the first name in the third. These cases -are, however, rare. But no matter how many names are assumed, and no matter -how many original coats of arms the shield as exemplified consists of, it -thereafter becomes an indivisible coat. - -When a Royal Licence is issued to an illegitimate person to bear the name -and arms of another family, no right is conferred to bear the quarterings -of that family even subject to difference marks. The Royal Licence is only -applicable to whatever arms were the pronominal coat used with the name -assumed. Though instances {554} certainly can be found in some of the -Visitation Books and other ancient records of a coat with quarterings, the -whole debruised by a bendlet sinister, notably in the case of a family of -Talbot, where eight quarters are so marked, the fact remains that this -practice has long been definitely considered incorrect, and is now never -permitted. If a Royal Licence is issued to an illegitimate woman the -exemplification is to herself personally, for in the eyes of the law she -has no relatives; and though she may be one of a large family, her -descendants are entitled to quarter the arms with the marks of distinction -exemplified to her because such quartering merely indicates the -representation of that one woman, who in the eyes of the law stands alone -and without relatives. In the case of a Royal Licence to take a name and -arms subject to these marks of distinction for illegitimacy, and in cases -where the arms to be assumed are a sub-quarterly coat, the mark of -distinction, which in England is now invariably a bordure wavy, will -surround both quarterings, which remain an indivisible coat. - -If an augmentation is granted to a person whose pronominal coat is -sub-quarterly, that augmentation, whatever form it may assume, is -superimposed upon all quarterings. Thus a chief of augmentation would go -across the top of the shield, the four quarters being displayed below, and -the whole of this shield would be only one quartering in any scheme of -quartering. An inescutcheon is superimposed over all. If the augmentation -take the form of a quartering, then the pronominal coat is a grand -quartering, equivalent in size to the augmentation. If a person entitled to -a sub-quarterly coat and a double name obtains a Royal Licence to bear -another name and arms, and to bear the arms he has previously borne -quarterly with those he has assumed, the result would be: Quarterly, 1 and -4, the new coat assumed, quarterly 2 and 3, the arms he has previously -borne sub-quarterly. But it should be noticed that the arrangements of -coats of arms under a Royal Licence largely depends upon the wording of the -document by which authority is given by the Sovereign. The wording of the -document in its terms is based upon the wording of the petition, and within -reasonable limits any arrangement which is desired is usually permitted, so -that care should be taken as to the wording of the petition. - -A quartering of augmentation is always placed in the first quarter of a -shield, but it becomes indivisible from and is depicted sub-quarterly with -the paternal arms; for instance, the Dukes of Westminster for the time -being, but not other members of the family, bear as an augmentation the -arms of the city of Westminster in the 1st and 4th quarters of his shield, -and the arms of Grosvenor in the 2nd and 3rd, but this coat of Westminster -and Grosvenor is an indivisible {555} quarterly coat which together would -only occupy the first quarter in a shield of quarterings. Then the second -one would be the arms of Grosvenor alone, which would be followed by the -quarterings previously inherited. - -If under a Royal Licence a name is assumed and the Royal Licence makes no -reference to the arms of the family, the arms for all purposes remain -unchanged and as if no Royal Licence had ever been issued. If the Royal -Licence issued to a family simply exemplifies a single coat of arms, it is -quite wrong to introduce any other coat of arms to convert this single coat -into a sub-quarterly one. - -To all intents and purposes it may be stated that in Scotland there are -still only four quarters in a shield, and if more than four coats are -introduced grand quarterings are employed. Grand quarterings are very -frequent in Scottish armory. The Scottish rules of quartering follow no -fixed principle, and the constant rematriculations make it impossible to -deduce exact rules; and though roughly approximating to the English ones, -no greater generalisation can be laid down than the assertion that the most -recent matriculation of an ancestor governs the arms and quarterings to be -displayed. - -A royal quartering is never subdivided. - -In combining Scottish and English coats of arms into one scheme of -quartering, it is usual if possible to treat the coat of arms as -matriculated in Scotland as a grand quartering equivalent in value to any -other of the English quarterings. This, however, is not always possible in -cases where the matriculation itself creates grand quarterings and -sub-quarterings; and for a scheme of quarterings in such a case it is more -usual for the Scottish matriculation to be divided up into its component -parts, and for these to be used as simple quarterings in succession to the -English ones, regardless of any bordure which may exist in the Scottish -matriculation. It cannot, of course, be said that such a practice is beyond -criticism, though it frequently remains the only practical way of solving -the difficulty. - -Until comparatively recent times, if amongst quarterings inherited the -Royal Arms were included, it was considered a fixed, unalterable rule that -these should be placed in the first quarter, taking precedence of the -pronominal coat, irrespective of their real position according to the date -or pedigree place of introduction. This rule, however, has long since been -superseded, and Royal quarterings now take their position on the same -footing as the others. It very probably arose from the misconception of the -facts concerning an important case which doubtless was considered a -precedent. The family of Mowbray, after their marriage with the heiress of -Thomas de Brotherton, used either the arms of Brotherton alone, these being -England differenced {556} by a label, or else placed them in the first -quarter of their shield. Consequently from this precedent a rule was -deduced that it was permissible and correct to give a Royal quartering -precedence over all others. The position of the Mowbrays, Dukes of Norfolk, -as Earls Marshal no doubt led to their own achievement being considered an -exemplary model. But it appears to have been overlooked that the Mowbrays -bore these Royal Arms of Brotherton not as an inherited quartering but as a -grant to themselves. Richard II. apparently granted them permission to bear -the arms of Edward the Confessor impaled with the arms of Brotherton, the -whole between the two Royal ostrich feathers (Fig. 675), and consequently, -the grant having been made, the Mowbrays were under no necessity to display -the Mowbray or the Segrave arms to bring in the arms of Brotherton. A -little later a similar case occurred with the Stafford family, who became -sole heirs-general of Thomas of Woodstock, and consequently entitled to -bear his arms as a quartering. The matter appears to have been settled at a -chapter of the College of Arms, and the decision arrived at was as -follows:-- - -_Cott. MS., Titus, C. i. fol. 404, in handwriting of end of sixteenth -century._ - - [An order made for Henry Duke of Buckingham to beare the Armes of - Thomas of Woodstock alone without any other Armes to bee quartered - therewith. Anno 13 E 4.] - - Memorandum that in the yeare of the Reigne of our Soveraign Lord King - Edward the iiij^{th}, the Thurtein in the xviij^{tin} day of ffeverir, - it was concluded in a Chapitre of the office of Armes that where a - nobleman is descended lenyalle Ineritable to iij. or iiij. Cotes and - afterward is ascended to a Cotte neir to the King and of his royall - bloud, may for his most onneur bere the same Cootte alone, and none - lower Coottes of Dignite to be quartered therewith. As my Lord Henry - Duke of Buckingham, Eirll of Harford, Northamton, and Stafford, Lord of - Breknoke and of Holdernes, is assended to the Coottes and ayer to - Thomas of Woodstoke, Duke of Glocestre and Sonne to King Edward the - third, hee may beire his Cootte alone. And it was so Concluded by - [Claurancieulx King of Armes, Marche King of Armes, Gyen King of Armes, - Windesor Herauld, Fawcon Herauld, Harfford Herald]. - -But I imagine that this decision was in all probability founded upon the -case of the Mowbrays, which was not in itself an exact precedent, because -with the Staffords there appears to have been no such Royal grant as -existed with the Mowbrays. Other instances at about this period can be -alluded to, but though it must be admitted that the rule existed at one -time, it has long since been officially overridden. - -A territorial coat or a coat of arms borne to indicate the possession of a -specific title is either placed in the first quarter or borne in {557} -pretence; see the arms of the Earl of Mar and Kellie. A singular instance -of a very exceptional method of marshalling occurs in the case of the arms -of the Earl of Caithness. He bears four coats of arms, some being stated to -be territorial coats, quarterly, dividing them by the cross engrailed sable -from his paternal arms of Sinclair. The arms of the Earls of Caithness are -thus marshalled: "Quarterly, 1. azure, within a Royal tressure a ship with -furled sails all or." For Orkney: "2 and 3. or, a lion rampant gules." For -Spar (a family in possession of the Earldom of Caithness before the -Sinclairs): "4. Azure, a ship in sail or, for Caithness"; and over all, -dividing the quarters, a cross engrailed "sable," for Sinclair. The Barons -Sinclair of Sweden (so created 1766, but extinct ten years later) bore the -above quartered coats as cadets of Caithness, but separated the quarters, -not by the engrailed cross sable of Sinclair, but by a cross patee -throughout ermine. In an escutcheon _en surtout_ they placed the Sinclair -arms: "Argent, a cross engrailed sable"; and, as a mark of cadency, they -surrounded the main escutcheon with "a bordure chequy or and gules." This -arrangement was doubtless suggested by the Royal Arms of Denmark, the -quarterings of which have been for so many centuries separated by the cross -of the Order of the Dannebrog: "Argent, a cross patee throughout fimbriated -gules." In imitation of this a considerable number of the principal -Scandinavian families use a cross patee throughout to separate the quarters -of their frequently complicated coats. The quarterings in these cases are -often not indicative of descent from different families, but were all -included in the original grant of armorial bearings. On the centre of the -cross thus used, an escutcheon, either of augmentation or of the family -arms, is very frequently placed _en surtout_. - -The main difference between British and foreign usage with regard to -quartering is this, that in England quarterings are usually employed to -denote simply descent from an heiress, or representation in blood; in -Scotland they also implied the possession of lordships. In foreign coats -the quarterings are often employed to denote the possession of fiefs -acquired in other ways than by marriage (_e.g._ by bequest or purchase), or -the _jus expectationis_, the right of succession to such fiefs in -accordance with certain agreements. - -In foreign heraldry the base of the quartered shield is not unfrequently -cut off by a horizontal line, forming what is known as a _Champagne_, and -the space thus made is occupied by one or more coats. At other times a pile -with curved sides runs from the base some distance into the quartered -shield, which is then said to be _ente en point_, and this space is devoted -to the display of one or more quarterings. The definite and precise British -regulations which have grown up on the {558} subject of the marshalling of -arms have no equivalent in the armorial laws of other countries. - -Very rarely quartering is affected _per saltire_, as in the arms of Sicily -and in a few coats of Spanish origin, but even as regards foreign armory -the practice is so rare that it may be disregarded. - -The laws of marshalling upon the Continent, and particularly in Germany, -are very far from being identical with British heraldic practices. - -[Illustration: FIG. 762.--Arms of Hans Wolf von Bibelspurg.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 763.--Arms of Hans Wolf von Bibelspurg and his wife -Catherina Waraus married in 1507 at Augsburg.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 764.] - -The British method of impaling two coats of arms upon one shield to signify -marriage is abroad now wholly discarded, and two shields are invariably -made use of. These shields are placed side by side, the dexter shield being -used to display the man's arms and the sinister those of the woman's -family. The shields are tilted towards each other (the position is not -quite identical with that which we term accolle). But--and this is a -peculiarity practically unknown in England--the German practice invariably -reverses the charges upon the dexter shield, so that the charges upon the -two shields "respect" each other. This perhaps can be most readily -understood by reference to Figs. 762 and 763. The former shows the simple -arms of Von Bibelspurg, the latter the same coat allied with another. But -it should be noted that letters or words, if they appear as charges upon -the shield, are not reversed. This reversing of the charges is by no means -an uncommon practice in Germany for other purposes. For instance, if the -arms of a State are depicted surrounded by the arms of provinces, or if the -arms of a reigning Sovereign are grouped within a bordure of the shields of -other people, the charges on the shields to the dexter are almost -invariably shown in reflection regarding the shield in the centre. This -practice, resting only on what may be termed "heraldic courtesy," dates -back to very early times, and is met with even in Rolls of Arms where the -shields are all turned to face the centre. Such a system was adopted in -Siebmacher's "Book of Arms." But what the true position of the {559} -charges should be when represented upon a simple shield should be -determined by the position of the helmet. It may be of interest to state -that in St. George's Chapel at Windsor the early Stall plates as originally -set up were all disposed so that helmets and charges alike faced the High -Altar. - -[Illustration: FIG. 765.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 766.--Arms of Loschau or Lexaw, of Augsburg.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 767.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 768.--Arms of the Elector and Archbishop of Treves.] - -The conjunction of three coats of arms in Germany is effected as shown in -Fig. 764. Although matrimonial alliance does not in Germany entail the -conjunction of different coats of arms on one shield, such conjunction does -occur in German heraldry, but it is comparable (in its meaning) with our -rules of quartering and not with our rules of impalement. No such exact and -definite rules exist in that country as are to be met with in our own to -determine the choice of a method of conjunction, nor to indicate the -significance to be presumed from whatever method may be found in use. -Personal selection and the adaptability to any particular method of the -tinctures and the charges themselves of the coats to be conjoined seem to -be the determining factors, and the existing territorial attributes of -German armory have a greater weight in marshalling than the principle of -heirship which is now practically the sole governing factor in British -heraldry. One must therefore content oneself with a brief recital of some -of the various modes of conjunction which have been or are still practised. -These include impalement per pale or per fess (Fig. 765) and dimidiation -(Fig. 766), which is more usual on the Continent than it ever was in these -kingdoms. The subdivision of the field, as with ourselves, is most -frequently adopted; though we are usually confined to quartering, German -armory knows no such restrictions. The most usual subdivisions are as given -in Fig. 767. The ordinary quartered shield is met with in Fig. 768, which -represents the arms of James III., Von Eltz, Elector and Archbishop of -Treves (1567-1581), in which his personal arms of Eltz ("Per fess gules and -argent, in chief a demi-lion issuing or") are quartered with the impersonal -arms of his archbishopric, "Argent, a cross gules." Another method of -conjunction is superimposition, by which the design of the one shield takes -the form of an ordinary imposed {560} upon the other (Fig. 769). A curious -method of conjoining three coats is by engrafting the third in base (Fig. -770). The constant use of the inescutcheon has been already referred to, -and even early English armory (Figs. 706 and 710) has examples of the -widespread Continental practice (which obtains largely in Spanish and -Portuguese heraldry) of surrounding one coat with a bordure of another. - -[Illustration: FIG. 769.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 770.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 771.] - -The German method of conjunction by incorporation has been frequently -pleaded in British heraldry, in efforts to account for ancient arms, but -with us (save for occasional use for cadency differencing at an early and -for a limited period) such incorporation only results in and signifies an -originally _new_ coat, and not an authorised marshalling of existing arms -of prior origin and authority. The German method can best be explained by -two examples. Let us suppose a coat "per fess argent and gules," with which -another coat "gules, a fleur-de-lis argent," is to be marshalled. The -result would be "per fess argent and gules, a fleur-de-lis counterchanged." -With smaller objects a more usual method would duplicate the charges, thus -"per bend argent and azure," and "argent, a star of six points azure" would -result in "per bend argent and azure, two stars of six points -counterchanged" (Fig. 771). {561} - - - -CHAPTER XXXIV - -THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF KNIGHTHOOD - -It hardly falls within the scope of the present work to detail or discuss -the various points concerning the history or statutes of the different -British Orders of Knighthood, and still less so of the Foreign Orders. The -history of the English Orders alone would make a bulky volume. But it is -necessary to treat of the matter to some limited extent, inasmuch as in -modern heraldry in every country in Europe additions are made to the -armorial achievement whenever it is desired to signify rank in any of the -Orders of Knighthood. - -Though a large number of the early Plantagenet Garter Stall plates date as -far back as the year 1420, it is evident that nothing in the armorial -bearings with which they are emblazoned bears any relation to the order of -knighthood to which they belonged until the year 1469 or thereabouts, when -Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, was elected a Knight of the Garter. His -Stall plate, which is of a very exceptional style and character, is the -first to bear the garter encircling the shield. It is curious to notice, by -the way, that upon the privy seal of the Duke of Burgundy, which shows the -same arms depicted upon his Garter plate, the shield is surrounded by the -collar, from which depends the badge of the Order of the Golden Fleece, so -that it is highly probable that the custom of adding marks of knighthood to -a shield came to us from the Continent. The next Garter plate, which shows -the garter around the shield, is that of Viscount Lovel, who was elected in -1483; and the shield of the Earl of Derby, who was elected in the same -year, also is encircled by the Garter. The Garter itself encircling the -shields of knights of that order remained the only mark of knighthood used -armorially in this country for a considerable period, though we find that -the example was copied in Scotland soon afterwards with regard to the Order -of the Thistle. At the commencement of the present Lyon Register, which -dates from the year 1672, the arms of the King of Scotland, which are given -as such and not as the King of England and Scotland, are described as -encircled by the collar of the Order of the Thistle. This probably was used -as the equivalent of the garter in England, for we do not find the collar -of the {562} Garter, together with the garter itself, or the ribbon circle -of the Thistle, together with the collar of that order, until a much later -period. The use of collars of knighthood upon the Continent to encircle -coats of arms has been from the fifteenth century very general and -extensive; examples are to be found at an earlier date; but the encircling -of arms with the garter carrying the motto of the order, or with the ribbon -(which is termed the circle) and motto of any other order is an entirely -English practice, which does not appear to have been copied in any other -country. It, of course, arose from the fact that the actual garter as worn -by the knight of the order carried the motto of the order, and that by -representing the garter round the shield, the motto of the order was of -necessity also added. The Lyon Register, however, in the entry of record -(dated 1672), states that the shield is "encircled with the Order of -Scotland, the same being composed of rue and thistles having the image of -St. Andrew with his crosse on his brest y^runto pendent," and it is by no -means improbable that occasional instances of the heraldic use of the -collar of the garter might be discovered at the same period. But it is not -until the later part of the eighteenth century that it obtained anything -like a regular use. - -During the Hanoverian period it became customary to encircle the shield -first with the garter, and that in its turn with the collar of the order -whenever it was desired to display the achievement in its most complete -style; and though even then, as at the present day, for less elaborate -representations the garter only was used without the collar, it still -remains correct to display both in a full emblazonment of the arms. An -impetus to the practice was doubtless given by the subdivision of the Order -of the Bath, which will be presently referred to. In speaking of the -garter, the opportunity should be taken to protest strongly against the -objectionable practice which has arisen of using a garter to encircle a -crest or shield and to carry the family motto. No matter what motto is -placed upon the garter, it is both bad form and absolutely incorrect for -any one who is not a Knight of the Garter to use a garter in any heraldic -display. - -But to tabulate the existing practice the present rules as to the display -of the arms of knights of the different orders are as follow:-- - -_A Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter_ encircles his escutcheon -by a representation of the garter he wears. This is a belt of dark blue -velvet edged with gold and ornamented with a heavy gold buckle and ornament -at the end. It carries the motto of the Order, "Honi soit qui mal y pense," -in gold letters of plain Roman character. Anciently the motto was spelled -"Hony soit qy mal y pense," as may be noticed from some of the early Garter -plates, and the style {563} of the letter was what is now known as "Old -English." The garter is worn buckled, with the end tucked under and looped -in a specified manner, which is the method also adopted in heraldic -representations. It is quite permissible to use the garter alone, but a -Knight of the Order is allowed to add outside the garter the representation -of the collar of the order. This is of gold, consisting of twenty-six -buckled garters enamelled in the correct colour, each surrounding a rose, -the garter alternated with gold knots all joined up by chain links of gold. -From the collar depends the "George," or figure of St. George on horseback -encountering the dragon, enamelled in colours. In heraldic representations -it is usual to ignore the specified number of links in the collar. A Knight -of the Garter as such is entitled to claim the privilege of a grant of -supporters, but as nowadays the order is reserved for those of the rank of -earl and upwards, supporters will always have a prior existence in -connection with the peerage. - -_Knights of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle_ are -entitled to surround their arms with a plain circle of green edged with -gold and bearing the motto in gold letters, "Nemo me impune lacessit." They -are also entitled to surround their arms with the collar of the order, -which is of gold, and composed of sprigs of thistle and rue (Andrew) -enamelled in their proper colours. From the collar the badge (the figure of -St. Andrew) depends. - -_Knights of the Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick_ are entitled to -surround their arms by a plain circle of sky-blue edged with gold, bearing -the motto, "Quis Separabit. MDCCLXXXIII," as enamelled on the star of the -order. This is encircled by the collar of the order, which is of "gold, -composed of roses and harps alternately, tied together with knots of gold, -the said roses enamelled alternately, white leaves within red and red -leaves within white; and in the centre of the said collar shall be an -Imperial crown surmounting a harp of gold, from which shall hang the -badge." - -Knights of the Thistle and St. Patrick are entitled as such to claim a -grant of supporters on payment of the fees, but these orders are nowadays -confined to peers. - -_The Most Honourable Order of the Bath._--Knights of the Bath, who have -existed from a remote period, do not appear as such to have made any -additions to their arms prior to the revival of the order in 1725. At that -time, similarly to the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle, the order was -of one class only and composed of a limited number of knights. Knights of -that order were then distinguished by the letters K.B., which, it should be -noted, mean Knight of the Bath, and not Knight Bachelor, as so many people -now imagine. There is nobody at the present time who is entitled to use -these letters. Upon those {564} of the Bath plates which now remain in the -chapel of Henry VII. in Westminster Abbey, no instance will be found in -which the collar is represented outside the circle, which is pretty good -evidence that although isolated examples may possibly be found at an -earlier date, it was not the usual custom up to the end of the eighteenth -century to encircle a shield with a collar of knighthood. These Knights of -the Bath (K.B.), as they were termed, surrounded their escutcheons with -circlets of crimson edged with gold, and bearing thereupon the motto of the -order, "Tria juncta in uno," in gold letters. - -Although at that time it does not appear that the collar of the order was -ever employed for armorial purposes, instances are to be found in which the -laurel wreath surrounded the circlet with the motto of the order. - -In the year 1815, owing to the large number of officers who had merited -reward in the Peninsular Campaign, it was considered necessary to largely -increase the extent and scope of the order. For this purpose it was divided -into two divisions--the Military Division and the Civil Division--and each -of these were divided into three classes, namely, Knights Grand Cross -(G.C.B.), Knights Commanders (K.C.B.), and Companions (C.B.). The then -existing Knights of the Bath became Knights Grand Cross. The existing -collar served for all Knights Grand Cross, but the old badge and star were -assigned for the civil division of the order, a new pattern being designed -for the military division. The number of stalls in Henry VII.'s Chapel -being limited, the erection of Stall plates and the display of banners -ceased; those then in position were allowed to remain, and still remain at -the present moment. Consequently there are no Stall plates to refer to in -the matter as precedents since that period, and the rules need to be -obtained from other sources. They are now as follows: A Knight Grand Cross -of the Order of the Bath surrounds his arms with the circlet as was -theretofore the case, and in addition he surrounds the circlet by his -collar, from which depends the badge (either military or civil) of the -division to which he belongs. The collar is really for practical purposes -the distinguishing mark of a Knight Grand Cross, because although as such -he is entitled upon payment of the fees to claim a grant of supporters, he -is under no compulsion to do so, and comparatively but few avail themselves -of the privilege. All Knights of the Bath, before the enlargement of the -order, had supporters. A Knight Grand Cross of the _military_ division -encircles his arms with the laurel wreath in addition, this being placed -outside the circlet and within the collar of the order. The collar is -composed of gold having nine Imperial crowns and eight devices of the rose, -the thistle, and shamrock issuing from a sceptre placed alternately and -enamelled in {565} their proper colours, the links being connected with -seventeen knots enamelled white. The badges of the military and civil -divisions differ considerably. - -Knights Commanders of the Bath have no collar and cannot claim a grant of -supporters, but they encircle their shields with the circlet of the order, -suspending their badge below the shield by the ribbon from which it is -worn. Knights Commanders of the military division use the laurel wreath as -do Knights Grand Cross, but no members of any class of the civil division -are entitled to display it. - -Companions of the order (C.B.) do not use the helmet of a knight as does a -G.C.B. or a K.C.B.; in fact, the only difference which is permissible in -their arms from those of an undistinguished commoner is that they are -allowed to suspend the badge of a C.B. from a ribbon below their shields. -They do not use the circlet of the order. Certain cases have come under my -notice in which a military C.B. has added a laurel wreath to his armorial -bearings, but whether such a practice is correct I am unaware, but I think -it is not officially recognised. - -_The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India_ (like the Order of the Bath -as at present constituted) is divided into three classes, Knights Grand -Commanders, Knights Commanders, and Companions. Knights Grand Commanders -place the circlet of the order around their shields. This is of light blue -inscribed with the motto, "Heaven's light our guide." This in its turn is -surrounded by the collar of the order, which is composed of alternate links -of the Indian lotus flower, crossed palm-branches, and the united red and -white rose of England. In the centre of the collar is an Imperial crown -from which depends the badge of the order, this being an onyx cameo of the -effigy of her late Majesty Queen Victoria within the motto of the order, -and surmounted by a star, the whole being richly jewelled. The surrounding -of the shield by the circlet of the order doubtless is a consequence and -follows upon the original custom of the armorial use of the garter, but -this being admitted, it is yet permissible to state that that practice came -from the Continent, and there is little reason to doubt that the real -meaning and origin of the custom of using the circlet is derived from the -Continental practice which has for long been usual of displaying the shield -of arms upon the star of an order of knighthood. The star of every British -order--the Garter included--contains the circlet and motto of the order, -and it is easy to see how, after depicting the shield of arms upon the star -of the order, the result will be that the circlet of the order surrounds -the shield. No armorial warrant upon the point is ever issued at the -creation of an order; the thing follows as a matter of course, the circlet -being taken from the star to surround the shield without further -authorisation. Upon this point {566} there can be no doubt, inasmuch as the -garter which surrounds the shield of a K.G. is in _all_ authoritative -heraldic paintings buckled in the peculiar manner in which it is worn and -in which it is depicted upon the star. The Star of the Thistle shows the -plain circlet, the Star of St. Patrick the same, and the arms of a Knight -of St. Patrick afford a curious confirmation of my contention, because -whilst the motto of the order is specified to be, "Quis separabit," the -circlet used for armorial purposes includes the date (MDCCLXXXIII.) as -shown upon the star. The Order of the Bath, again, has a plain circlet upon -the star, and the badges and stars of the military knights have the laurel -wreath represented in heraldic drawings, the laurel wreath being absent -from the stars and the shields of those who are members of the civil -division. Now with regard to the Order of the Star of India the motto on -the star is carried upon a representation of a ribbon which is tied in a -curious manner, and my own opinion is that the circlet used to surround the -shield of a G.C.S.I. or K.C.S.I. should (as in the case of the garter) be -represented not as a simple circlet like the Bath or Thistle, but as a -ribbon tied in the curious manner represented upon the star. This tying is -not, however, duplicated upon the badge, and possibly I may be told that -the circlet and its use are taken from the badge and not from the star. The -reply to such a statement is, first, that there is no garter upon the badge -of that order, there is no circlet on the badge of the Thistle, and the -circlet on the badge of St. Patrick is surrounded by a wreath of trefoils -which in that case ought to appear round the shield of a K.P. This wreath -of trefoils is absent from the K.P. star. Further, no Companion of an Order -is permitted to use the Circlet of the Order, whilst every Companion has -his badge. No Companion has a star. Though I hold strongly that the circlet -of the Star of India should be a ribbon tied as represented on the star of -the order, I must admit I have never yet come across an official instance -of it being so represented. This, however, is a point upon which there is -no definite warrant of instruction, and is not the conclusion justifiable -that on this matter the officers of arms have been led into a mistake in -their general practice by an oversight and possible unfamiliarity with the -actual star? A Knight Grand Commander is entitled to claim a grant of -supporters on payment of the fees. A Knight Commander encircles his shield -with the circlet of the order and hangs his badge from a ribbon below, a -Companion of the Order simply hangs the badge he wears below his shield. - -THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE.--This order -again is divided into three classes--Knights Grand Cross, Knights -Commanders, and Companions. Knights Grand Cross place the circlet of the -order and the collar with the badge around their shields, {567} and, like -other Knights Grand Cross, they are entitled to claim a grant of -supporters. The circlet of the order is of blue edged with gold, and -bearing in gold letters the motto of the order, "Auspicium melioris aevi." -The collar is composed alternately of lions of England, of Maltese crosses, -and of the ciphers S.M. and S.G., and having in the centre an Imperial -crown over two lions passant guardant, each holding a bunch of seven -arrows. At the opposite point of the collar are two similar lions. The -whole is of gold except the crosses, which are of white enamel, and the -various devices are linked together by small gold chains. Knights -Commanders of the Order encircle their shields with a similar circlet of -the order, and hang their badges below. A Companion simply suspends his -badge from a ribbon below his shield. - -_The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire._--This order is divided into -three classes--Knights Grand Commanders, Knights Commanders, and -Companions. Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders encircle their -shields with the circlet of the order, which is of purple inscribed in -letters of gold, with the motto of the order, "Imperatricis auspiciis." The -collar of the order, which is used by the Knights Grand Commanders, in -addition to the circle, is composed of elephants, lotus flowers, peacocks -in their pride, and Indian roses, and in the centre is an Imperial crown, -the whole being linked together by chains of gold. Knights Commanders -suspend their badges from their shields. Companions are only permitted to -suspend their badges from a ribbon, and, as in the cases of the other -orders, are not allowed to make use of the circlet of the order. - -_The Royal Victorian Order_ is divided into five classes, and is the only -British order of which this can be said. There is no collar belonging to -the order, so a G.C.V.O. cannot put one round his shield. Knights Grand -Cross surround their shields with the circlet of the order, which is of -dark blue carrying in letters of gold the motto, "Victoria." Knights -Commanders and Commanders also use the circlet, with the badge suspended -from the ribbon. Members of the fourth and fifth classes of the Order -suspend the badge which they are entitled to wear below their shields. The -"Victorian Chain" is quite apart from the Victorian Order, and up to the -present time has only been conferred upon a very limited number. It -apparently exists by the pleasure of His Majesty, no statutes having been -ordained. - -The Distinguished Service Order, the Imperial Service Order, and the Order -of Merit are each of but one class only, none of them conferring the -dignity of knighthood. They rank heraldically with the Companions of the -other Orders, and for heraldic purposes merely confer upon those people -entitled to the decorations the right to {568} suspend the badges they wear -below their shields or lozenges as the case may be, following the rules -observed by other Companions. The Victoria Cross, the Albert Medal, the -Edward Medal, the Conspicuous Service Cross, the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal, the -Royal Red Cross, the Volunteer Officers' Decoration, the Territorial -Decoration, and the Decoration of the League of Mercy all rank as -decorations. Though none confer any style or precedence of knighthood, -those entitled to them are permitted to suspend representations of such -decorations as are enjoyed below their shields. - -The members of the Orders of Victoria and Albert and of the Crown of India -are permitted to display the badges they wear below their lozenges. - -Some people, notably in the early part of the nineteenth century, adopted -the practice of placing war medals below the escutcheons amongst other -decorations. It is doubtful, however, how far this practice is correct, -inasmuch as a medal does not technically rank as a decoration or as a -matter of honour. That medals are "decorations" is not officially -recognised, with the exception, perhaps, of the Jubilee medal, the Diamond -Jubilee medal, and the Coronation medal, which have been given a status -more of the character of a decoration than of simple medals. - -_The Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England_ does not -rank with other orders or decorations, inasmuch as it was initiated without -Royal intervention, and carries no precedence or titular rank. In 1888, -however, a Royal charter of incorporation was obtained, and the -distribution of the highest offices of the order in the persons of the -Sovereign, the Prince of Wales, and other members of the Royal Family has -of late years very much increased its social status. The Order is, however, -now recognised to a certain extent, and its insignia is worn at Court by -duly appointed authority. The Crown is gradually acquiring a right of veto, -which will probably eventually result in the order becoming a recognised -honour, of which the gift lies with the Crown. In the charter of -incorporation, Knights of Justice and Ladies of Justice were permitted to -place as a chief over their arms the augmentation anciently used by knights -of the English language of the original Roman Catholic Celibate Order. The -chief used is: "Gules, charged with a cross throughout argent, the cross -embellished in its angles with lions passant guardant and unicorns passant -alternately both or," as in the cross of the order. The omission, which is -all the more inexplicable owing to the fact that Garter King of Arms is the -officer for the order, that the heraldic provisions of this charter have -never been conveyed, as should have been the case, in a Royal Warrant to -the Earl Marshal, has caused some {569} confusion, for the officers of the -College of Arms, when speaking officially, decline to admit the insignia of -the order in any official emblazonment of arms. Lyon King of Arms has been -less punctilious. - -Knights of Justice, Knights of Grace, and Esquires of the Orders all -suspend the badges they wear from a black watered-silk ribbon below their -shields (Fig. 334), and Ladies of Justice and Ladies of Grace do the same -below their lozenges. The arms of members of the Order are frequently -depicted superimposed upon the Cross. By the Statutes of the Order Knights -of Justice were required to show that all their four grandparents were -legally entitled to bear arms, but so many provisions for the exercise of -discretion in dispensing with this requirement were at the same time -created that to all intents and purposes such a regulation might never have -been included. Some of the Knights of Justice even yet have no arms at all, -others are themselves grantees, and still others would be unable to show -what is required of them if the claims of their grandparents were properly -investigated. - -It should perhaps be stated that supporters, when granted to Knights Grand -Cross as such, are personal to themselves, and in the patents by which they -are granted the grant is made for life only, no hereditary limitation being -added. - -Any person in this country holding a Royal Licence to wear the insignia of -any foreign order is permitted to adopt any heraldic form, decoration, or -display which that order confers in the country of origin. Official -recognition exists for this, and many precedents can be quoted. - -[Illustration: FIG. 772.--"Bailli-profes" of the Catholic Order of the -Knights Hospitallers or the Order of Malta.] - -The rules which exist in foreign countries concerning heraldic privileges -of the knights of different orders are very varied, and it is impossible to -briefly summarise them. It may, however, be stated that the most usual -practice is to display the shield alone in the centre of the star (Fig. -772). As with us, the collars of the orders are placed around the shields, -and the badges depend below, but the use of the circlet carrying the motto -of the order is exclusively a British practice. In the case of some of the -Orders, however, the official coat of arms of the order is quartered, -impaled, or borne in pretence with the personal arms, and the cross patee -of the Order of the Dannebrog is to be met with placed in front of a shield -of quarterings, the charges thereupon appearing in the angles of the cross. -I am not sure, however, that the cases which have come under my notice -should not be rather considered {570} definite and hereditary grants of -augmentation, this being perhaps a more probable explanation than that such -a method of display followed as a matter of course on promotion to the -order. The Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order quarter the arms of that -order with those of their families. The Knights of the Order of St. Stephen -of Tuscany bear the arms of that order in chief over their personal arms. -Fig. 772 represents the manner in which a "Bailli-profes" (Grand Cross) of -the real Catholic and Celibate Order of St. John of Malta places the chief -of the order on his shield, the latter being imposed upon a Maltese star -(this being white) and the badge of the order depending below. The -"Knight-profes" does not use the chief of the order. In the German -Protestant Order of Malta (formerly Bailiwick of Brandenburg) the -Commendatores place the shield of their arms upon the Cross of Malta. The -Knights of Justice ("Richtsritter") on the contrary assume the cross upon -the shield itself, whilst the Knights of Grace suspend it from the bottom -of the shield. The members of the ancient Order of La Cordeliere formerly -encircled their lozenges with a representation of the Cordeliere, which -formed a part of their habit; and the officers of the Ecclesiastical Orders -frequently surround their escutcheons with rosaries from which depend -crucifixes. Whether this latter practice, however, should be considered -merely a piece of artistic decoration, or whether it should be regarded as -an ecclesiastical matter or should be included within the purview of -armory, I leave others to decide. - -By a curious fiction, for the origin of which it is not easy to definitely -account, unless it is a survival of the celibacy required in certain -orders, a knight is not supposed to share the insignia of any order of -knighthood with his wife. There is not the slightest doubt that his own -knighthood does confer upon her both precedence and titular rank, and why -there should be any necessity for the statement to be made as to the -theoretical position has long been a puzzle to me. Such a theory, however, -is considered to be correct, and as a consequence in modern times it has -become a rigid rule that the arms of the wife of a knight must not be -impaled upon a shield when it is displayed within the circlet of an order. -No such rule existed in ancient times, and many instances can be found in -which impaled shields, or the shield of the wife only, are met with inside -a representation of the Garter. In the warrant recently issued for Queen -Alexandra the arms of England and Denmark are impaled within a Garter. This -may be quite exceptional and consequent upon the fact that Her Majesty is -herself a member of the Order. Nevertheless, the modern idea is that when a -Knight of any Order impales the arms of his wife, he must use two shields -placed accolle, the dexter {571} surmounting the sinister (Fig. 745). Upon -the dexter shield is represented the arms of the knight within the circlet, -or the circlet and collar, as the case may be, of his order; on the -sinister shield the arms of the knight are impaled with those of his wife, -and this shield, for the purpose of artistic balance, is usually surrounded -with a meaningless and inartistic floral or laurel wreath to make its size -similar to the dimensions of the dexter shield. - -The widow of a knight of any Order is required at present to immediately -discontinue the use of the ensigns of that Order, and to revert to the -plain impaled lozenge which she would be entitled to as the widow of an -undecorated gentleman. As she retains her titular rank, such a regulation -seems absurd, but it undoubtedly exists, and until it is altered must be -conformed to. - -Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders, as also Knights Bachelors, use -the open affronte helmet of a knight. Companions of any order, and members -of those orders which do not confer any precedence or title of knighthood, -use only the close profile helmet of a gentleman. A Knight Bachelor, of -course, is at liberty to impale the arms of his wife upon his escutcheon -without employing the double form. It only makes the use of the double -escutcheon for Knights of Orders the more incomprehensible. - -Reference should also be made to the subject of impalement, which will be -found in the chapter upon Marshalling. {572} - - - -CHAPTER XXXV - -THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF A LADY - -Bearing in mind that armory was so deeply interwoven with all that was best -in chivalry, it is curious that the armorial status of a woman should have -been left so undefined. A query as to how a lady may bear arms will be -glibly answered for her as maid (Fig. 749) and as widow (Figs. 750, 751, -and 752) by the most elementary heraldic text-book. But a little -consideration will show how far short our knowledge falls of a complete or -uniform set of rules. - -Let what is definitely known be first stated. In the first place, no woman -(save a Sovereign) can inherit, use, or transmit crest or motto, nor may -she use a helmet or mantling. All daughters, if unmarried, bear _upon a -lozenge_ the paternal arms and quarterings of their father, with his -difference marks. If their mother were an heiress, they quarter her arms -with those of her father. In England (save in the Royal Family, and in this -case even it is a matter of presumption only) there is no seniority amongst -daughters, and the difference marks of all daughters are those borne by the -father, and none other. There are no marks of distinction as between the -daughters themselves. In Scotland, however, seniority does exist, according -to priority of birth; and, though Scottish heraldic law provides no marks -of cadency as between sister and sister, the laws of arms north of the -Tweed recognise seniority of birth in the event of a certain set of -circumstances arising. - -In Scotland, as doubtless many are aware, certain untitled Scottish -families, for reasons which may or may not be known, have been permitted to -use supporters to their arms. When the line vests in coheirs, the eldest -born daughter, as heir of line, assumes the supporters, unless some other -limitation has been attached to them. Scottish supporters are peculiar -things to deal with, unless the exact terms of the patent of grant or -matriculation are known. - -The lozenge of an unmarried lady is frequently surmounted by a true lover's -knot of ribbon, usually painted blue (Fig. 749). It has no particular -meaning and no official recognition, though plenty of official {573} use, -and practically its status is no more than a piece of supposedly artistic -ornament. - -Concerning the law for unmarried ladies, therefore, there is neither doubt -nor dispute. A widow bears arms upon a lozenge, this showing the arms of -her late husband impaled with those of her own family (Fig. 750), or with -these latter displayed on an escutcheon of pretence if she be an heir or -coheir (Fig. 751). - -The other state in the progress of life in which a lady may hope or expect -to find herself is that of married life. Now, how should a married lady -display arms? Echo and the text-books alike answer, "How?" Does _anybody_ -know? This "fault," for such it undoubtedly is, is due to the fact that the -laws of arms evolved themselves in that period when a married woman was -little accounted of. As an unmarried heiress she undoubtedly was a -somebody; as a widowed and richly-jointured dowager she was likewise of -account, but as a wedded wife her identity was lost, for the Married -Women's Property Act was not in existence, nor was it thought of. So -completely was it recognised that all rights and inheritance of the wife -devolved of right upon the husband, that formerly the husband enjoyed any -peerage honours which had descended to the wife, and was summoned to -Parliament as a peer in his wife's peerage. Small wonder, then, that the -same ideas dominated the rules of armory. These only provide ways and -methods for the husband to bear the wife's arms. This is curious, because -there can be no doubt that at a still earlier period the practice of -impalement was entirely confined to women, and that, unless the wife -happened to be an heiress, the husband did not trouble to impale her arms. -But a little thought will show that the two are not at variance, for if -monuments and other matters of _record_ are ignored, the earliest examples -of impalement which have come down to us are all, almost without exception, -examples of arms borne by widows. One cannot get over the fact that a wife -during coverture had practically no legal status at all. The rules -governing impalement, and the conjunction of the arms of man and wife, as -they are to be borne by the husband, are recited in the chapter upon -Marshalling, which also details the ways in which a widow bears arms in the -different ranks of life. Nothing would be gained by repeating them here. - -It may be noted, however, that it is not considered correct for a widow to -make use of the true lover's knot of blue ribbon, which is sometimes used -in the case of an unmarried lady. A divorce puts matters _in statu quo -ante_. - -There still remains, however, the question of the bearing of arms in her -own right by a married woman under coverture at the present day. {574} - -The earliest grant of arms that I can put my hands upon to a woman is one -dated 1558. It is, moreover, the only grant of which I know to one single -person, that person being a _wife_. The grant is decidedly interesting, so -I print it in full:-- - - "TO ALL AND SINGULAR as well kinges heraldes and officers of armes as - nobles gentlemen and others which these presents shall see or here - Wyllyam Hervye Esquire otherwise called Clarencieux principall heralde - and kinge of armes of the south-east and west parties of England - fendith due comenda[=c]ons and greting fforasmuch as auncientlye ffrom - the beginnynge the valyant and vertuous actes off excellent parsons - have ben comended to the worlde with sondry monumentes and remembrances - off theyr good desertes among the which one of the chefist and most - usuall hath ben the beringe of figures and tokens in shildes called - armes beinge none other thinges then Evidences and demonstra[=c]ons of - prowes and valoure diverselye distributed accordinge to the quallyties - and desertes of the parsons. And for that Dame Marye Mathew daughter - and heyre of Thomas Mathew of Colchester in the counte of Essex esquire - hath longe contynued in nobylyte she and her auncestors bearinge armes, - yet she notwithstandinge being ignorant of the same and ffor the - advoydinge of all inconvenyences and troubles that dayleye happeneth in - suche cases and not wyllinge to preiudyce anye person hath instantlye - requyred me The sayde Clarencieux kinge of armes accordinge to my - registers and recordes To assigne and sett forthe ffor her and her - posterite The armes belonging and descendinge To her ffrom her saide - auncesters. In considera[=c]on whereof I have at her ientle request - assigned geven and granted unto her and her posterite The owlde and - auncient armes of her said auncesters as followeth. That is to - saye--partye per cheveron sables and argent a Lyon passant in chefe off - the second the poynt goutey[31] of the firste as more plainly aperith - depicted in this margent. Which armes I The Saide Clarencieux kinge of - Armes by powre and authorite to myne office annexed and graunted By the - Queenes Majesties Letters patentes under The great Seale of England - have ratefyed and confirmed and By These presentes do ratefye and - confyrme unto and for the saide dame marye Mathew otherwise called dame - Mary Jude wiffe to Sir Andrew Jude Knight late Mayor and Alderman off - London and to her posterite To use bear and show for evermore in all - places of honour to her and theyr wourshipes at theyr Lybertie and - pleasur without impediment lett or interup[=c]on of any person or - persons. - - "IN WITNESS WHEREOF the saide Clarencieux Kinge of Armes have signed - these presentes with my hand and sett thereunto The Seale off {575} - myne office and The Seale of myne armes geven at London The x^{th} daye - off October in the Yeare of owre Lord Godd 1558 and in the ffourth and - ffifth yeares off the reignes off owre Souereignes Lorde and Layde - Phellip and Marye by the grace of God Kinge and Queene of England - france both cycles Jerusalem Irland deffendors of the faythe Archedukes - of Austrya Dukes of Burgoyne myllain & braband erles of haspurgie, - Flanders and Tyrrell. - - "W. HERVEY AL[=S] CLARENCIEUX - "King of Armes. - - "Confirmation of Arms to Dame Mary Mathew, 'otherwise called Dame Marye - Jude, wyffe to Sir Andrew Jude, Knight, Late Lord Mayor and Alderman - off London,' 1558." - -In this grant the arms are painted upon a _shield_. The grant was made in -her husband's lifetime, but his arms are not impaled therewith. Evidently, -therefore, the lady bears arms _in her own right_, and the presumption -would seem to be that a married lady bears her arms without reference to -her husband, and bears them upon a shield. On the other hand, the grant to -Lady Pearce, referred to on an earlier page, whilst not blazoning the -Pearce arms, shows the painting upon the patent to have been a lozenge of -the arms of Pearce, charged with a baronet's hand impaled with the arms -then granted for the maiden name of Lady Pearce. On the other hand, a grant -is printed in vol. i. of the Notes to the "Visitation of England and -Wales." The grant is to Dame Judith Diggs, widow of Sir Maurice Diggs, -Bart., now wife of Daniel Sheldon, and to Dame Margaret Sheldon, her -sister, relict of Sir Joseph Sheldon, Knight, late Alderman, and sometime -Lord Mayor of the City of London, daughters and coheirs of Mr. George Rose, -of Eastergate. The operative clause of the grant is: "do by these Presents -grant and assign to y^e said Dame Judith and Dame Margaret the Armes -hereafter mentioned Viz^t: Ermine, an Eagle displayed Sable, membered and -beaked Gules, debruised with a Bendlet Compone Or and Azure, as in the -margin hereof more plainly appears depicted. To be borne and used for ever -hereafter by them y^e said Dame Judith Diggs and Dame Margaret Sheldon, and -the descendants of their bodies respectively, lawfully begotten, according -to the Laws, Rules and practice of Armes." - -In each case it will be noted that the sisters were respectively wife and -widow of some one of the name of Sheldon; and it might possibly be supposed -that these were arms granted for the name of Sheldon. There seems, however, -to be very little doubt that these are the arms for Rose. The painting is, -however, of the single coat of Rose, and one is puzzled to know why the -arms are not painted in {576} conjunction with those of Sheldon. The same -practice was followed in the patent which was granted to Nelson's Lady -Hamilton. This patent, which both heraldically and historically is -excessively interesting, was printed in full on p. 168, vol. i. of the -_Genealogical Magazine_. The arms which in the grant are specifically said -to be the arms of Lyons (not of Hamilton) are painted upon a lozenge, with -no reference to the arms of Hamilton. In each of these cases, however, the -grantee of arms has been an heiress, so that the clause by which the arms -are limited to the descendants does not help. An instance of a grant to a -man and his wife, where the wife was not an heiress, is printed in "The -Right to Bear Arms"; and in this case the painting shows the arms impaled -with those of the husband. The grant to the wife has no hereditary -limitations, and presumably her descendants would never be able to quarter -the arms of the wife, no matter even if by the extinction of the other -issue she eventually became a coheir. The fact that the arms of man and -wife are herein granted together prevents any one making any deduction as -to what is the position of the wife alone. - -There was a patent issued in the year 1784 to a Mrs. Sarah Lax, widow of -John Lax, to take the name and arms of Maynard, such name and arms to be -borne by herself and her issue. The painting in this case is of the arms of -Maynard alone upon a lozenge, and the crest which was to be borne by her -male descendants is quite a separate painting in the body of the grant, and -not in conjunction with the lozenge. Now, Mrs. Maynard was a widow, and it -is manifestly wrong that she should bear the arms as if she were unmarried, -yet how was she to bear them? She was bearing the name of Lax because that -had been her husband's name, and she took the name of Maynard, which -presumably her husband would have taken had he been alive; she herself was -a Miss Jefferson, so would she have been entitled to have placed the arms -of Jefferson upon an escutcheon of pretence, in the centre of the arms of -Maynard? Presumably she would, because suppose the husband had assumed the -name and arms of Maynard in his lifetime, he certainly would have been -entitled to place his wife's arms of Jefferson on an escutcheon of -pretence. - -On March 9, 1878, Francis Culling Carr, and his second wife, Emily Blanche, -daughter of Andrew Morton Carr, and niece of the late Field-Marshal Sir -William Maynard Gomm, G.C.B., both assumed by Royal Licence the additional -surname and arms of Gomm. Neither Mr. nor Mrs. Carr-Gomm appear to have had -any blood descent from the Gomm family; consequently the Gomm arms were -granted to both husband and wife, and the curious part is that they were -not identical, the marks (showing that there was no blood relationship) -being a {577} canton for the husband and a cross crosslet for the wife. In -this case the arms were impaled. One is puzzled to know why the grant to -the wife was necessary as well as the grant to the husband. - -In 1865 Mrs. Massy, widow of Hugh Massy, assumed the name and arms of -Richardson in lieu of Massy. Mrs. Massy was the only child of Major -Richardson Brady, who had previously assumed by Royal Licence the arms of -Brady only. The painting upon the patent is a lozenge, bearing the arms of -Massy, and upon an escutcheon of pretence the arms of Richardson. Of -course, the arms of Mrs. Massy, as a widow, previously to the issue of the -Royal Licence were a lozenge of the arms of Massy, and on an escutcheon of -pretence the arms of Brady. - -A few years ago a Grant of Arms was issued to a Mrs. Sharpe, widow of Major -Sharpe. The arms were _to be borne by herself_ and the descendants of her -late husband, and by the other descendants of her husband's father, so that -there is no doubt whatever that these were the arms of Sharpe. I have no -idea who Mrs. Sharpe was, and I do not know that she possessed any arms of -her own. Let us presume she did not. Now, unless a widow may bear the arms -of her late husband on a lozenge, whether she has arms to impale with them -or not, how on earth is she to bear arms at all? And yet the grant most -distinctly was primarily to Mrs. Sharpe. - -After the death of General Ross, the victor of Bladensburg, a grant of an -augmentation was made to be placed upon the monument to the memory of the -General (Plate II.). The grant also was for the augmentation to be borne by -his widow during her widowhood. But no mention appears of the arms of Mrs. -Ross, nor, as far as I can ascertain, was proof officially made that Mrs. -Ross was in her own right entitled to arms; consequently, whether she -really was or was not, we may assume that as far as the official -authorities officially knew she was not, and the same query formulated with -regard to the Sharpe patent holds good in this case. The painting on the -patent shows the arms upon a shield, and placed above is a helmet -surmounted by the crest of augmentation and the family crest of Ross. - -So that from the cases we have mentioned instances can be found of the arms -of a wife upon a shield alone, and of a widow having arms depicted upon a -lozenge, such arms being on different occasions the impaled arms of her -husband and herself, or the arms of herself alone or of her husband alone; -and we have arms granted to a wife, and depicted as an impalement or upon a -lozenge. So that from grants it seems almost impossible to deduce any -decided and unquestionable rule as to how wife or widow should bear a coat -of arms. There is, {578} however, one other source from which profitable -instruction may be drawn. I refer to the methods of depicting arms upon -hatchments, and more particularly to the hatchment of a married woman. Now -a hatchment is strictly and purely personal, and in the days when the use -of such an article was an everyday matter, the greatest attention was paid -to the proper marshalling of the arms thereupon. There are so many varying -circumstances that we have here only space to refer to the three simple -rules, and these uncomplicated by any exceptional circumstances, which -governed the hatchments of maid, wife, and widow. In the first case, the -hatchment of an unmarried lady showed the whole of the background black, -the paternal arms on a lozenge, and this suspended by a knot of blue -ribbon. In the hatchment of a widow the background again was all black, the -arms were upon a lozenge (but without the knot of ribbon), and the lozenge -showed the arms of husband and wife impaled, or with the wife's in -pretence, as circumstances might dictate. The hatchment of a wife was -entirely different. Like the foregoing, it was devoid, of course, of -helmet, mantling, crest, or motto; but the background was white on the -dexter side (to show that the husband was still alive), and black on the -sinister (to show the wife was dead). But the impaled arms were not -depicted upon a lozenge, but upon a shield, and the shield was surmounted -by the true lover's knot of blue ribbon. - -I have already stated that when the rules of arms were in the making the -possibility of a married woman bearing arms in her own right was quite -ignored, and theoretically even now the husband bears his wife's arms for -her upon his shield. But the arms of a man are never depicted suspended -from a true lover's knot. Such a display is distinctly feminine, and I -verily believe that the correct way for a married woman to use arms, if she -desires the display thereof to be personal to herself rather than to her -husband, is to place her husband's arms impaled with her own upon a shield -suspended from a true lover's knot, and without helmet, mantling, crest, or -motto. At any rate such a method of display is a correct one, it is in no -way open to criticism on the score of inaccuracy, it has precedent in its -favour, and it affords a very desirable means of distinction. My only -hesitation is that one cannot say it is the only way, or that it would be -"incorrect" for the husband. At any rate it is the only way of drawing a -distinction between the "married" achievements of the husband and the wife. - -The limitations attached to a lady's heraldic display being what they are, -it has long been felt, and keenly felt, by every one attempting heraldic -design, that artistic treatment of a lady's arms savoured almost of the -impossible. What delicacy of treatment can possibly be added to the hard -outline of the lozenge? The substitution of curvilinear for {579} straight -lines in the outline, and even the foliation of the outline, goes but a -little way as an equivalent to the extensive artistic opportunities which -the mantling affords to a designer when depicting the arms of a man. - -To a certain extent, two attempts have been made towards providing a -remedy. Neither can properly claim _official_ recognition, though both have -been employed in a quasi-official manner. The one consists of the knot of -ribbon; the other consists of the use of the cordeliere. In their present -usage the former is meaningless and practically senseless, whilst the use -of the latter is radically wrong, and in my opinion, little short of -imposture. The knot of ribbon, when employed, is usually in the form of a -thin streamer of blue ribbon tied in the conventional true lover's knot -(Fig. 749). But the imbecility and inconsistency of its use lies in the -fact that except upon a hatchment it has been denied by custom to married -women and widows, who have gained their lovers; whilst its use is -sanctioned for the unmarried lady, who, unless she be affianced, neither -has nor ought to have anything whatever to do with lovers or with their -knot. The women who are fancy-free display the tied-up knot; women whom -love has fast tied up, unless the foregoing opinion as to the correct way -to display the arms of a married lady which I have expressed be correct, -must leave the knot alone. But as matters stand heraldically at the moment -the ribbon may be used advantageously with the lozenge of an unmarried -lady. - -With reference to the cordeliere some writers assert that its use is -optional, others that its use is confined to widow ladies. Now as a matter -of fact it is nothing whatever of the kind. It is really the insignia of -the old French Order of the Cordeliere, which was founded by Anne of -Bretagne, widow of Charles VIII., in 1498, its membership being confined to -widow ladies of noble family. The cordeliere was the waist girdle which -formed a part of the insignia of the Order, and it took its place around -the lozenges of the arms of the members in a manner similar to the armorial -use of the Garter for Knights of that Order. Though the Order of the -Cordeliere is long since extinct, it is neither right nor proper that any -part of its insignia should be adopted unaltered by those who can show no -connection with it or membership of it. {580} - - - -CHAPTER XXXVI - -OFFICIAL HERALDIC INSIGNIA - -The armory of all other nations than our own is rich in heraldic emblems of -office. In France this was particularly the case, and France undoubtedly -for many centuries gave the example, to be followed by other civilised -countries, in all matters of honour and etiquette. - -If English heraldry were entirely destitute of official heraldic ensigns, -perhaps the development elsewhere of this branch of armory might be -dismissed as an entirely foreign growth. But this is far from being the -case, as there are some number of cases in which these official emblems do -exist. In England, however, the instances are governed by no scale of -comparative importance, and the appearance of such tokens can only be -described as capricious. That a more extended usage might with advantage be -made no one can deny, for usage of this character would teach the general -public that armory had a meaning and a value, it would increase the -interest in heraldry, and also assist greatly in the rapidly increasing -revival of heraldic knowledge. The existence of these heraldic emblems -would manifestly tend towards a revival of the old and interestingly -excellent custom of regularly setting up in appropriate public places the -arms of those who have successively held various offices. The Inns of -Court, St. George's Chapel, the Public Office at the College of Arms, and -the halls of some of the Livery Companies are amongst the few places of -importance where the custom still obtains. And yet what an interesting -memorial such a series always becomes! The following list may not be -entirely complete, but it is fairly so as far as France is concerned, and I -think also complete as to England. - -The following are from the Royal French Court:-- - -_The High Constable of France_: Two swords held on each side of the shield -by two hands in armour issuing from the clouds. - -_The Chancellor_: In saltire behind his arms two great maces, and over his -helmet a mortier or cap sable crossed by two bands of gold lace and turned -up ermine; thereon the figure of a demi-queen as an emblem of France, -holding a sceptre in her right hand and the great seal of the kingdom in -her left. {581} - -_The Marshal_: Two batons in saltire behind the arms azure, seme-de-lis or. - -_The Admiral_: Two anchors in saltire behind the arms, the stocks of the -anchors in chief azure, seme-de-lis or. - -_The General of the Galleys_: Two anchors in saltire behind the arms. - -_Vice-Admiral_: One anchor in pale behind the arms. - -_Colonel-General of the Infantry_: Under his arms in saltire six flags, -three on each side, white, crimson, and blue. - -_Colonel of the Cavalry_: Over the arms four banners of the arms of France, -fringed, &c., two to the dexter and two to the sinister. - -_Grand Master of the Artillery_: Two field-pieces of ordnance under the -arms, one pointing to the dexter and one to the sinister. - -_The Superintendent of the Finance_: Two keys imperially crowned and -endorsed in pale, one on each side of the arms, the dexter or, the sinister -argent. - -_Grand Master of the Household to the King_: Two grand batons of silver -gilt in saltire behind the arms. - -_Grand Almoner_: Under his arms a blue book, on the cover the arms of -France and Navarre within the Orders of St. Michael and the Holy Ghost, -over the Orders the Crown. - -_Grand Chamberlain_: Two keys, both imperially crowned or, in saltire -behind the arms endorsed, the wards-in-chief. - -_Grand Esquire_: On each side of the shield a royal sword erect, the -scabbard azure, seme-de-lis, hilt and pommel or, the belts folded round the -scabbard azure, seme-de-lis or. - -_Grand Pannetier_, who by virtue of his office had all the bakers of Paris -under his jurisdiction, and had to lay the king's cover at his table, bore -under his arms a rich cover and a knife and fork in saltire. - -_Grand Butler or Cupbearer_: On each side of the base of the shield, a -grand silver flagon gilt, with the arms of the King thereon. - -_Gamekeeper to the King_: Two bugle-horns appending from the ends of the -mantling. - -_Grand Falconer_: Two lures appending from the ends of the mantling. - -_Grand Wolf-hunter_: On each side of the shield a wolf's head caboshed. - -_Captain of the King's Guards_: Two small batons sable, headed gold, like a -walking-cane. - -_Captain of the Hundred Swiss Guards_: Two batons in saltire sable, headed -argent, and under the arms two black velvet caps with feathers. - -_First Master of the Household_: Under his arms two batons in saltire. - -_Grand Carver to His Majesty_: Under his arms a knife and fork in saltire -proper, the handles azure, seme-de-lis or. {582} - -_Grand Provost of the Household_: Under his arms two Roman fasces or, -corded azure. - -_Grand Quartermaster_: A mace and battle-axe in saltire. - -_Captain of the Guards of the Gate_: Two keys in pale, crowned argent, one -on each side the arms. - -_The President of the Parliament_: On his helmet a black cap with two bands -of gold lace. - -Under the Empire (of France) the Vice-Connetable used arms holding swords, -as had been the case with the Constable of the Kingdom, but the swords were -sheathed and seme of golden bees. The Grand Chamberlain had two golden keys -in saltire, the bows thereof enclosing the imperial eagle, and the batons -of the Marechaux de French were seme of bees instead of fleurs-de-lis. - -The Pope bears a cross with three arms, an archbishop one with two arms, a -bishop one with a single arm. Besides this, two crossed keys appertain to -the Pope, the golden key to bind, in bend dexter, the silver key to loose, -in sinister bend. British archbishops and bishops will be presently -referred to. Ecclesiastical princes, who were at the same time sovereign -territorial princes, bore behind their shield a pedum or pastorale -(crosier), crossed with the sword of penal judicature. A bishop bears the -crosier with an outward bend, an abbot with an inward bend, thus -symbolising the range of their activity or dominion. The arch and -hereditary offices of the old German Empire had also their own attributes; -thus the "Erztruchsess," Lord High Steward (Palatinate-Bavaria), bore a -golden Imperial globe, which arose from a misinterpretation of the double -dish, the original attribute of this dignity. The Lord High Marshal of the -Empire (Saxony) expressed his office by a shield divided "per fess argent -and sable," bearing two crossed swords gules. The Hereditary -Standard-bearer (Wurtemberg) bore: "Azure, a banner or, charged with an -eagle sable"; the Lord High Chamberlain (Brandenburg): "Azure, a sceptre -or," while the Hereditary Chamberlain (Hohenzollern) used: "Gules, two -crossed sceptres or." - -In Italy the Duca de Savelli, as Marshal of the Conclave, hangs on either -side of his shield a key, the cords of which are knotted beneath his -coronet. - -In Holland Admirals used the naval Crown, and added two anchors in saltire -behind the shield. - -In Spain the Admirals of Castile and of the Indies placed an anchor in bend -behind the shield. - -The instances I am aware of which have official sanction already in this -country are as stated in the list which follows:-- - -I have purposely (to make the list absolutely complete) included {583} -insignia which may possibly be more properly considered ensigns of rank, -because it is not particularly easy always to distinguish offices from -honours and from rank. - -_The Kings of England_ (George I. to William IV.), as Arch Treasurers of -the Holy Roman Empire, bore: Upon an inescutcheon gules, in the centre of -the arms of Hanover, a representation of the Crown of Charlemagne. - -_An Archbishop_ has: (1) His official coat of arms, which he impales -(placing it on the dexter side) with his personal arms; (2) his mitre, -which, it should be noted, is the same as the mitre of a Bishop, and _not_ -having a coronet encircling its band; (3) his archiepiscopal staff (of -gold, and with two transverse arms), which is placed in pale behind his -escutcheon; (4) two crosiers in saltire behind the escutcheon. It is -curious to note that the pallium which occurs in all archiepiscopal coats -of arms (save that of York) is now very generally conceded to have been -more in the nature of an emblem of the _rank_ of Archbishop (it being a -part of his ecclesiastical costume) than a charge in a concrete impersonal -coat of arms for a defined area of archiepiscopal jurisdiction. In this -connection it is interesting to observe that the Archbishops of York -anciently used the pallium in lieu of the official arms now regularly -employed. - -_A Bishop_ has: (1) His official coat of arms, (2) his mitre, (3) two -crosiers in saltire behind his escutcheon. - -_The Bishop of Durham_ has: (1) His official coat of arms, (2) his -coronetted mitre, _which is peculiar to himself_, and (which is another -privilege also peculiar to himself alone) he places a _sword_ and a crosier -in saltire behind his arms. Reference should also be made to the chapter -upon Ecclesiastical Heraldry. - -_A Peer_ has: (1) His coronet, (2) his helmet of rank; (3) his supporters, -(4) his robe of estate. - -_A Scottish Peer_ has, in addition, the ermine lining to his mantling. - -_A Baronet of England_, of Ireland, of Great Britain, or of the United -Kingdom has: (1) His helmet of rank, (2) his badge of Ulster upon an -inescutcheon or canton (argent, a sinister hand erect, couped at the wrist -gules). - -_A Baronet of Nova Scotia_ has: (1) His helmet of rank, (2) his badge (an -orange tawny ribbon, whereon shall hang pendent in an escutcheon argent, a -saltire azure, thereon an inescutcheon of the arms of Scotland, with an -imperial crown over the escutcheon, and encircled with this motto, "Fax -Mentis Honestae Gloria," pendent below the escutcheon). - -_A Knight of the Garter_ has: (1) His Garter to encircle the shield, (2) -his collar and badge, (3) supporters. The Prelate of the Order of {584} the -Garter (an office held by the Bishops of Winchester) is entitled to -encircle his arms with the Garter. The Chancellor of the Order of the -Garter encircles his arms with the Garter. Formerly the Bishops of -Salisbury always held this office, but in 1836 when the county of Berks -(which of course includes Windsor, and therefore the chapel of the order) -was removed from the Diocese of Salisbury to the Diocese of Oxford, the -office of Chancellor passed to the Bishops of Oxford. The Dean of Windsor, -as Registrar of the Order, displays below his shield the ribbon and badge -of his office. - -_A Knight of the Thistle_ has: (1) The ribbon or circlet of the order, (2) -his collar and badge, (3) supporters. The Dean of the Chapels Royal in -Scotland, as Dean of the Order, used the badge and ribbon of his office. - -_A Knight of St. Patrick_ has: (1) The ribbon or circlet of the order, (2) -his collar and badge, (3) supporters. The Prelate of the Order of St. -Patrick was as such entitled to encircle his escutcheon with the ribbon or -circlet of that order, from which his official badge depends. The office, -of course, came to an end with the disestablishment of the Irish Church. It -was held by the Archbishops of Armagh. The Chancellor of the Order of St. -Patrick is as such entitled to encircle his escutcheon with the ribbon or -circlet of that order, from which his official badge depends. This office, -formerly held by the Archbishops of Dublin, has since the disestablishment -been enjoyed by the Chief Secretaries for Ireland. The Deans of St. -Patrick's were similarly Registrars of the Order, and as such used the -badge and ribbon of their office. - -_Knights Grand Cross_ or _Knights Grand Commanders_ of the Orders of the -Bath, the Star of India, St. Michael and St. George, the Indian Empire, or -the Victorian Order, have: (1) The circlets or ribbons of their respective -Orders, (2) their collars and badges, (3) their helmets of degree, (4) -supporters, if they incline to pay the fees for these to be granted. - -_Knights Commanders_ of the aforesaid Orders have: (1) The circlets or -ribbons of their respective Orders, (2) their badges pendent below the -shield, (3) their helmets of degree. - -_Commanders_ of the Victorian Order have: (1) the circlet of the Order, (2) -the badge pendent below the shield. - -_Companions_ of the aforesaid Orders, and Members of the Victorian Order, -as also Members of the Distinguished Service Order, the Imperial Service -Order, the Order of Merit, the Order of Victoria and Albert, the Order of -the Crown of India, and those entitled to the Victoria Cross, the Albert -Medal, the Edward Medal, the Conspicuous Service Cross, the Kaisar-i-Hind -Medal, the Royal Red Cross, the {585} Volunteer Officers' Decoration, the -Territorial Decoration, and the Decoration of the League of Mercy, are -entitled to suspend their respective decorations below their escutcheons. -The officers of these orders of knighthood are of course entitled to -display their badges of office. The Dean of Westminster is always Dean of -the Order of the Bath. - -_Knights Grand Cross_ and_ Knights Commanders of the Bath, if of the -Military Division_, are also entitled to place a wreath of laurel round -their escutcheons. - -_Knights of Justice of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem -in England_ are entitled to place upon their escutcheons a chief of the -arms of the Order (gules, a cross throughout argent, embellished in the -angles with a lion guardant and a unicorn, both passant or). - -_Knights of Grace and other Members of the Order_ suspend whatever badge -they are entitled to wear below their shield from a black watered-silk -ribbon. - -[Some members of the Order display their arms upon the Cross of the Order, -as was done by Knights of the original Order, from which the present Order -is copied, but how far the practice is sanctioned by the Royal Charter, or -in what manner it is controlled by the rules of the Order, I am not aware.] - -_The Lord High Constable of England_ is entitled to place behind his -escutcheon two batons in saltire similar to the one which is delivered to -him for use at the Coronation, which is now the only occasion when the -office is enjoyed. As the office is only held temporarily, the existing -privilege does not amount to much. - -_The Lord High Constable of Scotland_ is entitled to place behind his -escutcheon, in saltire, two silver batons tipped with gold at either end. -The arms of the Earl of Errol (Hereditary Lord High Constable of Scotland) -have only once, at an early period, been matriculated in Lyon Register, and -then without any official insignia, but there can be no doubt of the right -to the crossed batons. - -_The Lord High Chamberlain of Scotland_ (I am not sure this office still -exists): Two golden keys in saltire behind the escutcheon. - -_The Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England_ places two batons of -gold tipped with sable in saltire behind his arms. - -[_A Deputy Earl Marshal_ places one similar baton in bend behind his -shield.] - -_The Earl Marischal of Scotland_ (until the office was extinguished by -attainder) placed saltirewise behind his shield two batons gules, seme of -thistles, each ensigned on the top with an Imperial Crown or. - -_The Hereditary Marshal of Ireland_ (an office for long past in abeyance) -used two batons in saltire behind his arms. According to {586} MS. Harl. -6589, f. 39: "Les armes des office du Mareschall d'Ireland sont de Goulz et -cinque fucelles bendes d'Argent." These certainly do not appear to be the -personal arms of those who held the office, but there is other record that -some such coat was used. - -_The Hereditary Lord Great Seneschal of Ireland_ (the Earl of Shrewsbury) -places a white wand in pale behind his escutcheon. - -_The Duke of Argyll_ places in saltire behind his arms: (1) In bend dexter, -a baton gules, seme of thistles or, ensigned with an Imperial Crown proper, -thereon the crest of Scotland (as Hereditary Great Master of the Household -in Scotland); (2) in bend sinister, a sword proper, hilt and pommel or (as -Hereditary Justice-General of Scotland) (_vide_ Plate III.). - -_The Master-General of the Ordnance_ (by warrant of King Charles II.), -bears on each side of his arms a field-piece. - -_The Lord Justice-Clerk of Scotland_ places two swords in saltire behind -his shield. - -_The Lord Chief-Justice of England_ encircles his arms with his Collar of -SS. - -_The Walker Trustees_ place behind their shield two batons in saltire, each -ensigned with a unicorn salient supporting a shield argent, the unicorn -horned or, and gorged with an antique crown, to which is affixed a chain -passing between the fore-legs and reflexed over the back of the last, for -the office of Heritable Usher of the White Rod of Scotland, now vested in -the said Trustees. Before the recent Court of Claims the claim was made to -exercise the office by deputy, and such claim was allowed. - -_The Master of the Revels in Scotland_ has an official coat of arms: -Argent, a lady rising out of a cloud in the nombril point, richly -apparelled, on her head a garland of ivy, holding in her right hand a -poignard crowned, in her left a vizard all proper, standing under a veil or -canopy azure garnished or, in base a thistle vert. - -_Serjeants-at-Arms_ encircle their arms with their Collars of SS. - -_Garter King of Arms_ has: (1) His official coat of arms (argent, a gules, -on a chief azure, a ducal coronet encircled with a Garter, between a lion -passant guardant on the dexter, and a fleur-de-lis on the sinister, all -or); (2) his crown; (3) his Collar of SS (the collar of a King of Arms -differs from that of a Herald, inasmuch as it is of _silver-gilt_, and on -each shoulder a portcullis is inserted); (4) his badge as Garter pendent -below his shield. His sceptre of silver-gilt has been sometimes placed in -bend behind his escutcheon, but this has not been regularly done. The -practice has, however, been reverted to by the present Garter. - -_Lyon King of Arms_ has: (1) His official coat of arms (argent, a lion -sejant, erect and affronte gules, holding in his dexter paw a thistle {587} -slipped vert, and in the sinister a shield of the second, on a chief azure -a St. Andrew's cross--_i.e._ a saltire--of the field); (2) his crown; (3) -two batons, representing that of his office in saltire behind his shield, -these being azure seme of thistles and fleurs-de-lis or, tipped at either -end with gold; (4) his Collar of SS; (5) his triple chain of gold, from -which depends his badge as Lyon King of Arms. - -_Ulster King of Arms_ has: (1) His official coat of arms (or, a cross -gules, on a chief of the last a lion of England between a harp and a -portcullis, all of the first); (2) his crown; (3) his Collar of SS; (4) his -two staves in saltire behind the shield; (5) his chain and badge as Ulster -King of Arms; (6) his badge as Registrar of the Order of St. Patrick. - -_Clarenceux King of Arms_ has: (1) His official coat of arms (argent, a -cross gules, on a chief of the second a lion passant guardant or, crowned -of the last); (2) his crown; (3) his Collar of SS. - -_Norroy King of Arms_ has: (1) His official coat of arms (argent, a cross -gules, on a chief of the second a lion of England passant guardant or, -crowned with an open crown, between a fleur-de-lis on the dexter and a key -on the sinister of the last); (2) his crown; (3) his Collar of SS. - -_Bath King of Arms_ has: (1) His crown; his Collar of SS. - -I am not aware that any official arms have been assigned to Bath up to the -present time; but if none exist, there would not be the slightest -difficulty in obtaining these. - -_An English Herald_ encircles his shield with his Collar of SS. - -_A Scottish Herald_ is entitled to do the same, and has also his badge, -which he places below the escutcheon pendent from a ribbon of blue and -white. - -An _Irish Herald_ has his Collar of SS, and his badge suspended from a -sky-blue ribbon. An _Irish Pursuivant_ has a similar badge. - -_The Regius Professors (or "Readers") in the University of Cambridge_, for -"Phisicke," "Lawe," "Devinity," "Hebrew," and "Greke," have official arms -as follows (see grant by Robert Cooke, Clarenceux, 1590, _Genealogical -Magazine_, vol. ii. p. 125):-- - -_Of Phisicke_: Azure, a fesse ermines (? ermine) between three lozenges or, -on a chief gules a lion passant guardant of the third, charged on the side -with the letter M sable. Crest: on a wreath or and azure, a quinquangle -silver, called "simbolum sanitatis." Mantling gules and argent. - -_Of Lawe_: Purpure, a cross moline or, on a chief gules, a lion passant -guardant of the second, charged on the side with the letter L sable. Crest: -on a wreath "purple and gold," a bee volant or. Mantling gules and argent. - -_Of Devinity_: Gules, on a cross ermine, between four doves argent, {588} a -book of the first, the leaves or, charged in the midst with the Greek -letter [theta] (Theta) sable. Crest: on a wreath "silver and gules," a dove -volant argent, with an olive-branch vert in his beak. Mantling gules, -double argent. - -_Of Hebrew_: Argent, the Hebrew letter [Hebrew: T] (Tawe) sable, on a chief -gules, a lion passant guardant or, charged on the side with the letter H -sable. Crest: on a wreath "silver and sables," a turtle-dove azure. -Mantling gules, double argent. - -_Of Greke_: Per chevron argent and sable, in chief the two Greek letters -[Alpha] (Alpha) and [Omega] (Omega) of the second, and in base a "cicado" -or grasshopper of the first, on a chief gules, a lion passant guardant or, -charged on the side with the letter G sable. Crest: on a wreath "silver and -sables," an owl argent, legs, beak, and ears or. Mantling gules and argent. - -The following insignia of office I quote subject to the reservation that I -am doubtful how far they enjoy official sanction:-- - -_The Lord Chancellor of England_: Two maces in saltire (or one in pale) -behind the shield and the purse containing the Great Seal below it. - -_The Lord Great Chamberlain of England_: Two golden keys in saltire; and - -_The Lord Chamberlain of the Household_: A golden key in pale behind the -shield. - -At Exeter the Dean, Precentor, Chancellor, and Treasurer have used official -arms impaled with their own insignia. These were:-- - -_The Dean_: Azure, a stag's head caboshed and between the horns a cross -patee fitchee argent. - -_The Precentor_: Argent, on a saltire azure a fleur-de-lis or. - -_The Chancellor_: Gules, a saltire argent between four crosslets or. - -_The Treasurer_: Gules, a saltire between four leopards' heads or. - -The Dean of the Chapel Royal, Savoy, may perhaps employ the complicated -coat of the chapel to impale his personal arms, placing the escutcheon on -the breast of an eagle sable, crowned or. - -Many English Deaneries claim to possess arms which presumably the occupant -may use to impale his own coat with, after the example of the Dean of -Exeter. Such are London, Winchester, Lincoln, Salisbury, Lichfield, Durham, -which all difference the arms of the see with a letter D of gold or sable. - -St. David's reverses the tinctures of the arms of the see. - -Norwich and Carlisle carry: Argent, a cross sable. - -Canterbury: Azure, on a cross argent the monogram - -sable. - -York differences the arms of the see by changing the crown into a mitre, -and adding three plates in flanks and base. {589} - - - -CHAPTER XXXVII - -AUGMENTATIONS OF HONOUR - -Of all heraldic distinctions the possession of an augmentation of honour is -the one most prized. The Sovereign is of course the fountain of honour, and -though ordinary grants of arms are made by Letters Patent under the hands -and seals of the Kings of Arms, by virtue of the powers expressly and -specifically conferred upon them in the Letters Patent respectively -appointing them to their offices, a grant of arms is theoretically a grant -from the Crown. The privilege of the possession of arms in the ordinary -event is left in the discretion of the Earl Marshal, whose warrant is a -condition precedent to the issue of a Grant. Providing a person is palpably -living in that style and condition of life in which the use of arms is -usual, subject always to the Earl Marshal's pleasure and discretion, a -Grant of Arms can ordinarily be obtained upon payment of the usual fees. -The social status of present-day grantees of arms is considerably in -advance of the status of grantees in the Tudor period. An augmentation of -arms, however, is on a totally and entirely different footing. It is an -especial mark of favour from the Sovereign, and the effective grant is a -Royal Warrant under the hand and Privy Seal of the Sovereign. The warrant -recites and requires that the augmentation granted shall be exemplified and -recorded in the College of Arms. Augmentations have been less frequently -conferred in recent years than was formerly the case. Technically speaking, -a gift of arms by the Sovereign direct where none previously existed is not -an augmentation, though one is naturally inclined to include such grants in -the category. Such an example is met with in the shield granted to Colonel -Carlos by King Charles to commemorate their mutual adventures in the oak -tree ("Or, issuing from a mount in base vert, an oak tree proper, over all -on a fess gules, three Imperial crowns also proper") (Plate II.). - -There are many gorgeous legends relating to augmentations and arms which -are said to have been granted by William the Conqueror as rewards after the -Battle of Hastings. Personally I do not believe in a single one. There was -a certain augmentation borne by the Dodge family, which, if it be correct, -dates from the thirty-fourth year of Edward I., but whether this be -authentic it is impossible to say. Most {590} people consider the alleged -_deed of grant_ a forgery, and if this be so, the arms only exist by right -of subsequent record and the question of augmentation rests upon tradition. -The curious charge of the woman's breast distilling drops of milk to typify -the nourishment afforded to the king's army is at any rate most interesting -(Plate VI.). The earliest undoubted one in this country that I am aware of -dates from the reign of Edward III. Sir John de Pelham shared in the glory -of the Battle of Poictiers, and in the capture of the French King John. To -commemorate this he was granted two round buckles with thongs. The Pelham -family arms were "Azure, three pelicans argent," and, as will be seen, -these family arms were quartered with the buckles and thongs on a field -gules as an augmentation. The quarterly coat forms a part of the arms both -of Lord Chichester and of Lord Yarborough at the present day, and "the -Pelham buckle" has been the badge of the Pelham family for centuries. - -Piers Legh fought with the Black Prince and took the Count de Tanquervil -prisoner at the Battle of Crecy, "and did valiantly rere and advance the -said princes Banner att the bataile of Cressy to the noe little -encouragement of the English army," but it was not until the reign of Queen -Elizabeth that the augmentation to commemorate this was granted. - -The Battle of Flodden was won by the Earl of Surrey, afterwards the Duke of -Norfolk, and amongst the many rewards which the King showered upon his -successful Marshal was the augmentation to his arms of "a demi-lion pierced -in the mouth with an arrow, depicted on the colours for the arms of the -Kingdom of Scotland, which the said James, late King of Scots, bore." -According to the Act of Parliament under which it was granted this -augmentation would seem now to belong exclusively to Lord Mowbray and -Stourton and Hon. Mary Petre, but it is borne apparently with official -sanction, or more likely perhaps by official inadvertence, by the Duke of -Norfolk and the rest of the Howard family. - -The Battle of Agincourt is referred to by Shakespeare, who puts these words -into King Henry's mouth on the eve of that great battle (Act iv. sc. 3):-- - - "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers - For he to-day that sheds his blood with me - Shall be my brother; be he ne'er so vile, - This day shall gentle his condition." - -There is actual foundation in fact for these lines. For in a writ couched -in very stringent and severe terms issued by the same king in after years -decreeing penalties for the improper assumption and use of false arms, -specific exception is made in favour of those "who bore {591} arms with us -at the Battle of Agincourt." Evidently this formed a very extensive kind of -augmentation. - -The reign of Queen Elizabeth furnishes an interesting example of the gift -of a complete coat in the case of Sir Francis Drake, who had been using the -arms of another family of the same name. The representative of that family -complained to the Queen that Sir Francis, whom he styled an upstart, should -take such liberties with his arms; whereupon the Queen said she would give -Sir Francis arms which should outrival those of his namesake. At least, -such is the legend, and though the arms themselves were granted by -Clarenceux King of Arms, and I have not yet found any Royal Warrant -indicating that the grant was made by specific Royal command, it is -possible the story is correct. The arms are: "Sable, a fess wavy between -two stars argent. Crest: a ship under reef, drawn round a terrestrial globe -with a cable by a hand issuing from clouds all proper" (Plate VI.). The -stars upon the shield are the two pole stars, and the wavy band between -them typifies Drake's voyage round the world, as does also the peculiar -crest in which the Divine hand is shown guiding his ship around the globe. - -At the Battle of Naseby Dr. Edward Lake fought bravely for the King, and in -the service of his Majesty received no less than sixteen wounds. At the end -of the battle, when his left arm was useless, he put the bridle of his -horse between his teeth and still fought on. The quartering of augmentation -given to him was: "Gules, a dexter arm embowed in armour holding in the -hand a sword erect all proper, thereto affixed a banner argent charged with -a cross between sixteen escutcheons of the field, on the cross a lion of -England." The sixteen shields upon the banner typify his sixteen wounds. - -After the Commonwealth was established in England, Charles II. made a -desperate effort to regain his crown, an effort which culminated in his -disastrous defeat at the Battle of Worcester. The King escaped through the -gate of the city solely through the heroic efforts of Colonel Newman, and -this is kept in remembrance by the inescutcheon of augmentation, viz.: -"Gules, a portcullis imperially crowned or." Every one has heard how the -King was accompanied in his wanderings by Colonel Carlos, who hid with him -in the oak tree at Boscobel. Afterwards the king accompanied Mistress Jane -Lane on horseback as her servant to the coast, whence he fled to the -Continent. The reward of Colonel Carlos was the gift of the entire coat of -arms already referred to. The Lanes, though not until after some years had -passed and the King had come back to his own again, were granted two -remarkable additions to their family arms. First of all "the canton of -England" (that is, the arms of England upon a canton) was added {592} to -their shield. They are the _only_ family to whom such an honour has been -given, and a most curious result has happened. When the use of armorial -bearings was taxed by Act of Parliament the Royal Arms were specially -exempted, and on account of this canton the Lane family claimed and -obtained exemption from the tax. A few years later a crest was granted to -them, namely, a strawberry-roan horse, "couped at the flanks," holding in -its feet the Royal crown (Plate II.). It was upon a horse of this colour -that the King and Mistress Lane had escaped and thereby saved the crown. -Mr. Francis Wolfe, of Madeley, who also was a party to the escape, received -the grant of an inescutcheon gules charged with a lion of England. Another -family which bears an augmentation to commemorate King Charles' escape is -Whitgreave. - -The reign of Queen Anne produced in the Duke of Marlborough one of the -finest generals the world has ever seen; and in the Battle of Blenheim one -of its greatest victories. The augmentation which commemorates this is a -shield bearing the cross of St. George and in the centre a smaller shield -with the golden lilies of France. - -In the year 1797 the Battle of Camperdown was fought, when Admiral Duncan -defeated the Dutch Fleet and was created Lord Camperdown. To his family -arms were added a naval crown and a representation of the gold medal given -by George III. to Lord Camperdown to commemorate his victory. - -The arms of Nelson are most interesting, inasmuch as one version of the -arms carries two separate and distinct augmentations. It is not, however, -the coat as it was granted to and borne by the great Admiral himself. After -the Battle of the Nile he received the augmentation on the chief, a -landscape showing the palm-tree, the disabled ship, and the battery in -ruins. The one crest was the plume of triumph given to the Admiral by the -Sultan Selim III., and his second crest, which, however, is not a crest of -augmentation, was the stern of the Spanish ship _San Josef._ After his -death at the Battle of Trafalgar his brother was created Earl Nelson, and a -second augmentation, namely, a fess wavy sable with the word "Trafalgar" -upon it in gold letters, was added to the arms. This, however, has since -been discontinued, except by Lord Bridport, who quarters it, whilst the -Nelson family has reverted to the arms as they were borne by the great -Admiral. - -After the death of Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, Lord Collingwood took -command, and though naval experts think that the action of Collingwood -greatly minimised the number of prizes which would have resulted from the -victory, Lord Collingwood received for an augmentation a chief wavy gules, -thereon the lion of England, navally {593} crowned, with the word -"Trafalgar" above the lion. He also received an additional crest, namely, -the stern of his ship, the _Royal Sovereign_, between a wreath of oak on -the one side and a wreath of laurel on the other. - -The heroic story of the famous fight between the _Shannon_ and the -_Chesapeake_ has been often told. Captain Broke sent in a challenge to the -_Chesapeake_ to come out and fight him, and, though a banquet was prepared -by the Mayor of Boston for that evening "to meet the English officers," -Captain Broke defeated the _Chesapeake_ in an engagement which only lasted -a very short time. He was granted an additional crest, namely, an arm -holding a trident and issuing from a naval crown, together with the motto, -"Saevumque tridentem servamus." - -General Ross fought and won the Battle of Bladensburg, and took the city of -Washington, dying a few days afterwards. The story is that the family were -offered their choice of a baronetcy or an augmentation, and they chose the -latter. The augmentation (Plate II.), which was specially granted with -permission for it to be placed upon the monument to the memory of General -Ross, consists of the arm holding the flag of the United States with a -broken flag-staff which will be seen both on the shield itself, and as an -additional crest. The shield also shows the gold cross for previous -services at Corunna and in the Peninsula. The family were also given the -surname of "Ross-of-Bladensburg." - -The capture of Curacoa by Admiral Sir Charles Brisbane, K.C.B., is -commemorated by the representation of his ship passing between the two -Dutch forts; and by the additional crest of an arm in a naval officer's -uniform grasping a cutlass. Admiral Sir Robert Otway, for his distinguished -services, was granted: "On a chief azure an anchor between two branches of -oak or, and on the dexter side a demi-Neptune and on the sinister a mermaid -proper," to add to his shield. Admiral Sir George Pocock, who captured -Havannah, was given for an augmentation: "On a chief wavy azure a -sea-horse" (to typify his naval career), between two Eastern crowns (to -typify his services in the East Indies), with the word "Havanna," the scene -of his greatest victory. - -Sir Edward Pellew, who was created Viscount Exmouth for bombarding and -destroying the fort and arsenal of Algiers, was given upon a chief a -representation of that fort, with an English man-of-war in front of it, to -add to his arms. It is interesting to note that one of his supporters, -though not a part of his augmentation, represents a Christian slave, in -memory of those in captivity at Algiers when he captured the city. - -There were several augmentations won at the Battle of Waterloo, {594} and -the Waterloo medal figures upon many coats of arms of Waterloo officers. -Colonel Alexander Clark-Kennedy, with his own hand, captured the French -Eagle of the 105th French Regiment. For this he bears a representation of -it and a sword crossed upon a chief over his arms, and his crest of -augmentation is a demi-dragoon holding the same flag. Of the multitude of -honours which were showered upon the Duke of Wellington, not the least was -his augmentation. This was a smaller shield to be superimposed upon his -own, and charged with those crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. -Patrick, which we term "the Union Jack." Sir Edward Kerrison, who -distinguished himself so greatly in the Peninsula and at Waterloo, was -granted a sword with a wreath of laurel and representations of his medals -for Orthes and Waterloo, and, for an additional crest, an arm in armour -holding a banner inscribed "Peninsula." - -Sir Thomas Munro, who will be long remembered as the Governor of Madras, -was rewarded for his capture of Badamy by a representation of that -hill-fort in India. The augmentation of Lord Keane is very similar, being a -representation of the Fortress of Ghuznee in Afghanistan, which he -captured. Other instances of a similar character are to be found in the -arms of Cockburn-Campbell and Hamilton-Grace. - -The arms of Lord Gough are most remarkable, inasmuch as they show no less -than two distinct and different augmentations both earned by the same man. -In 1816, for his services in the Peninsula, he received a representation of -the Spanish Order of Charles III., and on a chief the representation of the -Fortress of Tarifa, with the crest of the arm holding the colours of his -own regiment, the 87th, and a French eagle reversed and depressed. After -his victories in the East, particularly at Goojerat, and for the -subjugation and annexation of the Punjab, he was granted, in 1843, an -additional quartering to add to his shield. This has the Lion of England -holding up the Union Jack below the words "China" and "India." The third -crest, which was then granted to him, shows a similar lion holding the -Union Jack and a Chinese flag. - -Sir George Pollock, "of the Khyber Pass," Bart., earned everlasting fame -for himself in the first Afghan War, by forcing the Khyber Pass and by the -capture of Cabul. For this he was given an Eastern crown and the word -"Khyber" on a chief as well as three cannon upon a canton, and at the same -time he was granted an additional crest--a lion holding an Afghan banner -with the staff thereof broken. With him it seemed as if the practice of -granting augmentations for military services had ceased. Lord Roberts has -none, neither has Lord Wolseley. But recently the old practice was reverted -to in favour of Lord Kitchener. His family arms were: "Azure, a chevron -cottised {595} between three bustards," and in the centre chief point a -bezant; with a stag's head for a crest; but for "smashing the Khalifa" he -has been given the Union Jack and the Egyptian flag with the staves -encircled by a coronet bearing the word "Khartoum," all on a pile -superimposed over his family arms. He also received a second crest of an -elephant's head holding a sword in its trunk issuing from a mural crown. At -the conclusion of the South African War a second augmentation was granted -to him, this taking the form of a chief. - -Two other very interesting instances of augmentation of arms are worthy of -mention. - -Sir Ralph Abercromby, after a distinguished career, fought and won the -Battle of Aboukir Bay, only to die a few days later on board H.M.S. -_Foudroyant_ of his wounds received in the battle. But long before he had -fought and conquered the French at Valenciennes, and in 1795 had been made -a Knight of the Bath. The arms which are upon his Stall plate in -Westminster Abbey include his augmentation, which is an arm in armour -encircled by a wreath of laurel supporting the French Standard. - -Sir William Hoste gained the celebrated victory over the French fleet off -the Island of Lissa in 1811, and the augmentation which was granted was a -representation of his gold medal hanging from a naval crown, and an -additional crest, an arm holding a flag inscribed with the word "Cattaro," -the scene of another of his victories. - -Peace has its victories no less than war, but there is generally very much -less fuss made about them. Consequently, the augmentations to commemorate -entirely pacific actions are considerably fewer in number. The Speke -augmentation has been elsewhere referred to, and reference may be made to -the Ross augmentation to commemorate the Arctic exploits of Sir John Ross. - -It is a very common idea that arms were formerly to be obtained by conquest -in battle. Like many other heraldic ideas, there is a certain amount of -truth in the idea, from which very erroneous generalisations have been -made. The old legend as to the acquisition of the plume of ostrich feathers -by the Black Prince no doubt largely accounts for the idea. That legend, as -has been already shown, lacks foundation. Territorial or sovereign arms -doubtless would be subject to conquest, but I do not believe that because -in battle or in a tournament _a outrance_ one person defeated another, he -therefore became entitled to assume, of his own motion, the arms of the man -he had vanquished. The proposition is too absurd. But there is no doubt -that in some number of historic cases his Sovereign has subsequently -conferred upon the victor an augmentation which has closely approximated to -the arms of his victim. Such cases occur in the arms of the Clerkes, -Barts., {596} of Hitcham, Bucks, who bear: "On a sinister canton azure, a -demi-ram salient of the first, and in chief two fleurs-de-lis or, debruised -by a baton," to commemorate the action of Sir John Clerke of Weston, who -captured Louis D'Orleans, Duke of Longueville, at Borny, near Terouenne, 5 -Henry VII. The augmentation conferred upon the Duke of Norfolk at the -battle of Flodden has been already referred to, but the family of Lloyd of -Stockton, co. Salop, carry a remarkable augmentation, inasmuch as they are -permitted to bear the arms of Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, to -commemorate his recapture by their ancestor after Lord Cobham's escape from -the Tower. - -[Illustration: FIG. 773.--Arms of Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland and Earl -of Oxford: Quarterly, 1 and 4 (of augmentation), azure, three crowns or, -within a bordure argent; 2 and 3, quarterly gules and or, in the first -quarter a mullet argent.] - -Augmentations which have no other basis than mere favour of kings, or -consanguinity to the Royal Family, are not uncommon. Richard II., who -himself adopted the arms of St. Edward the Confessor, bestowed the right to -bear them also upon Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk (Fig. 675). No -difference was added to them in his case, which is the more remarkable as -they were borne by the Duke impaled with the arms of England. In 1397 the -King conferred the same arms upon John de Holland, Duke of Exeter, -differenced by a label argent, and upon Thomas de Holland, Duke of Surrey, -within a bordure ermine. Richard II. seems to have been inclined to the -granting of augmentations, for in 1386, when he created the Earl of Oxford -(Robert de Vere) Duke of Ireland, he granted him as an augmentation the -arms of Ireland ("Azure, three crowns or") within a bordure argent (Fig. -773). The Manners family, who were of Royal descent, but who, not being -descended from an heiress, had no right to quarter the Royal Arms, received -the grant of a chief "quarterly azure and gules, in the first and fourth -quarters two fleurs-de-lis, and in the second and third a lion passant -guardant or." This precedent might well be followed at the present day in -the case of the daughters of the Duke and Duchess of Fife. It was adopted -in the case of Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain. The Waller family, of -Groombridge, co. Kent, one of whom, Richard Waller, captured Charles, Duke -of Orleans, at the battle of Agincourt, received as an augmentation the -right to suspend from the crest ("On a mount a walnut-tree proper") an -escutcheon of the arms of that Prince, viz.: "Azure, three fleurs-de-lis -or, a label of three points argent." Lord Polwarth bears one of the few -augmentations granted by William III., viz.: "An inescutcheon azure charged -with an orange ensigned with an Imperial crown {597} all proper," whilst -the titular King James III. and VIII. granted to John Graeme, Earl of -Alford, a coat of augmentation, viz.: "The Royal Arms of Scotland on the -field and cross of St. Andrew counterchanged," the date of the grant being -20th January 1734. Sir John Keith, Earl of Kintore, Knight Marischal of -Scotland, saved the regalia of Scotland from falling into the hands of -Cromwell, and in return the Keith arms (now quartered by Lord Kintore) were -augmented with "an inescutcheon gules, a sword in bend sinister surmounted -by a sceptre in bend dexter, in chief an Imperial crown, the whole within -an orle of eight thistles." - -The well-known augmentation of the Seymour family: "Or, on a pile gules, -between six fleurs-de-lis azure," is borne to commemorate the marriage of -Jane Seymour to Henry VIII., who granted augmentations to all his wives -except Catharine of Aragon and Anne of Cleves. The Seymour family is, -however, the only one in which the use of the augmentation has been -continued. The same practice was followed by granting the arms of England -to the Consort of the Princess Caroline and to the late Prince Consort. See -page 499. - -[Illustration: FIG. 774.--Device from the chief of the "Prussian Sword -Nobility."] - -The frequent grant of the Royal tressure in Scotland, probably usually as -an augmentation, has been already referred to. King Charles I. granted to -the Earl of Kinnoull as a quartering of augmentation: "Azure, a unicorn -salient argent, armed, maned, and unguled or, within a bordure of the last -charged with thistles of Scotland and roses gules of England dimidiated." -The well-known augmentation of the Medicis family, viz.: "A roundle azure, -charged with three fleurs-de-lis or," was granted by Louis XII. to Pietro -de Medicis. The Prussian Officers, ennobled on the 18th of January 1896, -the twenty-fifth anniversary of the foundation of the new German Empire, -bear as a device a chief purpure, and thereupon the Prussian sceptre and a -sword in saltire interlaced by two oak-branches vert (Fig. 774). The late -Right Hon. Sir Thomas Thornton, G.C.B., received a Royal Licence to accept -the Portuguese title of Conde de Cassilhas and an augmentation. This was an -inescutcheon (ensigned by his coronet as a Conde) "or, thereon an arm -embowed vested azure, the cuff gold, the hand supporting a flagstaff -therefrom flowing the Royal Standard of Portugal." The same device issuing -from his coronet was also granted to him as a crest of augmentation. Sir -Woodbine Parish, K.C.H., by legislative act of the Argentine Republic -received in 1839 a grant of {598} the arms of that country, which was -subsequently incorporated in the arms granted to him and registered in the -Heralds' College in this country. He had been Consul-General and Charge -d'Affaires at Buenos Ayres, 1823-1832; he was appointed in 1824 -Plenipotentiary, and concluded the first treaty by which the Argentine -Republic was formally recognised. Reference has been already made (page -420) to the frequent grant of supporters as augmentations, and perhaps -mention should also be made of the inescutcheons for the Dukedom of -Aubigny, borne by the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, and for the Duchy of -Chatelherault, borne by the Duke of Abercorn. Possibly these should more -properly be ranked as territorial arms and not as augmentations. A similar -coat is the inescutcheon borne by the Earl of Mar and Kellie for his -Earldom of Kellie. This, however, is stated by Woodward to be an -augmentation granted by James VI. to Sir Thomas Erskine, one of several -granted by that King to commemorate the frustration of the Gowrie Plot in -1600. - -The Marquess of Westminster, for some utterly inexplicable reason, was -granted as an augmentation the right to bear the arms of the city of -Westminster in the first quarter of his arms. Those who have rendered very -great personal service to the Crown have been sometimes so favoured. The -Halford and Gull (see page 250) augmentations commemorate medical services -to the Royal Family, and augmentations have been conferred upon Sir -Frederick Treves and Sir Francis Laking in connection with His Majesty's -illness at the time of the Coronation. - -The badges of Ulster and Nova Scotia borne as such upon their shields by -Baronets are, of course, augmentations. - -Two cases are known of augmentations to the arms of towns. The arms of -Derry were augmented by the arms of the city of London in chief, when, -after its fearful siege, the name of Derry was changed to Londonderry to -commemorate the help given by the city of London. The arms of the city of -Hereford had an azure bordure seme of saltires couped argent added to its -arms after it had successfully withstood its Scottish siege, and this, by -the way, is a striking example of colour upon colour, the field of the coat -being gules. - -There are many grants in the later part of the eighteenth and the beginning -of the nineteenth centuries recorded in Lyon Register which at first sight -appear to be augmentations. Perhaps they are rightly so termed, but as the -additions usually appear to be granted by the Lyon without specific Royal -Warrants, they are hardly equivalent to the English ones issued during the -same period. Many ordinary grants made in England which have borne direct -reference to particular achievements of the grantee have been (by the -grantees and their {599} descendants) wrongly termed augmentations. A rough -and ready (though not a certain) test is to imagine the coat if the -augmentation be removed, and see whether it remains a properly balanced -design. Few of such coats will survive the test. The additions made to a -coat to make it a different design, when a new grant is founded upon arms -improperly used theretofore, are not augmentations, although spoken -departures from the truth on this detail are by no means rare. {600} - - - -CHAPTER XXXVIII - -ECCLESIASTICAL HERALDRY - -Ecclesiastical heraldry has nothing like the importance in British armory -that it possesses elsewhere. It may be said to consist in this country -exclusively of the official arms assigned to and recorded for the -archiepiscopal and episcopal sees, and the mitres and crosiers which are -added to the shields, and a certain number of ecclesiastical symbols which -occur as charges. In Pre-Reformation days there were, of course, the many -religious houses which used armorial emblems, but with the suppression of -the monasteries these vanished. The cardinal's hat was recognised in former -days, and would still be officially certified in England as admittedly -correctly displayed above the arms of a Roman cardinal. But the curious and -intricate development of other varieties of the ecclesiastical hat which -will be found in use in all other European countries is not known to -British armory. Nor has the English College of Arms recognised the -impersonal arms of the Catholic communities. Those arms, with and without -the ecclesiastical hats, play a conspicuous part in Continental heraldry. - -It is difficult to assign a proper value or a definite status to the arms -of the abbeys and other religious houses in this country in Pre-Reformation -times. The principal, in fact the only important sources of information -concerning them are the impressions of seals which have come down to us. -Many of these seals show the effigies of saints or patrons, some show the -impersonal arms of the religious order to whose rule the community -conformed, some the personal arms of the official of the moment, others the -personal arms of the founder. In other cases arms presumably those of the -particular foundation or community occur, but in such cases the variations -in design are so marked, and so often we find that two, three, or more -devices are used indifferently and indiscriminately, that one is forced to -arrive at the conclusion that a large proportion of the devices in use, -though armorial in character, had no greater status than a temporary -existence as seal designs. They distinctly lack the unchanging continuity -one associates with armorial bearings. But whatever their status may {601} -once have been, they have now completely passed out of being and may well -be allowed to rest in the uncertainty which exists concerning them. The -interest attaching to them can never be more than academic in character and -limited in extent. The larger abbeys, the abbots of which were anciently -summoned to Parliament as Lords of Parliament, appear to have adhered -rather more consistently to a fixed device in each case, though the -variations of design are very noticeable even in these instances. A list of -them will be found in the _Genealogical Magazine_ (vol. ii. p. 3). - -The suppression of the monasteries in this country was so thorough and so -ruthless, that the contemporary instances of abbatical arms remaining to us -from which deduction as to armorial rules and precedents can be made are -singularly few in number, but it would appear that the abbot impaled the -arms of his abbey on the dexter side of his personal arms, and placed his -mitre above the shield. - -The mitre of an abbot differed from that of a bishop, inasmuch as it had no -labels--or _infulae_--depending from within it. The Abbot used a crosier, -which doubtless was correctly added to his armorial bearings, but it is -found in pale behind the shield, in bend, and also two in saltire, and it -is difficult to assert which was the most correct form. - -The crosier of an abbot was also represented with the crook at its head -curved inwards, the terminal point of the crook being entirely contained -within the hook. The point of a bishop's, on the other hand, was turned -outwards at the bottom of the crook. The difference is said to typify the -distinction between the confined jurisdiction of the abbot--which was -limited to the abbey and the community under his charge--and the more open -and wider jurisdiction of the bishop. Although this distinction has been -much disputed as regards its recognition for the actual crosiers employed, -there can be no doubt that it is very generally adhered to in heraldic -representations, though one hesitates to assert it as an absolute rule. The -official arms for the archiepiscopal and episcopal sees are of some -interest. With the single exception of York, the archiepiscopal coats of -arms all have, in some form or another, the pallium which forms part of an -archbishop's vestments or insignia of rank, but it is now very generally -recognised and conceded that the pallium is not merely a charge in the -official coat for any specified jurisdiction, but is itself the sign of the -rank of an archbishop of the same character and status as is the mitre, the -pallium being displayed upon a shield as a matter of convenience for -artistic representation. This view of the case has been much strengthened -by the discovery that in ancient instances of the archiepiscopal arms of -York the pallium is found, and not the more modern coat of the crown and -keys; but whether the pallium is {602} to be still so considered, or -whether under English armorial law it must now be merely ranked as a charge -in an ordinary coat of arms, in general practice it is accepted as the -latter; but it nevertheless remains a point of very considerable interest -(which has not yet been elucidated) why the pallium should have been -discarded for York, and another coat of arms substituted. - -The various coats used by the archbishops of England and Ireland are as -follows:-- - -_Canterbury._--Azure, an episcopal staff in pale or, and ensigned with a -cross patee argent surmounted of a pall of the last, charged with four -crosses formee fitchee sable, edged and fringed or. - -_York._--Gules, two keys in saltire argent, in chief a Royal crown or. - -_Armagh._--Azure, an episcopal staff argent, ensigned with a cross patee -or, surmounted by a pallium of the second, edged and fringed or, charged -with four crosses formee fitchee sable. - -_Dublin._--The arms of this archbishopric are the same as those of Armagh, -only with five crosses charged on the pallium instead of four. - -The arms of the episcopal sees have no attribute at all similar to the -charge of the pallium in the coat of an archbishop, and are merely so many -different coats of arms. The shield of every bishop and archbishop is -surmounted by his mitre, and it is now customary to admit the use of the -mitre by all persons holding the title of bishop who are recognised as -bishops by the English law. - -This, of course, includes Colonial and Suffragan bishops, retired bishops, -and bishops of the Episcopal Churches in Scotland and in Ireland. It is a -moot point whether the bishops of the Episcopal Churches in Ireland and in -Scotland are entitled to make use of the official arms formerly assigned to -their sees at a period when those Churches were State-established; but, -looking at the matter from a strictly official point of view, it would not -appear that they are any longer entitled to make use of them. - -The mitres of an archbishop and of a bishop--in spite of many statements to -the contrary--are exactly identical, and the mistaken idea which has of -late years (the practice is really quite a modern one) encircled the rim of -an archbishop's mitre with the circlet of a coronet is absolutely -incorrect. - -There are several forms of mitre which, when looked upon as an -ecclesiastical ornament, can be said to exist; but from the heraldic point -of view only one mitre is recognised, and that is of gold, the labels being -of the same colour. The jewelled variety is incorrect in armorial -representations, though the science of armory does not appear to have -enforced any particular _shape_ of mitre. - -The "several forms" of the mitre--to which allusion has just been {603} -made--refer to the use in actual practice which prevailed in -Pre-Reformation England, and still holds amongst Roman Catholic bishops at -the present day. These are three in number, _i.e._ the "precious" -(_pretiosa_), the gold (_auriferata_), and the simple (_simplex_). The two -former are both employed at a Pontifical Mass (being alternately assumed at -different parts of the service); the second only is worn at such rites as -Confirmation, &c.; while the third (which is purely of white linen) is -confined to Services for the Dead, and on Good Friday. As its name implies, -the first of these is of cloth of gold, ornamented to a greater or less -degree with jewels, while the second--though likewise of cloth of gold--is -without any design or ornament. The short Gothic mitre of Norman days has -now given place to the modern Roman one, an alteration which, with its -great height and arched sides, can hardly perhaps be considered an artistic -improvement. Some individual Roman Catholic bishops at the present day, -however (in England at any rate), wear mitres more allied to the Norman and -Gothic shape. - -The past fifteen or so years have seen a revival--though in a purely -eclectic and unofficial manner--of the _wearing_ of the mitre by Church of -England bishops. Where this has been (and is being) done, the older form of -mitre has been adhered to, though from the informal and unofficial nature -of the revival no rules as to its use have been followed, but only -individual choice. - -At the recent Coronation, mitres were _not_ worn; which they undoubtedly -would have been had this revival now alluded to been made authoritatively. - -All bishops and archbishops are entitled to place two crosiers in saltire -behind their shields. Archbishops of the Roman Catholic Church have -continuously placed in pale behind their shields what is known as the -archbishop's cross. In actual practice, the cross carried before an -archbishop is an ordinary one with one transverse piece, but the heraldic -archiepiscopal cross is always represented as a double cross, _i.e._ having -two transverse pieces one above the other. In the Established Church of -England the archiepiscopal cross--as in the Roman Catholic Church--is the -plain two-armed variety, and though the cross is never officially -recognised as an armorial attribute and is not very frequently met with in -heraldic representations, there can be no doubt that if this cross is used -to typify archiepiscopal rank, it should be heraldically represented with -the double arms. The actual cross borne before archbishops is termed the -provincial cross, and it may be of interest to here state that the Bishops -of Rochester are the official cross-bearers to the Archbishops of -Canterbury. - -To the foregoing rules there is one notable exception, _i.e._ the Bishop -{604} of Durham. The Bishopric of Durham, until the earlier part of the -nineteenth century, was a Palatinate, and in earlier times the Bishops of -Durham, who had their own parliament and Barons of the Palatinate, -exercised a jurisdiction and regality, limited in extent certainly, but -little short in fact or effect of the power of the Crown. If ever any -ecclesiastic can be correctly said to have enjoyed temporal power, the -Bishops of Durham can be so described. The Prince-Bishops of the Continent -had no such attributes of regality vested in themselves as were enjoyed by -the Bishops of Durham. These were in truth kings within their bishoprics, -and even to the present day--though modern geographies and modern social -legislation have divided the bishopric into other divisions--one still -hears the term employed of "within" or "without" the bishopric. - -The result of this temporal power enjoyed by the Bishops of Durham is seen -in their heraldic achievement. In place of the two crosiers in saltire -behind the shield, as used by the other bishops, the Bishops of Durham -place a sword and a crosier in saltire behind their shield to signify both -their temporal and spiritual jurisdiction. - -The mitre of the Bishop of Durham is heraldically represented with the rim -encircled by a ducal coronet, and it has thereby become usual to speak of -the coronetted mitre of the Bishop of Durham; but it should be clearly -borne in mind that the coronet formed no part of the actual mitre, and -probably no mitre has ever existed in which the rim has been encircled by a -coronet. But the Bishops of Durham, by virtue of their temporal status, -used a coronet, and by virtue of their ecclesiastical status used a mitre, -and the representation of both of these at one and the same time has -resulted in the coronet being placed to encircle the rim of the mitre. The -result has been that, heraldically, they are now always represented as one -and the same article. - -It is, of course, from this coronetted mitre of Durham that the wholly -inaccurate idea of the existence of coronet on the mitre of an archbishop -has originated. Apparently the humility of these Princes of the Church has -not been sufficient to prevent their appropriating the peculiar privileges -of their ecclesiastical brother of lesser rank. - -A crest is never used with a mitre or ecclesiastical hat. Many writers deny -the right of any ecclesiastic to a crest. Some deny the right also to use a -motto, but this restriction has no general acceptance. - -Therefore ecclesiastical heraldry in Britain is summed up in (1) its -recognition of the cardinal's hat, (2) the official coat of arms for -ecclesiastical purposes, (3) the ensigns of ecclesiastical rank above -alluded to, viz. mitre, cross, and crosier. {605} Ecclesiastical -heraldry--notably in connection with the Roman Church--in other countries -has, on the contrary, a very important place in armorial matters. In -addition to the emblems officially recognised for English heraldry, the -ecclesiastical hat is in constant use. - -The use of the ecclesiastical hat is very general outside Great Britain, -and affords one of the few instances where the rules governing heraldic -usages are identical throughout the Continent. - -This curious unanimity is the more remarkable because it was not until the -seventeenth century that the rather intricate rules concerning the colours -of the hats used for different ranks and the number of tassels came into -vogue. - -Other than the occasional recognition of the cardinal's hat in former days, -the only British official instance of the use of the ecclesiastical hat is -met with in the case of the very recent matriculation of arms in Lyon -Register to Right Rev. Aeneas Chisholm, the present Roman Catholic Bishop -of Aberdeen. I frankly admit I am unaware why the ecclesiastical hat -assigned to the bishop in the official matriculation of his arms has ten -tassels on either side. The Continental usage would assign him but six, and -English armory has no rules of its own which can be quoted in opposition -thereto. Save as an acceptance of Roman regulations (Roman Holy Orders, it -should not be forgotten, are recognised by the English Common Law to the -extent that a Roman Catholic priest is not reordained if he becomes an -Anglican clergyman), the heraldic ecclesiastical hat of a bishop has no -existence with us, and the Roman regulations would give him but six -tassels. - -The mitre is to be met with as a charge and as a crest, for instance, in -the case of Barclay and Berkeley ["A mitre gules, labelled and garnished -or, charged with a chevron between ten crosses patee, six and four argent. -Motto: 'Dieu avec nous'"]; and also in the case of Sir Edmund Hardinge, -Bart., whose crests are curious ["1. of honourable augmentation, a hand -fesswise couped above the wrist habited in naval uniform, holding a sword -erect surmounting a Dutch and a French flag in saltire, on the former -inscribed "Atalanta," on the latter "Piedmontaise," the blade of the sword -passing through a wreath of laurel near the point and a little below -through another of cypress, with the motto, 'Postera laude recens;' 2. a -mitre gules charged with a chevron argent, fimbriated or, thereon three -escallops sable."] - -The cross can hardly be termed exclusively ecclesiastical, but a curious -figure of this nature is to be met with in the arms recently granted to the -Borough of Southwark. It was undoubtedly taken from the device used in -Southwark before its incorporation, though as there were many bodies who -adopted it in that neighbourhood, it is difficult to assign it to a -specific origin. {606} - -Pastoral staves and passion-nails are elsewhere referred to, and the -figures of saints and ecclesiastics are mentioned in the chapter on "The -Human Figure." - -The emblems of the saints, which appear to have received a certain amount -of official recognition--both ecclesiastical and heraldic--supply the -origin of many other charges not in themselves heraldic. An instance of -this kind will be found in the sword of St. Paul, which figures on the -shield of London. The cross of St. Cuthbert, which has been adopted in the -unauthorised coat for the See of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and the keys of St. -Peter, which figure in many ecclesiastical coats, are other examples. The -lilies of the Virgin are, of course, constantly to be met with in the form -of fleurs-de-lis and natural flowers; the Wheel of St. Catharine is -familiar, and the list might be extended indefinitely. {607} - - - -CHAPTER XXXIX - -ARMS OF DOMINION AND SOVEREIGNTY - -Royal arms in many respects differ from ordinary armorial bearings, and it -should be carefully borne in mind that they stand, not for any particular -area of land, but for the intangible sovereignty vested in the rulers -thereof. They are not necessarily, nor are they in fact, hereditary. They -pass by conquest. A dynastic change which introduces new sovereignties -introduces new quarterings, as when the Hanoverian dynasty came to the -throne of this country the quartering of Hanover was introduced, but purely -personal arms in British heraldry are never introduced. The personal arms -of Tudor and Stewart were never added to the Royal Arms of this country. - -The origin of the English Royal Arms was dealt with on page 172. "Gules, -three lions passant guardant in pale or," as the arms of England, were used -by Kings John, Henry III., Edward I., and Edward II. The quartering for -France was introduced by Edward III., as explained on page 274, and the -Royal shield: Quarterly 1 and 4, France, ancient (azure, seme-de-lis or); 2 -and 3, England (gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or), was in use -in the reigns of Edward III., Richard II. (who, however, impaled his arms -with those of St. Edward the Confessor), and Henry IV. The last-mentioned -king about 1411 reduced the number of fleurs-de-lis to _three_, and the -shield remained without further change till the end of the reign of Edward -VI. Queen Mary did not alter the arms of this country, but during the time -of her marriage with Philip of Spain they were always borne impaled with -the arms of Spain. Queen Elizabeth bore the same shield as her -predecessors. But when James I. came to the throne the arms were: -"Quarterly 1 and 4, quarterly i. and iiii. France, ii. and iii. England; 2. -Scotland (or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory and -counterflory gules); 3. Ireland (azure, a harp or, stringed argent)." The -shield was so borne by James I., Charles I., Charles II., and James II. - -When William III. and Mary came to the throne an inescutcheon of the arms -of Nassau ("Azure, billetty and a lion rampant or") was {608} superimposed -upon the Royal Arms as previously borne, for William III., and he impaled -the same coat without the inescutcheon for his wife. At her death the -impalement was dropped. After the Union with Scotland in 1707 the arms of -England ("Gules, three lions," &c.) were _impaled_ with those of Scotland -(the tressure not being continued down the palar line), and the impaled -coat of England and Scotland was placed in the first and fourth quarters, -France in the second, Ireland in the third. - -At the accession of George I. the arms of Hanover were introduced in the -fourth quarter. These were: "Tierced in pairle reversed, 1. Brunswick, -gules, two lions passant guardant in pale or; 2. Luneberg, or, seme of -hearts gules, a lion rampant azure; 3. (in point), Westphalia, gules, a -horse courant argent, and on an inescutcheon (over the fourth quarter) -gules, the crown of Charlemagne (as Arch Treasurer of the Holy Roman -Empire)." - -At the union with Ireland in 1801 the opportunity was taken to revise the -Royal Arms, and those of France were then discontinued. The escutcheon -decided upon at that date was: "Quarterly, 1 and 4, England; 2. Scotland; -3. Ireland and the arms of Hanover were placed upon an inescutcheon." This -inescutcheon was surmounted by the Electoral cap, for which a crown was -substituted later when Hanover became a kingdom. - -At the death of William IV., by the operation of the Salic Law, the crowns -of England and Hanover were separated, and the inescutcheon of Hanover -disappeared from the Royal Arms of this country, and by Royal Warrant -issued at the beginning of the reign of Queen Victoria the Royal Arms and -badges were declared to be: 1 and 4, England; 2. Scotland; 3. Ireland. The -necessary alteration of the cyphers are the only alterations made by his -present Majesty. - -The supporters date from the accession of James I. Before that date there -had been much variety. Some of the Royal badges have been already alluded -to in the chapter on that subject. - -The differences used by various junior members of the Royal Family will be -found in the Chapter on Marks of Cadency. {609} - - - -CHAPTER XL - -HATCHMENTS - -A custom formerly prevailed in England, which at one time was of very -considerable importance. This was the setting up of a hatchment after a -death. No instances of hatchments of a very early date, as far as I am -aware, are to be met with, and it is probably a correct conclusion that the -custom, originating rather earlier, came into vogue in England during the -seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. It doubtless -originated in the carrying of ceremonial shields and helmets (afterwards -left in the church) at funerals in the sixteenth century, and in the -earlier practice of setting up in the church the actual shield of a -deceased person. The cessation of the ceremonial funeral, no doubt, led to -the cult of the hatchment. Hatchments cannot be said even yet to have come -entirely to an end, but instances of their use are nowadays extremely rare, -and since the early part of the nineteenth century the practice has been -steadily declining, and at the present time it is seldom indeed that one -sees a hatchment _in use_. The word "hatchment" is, of course, a corruption -of the term "achievement," this being the heraldic term implying an -emblazonment of the full armorial bearings of any person. - -The manner of use was as follows. Immediately upon the death of a person of -any social position a hatchment of his or her arms was set up over the -entrance to his house, which remained there for twelve months, during the -period of mourning. It was then taken down from the house and removed to -the church, where it was set up in perpetuity. There are few churches of -any age in this country which do not boast one or more of these hatchments, -and some are rich in their possession. Those now remaining--for example, in -St. Chad's Church in Shrewsbury--must number, I imagine, over a hundred. -There does not appear to have been any obligation upon a clergyman either -to permit their erection, or to allow them to remain for any specified -period. In some churches they have been discarded and relegated to the -vestry, to the coal-house, or to the rubbish-heap, whilst in others they -have been carefully preserved. - -The hatchment was a diamond-shaped frame, painted black, and {610} -enclosing a painting in oils upon wood, or more frequently canvas, of the -full armorial bearings of the deceased person. The frame was usually about -five feet six in height, and the rules for the display of arms upon -hatchments afford an interesting set of regulations which may be applied to -other heraldic emblazonments. The chief point, however, concerning a -hatchment, and also the one in which it differs from an ordinary armorial -emblazonment, lay in the colour of the groundwork upon which the armorial -bearings were painted. For an unmarried person the whole of the groundwork -was black, but for a husband or wife half was black and half white, the -groundwork behind the arms of the deceased person being black, and of the -surviving partner in matrimony white. The background for a widow or widower -was entirely black. {611} - - - -CHAPTER XLI - -THE UNION JACK - -BY REV. J. R. CRAWFORD - -Orders in Council and other official documents refer to this flag as the -Union Flag, The Union Jack, Our Jack, The King's Colours, and the Union -Banner, which last title precise Heraldry usually adopts. In patriotic -songs it is toasted as "The Red, White, and Blue," whilst in the Services -men affectionately allude to it as "the dear old duster." But Britons at -large cling to the title which heads this chapter; to them it is "_The -Union Jack_." - -_Why Union?_ Obviously because it unites three emblems of tutelar saints on -one flag, and thereby denotes the union of three peoples under one -Sovereign. It is the motto "_Tria juncta in Uno_" rendered in bunting. - -_Why Jack?_ Two theories are propounded, one fanciful, the other probable. -Some say "Jack" is the anglicised form of "Jacques," which is the French -signature of James I., in whose reign and by whose command the first Union -Flag was called into being. Against this at least three reasons may justly -be urged: (1) The term "_Jack_" does not appear--so far as we can -discover--in any warrant referring to the Jacobean Flag of 1606. It is -rather in later documents that this term occurs. (2) If the earliest Union -Flag be a "_Jack_" just because it is the creation of James, then surely it -follows that, to be consistent, later Union Flags, the creations of later -sovereigns, should have borne those Sovereigns' names; for example _The -Union Anne_, _The Union George_! (3) The English way of pronouncing -"Jacques" is not, and probably never was _Jack_, but _Jaikes_. The other, -and more feasible theory, is as follows: The term "Jaque" (e.g. _jaque de -mailles_) was borrowed from the French and referred to any jacket or coat -on which, especially, heraldic emblems were blazoned. In days long prior to -those of the first Stuart king, mention is made of "WHYTTE COTES WITH RED -CROSSES WORN BY SHYPPESMEN AND MEN OF THE CETTE OF LONDON," from which -sentence we learn that the emblem of the nation's tutelar saint was (as in -yet earlier Crusaders' days) a _fighter's_ emblem. When such emblem or -emblems were transferred to a flag, {612} the term _Jaque_ may well, in -course of time, have been also applied to that flag, as previously to the -jacket. - -Glance now at the story of those Orders in Council which created the -various Union flags. The very union of the two kingdoms of England and -Scotland seems to have accentuated the pettier national jealousies, so that -Southrons annoyed Northerners by hoisting the St. George above the St. -Andrew, and the Scotchmen retaliated by a species of _tu quoque_. The King -sought to allay these quarrels by creating a British, as other than a -purely English or Scottish, flag. But let the Proclamation speak for -itself. - - "_By the King._ - - "_Whereas, some differences hath arisen between Our subjects of South - and North Britaine travelling by Seas, about the bearing of their - Flagges: For the avoiding of all contentions hereafter, Wee have, with - the advice of our Councill, ordered: That from henceforth all our - Subjects of this Isle and Kingdome of Great Britaine, and all our - members thereof, shall beare in their main-toppe the Red Crosse, - commonly called St. George's Crosse, and the White Crosse, commonly - called St. Andrew's Crosse, joyned together according to the forme made - by our heralds, and sent by Us to our Admerall to be published to our - Subjects: and in their fore-toppe our Subjects of South Britaine shall - weare the Red Crosse onely as they were wont, and our Subjects of North - Britaine in their fore-toppe the White Crosse onely as they were - accustomed._"--1606. - -This attempt at conciliating differences deserved but did not win success. -"_The King's Owne Shipps_" deemed themselves slighted, since all vessels -were treated alike in this matter, and so persistent was the agitation that -at last, in Charles I.'s reign (1634), another Proclamation was issued -"_for the honour of Oure Shipps in Oure Navie Royall_," whereby those ships -alone had the right of hoisting "_the Union Flagge_." The days of the -Commonwealth brought another change, for with the King the King's Flag -disappeared. The Protector caused two new flags to be made, viz. _The Great -Union_ (a flag little used, however, although it figured at his funeral -obsequies), and which may be thus blazoned: _Quarterly 1 and 4, The St. -George_; 2. _The St. Andrew_; 3. _azure, a harp or, for Ireland; over all -on an inescutcheon of pretence, sable, a lion rampant or_, for the -Protector's personal arms, and _The Commonwealth Ensign_, which latter -Parliament treated as the paramount flag. The most interesting features of -this flag are that it was of three kinds, one red, one white, one blue, and -that Ireland but not Scotland had a place on its folds. When the King came -to {613} his own again yet another change was witnessed. By this -Proclamation ships in the Navy were to carry _The Union_, and all -merchantmen _The St. George_, whilst these latter vessels were also to wear -"_The Red Ensign with the St. George, on a Canton_." Passing on, we reach -the days of Queen Anne, who as soon as the union of the two Parliaments was -accomplished, issued a famous Proclamation often quoted. Suffice it here to -outline its effect. - -PLATE IX. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: FIG. 775.] - -The two crosses of _St. George_ and _St. Andrew_ were--as the Treaty of -Union had agreed should be--"_conjoyned in such a manner as we should think -fit_"; and what that manner was is "_described on the margent_" in the -shape of a sketch. But further, in place of the _St. George_ being placed -on the canton of the _Red Ensign_ of Charles II. (itself the _Commonwealth -Ensign, minus_ the harp) the Proclamation ordered the "_Union_" as a -canton, and finally this new Red Ensign was confined to the merchant ships, -whilst "_Our Jack_" was reserved for the use of the Navy, unless by -particular warrant. Thus things continued until the union of Ireland with -England and Scotland. The Proclamation referring to this Act of Union -closes with the Herald's verbal blazon of the full Union Flag:--"_The Union -Flag shall be Azure, the Crosses Saltire of St. Andrew and St. Patrick, -Quarterly per saltire, countercharged Argent and Gules, the latter -fimbriated of the second, surmounted by the Cross of St. George of the -third, fimbriated as the Saltire._" Thus the Union, as displayed in -bunting, was perfected. - -Our _Union Flag_ is very remarkable, even amongst the flags of Christendom, -both as a blending of crosses, and crosses only, and also as an emblem of -the union of two or more countries. Yet it is not unique, for the flags of -Denmark, Sweden, and Norway have a somewhat similar story to tell. The last -two countries separated at {614} different dates from Denmark, and then -together formed a United Scandinavian Kingdom. In separating, they each -took to themselves a separate flag, and again, in uniting, they called into -being a Union Banner. How they treated these changes Fig. 775 will -illustrate. Notwithstanding these acts of union both Scandinavians and -Britons have had, and we still have, differences over these Union Flags. -Whilst, however, they based their protests on the sentiment of -independence, we ground our grumblings on questions of heraldic precedence, -and of the interpretation of verbal blazons. Leaving our neighbours to -settle their differences, let us examine our own. Take the subject of -precedence. Very early in the flag's history, Scotsmen were indignant -because the St. Andrew was not placed over the St. George. All kinds of -variations have been suggested to lessen this crux of precedence, but such -attempts must plainly be in vain. Do what you will, some kind of precedence -is unavoidable. The _St. George_, then, as representing the paramount -partner, occupies the centre of the flag, whilst the _St. Andrew_, as -senior in partnership to the _St. Patrick_, is placed _above the St. -Patrick, in the first quarter_, although throughout it is counterchanged. -The words in italic are important, for when the order is reversed, then -that particular flag is flying upside down. - -[Illustration: FIG. 776.--The Union Flag of 1707.] - -The mode of procedure in creating flags has been much the same from one -reign to another. Briefly it is this: The Sovereign seeks the advice of, -and receives a report from, the Lords of the Privy Council. These -councillors are "_attended by the King of Arms and Heralds, with diverse -drafts prepared by them_." A decision being arrived at, an Order in -Council, followed by a Royal Proclamation, makes known the character of the -flag. In both Order and Proclamation it is usual to make reference to the -verbal blazon, and to "_the form made by our heralds_." Thus there are -three agents recognised--(1) the Sovereign, the fountain of all honours; -(2) the heralds, who authoritatively blazon, outline, and register all -achievements; and (3) the naval authority, as that in which are vested the -duty and the power of seeing the actual bunting properly made up and -properly flown. {615} - -[Illustration: FIG. 777.--The Union Flag of 1801.] - -In keeping with this, the general mode of procedure, the Proclamations -demand our attention. The Proclamation of James (1606). A high official of -the College of Arms informs us that neither verbal blazon nor drawing of -the first Union Flag is extant. On the other hand, in the Proclamations of -1707 and 1801 we have both blazon and drawing. The blazon has already been -given of the 1801 flag (which is the one most needing a verbal blazon), and -the drawings of both flags we here produce (Figs. 776 and 777). These -drawings--though slightly reduced in these pages--are most careful copies -of the _signed_ copies supplied to us by the official already alluded to. -In forwarding them he writes: "_They are not drawn to scale_;" and he adds, -further on, "_they are exactly the same size as recorded in our books_." So -then we have, in these two drawings, the heralds' interpretation, _at the -time_, of their own verbal blazon. Now comes the Admiralty part of the -work. In the Admiralty Regulations we have a "_Memorandum relative to the -origin of the Union Flag in its present form_." In this there is a brief -history of the changes made in the flag from time to time, with quotations -from the warrants, together with the verbal blazon AND two coloured -drawings (Figs. 778 and 779). The Admiralty has also appended to the -Memorandum the following interesting and ingeniously worked out _Table of -Proportions, adapted for a flag 15 feet by 7-1/2 feet_. Presumably this -table forms the basis upon which all Union Flags are made up under -Admiralty supervision:-- - - ft. in. - The + of { St. George 1/5 } together 1/3 { 1 6 } 1/3 - { Two borders 1/15 each 2/15 } { 1 0 } - - { St. Patrick 1/15 } together 1/10 { 0 6 } - The x of { Its border 1/30 } { 0 3 } 1/5 - { St. Andrew 1/10 0 9 } - -[Illustration: FIG. 778.--Admiralty Pattern of 1707 Flag.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 779.--Admiralty Pattern of 1801 Flag.] - -The student of heraldry will observe that this table is based on the -proportions of the Ordinaries and Sub-Ordinaries figuring on the flag, as -those proportions are regulated by English Rules of Armory. These rules -give a cross as 1/3, a saltire as 1/5, a fimbriation about 1/20, of {616} -the flag's width. By the way, we notice here, yet only to dismiss it as -hypercritical, the objection taken to the employment (in the verbal blazon -of 1801) of the term "_fimbriated_." To our mind this objection seems a -storm in a teacup. Further, it is always admissible in armory to lessen the -size of charges when these crowd a field, and although we are fully aware -that the laws of armory are not always nor all of them applied to flags, -yet there is sufficient evidence to show that the heralds and the Admiralty -did recognise the cases of shields and flags to be somewhat analogous. But -there are two features in _The Admiralty pattern_ which cannot but arrest -the attention of all those who have made a study of armory. The one is that -the sub-ordinaries, _i.e._ the fimbriations, have different proportions -given to them, although they are repetitions of the same sub-ordinary, and -also seem guarded against such treatment by the very wording of the blazon, -and by the practice usual in such cases. And the other is that, after -counterchanging the saltires, the St. Patrick is attenuated by having its -fimbriation taken off its own field, instead (as the common custom is) off -the field of the flag. - -All Warrants dealing with flags provide for their being flown _at sea_ -(Queen Anne's Proclamation is apparently the first that adds "_and land_"), -and gradually reserve for the Royal Navy--or fighting ships--the honour of -alone bearing the Union Jack. The accompanying diagram shows at a glance -the changes made by the several Proclamations. The latest word on this -subject is "The Merchant Shipping (Colours) Act of Queen Victoria, 1894." -This Acts sets forth among other things that--(1) "_The red ensign usually -worn by merchant ships, without any defacement or modification whatsoever, -is hereby declared to be the proper national colours for all ships and -boats belonging to any British subject, except in the case of Her Majesty's -ships or boats, or in the case of any other ship or boat for the time being -allowed to wear any other national colours in {617} pursuance of a warrant -from Her Majesty or from the Admiralty._ (2) _If any distinctive national -colours except such red ensign, or except the Union Jack with a white -border, or if any colours usually worn by Her Majesty's ships, &c. ... are -or is hoisted on board any ship ... without warrant ... for each offence -... a fine not exceeding five hundred pounds._" {618} - - - -CHAPTER XLII - -"SEIZE-QUARTIERS" - -PROOF OF ANCESTRY - -If any heraldic term has been misunderstood in this country, -"Seize-Quartiers" is that term. One hears "Seize-Quartiers" claimed right -and left, whereas in British armory it is only on the very rarest occasions -that proof of it can be made. In England there is not, and never has been, -for any purpose a real "test" of blood. By the statutes of various Orders -of Knighthood, esquires of knights of those orders are required to show -that their grandparents were of gentle birth and entitled to bear arms, and -a popular belief exists that Knights of Justice of the Order of the -Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England need to establish some test of -birth. The wording of the statute, however, is very loose and vague, and in -fact, judging from the names and arms of some of the knights, must be -pretty generally ignored. But Peer, K.G., or C.B., alike need pass no test -of birth. The present state of affairs in this country is the natural -outcome of the custom of society, which always recognises the wife as of -the husband's status, whatever may have been her antecedents, unless the -discrepancy is too glaring to be overlooked. In England few indeed care or -question whether this person or that person has even a coat of arms; and in -the decision of Society upon a given question as to whether this person or -the other has "married beneath himself," the judgment results solely from -the circle in which the wife and her people move. By many this curious -result is claimed as an example of, and as a telling instance to -demonstrate, the broad-minded superiority of the English race, as evidenced -by the equality which this country concedes between titled and untitled -classes, between official and unofficial personages, between the -land-owning and the mercantile communities. But such a conclusion is most -superficial. We draw no distinction, and rightly so, between titled and -untitled amongst the few remaining families who have held and owned their -lands for many generations; but outside this class the confusion is great, -and to a close observer it is plainly enough apparent that great -distinctions are drawn. But they are often mistaken ones. That the rigid -and definite dividing {619} line between patrician and plebeian, which -still exists so much more markedly upon the Continent, can only be traced -most sketchily in this country is due to two causes--(1) the fact that in -early days, when Society was slowly evolving itself, many younger sons of -gentle families embarked upon commercial careers, natural family affection, -because of such action, preventing a rigid exclusion from the ranks of -Society of every one tainted by commerce; (2) the absence in this country -of any equivalent of the patent distinguishing marks "de," "van," or "von," -which exist among our neighbours in Europe. - -The result has been that in England there is no possible way (short of -specific genealogical investigation) in which it can be ascertained whether -any given person is of gentle birth, and the corollary of this -last-mentioned fact is that any real test is ignored. There are few -families in this country, outside the Roman Catholic aristocracy (whose -marriages are not quite so haphazard as are those of other people), who can -show that all their sixteen great-great-grandparents were in their own -right entitled to bear arms. That is the true definition of the "Proof of -Seize-Quartiers." - -In other words, to prove Seize-Quartiers you must show this right to have -existed for - - Self. Parents. Grand- Gt.-grand- Gt.-gt.-grand- - parents. parents. parents. - 1. Your Father's Father's Father's Father. - 2. Your Father's Father's Father's Mother. - 3. Your Father's Father's Mother's Father. - 4. Your Father's Father's Mother's Mother. - 5. Your Father's Mother's Father's Father. - 6. Your Father's Mother's Father's Mother. - 7. Your Father's Mother's Mother's Father. - 8. Your Father's Mother's Mother's Mother. - 9. Your Mother's Father's Father's Father. - 10. Your Mother's Father's Father's Mother. - 11. Your Mother's Father's Mother's Father. - 12. Your Mother's Father's Mother's Mother. - 13. Your Mother's Mother's Father's Father. - 14. Your Mother's Mother's Father's Mother. - 15. Your Mother's Mother's Mother's Father. - 16. Your Mother's Mother's Mother's Mother. - -It should be distinctly understood that there is no connection whatever -between the list of quarterings which may have been inherited, which it is -permissible to display, and "Seize-Quartiers," which should never be -marshalled together or displayed as quarterings. - -Few people indeed in this country can prove the more coveted distinction of -"Trente Deux Quartiers," the only case that has ever come under my notice -being that of the late Alfred Joseph, Baron Mowbray, Segrave, and Stourton, -for whom an emblazonment of his {620} thirty-two quarters was prepared -under the direction of Stephen Tucker, Esq., Somerset Herald. - -After many futile trials (in order to add an existing English example), -which have only too surely confirmed my opinion as to the rarity of -"Seize-Quartiers" in this country, it has been found possible in the case -of the Duke of Leinster, and details of the "proof" follow:-- - - (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) - - AUGUSTUS FREDERICK (FITZ{ WILLIAM ROBERT (FITZ GERALD), 2nd Duke of - GERALD), 3rd Duke of { Leinster, K.P., born 13th March 1749, married - Leinster, born 21st { 7th November 1775, died 20th October 1804.= - August 1791, married { - 16th June 1818, died { Hon. EMILIA OLIVIA ST. GEORGE, dau. of Usher - 10th October 1874= { (St. George), Baron St. George of Hatley - { St. George. - - { CHARLES (STANHOPE), 3rd Earl of Harrington, - Lady CHARLOTTE AUGUSTA { G.C.H., born 17th March 1853, married 23rd May - (STANHOPE), born 15th { 1779, died 5th September 1859.= - February 1793, died 15th{ - February 1859. { JANE, dau. and co-heir of Sir John Fleming, - { Bart., of Brompton Park. - - GEORGE GRANVILLE { GEORGE GRANVILLE (LEVESON-GOWER), 1st Duke of - (SUTHERLAND-LEVESON- { Sutherland, K.G., born 9th January 1758, - GOWER, formerly Leveson-{ married 4th September 1785, died 5th July 1833. - Gower), 2nd Duke of {= - Sutherland, K.G., born { - 8th August 1786, married{ ELIZABETH, _suo jure_ Countess of Sutherland, - 28th May 1823, died 28th{ born 24th May 1765, died 29th January 1839. - February 1861= { - - { GEORGE (HOWARD), 6th Earl of Carlisle, K.G., - Lady HARRIET ELIZABETH { born 17th September 1773, married 11th March - GEORGIANA HOWARD, born { 1801, died 7th October 1848.= - 21st May 1806, died 27th{ - October 1868. { Lady GEORGIANA CAVENDISH, eldest dau. and co- - { heir of William, 5th Duke of Devonshire, K.G. - - WILLIAM (DUNCOMBE), 2nd { CHARLES (DUNCOMBE), 1st Baron Feversham, born - Baron Feversham, born { 5th December 1764, married 24th September 1795, - 14th January 1798, { died 16th July 1841.= - married 18th December { - 1823, died 11th February{ Lady CHARLOTTE LEGGE, only dau. of William, 2nd - 1867= { Earl of Dartmouth, died 5th November 1848. - - { GEORGE (STEWART), 8th Earl of Galloway, K.T., - { born 24th March 1768, married 18th April 1797, - Lady LOUISA STEWART, { died 27th March 1834.= - died 5th March 1889= { - { Lady JANE PAGET, dau. of Henry, 1st Earl of - { Uxbridge, died 30th June 1842. - - Right Hon. Sir JAMES { Sir JAMES GRAHAM, 1st Bart., of Netherby, born - ROBERT GEORGE GRAHAM, { April 1761, married 28th September 1782, died - 2nd Bart., P.C., G.C.B.,{ 13th April 1824.= - born 1st June 1792, died{ - 25th October 1861= { Lady CATHERINE STEWART, dau. of John, 7th Earl - { of Galloway, died 20th September 1836. - - { Colonel JAMES CALLANDER of Craigforth, born - FANNY CALLANDER, married{ 1774, died ----, married (as his 3rd wife) - 8th July 1819, died 25th{ 1776.= - October 1857. { - { Lady ELIZABETH MACDONNEL, dau. of Alexander, - { 5th Earl of Antrim, died 1796. - - CHARLES WILLIAM Lady CAROLINE WILLIAM ERNEST MABEL VIOLET - (FITZ GERALD), 4th SUTHERLAND-LEVESON (DUNCOMBE), 1st GRAHAM. - Duke of Leinster, -GOWER, born 15th Earl of Feversham - born 30th March April 1827, died (created 1868), - 1819, married 30th 13th May 1887. born 28th January - October 1847, died 1829, married 7th - 10th February 1887= August 1851= - - GERALD (FITZ GERALD), 5th Duke of Lady HERMIONE WILHELMINA DUNCOMBE, - Leinster, born 16th August 1851, born 30th March 1864, died 19th - married 17th January 1884, died 1st March 1895. - December 1893.= - - The Most Noble MAURICE (FITZ GERALD), Duke of Leinster, Marquess and Earl - of Kildare, co. Kildare, Earl and Baron of Offaly, all in the Peerage of - Ireland; Viscount Leinster of Taplow, co. Bucks, in the Peerage of Great - Britain; and Baron Kildare of Kildare in the Peerage of the United - Kingdom; Premier Duke, Marquess, and Earl of Ireland; born 1st March - 1887. - -{621} - -The following are the heraldic particulars of the shields which would occur -were this proof of "Seize-Quartiers" emblazoned in the ordinary form -adopted for such a display. The arms are numbered across from left to right -in rows of 16, 8, 4, 2, and 1. - - 1. _Duke's Coronet_ (Ribbon of St. Patrick): Argent, a saltire gules - (Fitz Gerald). - - 2. _Lozenge_: Argent, a chief azure, over all a lion rampant gules, - ducally crowned or (St. George). - - 3. _Earl's Coronet_ (Ribbon of Hanoverian Guelphic Order): Quarterly - ermine and gules, in the centre a crescent on a crescent for cadency - (Stanhope). - - 4. _Lozenge_: Argent, a chevron gules, a double tressure flory and - counterflory of the last (Fleming). - - 5. _Duke's Coronet_ (Garter): Quarterly, 1 and 4, barry of eight or and - gules, over all a cross flory sable; 2 and 3, azure, three laurel - leaves or (Leveson-Gower). - - 6. _Lozenge_ (surmounted by Earl's coronet): Gules, three mullets or, - on a bordure of the second a tressure flory counterflory of the first - (Sutherland). - - 7. _Earl's Coronet_ (Garter): Quarterly of six, 1. gules, on a bend - between six cross crosslets fitchee argent, an inescutcheon or, charged - with a demi-lion rampant, pierced through the mouth with an arrow, - within a double tressure flory counterflory of the first; 2. gules, - three lions passant guardant in pale or, in chief a label of three - points argent; 3. chequy or and azure; 4. Gules, a lion rampant argent; - 5. gules, three escallops argent; 6. barry of six argent and azure, - three chaplets gules, in the centre of the quarters a mullet for - difference (Howard). - - 8. _Lozenge_: Sable, three bucks' heads caboshed argent (Cavendish). - - 9. _Baron's Coronet_: Per chevron engrailed gules and argent, three - talbots' heads erased counterchanged (Duncombe). - - 10. _Lozenge_: Azure, a buck's head caboshed argent (Legge). - - 11. _Earl's Coronet_ (Ribbon of Thistle): Or, a fess chequy argent and - azure, surmounted of a bend engrailed gules, within a tressure flory - counterflory of the last (Stewart). - - 12. _Lozenge_: Sable, on a cross engrailed between four eagles - displayed argent, five lions passant guardant of the field (Paget). - - 13. _Baronet's Badge_: Or, on a chief sable, three escallops of the - field (Graham). - - 14. _Lozenge_: Arms as on No. 11 (Stewart). - - 15. _Shield_: Quarterly, 1 and 4, sable, a bend chequy or and gules - between six billets of the second; 2. azure, a stag's head caboshed or; - 3. gules, three legs armed proper, conjoined in the fess point and - flexed in triangle, garnished and spurred or (Callander). - - 16. _Lozenge_: Quarterly, 1. or, a lion rampant gules; 2. or, a dexter - arm issuant from the sinister fess point out of a cloud proper, the - hand holding a cross crosslet fitchee erect azure; 3. argent, a ship - with sails furled sable; 4. per fess azure and vert, a dolphin naiant - in fess proper (Macdonell). - - 17. As 1. but no ribbon of K.P. - - 18. _Lozenge_: Arms as 3. - - 19. _Duke's Coronet_ (Garter): Quarterly, 1 and 4, as in 5; 2, as in 5; - 3. as in No. 6. - - 20. _Lozenge_: As No. 7. - - 21. _Baron's Coronet_: As No. 9. - - 22. _Lozenge_: As No. 14. - - 23. As No. 13, but with ribbon of a G.C.B. - - 24. _Lozenge_: As No. 15. - - 25. As 17. - - {622} 26. _Lozenge_: As No. 19. - - 27. As 21, but Earl's coronet. - - 28. _Lozenge_: As No. 13, but no Baronet's Badge. - - 29. As 17. - - 30. _Lozenge_: As No. 9. - - 31. _Arms_: Argent, a saltire gules. Crest: a monkey statant proper, - environed about the middle with a plain collar, and chained or. - Supporters: two monkeys (as the crest). Mantling gules and argent. - Coronet of a duke. Motto: "Crom a boo." - -{623} - - - -INDEX - -{624} - - Abank, arms of, 264 - Abbey, 282 - Abbot, mitre of an, 601; - crosier of an, 601 - Abbot Ysowilpe, 49 - Abel, arms, 163 - Abercorn, Duke of, 598 - Abercromby, arms, 260; - Sir Ralph, augmentation, 595 - Aberdeen, arms of, 145; - Earls of, 146; - Earl of, supporters, 434; - Incorporation of Tailors, arms, 301; - Roman Catholic Bishop of, 605; - University of, 288 - Abergavenny, Marquis of, arms, crest, supporters and badges, 206, 342; - town of, arms, 206, 264 - Abernethy, 114; - arms, 483; - Alexander, 412 - Abney, arms, 190 - Aboyne, Earl of, 146 - Abraham, crest, 248 - Accrington, crest, 265 - Achaius, 143 - Acorn, 277; - in arms, 5 - Actons, arms, 485; - Edward de, arms, 485 - Adam, 163; - arms, 285 - Adamoli, arms, 162 - Adams, arms, 261 - Addorsed, 187, 235 - Adjutant Birds as supporters, 440 - Adlercron, arms, 124 - Adlerflugel mit Schwerthand, 234 - Admiral, the insignia of, 581; - Lord High, arms, 412; - (in Holland), insignia of, 582; - of Castile (Spain), insignia of, 582 - Adrastus, 6 - Advocates, the Dean and Faculty of, arms, 299; - Library, 39 - Aeschylus, 6 - Agincourt, 33, 34 - Agnew, Bart., supporters, 436 - Ailesbury, Marquess of, supporters, 433 - Ailettes, 54 - Ailsa, Marquess of, arms, 146 - Aitken, arms, 246, 265 - Albany, 39; - Duke of, label, 497; - Duke of, John, 145; - Duke of, Robert Stewart, seals, 405 - Alberghi, 84 - Alberici, arms, 84 - Albert medal, 567 - Alberti, Marquises, 416 - Aldborough Church, 55 - Aldeburgh, Sir William de, 55 - Alderberry, arms, 277 - Alderson, 168 - Alencon, Count of, supporter, 411 - Alerion, 240 - Alexander II., 142 - Alexander III., 39, 142 - Alexandra, H.M. Queen, 499, 532; - Crown, 361; - Coronation, 365, 366 - Alford, crest, 289; - Earl of, augmentation, 597 - Alfred, King, 353 - Alington, arms, 155 - Alishay or Aliszai, pursuivant, 39 - Allcroft, arms, 276 - Allhusen, crest, 214 - Alloa, burgh of, 294 - Allocamelus, 230 - Almond, arms, 265 - Almoner, Grand, insignia of, 581 - Alpaca, 217 - Alphabet, letters of the, 281 - Alston, arms, 295 - Altyre, 113 - Aluminium in use, 70 - Amadeus VI., seal, 408 - Amaranth, 74 - Amelia, Princess, label, 499 - Amherst, Lord, 356; - arms, 285; - supporters, 440 - Amman, Jost, 185, 411 - Amphiaraus, 7 - Amphiptere, 231 - Amphisboena, 231 - Ampthill, Lord, 345 - Ancaster, Duke of, 399; - Lord, supporters, 346 - Anchor, 281 - Anderson, crest, 205 - Anderton, arms, 284 - Angels, 165 - Anglesey, Marquess of, supporters, 436 - Angora, Goats', 217 - Angus, 39; - Earl of, 446; - seal, 445 - Anhalt, 69; - Duke of, 401; - crests, 343 - Animals, imaginary, 15; - mythical, 3; - supporters, 434 - Anjou, 29, 33, 34; - Count of, Geoffrey, 62, 79, 172, 468; - crest, 326; - badge, 453; - Dukes of, 388; - arms, 486; - Duke of, Earl of, 173; - King of, arms, 34 - Anne, Queen, 144, 470 - Annesley, 550 - Annulet, 153, 156, 488 - Anrep-Elmpt, Count, 299 - Anselm, Pere, 397 - Anstis (Garter), 34, 407 - Anstruther-Duncan, arms, 553 - Antelope, 210 - Anthony, 351 - Antique crowns, 298; - coronets, 378 - "Antiquities of Greece," 9 - Antrobus, supporters, 425 - Ants, 261 - Antwerp, 163 - Anvils, 281 - Apaume, 169 - Ape, 215 - Apollo, 164 - Apothecaries' Co., 164 - Appenzell, supporters, 409 - Apperley, John, arms, 277 - Appleby, town of, supporters, 437 - Applegarth, Robert, arms, 276 - Apples, 276 - Apple-tree, 263 - Apres, 231 - Aquitaine, 29, 33, 34 - Arabic figures, 104 - Aragon, Catharine of, Badge, 468, 597 - Arbroath, supporters, 433 - Arbuthnot, Bart., Sir Robert, supporters, 438; - Viscount, supporters, 437 - Arbutt, 256 - Arc, Joan of, arms, 275 - Archbishop, 61, 127, 535; - insignia of, 582, 583; - mitre of, 602 - Arched, 96 - Archer-Houblon, arms, 264 - Arches, 282; - William, arms, 282 - Ardilaun, Lord, supporters, 420 - Argent, 5, 50, 70 - Argile, crest, 228 - Argyll, Duke of, 69; - insignia, 586; - Duchess of, label, 497 - Arina, 13 - Ark, 294 - Arkwright, arms, 263 - Armadillo, 438 - Armagh, 126; - Archbishops of, 584, 602 - Armed, 207, 209, 211, 223, 227, 238, 241, 246, 313; - and langued, 173 - Armorial bearings mean and include, 61 - "Armorial de Gelre," 144, 397, 483 - Armory, 11; - laws of, 3; - origin of, 17 - Armour, 171 - Arms, 54; - commanded to correct, 61; - defacing, 22; - definition of, 14; - displayed on, 412; - forfeited, 73; - having no charges, 69; - illegal, began, 22; - like a title, 73; - marshalling, of, 523-560; - necessary to use, 20; - older coats of, 5; - of one tincture, 69; - painted reversed, 73; - purposes of memorial, 24; - principal methods of alterations in, 483; - recording, 22 - Arquinvilliers, 83 - Arrow-heads, 283 - Arrows, 283 - Arscot, crest, 166 - Arthur, Bart., arms, 217 - "Arthur's Book, Prince," 460 - Artillery, Grand Master of the, insignia of, 581 - Arundel, Edmund de, 417; - Sir Richard, 149; - Earl of, Richard, 362; - Sir Thomas, 413; - Earl of, John Fitz Alan, seal, 149; - K.G., Sir Wm., arms, 149; - Earl of, Thomas Fitz Alan, coronet of, 362; - Countess of, Beatrice, coronet of, 362 - Arundell, arms, 245 - Ash colour, 74 - Ashen-grey, 74, 79 - Ashikaya, Minamoto, 13 - Ashley-Cooper, 206 - Ashmolean collection, 33 - Ash-tree, 263 - Ashua, 74 - Ashwell, 30 - Ashworth, 198 - Asiatic, 10 - Aspilogia, 407 - Aspinall, arms, 266 - Ass, 203, 438 - Assurgeant, 186, 202 - Astley, 57; - crest, 250 - Astronomical signs, 77 - At gaze, 208 - Athenians, 9 - Atholl, Earl of, Reginald, 408; - Walter Stewart's seal, 446 - Attainder, 73 - Attewater, arms, 180, 256 - Attired, 209 - Atwater, arms, 180, 256 - Aubigny, Dukedom of, 598 - Aubrey, 152 - Augmentations, 24, 68, 86, 87, 132, 134, 136, 139, 145, 166, 181, 271, - 272, 276, 291, 298, 483, 492, 518, 519, 545, 554, 569, 598; - crests as, 346, 347, 377; - of honour, 589; - inescutcheons of, 541; - quarterings of, 543, 554; - supporters, 420 - Augusta, Princess, label, 498 - Australia, wattle or mimosa of, 470 - Austria, Archduke of, Rudolf IV., seals, 417 - Austria, crest, 316; - supporters, 417 - Austrian ducal herald, 40 - Avoir, Pierre, 417 - Avondale, 502, 513 - Awoi-mon, 13 - Ayr, 165 - Azure, 50, 70, 76, 90, 110; - derivation of, 13 - - Babington, 479; - arms, 154 - Bacharia, 223 - Backhouse, crest, 257 - Bacquere, arms, 200 - Baden, Duke of, 400 - Badge, 14, 25, 28, 45, 47, 48, 58, 80, 137, 250, 267, 268, 284, 288, 293, - 296, 299, 389, 403, 408, 416, 417, 418, 444, 449, 453, 466, 467, 472, - 568; - National, 270; - Royal, 269, 468; - and Standards, 474 - Badger, 215 - Bagnall, crest, 210 - Bagot, Lord, supporters, 437 - Bagwyn, 231 - Baikie, arms, 291 - Baillie, arms, 296 - Baines, 171 - Baird of Ury, arms, 91 - Baker, arms, 246 - Balance, 299 - Balbartan, 168 - Balcarres, 114 - Baldric, 55 - Baldwin, arms, 265, 277 - Balfour arms, 215 - Baliol, John, 357; - Alexander de, 408 - Ballingall, 121 - Balme, arms, 265 - Banded, 280 - Bandon, Earls of, arms, 301 - Banff, Royal Burgh of, 159 - Banner, 28, 59, 60, 474; - decorations, 454 - Bannerman, arms, 299; - crest, 166 - Bantry, Earl of, supporters, 65 - Banville De Trutemne, arms, 82 - Bar, 108; - embattled, 93; - gemel, 119, 120; - sinister, 508 - Bar, Countess of, Yolante de Flandres, seal, 408 - Barb, 225, 269 - Barbers, Livery Company of, crest, 232 - Barbute, 310, 311 - Barclay, arms, 485; - mitre as a charge, 605; - supporters, 428 - Bardolph, arms, 268 - Bardwell, motto, 451 - Baring, 198 - Barisoni, 84 - Barkele, Moris de, arms, 485 - Barnacles or Breys, 287 - Barnard, 198; - Lord, 73; - arms, crest and motto, 451 - Barnes, 198; - arms, 146 - Barnewall, Sir Reginald, crest, 251 - Baron, coronet, 365, 368, 371, 375; - robe or mantle of, 365, 367; - supporters, 422 - Baroness, coronet, 366; - robe or mantle, 366 - Baronet, badge of, 58; - helmet of, 303, 313, 319; - insignia of, 583; - Nova Scotian, 137; - British, supporters, 423; - Scottish, supporters, 423; - widow of, 534 - Baronetcy, supporters, 420 - Barrels, 301 - Barret, 227 - Barrington, 71, 479; - arms, 154 - Barrow-in-Furness, arms, 213, 294 - Barrulet, 119 - Barruly, 120 - Barry, 97, 120, 121; - bendy, 121, 122; - nebuly, 94 - Bars, 119 - Bartan or Bertane, arms, 259 - Bartlett, 146 - Barttelot, arms, 171, 293; - crest, 245 - Bascinet, 55, 307, 311 - Basilisk, 225, 227, 438 - Basle, arms, 438; - supporters, 409 - Bassano, arms, 261 - Basset, Ralph, Garter plate, 384, 505 - Bastard, arms, 286 - Bastardy, 103, 114, 138, 503, 517 - Bat, 217 - Bates, crest, 246 - Bath, city of, arms, 88 - Bath King of Arms, 29, 35, 36; - Robes of the, 35; - insignia of, 587 - Bath, Military Order of the, 29, 36, 563; - Knights Commanders of the, 565; - Knights Grand Commanders of the, insignia of, 584; - Military Division, 585; - Companions of the, 565; - insignia of, 584; - Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the, rules, 564; - insignia of, 584; - military division, insignia of, 585 - Bath and Wells, Bishop of, Thomas Beckynton, 455 - Bathurst, crest, 171 - Baton, 45, 46, 59, 114; - of metal, 515; - sinister, 515 - Batten, 427 - Battenberg, Princess Henry of, label, 497 - Battering-ram, 283 - Battle-axes, 283 - Battlements of a tower, 376 - Bavaria, 69, 163, 524; - crest, 313; - King of, 400; - National Museum, 234 - Bavier, 312 - Bawde, crest, 229 - Bayeux tapestry, 12, 14 - Baynes, Sir Christopher, supporters, 420 - Beacons, 284 - Beaconsfield, Viscountess, arms, 276 - Beaked, 223, 242, 249 - Bean-pods, 277 - Bear, 11, 198, 432 - Bearers, 416 - Bearsley, 198 - Beatson, arms, 260 - Beaufort, 502, 521; - Duke of, 193; - crest, 284; - supporter, 195 - Beaumont, 89; - arms, 103, 111; - Bishop, 49; - Lord, 380; - Lord, mantling, 389 - Beaver, 216 - Beck, 256 - Bedford, 49; - Duke of, 34; - Duke of, crest, 345; - Earl of, 49; - motto, 451 - Bee, 260 - Bee-hive, 260 - Beef-eaters, 25 - Beetles, 261 - Beffroi, 82 - Beguinage, Lady Superior of the, 49 - Beizeichen, 477 - Belfast, city of, arms, 325 - Belgium, 75 - Bell, 109, 287 - Bellasis, crest, 339 - Belled, 241 - Bellegarse, Comtes de, 287 - Bellerophon, 10 - Bellomont, De, or De Beaumont, arms, 268 - Belshes, John Hepburn, compartment, 446 - Bend, 91, 107, 108, 110, 112, 115, 482, 483, 511; - barry, 111; - chequy, 112; - compony, 111; - cottised, 113; - dancette, 93; - flory and counterflory, 112; - lozenge, 112, 146, 147; - raguly, 111; - sinister, 82, 114, 508; - wavy, 111 - Bendlet, 113, 114, 115, 149, 483; - sinister, 103, 149, 515, 554; - wavy sinister, 512 - Bendy, 86, 97, 115 - Bengal tiger, 436 - Benn, arms, 217 - Benoit, arms, 289 - Benson, arms, 277 - Benwell, crest, 205 - Bendwise, 113 - Bentinck, crest, 375 - Benzoni, 83 - Berendon, arms, 270 - Berington, 69 - Berkeley, House of, arms, 485; - Maurice de, seal, 485; - Sir Maurice de, label, 479; - Robert de, seal, 485; - Sir Thomas de, arms, 485 - Berlin, Royal Library in, 306 - Bermingham, arms, 550 - Bermondsey, 281 - Berne, supporters, 409 - Berners, Lord, 458; - arms of, 69; - Sir John Bourchier, stall plate, 389; - mantling, 389; - Torse, arms, 404 - Berri, Duc de, seal, 410; - arms, 487; - supporters, 418 - Berry, 29, 36, 38, 95, 253, 254, 265, 515 - Bersich, arms, 256 - Bertie, 282; - arms, 283 - Besancon, 83 - Besant, arms, 263 - Bessborough, Earls of, arms, 299 - Betty, arms, 266 - Bewes, crest of, 75 - Bewley, arms, 248; - crest, 270 - Bezant, 5, 89, 151 - Bezante, 89, 153 - Bibelspurg, von, arms, 558 - Biberach, town of, 216 - Bicchieri, Veronese, arms, 288 - Bicknell, crest, 226 - Bigland, arms, 278 - Billet, 89, 108, 155; - urdy, 95 - Billetty or Billette, 89, 155 - Billiat, arms, 246; - crest, 280 - Billiers, crest, 259 - Binney, crest, 256 - Birch-trees, 263 - Birches, arms, 266 - Birds of Paradise, 250 - Birkin, arms, 263 - Birmingham, Mason's College, 180 - Birmingham, University of, arms, 228 - Birmingham, town of, supporters, 429 - Birt, arms, 256 - Biscoe, crest, 205 - Bishop, 61; - crosiers of, 59; - grant to a, 62, 324; - insignia of a, 582, 583; - mitre of, 602 - Bison, 438 - Black, 70, 77 - Blackett-Ord, 255 - Blackpool, town of, arms, 295 - Blazon, 74, 86, 104, 121; - rules of, 99 - Block, 155 - Blood, Colonel, 356 - Blood descent, mark of, 103 - Blood-red, 74, 76 - Blount, crest, 171 - Blue, 70, 77 - Blue-bottle, 272 - Blue-celeste or bleu du ciel, 74 - Blue ensign, 471 - Bluemantle, pursuivant, 38, 43 - _Blut Fahne_, 69 - Blyth, 206 - Boar, 198 - Boden, arms, 265 - Body, arms, 290 - Boece, Hector, 415 - Boehm, Sir Edgar, 361; - arms, 272 - Bohemia, arms of, 189 - Bohemian knight, grant to, 74 - Bohn, crest, 384 - Bohun, 56, 467; - arms, 174, 485; - Humphrey de, seal, 410 - Boileau, Bart., crest, 375 - Boiler-flue, corrugated, 301 - Boissiau, arms, 188 - Bold, Charles the, 410 - Bolding, arms, 112, 147, 288 - Boleslas III., seal, 410 - Boiler, arms, 271 - Bollord or Bolloure, arms, 261 - Bologna, 84 - Bolton, arms, 301 - Bolton, Baron of, Sir Richard le Scrope, 279 - Bombay, supporters, 192, 436 - Bombs, 5, 284 - Bonar, Thomas, 213 - Bonefeld, arms, 277 - Bones, 171 - Bonnet, 144 - Books, 299 - "Book of Arms," 248, 558; - "of Costumes," 234; - "of Standards," 463 - Boot, 171, 293 - Boothby, arms, 135 - Bootle, arms, 301 - Bordures, 87, 101, 102, 104, 108, 112, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 248, 481, - 482, 483, 494, 500, 501, 502, 511, 512, 525; - chequy, 140, 519; - compony, 140, 502, 519; - counter-compony, 140, 503, 519; - of England, 188; - of Spain, 188; - inescutcheon within a, 141; - rule of, 141; - wavy, 139, 514, 519 - Boroughbridge, 55 - Bosham, 15 - Bossewell, 488 - Boston, 50; - arms, crest, supporters, and compartment, 445 - Bothwell, 39 - Botreaux, 258; - Lord, seal, 416 - Bouchage, 83 - Bourchier, arms, 299; - crest, 342; - knots, 390, 469; - Sir Henry (mantling), 389; - Sir John Torse, arms, 404; - Lord (Sir Lewis Robsart) Torse, arms, 404; - (mantling), 389 - Boutell, 417, 524 - Bow, 11, 283 - Bowden, arms, 265 - Bower, 171 - Bowes, arms, 283 - Bowls, 288 - Boyce, 376 - Boycott, arms, 284 - Boyd, arms, 430 - Boyle, arms of, 69, 162 - Boys, 30 - Brabant, 83; - Chancellor of, supporters, 416 - Braced, 124 - Bradbury, arms, 244 - Bradway, arms, 276 - Brady, Major Richardson, 577 - Branch, 265 - Branches, 265 - Brandenburg, 69; - Bailiwick of, 570; - Prussian province of, 234 - Brassarts, 55 - Brasses, 49 - Braye, Lord, badge, 458; - supporters, 186, 436 - Brecknock, Baron of, arms, 84 - Breslau, Town Library at, 435 - Bretagne, Count of, 15; - Anne of, 579 - Bretessed, 93, 96, 118 - Breton, 416 - Bricquebec, Bertrand de, arms, 411 - Bridge, 282 - Bridger, arms, crest, 255 - Bridle-bits, 287 - Bridled, 201 - Bridlington Priory, 281 - Bridport, Lord, 592 - Brimacombe, crest, 249 - Brisbane, arms, 290; - crest, 377; - supporters, 428 - Brisbane, K.C.B., Admiral Sir Charles, 593 - Bristol, city of, supporters, 431; - See of, arms, 298 - Brisure, 477 - "British Herald," 356 - British Museum, 143 - British official regalia, 46 - Brittany, 83; - arms of, 69; - Duke of, 279; - John of, Earl of Richmond, arms of, 69 - Britton, badge, 414 - Broad arrow, 457 - Broadbent, arms, 86 - Brocas Collection, 311 - Brock, 215 - Brocklebank, arms, 215 - Brodribb, arms, 270 - Broke, Sir Philip Bowes, crest, 377, 593 - Brooke, crest, 215 - Broom, badge, 271, 453, 468 - Brotherton, arms, 465, 555; - Thomas de, 494, 555 - Brotin, 83 - Brown, 74, 76 - Brown-Westhead, 283 - Browne, arms, 266 - Bruce, 144; - motto, 451; - Robert, 357 - Bruges, 49, 147; - William of, 28, 41 - Brugg, Richard del, 30 - Bruis, Robert De, 84 - Brunatre, 74 - Brunner, arms, 294 - Brunswick, 608; - Duke of, Magnus I., 410; - Duke of, crests, 343 - Brussels, city of, 163 - Brussels, Royal Library at, 144 - Brzostowski, Counts, arms, 286 - Buchan, crest, 272 - Buck, 208 - Buckelris, 64 - Buckets, 299 - Buckingham, town of, arms, 460; - Duke of, Edward, portrait, 463; - arms, 544; - badges, 462; - livery colours, 388, 460; - Duke of (Sir Humphrey), Garter plate, 374 - Buckingham and Chandos, Duke of, crests, 348 - Buckle, 64, 287 - Buckworth, 58 - Buckworth-Herne-Soame, Bart., crest, 337 - Buffalo, 205 - Buffe, 315 - Bugle-horn, 292 - Bull, 10, 205, 232 - Bulrushes, 280 - Bume, arms, 258 - _Buntfeh_, 82 - Buonarotti, arms, 410 - Burgh, De, arms, 148 - Burgh, Lord, Sir Thomas Burgh, Torse, arms, 404 - Burghclere, Lord, supporters, 437 - Burgkmair, Hans, 194 - Burgonet, 314 - Burgundy, arms, 410; - Duke of, arms, 524, 561 - Burke, 85, 551; - Sir Bernard, 374, 421; - Peerage, 434 - Burlton, 202 - Burnaby, supporters, 254 - Burne-Jones, 512; - arms, 114, 239 - Burnet, Bishop, 506 - Burnett, 14 - Burslem, town of, 288 - Burton, 72; - crest, 293; - Lord, supporters, 442 - Burton, De, 111 - Burton, Hill-, 415 - Bury, town of, arms, 266 - Bussy, Sir John, seals, 389 - Butcher's Livery Company, supporters, 207, 230 - Bute, 39; - Marquess of, crest, 348 - Butkens, 75 - Butler, arms, 288 - Butterflies, 83, 261 - Buxton, 179 - Byron, 115, 520 - Byzantine silk, 233; - coins, 351 - - Cabasset, 315 - Caboshed, 207, 213 - Cadency, 115, 138, 140; - bordure, 207; - differencing to indicate, 483; - different marks, 60; - mark of, 55, 71, 103, 135, 136, 139, 188, 245, 344, 345, 347, 463, 477, - 478, 481, 483, 510, 520, 557; - marks of, rules, 487; - a seme field, 484 - Cadifor ap Dyfnwal, 85 - Cadman, arms, 271 - Cadmus, 10 - Cadwallader, 225; - banners, 475 - Caerlaverock, Roll of, 72 - Cailly, De, 55 - Caithness, Earl of, arms, 557 - Calabria, Duke of, arms, 234 - Calais Rolls, 136 - Calcutta, city of, supporters, 440 - Caledonia, 143 - Calf, 205, 207 - Caligula, 351 - Calli, 56 - Calopus, 232 - Calthorpe, Lord, supporters, 433 - Caltraps, 84, 283, 446 - Camail, 55, 308 - Camberwell, arms, 294 - Cambi, 84 - Cambridge, Earl of, Richard of Conisburgh, 188; - Duke of, label, 496; - Dukes of, label, 498 - Cambridge, University of, 299; - Regius Professors, arms, 587 - Camden, 152; - Marquess of, crest, 349 - Camel, 217, 218, 227 - Camelford, arms, 217 - Camelopard, 218, 227, 438 - Camerino, Dukes de, 83 - Cameron, arms, 228 - Cameron Highlanders, tartan, 25 - Cammell, arms, 217 - Campbell, 137; - arms, 69, 294, 412; - Baron, 533; - crest, 190, 200; - Lord, arms, 592; - supporters, 204; - Margaret, seal, 525 - Campbell and Lorn, 525 - Camperdown, 181 - Canada, 429; - maple, 266, 470 - Canivet, Nicolas, 145 - Cannon, 285 - Cantelupe, arms, 275, 276; - Thomas de, arms, 276 - Canterbury, 126, 588; - archbishop of, 602, 603; - Cathedral, 174, 335, 466; - Rebus at, 455; - town of, 248 - Canting, arms, 54, 55 - Canton, 102, 108, 134, 135, 136, 418, 520; - of augmentation, 136; - of England, 181, 201; - or quarter, 483 - Cantonned, 103, 135 - Cap of Maintenance, 379, 381, - and _see_ Chapeau - Capaneus, 7 - Cape Colony, supporters, 217, 429, 436, 438 - Cape Town, supporters, 443 - Capel, Sir Giles, helm of, 310 - Capelin, 384 - Capelot, 378 - Caps, 41, 42 - Caracalla, 351 - Cardinal, 61 - Carew, Lord, supporters, 210 - Carinthia, arms, 417 - Carlisle, 588 - Carlos, Colonel, arms, 262, 589, 591 - Carlyon, arms, 282 - Carmichael family, 119 - Carminow, 110 - Carnation, 74 - Carnegy, crest, 295 - Caroline, Consort of Princess, 597 - Carr, 576 - Carriages, arms on, 399 - Carrick, 39 - Carruthers, 165 - Carter, arms, 302 - Carteret, De, 418 - Cartouche, 61 - Carver to His Majesty, Grand, insignia of, 581 - Carysfort, Earl of, crest, 243 - Case, 252 - Casks, 301 - Casque, 314, 315 - Cassan crest, 375 - Cassithas, Conde de, augmentation, 597 - Castile, bordure of, 482 - Castile, Eleanor of, 543; - and Leon, 543 - Castille, King of, Don Pedro, 360 - Castle, 376 - Castlemaine, Lord, Hancock, arms, 246 - Castles, 282 - Castlestuart, Earl of, supporters, 437 - Cat, 195 - Cat-a-mountain, 195 - Catanei, 83 - Catapults, 286 - Catherine wheel, 302 - Catton, R.A., 433 - Cauldron, 289 - Cavalry, Colonel of, the insignia of, 581 - Cave, motto, 451 - Cavendish, 209; - motto, 451 - Cawston, arms, 129; - crest, 242 - Ceba, arms of, 83 - Cedar-tree, 262 - Celata, 312, 314 - Celestial coronet, 298, 371 - Cendree, 74 - Centaur, 171, 228, 438 - Chabet, 256 - Chadwick, crest, 271 - Chafy, crest, 265 - Chain, armour, 51, 171 - Chains, 284 - Chaldean bas-relief, 4000 B.C., 2 - Challoner, arms, 230 - Chalmers, 143; - arms, 190 - Chamberlain, Grand, insignia of, 581, 582; - (Brandenburg) Lord High, insignia of, 582; - (of England) Lord High, insignia of, 588; - (Hohenzollern) Hereditary, insignia of, 582 - Chambers, arms, 263 - Chamier, crest, 375; - supporters, 429 - Champagne, 557 - Champnay, Richard, 33 - Chancellor, the, insignia of, 580, 588; - of England, Lord High, insignia of, 588 - Chandos le Roy d'Ireland, 33 - Channel Islands, 428; - coins of, 173 - Chapeau, 370, 378, 379, 402 - Chapel Royal, Dean of the, insignia of, 588 - Chapelle-de-fer, 311, 312, 315 - Chapels Royal in Scotland, Dean of, the insignia of, 584 - Chaplet, 108, 156, 157 - Chappel, 283 - Charge, 69, 78, 86, 103, 107, 108, 128, 135, 151, 155, 158, 189, 190, - 213, 301, 302, 483 - Charges, addition of small, 483; - placed, 102; - on a bend, 113; - specific number, 103 - Charlemagne, 143, 233; - crown, 351, 608 - Charles I., 39, 201, 263, 413, 418, 597, 607, 612; - coronation ring, 357; - seal, 475 - Charles II., 75, 146, 196, 358, 359, 360, 363, 371, 379, 475, 591, 607; - state crown, 356; - warrant of, 589 - Charles III., Spanish Order of, 594 - Charles IV., 44, 274 - Charles V., 143, 274, 318; - supporters, 416 - Charles VI., 44 - Charles VII., 275 - Charlton, 521; - arms, 136 - Chart, 289 - Chatelherault, Duchy of, 598 - Chatham, arms, 369 - Chatloup, 232 - Chaucer, 55, 84 - Chauses, 52 - Cheape, arms, 278 - Cheeky or chequy, 98 - Chemille, arms, 84 - Cheney, arms, 207 - Cherleton, Lord, 190, 387, 404 - Cherries, 277 - Cherry-tree, 263 - Cherubs, 165 - Chess-Rooks, 289 - Chester, 525; - Herald, 37; - Earl of, 126, 279; - Hugh Lupus, 278; - Ranulph, seal, 278 - Chettle, arms, 261 - Chevron, 54, 93, 107, 108, 122, 123, 135; - chequy, 123; - vair, 123 - Chevronel, 107, 124; - interlaced, 124 - Chevronny, 97, 124 - Chevronwise, 123 - Chichester, Earl of, 32, 590; - badge, 288 - Chichester, See of, 158 - Chichester-Constable, arms of, 265 - Chief, 91, 102, 108, 132; - arched, 96; - double-arched, 96; - embattled, 108 - Chief-Justice, Lord, 45 - Chiefs, supporters of, 422 - Chieftainship, mark of, 350 - Child, arms, 238 - Childebert, arms, 258 - Childeric, badge, 260 - Chimera, 229 - Chimrad, Pellifex, 82 - China-cokar tree, 264 - Chinese dragon, 226, 437 - Chinese white, 70 - Chisholm, supporters, 427, 428; - Rt. Rev. Aeneas, 605; - Batten, arms, 428 - Chivalry, Court of, 478 - Chocolate colour, 73 - Cholmondeley, arms, 278; - Marquess of, 399; - Marchioness of, arms, 399, 400 - Chorinski, mantling, 384 - Chorley, arms, 272 - Christie, arms, 282 - Christopher, arms, 216, 289 - Chrysanthemum, 13 - Church, 61; - of England, laws of, 61; - flag, 473; - vestments, 5 - Church-bell, 287 - Cinque Ports, 182 - Cinquefoil, 266, 267, 268 - Circles, 58 - Cirencester, Abbot of, Thomas Conyston, 455 - Cinti (now cini), 74 - Cities, supporters, 429 - Civic crown, 157 - Claes Heynen, 144 - Clare, 32; - arms, 525; - Earls of, 32, 86, 125 - Clare, Margaret de, arms, 524 - Clarence, Duke of, label, 496, 498; - Duke of, Lionel, 362; - arms, 494; - Duke of, Thomas, 32, 505 - Clarenceux King of Arms, 29, 30, 32, 591; - arms of, 47; - arms and insignia of, 587 - Clarendon, arms, 250; - Sir Roger de, 466, 521 - Claret colour, 73 - Clarion, 292 - Clark-Kennedy, Col. Alexander, augmentation, 594 - Clarke, arms, 249 - Clayhills, arms of, 74, 204 - Cleland, 214 - Clenched, 169 - Clergyman, 61; - grant to, 324 - Clerk of Pennycuick, crest, 167 - Clerke, Bart., arms, 136, 595; - Sir John, 596 - Cleves, Anne of, 597; - lilies, 273 - Clifford, arms, 263 - Clifton, 55 - Clinton, De, arms, 296 - Clippingdale, crest, 202 - Clisson, Oliver de, supporter, 411 - Clogher, See of, arms, 164 - Close, 200, 235, 243, 245 - Clothes, embroidery upon, 17 - Clouds, 87, 94, 294; - as compartment, 444 - Clux, Sir Hertong von, K.G., arms, crest, mantling, 387 - Coat of arms, origin, 108; - what it must consist of, 69 - Cobbe (Bart., ext.), arms, 256 - Cobham, arms, 486; - Lord, arms, crest, mantling, 387; - Lord (Sir John Oldcastle), 596 - Cochrane, arms, 228 - Cochrane, Adm. Sir Alex., K.B., augmentation, 4 - Cock, 246 - Cockatrice, 225, 227; - as supporters, 438 - Cockburn-Campbell, 594 - Cockfish, 231 - Cocoanut-tree, 263 - Codfish, 256 - Coffee-plant, 266 - Coffee-tree, 263 - Cogan, arms, 266 - Cognisance, 455 - Co-heir, 68; - or co-heiress, 526 - Cokayne, arms, 246, 344, 489 - Coke, 214 - Coldingham, Prior and Monks of, 504 - Cole, arms, 258 - Coles, crest, 285 - Colfox, 198 - Collared and chained, 215 - Collars, 58 - College of Arms, 28, 29, 38, 61, 70, 73, 77, 324, 329, 345, 385, 465; - arms of, 47, 244 - Collingwood, Lord, augmentation, 592 - Colman, arms, 96 - Cologne, 49; - arms, 297 - Colossus, 166 - Colours, 5, 74, 405; - of nature, 74; - simple names of, 77; - for mantlings, 385, 393; - Rules about, 85 - Colston, arms, 256 - Columbine, 74; - flowers, 271 - Column, 285 - Colville of Culross, Viscount, supporters, 217 - Comb, 299 - Combed, 227, 246 - Comber, crest, 197 - Combination, rule against, 81 - Commoner, arms of, 58; - impaling, 531 - Companion of any Order, helmet of, 571 - Comparisoned, 201 - Compartments, 441; - blazon of, 444; - mottoes on, 448 - Composite charge, 86 - Compton, arms, 284 - Comyn, arms, 280, 412 - Conan, 15 - Conder, 111 - Coney, 214 - Conjoined arms, rules as to, 526 - Conjoined in leure, 239 - Connaught, Duke of, label, 497 - Connaught, Prince Arthur of, 364 - Conrad, the Furrier, 83 - Conran, crest, 209 - Consort, Prince, 597; - descendants of, bear, 541 - Consort, Queen, crown, 361 - Constable, Lord High, 27 - Constabulary, Royal Irish, badge, 457 - Constance, Queen, seal, 273 - Continent, quarterings on the, 548; - grant on the, 68 - Continental, arms, 74, 104 - Continental heraldry, 146 - Contourne, 186 - Contre-hermin, 78 - Contra-naiant, 255 - Contre Vair, 82 - Conyers, 292; - arms, 403, 482 - Cook, crest, 289 - Cooper, arms, 206, 265 - Cope, William, arms, 269 - Corbet, arms, 248; - crest, 213; - motto, 451 - Corbie, 248 - Cordeliere, Order of the, 579 - Corke, arms, 190 - Cornfield, crest, 265 - Cornflower, 272 - Cornish chough, 248 - Cornwall, crest, 248; - Duchy of, 254, 469, 486; - Earl of, Edmond Plantagenet, seal, 524; - Earl of, Piers Gaveston, 238; - Earl of, Richard, 412; - seal, 237 - Coronation, 42, 45; - Invitation Cards, 470 - Coronets, 58, 350, 363, 373; - foreign, 375; - of rank, 362, 367; - Order concerning, 365 - Corporate seal, 88 - Cost, 115 - Costume of an officer of arms, 41, 42 - Cotter, arms, 257, 259 - Cottise, 113, 115, 119 - Cottised, 123, 134 - Cotton, Sir Robert, 143 - Cotton-plant, or tree, 5, 263, 266 - Counterchanged, 103, 121 - Counter-embowed, 170 - Counter-flory, 96 - Counter-passant, 187 - Counter-potent, 84, 85 - Counter vair, 82, 83 - Countess, robe or mantle, 366; - coronet, 366 - Couped, 128, 134, 150, 169, 186, 264 - Courant, 201, 205, 208 - Courcelles, Marguerite de, 410 - Courcey, arms, 84 - Courtenay, 71, 154; - arms, 479 - Coutes, 55 - Cow, 205, 207 - Coward, 197, 225 - Cowbridge, 207 - Cowell, arms, 207 - Cowper, arms, 301; - Earl, 413; - supporters, 75, 437 - Cowper-Essex, crest, 376 - Crab, 255 - Crackanthorpe, crest, 265 - Craigmore, 112 - Crane, 247 - Cranstoun, arms, 247; - crest, 247; - motto, 451 - Cranworth, Lord, supporters, 437 - Crawford, crest, 215; - Lord (Sir David Lindsay), 412; - Reginald, 408; - Rev. J. R., 472; - Earl of, 114 - Crawhall, arms, 248 - Crawshay, 204; - arms, 298 - Crenelle, 93 - Crescent, 146, 289, 488, 515 - Crespine, 227 - Crests, 28, 57, 58, 61, 62, 86, 156, 158, 166, 213, 320, 322, 323, 324, - 326, 331, 332, 333, 334, 349, 370, 376, 402, 419, 438, 518; - angle of, 76; - badge as a, 456; - bastardising, 519; - coronets, 373, 375, 379; - differencing on, 490, 512; - label upon, 71; - made of, 335; - position of, 346 - Creyke, arms, 248 - Crined, 168 - Cri-de-guerre, 58, 452 - Crisp, crest, 227; - Molineux-Montgomerie, crest, 251 - Crocodile, 217, 218 - Croker, crest, 288 - Cromwell, 55; - seals, 541 - Crookes, Sir William, arms, 294; - crest, 321; - motto, 451 - Crosier, 6, 59, 289 - Cross, arms, 278 - Cross, 15, 91, 93, 95, 103, 107, 108, 110, 127, 135, 158; - botonny, 128, 130, 132; - calvary, 128; - cleche voided and pomette, 129; - crosslet, 129, 130, 131; - crosslet, differencing by, 485; - crosslets, 89; - dancette, 93; - fleurette, 128; - flory, 128; - moline, 128, 488; - of St. Andrew, 131; - parted and fretty, 129; - patee or formee, 129, 130; - patee quadrant, 129; - patonce, 129; - pieces, 109; - potent, 85, 129; - quarter-pierced, 129; - tau or St. Anthony's, 129; - of St. George, 25 - Crow, 248 - Crown, 11, 45, 73, 350; - civic, 157; - Imperial State, 359; - of England, 358; - palisado, 370; - vallary, 370, 378 - Crusades, 17 - Crusilly, 89, 100, 131 - Cubit arm, 169 - Cuffe, 94 - Cuffed, 171 - Cuirass, 293 - Cuisses, 55 - Cullen, 49 - Cumberland, Dukes of, 364, 496; - label, 498 - Cumbrae, College of the Holy Spirit of, 162 - Cumin, Alexander, 412 - Cumming-Gordon, 113; - arms, 138, 541; - arms, crest, motto, and supporters, 418 - Cummins, arms, 280 - Cuninghame, 427 - Cunliffe, arms, 214 - Cunninghame, arms, 126; - supporters, 428; - Montgomery, supporters, 214 - Cup-bearer, Grand Butler or, insignia of, 581 - Cups, 85, 288 - Cure, 207 - Curiosities of blazon, 74 - "Curiosities of Heraldry," 15, 417 - Curzon, arms, 249; - motto, 451 - Cushions, 290 - Cypress-trees, 263 - - D'Albrets, supporters, 417 - D'Albrey, Arnaud, supporters, 418 - D'Alencon, Duc, 360; - arms, 487; - Comte, Jean IV., supporter, 410 - D'Angouleme, Counts, arms, 487 - D'Arcy, arms, 267, 268, 482, 484 - d'Artois, Counts, arms, 487 - D'Aubernoun, Sir John, 50, 51 - d'Auvergne, Dauphins, 254 - Dabrichecourt, Sir Sanchet, mantling, 389 - Dacre, Lord, arms, 300; - Sir Edmond, arms, 485 - Dakyns, crest, 377; - motto, 451 - Dalrymple, J. D. G., F.S.A., 148 - Daly, crest, 205 - Dalzells, 416 - Dalziel, 165, 432 - Dalziell, 165 - Dammant, arms, 268 - Danby, 68; - arms, 286 - Dancette, 91, 93 - Daniels, 163 - Dannebrog, Order of the, 569 - Dannecourt, 229 - Darbishire, 125, 129 - Darcy de Knayth, Baroness, 546; - supporter, 436; - _see_ D'Arcy - Darnaway, 39 - Dartmouth, arms, 164; - Earl of, arms, 209; - supporters, 436 - Darwen, town of, arms, 266 - Dashwood, Bart., Sir George John Egerton, 223; - supporters, 436 - Daubeney, 68; - arms, 147; - crest, 265; - badge, 458; - mantling, 389 - Daughters, arms of, 572; - difference marks, 492 - Dauphin, 253; - arms, 486 - Dauphiny, 408 - Davenport, 350, 352, 358, 359; - crest, 165 - David II., 40, 144; - seal, 274, 409 - Davidson, crest, 375 - Davies, 169; - arms, 296; - motto, 451; - Sir Thomas, crest, 381 - Davis, Cecil T., 55 - Davis, Col. John, F.S.A., crest, 339 - de Acton, _see_ Acton - de Aldeburgh, _see_ Aldeburgh - de Arundel, _see_ Arundel - de Bailly, _see_ Bailly - de Bellomont, or De Beaumont, _see_ Bellomont - de Berkeley, _see_ Berkeley - de Berri, _see_ Berri - de Bohun, _see_ Bohun - de Bruges, _see_ Bruges - de Bruis, _see_ Bruis - de Burgh, _see_ Burgh - de Burton, _see_ Burton - de Carteret, _see_ Carteret - de Cassilhas, _see_ Cassilhas - de Clare, _see_ Clare - de Clarendon, _see_ Clarendon - de Clinton, _see_ Clinton - de Courcy, _see_ Courcy - de Davenport, _see_ Davenport - de Flandre, _see_ Flandre - de Gevres, _see_ Gevres - de Giresme, _see_ Giresme - de Grey, _see_ Grey - de Guenonville, _see_ Guetterville - de Hasting, _see_ Hasting - de Haverington, _see_ Haverington - de Hoghton, _see_ Hoghton - de Knayth, _see_ Darcy de Knayth - de Lacy, _see_ Lacy - de Lowther, _see_ Lowther - de Luttrell, _see_ Luttrell - de Mailly, _see_ Mailly - de Mandeville, _see_ Mandeville - de Monbocher, _see_ Monbocher - de Montfort, _see_ Montfort - de Montravel, _see_ Montravel - de Mornay, _see_ Mornay - de Mundegumbri, _see_ Mundegumbri - de Nerford, _see_ Nerford - de Nevers, _see_ Nevers - de Pelham, _see_ Pelham - de Quincey, _see_ Quincey - de Ramsey, _see_ Ramsey - de Rouck, _see_ Rouck - de Salis, _see_ Salis - de Saumerez, _see_ Saumerez - de Savelli, _see_ Savelli - de Segrave, _see_ Segrave - de Trafford, _see_ Trafford - de Trutemne, _see_ Trutemne - de Valence, _see_ Valence - de Vera, _see_ Vera - de Vere, _see_ Vere - de Vesci, _see_ Vesci - de Warren, _see_ Warren - de Woodstock, _see_ Woodstock - de Worms, _see_ Worms - De la Ferte, 262 - De la Rue, crest, 289 - De la Vache, crest, 207 - De la Warr, 89 - de la Zouche, Sir W., arms, 136 - Deane, crest, 217 - Debruised, 103, 187 - Dechaussee, 186 - Decollated, 187 - "Decorative Heraldry," 2, 65, 176, 233, 242 - Decrescent, 289 - Deer, 108, 208 - Defamed, 187 - Delves, 155 - Demembre, 186, 187 - Demi-bird, 240 - Demi-falcons, 242 - Demi-griffin, 224 - Demi-horse, 201 - Demi-lamb, 213 - Demi-leopard, 193 - Demi-lions, 189 - Demi-otter, 215 - Demi-ram, 213 - Demi-savage, 165 - Demi-vol, 240 - Denbigh, Earl of, 413 - Denham, arms, 446 - Denmark, royal arms, 557; - royal shield of, 255; - flag of 613, - Depicting, 86 - Derby, Earl of, 32, 79, 81, 561; - William de, seal, 80; - Earls of, Stanleys, crests, 169, 341, 381 - D'Eresby, Willoughby, Barony of, supporters, 400 - Derry, _see_ Londonderry - Desart, Lord, 94 - Desenberg, Counts Spiegel Zum, arms, 293 - Deutscher, Herold, 313 - Device, 455 - Devil, 229 - Devonport, arms, 369 - Dewsbury, 249 - D'Harchies, Gerard, supporters, 418 - Diadem, 350 - Diamond, 77 - Diapering, 90 - Dick, arms, 286 - Dick-Cunningham, 426 - Dickson, Dr., 39 - Dickson-Poynder, 126 - "Dictionary of Heraldic Terms," 96, 215 - Diffamed, 187 - Difference marks, 78, 114, 116, 134, 138, 150, 154, 268, 289, 344, 345, - 477, 487, 488, 502, 510, 515; - optional, 490; - bordures as, 481; - position of, 489; - compulsory, 490 - Differencing, 482; - modes of, 502 - Diggs, Dame Judith, arms, 575 - Dighton, 210 - Dignity, cap of, 378 - Dillon, Viscount, 433 - Dimidiation, 523 - Dingwall, 39 - Diocletian, coins of, 351 - Disarmed, 187 - Dismembered, 186, 187 - Displayed, 233, 235, 269 - Distaff, 290 - Distinction, 512; - canton for, 134; - marks of, 116, 135, 136, 139, 344, 380, 477, 554; - marks of, practice, 518 - Distinguished Service Order, 567; - members of, insignia of, 584 - Dobree, 428; - arms, 267 - Dock or Burdock, arms, 266 - Dodds, 256 - Dodge, arms, 171; - crest of, 205; - augmentation, 589 - Doe, 208, 209 - Dog, 54, 203, 204, 432 - Dogfish, 256 - Dolphins, 253 - Dominion and Sovereignty, arms of, 607 - Donington, Lord, supporters, 186 - Donnersperg, arms, 295 - Donoughmore, Lord, supporters, 438 - Dorchester Church, stained glass, 79 - Dore, 261; - arms, 260 - Dormer, arms, 190 - Double-headed eagle, supposed origin of, 3 - Double quatrefoil, 268 - Doubly cottised, 123 - Douglas, 39, 40, 298; - arms, 292, 484; - Bart., supporters, 433; - Earl of, seal, 411, 446; - chapeau, 380; - supporter, 410, 445; - badge, 469; - and Mar, Countess of, Margaret, 505 - Doulton, arms, 288 - Dove, 243 - Dover, 164 - Dovetailed, 91, 94, 95 - Downes, arms, 249 - Dox or Doxey, arms, 256 - Dragance, 39 - Dragon, 10, 15, 195, 219, 224, 225, 232, 407; - ship, 294; - as supporters, 437 - Drake, Sir Francis, arms, 591 - Dress of an Officer of Arms, 41, 42 - Dreyer, 267 - Drummond, supporters, 428; - Sir James Williams, arms, 181; - of Megginch, arms of, 69 - Dublin, 126; - Archbishop of, 584; - arms, 602; - city arms, 381; - visitations of, 341 - Ducal coronet, 373. - _see_ also Coronet and Crest Coronet - Duchess, mantle, 367; - coronet, 367 - Duck, 246 - Duckworth, arms, 246 - Dudley, Earl of, supporters, 433; - Lord, crest, 217 - Duff-Sutherland-Dunbar, Bart., Sir George, 319 - Dufferin and Ava, Marquess, 474; - supporters, 436 - Duffield, arms, 277 - Duke, robe or mantle of, 365, 367; - coronet, 366, 367, 373; - those having rank and title of, coronets, 363 - Dukinfield, 129 - Dumas, arms, 96 - Dumbarton, arms, 213 - Dunbar, crest, 298; - Bart., Sir Alexander James, crest, 376; - Sir Archibald, 144; - crest, 376; - Sir Patrick, label, 480; - Brander, arms, 264 - Duncan, Admiral, arms, 592 - Duncombe, crest, 202 - Dundee, city of, arms, 288; - university of, arms, 271; - Royal Burgh of, arms, 438 - Dunn, Bart., Sir W., arms, 166 - Dunstable, Sir Richard, badge, 469 - Du Plessis Angers, 83 - Durand, Sir Mortimer, supporter, 436 - D'Urban, 285 - D'Urbino, Duke, 545 - Durham, Bishop of, 324, 603, 604; - insignia of, 583; - Dean of, 588; - Cathedral, 49; - Sir Alex., 39 - Durning-Lawrence, arms, 291 - Dusgate, 250 - Dykes, crest, 255 - Dykmore, arms and crest, 205 - - Eagle, 58, 230, 233, 238, 413; - as supporters, 439; - shields displayed on the breasts of, 412 - Eaglets, 238 - Ealing, borough of, arms, 287 - Eared, 280 - Earl Marshal, 27, 28, 29, 35; - and Hereditary Marshal of England, insignia of, 585; - Deputy, insignia of, 585; - batons, 59 - Earls, robe or mantle of, 365; - coronet of, 366, 367, 375 - Earth-colour, 74, 76 - East India Company, supporters, 429 - Eastern coronet, 370, 377 - Ebury, Lord, 345 - Eccles, arms, 301; - town of, 282 - Ecclesiastical banner, 476; - emblems, 3; - heraldry, 600 - Echlin, 204 - Eddington, arms, 168 - Edel, 40 - Edgar, King, seal, 475 - Edinburgh, 47; - College of Surgeons, 167; - Castle, 357 - Edock, 266 - Edward I., 30, 34, 39, 84, 275, 357, 494, 607 - Edward II., 30, 275, 494 - Edward III., 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 371, 453, 456, 465, 466, 467, 469, - 494, 607; - seal, 274 - Edward IV., 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 333, 354, 469, 607; - badge, 468; - seal, 354 - Edward VI., 467; - seal, 372; - supporters, 225 - Edward VII., 42, 359, 361; - Coronation of, 365, 366 - Edward the Black Prince, 360; - crest, 380; - helmet, 371 - Edward the Confessor, 15, 356, 371; - ring of, 360; - seal, 353 - Edwards, arms, 285 - Eel, 255 - Eglinton, Earl of, 145; - supporters, 438 - Ehrenvest, 40 - Eider-duck, 246 - Eighth son, 488 - Eisenhut-feh, 82 - Eisenhutlein, 82 - Eldest son, difference mark of, 373, 479, 487, 488 - Elephant, 213 - Elgin, royal burgh of, 162 - Elgin and Kincardine, Earl of, supporters, 433 - Elizabeth, Queen, 61, 164, 272, 391, 414, 508, 590, 591, 607; - supporters, 225 - Ellis, 255; - arms, 228, 254; - crest, 432 - Elmhurst, crest, 262 - Elphinstone, Lord, supporters, 433 - Ely, Abbess of, arms of the See, 298 - Embattled, 91, 93, 94, 108; - counter-embattled, 96 - Emblazon, 99 - Emblazonments, 60; - early, 90; - of mottoes, 452 - Embowed, 96, 170, 187, 242, 254 - Emerald, 77 - Empress, German, late, label, 497 - End, 188 - Endorsed, 116, 187, 223 - Endure, 39 - Enfantleroy, 169 - Enfield, 231 - England, 139; - badge, 457; - a bordure of, 102; - canton of, 136, 181; - Lord Chief-Justice of, insignia of, 586; - Kings of (George I. to William IV.), Arch Treasurers, insignia of, 583; - Lord High Constable of, insignia of, 585; - mottoes in, 449; - regalia in, 46; - rose of, 470; - Royal Arms of, 607; - a throne heir-apparent, label, 496 - "English Regalia," 352 - Engouled, 187 - Engrailed, 91, 108, 115, 137 - Enguerrand IV., 84 - Enhanced, 115 - Enniskillen, Earl of, supporters, 437 - Ensign 455, 471; - owl in, 9; - or flags, 9 - Enys, arms, 259 - Epaulieres, 55 - Eradicated, 262, 264 - Erased, 240 - Erect, 223, 257 - Ermine, 69, 77, 215; - spot, 83 - Ermine spots, 78, 112, 123 - Ermines, 78 - Erminites, 78 - Erminois, 78 - Errol, Earl of, 415, 585; - badge, 416 - Erskine, augmentation, 598 - Escallops, 299 - Escarbuncle, 64, 290 - Escutcheon, 59, 137; - of pretence, 536, 542; - of pretence, quarterings on, 540 - Espin, arms, 266 - Esquire, helmet of, 319; - Grand, insignia of, 581 - Essex, Earl of, mantling, 389; - Torse, arms, 404; - Garter plate of, 372; - effigy, 390; - Mandevilles, 467 - Estoiles, 295 - Estwere, arms, 263 - Eton College, arms, 269, 271 - Ettrick, 39 - Evans, arms, 280, 291; - Captain John Viney, arms, 276; - Sloane, 6, 167. - Eve, G. W., 2, 65, 176, 183, 233, 242, 243, 272, 275, 321, 397 - Every-Halstead, crest, 376 - Evire, 187 - Exemplification, 71, 72, 145 - Exeter, Dean of, insignia of, 588; - Duke of, John de Holland, label, 596; - Marquesses of, crest, 381 - Exmouth, Viscount, augmentation, 593 - Exterior ornaments, 58 - Eye, 171; - crest, 171, 298; - town of, crest, 372 - Eyre, 267; - Simon, arms, 217 - - Faerie Queen, 221 - Faggot, 280 - Falcon, 241, 243; - as a badge, 31; - King of Arms, 31 - Falconer, arms, 257 - Falconer, Grand, insignia of, 581 - Falkland, 39 - Falmouth, Viscount, supporters, 436; - arms, 270 - Family tokens, Japanese, 12 - Fane-de-Salis, crest, 375; - Counts, arms, 263 - Fanhope, Lord, crest, 380 - Fanmakers' Company, crest, 291 - Fans, 55, 328, 330, 331 - Farmer, arms, 95 - Farquhar, crest, 377 - Farquharson, 262 - Farrer, 80, 202 - Farrier, 80 - Fasces, 291 - Fauconberg, Lord, Torse, arms, 404; - Garter plate, 342 - Fauconberg and Conyers, Baroness, 546 - Fauntleroy, 169 - Favours, 403, 404; - supporters as marks of, 420 - Fawside, Allan, 40 - Feathers, 83 - Fees, 117 - Felbrigge, K.G., Sir Simon, arms, crest, mantling, 387 - Fellows, arms, 112, 209 - Fenton, arms, 95 - Fentoun, Jane, label, 481 - Ferdinand III., 543 - Fergus I., King, 142 - Ferguson, arms, 260 - Fermoy, Lord, crest, 241; - motto, 451 - Fern-Brake, 265 - Ferrar, 202 - Ferrer, arms, 80, 81 - Ferrers, 79, 83, 148, 202; - Earl, arms, 134; - Lord, Garter plate, 374; - Torse, arms, 404 - Fess, 91, 93, 107, 108, 119; - dancette, 118; - embattled, 108, 118; - flory, 96; - wreathed, 118 - Fest-Buch, 313 - Fetterlocks, 291 - Feversham, Earl of, supporters, 436 - Ffarington, crest, 227 - Ffinden, 206 - Field, 5, 69, 70, 86, 87, 88, 89, 104, 115; - composed of, 97; - fretty, 148; - gyronny, 137; - masculy, 148; - per chevron, 124; - quarterly, 98 - Fife, Duke of, crest, 166, 200; - supporters, 433; - Duchess of, label, 497; - Princesses of, 596 - Fifth son, 488 - File, 154 - Fillet, 402 - Finance, Superintendent of the, insignia of, 581 - Finch, 250 - Finlay, arms, 255 - Fir-cone, 276 - Fir-trees, 262 - Fire, 291 - Firth, 283 - Fish, 253 - Fisher, 250; - Lady, 201 - Fishmongers' Livery Company, arms, 291 - Fitched, 130 - Fitzalan, 486 - FitzErcald, 214 - Fitzgerald, 215; - arms, 525; - motto, 449; - Maurice, 525 - Fitzhardinge, Lord, 73 - Fitz-Herbert, 113; - arms, 483 - Fitz-Pernell, Robert, 268 - Fitz-Simon, arms, 72, 155 - Fitzwalter, arms, 102 - Fitzwilliam, Earl, supporters, 433 - Flags, 9, 10, 471, 611-617 - Flanders, arms, 524; - Count of, Philippe D'Alsace, Helmet, 327; - Count of, Louis van Male, signet of, 410 - Flandre, Jeanne De, seal of, 84 - Flanks, 103 - Flasks, 150 - Flaunch, 102, 108, 150 - Flavel, 291 - Flayed, 187 - Fleam, 292 - Fleas, 261 - Fleece, 211, 212 - Flemings, 86 - Flesh-colour, 74, 76 - Fleshed, 187 - Fletcher, 5; - arms, 254, 293; - crest, 229 - Fleur-de-lis, 89, 95, 126, 272, 273, 275, 488 - Fleurons, 274 - Flies, 261 - Florence, 83, 84; - arms, 275 - Florencee, 274, 275 - Florent, seal, 410 - Florio, arms, 272 - Flory, 96, 141; - counter-flory, 95 - Flounders, 256 - Flukes, 256 - Foljambe, badge, 232 - Forbes, crest, 375 - Forcene, 201 - Ford, James, 112 - Foreign heraldry, 81 - Forrest, arms, 262 - Fortescue, motto, 451 - Fortification, 282 - Fortune, 166 - Foulis, arms, 266 - Foulds, arms, 266 - Fountain, 151, 294 - Fourth son, 488 - Fox, 5, 197, 198; - arms, 5, 288, 301; - crest, 210; - -Davies, crest, 301; - head, 5; - hound, 205 - Fraises, 268, 271 - France, 15, 61, 83, 84, 273; - arms, 274; - Chancelier, mantling, 400; - crests, 343; - ensigns of, 46; - Heralds in, 44; - High Constable of, insignia of, 580; - label, 481; - Margaret of, arms, 524; - Presidents of, mantling, 400; - Royal Arms of, 452 - France-Hayhurst, crest, 262 - Francis I., King of France, 230 - Franco, 87 - Franconis, arms, 83 - Francquart, 75 - Franks, King of the, 273 - Fraser, arms, 268, 271, 298, 484 - Fraser-Mackintosh, crest, 169 - Frederick III., Emperor, motto, 452 - Frederick IV., Emperor, 216 - Free Warren, Licence of, 73 - Freiburg, supporters, 409 - French blazon, 78; - coat, 38; - Royal Arms, 486; - term, 74 - Fresnay, 83 - Fret, 108, 149, 150 - Fretty, 148, 149, 150 - Fruit, 276 - Frog, 258 - Froissart, 31, 33, 40, 44, 505 - Fructed, 266 - Full chase, 208 - Fuller, Thomas, 219 - Fulton, arms, 483 - Fur, 50, 77, 79, 86, 151; - separately, 84 - Furison, 292 - Furnivall, Baroness, 541 - Fusil, 108, 147 - Fusilly in bend, 122; - in bend sinister, 122 - Fylfot, 302 - Fysh, Sir Philip Oakley, crest, 256 - - Gabions, 282 - Gadflies, 261 - Gads, 155 - Galbraith, 294 - Galley, 294; - General of the, insignia of, 581 - Galloway, Earl of (Stewart), arms, 483; - See of, 162 - Galpin, arms, 250 - Gamb, 190, - _see_ Paw - Gamboa, arms, 266 - Gamecock, 246 - Gandolfi, arms, 264 - Gandy, arms, 217 - Garbett, motto, 451 - Garbs, 278 - Garioch, 39 - Garland, 156, 157 - Garnished or, 171 - Garter King of Arms, 4, 28, 29, 30, 34, 41, 45, 47, 58, 96, 226, 349, - 568; - arms and insignia of, 47, 586; - Most Noble Order of the, 34; - Chancellor of the Order of the, insignia of, 584; - Knight of the, insignia of, 78, 583; - Knights of the, rules, 562; - Stall plates, mantlings, 389, 390; - Star of, 25 - Garvey, 256 - Garvinfisher, 256 - Garwynton, arms, 277 - Garzune, 27 - Gasceline, arms, 155 - Gascoigne, 34 - Gatehouse, crest, 251 - Gaul, 273 - Gaunt, John of, 466, 486, 513 - Gauntlet, 171, 293 - Ged, 255 - Geddes, 255 - Geese, 10 - Gegen-hermelin, 78 - Gegensturzkruckenfeh, 85 - Gellic, arms, 294 - Gelre, 374, 405; - Armorial de, 115; - Herald, 144 - Gem-rings, 154 - Gemel, 120 - _Genealogical Magazine_, 22, 43, 226, 576, 601 - "Genealogie des Comtes de Flandre," 84 - "General Armory," 85, 551 - Geneva, 82 - Genouilleres, 55 - Gentleman, meaning of, 20; - helmet of, 319 - George I., 29, 608 - George III., 29, 274, 356, 359, 413; - seal, 475 - German, 121; - electors, mantlings, 400; - heraldry, 74, 81, 82; - heralds, 86; - inescutcheon in, 138; - officers, 40; - terms for, 78, 85; - "Von," 68 - "German Bookplates," 176 - German Emperor, arms, 400; - supporters, 433 - Germany, 27, 41, 69, 104, 368; - arms in, 559; - bordures, 481; - cadency, 344; - crests, 343, 344; - differences in, 481; - label, 481; - method of conjunction, 560; - mottoes in, 451, 452; - supporters in, 431 - Gevres, De, supporters, 231 - Geyss, arms, 231 - Gibsone, supporters, 428 - Gillman, 171; - crest, 287 - Gillyflowers, 271 - Gilmour, 267 - Gilstrap, 283 - Giraffe, 438 - Giresme, Nicole De, supporters, 418 - Gladstone, 141, 168; - Rt. Hon. W. E., 41 - Glasford, crest, 339 - Glasgow, arms, 263; - city of, arms, 439; - crest of, 163 - Glass, 79 - Glaziers' Livery Company, supporters, 433 - Glevenrad, 64 - Glissant, 257 - "Glossary of Terms used in Heraldry," 78, 79, 371, 455 - Gloucester, 29; - Cathedral, rebus at, 455; - Duke of, 33; - Duke of, label, 499; - Duke of, Richard, 317; - Duke of, Thomas, badge, 466; - Duchess of, label, 498; - Herald, 32; - King of Arms, 33, 35, 36 - Gloved, 171 - Gloves, 171, 272 - Gnu, 438 - Goat, 11, 213; - as supporter, 437 - Gold, 70, 77; - ermine spots, 78; - ingots of, 292; - use of, 70 - Gold-hermelin, 78 - Golden Fleece, Order of the, badge, 213, 261 - Goldie, arms, 217 - Goldie-Scot, 112 - Golpe, 151 - Gomm, 576 - Gooch, 204; - arms, 302 - Goodchief, arms, 148 - Gooden, James, 427 - Goodfellow, 164; - arms, 282 - Gordon, arms, 146; - crest, 25; - Highlanders, 25; - tartan of, 25 - Gorges, 153 - Gorget, 313 - Gostwick, Sir John, helmet, 311 - Gothic, 65; - Shield, 64 - Gough, Lord, augmentation, 348, 594; - supporter, 226, 437 - Gourds, 277 - Goutte, 89 - Grace, Knights of, 568, 570; - Ladies of, 568; - Knights of, and other members, insignia of, 585 - Graeme, crest, 171 - Grafton, Duke of, 515 - Graham, crest, 242 - Graham-Wigan, crest, 291 - Grailly, John de, Garter Hall-plate, 229 - "Grammar of Heraldry," 6, 167 - Granada, King of, 360 - Grandchildren, label, 487 - Grand quarterings, 104, 544, 555 - Grantmesnil, 268 - Grants of arms, 57, 68; - to a Bishop, 62; - to a woman, 62; - crest, 291; - fees, 516 - Granville, Earls of (De Carteret), 210 - Grapes, 276 - Grass, 280 - Grasshopper, 261 - Graves, Lord, supporters, 241 - Great Central Railway, arms, 301 - Great Torrington, arms, 275 - Grecians, 9 - Greece, kingdom of, supporters, 433; - arms, 541 - Green, 70, 77 - Greenwich, Mason of, arms, 180 - Greg, 262 - Grenades, 284 - Grene, Henry, 32 - Gresham, crest, 261; - Sir William, badge, 469 - Gresley, 83; - arms, 81 - Greve, Henry, 40 - Grey, 76, 480; - arms, 486; - John de, arms, 486; - Sir John, 380; - of Ruthin, K.G., Sir John, arms, crest, mantling, 388 - Grey and Hastings controversy, 478, 539 - Greyhounds, 204 - Grid-iron, 315 - Grieces, 128 - Griffin, 3, 108, 223, 224, 232, 416, 432; - as supporter, 436 - Griffin or Gryphon, 222, 223 - Grifton, Richard, 455 - Grimaldi Roll, 148 - Grimke-Drayton, crest, 263 - Grocers' Livery Company, arms, 277; - supporters, 429 - Grosvenor, 22, 28, 204; - arms, 278, 554; - Sir Gilbert le, 278; - _see_ Scrope - Gros vair, 82 - Ground of the shield, 69 - Grove, arms, 264 - Grunenberg, 28, 144, 203, 234, 248 - Gruthuyse, Lord of, Louis de Bruges, 147 - Gryphon, supposed origin of, 3 - Gryphon-marine, 224 - Guard, Yeomen of the, badge, 457 - Guards of the Gate, Captain of the, insignia of, 582 - Gudgeon, 256 - Gueldres, Duke of, 144; - Mary of, seal, 409 - Guige, 54 - Guillim, 77, 94, 95, 108, 152, 221, 230, 540 - Guise, arms of, 146; - crest, 245; - supporters, 420 - Gules, 5, 13, 70, 90 - Gull, Bart., arms, 250; - crest, 291; - augmentation, 598 - Gulston, crest, 243 - Gunstone, 151 - Gutte-d'eau, 90; - d'huile, 90; - de-larmes, 90; - d'or, 90; - de-poix, 90; - de-sang, 90 - Guyenne, 29, 33, 34; - and Lancaster, a Herald of the Duke of, 32 - Guze, 151 - Gwatkin, crest, 260 - Gwilt, crest, 231 - Gynes, 84 - Gyron, 108, 137 - Gyronny, 100, 137, 139 - - Habited, 170 - Hacked, 96 - Hadrian, Emperor, coin, 273 - Hagelshaimer, Sigmund, arms, 411 - Haig, arms, 207 - Hailes, 39 - Hainault, Counts of, badge, 465 - Hales, 39, 283; - arms, 298 - Halford, augmentation, 598; - supporters, 420 - Halifax, Lord, 165; - town of, 158 - Ham, 200 - Hamilton, arms, 268; - crest, 374; - Duke of, 380; - Lady, 576 - Hamilton-Grace, 594 - Hammers, 301 - Hammersmith, crest, 301 - Hampshire, Earl of, 32 - Hanbury, crest, 374 - Hand, 169 - Hanover, 49, 201, 473; - arms of, 608; - King of, 496; - Princess Frederica of, coronet, 365 - Hanoverian Guelphic Order, 29 - Hapsburg, 417; - Counts of, 413 - Harben, arms, 286 - Harcourt, crest, 247 - Hardinge, Bart., arms, 605 - Hare, 214 - Hargenvilliers, 83 - Harington, 150 - Harleian MSS., 69, 72 - Harley, 113, 376 - Harman, arms, 212 - Harmoustier, John of, 173 - Harold, 15 - Harp, 292 - Harpy, 171, 229, 438 - Harris, 216; - crest, 280 - Harrison, arms, 189; - crest, 339; - Rogers, crest, 378 - Hart, 208; - Sir Robert, Bart., arms, 267; - supporter, 226, 247, 437 - Harter, 265 - Harvest flies, 261 - Haseley, arms, 277 - Hastings, 15, 206, 292, 525; - arms, 182, 403; - Sir Edward, 478; - Edmund de, label, 480; - Lord, badge, 469 - Hat, 293, 378 - Hatchings, 74, 76 - Hatchments, 578, 609 - Hatton, crest, 209 - Hauberk, 51, 55 - Hauriant, 253; - embowed, 254 - Haverington, Sir John de, 150 - Hawberk, Sir Richard, helm of, 308 - Hawk, 241, 412, 413 - Hawke, Lord, supporters, 442 - Hawkey, arms, 271 - Hawk's lure, 302; - bell, 287 - Hawthorn-tree, 263 - Hay, Bart., 541; - motto, 451; - supporters, 416 - Hayne, crest, 217 - Hays, 415 - Hazel-leaves, 266 - Heads, varieties of, 167 - Heard, Sir Isaac, 164 - Hearne, arms, 248 - Heart, 292; - escutcheon, 138; - shield, 104 - Heathcock, 249 - Hedgehog, 216 - Heir or heiress, 67, 138, 526, 531, 542, 543; - crests, 546; - crests heritable through, 342; - heirs-general, 527, 528; - portioners, 528; - quarterings, 548 - Hefner-Alteneck, 234 - Helard, 176 - Heldchurchgate, 204 - Helemmes, 83 - Hellenes, Kings of the, 541 - Helmet, 9, 17, 76, 293, 303, 398, 402, 571; - of a peer, 319; - lady's sleeve upon, 403; - crests, 335; - two, 323 - Helmschau, 28, 318, 336 - Helt, 411 - Henderson, 126 - Heneage knot, 469 - Henry I., 173, 353; - seal, 354 - Henry II., badge, 468; - coins, 354 - Henry III., 117, 226, 412, 467, 607; - badge, 468; - seal, 354 - Henry IV., 30, 31, 32, 34, 39, 40, 467, 513, 607; - crown, 362; - seal, 274, 466 - Henry V., 22, 32, 34, 360, 403; - badges, 467; - Garter plate, 389 - Henry VI., 33, 34, 355, 480; - badges, 195; - seal, 354 - Henry VII., 31, 33, 269, 270, 385, 513; - badges, 468, 469; - chapel, 284, 323, 563, 564; - coins, 354, 355; seal, 355; - supporters, 38, 225 - Henry VIII., 24, 25, 37, 372, 380, 429, 456, 457, 467, 474, 597; - crown and seal, 355; - Privy seal, 467; - supporters, 225 - Hepburn arms, 266; - Sir Patrick, 505 - Herald, 27, 28, 29, 32, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47; - costume of, 43; - King of Arms, 31; - tabard of, 41; - English, insignia of, 587; - Irish, insignia of, 587; - Scottish, insignia of, 587; - incorporated, 38; - wear, 44; - and pursuivants, 39 - "Heraldic Atlas," 75, 78 - Heraldic courtesy, 558 - Heraldry, age of, 3; - antiquity of, 5; - origin of, 3 - "Heraldry of Continental Nations," 74 - Herbert, 520 - Hereford, city of, 598; - Bishop of, arms, 276; - Earls of, 32; - Earls of, badge, 410; - Earl of, Richard Clare, 525 - Hermon, crest, 339 - Herne, 248 - Herodotus, 6, 9 - Heron, 247; - as supporters, 440 - Herring, 255 - Herring-net, 150 - Herschel, Sir Wm., arms, 297 - Herschell, Lord, supporters, 442 - Hesilrige or Hazlerigg, arms, 266 - Hesse, 62; - Duke of, 400; - Grand Duchess of, late, label, 497 - Hesse-Homburg, Princess of, label, 498 - Heyworth, arms, 217 - Hieroglyphics, 10, 11 - Hill, arms, 268, 280 - Hilton, supporters, 421 - Hinckley, 117 - Hind, 208, 209 - Hindlip, Lord, supporters, 205 - Hippogriff, 232 - Hippomedon, 7 - Hippopotamus, 217 - Hobart, arms, 295 - Hobson, arms, 241 - Hodsoll, arms, 294 - Hoghton, De, 207; - supporters, 421 - Hohenzollern, flag of, 476 - Holderness, Earls of, supporters, 436 - Holdick-Hungerford, crest, 299 - Holland, Countess of, Margaret of Bavaria, seal, 524 - Hollis, 125 - Hollist, arms, crest, 277 - Holly, 265; - branches, 265; - leaves, 266 - Holthouse, Roger, arms of, 81 - Holy Roman Empire, 237, 413; - Arch Treasurers of, 608 - Holy Trinity, emblem of, 473 - Holyrood, 40 - Hone, 412 - Honour, augmentations of, 60, 132; - marks of, 57 - Hood, Lord, supporters, 229 - Hooded, 242 - Hook, Theodore, motto, 451 - Hope, crest, 294 - Hope, St. John, 280, 402 - Horse, 200; - as supporter, 437; - in arms, 5 - Horsely, William, 32 - Horseshoes, 80 - Hose, arms, 293 - Hoste, Sir William, augmentation, 595 - Houldsworth, arms, 264 - Household, First Master of the, insignia of, 581; - Lord Chamberlain of the, insignia of, 588 - Hove, town of, arms, 301 - Howard, 70; - Lord, badge, 469 - Howth, Earl of, supporters, 436 - Huddersfield, town of, 213 - Hulley, arms, 280 - Human figures, 158, 432; - head, 158 - Humbert I., 411; - II., seal, 408 - Hundred Swiss Guards, Captain of the, insignia of, 581 - Hungary, crown, 351 - Hungerford, crest, 299; - Lord, Garterplate, 374; - Heytesbury, K.G., Lord, Sir Walter Hungerford, arms, crest, mantling, - 387 - Hunter, 204 - Hunter-Weston, arms, 424 - Huntingdon, Lord, supporters, 186; - Earl of, 125, 143 - Hurst, arms, 296 - Hurt, 151 - Hussey, arms, 388; - crest, 171, 293 - Hutchinson, arms, 101 - Huth, arms, 277, 293 - Hutton, arms, 153, 290 - Hybrids, 224 - Hydra, 227 - Hyena, 438 - - Ibex, 210, 230 - Iceland, arms, 255 - Ilchester, Earl of, arms, 197; - town of, 295 - Illegitimacy, 344, 502, 515; - mark of, 114, 136, 139, 140, 481, 501, 554; - Royal Licence, 553, 554; - difference marks, 492; - sign of, 508 - Impalement, 57, 140, 144, 524, 531, 534, 536, 550, 558 - Imperial Crown, 46, 47, 144; - Service Order, 567; - members of, insignia of, 584 - Impersonal arms, 57 - In armour, 171 - In base, 103 - In bend, 102, 113 - In chevron, 102 - In chief, 103 - In fess, 103 - In full chase, 204 - In full course, 204 - In his pride, 246 - In its piety, 242 - In orle, 101 - In pale, 102, 103 - Inchiquin and Youghal, feudal lord, 525 - Indented, 91, 93, 96 - India, Order of the Crown of, members of, insignia of, 568, 584; - emblem of, 271; - Lotus-flower, 470 - Indian Empire, Most Eminent Order of the, 567, 584 - Inescutcheon, 108, 137, 138, 418, 419, 541; - addition of an, 483; - within an, 141 - Infantry, Colonel-General of the, insignia of, 581 - Ingelram De Ghisnes, arms, 84 - Inheritance, 145 - Inner Temple, arms, 203 - Innes, crest, 265 - Innes, Cosmo, 415 - Invecked or Invected, 91 - Inveraray, 88; - burgh of, 255 - Inverarity, crest, 265, 270 - Inverness, arms, 158; - Royal Burgh of, arms, supporters, 430; - town of, supporters, 217 - Inverted, 223, 235 - Ireland, 29, 33, 39; - badge, 457; - crest, 468; - crests, 520; - crest of, 373; - Duke of, augmentation, 596; - heralds in, 45; - helmet, 325; - King of Arms, 33; - mottoes in, 448; - national badge, 267; - pursuivants in, 45; - shamrock, 470; - supporters in, 421 - Ireland, badge, 267; - Chief Secretaries for, insignia of, 584; - Hereditary Lord Great Seneschal of, insignia of, 586; - Hereditary Marshal of, insignia of, 585 - Irene, Empress, 351 - Iron hat vair, 82 - Iron-grey, 74, 76 - Irvine, 266 - Irvine or Irwin, 265, 266 - Isham, arms, 126 - Islay, 39 - Isle of Man, 171 - Islip, rebus, 455 - Italian differences, 482 - Italy, 61, 82 - Italy, State of, 475 - Iveagh, Lord, supporters, 442 - - Jack, 255 - Jackson, arms, 246 - Jamaica, supporters, 429 - Jambes, 55 - James I., 439, 446, 607, 608, 611; - seal, 475 - James II., 409, 467, 607; - State Crown, 356 - James III., 270, 597; - arms, 559 - James IV., 39, 145 - James V., 145, 357 - James VI., 357, 598 - Janssen, Bart., arms, 280 - Japanese tokens, 12 - Javelin, 285 - Jean, Dauphin, seal, 411 - Jedburgh, arms of, 166, 200 - Jefferson, Miss, 576 - Jeffrey, Lord, 426 - Jejeebhoy, Bart., Sir Jamsetjee, crest, 247 - Jellopped, 246 - Jenkinson, crest, 202 - Jennings, arms, 293 - Jerningham, crest, 242; - badge, 288 - Jerusalem, arms of, 40, 85 - Jervis, arms, 250 - Jervoise, arms, 284 - Jessant-de-lis, 193, 275 - Jess and Jessed, 241 - Jessel, crest, 239 - Jeune, crest, 209 - Jezierski, Counts, arms, 298 - Joass, arms, 301 - Jocelyn, arms, 287 - Joerg, Von Pauli, 162 - John, King, 607; - seal, 173 - Johnson, Dr. 455 - Johnston, 207; - Graham, 176, 397; - crest, 286 - Johnstone, arms, 292 - Joicey, Lord, supporters, 437 - Joiners' Livery Company, supporters, 433 - Jonson, crest, 339 - Jorger, 162 - Joscelin, crest, 242 - Joseph III., Emperor, 413 - Joslin, arms, 287 - Jousting-shield, 64; - helm, 311 - Jude, Dame Marye, grant to, 574, 575 - Jungingen, arms, 301 - Jupiter, 10, 77 - Jupon, 55 - Justice, 164; - Knights of, 568, 570; - Ladies of, 568 - Justinian, 350, 351 - - Kaisar-I-Hind Medal, 568; - insignia of those entitled to, 584 - Kay, arms of, 78 - Kaye, Rev. Walter J., 51 - Keane, Lord, augmentation, 594 - Keates, 195 - Kekitmore, arms, 281 - Kelly, arms, 282 - Kemsley, crest, 438 - Kenneth III., 165, 415 - Kenney, crest, 375 - Kent, 55; - Duke of, label, 498; - Earl of, Thomas Holland, seal, 410; - badge, 467; - Fair Maid of, Joan, badge, 467 - Kerrison, Sir Edward, augmentation 594 - Kersey, crest, 268 - Kevilioc, arms, 278 - Keys, 291 - Keythongs, 195 - Killach, arms, 266 - Kilmarnock, town of, arms, supporters, 430 - Kilvington, 78 - Kimono, 12 - King, 267 - King of Arms, 22, 27, 28, 29, 61; - crown of, 45; - crown or coronet of, 368 - Kingdom, Constable of the, insignia of, 582 - King's flag, 472; - livery, 73; - favour of, augmentations, 596; - gamekeeper to the, insignia of, 581; - Grand Master of the Household to the, insignia of, 581; - Guards, Captain of the, insignia of, 581 - Kinloss, Baroness, arms, 534 - Kinnaird, Lord, supporters, 433 - Kinnoull, Earl of, 425; - augmentation, 597 - Kintore, Earl of, augmentation, 597; - crest, 165 - Kiku-non-hana-mon, 13 - Kiri-mon, 13 - Kirk, arms, 95 - Kirkcaldy, Royal Burgh of, 160 - Kirkwood, 291 - Kitchener, Lord, augmentation, 348; - arms, 594; - Viscount, supporter, 217 - Knevet, Elizabeth, 55 - Knight, arms, 286; - impales arms of wife, 570; - widow of, 533; - bachelor, wife of, 531; - helmet of, 319 - "Knight and Rumley's Heraldry," 65 - Knighthood, 561; - banner of, 73; - Order of, 29; - Companion of any Order of, impaling, 531 - Knights of any Order, widow of, 570 - Knights Bachelor, impaling, 571; - helmet of, 571; - Commanders, helmet of, 571; - insignia of, 584; - Grand Cross, helmet of, 571; - supporters to, 569 - Knill, arms, 291 - Knots, 469 - Koh-i-noor, 361 - Kursch, 85 - - La Cordeliere, Order of, 570 - La Dolce, 195 - La Tour du Pin, 254 - La Warr, motto, 450 - Label, 71, 108, 154, 155, 380, 479, 482, 483, 487, 488, 494 - Lacy, de, 72 - Ladies, supporters to, 424 - Lady, armorial bearings of, 572; - arms of, 146 - Lady, colours of, 403 - Lady's sleeve, 403 - Lady, unmarried, arms, 533 - Laird, compartment, 446 - Laiterberg, arms, 285 - Lake, Dr. Edward, augmentation, 591 - Laking, Bart., G.C.V.O., Sir Francis, 78 - Lamb, 211, 212 - Lambel, 154 - Lambert, 268; - crest, 228, 229 - Lambeth, arms, 271 - Lambrequin, 18, 383, 401, 402; - badges on, 458 - Lamplugh, C.E., crest, 339 - Lancaster, 29, 50; - badge of, 48; - Henry of, 410, 480; - Herald, 38; - King of Arms, 30, 31, 32, 34; - Earl of, Edmund Cruchback, 511; - Earl of, Thomas, 480; - County Council, seal, 467; - Duke of, 38; - motto, 466; - Duchy of, 253; - Duchy of, seals, 467, 475; - town of, arms, 275; - livery colours, 513; - Roy d'Armes del North, 31 - Lance, 54, 285 - Land, conditions held under, 19 - Landgrave, Konrad, 63 - Landscape, 87; - augmentation, 132; - coats, 74 - Landschaden, crest, 384 - Lane, crest, 75, 201, 298; - arms, 181, 136; - Sir Thomas, 201; - Mistress Jane, 75, 201, 591 - Lanesborough, Lord, supporter, 438 - Langridge, arms, 226 - Langton, crest, 226 - Lanigan-O'Keefe, 166 - Lantern, 301 - Lanyon, 137 - Lapwing, 249 - Lark, 249 - Latham, 412 - Latimer, Lord, 485; - arms, crest, mantling, 387 - Laurel, 265; - branches, 265; - leaves, 266; - tree, 263 - Laurie, 39; - arms, 288 - Lausanne, 83 - Law, arms, 246; - "Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland," 427, 447 - Lax, Mrs. Sarah, 576 - Layland-Barratt, arms, 278 - Le Corbeau, 248 - Le Fitz, 150 - Le Grosvenor, _see_ Grosvenor - Le Mans, Cathedral of, 62 - Le Moyne, crest, 341 - Le Neve, Sir Wm., 166 - Le Strange, Styleman, supporter, 436 - Lead, 50 - League of Mercy, decoration of the, 568; - insignia of those entitled to, 584 - Leake, Stephen Martin, 34 - Leaves, 266 - Leconfield, Lord, supporters, 436 - Lee, 43, 118 - Leeds, arms, 249; - Duke of, supporter, 436 - Lees, arms, 290 - Leeson, arms, 294 - Leg, 171 - Leg-Irons, 301 - Legg, 171 - Legge, arms, 209 - Legged, 242, 244, 249 - Legh, 50; - augmentation, 590 - Leicester, 29, 32; - Earls of, 32, 267, 314, 485; - Earls of, Simons de Montfort, 117; - King of Arms, 32; - town of, arms, 267 - Leigh, arms, 285; - General, 403; - Gerard, 36, 81; - town of, 290 - Leighton, Lord, 94 - Leinster, Duke of, supporters, 215, 620 - Leipzic, town library of, 306 - Leith, 88; - town of, arms, 159 - Leland, 143, 152 - Leman, Sir John, crest, 263 - Lemon-tree, 263 - Lempriere, 428 - Lennox, 525 - Leon, arms, 188 - Leopard, 11, 71, 172, 173, 174, 192, 218, 227; - face, 275 - Leopard-lionne, 173 - Leopold, Markgrave, seal, 237 - Lerwick, 294 - Leslie, arms, 412; - crest, 165; - motto, 450 - Lestrange, 485 - Lethbridge, Sir Roper, 272; - arms, 282 - Lever, arms, 112 - Leveson-Gower, arms, 266 - Lewis, arms, 286, 291 - Licence, 73 - Lichfield, 78; - Dean of, 588 - Lichtenstein, 40 - Liebreich, arms, 214 - Life Guards, 25 - Lighthouse, 301 - Lilford, Lord, arms, 190 - Lilienfield, 82 - Lilienhaspel, 64 - Lilley, arms, 271 - Lilly, arms, 271 - Lily, 271, 273 - Lily-staple, 64 - Lincoln College, Oxford, 445; - Earl of, William de Roumare, 485; - Dean of, 588; - Sees of, 160 - Lincoln's Inn, Hall of, 414 - Linden leaves, 266, 316 - Lindsay, 39, 114; - crest, 246; - Sir David, 144, 415 - Lindwurm, 225 - Lines, 91, 96, 117, 119, 123, 124, 501 - Lingen, crest, 269; - arms, 72 - Linlithgow, 163; - burgh of, 204 - Linz, 308 - Lion Heraud, 40 - Lion, William the, 502 - Lion-leoparde, 173 - Lionced, 187 - Lioncels, 174 - Lioness, 188 - Lionne, 187 - Lions, 11, 54, 108, 172-181, 432; - as supporter, 434 - Lippe, Prince of, crests, 343 - Lipton, Bart., crest, 265 - Liskeard, 155; - seals, 275 - Lisle, Baroness, 541 - Lismore, Lord, arms, 262 - Liverpool, Earl of, crest, 348; - town of, supporters, 429 - Livery, 73; - colours, 386, 404, 474; - crests, 463, 464 - Livingstone, arms, 271 - Lizards, 259, 407 - Lloyd, 78, 167, 265, 285; - arms, 85, 185; - augmentation, 596; - quarterings, 545 - Lobkowitz, 75 - Lobster, 255 - Loch, Lord, arms, 294 - Lockhart, arms, 291 - Locomotives, 301 - Loder-Symonds, arms, 254 - Lodged, 208 - Loffredo, 83 - Loggerheads, 193 - Lombardy, iron crown of, 351 - London, city of, seal, 329; - arms, 325, 329, 330; - crest, 330; - supporters, 330, 437; - Dean of, 588; - Lord Mayor of, 382; - _Gazette_, 365 - Londonderry, arms, 166; - town of, augmentation, 598 - Long, arms, 101 - Long cross, 128 - Longueville, Duke of, Louis D'Orleans, 596 - Longueville, Count de, arms, crest, torse, mantling, 388, 404 - Lopes, Bart., 87 - Lopus, Dr., arms, 263 - Lorraine, 83, 188; - arms, 240 - Lothian, Earl of, 480 - Lotus-flower, 271 - Loudoun, Earl of, badge, 458 - Louis VII., seal, 273; - signet, 274 - Louis VIII., seal and counter-seal, 274 - Louis XI., seals, 400 - Louis XII., 597 - Louis XVI., 395 - Lovel, Viscount, Garter plate, 561; - Torse, arms, 404; - mantling, 390 - Lovett, 196 - Low, arms, 196, 276 - Lowdell, 226 - Lower, 417 - Lower Austria, 82 - Lownes, 227 - Lowther, arms, 153 - Lozenge, 60, 98, 108, 112, 122, 146, 546; - arms on, 532, 572 - Lub-den Frumen, 40 - Lucas, 255 - Lucerne, supporter, 409 - Lucy, 255 - Ludlow, Lord, 87; - arms, 469 - Lumley, arms, 249 - Lumsden, arms, 255 - Lundin, John, 502 - Luneberg, 608 - Lupus, 276 - Lurgan, Lord, crest, 381 - Luttrell, Sir Geoffrey de, effigy, 329; - supporters, 421 - Lygh, Roger, 32 - Lympago, 186 - Lymphad, 58, 294, 412 - Lynch, crest, 197 - Lynx, 197 - Lyon King of Arms, 29, 39, 46, 47, 66, 142, 323, 390, 568; - arms of, 548, 568; - crown of, 368 - Lyon Office, 185, 204, 213; - grants of, supporters by, 420 - Lyveden, Lord, supporter, 437 - - McCammond, 202 - McCarthy, crest, 259 - McDowille, Dugal, 40 - McLarty, arms, 282 - Macara, arms, 261 - Macleod, crest, 207 - MacDermott, 267 - Macdonald, 294 - Macfarlane, compartment, 446 - Macfie, 294; - arms, 286 - Macgregor, 166 - Mackenzie, 445, 446 - Mackerel, 256 - Mackesy, arms, 286 - Maclachlan, supporters, 428 - MacLaurin, arms, 290 - MacMahon, arms, 243 - MacMurrogh-Murphy, arms, 263 - Maconochie, arms, 255; - Wellwood, supporters, 434 - Macpherson, Cluny, supporters, 428, 434 - Madden, arms, 242 - Maddock, 165 - Maddocks, arms, 286 - Madras, University of, 192, 272; - Governor of, 594 - Magnall, arms, 286 - Magpie, 250 - Mahon, arms, 243 - Mahony, crest, 376 - Mailly, Gilles de, arms, 484 - Maintenance, cap of, 378 - Mainwaring, crest, 203; - Ellerker-Onslow, crest, 226, 348 - Maitland, arms, 180, 282; - Major, James, 501 - Major, arms, 285 - Malcolm, Bart., crest, 293 - Malet, Sir Edward, G.C.B., supporters, 4, 228 - Mallerby, arms, 266 - Mallory, 393, 403 - Malta, Cross of, 129, 570; - German, Protestant Order of, 570; - Star, 570 - Maltravers, arms, 149, 150 - Man in armour, 433; - at-arms, 64; - head, 167; - lion, 171, 186, 229; - tiger, 186, 232; - and wife, arms, 533; - grant to, 576 - Manchester, 115 - Mandeville, 134 - Manners, grant, 596 - Mansergh, arms, 294; - crest, 226 - Mantegre, 232 - Manticora, 232 - Mantle, 399; - of estate, 59 - Mantling, 384, 393, 394, 397, 398, 400; - badges on, 389; - colours of, 386; - royal, 391; - rules for the colour of, 392 - Maories, 16 - Maple-leaf, 266; - tree, 263 - Mar, Earl of, 39 - Mar and Kellie, Earl of, 541, 598; - arms, 557; - supporters, 223 - Marburg, 62 - March, 31, 39; - White Lion of, 469; - Herald, 31; - King of Arms, 30 - Marches, 29, 30 - Marchioness, robe or mantle, 366; - coronet, 366 - Marchmont, 39 - Mare, 203 - Margens, arms, 81 - Marigold, 272 - Marindin, arms of, 211 - Mariners, 10 - Market Cross, Edinburgh, 47 - Markham, arms, 190 - Marlborough, Duke of, 413, 541; - augmentation, 592; - supporters, 226, 438; - Duchess of (Henrietta), 413 - Marquess, coronet, 366, 367, 375; - robe or mantle of, 365, 367 - Marriage, impalements to indicate, 60, 540; - signify, 523 - Mars, 77 - Marshal of the Empire, Lord High, insignia of, 582 - Marshal's, Earl, order concerning robes, coronets, &c., 365, 366 - Marshall, 27, 28, 202; - crest, 166; - badge of, 80; - the insignia of, 581 - Marshalling, 138, 523-560 - Martin, motto, 450 - Martlet, 243, 244, 245, 488 - Marwood, crest, 211 - Mary, 155; - Queen, 357, 607; - badge, 276 - Maryborough, town of, arms, 275 - Marylebone, 271; - crest, 160 - Mascle, 108, 147, 150; - field, 148 - Mascles, 81 - Mask, 198 - Mason, arms, 180; - crest, 228 - Mason's College, 180, 228 - Massey, Mrs., 577 - Mastiff, 204 - Matheson, 378 - Mathew, Dame Marye, grant to, 574, 575 - Matilda, Queen, 14 - Matriculation, 145, 536 - Maud, the Empress, 141, 173 - Mauerkrone, 368 - Maule, crest, 226 - Maunch, 292, 403 - Maundeville, Sir John, 223 - Mauritanian, 168 - Mawdsley, arms, 298 - Maxwell, arms, 216 - Maynard, 576 - Meath, Earl of, supporters, 437 - Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duke of, 400; - crests, 343 - Medicis, Pietro de, augmentation, 597 - Meeking, arms, 265 - Meergries, 77 - Meinill, 520; - Barony of, 509 - Melbourne, University of, 164 - Melles, 262 - Melrose Abbey, 409 - Melusine, 171, 228 - Membered, 238 - Memorials, 537 - Menetrier, 318, 407, 477 - Menteith, arms, 112; - Earl of, 412; - label, 480 - Menu-vair, 82 - Menzies, Bart., supporters, 433 - Mercers' Livery Company, arms, 168 - Merchant Adventurers' Company, supporters, 429 - Mercury, 77 - Meredith, arms, 86 - Merit, Order of, 567; - members of, insignia of, 584 - Merlette, 245 - Mermaid, 171, 228; - as supporters, 445 - Merman, 171, 227 - Mertz, crest, 384 - Messarney, arms, 277 - Metal, 70; - baton of, 515 - Metcalfe, 207 - Methods of blazoning, 104 - Methuen, Lord, 413 - Midas' head, 229 - Middlemore, crest, 280 - Middlesex, arms, 287 - Mieroszewsky, 74 - Mignianelli, arms, 82 - Mikado, 13 - Milan, 83; - Duchy of, arms, 257 - Military men, grants to, 5 - Mill-rind or Fer-de-moline, 293 - Milner, 287; - Viscount, supporters, 217, 436 - Minamoto Ashikaya, 13 - Minamoto Tokugawa, 13 - Miniver, 82 - Minshull, Sir Robert, 166 - Minutoli, arms, 188 - Mirandola, Princes and Dukes of, mantling, 400 - Mirrors, 293 - Mitchell, arms, 123 - Mitchell-Carruthers, crest, 163 - Mitford, arms, 217 - Mitre, 6, 61, 602 - Moir, 168 - Mole, 217 - Molesworth, 138 - Molette, 296 - Mon, 12, 13 - Monastery, 282 - Monbocher, de, Bertrand, 289 - Money-Kyrle, 216; - quarterings, 546 - Montagu, arms, 147 - Montagu, K.G., Marquess of, Garter plates, 540 - Montagu, Lord, 485 - Montague, Lord, crest, 344 - Montefiore, arms, 262 - Montendre, Alianore, 525 - Montfaucon, 16 - Montfort, De, 268; - Simon de, 268; - badge, 469 - Montgomery, arms, 275; - Viscount, supporters, 416 - Monti, 84; - arms, 83 - Montravel, Comte Tardy de, arms, 263 - Montrose, 39, 112; - burgh of, arms, 270; - Royal Burgh, arms, crest, mantling and compartment, 444 - Monumental brasses, 49 - Monypenny, arms, 164, 254 - Moon, 11, 77 - Moorcock, 249 - Moore, arms, 217, 292; - crest, 249; - Sir John, K.B., grant to, 4; - John, 31; - Sir John W., 373 - Moorhen, 246 - Moors, 13 - Mount-Stephen, Lord, arms, 263 - Mountain-Ash, 263 - Mountjoye, 44; - Lord (Sir Walter Blount), arms, crest, mantling, 388 - Moray, Earls of, arms, 290 - Moreau, Philip, 401 - Moresby, crest, 210 - Morfyn, 229 - Morgan, Sylvanus, 143 - Morion, 293, 315, 351 - Mornay, De, arms, 185 - Morris, William, 395, 396 - Morse, 186; - crest, 166 - "Morte d'Arthur," 333, 403 - Mortimer, arms, 137; - Edmund, seal, 417 - Morton, Earl of, supporters, 433; - Earl of, Douglas, crest, 199 - Moseley arms, 298 - Moss, Sir H. E., arms, 298 - Motion, arms, 215 - Motto, 58, 448, 474 - Mowbray, 555, badges, 465; - supporters, 416; - and Stourton, Lord, 152, 590; - badge, 458; - supporters, 437; - "Trente Deux Quartiers," 619 - Mule, 224, 438 - Mullet, 146, 295, 488, 515 - Mun, Marquis of, arms, 298 - Mundegumbri, de, John, seal, 275 - Munro, Sir Thomas, 594 - Munster, Earl of, 515 - Muntz, arms, 245 - Mural crown, or coronet, 368, 370, 376 - Murfyn, 229 - Murray, arms, 484 - Murrey, 72, 76 - Muschamp, 261 - Musimon, 231 - Musselburgh, town of, arms, 281 - - Naiant, 186, 253; - embowed, 254 - Nairne, arms, 157 - Naissant, 190 - Naked flesh, 74 - Names, bastards', 516 - Napier, Alexander, 525; - Lord, 145, 446 - Naples, 83 - Napoleon, 238, 260; - I., mantling, 400 - Narcissus flowers, 271 - Narwhal, 219 - Nassau, arms of, 107 - National Bank of Scotland, 160 - National flag, 471 - Nature, colour of, 74, 75, 76 - Naval crown, or coronet, 369, 370, 377 - Navarre, arms, 284; - King of, 483 - Naylor, Sir George, 356 - Nebuly, 80, 91, 94 - Needlemakers' Company, supporters, 434 - Nelson, Admiral, augmentations, 592; - Earl, augmentation, 592; - town of, arms, 266 - Nenuphar-leaf, 266 - Neptune, 164 - Nerford, de, Alice, arms, 521 - Nevers, de, Count, John, 524 - Nevil, 206; - crest, 341; - of Raby, arms, 485 - New Galloway, town of, supporter, 437 - Newcastle-on-Tyne, See of, 606 - Newdigate, 190 - Newlands, Lord, supporters, 75 - Newman, 541; - arms, 189; - Colonel, augmentation, 591 - Newnes, Sir George, Bart., 215 - Newton, Lord, 541 - Nicholson, crest, 374 - Nicholas, Sir Harris, 464 - Nightingale, Bart., arms, 270 - Ninth son, 488 - Nisbet, 82, 238, 415, 418, 446, 458, 504 - Nobility, arms as a sign of, 22 - Nombril, 104 - Norfolk, Duke of, 556; - (Thomas Mowbray), 596; - Duke of, augmentation, 590, 596; - Duke of (Thomas Howard), badge, 469 - Normandy, Duke of, John, seal, 408; - Duchy of, arms, 525 - Normandy, Marquess of, supporters, 437 - North British Borneo Company, supporters, 429 - Northumberland, Earl of, 143; - Earl of, badge, 469; - Duke of (Percy), arms, 147; - crest, 183 - Northumbria, Vicecomes of, 503 - Norroy King of Arms, 29, 30, 31, 48; - arms and insignia of, 587 - Norway, flag of, 613 - Norway, H.M. Queen of, label, 496, 497 - Norwich, 588; - city of, supporters, 444 - Nottingham, town of, supporters, 429; - Earl of, Thomas, Earl Marshal, crest, 71, 341 - Nova Scotia, 58; - Baronets of, 137, 418; - badges of, 598; - insignia of, 583 - Nowed, 257 - Nude figures, 165 - Nugent, Bart., 227; - supporter, 438 - Nurnberg, city of, arms, 439; - German National Museum at, 316 - Nuvoloni, 83 - - Oak, 265; - branch, 265; - leaves, 266; - slips, 265; - tree, 262 - Oakes, arms of, 5 - Oakham, town of, 202 - Oban, town of, 294 - Obelisk, 293 - Oberwappen, 335 - O'Connor, Don, supporters, 421 - Odo, 14, 15 - O'Donovan, supporters, 421 - Oesel, 163 - Office, rod of, 47 - Officer of Arms, official dress of, 41 - Official arms, impalement, 535 - Official insignia, 581; - regalia, 46 - Ogilvie, compartment, 446 - O'Gorman, supporters, 421 - Ogress, 151 - O'Hara, arms, 96 - Okapi, 438 - O'Keefe, Lanigan, 257, 378 - Oldham, 249 - Olive-tree, 263 - O'Loghlen, 165 - Omens, 10 - Ondozant, 256 - Opinicus, 231, 438 - Or, 50, 70 - Orange, 72, 73, 74, 76, 151, 276; - tawny ribbon, 137 - Orders of Knighthood, 58; - of St. John of Jerusalem, 133 - Ordinary, 91, 93, 97, 102, 106, 107, 108, 146, 155, 156, 483 - Ordnance, Master-General of the, insignia of, 586 - O'Reilly, supporters, 421 - Orkney, 39 - Orle, 108, 141, 142; - gemel, 142 - Orleans, Duke of, 434, 596; - arms, 486, 487; - Duchess Charlotte Elizabeth of, seal, 486 - Ormonde, 39; - knot, 469; - Earls of, 195 - Ormsby-Hamilton, crest, 373 - Ormskirk, 50 - Ory, arms, 258 - Oryx, 436 - Ost-Friesland, Reitbergs, Princes of, 229 - Osprey, 240 - Ostrich, 243; - feathers, badge, 459 - Oswald, 165 - Otharlake, John, 30 - Otter, 215 - Otterburn, Moir of, 168 - Otway, arms, 228; - supporters, 420; - Sir Robert, 593 - Ounce, 193 - Outram, supporters, 192, 436 - Oval, 61 - Over-all, 103 - Owen, arms, 265 - Ownership, badge as a sign of, 456 - Owl, 249 - Ox, 207 - Oxford, arms of, 88; - Bishops of, insignia of, 584; - city of, 207; - city of, arms, 205; - city of, supporters, 216; - Lincoln College at, 455; - University of, 299 - Ox-yokes, 415, 416 - - Padua, 83, 84 - Painters, Stainers, and Coachmakers, Companies of, warrant, 375 - Pairle, 108, 126, 139 - Pale, 107, 108, 115, 126; - cottised, 116; - dancette, 93; - embattled, 93, 108; - lozengy, 146 - Palewise, 102 - Palisado Coronet, 378 - Pall, 108 - Pallet, 116 - Pallium, 6, 127 - Palm, 265; - branch, 265; - tree, 263 - Palmer's Staff, 290 - Palmetto-trees, 263 - Paly, 87, 97, 117, 121; - bendy, 121 - Panes, 519 - Pannetier, Grand, insignia of, 581 - Panther, 193, 195, 223 - Papacoda, 188 - Papelonne, 83 - Papillon, arms, 261 - Papingoes, 264 - Papyrus plant, 266 - Paris, arms of, 260, 376 - Paris, Matthew, 143 - Parish, Sir Woodbine, K.C.H., 597 - Parker, 78, 79, 81, 95, 371, 455 - Parkin-Moore, 277 - Parkyns, Bart., crest, 277 - Parliament, opening of, 42; - President of the, insignia of, 582 - Parrot, 249 - Parted, 99 - Parteneck, Bavarian family of, 481 - Parthenopaeus, 7 - Partition, 94; - lines, 91, 110, 131, 132, 134, 135, 139, 141, 150, 525, 543; - lines, changing, 483; - methods of, 96 - Party, 87, 99; - badge, 268 - Paschal lamb, 212 - Passant, 102, 201, 213, 226 - Passion Cross, 128; - nails, 293 - Patent, 68 - Paton, Sir Noel, crest, 239 - Patriarchal cross, 129 - Paul, Sir James Balfour, 39, 40, 46, 66, 390, 415, 500 - Paw, 190 - Paynter, 155 - Peacock, 246 - Pean, 78 - Pearce, Lady, 575 - Pear-tree, 263; - pears, 276 - Pearl, 77 - Pearson, arms, 296 - Peascod, 468 - Pease, crest, 376 - Peebles, arms, 255 - Peer, carriage of, 399; - coronet, 379; - helmet, 303, 382; - impaling, 532; - insignia of, 583; - mantling of, 391; - order concerning robes, coronets, &c., of, 365; - sons of, supporters, 423, 424; - supporters, 422; - widow of, 534; - widow of, supporters, 423, 424 - "Peerage and Baronetage," 321 - Peeress, 536; - after marriage, 534; - by creation, arms, 533; - in her own right, 532 - Peeresses, robes or mantles, 366; - supporters, 422 - Peewhit, 249 - Pegasus, 10, 202, 203, 220, 232; - as supporter, 437 - Peke, Edward, 204 - Pelham, Sir John de, 590; - arms, augmentation, 590; - badge, 590 - Pelican, 242 - Pellet, 151 - Pellew, Sir Edward, 593 - Pelts or Hides, 293 - Pemberton, 299 - Pembridge, Sir Richard, helm, 308 - Pembroke, Earl of, 32, 480, 481; - Earl of, badge, 469 - Penhellicke, arms, 261 - Penned, 251 - Pennon, 54 - Penrose, arms, 113 - Per bend, 87, 95, 97; - sinister, 97; - chevron, 87, 95, 97; - chief, 97; - cross, 97, 134; - fess, 97, 139; - pale, 97, 139; - engrailed, 108; - invected, 108; - pile, 97; - saltire, 97, 131, 137 - Perceval, Dr., 84 - Percy, Henry, seal, 411 - Perring, Bart., arms, 276 - Perrins, arms, 276 - Perry, arms, 276 - Perryman, arms, 276 - Persevanten, 40 - Perth, Earl of, 204, 284; - compartment, 446; - city of, 145; - arms, 414; - county of, supporters, 429 - Pery, arms, 148 - Pescod, Walter, 50 - Petilloch, William, 40 - Petre, Lord, 590 - Pfahlfeh, 82 - Pfirt, 417 - Pharamond, arms of, 273 - Pheasant, 250 - Pheons, 283 - Philip I., seal, 273 - Philip II., seal, 274 - Philippa, Queen, 464 - Phillips, 205 - Phoenix, 230, 240, 291 - Physiologus, 194 - Picardy, 83 - Pichon, arms, 32 - Pick, 298 - Pictorial ensigns, 82 - Picts, 165 - Pigott, arms, 298 - Pike, 255 - Pile, 91, 93, 107, 108, 124, 126 - Pilkington, crest of, 167; - motto, 451 - Pillars of Hercules, 416 - Pilter, arms, 285, 293 - Pily, 126 - Pimpernel flower, 268 - Pineapple, 276, 277 - Pine-cone, 277 - Pink, 73 - Pirie, arms, 276 - Pirrie, arms, 202 - Pitcher, 289; - arms, 294 - Pittenweem, town of, 162 - Pixley, crest, 293 - Planche, 5, 12, 14, 78, 109, 150, 240, 275, 485 - Planets, 77 - Planta genista, badge, 468 - Plantagenet, 62 - Plants, 11 - Plasnes, Dame de, Jeanne, seal, 408 - Plasterers' Company, supporters, 438 - Plate, 151 - Plates, 153 - Platt-Higgins, 255 - Player, arms, 272 - Plough, 298 - Plover, 249 - Plowden, 118 - Plumete, 83, 85 - Plummets, 293 - Pocock, augmentation, 593 - Points, 104 - Pole, 57 - Poleyns, 53 - Pollock, augmentations, 594 - Polwarth, Lord, arms, 276; - augmentation, 596 - Pomeis, 151 - Pomegranate, 264, 276 - Pomeranians, 224 - Ponthieu, Count of, 15; - Joanna of, seal, 543 - Pontifex, crest, 295 - Pope, His Holiness the, insignia of, 291, 582 - Popinjay, 249 - Poplar-tree, 264 - Porcupine, 217 - Portcullis, 38, 45, 284; - badge, 468 - Porter, arms, 287 - Porterfield, 114 - Portland, Duke of, supporters, 436 - Portobello, burgh of, 285 - Portsmouth, Earl of, supporters, 437 - Portugal, crests, 343; - Royal Standard of, 597; - Royal Arms of, 482; - marks of cadency, 482 - Potent, 84, 85; - potente, 91, 94, 95; - counter-potent, 84, 85 - Potier, arms, 231 - Potter, 9 - Potts, 193 - Poulett, Earl, supporters, 433 - Powdered with, 89 - Poynter, 126 - Prankhelme, 316 - Pranker-Helm, 309, 316 - Prawns, 256 - Precedence, 68 - Precentor, insignia of, 588 - Preed, arms, 258 - Pretence, escutcheon of, 138, 531, 532 - Prevost, supporters, 420 - Price, 169 - Prideaux-Brune, 71 - Primrose, 268, 272; - Viscount, 145; - of Dalmenie, 146 - "Prince Arthur's Book," 409 - Prince of Wales, supporters, 71 - Princes, helmets of, 318; - ecclesiastical, insignia of, 582 - Principal King of Arms, 34 - Pringle, arms, 300 - Prism, 294 - Private person, flag of, 474 - Proclamation, 47 - Procter, arms, 293 - Professors, Regius, arms, 587 - Proper, 74, 75, 170, 243, 244, 246 - Provand, crest, 298 - Provost of the Household, Grand insignia of, 582 - Prussia, King of, 400; - kingdom of, 475; - supporters, 433; - officers of, 597 - Prussian flag, 476 - Public buildings, flags, 473 - Puckberg, arms, 289 - Pudsey, borough of, 290 - Pugin, 397 - Pujolas, arms, 211 - Pullici, arms, 261 - Pulver Turme, 189 - Purfled, 171 - Purple, 11, 70 - Purpure, 70, 76; - fretty or, 149 - Pursuivant, 40, 45; - badges, 48; - clothes, 39; - creation, 38; - duties of, 38; - fees, 37, 38; - tabard of, 41; - Irish insignia of, 587 - Pursuivant of Arms, 28, 29, 150 - Puttkammer, Barons von, 224 - Pyke, 255 - Pyne, arms, 277 - Pyramid, 293 - Pyrton or Peryton, arms, 263 - - Quain, Bart., arms, 272; - crest, 374 - Quarter, 102, 108, 134, 540 - Quarterings, 57, 98, 104, 542, 543; - augmentation takes the form of, 554; - augmentation, superimposed on, 554; - importance attached to, 67; - omitting, 549; - order of, 548 - Quarterly, 97, 139 - Quartermaster, Grand, insignia of, 582 - Quatrefoil, 266, 267; - double, 488 - Queensberry, Marquess of, 145 - Queensferry, 88; - town of, 164 - "Quentin Durward," 258 - Queue-fourche, 175 - Quinces, 277 - Quincy, De, 154; - arms, 147 - - Rabbit, 214 - Radford, arms, 186 - Radiometer, 294 - Raglan, Lord, supporter, 194; - Raguly, 91, 94, 96 - Raikes, 224 - Rainbow, 294 - Raised in benediction, 169 - Ram, 10, 211; - head, 213; - as supporters, 437 - Rampant, 102, 172, 213, 226 - Ramsay, 10 - Ramsden, arms, 213 - Ramsey, arms, 211 - Ramsey, de, Lord, supporters, 437 - Ramsgate, arms, 182, 301, 369 - Randles, arms, 214; - crest, 217 - Ranfurly, 141 - Raphael, arms, 272 - Rashleigh, arms, 281 - Rat, 217 - Ratton, arms, 217 - Raven, 248 - Ravenna, 351 - Ravissant, 197 - Rawlinson, Bart., crest, 378 - Rawmarsh, 56 - Rawson, arms, 282 - Rawtenstall, 207 - Raynor, arms, 226 - Rayonne, 96 - Reade, crest, 280 - Reading, town of, arms, 168 - Rebus, 454 - Records, erased from, 73 - Red, 70, 77 - Red deer, 208 - Red dragon, 38, 225 - Red ensign, 471 - Red shield, another use of the plain, 69 - Reed, E. T., 258 - Reeds, 280 - Reem, 219 - Regarding, 187 - Regent of France, 34 - Reider, 162, 164 - Reinach, Counts, 188 - Reindeer, 208, 209 - Reid-Cuddon, 553 - Rendel, Lord, 196 - Renfrew, 88 - Renty, arms, 283 - Respecting, 187 - Rethel, arms, 410 - Reynell, arms, 89 - Rhinoceros, 217, 219 - Rhodes, 166 - Rhys, Lord, 85 - Rhys ap Griffith, 341 - Ribbons, 58, 115, 137 - Richard, 33 - Richard I., 174, 306; - badge, 468; - banner, 454; - crest, 327; - seal, 329 - Richard II., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 466, 556, 596, 607; - badge, 410; - white hart, 467 - Richard III., 33, 38; - badge, 469 - Richardson, arms, 86, 203, 577 - Richmond, 29; - badge of, 48; - Earl of, 33; - Earl of, John of Brittany, arms of, 69, 102, 134, 188; - Herald, 37; - King of Arms, 33 - Richmond and Gordon, Duke of, 25, 598; - and Somerset, Duke of, Henry Fitz-Roy, 521 - Richtsritter, 570 - Ridley, 207 - "Right to Bear Arms," 21, 22 - Rinach, arms, 188 - Ringed, 207 - Ripon, Marquess of, crest, 298 - Rise, arms, 277 - Rising, 235, 236, 245 - Ritchie, 213 - Rivers, Lord, Sir Richard Wydville, Torse, arms, 404; - Garter plate, 135 - Rjevski, 250 - Roach, 255 - Robe of Estate, 367 - Robert II., coronation of, 40 - Roberton, arms, 293 - Roberts, 213; - Sir Abraham, G.C.B., 297 - Robertson, 197, 438; - crest, 228; - compartment, 446 - Robertson-Glasgow, arms, 263 - Robes, Order concerning, 365 - Robinson, Bishop, 256 - Robson's, 356 - Rochdale, town of, arms, 266 - Roche, arms, 255 - Rochefort, arms, 270 - Rocheid, 168, 299 - Rochester, Bishops of, 603 - Rocke, arms, 289 - Rod of office, 47 - Rodd, 166; - arms, 267 - Roderick the Great, 85 - Rodolph II., 413 - Roebuck, 208 - Roman Catholic Bishop, 603; - Empire, Holy, Arch Treasures of, insignia of, 583; - numerals, 104; - royal diadem, 351 - Rompu, 124 - Romreich, 40 - Ronquerolles, 84 - Rook, 248 - Rose, 269, 488; - George, 575; - badge, 271; - leaves, 266; - en-soliel, 468 - Rosebery, Earl of, 145; - arms, 272 - Rosmead, Lord, supporters, 431 - Ross, 39; - Earl of, 412; - General, augmentation, 577, 593; - Sir John, augmentation, 595; - Countess of, Euphemia, seal, 412; - See of, 164 - Ross-of-Bladensburg, 474, 593; - arms, 133; - grant to, 374 - Rotherham, 56 - Rothesay, 39 - Rothschild, supporters, 429 - Rouck, De, 75 - Rouge-Croix, 38; - -Dragon, 38 - Rouillon, Oliver, seal, 417 - Roumania, State of, 475 - Roundel, 108, 151, 153 - Rousant, 246 - Rowe, arms, 260 - Rowel spurs, 55 - Royal Arms, 144, 174, 181, 182, 225, 274, 343, 358, 365, 372, 401, 479, - 522, 525; - augmentation, 145; - badges, 31; - crest, 174, 183, 343, 344, 359, 372, 380; - escutcheon, 142; - supporters, 87, 430; - motto, 452; - quartering, 555; - house, 145; - household, 39; - mantle, 225; - shield, 144; - tressure, 145, 146 - Royal Buck Hounds, 73 - Royal family, 71, 154, 250, 391; - arms, 173; - badges, 470; - members of, coronets, 364; - warrants, 494; - labels, 87, 494, 497; - position of, 499; - livery, 73; - mantling, 392 - Royal favour, marks of, 422 - Royal licence, 58, 78, 87, 136, 342, 344, 345, 346, 413, 429, 434, 517, - 518, 519, 552, 555, 569 - Royal Navy, 471 - Royal prerogatives, 69 - Royal Proclamations, 47 - Royal Red Cross, 568; - insignia of those entitled to, 584 - Royal Warrants, 61, 181, 363, 372, 413, 414, 420, 421, 444; - coronet assigned by, 368 - Rubische, Dr. Heinrich, arms, 435 - Ruby, 77 - Rudolstadt, supporters, 433 - Ruspoli, arms, 264 - Russia, state of, 475 - Rustre, 108, 148 - Rutherford, Lords, 425 - Rutherglen, crest, 160 - Ruthven, William, seal, 416; - Barony of, supporters, 437 - Ruthyn, Sir John Grey de, 392 - Ryde, 88; - arms, 294 - Rye, 525; - arms, 278 - Ryland, arms, 299 - - Sable, 70, 77, 83, 90 - Sacheverell, 214, 514 - Sachsen, 234 - Sackville, crest, 376 - Sacred Cross, 128 - Saffron-Flower, 272 - Sagittarius, 171, 228, 229 - Saints, emblems of, 606 - Salamander, 230 - Salient, 213 - Salis, De, supporters, 429 - Salisbury, Earl of, Richard Nevill, arms, 485; - arms, crest, mantling, 388; - Bishops of, 584; - See of, 160 - Salled or sallet, 312 - Salmon, 255, 439 - Saltire, 5, 93, 103, 107, 108, 131, 135; - botonny, 132; - couped, 131; - parted, 132 - Saltireways, 132 - Salvesen, arms, 293 - Samson, 163 - Samuel, arms, 260; - Bart., crest, 339 - Samuelson, arms, 240 - Sandeman, 164 - Sandford, 32, 358 - Sand-Glass, 301 - Sandwich, 525; - arms, 182 - Sanglier, 198 - Sanguine, 72, 76 - Sapphire, 77 - Saracens, 13, 17 - Saturn, 77 - Satyr, 171, 229 - Satyral, 171, 229 - Saumerez, De, 428 - Savage, 165, 433; - Sir John, badge, 469 - Savelli, Duca de, as Marshal of the Conclave, insignia of, 582 - Savoy, 83 - Sawbridge, arms of, 78 - Saxe-Altenburg, Duke of, 401; - Dukedom of, 475; - Grand Duke of, crests, 343 - Saxe-Coburg, Prince Leopold of, 499 - Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, late Duke of, 541; - Duke of, crests, 343; - Dukes of, 541; - label, 497; - Prince of, label, 497 - Saxe-Meiningen, Grand Duke of, crests, 343 - Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, Duke of, 401 - Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Duke of, 400 - Saxony, 69; - King of, 400; - King of, crests, 343; - Dukes and Duchesses of, 541 - Scabbard, 54 - Scala, Veronese Princes della, arms, 285 - Scale, armour, 171 - Scales, 83 - Scaling-ladders, 285 - Scaltenighi, arms, 83 - Scandinavia, 323 - Scarf, 109 - Scarisbrick, 50 - Scarsdale, Lord, supporter, 442 - Sceptre, 45, 298 - Schafhausen, supporters, 409 - Schallern, 312 - Schiffskrone, 369 - Schildbuden, 432 - Schildgestell, 64 - Schildwachter, 432 - Schilter, 63 - Schleswig-Holstein, Princess Christian, label, 497 - Schomberg, crest, 377 - Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt, Prince of, crest, 343 - Schwartzburg-Sondershausen, Prince of, crests, 343; - supporters, 433 - Schwazer Bergbute, Society of the, 234 - Schweidnitz, town of, 223 - Schweig, supporters, 409 - Schwenkel, 476 - Scissors, 301 - Sconce, arms, 282 - Scot, John, 145 - Scotland, 29, 103, 138; - arms of, 143, 162, 475; - Royal arms of, 163, 418; - badge, 457; - bordures in, 502; - crests, 342; - Royal crest, 185; - Royal crown, 372; - crown of, 357; - differencing in, 139, 500; - helmet, 325; - heralds in, 42; - King of, 144; - King of, arms, 143; - illegitimacy marks, 519; - laws concerning the use of supporters, 424; - mantling of Peers, 391; - mottoes in, 448; - National Bank of, arms, 271, 417; - Patron Saint of, 131; - quarterings in, 546; - re-matriculation, 347; - shields in, 66; - supporters, right to bear in, 422; - thistle of, 470; - Earl Marischal of, insignia of, 585; - Hereditary Great Master of the Household in, insignia of, 586; - Hereditary Justice-General of, insignia of, 586; - Lord High Chamberlain of, insignia of, 585; - Lord High Constable of, insignia of, 585; - Lord Justice-Clerk of, insignia of, 586; - Master of the Revels in, arms, 168; - insignia of, 586 - Scots Greys, 25 - Scott, arms, 280; - of Gorrenberry, 502; - of Thirlstane, 446; - Sir Walter, 258, 357 - Scott-Gatty, 171, 195, 265; - crest, 250 - Scottish bordure, 138, 139; - cadency, 141; - cadency bordures, 87; - crests, 520; - field, 99; - Heralds, 39, 46; - Heralds, King of, 40; - Parliament, 143; - patents, crests, mantling, 394; - Peer, insignia of, 583; - practice, 104; - practice, supporters, 423; - regiments, 25; - seals, 407; - wife, impalement, 536 - Scrope, 68; - and Grosvenor, 22, 28, 68, 110, 478, 481; - supporters, 421 - Scruby, 176 - Scudamore, arms, 286 - Scymitar, 287 - Scythes, 298 - Sea, 88 - Sea-dogs, 65, 205; - as supporters,437; - dragon, 226; - eagle, 241; - griffin, 224, 232; - horse, 202, 232; - leaf, 13, 266; - lions, 186; - as supporters, 436; - monkey, 230; - stag, 210, 232; - unicorn, 219; - urchins, 256; - wolf, 230 - Seal, 316, 403, 502; - head, 215; - compartment appears on, 445 - Seax, 287 - Seccombe, 272 - Seckau, chapter of, 309 - Second shield, 104; - son, difference mark, 488 - Seeded, 275; - or, 269 - Sefton, Lord, crest, 247 - Segrave, arms, 486; - John, seal, 417, 480 - Segreant, 102, 223, 416 - Seize-Quartiers, 618-622 - Sejant, 214 - Selim III., Sultan, 592 - Seme, 89, 101, 153, 155; - de-lis, 89, 101 - Serjeants-at-Arms, 45; - insignia of, 586 - Serpent, 257 - Service badge, 12 - Service Cross, Conspicuous, those entitled to, insignia of, 567, 584 - Seton, 166, 427, 447; - of Mounie, 215; - Capt. Robert, 446; - church of, 409 - Setvans, Sir Robert de, 55 - Seventh son, 488 - Sewell, arms, 260 - Seymour, arms, 239; - crest, 240; - augmentation, 597; - Jane, marriage, 597 - Shaftesbury, Earl of, 206 - Shakefork, 108, 126 - Shakerley, Bart., 214 - Shakespeare, arms, 285 - Shamrock, 267 - Shape of shield, 61 - Sharpe, grant to, 577 - Shearer, arms, 298 - Sheaves, 265 - Sheep, 211 - Sheepshanks, 212 - Sheffield, town of, supporters, 429 - Sheldon, Dame Margaret, arms, 575 - Sheldrake, 246 - Sherard, Lord, supporters, 437 - Shetland ponies as supporters, 437 - Shield, 60, 104; - of peace, 446; - colour of is termed, 70, 250; - divided by, 97; - encircled by, 58; - earliest shape, 62; - ground of, 69; - of gules, 73; - hatching of, 76; - in Scotland, 66; - made of, 64; - no ordinary on, 101; - pageant, 63; - shape of, 61, 62 - Shiffner, 512; - arms, 114 - Ship, 294; - ornaments and devices, 9 - Shirley, 134 - Shogune, 13 - Shoveller, 246 - Shrewsbury, 39; - arms, 193; - Earl of, 541, 586; - Earl of, quartering, 70; - Earls of, crest, 341; - Earls of Talbot, 175; - Earl of Talbot, crest, 183 - Shrimps, 256 - Shuttle, 290 - Shuttleworth, arms, 290 - Sicily, 84; - Jerusalem, Duke of Anjou, Rene, 318 - Sidney, crest, 217 - Siebmacher, 224, 320, 558 - Sigismund, Emperor, 234 - Silesia, 74; - arms, 224 - Sillifant, crest, 259 - Silver, 70, 77, 90; - ingots of, 292; - use of, 70 - Sinclair, Baron, arms, 557; - Patrick, 502 - Sirr, arms of, 124 - Sissinks, arms, 229 - Sixth son, 488 - Skeen, arms, 197 - Skeet, 261 - Skeleton, 166 - Skull, 171 - Slack, crest, 258 - Sledge, 456 - Slipped, 265, 267, 269; - leaved, 269 - Slips, 265 - Smallshaw, arms, 270 - Smert, John, 28, 41 - Smith, 68, 202, 288; - arms, 289; - crest, 245 - Smith-Cunningham, 426 - Smitheman, arms, 238 - Smyth, arms, 272 - Snail, 258 - Sneds, 298 - Sneyd, arms, 298 - Snowdon, 39 - Sodor and Man, 160, 285 - Soldanieri, arms, 83 - Soles, 256 - Sollerets, 55 - Soluthurn, supporters, 409 - Somers, crest, 263, 293 - Somerscales, arms, 261 - Somerset, 520; - Duke of, Henry Fitzroy, 37; - Duke of, John Beaufort, Garter plate, 416; - arms, 466; - Dukes of, 513; - Herald, 37, 620 - Sophia, Princess, label, 499 - Soudan, de la Tran, K.G., Sir Bermond Arnaud de Presac, arms, crest, - mantling, 387 - Southampton, arms, 270; - city of, arms, crest, supporters and compartment, 445 - Southwark, borough of, 605 - Southwell, See of, 160; - Viscount, supporters, 437 - Soutiens, 407 - Sovereign, helmet of, 318 - Sovereign's Privy Seals, 467; - grand-children of, coronets, 363; - sons and daughters or brothers and sisters of a, coronets of, 363 - Spain, 61, 81, 83; - crests, 343; - marks of cadency, 482; - Queen Victoria Eugenie of, 139, 474, 596; - Philip of, 607; - quarterings of, 543 - Sparlings, 256 - Spear and spear-head, 285 - Specified, number, 89 - Speke, crest and supporters, 217; - augmentation, 420, 595 - Spelman, Sir Henry, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 - Spener, 324, 481 - Spenser, 221 - Sphinx, 4, 9, 171, 228 - Spider, 261 - Spikes, 223 - Spokes, arms, 291 - Springbok, 208, 217; - as supporters, 436 - Sprot, 255 - Spry, arms, 124 - Spur-nowels, or Spur-revels, 286, 296 - Spurs, 54, 286 - Squirrel, 214, 430 - SS, collar of, 44 - St. Adrian, 162 - St. Aegidius, 162 - St. Albans, Boke of, 2; - Duke of, 515; - monastery, 143 - St. Andrew, 47, 160, 162, 614 - St. Andrew, Saltire of, 25; - Cross of, 131; - flag of, 472 - St. Anthony's Cross, 129 - St. Asaph, Bishop of, 78 - St. Aubin, cloister of, 228 - St. Boniface, 164 - St. Britius, 160 - St. Bryse, 160 - St. Catherine, wheel of, 473, 606 - St. Columba, 162 - St. Cricq, Comtes de, arms, 281 - St. Cuthbert, cross of, 606 - St. David's, 588 - St. Denis, 165, 220, 473; - Abbey of, 16, 219 - St. Duthacus, 162 - St. Edmund, cross and martlets of, 473 - St. Edward, 360 - St. Edward the Confessor, 596, 607; - arms, 244 - St. Edward's Crown, 358 - St. Elizabeth, 62 - St. Etheldreda, 298 - St. Etienne, Abbey of, 525 - St. George, 162, 614; - arms of, 46; - banner of, 471; - Cross of, 25, 38; - flag of, 472; - Chapel, 78, 149, 505; - stall plates, 559 - St. Giles, 162 - St. Helens, borough of, arms, 292 - St. Ives (Cornwall), arms, 264 - St. John the Baptist, 165 - St. John of Jerusalem, Order of the Hospital of, 568; - Knights of Justice of the Order, insignia of, 585 - St. John of Malta, Celibate Order of, 569 - St. Kentigern, 163 - St. Lawrence, 550 - St. Leonards, Lord, 68 - St. Mark, 185, 186, 220 - St. Martin, 162, 164 - St. Mary, lily of, 473; - the Virgin, College of, arms, 271 - St. Maur, arms, 239 - St. Michael, 162, 163; - and All Angels, 54; - St George, Most Distinguished Order of, 29, 566, 584 - St. Mungo, 163 - St. Neots, 75 - St. Ninian, 162 - St. Oswald, Lord, supporters, 437 - St. Patrick, 614; - Order of, 46; - Knights of, rules, 563; - supporters, 563; - insignia of, 584; - Order of Prelate of the, insignia of, 584; - Deans of, insignia of, 584; - Chancellor of, insignia of, 584 - St. Patrick, flag of, 473 - St. Paul, 164; - sword of, 473, 606 - St. Peter, emblem, 291; - keys of, 473, 606 - St. Petersburg, 351 - St. Stephen of Tuscany, Knights of the, 569 - St. Vincent, Lord, crest, 377 - Stable, arms, 277 - Stafford, 56; - crest, 246; - knot, 469; - Earl of, 73 - Stafford, Earl of, supporters, 461; - Earl of, Sir Humphrey Stafford, arms, crest, mantling, 388; - Lord, badge, 458; - crest, 374 - Stags, 208, 432 - Stains, 72, 73 - Stalbridge, Lord, 345 - Standard, 28, 59, 474; - badges upon, 464; - bearer (Wurtemburg), hereditary insignia of, 582 - Standish, arms, 289 - Staniland, arms, 286 - Stanley, 209; - Lord, badge, 240, 469; - Torse, arms, 404 - Staple, 302 - Stapleton, Sir Miles, K.G., arms, crest, mantling, 387 - Stapylton, supporters, 421 - Starckens, 163 - Star of India, Most Exalted Order of the, 565, 584 - Stars, 11, 295 - Statant, 102, 172, 213, 226 - State liveries, badges on, 464 - Statute of Resumptions, 30 - Steamer, 294 - Stephen, coins, 354 - Stephen de Windesore, 31 - Sterling, William, seal, 417 - Steuart, Bart., crest, 375 - Steward, Lord High, insignia of, 582 - Stewart, arms, 86; - crest, 164; - of Ochiltree, 502, 513 - Stilwell, crest, 246 - Stirling-Maxwell, supporters, 431 - Stirrups, 286 - Stoat, 215 - Stockfish, 255 - Stockings, 293 - Stocks of Trees, 264 - Stodart, 144, 145, 502, 514 - Stoke-Lyne, Lord of the Manor, arms, 413 - Stones, 286 - Storey, 256 - Stork, 247, 440 - Stothard, C., 15 - Stourton, arms, 152, 153, 294; - badge as a crest, 456; - barony of, supporters, 205; - crest, 341, 385; - Lord, supporters, 437; - seal, 153 - Strange, arms of, 175 - Strangman, 111 - Strathcona, Lord, crest, 263; - arms, 216 - Stratheden, Baroness, late, 533 - Stratherne, Countess of, Muriel, seal, 410 - Strigoil and Chepstow, Earls of, 32 - Struan, 197 - Stuart-French, arms, 254 - Stuart-Menteith, 414 - Stubbs, arms, 264 - Stukele, arms, 277 - Sturgeon, 256 - Sturzkruckenfeh, 85 - Sturzpfahlfeh, 82 - Styleman, arms, 222 - Styria, arms, 194, 417 - Sub-ordinaries, 91, 102, 106, 107, 108, 155, 156; - complete list of, 108; - sub-quarters, 104, 544 - Suchenwirt, 40 - Suffolk, 32; - Duke of, William de la Pole, badge, 469; - Garter plate, 372 - Sugar-cane, 263 - Sun, 11, 77; - burst, badge, 468, 469; - in splendour, 296 - Sunflower, 272 - Superimposed, 86, 554 - Supporters, 58, 86, 158, 162, 164, 165, 166, 185, 186, 193, 201, 204, - 209, 213, 215, 216, 217, 225, 227, 286, 319, 346, 407, 411, 412, 413, - 414, 415, 416, 428, 475, 519, 532, 533, 564, 572; - the first, 432; - differencing on, 492; - crested, 417; - by prescriptive right, 421; - in England, right to bear, 419; - honourable, 446; - origin of, 417; - position of, 430; - single, 410 - Surcoat, 18, 57, 108 - Surgeons, College of, arms, 167 - Surrey, 50; - Duke of (Thomas de Holland), bordure, 596; - Earl of, augmentation, 590 - Sussex, Duke of, label, 498; - Earl of, 32 - Sutton, arms, 258 - Swaby, crest, 245 - Swallow, 244, 245 - Swan, 245 - Swanne, Adam Fitz, 467 - Swansea, Lord, crest, 349 - Sweetland, arms, 263 - Swindon, arms, crest, 301 - Swinton, 503, 504; - arms, 453; - crest, 199; - supporters, 425; - Henry de, seal, 504; - Captain Archibald, 506; - Captain George C., 506; - Sir John de, 505; - John Edulf Blagrave, Laird, 506; - arms, 507; - Robert, 505 - Switzerland, 83 - Sword, 5, 11, 286 - Swynnerton, 113 - Sydenham, arms, 211 - Sykes, 207; - arms, 151, 280 - Symbolism, 5, 11 - Symonds-Taylor, arms, 254 - Syphium-plant, 272 - - Tabard, 41 - "Table Book," 413 - Tacitus, 6, 9 - Tain, Royal Burgh of, 162 - Talbot, 175, 203, 204, 554; - arms of, 70; - Earl of, 70; - Lord, crest, 341 - Tallow Chandlers' Company, 41; - arms, 28; - crest, 165 - Tamworth, seals, 275 - Tancred, crest, 263 - Tankerville, Earl of (Bennet), arms, 189; - (Sir John Grey), Torse, arms, 404 - Tannenvels, arms, 188 - Tarleton, crest, 374 - Tarn or loch, 294 - Tarragone, arms, 81 - Tarsell, arms, 277 - Tartsche, or Tartscher, 64 - Tassa, 85 - Tasselled Hat, 61 - Tatshall, 55 - Taunton, 278 - Taylor, 193 - Tea-plant, 266 - Teck, Duke of, 187 - Teesdale, arms, 271 - Telescope, 297 - Temperance, 164 - Temple, 282 - Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, crests, 348 - Templer, arms, 282 - Tenants, 407 - Tenne, 72, 74, 76 - Tenremonde, arms, 83 - Teutonic Order, 63; - Masters of the, 569 - Teviot, Viscount (Livingstone), 276 - Thackeray, 165; - arms, 86 - Thebes, King of, 6 - Theme, arms, 266 - Theodosia, Empress, 351 - Thierry, 14 - Third son, 488 - Thistle, 270; - Order of the, 271, 561; - Knight of the, insignia of, 584; - Knights of the, rules, 563; - supporters, 563 - Thorndyke, crest, 261 - Thornhill, crest, 168 - Thornton, arms, 250, 263, 597; - supporters, 250 - Thunderbolt, 295 - Thuringia, 63 - Thurston, crest, 295 - Tichborne, supporters, 421 - Tiger, 191; - as supporters, 436 - Tigress, 192 - Tilting-helm, 54 - Tinctures, 70, 476, 483, 502; - change of, 483 - Tindal, 30 - Tityron, 231 - Tjader, 250 - Toad, 258 - Tobacco-Pipe Makers, the Company of, arms, 265 - Todmorden, town of, arms, 293 - Tokugawa, 13 - Toledo, arms of, 298 - Tollemache, arms, 149 - Topaz, 77 - Topsell, 221 - Torches, or Firebrands, 287 - Torphichen, Lord, arms, 271 - Torrington, Lord, supporters, 442 - Torse, 287, 402, 403, 406; - colours of, 404 - Torteau, 151 - Tortoise, 217 - Tournament helmet, 311 - Tournay, 83 - Tournebu, Pierre de, supporter, 411 - Tourney, 333 - Towers, 282, 376 - Towns, rules as to supporters, 429 - Toymote, 13 - Trafford, De, crest, 167; - mottoes, 451 - Transposed, 103 - Trapaud, 124 - Trappe, arms, 283 - Trasegnies, arms, 188 - Trayner, arms, 293 - Treacher, arms, 261 - Treason, 73 - Treasurer, insignia of, 588 - "Treatise on Heraldry," 14, 16, 69, 74, 318, 399, 407, 410 - Trees, 11, 94, 262, 407 - Trefoil, 266 - Tregent, arms, 261; - crest, 228 - Trelawney, arms, 266 - Trente Deux Quartiers, 619 - Tresmes, Ducs de, supporters, 231 - Tressure, 108, 112, 133, 142, 143, 146 - Trevelyan, arms, 201; - supporters, 254 - Treves, Bart., 232; - arms, 292; - augmentation, 598 - Treves, Elector and Archbishop of, 559 - Trick, 77, 99 - Tricorporate, 180 - Triple-towered, 282 - Trippant, 102, 208 - Trist, crest, 241 - Triton, 227 - Trononnee, 186 - Trotter, arms of, 5 - Trotting, 201 - Trout, 255 - Troutbeck, arms, 255 - Trumpeter, costume of, 43 - Trumpington, Sir Roger de, 54 - Trunk of a tree, 264 - Trunked, 96 - Trupour, or Trumpour, John, 40 - Trussing, 242 - Trussley, 214 - Trutemne, Banville de, arms, 82 - Truth, 164 - Tuam, See of, arms, 160 - Tucker, Stephen, 620 - Tudor, Royal House, badge, 284 - Tulips, 272 - Tuns, 301 - Tunstall, arms, 299, 404 - Tupper, 428 - Turbots, 256 - Turner, arms, 302 - Turnierkragen, 479 - Turnip, 268 - Tuttebury, Earl of, 32 - Tweedy, 249 - Tynes, 209 - Tynte, crest, 222 - Tyrol, 234 - Tyrrell, crest, 200, 247 - Tyrwhitt, 249; - arms, 249 - Tyson, crest, 287 - - Udine, 83 - Udney, 204 - Ulster, canton of, 136, 137; - King of Arms, 29, 33, 46, 47, 421; - badges of, 598; - arms and insignia of, 587; - official arms of, 48; - office, 72, 86, 180, 267, 416, 439 - Umbo, 64 - Umfraville, 89; - arms, 268 - Undy, 91 - Unguled, 207 - Unicorn, 39, 202, 219, 220, 221, 232 - United Kingdom, Royal Arms, compartment, 444 - Union Banner, 611, 614, 615 - Union Jack, 471, 611 - Unmarried lady, lozenge of, 572 - Unter-Walden, supporter, 409 - Uphaugh, Duppa de, arms, 284 - Upton, 36 - Urbino, Duke of, Frederick, 392; - mantling, 388 - Urcheon, 216 - Urdy, 91, 95; - at the foot, 155 - Utermarch, arms, 266 - Vaile, 113, 207 - Vaillant, 34 - Vair, 50, 77, 79, 81, 84; - appointe, 82; - in bend, 82; - bellies, 85; - onde, 81; - en pal, 82; - in pale, 82 - Vaire, 79, 81, 94; - corrupted form of, 81; - en pal, 82 - Vairpiere, 83 - Valence, De, 155; - William, 525 - Vallary, Coronet, 378 - Vambraced, 171 - Vambraces, 45 - Van Eiden, Sir Jacob, 145 - Van Houthem, Barons, arms, 82 - Van Schorel, 163 - Vane, arms, 171, 293 - Varano, 83 - Varenchon, 83 - Varroux, arms, 82 - Varry, tassy, 85; - cuppy, 85 - Varus, 79 - Vase, 288 - Vaughan, 169 - Vavasseur, arms, 284 - Veitch, arms, 207 - Venus, 77 - Vera, De, 83 - Verden, 49 - Verdon, arms, 149 - Verdun, Alix de, 410 - Vere, arms, 134, 296 - Verelst, crest, 214 - Veret, 83 - Verhammes, 200 - Vernon, motto, 451 - Verona, 83, 163 - Verre, 79 - Verschobenes, 85 - Vert, 70, 76, 90 - Veruled, 292 - Vervelled, 241 - Vesci, de, Viscount, supporters, 433 - Vesentina, 163 - Vesili's, Andreas, 439 - Vested, 170 - Vestments, 5 - Vice-Admiral, insignia of, 581 - Vice-Connetable, insignia of, 582 - Victoria, Queen, 41, 358, 361, 364, 421, 488, 496; - seal, 475; - Cross, 567; - those entitled to the, insignia of, 584; - Princess, label, 496, 497; - and Albert, Order of, members of, insignia of, 584 - Victorian Order, Royal, 567; - insignia of, 584 - Victory, 164 - Viennois, Dauphin de, Charles, supporter, 411 - Vigilance, 247, 286 - Vine, 264 - Virgil de Solis, 144 - Virgin Mary, 159; - lilies of the, 606 - Virolled, 292 - Visconti, arms, 257 - Viscountess robe or mantle, 366; - coronet, 366 - Viscounts, robe or mantle of, 365, 367; - coronet of, 365, 368 - Visitations, mottoes in, 449 - Vivian, crest, 166 - Vohlin, arms, 411 - Void, 73 - Voiders, 150 - Vol, 240 - Volant, 34, 245; - en arriere, 266 - Volunteer Officer's Decoration, 568; - insignia of, 584 - "Von," German, 68 - Von Burtenback, Captain Sebastian Schartlin (Schertel), arms, 185 - Von Dalffin, Grauff, arms, 254 - Von Fronberg, Herr, 203 - Von Lechsgemund, Count Heinrich von, seal, 195 - Von Pauli, 164 - Vree, 84 - Vulned, 187, 242 - Vulture, 241 - Vyner, Sir Robert, 358 - - Wade, crest, 217 - Wake, knot, 469 - Wakefield, crest, 217 - Wakefield, town of, arms, 275 - Waldeck-Pyrmont, Prince of, crests, 343 - Waldegrave, arms of, 69; - Lord, arms, 252 - Wales, badge of, 38, 225, 457; - Herald of, 33, 36; - ruddy dragon of, 225; - Prince of, 85, 254, 486; - coronet, 363; - badge, 225, 458; - label, 497; - mantling, 391, 392; - Princess of, coronet, 363 - Walker, arms, 281; - Sir Edward, 358; - Trustees, insignia of, 586 - Walkinshaw, arms, 262 - Wallenrodt, Counts, arms, 288 - Waller, 112; - arms, 266; - crest, 263, 434; - Sir Jonathan - Wathen, supporters, 433; - Richard, augmentation, 596 - Wallop, 111 - Walnut-leaves, 266; - tree, 263 - Walpole, 106 - Walrond, arms, 207 - Walsh, 86 - Wands, 41 - Wandsworth, 294 - Wappen und Stammbuch, 185 - Wappenbuch, 203, 224, 234 - Wappencodex, 28 - Wappenkonige, 40 - Wappenrolle, von Zurich, 188 - Warde-Aldam, arms, 114, 275 - Wareham, arms, 275 - Warnecke's, 176 - Warren, 70; - Sir John de, 521; - William de, arms, 486; - Mantling, 389 - Warrington, town of, 174; - arms, 288 - Warwick, Lord, 458; - Earls of, differences, 484; - Earl of, Richard Beauchamp, 541; - Earl of, Waleran, 484; - Earl of, Thomas, 484; - and Albemarle, Earl of, Richard Beauchamp, 540 - Water, 88, 94; - colour, 74, 76; - bougets, 299 - Waterford, supporters, 245; - Earl of, 70; - Marquess of, supporters, 433; - city of, supporters, 439 - Waterlow, arms, 298 - Watermen and Lightermen's Livery Co., supporters, 439 - Watkin, Bart., arms, 261 - Watney, crest, 205 - Watson-Taylor, supporters, 420 - Wattled, 227, 246 - Wave, vair, 81 - Wavy, 91, 116; - or undy, 94 - Waye, arms, 119 - Weasel, 215 - Wechselfeh, 82 - Weirwolf, 171, 229 - Welby, Lord, 196 - Weldon, Sir Anthony, 164 - Wellington, Duke of, 541; - Duke of, augmentation, 594 - Wells, 294 - Welsh dragon, 225; - arms, 545 - Were, arms, 290 - West Riding, 56 - Westbury, arms of, 188 - Westcar, crest, 217 - Westmeath, Earl of, supporters, 227, 438 - Westminster, Dukes of, arms, 554; - crest, 345; - Marquess of, augmentation, 598; - city of, arms, 554; - Abbey, 284, 524, 543; - Dean of, 585 - Westphalia, 608; - arms, 201 - Westworth, arms, 296 - Whale, 245, 253, 256 - Whalley, arms, 245 - Wharton, 292 - Wheat, 278 - Wheel, 302 - Whelks, 256 - Whitby, arms, 258 - White, supposed to be, 78; - ensign, 471; - ermine spots, 78; - label, 71; - staff, 41 - White-Thomson, arms, 270 - Whitgreave, crest, 298; - augmentation, 592 - Widow, arms, 146, 533, 573 - Wiergman, 164 - Wife, impalements, 535, 536, 537, 538 - Wigan, crest, 263, 295 - Wilczek, Count Hans, 316 - Wild cat, 195 - Wildenvels, arms, 188 - Wildmen, 433 - Wildwerker, 83 - Wilkinson, 256 - Wilson, 196 - William I., 15, 354, 355 - William II., seal, 354 - William III., 276, 596, 607 - William IV., 412, 608; - State Crown, 356 - Williams, arms, 181 - Williams-Drummond, Bart., supporters, 433 - Willoughby, 282 - Winchester, Bishops of, insignia of, 584; - Dean of, 588; - Earl of, 32, 148; - Earl of, Seiher de Quincy, 147; - Marquesses of, 379; - Captain Peter, arms, 264 - Windsor, 30, 31, 78, 149; - badge of, 48; - Henry of, 469; - Dean of, insignia of, 584; - Herald, 37; - Castle Bookplates, 183; - Library, 372 - Wingate, arms, 284 - Winged, 286 - Winged ape, 215; - lions, 436; - stags, 209 - Winlaw, 255; - motto, 451 - Winnowing fans, 55 - Winterstoke, Lord, supporters, 437 - Winwick, 50 - Wogenfeh, 81, 82 - Wolf, 196 - Wolf-hunter, Grand, insignia of, 581 - Wolfe, 181, 541; - crest, 298; - Francis, 196, 592 - Wolkenfeh, 81 - Wolseley, arms, 204; - Lord, 196, 204, 594 - Wolverhampton, town of, arms, 284, 291 - Woman, grant to a, 57, 62, 574; - illegitimate, Royal Licence, 554; - married, arms, 534 - Wood, 165; - late Sir Albert, 264; - crests granted, 339; - Sir William, 349 - Woodbine-leaves, 266 - Woodman, 433 - Wood-pigeon, 244 - Woodstock, borough of, arms, 264 - Woodstock, De, 56; - Thomas of, 494 - Woodward, 14, 75, 80, 83, 85, 90, 136, 150, 162, 185, 188, 197, 200, 250, - 253, 254, 255, 261, 318, 324, 343, 399, 405, 467, 469, 513, 514, 598; - and Burnett, 69, 74, 94, 95, 407; - arms, 261, 266 - Woollan, 292 - Woolpack, 5 - Worcester, 78 - Wordsworth, 287 - "Workes of Armorie," 489 - Worms, Baron de, supporters, 444 - Wortford, arms, 266 - Wreath, 157 - Wright, 126 - Wriothesley, 41 - Wursters, arms, 200 - Wurtemburg, supporters, 187; - Queen of, label, 498 - Wyatt, arms, 287 - Wylcote, Sir John, brass, 389 - Wyndham, crest, 291 - Wyndham-Campbell-Pleydell-Bouverie, crests, 348 - Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams, 198 - Wyon, 353 - Wyvern, 186, 225, 226, 227; - as supporters, 437, 438 - - Xantoigne, 34 - - Yacht, 294 - Yarborough, Earl of, 205, 590; - badge, 288, 458; - supporter, 437 - Yarmouth, 525; - arms, 182 - Yeates, 255 - Yeatman-Biggs, arms, 141 - Yellow, 70 - Yerburgh, crest, 242 - Yeropkin, 250 - Yockney, arms, 266 - Yonge, crest, 222 - York, 588; - Archbishop of, 127; - arms, 297, 601, 602; - pallium, 583; - Cardinal, 359; - Herald, 37; - badge of, 48; - Duke of, 37, 488; - Duke of, label, 498; - Duke of (Edward), seal, 466; - blazing sun of, badge, 468; - white rose of, badge, 468; - and Lancaster, badges, 468 - Yorke, 112; - crest, 215 - Youghal, Provosts of, seal, 525 - Young, Sir Charles, crest, 226, 348 - - Zachary, 514 - Zebra, 217, 438 - Zobel, 77 - Zoe, Queen, 351 - Zorke, 112 - Zorn, crests, 344 - Zug, supporters, 409 - Zurich, 384; - supporter, 409; - Wappenrolle, 397 - -THE END - - Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. - Edinburgh & London - - * * * * * - - -NOTES - -[1] - - "Norreys and Surreis, that service aught the kyng, - With horse and harneis at Carlele, made samning." - -See Langtoft's Chronicle treating of the Wars of Edward I. against the -Scots. - - "Bot Sir John de Waleis taken was, in a pleyne, - Throgh Spring of Norreis men that were certeyn." - -Ibid., _Australes se Norensibus opposuerunt_. M. Oaris, under the year -1237. - -[2] Robertson's Index to "Missing Charters." - -[3] Here lieth Sir John D'Aubernoun, knight. On his soul may God have -mercy. - -[4] "Monumental Brasses of Gloucestershire," by C. T. Davis. London: -Phillimore & Co., 1899. - -[5] The arms are quoted by Mr. Davis from Bigland's "Gloucestershire," p. -539. - -[6] The arms of Clayhills of Invergowrie: Parted per bend sanguine and -vert, two greyhounds courant bendwise argent. Mantling gules doubled -argent; and upon a wreath of the liveries is set for crest, an arm holding -an Imperial crown proper; and in an escroll over the same, this motto, -"Corde et animo." Matriculated in Lyon Office _circa_ 1672. - -[7] Armorial bearings of Sir Henry Seymour King, K.C.I.E.: Quarterly, -argent and azure, in the second and third quarters a quatrefoil of the -first, over all a bend barry of six of the second, charged with a -quatrefoil also of the first, and gules. - -[8] Armorial bearings of William Warde-Aldam, Esq.: Quarterly, 1 and 4, -party per fesse azure and ermine, in the sinister chief and dexter base an -eagle displayed or, in the dexter canton issuant towards the sinister base -seven rays, the centre one gold, the others argent (for Aldam); 2 and 3 -(for Warde). - -[9] Armorial bearings of Isham: Gules, a fesse wavy, and in chief three -piles in point also wavy, the points meeting in fesse argent. - -[10] _Collectanea_, ed. 1774, ii. 611. - -[11] In M. Victor Bouton's edition of the _Armorial de Gelre_ (Paris 1881) -the bonnet is described as a mount. - -[12] Arms of Rutherglen: Argent, in a sea proper an ancient galley sable, -flagged gules, therein two men proper, one rowing, the other furling the -sail. Above the shield is placed a suitable helmet, with a mantling gules, -doubled argent; and on a wreath of the proper liveries is set for crest, a -demi-figure of the Virgin Mary with the Infant Saviour in her arms proper; -and on a compartment below the shield, on which is an escroll containing -this motto, "Ex fumo fama," are placed for supporters, two angels proper, -winged or. - -[13] Arms of Sandwich: Party per pale gules and azure, three demi-lions -passant guardant or, conjoined to the hulks of as many ships argent. - -[14] Arms of Hastings: Party per pale gules and azure, a lion passant -guardant or, between in chief and in base a lion passant guardant or, -dimidiated with the hulk of a ship argent. - -[15] Arms of Ramsgate: Quarterly gules and azure, a cross parted and fretty -argent between a horse rampant of the last in the first quarter, a -demi-lion passant guardant of the third conjoined to the hulk of a ship or -in the second, a dolphin naiant proper in the third, and a lymphad also or -in the fourth. Crest: a naval crown or, a pier-head, thereon a lighthouse, -both proper. Motto: "Salus naufragis salus aegris." - -[16] Arms of Yarmouth: Party per pale gules and azure, three demi-lions -passant guardant or, conjoined to the bodies of as many herrings argent. -Motto: "Rex et nostra jura." - -[17] Armorial bearings of Dodge: Barry of six or and sable, on a pale -gules, a woman's breast distilling drops of milk proper. Crest: upon a -wreath of the colours, a demi sea-dog azure, collared, maned, and finned -or. - -[18] Armorial bearings of James Joseph Louis Ratton, Esq.: Azure, in base -the sea argent, and thereon a tunny sable, on a chief of the second a rat -passant of the third. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his -degree, with a mantling azure and argent; and for his crest, upon a wreath -of the colours, an ibex statant guardant proper, charged on the body with -two fleurs-de-lis fesswise azure, and resting the dexter foreleg on a -shield argent charged with a passion cross sable. Motto: "In Deo spero." - -[19] Upon a wreath of the colours, from a plume of five ostrich feathers -or, gules, azure, vert, and argent, a falcon rising of the last; with the -motto, "Malo mori quam foedari." - -[20] Armorial bearings of Peebles (official blazon): Gules, three salmon -naiant in pale, the centre towards the dexter, the others towards the -sinister. Motto: "Contra nando incrementum." - -[21] Arms of Accrington: Gules, on a fess argent, a shuttle fesswise -proper, in base two printing cylinders, issuant therefrom a piece of calico -(parsley pattern) also proper, on a chief per pale or and vert, a lion -rampant purpure and a stag current or; and for the crest, an oak-branch -bent chevronwise, sprouting and leaved proper, fructed or. Motto: "Industry -and prudence conquer." - -[22] Out of a ducal coronet gules, a lion's head ermine (Nicholson). - -[23] Crest of Bentinck: Out of a marquess's coronet proper, two arms -counter-embowed, vested gules, on the hands gloves or, and in each hand an -ostrich feather argent. - -[24] Plate XI. Fig. 10, Laing's "Catalogue," No. 29. At each side of the -King's seated figure on the counter-seal of Robert II. (1386) the arms of -Scotland are supported from behind by a skeleton within an embattled -buttress ("Catalogue," No. 34). - -[25] Armorial bearings of William Speke, Esq.: Argent, two bars azure, over -all an eagle displayed with two heads gules, and as an honourable -augmentation (granted by Royal Licence, dated July 26, 1867, to commemorate -the discoveries of the said John Hanning Speke), a chief azure, thereon a -representation of flowing water proper, superinscribed with the word "Nile" -in letters gold. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his -degree, with a mantling azure and argent; and for his crests: 1. (of -honourable augmentation) upon a wreath of the colours, a crocodile proper; -2. upon a wreath of the colours, a porcupine proper; and as a further -augmentation for supporters (granted by Royal Licence as above to the said -William Speke, Esq., for and during his life)--on the dexter side, a -crocodile; and on the sinister side, a hippopotamus, both proper; with the -motto, "Super aethera virtus." - -[26] Arms of Glasgow: Argent, on a mount in base vert an oak-tree proper, -the stem at the base thereof surmounted by a salmon on its back also -proper, with a signet-ring in its mouth or, on the top of the tree a -redbreast, and in the sinister fess point an ancient hand-bell, both also -proper. Above this shield is placed a suitable helmet, with a mantling -gules, doubled argent; and issuing from a wreath of the proper liveries is -set for crest, the half-length figure of St. Kentigern affronte, vested and -mitred, his right hand raised in the act of benediction, and having in his -left hand a crosier, all proper. On a compartment below the shield are -placed for supporters, two salmon proper, each holding in its mouth a -signet-ring or, and in an escroll entwined with the compartment this motto, -"Let Glasgow flourish." - -[27] Supporters of Lord Hawke: Dexter, Neptune, his mantle of a sea-green -colour, edged argent, crowned with an Eastern coronet or, his dexter arm -erect, darting downwards his trident sable, headed silver, resting his -sinister foot on a dolphin, also sable; sinister a sea-horse or, sustaining -in his forefins a banner argent the staff broken proper. - -[28] Arms of Boston: Sable, three coronets composed of crosses patte and -fleurs-de-lis in pale or. Crest: A woolpack charged with a ram couchant all -proper, ducally crowned azure. - -[29] The caltrap was an instrument thrown on the ground to injure the feet -of horses, and consisted of four iron spikes, of which one always pointed -upwards. - -[30] Arms borne on a sinister canton suggest illegitimacy. - -[31] Gutte-de-poix. - - * * * * * - - -CORRECTIONS MADE TO PRINTED ORIGINAL - -Page 6. "herald ([Greek: kerux])" corrected from "herald ([Greek: kernx])" - -Page 47. "The reverse exhibits the arms of the Office of Ulster" corrected -from "The reserve exhibits ..." - -Page 327. "Then it was found that" corrected from "Then it was found than" - -Page 482. "the bearer was not the person chiefly entitled" corrected from -"the hearer ..." - -Index "Layland-Barratt" corrected from "Llanday-Burratt" to match text, and -placed in correct sequence - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Complete Guide to Heraldry, by -Arthur Charles Fox-Davies - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY *** - -***** This file should be named 41617.txt or 41617.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/6/1/41617/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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