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diff --git a/41617-h/41617-h.htm b/41617-h/41617-h.htm index 4976990..248c371 100644 --- a/41617-h/41617-h.htm +++ b/41617-h/41617-h.htm @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> A Complete Guide to Heraldry </title> @@ -93,48 +93,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Complete Guide to Heraldry, by -Arthur Charles Fox-Davies - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: A Complete Guide to Heraldry - -Author: Arthur Charles Fox-Davies - -Illustrator: Graham Johnston - -Release Date: December 13, 2012 [EBook #41617] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41617 ***</div> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff; width:100%;"> <tr> @@ -496,7 +455,7 @@ XXI. </td> <p>In England no one is compelled to bear Arms unless he wishes; but, should he desire to do so, the Inland Revenue requires a payment of one or two guineas, according to the method of use. From this voluntary - taxation the yearly revenue exceeds £70,000. This affords pretty clear + taxation the yearly revenue exceeds £70,000. This affords pretty clear evidence that Armory is still decidedly popular, and that its use and display are extensive; but at the same time it would be foolish to suppose that the estimation in which Armory is held, is equal to, or @@ -593,7 +552,7 @@ XXI. </td> <p>Until comparatively recently heraldic books referred armory indifferently to the tribes of Israel, to the Greeks, to the Romans, to the Assyrians and the Saxons; and we are equally familiar with the "Lion - of Judah" and the "Eagle of the Cæsars." In other directions we find the + of Judah" and the "Eagle of the Cæsars." In other directions we find the same sort of thing, for it has ever been the practice of semi-civilised nations to bestow or to assume the virtues and the names of animals and of deities as symbols of honour. We scarcely need refer to the totems of @@ -735,7 +694,7 @@ XXI. </td> that armory <i>itself</i> as a whole is nothing more or less than a kind of symbolism. I have no sympathy whatever with many of the ideas concerning this symbolism, which will be found in nearly all heraldic - books before the day of the late J. R. Planché, Somerset Herald, who + books before the day of the late J. R. Planché, Somerset Herald, who fired the train which exploded then and for ever the absurd ideas of former writers. That an argent field meant purity, that a field of gules meant royal or even martial ancestors, that a saltire meant the capture @@ -811,15 +770,15 @@ XXI. </td> <p>The Latin and Greek poets and historians afford numerous instances of the use of symbolic ornaments and devices. It will be sufficient in this - work to quote from Æschylus and Virgil, as poets; Herodotus and Tacitus, + work to quote from Æschylus and Virgil, as poets; Herodotus and Tacitus, as historians.</p> -<h5>ÆSCHYLUS.</h5> +<h5>ÆSCHYLUS.</h5> <h5>(<i>Septem contra Thebas.</i>)</h5> <p>The poet here introduces a dialogue between Eteocles, King of Thebes, - the women who composed the chorus, and a herald (<span title="kêrux" class="grk" + the women who composed the chorus, and a herald (<span title="kêrux" class="grk" >κηρυξ</span>), which latter is pointing out the seven captains or chiefs of the army of Adrastus against Thebes; distinguishing one from another by the emblematical devices upon their @@ -827,7 +786,7 @@ XXI. </td> <h5>1. <i>Tydeus.</i></h5> -<h5>("<span title="Toiaun autôn,—nuktos ophthalmos prepei" class="grk">Τοιᾶυν ἀϋτῶν,—νυκτὸς ὀφθαλμὸς πρέπει</span>"—Lines 380-386.)</h5> +<h5>("<span title="Toiaun autôn,—nuktos ophthalmos prepei" class="grk">Τοιᾶυν ἀϋτῶν,—νυκτὸς ὀφθαλμὸς πρέπει</span>"—Lines 380-386.)</h5> <div class="contents"> <div class="stanza"> @@ -845,7 +804,7 @@ XXI. </td> <h5>2. <i>Capaneus.</i></h5> -<h5>("<span title="Echei de sêma,—PRÊSÔ POLIN" class="grk">Ἔχει δὲ σῆμα,—ΠΡΗΣΩ ΠΟΛΙΝ</span>."—Lines 428-430.)</h5> +<h5>("<span title="Echei de sêma,—PRÊSÔ POLIN" class="grk">Ἔχει δὲ σῆμα,—ΠΡΗΣΩ ΠΟΛΙΝ</span>."—Lines 428-430.)</h5> <div class="contents"> <div class="stanza"> @@ -857,7 +816,7 @@ XXI. </td> <h5>3. <i>Eteoclus.</i></h5> -<h5>("<span title="Eschêmatistai,—purgômatôn" class="grk">Ἔσχημάτισται,—πυργωμάτων</span>."—Lines 461-465.)</h5> +<h5>("<span title="Eschêmatistai,—purgômatôn" class="grk">Ἔσχημάτισται,—πυργωμάτων</span>."—Lines 461-465.)</h5> <div class="contents"> <div class="stanza"> @@ -872,12 +831,12 @@ XXI. </td> <h5>4. <i>Hippomedon.</i></h5> -<h5>("<span title="Ho sêmatourgos—phobon blepôn;" class="grk">Ὁ σηματουργὸς—φόβον βλέπων·</span>"—Lines 487-494.)</h5> +<h5>("<span title="Ho sêmatourgos—phobon blepôn;" class="grk">Ὁ σηματουργὸς—φόβον βλέπων·</span>"—Lines 487-494.)</h5> <div class="contents"> <div class="stanza"> <p class="hg3">"... On its orb, no vulgar artist</p> - <p>Expressed this image: 'A Typhæus huge,</p> + <p>Expressed this image: 'A Typhæus huge,</p> <p>Disgorging from his foul enfounder'd jaws,</p> <p>In fierce effusion wreaths of dusky smoke.</p> <p>Signal of kindling flames; its bending verge</p> @@ -888,9 +847,9 @@ XXI. </td> </div> </div> -<h5>5. <i>Parthenopæus.</i></h5> +<h5>5. <i>Parthenopæus.</i></h5> -<h5>("<span title="Hon mên akompastos—hiaptesthai Belê;" class="grk">Ὁν μὴν ἀκόμπαστος—ἵαπτεσθαι Βέλη·</span>"—Lines 534-540.)</h5> +<h5>("<span title="Hon mên akompastos—hiaptesthai Belê;" class="grk">Ὁν μὴν ἀκόμπαστος—ἵαπτεσθαι Βέλη·</span>"—Lines 534-540.)</h5> <div class="contents"> <div class="stanza"> @@ -923,7 +882,7 @@ XXI. </td> <h5>7. <i>Polynices.</i></h5> -<h5>("<span title="Echei de—ta xeurêmata." class="grk">Ἔχει δὲ—τά ξευρηματα.</span>"—Lines 639-646.)</h5> +<h5>("<span title="Echei de—ta xeurêmata." class="grk">Ἔχει δὲ—τά ξευρηματα.</span>"—Lines 639-646.)</h5> <div class="contents"> <div class="stanza"> @@ -940,13 +899,13 @@ XXI. </td> <h5>VIRGIL.</h5> -<h5>(<i>The Æneid.</i>)</h5> +<h5>(<i>The Æneid.</i>)</h5> <h5>1. ("Atque hic exultans—insigne decorum."—Lib. ii. lines 386-392.)</h5> <div class="contents"> <div class="stanza"> - <p class="hg3">"Choræbus, with youthful hopes beguil'd,</p> + <p class="hg3">"Choræbus, with youthful hopes beguil'd,</p> <p>Swol'n with success, and of a daring mind,</p> <p>This new invention fatally design'd.</p> <p class="hg1">'My friends,' said he, 'since fortune shows the way,</p> @@ -975,7 +934,7 @@ XXI. </td> </div> </div> -<h5>3. ("Sequitur pulcherrimus Astur—insigne paternæ."—Lib. x. lines 180-188.)</h5> +<h5>3. ("Sequitur pulcherrimus Astur—insigne paternæ."—Lib. x. lines 180-188.)</h5> <div class="contents"> <div class="stanza"> @@ -994,9 +953,9 @@ XXI. </td> <h5>HERODOTUS.</h5> -<h5>1. <i>Cilo</i>, § 171.</h5> +<h5>1. <i>Cilo</i>, § 171.</h5> -<h5>("<span title="Kai sphi trixa exeurêmata egeneto—ta sêmêia poieesthai." class="grk">Καὶ σφι τριξὰ ἐξέυρήματα ἐγένετο—τὰ σημήϊα ποιὲεσθαι.</span>")</h5> +<h5>("<span title="Kai sphi trixa exeurêmata egeneto—ta sêmêia poieesthai." class="grk">Καὶ σφι τριξὰ ἐξέυρήματα ἐγένετο—τὰ σημήϊα ποιὲεσθαι.</span>")</h5> <blockquote class="b1n"> @@ -1007,9 +966,9 @@ XXI. </td> </blockquote> -<h5>2. <i>Calliope</i>, § 74.</h5> +<h5>2. <i>Calliope</i>, § 74.</h5> -<h5>("<span title="O deteros tôn logôn—epioêmon ankuran." class="grk">Ὀ δέτερος τῶν λόγων—ἐπίοημον ἄγκυραν.</span>")</h5> +<h5>("<span title="O deteros tôn logôn—epioêmon ankuran." class="grk">Ὀ δέτερος τῶν λόγων—ἐπίοημον ἄγκυραν.</span>")</h5> <blockquote class="b1n"> @@ -1034,7 +993,7 @@ XXI. </td> <p>Potter in his "Antiquities of Greece" (Dunbar's edition, Edinburgh, 1824, vol. ii. page 79), thus speaks of the ensigns or flags (<span - title="sêmeia" class="grk" + title="sêmeia" class="grk" >σημεῖα</span>) used by the Grecians in their military affairs: "Of these there were different sorts, several of which were adorned with images of animals, or other things bearing @@ -1050,29 +1009,29 @@ XXI. </td> wherewith the extremities of the ship were beautified, commonly called <span title="akronea" class="grk" >ἀκρονεα</span> (or <span - title="neôn korônides" class="grk">νεῶν + title="neôn korônides" class="grk">νεῶν κορωνίδες</span>), in Latin, <i>Corymbi</i>. The form of them sometimes represented helmets, sometimes living creatures, but most frequently was winded into a round compass, whence they are so commonly named <i>Corymbi</i> and - <i>Coronæ</i>. To the <span title="akrostolia" class="grk" + <i>Coronæ</i>. To the <span title="akrostolia" class="grk" >ἀκροστόλια</span> in the prow, answered the <span title="aphgasta" class="grk" >ἄφγαστα</span> in the stern, which were often of an orbicular figure, or fashioned like wings, to which a little shield called <span title="aspideion" class="grk" >ἀσπιδεῖον</span>, - or <span title="aspidiskê" class="grk" + or <span title="aspidiskê" class="grk" >ἀσπιδίσκη</span>, was frequently affixed; sometimes a piece of wood was erected, whereon ribbons of divers colours were hung, and served instead of a flag to - distinguish the ship. <span title="Chêniskos" class="grk" + distinguish the ship. <span title="Chêniskos" class="grk" >Χηνίσκος</span> was so - called from <span title="Chên" class="grk">Χὴν</span>, <i>a + called from <span title="Chên" class="grk">Χὴν</span>, <i>a Goose</i>, whose <!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum" title="024.png"><a name="page10"></a>{10}</span>figure it resembled, because geese were looked on as fortunate omens to mariners, for that they swim on the top - of the waters and sink not. <span title="Parasêmon" class="grk" + of the waters and sink not. <span title="Parasêmon" class="grk" >Παράσημον</span> was the flag whereby ships were distinguished from one another; it was placed in the prow, just below the <span title="stolos" class="grk" @@ -1084,7 +1043,7 @@ XXI. </td> ship, which always represented <i>some one of the gods</i>, to whose care and protection the ship was recommended; for which reason it was held sacred. Now and then we find the <i>tutela</i> taken for the <span - title="Parasêmon" class="grk" + title="Parasêmon" class="grk" >Παράσημον</span>, and perhaps sometimes the images of gods might be represented on the flags; by some it is placed also in the prow, but by most authors of credit @@ -1111,8 +1070,8 @@ XXI. </td> <div class="contents"> <div class="stanza"> - <p class="hg1">'Est mihi, sitque, precor, flavæ tutela Minervæ,</p> - <p>Navis et à pictâ casside nomen habit.'</p> + <p class="hg1">'Est mihi, sitque, precor, flavæ tutela Minervæ,</p> + <p>Navis et à pictâ casside nomen habit.'</p> </div> <div class="stanza"> @@ -1123,7 +1082,7 @@ XXI. </td> </div> <p>"Hence comes the frequent mention of ships called <i>Pegasi</i>, - <i>Scyllæ</i>, <i>Bulls</i>, <i>Rams</i>, <i>Tigers</i>, &c., which + <i>Scyllæ</i>, <i>Bulls</i>, <i>Rams</i>, <i>Tigers</i>, &c., which the poets took liberty to represent as living creatures that transported their riders from one country to another; nor was there (according to some) any other ground for those known fictions of Pegasus, the winged @@ -1184,7 +1143,7 @@ XXI. </td> <!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum" title="026.png"><a name="page12"></a>{12}</span>that no trace of Jewish heraldry can be found until modern times. Consequently I accept unquestioningly the - conclusions of the late J. R. Planché, Somerset Herald, who + conclusions of the late J. R. Planché, Somerset Herald, who unhesitatingly asserted that armory did not exist at the time of the Conquest, basing his conclusions principally upon the entire absence of armory from the seals of that period, and the Bayeux tapestry.</p> @@ -1215,7 +1174,7 @@ XXI. </td> <a href="images/fig003.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig003.png" alt="Fig. 3." title="Fig. 3." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 3.</span>—Awoï-mon. <i>Mon</i> of the House of Minamoto + 3.</span>—Awoï-mon. <i>Mon</i> of the House of Minamoto Tokugawa.</p> </div> @@ -1267,7 +1226,7 @@ XXI. </td> of the leaves and flower of the <i>Paulowna imperialis</i>, conventionally treated.</p> - <p>Fig. 3, "Awoï-mon," is the <i>mon</i> of the House of Minamoto + <p>Fig. 3, "Awoï-mon," is the <i>mon</i> of the House of Minamoto Tokugawa, and is composed of three sea leaves (<i>Asarum</i>). The Tokugawa reigned over the country as <i>Shogune</i> from 1603 until the last revolution in 1867, before which time the Emperor (the Mikado) was @@ -1285,7 +1244,7 @@ XXI. </td> <a href="images/fig006.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig006.png" alt="Fig. 6." title="Fig. 6." /></a> <p style="text-align:left"><span class="sc">Fig. 6.</span>—Double - eagle on a coin (<i>drachma</i>) under the Orthogide of Kaifa Naçr Edin + eagle on a coin (<i>drachma</i>) under the Orthogide of Kaifa Naçr Edin Mahmud, 1217.</p> </div> @@ -1313,7 +1272,7 @@ XXI. </td> <a href="images/fig009.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig009.png" alt="Fig. 9." title="Fig. 9." /></a> <p style="text-align:left"><span class="sc">Fig. 9.</span>—Device - of the Emir Arkatây (a band between two keys).</p> + of the Emir Arkatây (a band between two keys).</p> </div> </td><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -1331,7 +1290,7 @@ XXI. </td> <a href="images/fig011.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig011.png" alt="Fig. 11." title="Fig. 11." /></a> <p style="text-align:left"><span class="sc">Fig. - 11.</span>—Device of Abu Abdallah, Mohammed ibn Naçr, King of + 11.</span>—Device of Abu Abdallah, Mohammed ibn Naçr, King of Granada, said to be the builder of the Alhambra (1231-1272).</p> </div> @@ -1376,7 +1335,7 @@ XXI. </td> Bayeux tapestry.</p> <p>Concerning the Bayeux tapestry and the evidence it affords, Woodward - and Burnett's "Treatise on Heraldry," apparently following Planché's + and Burnett's "Treatise on Heraldry," apparently following Planché's conclusions, remarks: "The evidence afforded by the famous tapestry preserved in the public library of Bayeux, a series of views in sewed work representing the invasion and conquest of England by <span @@ -1425,7 +1384,7 @@ XXI. </td> some are round, others kite-shaped, and on some of the latter are rude figures, of dragons or other imaginary animals, as well as crosses of different forms, and spots. On one hand it requires little imagination to - find the cross <i>patée</i> and the cross <i>botonnée</i> of heraldry + find the cross <i>patée</i> and the cross <i>botonnée</i> of heraldry prefigured on two of these shields. But there are several fatal objections to regarding these figures as incipient <i>armory</i>, namely that while the most prominent persons of the time are depicted, most of @@ -1450,7 +1409,7 @@ XXI. </td> episode, there is not a trace of an armorial ensign on any of the shields. That window was probably executed at a date when the memory of that event was fresh; but in <span class="sc">Montfaucon's</span> time, - the beginning of the eighteenth century, the <i>Science héroïque</i> was + the beginning of the eighteenth century, the <i>Science héroïque</i> was matter of such moment in France that it is not to be believed that the armorial figures on the shields, had there been any, would have been left out."</p> @@ -1821,7 +1780,7 @@ XXI. </td> purposes, one only, that of the use of armorial bearings in actual battle, can be said to have come to an end, and even that not entirely so; the rest are still with us in actual and extensive existence. I am - not versed in the minutiæ of army matters or army history, but I think I + not versed in the minutiæ of army matters or army history, but I think I am correct in saying that there was no such thing as a regular standing army or a national army until the reign of Henry VIII. Prior to that time the methods of the feudal system supplied the wants of the country. The @@ -1944,7 +1903,7 @@ XXI. </td> and knowledge of these various ensigns became first the necessary study and then the ordinary duty of these officers of the Marshal, and their possession of such knowledge, which soon in due course had to be written - down and tabulated, secured to them an important part in mediæval life. + down and tabulated, secured to them an important part in mediæval life. The result was that at an early period we find them employed in semi-diplomatic missions, such as carrying on negotiations between contending armies on the field, bearing declarations of war, challenges @@ -1956,7 +1915,7 @@ XXI. </td> officiating in the celebrated Scrope and Grosvenor case, of which very full particulars have come down to us, it is evident that the control of arms had not passed either in fact or in theory from the Crown to the - officers of arms at that date. Konrad Grünenberg, in his + officers of arms at that date. Konrad Grünenberg, in his <i>Wappencodex</i> ("Roll of Arms"), the date of which is 1483, gives a representation of a <i>helmschau</i> (literally helmet-show), here reproduced (Fig. 12), which includes the figure of a herald. Long before @@ -1989,7 +1948,7 @@ XXI. </td> alt="Fig. 12." title="Fig. 12." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. 12.</span>—<i>Helmschau</i> or Helmet-Show. (From Konrad - Grünenberg's <i>Wappencodex zu München</i>.) End of fifteenth + Grünenberg's <i>Wappencodex zu München</i>.) End of fifteenth century.</p> </div> @@ -2017,7 +1976,7 @@ XXI. </td> referred to the law officers of the Crown, whose opinion was in favour of the corporate body.</p> - <p>Berry in his <i>Encyclopædia Heraldica</i> further remarks: "The Kings + <p>Berry in his <i>Encyclopædia Heraldica</i> further remarks: "The Kings of Arms of the provincial territories have the titles of <i>Clarenceux</i> and <i>Norroy</i>, the jurisdiction of the former extending over the south, east, and west parts of England, from the river @@ -2373,15 +2332,15 @@ XXI. </td> <p>In the time of King Richard II. there belonged to the King of Arms and heralds the following fees, viz.: at the coronation of the King, a bounty - of £100; when the King first displayed his banners, 100 marks; when the + of £100; when the King first displayed his banners, 100 marks; when the King's son was made a knight, 40 marks; when the prince and a duke first - display their banners, £20; if it be a marquis, 20 marks; if an earl, - £10; if a baron, 5 marks of silver crowns, of 15 nobles; and if a knight + display their banners, £20; if it be a marquis, 20 marks; if an earl, + £10; if a baron, 5 marks of silver crowns, of 15 nobles; and if a knight bachelor, newly made a banneret, 3 marks, or 10 nobles; when the King is - married, the said Kings of Arms and heralds to have £50; when the Queen + married, the said Kings of Arms and heralds to have £50; when the Queen has a child <!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum" title="053.png"><a name="page37"></a>{37}</span>christened, a largess at the Queen's - pleasure, or of the lords of the council, which was sometimes £100, and + pleasure, or of the lords of the council, which was sometimes £100, and at others 100 marks, more or less; and when she is churched, such another largess; when princesses, duchesses, marchionesses, countesses, and baronesses have a child christened, and when they are churched, a largess @@ -2543,7 +2502,7 @@ XXI. </td> --><span class="pagenum" title="058.png"><a name="page40"></a>{40}</span>century, however, armorial bearings were quite well known in Scotland, and there is an entry in the Exchequer - Rolls on 10th October 1337 of a payment of £32, 6s. Scots for the making + Rolls on 10th October 1337 of a payment of £32, 6s. Scots for the making of seventeen armorial banners, and in 1364 there is another to the heralds for services at the tournaments; while William Petilloch, herald, has a grant from David II. of three husbandlands in Bonjedward, and Allan @@ -2576,7 +2535,7 @@ XXI. </td> Herald."</p> <p>Of the German officers of arms they, like the English, are divided - into three classes, known as <i>Wappenkönige</i>, <i>Herolde</i>, and + into three classes, known as <i>Wappenkönige</i>, <i>Herolde</i>, and <i>Persevanten</i>. These, like our own officers, had peculiar titles; for example <i>Suchenwirt</i> (an Austrian ducal herald), <i>Lub-den Frumen</i> (a Lichtenstein pursuivant), <i>Jerusalem</i> (a herald of the @@ -2886,7 +2845,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Latten (Fr. <i>laiton</i>), the material of which brasses were made, was at an early date manufactured in large quantities at Cologne, whence - plates of this metal came to be known as cullen (Köln) plates; these were + plates of this metal came to be known as cullen (Köln) plates; these were largely exported to other countries, and the Flemish workmen soon attained the greatest proficiency in their engraving. Flemish brasses are usually large and rectangular, having the space between the figure and @@ -2894,7 +2853,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> in niches. Brasses vary considerably in size: the matrix of Bishop Beaumont's brass in Durham Cathedral measures about 16 feet by 8 feet, and the memorial to Griel van Ruwescuere, in the chapel of the Lady - Superior of the Béguinage at Bruges, is only about 1 foot square. Brazen + Superior of the Béguinage at Bruges, is only about 1 foot square. Brazen effigies are more numerous in England in the eastern and southern counties, than in parts more remote from the continent of Europe.</p> @@ -3007,7 +2966,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> not crossed, are covered by long <i>chausses</i>, or stockings of mail, <!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum" title="073.png"><a name="page53"></a>{53}</span>protected at the knees by <i>poleyns</i> or - <i>genouillères</i> of <i>cuir bouilli</i> richly ornamented by elaborate + <i>genouillères</i> of <i>cuir bouilli</i> richly ornamented by elaborate designs. A surcoat, probably of linen, depends from the shoulders to a little below the knees, and is cut away to a point above <!-- Page 54 --><span class="pagenum" title="074.png"><a @@ -3084,14 +3043,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> fess indented argent, between three crosslets botony, or." The first crosslet is charged with an annulet, probably as a mark of cadency. The engraver has omitted the indenture upon the fess, which, however, appears - upon the shield. The knight's arms are protected by <i>epaulières</i>, + upon the shield. The knight's arms are protected by <i>epaulières</i>, <i>brassarts</i>, <i>coutes</i>, and <i>vambraces</i>; his hands, holding a heart, by gauntlets of steel. An elaborate baldric passes round his waist, from which are suspended, on the left, a cross-hilted sword, in a slightly ornamented scabbard; on the right, a <i>misericorde</i>, or dagger of mercy. The thighs are covered by cuisses—steel plates, here deftly concealed probably by satin or velvet secured by metal - studs—the knees by <i>genouillères</i>, the lower leg by + studs—the knees by <i>genouillères</i>, the lower leg by <i>jambes</i>, which reveal chausses of mail at the interstices. Sollerets, or long, pointed shoes, whereto are attached rowel spurs, complete his outfit. The figure stands upon a bracket bearing the name @@ -3110,7 +3069,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> (Knevet); 2. argent, a bend azure, and chief, gules (Cromwell); 3. chequy or and gules, a chief ermine (Tatshall); 4. chequy or and gules, a bend ermine (De Cailly or Clifton); 5. paly of six within a bordure - bezanté.... 6. bendy of six, a canton...."<a name="NtA_5" + bezanté.... 6. bendy of six, a canton...."<a name="NtA_5" href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p> <p>A coat of arms occurs also at each corner of the slab: "Nos. 1 and 4 @@ -3358,7 +3317,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> shape of all is the long, narrow shape, which is now but seldom seen. This was curved to protect the body, which it nearly covered, and an interesting example of this is to be found in the monumental slab of - champlevé enamel, part of the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of + champlevé enamel, part of the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (Fig. 28), the ancestor of our own Royal dynasty of Plantagenet, who died in the year 1150. This tomb was formerly in the cathedral of Le Mans, and is now in the museum there. I shall have occasion again to @@ -3430,7 +3389,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the middle of the shield the "buckle" or "umbo" (see on Fig. 28), from which frequently circularly arranged metal snaps reached the edge of the shield. This latter method of strengthening the shield was called the - "Buckelrîs," a figure which was afterwards frequently employed as a + "Buckelrîs," a figure which was afterwards frequently employed as a heraldic charge, and is known in Germany by the name of <i>Lilienhaspel</i> (Lily-staple) or <i>Glevenrad</i>, or, as we term it in England, the escarbuncle.</p> @@ -3492,7 +3451,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> these handicraftsmen its reputation was and is great. With the school of design it adopted, little or no sympathy now exists, but a short time ago (how short many of those who are now vigorous advocates of the Gothic and - mediæval styles would be startled to realise were they to recognise + mediæval styles would be startled to realise were they to recognise actual facts) no other style was known or considered by the public. As examples of that style the plates of Knight and Rumley were admittedly far in advance of any other book, and as specimens of copperplate @@ -3797,8 +3756,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> four roses argent.</p> <p>Two other colours will be found in nearly all text-books of English - armory. These are murrey or sanguine, and orange or tenné. The exact tint - of murrey is between gules and purpure; and tenné is an orange-tawny + armory. These are murrey or sanguine, and orange or tenné. The exact tint + of murrey is between gules and purpure; and tenné is an orange-tawny colour. They are both "stains," and were perhaps invented by the old heralds for the perpetration of their preposterous system of abatements, which will be found set out in full in the old heraldry books, but which @@ -3829,7 +3788,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> variations in the latter case according to the personality of his partner in guilt, is idiotic in the extreme. Consequently, as no example of an abatement has ever been found, one might almost discard the "stains" of - murrey and tenné were it not that they were largely made use of for the + murrey and tenné were it not that they were largely made use of for the purposes of liveries, in which usage they had no such objectionable meaning. At the present day scarlet or gules being appropriated to the Royal Family for livery purposes, other people possessing a shield of @@ -3863,7 +3822,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> apparently is different from the English sanguine, as a different hatching has been invented for it), earth-colour, iron-grey, water-colour, flesh-colour, ashen-grey, orange (here also a separate - hatching from the one to represent tenné has been invented), and the + hatching from the one to represent tenné has been invented), and the colour of nature, <i>i.e.</i> "proper." These doubtless are not intended to be added to the list of heraldic tinctures, but are noted because various hatchings have been invented in modern times to represent @@ -3877,23 +3836,23 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> described, other tinctures are occasionally found in the Heraldry of Continental nations; but are comparatively of such rarity as that they may be counted among the curiosities of blazon, which would require a - separate volume. That of which I have collected instances is Cendrée, or + separate volume. That of which I have collected instances is Cendrée, or ash colour, which is borne by (among others) the Bavarian family of - Ashua, as its <i>armes parlantes: Cendrée, a mount of three coupeaux in + Ashua, as its <i>armes parlantes: Cendrée, a mount of three coupeaux in base or</i>.</p> - <p>"<i>Brunâtre</i>, a brown colour, is even more rare as a tincture of + <p>"<i>Brunâtre</i>, a brown colour, is even more rare as a tincture of the field; the <span class="sc">Mieroszewsky</span> in Silesia bear, - '<i>de Brunâtre, A cross patée argent supporting a raven rising sable, + '<i>de Brunâtre, A cross patée argent supporting a raven rising sable, and holding in its beak a horseshoe proper, its points towards the chief</i>."</p> - <p>"<i>Bleu-céleste</i>, or <i>bleu du ciel</i>, appears occasionally, + <p>"<i>Bleu-céleste</i>, or <i>bleu du ciel</i>, appears occasionally, apart from what we may term 'landscape coats.' That it differs from, and is a much lighter colour than, azure is shown by the following example. The Florentine <span class="sc">Cinti</span> (now <span class="sc">Cini</span>) bear a coat which would be numbered among the - <i>armes fausses, or à enquérir: Per pale azure and bleu-céleste, an + <i>armes fausses, or à enquérir: Per pale azure and bleu-céleste, an estoile counterchanged</i>."</p> <p>"<i>Amaranth</i> or <i>columbine</i> is the field of a coat (of which @@ -3941,7 +3900,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Butkens, 1626; Petra Sancta, 1638; Lobkowitz, 1639; Gelenius; and De Rouck, 1645; but all these systems differed from each other, and were for a time the cause of confusion and not of order. Eventually, however, the - system of Petra Sancta (the author of <i>Tesseræ Gentilitia</i>) + system of Petra Sancta (the author of <i>Tesseræ Gentilitia</i>) superseded all the others, and has remained in use up to the present time.</p> @@ -3951,8 +3910,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. 35.</span></p> </div> - <p>Upon this point Herr Ströhl in his <i>Heraldischer Atlas</i> remarks: - "The system of hatching used by Marcus Vulson de la Colombière, 1639, in + <p>Upon this point Herr Ströhl in his <i>Heraldischer Atlas</i> remarks: + "The system of hatching used by Marcus Vulson de la Colombière, 1639, in the course of time found acceptance everywhere, and has <!-- Page 76 --><span class="pagenum" title="098.png"><a name="page76"></a>{76}</span>maintained itself in use unaltered until the @@ -3963,7 +3922,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> let them be mentioned (see Fig. 36): <i>a</i>, brown; <i>b</i>, blood-red; <i>c</i>, earth-colour; <i>d</i>, iron-grey; <i>e</i>, water-colour; <i>f</i>, flesh-colour; <i>g</i>, ashen-grey; <i>h</i>, - orange; and <i>i</i>, colour of nature. In English armory "tenné" is + orange; and <i>i</i>, colour of nature. In English armory "tenné" is represented by a combination of horizontal (as azure) lines with diagonal lines from sinister to dexter (as purpure), and sanguine or murrey by a combination of diagonal lines from dexter to sinister (as vert), and from @@ -4008,7 +3967,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Ages, that they substituted for gold, topaz; for silver, pearl or "meergries"; for red, ruby; for blue, sapphire; for green, emerald; and for black, diamond or "zobel" (sable, the animal, whence the word - "sable"). Let the following blazonment from the grant of arms to Mödling + "sable"). Let the following blazonment from the grant of arms to Mödling bei Wien in 1458 serve as example of the same: "Mit namen ain Schilt gleich getailt in fasse, des ober und maister tail von Rubin auch mit ainer fasse von Berlein, der under thail von grunt des Schilts von @@ -4023,7 +3982,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> occasionally employed: thus, the <i>sun</i> for gold, the <i>moon</i> for silver, <i>Mars</i> for red, <i>Jupiter</i> for blue, <i>Venus</i> for green, <i>Saturn</i> for black, and <i>Mercury</i> for purple. This - aberration of intellect on the part of mediæval heraldic writers, for it + aberration of intellect on the part of mediæval heraldic writers, for it really amounted to little more, had very little, if indeed it had any, English official recognition. No one dreams of using such blazon at the present time, and it might have been entirely disregarded were it not @@ -4041,11 +4000,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> "Ermines" is a black field with white ermine spots (the French term for this is <i>contre-hermin</i>, the German, <i>gegen-hermelin</i>). A gold background with black ermine spots is styled erminois, and pean is a - black ground with gold ermine spots. Planché mentions still another, as + black ground with gold ermine spots. Planché mentions still another, as does Parker in his "Glossary of Heraldry," namely, "erminites," which is supposed to be white, with black ermine spots and a red hair on each side of the spot. I believe there is no instance known of any such fur in - British armory. It is not mentioned in Ströhl's "Heraldic Atlas," nor can + British armory. It is not mentioned in Ströhl's "Heraldic Atlas," nor can I find any foreign instance, so that who invented it, or for what purpose it was invented, I cannot say; and I think it should be relegated, with abatements and the <i>seize quartiers</i> of Jesus Christ, to the @@ -4054,8 +4013,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> existence of erminites. The German term for erminois is <i>gold-hermelin</i>, but there are no distinctive terms either in French or German heraldry for the other varieties. Thus, erminois would be in - French blazon: d'or, semé d'hermines de sable; pean would be de sable, - semé d'hermines d'or. Though ermine is always nowadays represented upon a + French blazon: d'or, semé d'hermines de sable; pean would be de sable, + semé d'hermines d'or. Though ermine is always nowadays represented upon a white background, it was sometimes depicted with black ermine spots upon a field of silver, as in the case of some of the stall plates of the Knights of the Garter in St. George's Chapel at Windsor. Ermine spots are @@ -4069,7 +4028,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> blood relationship. Other instances of the use of an ermine spot as a charge are:—</p> - <p>Or, on two bars azure, as many barrulets dancetté argent, a chief + <p>Or, on two bars azure, as many barrulets dancetté argent, a chief indented of the second charged with an ermine spot or (Sawbridge).</p> <p>Argent, a chevron between three crows sable, in each beak an ermine @@ -4114,7 +4073,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> "Glossary of the Terms used in Heraldry," may be noted in passing. The familiar fairy tale of Cinderella was brought to us from the French, and the slippers made of this costly fur, written, probably, <i>verre</i> for - <i>vairé</i>, were erroneously translated "glass" slippers. This was, of + <i>vairé</i>, were erroneously translated "glass" slippers. This was, of course, an impossible material, but the error has always been repeated in the nursery tale-books.</p> @@ -4143,7 +4102,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> manner, as <i>nebuly</i>. There does not seem to have been any fixed proportion for the number of rows of vair, as Fig. 40 shows the arms of the same Earl as represented upon his seal. The palpable pun upon the - name which a shield vairé supplied no doubt affords the origin of the + name which a shield vairé supplied no doubt affords the origin of the arms of Ferrers. Some families of the name at a later date adopted the horseshoes, which are to be found upon many Farrer and Ferrers shields, the popular assumption being that they are a reference to the "farrier" @@ -4156,11 +4115,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> on his seal (Fig. 41). <!-- Page 81 --><span class="pagenum" title="105.png" ><a name="page81"></a>{81}</span>His wife was Sybilla, daughter of William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke. His son reverted to the plain shield - of vairé, or, and gules. The arms of the Ferrers family at a later date + of vairé, or, and gules. The arms of the Ferrers family at a later date are found to be: Gules, seven mascles conjoined or, in which form they are still borne by Ferrers of Baddesley Clinton; but whether the mascles are corruptions of the horseshoes, or whether (as seems infinitely more - probable) they are merely a corrupted form of the vairé, or, and gules, + probable) they are merely a corrupted form of the vairé, or, and gules, it is difficult to say. Personally I rather doubt whether any Ferrers ever used the arms: Argent, six horseshoes sable.</p> @@ -4200,10 +4159,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> alt="Plate II." title="Plate II." /></a> </div> <p>The early manner of depicting vair is still occasionally met with in - foreign heraldry, where it is blazoned as Vair ondé or Vair ancien. The - family of <span class="sc">Margens</span> in Spain bears: Vair ondé, on a + foreign heraldry, where it is blazoned as Vair ondé or Vair ancien. The + family of <span class="sc">Margens</span> in Spain bears: Vair ondé, on a bend gules three griffins or; and <span class="sc">Tarragone</span> of - Spain: Vair ondé, or and gules. German heraldry seems to distinguish + Spain: Vair ondé, or and gules. German heraldry seems to distinguish between <i>wolkenfeh</i> (cloud vair) and <i>wogenfeh</i> (wave vair; see Fig. 39, <i>n</i>). The former is equivalent to vair ancient, the latter to vair en point.</p> @@ -4225,8 +4184,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> termed vairy of such and such colours. When it is vairy, it is usually of a colour and metal, as in the case of Ferrers, Earls of Derby, above referred to; though a fur is sometimes found to take the place of one or - other, as in the arms of Gresley, which are: "Vairé gules and ermine." I - know of no instance where vairé is found of either two metals or of two + other, as in the arms of Gresley, which are: "Vairé gules and ermine." I + know of no instance where vairé is found of either two metals or of two colours, nor at the same time do I know of any rule against such a combination. Probably it will be time enough to discuss the contingency when an instance comes to light. Gerard Leigh mentions vair of three or @@ -4250,7 +4209,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> traits</i>. <i>Menu-vair</i> is still the blazon of some families; <span class="sc">Banville de Trutemne</span> bears: <i>de Menu-vair de six tires</i>; the Barons van <span class="sc">Houthem</span> bore: <i>de - Menu-vair, au franc quartier de gueules chargé de trois maillets + Menu-vair, au franc quartier de gueules chargé de trois maillets d'or</i>. In British armory the foregoing distinctions are unknown, and <i>Vair</i> is only of one size, that being at the discretion of the artist.</p> @@ -4260,29 +4219,29 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> tincture are in apposition, the fur is known as <span class="sc">Counter Vair (Contre Vair)</span> (see Fig. 39, <i>l</i>). Another variation, but an infrequent one, is termed <span class="sc">Vair in Pale</span>, known - in German heraldry as <i>Pfahlfeh</i> (<i>Vair appointé</i> or <i>Vair en - pal</i>; but if of other colours than the usual ones, <i>Vairé en + in German heraldry as <i>Pfahlfeh</i> (<i>Vair appointé</i> or <i>Vair en + pal</i>; but if of other colours than the usual ones, <i>Vairé en pal</i>). In this all panes of the same colour are arranged in vertical, or palar, rows (Fig. 39, <i>m</i>). German heraldry apparently - distinguishes between this and <i>Stürzpfahlfeh</i>, or <i>reversed</i> + distinguishes between this and <i>Stürzpfahlfeh</i>, or <i>reversed</i> vair in pale. <span class="sc">Vair in Bend</span> (or in bend-sinister) is occasionally met with in foreign coats; thus <span - class="sc">Mignianelli</span> in Italy bears: <i>Vairé d'or et d'azur en - bande</i>; while <i>Vairé en barre</i> (that is, in bend-sinister) + class="sc">Mignianelli</span> in Italy bears: <i>Vairé d'or et d'azur en + bande</i>; while <i>Vairé en barre</i> (that is, in bend-sinister) <i>d'or et de sable</i> is the coat of <span class="sc">Pichon</span> of Geneva.</p> <p>"Vair en pointe" is a term applied by Nisbet to an arrangement by which the azure shield pointing downwards has beneath it an argent shield - pointing downwards, and <i>vice versâ</i>, by which method the resulting + pointing downwards, and <i>vice versâ</i>, by which method the resulting effect is as shown in Fig. 39, <i>n</i>. The German term for this is <i>Wogenfeh</i>, or wave vair. Fig. 39, <i>o</i>, shows a purely German variety—<i>Wechselfeh</i>, or alternate vair; and Fig. 39, - <i>p</i>, which is equivalent to the English vairé of four colours, is + <i>p</i>, which is equivalent to the English vairé of four colours, is known in German armory as <i>Buntfeh, i.e.</i> gay-coloured or checked vair.</p> - <p>Ordinary vair in German heraldry is known as <i>Eisenhüt-feh</i>, or + <p>Ordinary vair in German heraldry is known as <i>Eisenhüt-feh</i>, or iron hat vair. On account of its similarity, when drawn, to the old iron hat of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (see Fig. 42), this skin has received the name of <i>Eisenhutlein</i> (little iron hat) from @@ -4300,7 +4259,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> only; such are <span class="sc">Ferrers</span> and <span class="sc">Gresley</span>, above mentioned; <span class="sc">Varano</span>, Dukes de <span class="sc">Camerino</span>; - <span class="sc">Vaire</span> and <span class="sc">Vairière</span>, in + <span class="sc">Vaire</span> and <span class="sc">Vairière</span>, in France; <span class="sc">Veret</span>, in Switzerland; <span class="sc">Gouvis</span>, <span class="sc">Fresnay</span> (Brittany); <span class="sc">De Vera</span> in Spain; <span class="sc">Loheac</span> @@ -4309,7 +4268,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <span class="sc">Loffredo</span> of Naples; by <span class="sc">Bouchage</span>, <span class="sc">Du Plessis Angers</span>, and <span class="sc">Brotin</span>, of France. <span - class="sc">Hellemmes</span> of Tournay uses: <i>de Contre vair, à lac + class="sc">Hellemmes</span> of Tournay uses: <i>de Contre vair, à lac otice de gueules brochante sur le tout</i>.</p> <table class="mc" style="width:50%"><tr><td class="vmi plr1" style="width:58%"> @@ -4333,58 +4292,58 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Mr. Woodward, in his "Treatise on Heraldry," writes: "Two curious forms of Vair occasionally met with in Italian or French coats are known - as <i>Plumeté</i> and <i>Papelonné</i>.</p> + as <i>Plumeté</i> and <i>Papelonné</i>.</p> - <p>In <i>Plumeté</i> the field is apparently covered with feathers. - <i>Plumeté d'argent et d'azur</i> is the coat of Ceba (note that these + <p>In <i>Plumeté</i> the field is apparently covered with feathers. + <i>Plumeté d'argent et d'azur</i> is the coat of Ceba (note that these are the tinctures of <i>Vair</i>); <span class="sc">Soldonieri</span> of - Udine, <i>Plumeté au natural</i> (but the <span - class="sc">Soldonieri</span> of Florence bore: <i>Vairé argent and + Udine, <i>Plumeté au natural</i> (but the <span + class="sc">Soldonieri</span> of Florence bore: <i>Vairé argent and sable</i> with <i>a bordure chequy or and azure</i>); <span - class="sc">Tenremonde</span> of Brabant: <i>Plumeté or and sable</i>. In + class="sc">Tenremonde</span> of Brabant: <i>Plumeté or and sable</i>. In the arms of the <span class="sc">Scaltenighi</span> of Padua, the <span class="sc">Benzoni</span> of Milan, the <span class="sc">Giolfini</span>, <span class="sc">Catanei</span>, and <span class="sc">Nuvoloni</span> of - Verona, each feather of the <i>plumeté</i> is said to be charged with an + Verona, each feather of the <i>plumeté</i> is said to be charged with an ermine spot sable.</p> - <p>The bearing of <span class="sc">Papelonné</span> is more frequently + <p>The bearing of <span class="sc">Papelonné</span> is more frequently found; in it the field is covered with what appear to be scales, the - heraldic term <i>papelonné</i> being derived from a supposed resemblance + heraldic term <i>papelonné</i> being derived from a supposed resemblance of these scales to the wings of butterflies; for example the coat of - <span class="sc">Monti</span>: <i>Gules, papelonné argent</i>. <span - class="sc">Donzel</span> at Besançon bears: Papelonné d'or et de sable. - It is worthy of note that Donzé of Lorraine used: Gules, three bars wavy + <span class="sc">Monti</span>: <i>Gules, papelonné argent</i>. <span + class="sc">Donzel</span> at Besançon bears: Papelonné d'or et de sable. + It is worthy of note that Donzé of Lorraine used: Gules, three bars wavy or. The <span class="sc">Franconis</span> of Lausanne are said to bear: - <i>de Gueules papelonné d'argent</i>, and on <i>a chief of the last a + <i>de Gueules papelonné d'argent</i>, and on <i>a chief of the last a rose of the first</i>, but the coat is otherwise blazoned: <i>Vaire gules and or</i>, &c. The coat of <span class="sc">Arquinvilliers</span>, or <span class="sc">Hargenvilliers</span>, in Picardy, of <i>d'Hermine - papelonné de <!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum" title="108.png"><a + papelonné de <!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum" title="108.png"><a name="page84"></a>{84}</span>gueules</i> (not being understood, this has - been blazoned "<i>semé of caltraps</i>"). So also the coat of <span - class="sc">Chemillé</span> appears in French books of blazon - indifferently as: <i>d'Or papelonné de gueules</i>: and <i>d'Or semé de - chausse-trapes de gueules</i>. <span class="sc">Guétteville de - Guénonville</span> is said to bear: <i>d'Argent semé de chausse-trapes de + been blazoned "<i>semé of caltraps</i>"). So also the coat of <span + class="sc">Chemillé</span> appears in French books of blazon + indifferently as: <i>d'Or papelonné de gueules</i>: and <i>d'Or semé de + chausse-trapes de gueules</i>. <span class="sc">Guétteville de + Guénonville</span> is said to bear: <i>d'Argent semé de chausse-trapes de sable</i>, but it is more probable that this is simply <i>d'Argent - papelonné de sable</i>. The <span class="sc">Barisoni</span> of Padua + papelonné de sable</i>. The <span class="sc">Barisoni</span> of Padua bear: <i>Or, a bend of scales, bendwise argent, on each scale an ermine spot sable, the bend bordered sable</i>. The <span - class="sc">Alberici</span> of Bologna bear: <i>Papelonné of seven rows, + class="sc">Alberici</span> of Bologna bear: <i>Papelonné of seven rows, four of argent, three of or</i>; but the <span class="sc">Alberghi</span> - of the same city: <i>Papelonné of six rows, three of argent, as many of - gules</i>. The connection with <i>vairé</i> is much clearer in the latter + of the same city: <i>Papelonné of six rows, three of argent, as many of + gules</i>. The connection with <i>vairé</i> is much clearer in the latter than in the former. <span class="sc">Cambi</span> (called <span class="sc">Figliambuchi</span>), at Florence, carried: <i>d'Argent, - papelonné de gueules</i>; <span class="sc">Monti</span> of Florence and + papelonné de gueules</i>; <span class="sc">Monti</span> of Florence and Sicily, and <span class="sc">Ronquerolles</span> of France the reverse.</p> <p>No one who is familiar with the licence given to themselves by armorial painters and sculptors in Italy, who were often quite ignorant of the meaning of the blazons they depicted, will doubt for a moment the - statement that Papelonné was originally a corruption from or perhaps is + statement that Papelonné was originally a corruption from or perhaps is simply ill-drawn Vair."</p> <p><span class="sc">Potent</span>, and its less common variant <span @@ -4399,7 +4358,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> class="sc">Enguerrand IV.</span> (De Courcy); here the well-known arms of <span class="sc">Courcy</span>, <i>Barry of six vair and gules</i>, are depicted as if the bars of vair were composed of bars of <i>potent</i> - (<span class="sc">Vrée</span>, <i>Généalogie des Comtes de Flandre</i>). + (<span class="sc">Vrée</span>, <i>Généalogie des Comtes de Flandre</i>). In a <i>Roll of Arms of the time of Edward I.</i> the <i>Vair</i> resembles <i>Potent</i> (-counter-potent), which <span class="sc">Dr. Perceval</span> erroneously terms an "invention of later date." The name @@ -4431,14 +4390,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> frequent usage, but it undoubtedly has an accepted place in British armory, as also has "counter-potent," which, following the same rules as counter-vair, results in a field as Fig. 39, <i>r</i>. The German terms - for Potent and counter-potent are respectively <i>Sturzkrückenfeh</i> and - <i>gegensturzkrückenfeh</i> German heraldry has evolved yet another - variant of Potent, viz. <i>Verschobenes Gegensturzkrückenfeh</i> + for Potent and counter-potent are respectively <i>Sturzkrückenfeh</i> and + <i>gegensturzkrückenfeh</i> German heraldry has evolved yet another + variant of Potent, viz. <i>Verschobenes Gegensturzkrückenfeh</i> (<i>i.e.</i> displaced potent-counter-potent), as in Fig. 39, <i>s</i>. There is still yet another German heraldic fur which is quite unknown in British armory. This is called <i>Kursch</i>, otherwise "Vair bellies," and is usually shown to be hairy and represented brown. Possibly this is - the same as the <i>Plumeté</i> to which Mr. Woodward refers.</p> + the same as the <i>Plumeté</i> to which Mr. Woodward refers.</p> <p>Some heraldic writers also speak of <i>varry</i> as meaning the pieces of which the vair is composed; they also use the terms <i>vairy cuppy</i> @@ -4573,7 +4532,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> idea apparently is always the concealment of the date of nobility.</p> <p>The "landscape" variety of heraldry is more common in Germany than - with us, and Ströhl writes: "Of very little heraldic worth are the old + with us, and Ströhl writes: "Of very little heraldic worth are the old house and home signs as they were used by landed proprietors, tradesmen, and artisans or workmen, as indicative of their possessions, wares, or productions. These signs, originally simply outline pictures, were later @@ -4617,12 +4576,12 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <h5>SEME</h5> - <p>The use of the term "semé" must be considered before we leave the + <p>The use of the term "semé" must be considered before we leave the subject of the field. It simply means "powdered with" or "strewed with" any objects, the number of the latter being unlimited, the purpose being - to evenly distribute them over the shield. In depicting anything semé, + to evenly distribute them over the shield. In depicting anything semé, care is usually taken that some of the charges (with which the field is - semé) shall be partly defaced by the edges of the shield, or the ordinary + semé) shall be partly defaced by the edges of the shield, or the ordinary upon which they are charged, or by the superior charge itself, to indicate that the field is not charged with a specific number of objects.</p> @@ -4660,31 +4619,31 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> </td></tr></table> <p>There are certain special terms which may be noted. A field or charge - semé of fleurs-de-lis is termed "semé-de-lis," but if semé of bezants it - is bezanté, and is termed platé if semé of plates.</p> + semé of fleurs-de-lis is termed "semé-de-lis," but if semé of bezants it + is bezanté, and is termed platé if semé of plates.</p> - <p>A field semé of billets is billetty or billetté, and when semé of - cross crosslets it is termed crusilly. A field or charge semé of drops is - termed goutté or gutty.</p> + <p>A field semé of billets is billetty or billetté, and when semé of + cross crosslets it is termed crusilly. A field or charge semé of drops is + termed goutté or gutty.</p> - <p>Instances of coats of which the field is semé will be found in the + <p>Instances of coats of which the field is semé will be found in the arms of De la Warr (see Fig. 44), which are: Gules, crusilly, and a lion - rampant argent; Beaumont (see Fig. 45): Azure, semé-de-lis and a lion - rampant or; and Umfraville (see Fig. 46): Gules, semé of crosses flory, + rampant argent; Beaumont (see Fig. 45): Azure, semé-de-lis and a lion + rampant or; and Umfraville (see Fig. 46): Gules, semé of crosses flory, and a cinquefoil or.</p> <p>The goutte or drop occasionally figures (in a specified number) as a charge; but such cases are rare, its more frequent use being to show <!-- Page 90 --><span class="pagenum" title="114.png"><a - name="page90"></a>{90}</span>a field semé. British heraldry alone has + name="page90"></a>{90}</span>a field semé. British heraldry alone has evolved separate names for the different colours, all other nations - simply using the term "goutté" or "gutté," and specifying the colour. The - terms we have adopted are as follows: For drops of gold, "gutté-d'or"; - silver, "gutté-d'eau"; for gules, "gutté-de-sang"; azure, - "gutté-de-larmes"; vert, "gutté-d'huile"; and sable, "gutté-de-poix."</p> + simply using the term "goutté" or "gutté," and specifying the colour. The + terms we have adopted are as follows: For drops of gold, "gutté-d'or"; + silver, "gutté-d'eau"; for gules, "gutté-de-sang"; azure, + "gutté-de-larmes"; vert, "gutté-d'huile"; and sable, "gutté-de-poix."</p> - <p>The term semé must not be confused with diapering, for whilst the - objects with which a field is semé are an integral part of the arms, + <p>The term semé must not be confused with diapering, for whilst the + objects with which a field is semé are an integral part of the arms, diapering is a purely artistic and optional matter.</p> <h5>DIAPERING</h5> @@ -4722,7 +4681,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> armory of this country. Where for artistic reasons <!-- Page 91 --><span class="pagenum" title="115.png"><a name="page91"></a>{91}</span>diapering is employed, care must always be taken that the decorative form employed - cannot be mistaken for a field either charged or semé.</p> + cannot be mistaken for a field either charged or semé.</p> <h5>PARTITION LINES</h5> @@ -4734,7 +4693,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> lines of partition are themselves well enough known; and it is hardly necessary to elaborate the different variations at any great length. They may, however, be enumerated as follows: Engrailed, embattled, indented, - invecked or invected, wavy or undy, nebuly, dancetté, raguly, potenté, + invecked or invected, wavy or undy, nebuly, dancetté, raguly, potenté, dovetailed, and urdy. These are the lines which are recognised by most modern heraldic text-books and generally recapitulated; but we shall have occasion later to refer to others which are very well known, though @@ -4786,7 +4745,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The partition line <i>embattled</i> has certain peculiarities of its own. When dividing the field there can be no difficulty about it, inasmuch as the crenellations are equally inwards and outwards from any - point, and it should be noted that the term "crenellé" is almost as often + point, and it should be noted that the term "crenellé" is almost as often used as "embattled." When, however, the term describes an ordinary, certain points have to be borne in mind. The fess or the bar embattled is drawn with the crenellations <i>on the upper side</i> only, the under @@ -4803,11 +4762,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the other, and using the term bretessed to signify that embattlements are opposite embattlements and indentations opposite indentations. I am doubtful as to the accuracy of this distinction, because the French term - bretessé means only counter-embattled.</p> + bretessé means only counter-embattled.</p> - <p>The terms <i>indented</i> and <i>dancetté</i> need to be considered + <p>The terms <i>indented</i> and <i>dancetté</i> need to be considered together, because they differ very little, and only in the fact that - whilst indented may be drawn with any number of teeth, dancetté is drawn + whilst indented may be drawn with any number of teeth, dancetté is drawn with a limited number, which is usually three complete teeth in the width of the field. But it should be observed that this rule is not so hard and fast that the necessity of artistic depicting may not modify it slightly. @@ -4815,21 +4774,21 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> ordinary which was engrailed, except that the teeth are made by small straight lines for the indentations instead of by small semicircles, and instances can doubtless be found of all the ordinaries qualified by the - term indented. Dancetté, however, does not lend itself so readily to + term indented. Dancetté, however, does not lend itself so readily to general application, and is usually to be found applied to either a fess - or chief, or occasionally a bend. In the case of a fess dancetté the + or chief, or occasionally a bend. In the case of a fess dancetté the indentations on the top and bottom lines are made to fit into each other, so that instead of having a straight band with the edge merely toothed, one gets an up and down zig-zag band with three complete teeth at the top and three complete teeth at the bottom. Whilst a fess, a bar, a bend, and - a chief can be found dancetté, I do not see how it would be possible to - draw a saltire or a cross dancetté. At any rate the resulting figure + a chief can be found dancetté, I do not see how it would be possible to + draw a saltire or a cross dancetté. At any rate the resulting figure would be most ugly, and would appear ill-balanced. A pile and a chevron seem equally impossible, though there does not <!-- Page 94 --><span class="pagenum" title="118.png"><a name="page94"></a>{94}</span>seem to - be the like objection to a pale dancetté. An instance of a bend dancetté + be the like objection to a pale dancetté. An instance of a bend dancetté is found in the arms of Cuffe (Lord Desart), which are: Argent, on a bend - dancetté sable, plain cotised azure, three fleurs-de-lis, and on each + dancetté sable, plain cotised azure, three fleurs-de-lis, and on each cotise as many bezants.</p> <p><i>Wavy</i> or <i>undy</i>, which is supposed to have been taken from @@ -4846,17 +4805,17 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> these lines may occupy or as to the number of indentations as compared with the width of the shield, and it is a pity to introduce or recognise any regulations of this character where none exist. There are writers who - think it not unlikely that vairé and barry nebuly were one and the same + think it not unlikely that vairé and barry nebuly were one and the same thing. It is at any rate difficult in some old representations to draw any noticeable distinctions between the methods of depicting barry nebuly and vair.</p> <p>The line <i>raguly</i> has been the subject of much discussion. It, - and the two which follow, viz. potenté and dovetailed, are all + and the two which follow, viz. potenté and dovetailed, are all comparatively modern introductions. It would be interesting if some enthusiast would go carefully through the ancient Rolls of Arms and find the earliest occurrences of these terms. My own impression is that they - would all be found to be inventions of the mediæval writers on heraldry. + would all be found to be inventions of the mediæval writers on heraldry. Raguly is the same as embattled, with the crenellations put upon the slant. Some writers say they should slant one way, others give them slanting the reverse. In a pale or a bend the teeth must point upwards; @@ -4888,9 +4847,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> sable, a cross dovetailed, in the first and fourth quarters a fleur-de-lis, and in the second and third a trefoil slipped all countercharged." There are, of course, many others. The term - <i>potenté</i>, as will be seen from a reference to Fig. 47, is used to + <i>potenté</i>, as will be seen from a reference to Fig. 47, is used to indicate a line which follows the form of the division lines in the fur - potent. As one of the partition lines potenté is very rare.</p> + potent. As one of the partition lines potenté is very rare.</p> <p>As to the term <i>urdy</i>, which is given in Woodward and Burnett and also in Berry, I can only say I personally have never come across an @@ -4951,7 +4910,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> these and many others that he gives are refinements of idea which personally I should never expect to find in actual use, and of the instances of which I am unaware. I think, however, the term - "<i>rayonné</i>," which is found in both the arms of O'Hara and the arms + "<i>rayonné</i>," which is found in both the arms of O'Hara and the arms of Colman, and which is formed by the addition of rays to the ordinary, should take a place amongst lines of partition, though I admit I know of no instance in which it is employed to divide the field.</p> @@ -5193,7 +5152,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> and therein considering the field as if it were simply "per bend."</p> <p>After the field has been described, anything of which the field is - semé must next be alluded to, <i>e.g.</i> gules, semé-de-lis or, + semé must next be alluded to, <i>e.g.</i> gules, semé-de-lis or, &c.</p> <p>The second thing to be mentioned in the blazon is the principal @@ -5245,10 +5204,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> all above the lion, it would then be necessary to blazon it: "Or, a lion rampant sable, in chief three boars' heads erased gules."</p> - <p>When a field is <i>semé</i> of anything, this is taken to be a part of + <p>When a field is <i>semé</i> of anything, this is taken to be a part of the field, and not a representation of a number of charges. Consequently - the arms of Long are blazoned: "Sable, semé of cross crosslets, a lion - rampant argent." As a matter of fact the semé of cross crosslets is + the arms of Long are blazoned: "Sable, semé of cross crosslets, a lion + rampant argent." As a matter of fact the semé of cross crosslets is always termed <i>crusilly</i>, as has been already explained.</p> <p>When charges are placed around the shield in the position they would @@ -5354,7 +5313,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig062.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig062.png" alt="Fig. 62." title="Fig. 62." /></a> <p style="text-align:left"><span class="sc">Fig. 62.</span>—Arms - of John de Beaumont, Lord Beaumont (<i>d.</i> 1369): Azure, semé-de-lis + of John de Beaumont, Lord Beaumont (<i>d.</i> 1369): Azure, semé-de-lis and a lion rampant or, over all a bend gobony argent and gules. (From his seal.)</p> </div> @@ -5595,7 +5554,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> surcoat and its decoration as the real origin of coats of arms, derive <!-- Page 109 --><span class="pagenum" title="133.png"><a name="page109"></a>{109}</span>the ordinaries from the belt, scarf, and - other articles of raiment. Planché, on the other hand, scouted such a + other articles of raiment. Planché, on the other hand, scouted such a derivation, putting forward upon very good and plausible grounds the simple argument that the origin of the ordinaries is to be found in the cross-pieces of wood placed across a shield for strengthening purposes. @@ -5604,19 +5563,19 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> long anterior to the existence of regularised armory. But then, on the other hand, shields can be found decorated with animals at an equally early or even an earlier period, and I am inclined myself to push - Planché's own argument even farther than he himself took it, and assert + Planché's own argument even farther than he himself took it, and assert unequivocally that the ordinaries had in themselves no particular symbolism and no definable origin whatever beyond that easy method of making some pattern upon a shield which was to be gained by using straight lines. That they ever had any military meaning, I cannot see the slightest foundation to believe; their suggested and asserted symbolism I - totally deny. But when we can find, as Planché did, that shields were + totally deny. But when we can find, as Planché did, that shields were strengthened with cross-pieces in various directions, it is quite natural to suppose that these cross-pieces afforded a ready means of decoration in colour, and this would lead a good deal of other decoration to follow similar forms, even in the absence of cross-pieces upon the definite shield itself. The one curious point which rather seems to tell against - Planché's theory is that in the earliest "rolls" of arms but a + Planché's theory is that in the earliest "rolls" of arms but a comparatively small proportion of the arms are found to consist of these rectilinear figures, and if the ordinaries really originated in strengthening cross-pieces one would have expected a larger number of @@ -5771,7 +5730,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig073.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig073.png" alt="Fig. 73." title="Fig. 73." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 73.</span>—Bend dancetté.</p> + 73.</span>—Bend dancetté.</p> </div> </td></tr></table> @@ -5860,7 +5819,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> two bends sable, the upper one engrailed (<i>vide</i> Lyon Register—escutcheon of pretence on the arms of Goldie-Scot of Craigmore, 1868); or as in the arms of James Ford, of Montrose, 1804: - Gules, two bends vairé argent and sable, on a chief or, a greyhound + Gules, two bends vairé argent and sable, on a chief or, a greyhound courant sable between two towers gules. A different form appears in the arms of Zorke or Yorke (see Papworth), which are blazoned: Azure, a bend argent, impaling argent, a bend azure. A solitary instance of @@ -6118,7 +6077,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig094.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig094.png" alt="Fig. 94." title="Fig. 94." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 94.</span>—Pale rayonné.</p> + 94.</span>—Pale rayonné.</p> </div> </td><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -6210,7 +6169,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> In a Roll <i>temp.</i> Henry III., to Simon the younger is ascribed "Le Banner party endentee dargent & de goules," although the arms of both father and son are known to have been as Fig. 98: "Gules, a lion rampant - queue-fourchée argent." More probably the indented coat gives the + queue-fourchée argent." More probably the indented coat gives the original Montfort arms.</p> <h5>THE FESS</h5> @@ -6221,8 +6180,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <!-- Page 118 --><span class="pagenum" title="142.png"><a name="page118"></a>{118}</span></p> - <p>A curious variety of the fess dancetté is borne by the Shropshire - family Plowden of Plowden. They bear: Azure, a fess dancetté, the upper + <p>A curious variety of the fess dancetté is borne by the Shropshire + family Plowden of Plowden. They bear: Azure, a fess dancetté, the upper points terminating in fleurs-de-lis (Fig. 110). A fess couped (Fig. 111) is found in the arms of Lee.</p> @@ -6277,7 +6236,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig107.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig107.png" alt="Fig. 107." title="Fig. 107." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 107.</span>—Fess dancetté.</p> + 107.</span>—Fess dancetté.</p> </div> </td></tr><tr><td class="vtp plr1"> @@ -6311,7 +6270,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The "fess embattled" is only crenellated upon the upper edge; but when both edges are embattled it is a fess embattled and counter-embattled. - The term <i>bretessé</i> (which is said to indicate that the battlements + The term <i>bretessé</i> (which is said to indicate that the battlements on the upper edge are opposite the battlements on the lower edge, and the indentations likewise corresponding) is a term and a distinction neither of which are regarded in British armory. <!-- Page 119 --><span @@ -6875,10 +6834,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> modern British heraldry is two issuing in chief and one in base (Fig. 152).</p> - <p>Piles terminating in fleurs-de-lis or crosses patée are to be met + <p>Piles terminating in fleurs-de-lis or crosses patée are to be met with, and reference may be made to the arms of Poynter and Dickson-Poynder. Each of these coats has the field pily counter-pily, the - points ending in crosses formée.</p> + points ending in crosses formée.</p> <table class="mc" style="width:50%"><tr><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -7087,10 +7046,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Of the crosses more regularly in use may be mentioned the cross botonny (Fig. 166), the cross flory (Fig. 167), which must be - distinguished from the cross fleuretté (Fig. 168); the cross moline, <!-- + distinguished from the cross fleuretté (Fig. 168); the cross moline, <!-- Page 129 --><span class="pagenum" title="155.png"><a name="page129"></a>{129}</span>(Fig. 169), the cross potent (Fig. 170), - the cross patée or formée (Fig. 171), the cross patonce (Fig. 172), and + the cross patée or formée (Fig. 171), the cross patonce (Fig. 172), and the cross crosslet (Fig. 173).</p> <h5>PLATE III.</h5> @@ -7141,7 +7100,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig168.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig168.png" alt="Fig. 168." title="Fig. 168." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 168.</span>—Cross fleuretté.</p> + 168.</span>—Cross fleuretté.</p> </div> </td><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -7168,7 +7127,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig171.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig171.png" alt="Fig. 171." title="Fig. 171." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 171.</span>—Cross patée (or formée).</p> + 171.</span>—Cross patée (or formée).</p> </div> </td><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -7183,9 +7142,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> </td></tr></table> <p>Of other but much more uncommon varieties examples will be found of - the cross parted and fretty (Fig. 174), of the cross patée quadrate (Fig. + the cross parted and fretty (Fig. 174), of the cross patée quadrate (Fig. 175), of a cross pointed and voided in the arms of Dukinfield (quartered - by Darbishire), and of a cross cleché voided and pometté as in the arms + by Darbishire), and of a cross cleché voided and pometté as in the arms of Cawston. A cross quarter-pierced (Fig. 176) has the field visible at the centre. A cross tau or St. Anthony's Cross is shown in Fig. 177, the real Maltese Cross in Fig. 178, and the Patriarchal Cross in Fig. 179. @@ -7194,8 +7153,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Whenever a cross or cross crosslet has the bottom arm elongated and pointed it is said to be "fitched" (Figs. 180 and 181), but when a point - is added at the foot<i> e.g.</i> of a cross patée, it is then termed - "fitchée at the foot" (Fig. 182).</p> + is added at the foot<i> e.g.</i> of a cross patée, it is then termed + "fitchée at the foot" (Fig. 182).</p> <table class="mc" style="width:50%"><tr><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -7221,7 +7180,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig175.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig175.png" alt="Fig. 175." title="Fig. 175." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 175.</span>—Cross patée quadrate.</p> + 175.</span>—Cross patée quadrate.</p> </div> </td></tr><tr><td class="vtp plr1"> @@ -7275,7 +7234,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig181.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig181.png" alt="Fig. 181." title="Fig. 181." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 181.</span>—Cross patée fitched.</p> + 181.</span>—Cross patée fitched.</p> </div> </td></tr></table> @@ -7293,7 +7252,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> these varieties, reducing all crosses to a few original forms, for they are now mostly stereotyped and accepted; but at the same time it is useless to attempt to learn them, for in a lifetime they will mostly be - met with but once each or thereabouts. A field semé of cross crosslets + met with but once each or thereabouts. A field semé of cross crosslets (Fig. 183) is termed crusilly.</p> <table class="mc" style="width:50%"><tr><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -7302,7 +7261,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig182.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig182.png" alt="Fig. 182." title="Fig. 182." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 182.</span>—Cross patée fitched at foot.</p> + 182.</span>—Cross patée fitched at foot.</p> </div> </td><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -7507,7 +7466,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig199.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig199.png" alt="Fig. 199." title="Fig. 199." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 199.</span>—Chief dancetté.</p> + 199.</span>—Chief dancetté.</p> </div> </td></tr><tr><td class="vtp plr1"> @@ -7703,7 +7662,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Woodward mentions three instances in which the lower edge of the canton is "indented," one taken from the Calais Roll, viz. the arms of - Sir William de la Zouche—"Gules, bezantée, a canton indented at the + Sir William de la Zouche—"Gules, bezantée, a canton indented at the bottom"—and adds that the canton has been sometimes thought to indicate the square banner of a knight-baronet, and he suggests that the lower edge being indented may give some weight to the idea. As the canton @@ -7894,7 +7853,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig218.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig218.png" alt="Fig. 218." title="Fig. 218." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 218.</span>—Bordure potenté.</p> + 218.</span>—Bordure potenté.</p> </div> </td><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -8005,7 +7964,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> bordure are often three, but more usually eight in number, in the latter case being arranged three along the top of the shield, one at the base point, and two on either side. The number should, however, always be - specified, unless (as in a bordure bezantée, &c.) it is immaterial; + specified, unless (as in a bordure bezantée, &c.) it is immaterial; in which case the number eight must be <i>exceeded</i> in emblazoning the shield. The rule as to colour upon colour does not hold and seems often to be ignored in the cases of bordures, noticeably when these occur as @@ -8109,7 +8068,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> He says, however, that it is 'without doubt' that Charlemagne entered into an alliance with Achaius, King of Scotland, and for the services of the Scots the French king added to the Scottish lion the double tressure - fleur-de-lisée to show that the former had defended the French lilies, + fleur-de-lisée to show that the former had defended the French lilies, and that therefore the latter would surround the lion and be a defence to him."</p> @@ -8119,7 +8078,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the Scottish kings were descended; and he mentions an old roll of arms preserved by Leland,<a name="NtA_10" href="#Nt_10"><sup>[10]</sup></a> which is certainly not later than 1272, in which the arms of Scotland are - blazoned as: <i>Or, a lion gules within a bordure or fleuretté gules</i>, + blazoned as: <i>Or, a lion gules within a bordure or fleuretté gules</i>, which we may reasonably interpret as an early indication of what may be considered as a foreign rendering of the double tressure. Sylvanus Morgan, one of the very maddest of the seventeenth-century heraldic @@ -8171,7 +8130,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> with a dark green bonnet spotted with red.<a name="NtA_11" href="#Nt_11"><sup>[11]</sup></a> On the crown there is the crest of a lion sejant guardant gules, imperially crowned or, holding in his paw a - sword upright; the tail is coué or placed between the hind-legs of the + sword upright; the tail is coué or placed between the hind-legs of the lion, but it then rises up and flourishes high above his back in a sufficiently defiant fashion. This shows that the Scottish arms were well known on the Continent of Europe nearly a hundred years before the date @@ -8271,7 +8230,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> alt="Fig. 229." title="Fig. 229." /></a> <p style="text-align:left"><span class="sc">Fig. 229.</span>—Armorial bearings of Sir Archibald Kennedy, Marquess - of Ailsa: Argent, a chevron gules between three cross crosslets fitchée + of Ailsa: Argent, a chevron gules between three cross crosslets fitchée sable, all within a double tressure flory and counter-flory of the second. Mantling gules, doubled ermine. Crest: upon a wreath of his liveries, a dolphin naiant proper. Supporters: two swans proper, beaked @@ -8367,7 +8326,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> with.</p> <p>The blazon of the arms of De Quincy in Charles's Roll is: "De goules - poudré a fause losengez dor," and in another Roll (MS. Brit. Mus. 29,796) + poudré a fause losengez dor," and in another Roll (MS. Brit. Mus. 29,796) the arms are described: "De gules a set fauses lozenges de or" (Fig. 234). The great Seiher de Quincy, Earl of Winchester, father of Roger, bore quite different arms (Fig. 235). In 1472 Louis de Bruges, Lord of @@ -8375,8 +8334,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Quincy line. The arms of De Bruges, or rather of Gruthuyse, were very different, yet nevertheless, we find upon the Patent Roll (12 Edward IV. pt. 1, <i>m.</i> 11) a grant of the following arms: "Azure, dix mascles - d'Or, enormé d'une canton de nostre propre Armes de Angleterre; cest a - savoir de Gules a une Lipard passant d'Or, armée <!-- Page 148 --><span + d'Or, enormé d'une canton de nostre propre Armes de Angleterre; cest a + savoir de Gules a une Lipard passant d'Or, armée <!-- Page 148 --><span class="pagenum" title="176.png"><a name="page148"></a>{148}</span>d'Azure," to Louis, Earl of Winchester (Fig. 236). The recurrence of the mascles in the arms of the successive @@ -8395,7 +8354,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> that in every case in which the field masculy occurs it may not be found in other, and possibly earlier, examples as fretty. At any rate, very few such coats of arms are even supposed to exist. The arms of De Burgh (Fig. - 237) are blazoned in the Grimaldi Roll: "Masclee de vêre and de goules," + 237) are blazoned in the Grimaldi Roll: "Masclee de vêre and de goules," but whether the inference is that this blazon is wrong or that lozenge and mascle were identical terms I am not aware.</p> @@ -8551,7 +8510,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> ordinaries, is subject to the usual lines of partition, but so subject is, however, of rather rare occurrence.</p> - <p>Planché, in his "Pursuivant of Arms," mentions the old idea, which is + <p>Planché, in his "Pursuivant of Arms," mentions the old idea, which is repeated by Woodward, "that the base son of a noble woman, if he doe gev armes, must give upon the same a surcoat, but unless you do <!-- Page 151 --><span class="pagenum" title="179.png"><a @@ -8591,7 +8550,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>When the roundle is gold it is termed a "bezant," when silver a "plate," when gules a "torteau," when azure a "hurt," when sable an "ogress," "pellet," or "gunstone," when vert a "pomeis," when purpure a - "golpe," when tenné an "orange," when sanguine a "guze." The golpes, + "golpe," when tenné an "orange," when sanguine a "guze." The golpes, oranges, and guzes are seldom, if ever, met with, but the others are of constant occurrence, and roundles of fur are by no means unknown. A roundle of more than one colour is described as a roundle "per pale," for @@ -8673,9 +8632,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> The fountains upon the seal of the first Lord Stourton are represented in this manner.</p> - <p>Examples of a field semé of roundles are very usual, these being - termed bezanté or platé if semé of bezants or plates; but in the cases of - roundles of other colours the words "semé of" need to be used.</p> + <p>Examples of a field semé of roundles are very usual, these being + termed bezanté or platé if semé of bezants or plates; but in the cases of + roundles of other colours the words "semé of" need to be used.</p> <h5>THE ANNULET</h5> @@ -8791,26 +8750,26 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig248.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig248.png" alt="Fig. 248." title="Fig. 248." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 248.</span>—Billetté.</p> + 248.</span>—Billetté.</p> </div> </td></tr></table> <p>Its more frequent appearance is as an object with which a field or - superior charge is semé, in which case these are termed billetté (Fig. + superior charge is semé, in which case these are termed billetté (Fig. 248). The best known instance of this is probably the coat borne on an inescutcheon over the arms of England during the joint reign of William and Mary. The arms of Gasceline afford another example of a field - billetté. These are "or, billetté azure, and a label gules." Though not + billetté. These are "or, billetté azure, and a label gules." Though not many instances are given under each subdivision, Papworth affords examples of coats with every number of billets from 1 to 20, but many of them, particularly some of those from 10 to 20 in number, are merely - mistaken renderings of fields which should have been termed billetté. The + mistaken renderings of fields which should have been termed billetté. The billet, slightly widened, is sometimes known as a block, and as such will be found in the arms of Paynter. Other instances are to be found where the billets are termed delves or gads. The billet will sometimes be found pointed at the bottom, in which case it is termed "urdy at the foot." But - neither as a form of semé, nor as a charge, is the billet of sufficiently + neither as a form of semé, nor as a charge, is the billet of sufficiently frequent use to warrant its inclusion as one of the ordinaries or sub-ordinaries. <!-- Page 156 --><span class="pagenum" title="184.png"><a name="page156"></a>{156}</span></p> @@ -8840,9 +8799,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Nairne), in the centre of the quarters a crescent or, for difference. Mantling vert, doubled argent. Crest: upon a wreath of his liveries, a demi-lion rampant gules, armed and langued, holding in his dexter paw a - cross crosslet fitchée azure; and in an escroll over the same this + cross crosslet fitchée azure; and in an escroll over the same this motto, "In hoc signo vinces," and in another under the shield, - "L'espérance me comforte."</p> + "L'espérance me comforte."</p> </div> </td></tr></table> @@ -8981,7 +8940,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> azure in chief, in the dexter a fleur-de-lis, and in the sinister a rose, both or. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, upon two bars wavy argent and azure, between as many lilies of the first, stalked and - leaved vert, a female figure affronté proper, vested of the first, + leaved vert, a female figure affronté proper, vested of the first, mantled of the second, on the left arm a child also proper, vested or, around the head of each a halo of the last. Motto: "Fiat secundum verbum tuum."</p> @@ -8999,14 +8958,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> ship in full sail sable, the shield surrounded with two thistles proper, disposed in orle"]; St. Britius, in the arms of the Royal Burgh of Kirkcaldy ["Azur, ane abbay of three pyramids argent, each ensigned with - a cross patée or. And on the reverse of the seal is insculped in a field + a cross patée or. And on the reverse of the seal is insculped in a field azure the figure of St. Bryse with long garments, on his head a mytre, in the dexter a fleur-de-lis, the sinister laid upon his breast all proper. Standing in ye porch of the church or abbay. Ensigned on the top as before all betwixt a decrescent and a star in fess or. The motto is 'Vigilando Munio.' And round the escutcheon of both sydes these words—'Sigillum civitatus Kirkaldie'"]; St. Columba, in the arms of - the College of the Holy Spirit at Cumbræ ["Quarterly, 1 and 4 grand + the College of the Holy Spirit at Cumbræ ["Quarterly, 1 and 4 grand quarters, azure, St. Columba in a boat at sea, in his sinister hand a dove, and in the dexter chief a blazing star all proper; 2 and 3 grand quarters, quarterly, i. and iv., argent, an eagle displayed with two @@ -9015,9 +8974,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Boyle of Kelburne, viz. or, three stags' horns gules"]; St. Duthacus, in the arms of the Royal Burgh of Tain ["Gules, St. Duthacus in long garments argent, holding in his dexter hand a staff garnished with ivy, - in the sinister laid on his breast a book expanded proper"]; St. Ægidius + in the sinister laid on his breast a book expanded proper"]; St. Ægidius (St. Giles), in the arms of the Royal Burgh of Elgin ["Argent, Sanctus - Ægidius habited in his robes and mitred, holding in his dexter hand a + Ægidius habited in his robes and mitred, holding in his dexter hand a pastoral staff, and in his left hand a clasped book, all proper. Supporters; two angels proper, winged or volant upwards. Motto: 'Sic itur ad astra,' upon ane compartment suitabil to a Burgh Royal, and for their @@ -9096,7 +9055,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Other instances will be found, as St. Kentigern (who is sometimes said to be the same as St. Mungo), and who occurs as the crest of Glasgow: - "The half-length figure of St. Kentigern affronté, vested and mitred, his + "The half-length figure of St. Kentigern affronté, vested and mitred, his right hand raised in the act of benediction, and having in his left hand a crosier, all proper;" St. Michael, in the arms of Linlithgow: "Azure, the figure of the Archangel Michael, with wings expanded, treading on the @@ -9261,7 +9220,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> quasi-augmentation granted in the early part of the nineteenth century.</p> - <p>The crest of the Devonshire family of Arscot ["A demi-man affronté in + <p>The crest of the Devonshire family of Arscot ["A demi-man affronté in a Turkish habit, brandishing in his dexter hand a scimitar, and his sinister hand resting on a tiger's head issuing from the wreath"] is curious, as is the crest granted by Sir William Le Neve in 1642 to Sir @@ -9339,9 +9298,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> heads ["Argent, three negroes' heads couped proper within a bordure counter-indented sable and or"], and Moir of Stonniwood matriculated a somewhat similar coat in which the heads are termed Mauritanian ["Argent, - three Mauritanian negroes' heads couped and distilling guttés-de-sang"]. + three Mauritanian negroes' heads couped and distilling guttés-de-sang"]. Alderson of Homerton, Middlesex, bears Saracens' heads ["Argent, three - Saracens' heads affronté, couped at the shoulders proper, wreathed about + Saracens' heads affronté, couped at the shoulders proper, wreathed about the temples of the first and sable"].</p> <table class="mc" style="width:50%"><tr><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -9409,9 +9368,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> terms of their own. A hand should be stated to be either dexter (Fig. 257), or sinister (Fig. 258), and is usually blazoned and always understood to be couped at the wrist. If the hand is open and the palm - visible it is "apaumé" (Figs. 257 and 258), but this being by far the + visible it is "apaumé" (Figs. 257 and 258), but this being by far the most usual position in which the hand is met with, unless represented to - be holding anything, the term "apaumé" is not often used in blazon, that + be holding anything, the term "apaumé" is not often used in blazon, that position being presumed unless anything contrary is stated.</p> <table class="mc" style="width:50%"><tr><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -9600,7 +9559,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Bones occur in the arms of Scott-Gatty and Baines.</p> - <p>A skull occurs in the crest of Græme ["Two arms issuing from a cloud + <p>A skull occurs in the crest of Græme ["Two arms issuing from a cloud erected and lighting up a man's skull encircled with two branches of palm, over the head a marquess's coronet, all proper"].</p> @@ -9688,8 +9647,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> observe that on the coins of the Channel Islands the shield of arms distinctly shows three leopards. The French lion is our lion rampant, the French leopard is our lion passant guardant, whilst they term our lion - passant a <i>léopard-lionné</i>, and our lion rampant guardant is their - <i>lion-léopardé</i>.</p> + passant a <i>léopard-lionné</i>, and our lion rampant guardant is their + <i>lion-léopardé</i>.</p> <p>A lion rampant and any other beast of prey is usually represented in heraldry with the tongue and claws of a different colour from the animal. @@ -9786,7 +9745,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> almost as fingers, and spread out from one another; the tail, adorned with flame-like bunches of hair, strikes outwards and loses the before-mentioned knot, which only remains visible in a forked tail - (<i>queue-fourché</i>). The jaws grow deep and are widely opened, and the + (<i>queue-fourché</i>). The jaws grow deep and are widely opened, and the breast rises and expands under the lower jaw (Fig. 274).</p> <p>Lions of peculiar virility and beauty appear upon a fourteenth-century @@ -9828,7 +9787,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> respectively as follows:—</p> <p>A winged lion passant coward. A lion rampant regardant. A lion rampant - queue-fourché. A lion passant crowned. A lion passant. A lion rampant. A + queue-fourché. A lion passant crowned. A lion passant. A lion rampant. A lion rampant to the sinister. A lion passant guardant, ducally gorged. A lion statant guardant, ducally crowned. A lion rampant. A lion statant guardant. A lion sejant guardant erect. Lions drawn by Mr. Scruby will be @@ -9876,10 +9835,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> both be apparent from the base of the tail, otherwise confusion will arise with the next example.</p> - <p><i>Lion rampant queue-fourché.</i>—In this case one tail springs + <p><i>Lion rampant queue-fourché.</i>—In this case one tail springs from the base, which is divided or "forked" in the centre (Fig. 288). There is no doubt that whilst in modern times and with regard to modern - arms this distinction must be adhered to, anciently queue-fourché and + arms this distinction must be adhered to, anciently queue-fourché and double-queued were interchangeable terms.</p> <table class="mc" style="width:50%"><tr><td class="vmi plr1" style="width:50%"> @@ -9994,7 +9953,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig288.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig288.png" alt="Fig. 288." title="Fig. 288." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 288.</span>—Lion rampant queue-fourché.</p> + 288.</span>—Lion rampant queue-fourché.</p> </div> </td><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -10085,7 +10044,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Maitland, Esq.: Or, a lion rampant gules, couped in all his joints of the field, within a double tressure flory and counterflory azure, a bordure engrailed ermine. Mantling gules and or. Crest: upon a wreath - of his liveries, a lion sejant erect and affronté gules, holding in his + of his liveries, a lion sejant erect and affronté gules, holding in his dexter paw a sword proper, hilted and pommelled gold, and in his sinister a fleur-de-lis argent. Motto: "Consilio et animis."</p> </div> @@ -10353,23 +10312,23 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p><i>Lion sejant regardant erect</i> is as the foregoing, but with the head turned right round to look backwards (Fig. 309).</p> - <p><i>Lion sejant affronté.</i>—In this case the lion is seated on + <p><i>Lion sejant affronté.</i>—In this case the lion is seated on its haunches, <!-- Page 185 --><span class="pagenum" title="215.png"><a name="page185"></a>{185}</span>but <i>the whole body</i> is turned to face the spectator, the forepaws resting upon the ground in front of its body. Ugly as this position is, and impossible as it might seem, it certainly is to be found in some of the early rolls.</p> - <p><i>Lion sejant erect affronté</i> (Fig. 294).—This position is - by no means unusual in Scotland. A lion sejant erect and affronté, + <p><i>Lion sejant erect affronté</i> (Fig. 294).—This position is + by no means unusual in Scotland. A lion sejant erect and affronté, &c., is the Royal crest of Scotland, and it will also be found in the arms of Lyon Office.</p> - <p>A good representation of the lion sejant affronté and erect is shown + <p>A good representation of the lion sejant affronté and erect is shown in Fig. 310, which is taken from Jost Amman's <i>Wappen und Stammbuch</i> (1589). It represents the arms of the celebrated Lansquenet Captain - Sebastian Schärtlin (Schertel) von Burtenbach ["Gules, a lion sejant - affronté erect, double-queued, holding in its dexter paw a key argent and + Sebastian Schärtlin (Schertel) von Burtenbach ["Gules, a lion sejant + affronté erect, double-queued, holding in its dexter paw a key argent and in its sinister a fleur-de-lis"]. His victorious assault on Rome in 1527, and his striking successes against France in 1532, are strikingly typified in these arms, which were granted in 1534.</p> @@ -10380,7 +10339,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig310.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig310.png" alt="Fig. 310." title="Fig. 310." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 310.</span>—Arms of Sebastian Schärtlin von Burtenbach.</p> + 310.</span>—Arms of Sebastian Schärtlin von Burtenbach.</p> </div> </td><td class="w33 vtp plr1"> @@ -10411,11 +10370,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> upon the extended forepaws (Fig. 312). Lions dormant are seldom met with, but they occur in the arms of Lloyd, of Stockton Hall, near York.</p> - <p><i>Lion morné.</i>—This is a lion without teeth and claws, but + <p><i>Lion morné.</i>—This is a lion without teeth and claws, but no instance of the use of the term would appear to exist in British armory. Woodward mentions amongst other Continental examples the arms of - the old French family of De Mornay ["Fascé d'argent et de gueules au lion - morné de sable, couronné d'or brochant sur le tout"].</p> + the old French family of De Mornay ["Fascé d'argent et de gueules au lion + morné de sable, couronné d'or brochant sur le tout"].</p> <p><i>Lions as supporters.</i>—Refer to the chapter on Supporters.</p> @@ -10483,15 +10442,15 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> addition to this, whilst the fact may sometimes exist, the <i>term</i> has never been adopted or officially recognised. Personally I believe most of the terms which follow may for all practical purposes be entirely - disregarded. Amongst such terms are <i>contourné</i>, applied to a lion + disregarded. Amongst such terms are <i>contourné</i>, applied to a lion passant or rampant to the sinister. It would, however, be found blazoned - in these words and not as contourné. "Dismembered," "Demembré," - "Dechaussée," and "Trononnée" are all "heraldry-book" terms specified to + in these words and not as contourné. "Dismembered," "Demembré," + "Dechaussée," and "Trononnée" are all "heraldry-book" terms specified to mean the same as "couped in all its joints," but the uselessness and uncertainty concerning these terms is exemplified by the fact that the <!-- Page 187 --><span class="pagenum" title="217.png"><a name="page187"></a>{187}</span>same books state "dismembered" or - "demembré" to mean (when applied to a lion) that the animal is shown + "demembré" to mean (when applied to a lion) that the animal is shown without legs or tail. The term "embrued" is sometimes applied to a lion to signify that its mouth is bloody and dropping blood; and "vulned" signifies wounded, heraldically represented by a blotch of gules, from @@ -10522,7 +10481,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> other. A more correct description in such cases would be passant "respecting" or "regarding" each other.</p> - <p>The term <i>lionné</i> is one stated to be used with animals other + <p>The term <i>lionné</i> is one stated to be used with animals other than lions when placed in a rampant position. Whilst doubtless of regular acceptation in French heraldry as applied to a leopard, it is unknown in English, and the term rampant is indifferently applied; <i>e.g.</i> in @@ -10548,7 +10507,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>"Only a single example of the use of the lioness as a heraldic charge is known to me. The family of <span class="sc">Coing</span>, in Lorraine, - bears: d'Azure, à une lionne arrêtée d'or.</p> + bears: d'Azure, à une lionne arrêtée d'or.</p> <p>"The following fourteenth-century examples of the use of the lion as a heraldic charge are taken from the oft-quoted <i>Wappenrolle von @@ -10566,15 +10525,15 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> line.</p> <p>"408. <span class="sc">Tannenvels</span>: Azure, a lion rampant or, - queué argent.</p> + queué argent.</p> <p>"489. <span class="sc">Rinach</span>: Or, a lion rampant gules, headed azure.</p> <p>"A curious use of the lion as a charge occurs in several ancient coats of the Low Countries, <i>e.g.</i> in that of <span - class="sc">Trasegnies</span>, whose arms are: Bandé d'or et d'azur, à - l'ombre du lion brochant sur le tout, à la bordure engrêlée d'or. Here + class="sc">Trasegnies</span>, whose arms are: Bandé d'or et d'azur, à + l'ombre du lion brochant sur le tout, à la bordure engrêlée d'or. Here the ombre du lion is properly represented by a darker shade of the tincture (either of or or of azure), but often the artist contents himself with simply drawing the outline of the animal in a neutral @@ -10583,7 +10542,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>"Among other curiosities of the use of the lion are the following foreign coats:—</p> - <p>"<span class="sc">Boissiau</span>, in France, bears: De gueules, semé + <p>"<span class="sc">Boissiau</span>, in France, bears: De gueules, semé de lions d'argent.</p> <p>"<span class="sc">Minutoli</span>, of Naples: Gules, a lion rampant @@ -10687,7 +10646,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> --><span class="pagenum" title="222.png"><a name="page190"></a>{190}</span></p> - <p><i>Demi-lion affronté.</i>—The only case which has come under + <p><i>Demi-lion affronté.</i>—The only case which has come under notice would appear to be the crest of Campbell of Aberuchill.</p> <p><i>Demi-lion issuant.</i>—This term is applied to a demi-lion @@ -10714,7 +10673,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> said to be always rigidly observed. In fact some authorities quote the exact reverse as the definition of the terms. As charges the gamb or paw will be found to occur in the arms of Lord Lilford ["Or, a lion's gamb - erased in bend dexter between two crosslets fitchée in bend sinister + erased in bend dexter between two crosslets fitchée in bend sinister gules"], and in the arms of Newdigate. This last is a curious example, inasmuch as, without being so specified in the blazon, the gambs are represented in the position occupied by the sinister foreleg of a lion @@ -10731,7 +10690,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p><i>A lion's face</i> (Fig. 321) should be carefully distinguished from a lion's head. In the latter case the neck, either couped or erased, must - be shown; but a lion's face is affronté and cut off closely behind the + be shown; but a lion's face is affronté and cut off closely behind the ears. The distinction between the head and the face can be more appropriately considered in the case of the leopard. <!-- Page 191 --><span class="pagenum" title="223.png"><a @@ -10883,7 +10842,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig330.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig330.png" alt="Fig. 330." title="Fig. 330." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 330.</span>—Leopard's head erased and affronté.</p> + 330.</span>—Leopard's head erased and affronté.</p> </div> </td><td class="w25 vtp plr1"> @@ -10909,14 +10868,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>A very similar animal is the ounce, which for heraldic purposes is in no way altered from the leopard. Parts of the latter will be found in use as in the case of the lion. As a crest the demi-leopard, the leopard's - head (Fig. 329), and the leopard's head affronté (Fig. 330) are often to + head (Fig. 329), and the leopard's head affronté (Fig. 330) are often to be met with. In both cases it should be noticed that <i>the neck is visible</i>, and this should be borne in mind, because this constitutes the difference between the leopard's head and the leopard's face (Fig. 331). The leopard's face is by far the most usual form in which the leopard will be found in armory, and can be traced back to quite an early period in heraldry. The leopard's face shows no neck at all, the head - being removed close behind the ears. It is then represented affronté. For + being removed close behind the ears. It is then represented affronté. For some unfathomable reason these charges when they occur in the arms of Shrewsbury are usually referred to locally as "loggerheads." They were perpetuated in the arms of the county in its recent grant. A curious @@ -10965,7 +10924,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> expressed by the flames issuing from the mouth, but later in the sixteenth century flames issued from every opening in the head. The head was in old times similar to that of a horse, occasionally horned (as in - the seal of Count Heinrich von Lechsgemünd, 1197); the fore-feet were + the seal of Count Heinrich von Lechsgemünd, 1197); the fore-feet were well developed. In the second half of the fourteenth century the fore-feet assume the character of eagles' claws, and the horns of the animal were a settled matter. In the neighbourhood of Lake Constance we @@ -10985,7 +10944,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>English armory knows an animal which it terms the male griffin, which has no wings, but which has gold rays issuing from its body in all - directions. Ströhl terms the badge of the Earls of Ormonde, which from + directions. Ströhl terms the badge of the Earls of Ormonde, which from his description are plainly male griffins, <i>keythongs</i>, which he classes with the panther; and probably he is correct in looking upon our male griffin as merely one form of the heraldic panther.</p> @@ -11211,7 +11170,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> (Fig. 350). In Scottish heraldry, bears' heads are almost invariably found couped or erased close behind the ears without any of the neck being visible (Figs. 351 and 352); they are not, however, represented as - caboshed or affronté.</p> + caboshed or affronté.</p> <p><!-- Page 199 --><span class="pagenum" title="231.png"><a name="page199"></a>{199}</span></p> @@ -11355,8 +11314,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> arms of Ham, of Holland: "Gules, five hams proper, 2, 1, 2." The Verhammes also bear: "Or, three hams sable." These commonplace charges assume almost a poetical savour when placed beside the matter-of-fact - coat of the family of Bacquere: "d'Azur, à un ecusson d'or en abîme, - accompagné de trois groins de porc d'argent," and that of the Wursters of + coat of the family of Bacquere: "d'Azur, à un ecusson d'or en abîme, + accompagné de trois groins de porc d'argent," and that of the Wursters of Switzerland: "Or, two sausages gules on a gridiron sable, the handle in chief."</p> @@ -11516,7 +11475,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> which at present is the only one which exists in British heraldry.</p> <p>Fig. 367 gives a solitary instance of a mare. The arms, which are from - Grünenberg's <i>Wappenbuch</i> (1483), are attributed to "Herr von + Grünenberg's <i>Wappenbuch</i> (1483), are attributed to "Herr von Frouberg from the Forest in Bavaria," and are: Gules, a mare rampant argent, bridled sable.</p> @@ -11779,7 +11738,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> pun, a bovine animal is sometimes so blazoned, as in the case of the arms of the City of Oxford. Cows also are equally rare, but occur in the arms of Cowell ["Ermine, a cow statant gules, within a bordure sable, - bezantée"] and in the modern grants to the towns of Rawtenstall and + bezantée"] and in the modern grants to the towns of Rawtenstall and Cowbridge. Cows' heads appear on the arms of Veitch ["Argent, three cows' heads erased sable"], and these were transferred to the cadency bordure of the Haig arms when these were rematriculated for Mr. H. Veitch @@ -11890,7 +11849,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The stag's head is very frequently met with, but it will be almost more frequently found as a stag's head caboshed (Fig. 385). In these - cases the head is represented affronté and removed close behind the ears, + cases the head is represented affronté and removed close behind the ears, so that no part of the neck is visible. The stag's head caboshed occurs in the arms of Cavendish and Stanley, and also in the arms of Legge, Earl of Dartmouth. Figs. 386 and 387 are examples of other heads.</p> @@ -12571,12 +12530,12 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> collection at Buckingham Palace.</p> <p>"Naturally, the horn of such an animal was held a sovereign specific - against poison, and 'ground unicorn's horn' often figures in mediæval + against poison, and 'ground unicorn's horn' often figures in mediæval books of medicine.</p> <p>"There was in Shakespeare's time at Windsor Castle the 'horn of a unicorn of above eight spans and a half in length, valued at above - £10,000.' This may have been the one now at Buckingham Palace. One + £10,000.' This may have been the one now at Buckingham Palace. One writer, describing it, says:—</p> <p>"'I doe also know that horn the King of England possesseth to be @@ -12660,7 +12619,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>"Nor is belief in the unicorn confined to Europe. By Chinese writers it is characterised as a 'spiritual beast.' The existence of the unicorn is firmly credited by the most intelligent natives and by not a few - Europeans. A very trustworthy observer, the Abbé Huc, speaks very + Europeans. A very trustworthy observer, the Abbé Huc, speaks very positively on the subject: 'The unicorn really exists in Tibet.... We had for a long time a small Mongol treatise on Natural History, for the use of children, in which a unicorn formed one of the pictorial @@ -13166,7 +13125,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> only one instance is known to me, occurs as the supporters of the Butchers' Livery Company, and has been already alluded to, as also the winged stag. The sea-stag is referred to under the sub-heading of stags. - The two-headed lion, the double-queued lion, the lion queue-fourché, the + The two-headed lion, the double-queued lion, the lion queue-fourché, the sea-lion (which is sometimes found winged) are all included in the chapter upon lions, as are also the winged lion and the lion-dragon. The winged ape was mentioned when considering the natural animal, and perhaps @@ -13203,7 +13162,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The remainder of the list of heraldic monsters can be very briefly dismissed. In many cases a good deal of research has failed to discover an instance of their use, and one is almost inclined to believe that they - were invented by those mediæval writers of prolific imagination for their + were invented by those mediæval writers of prolific imagination for their treatises, without ever having been borne or emblazoned upon helmet or shield.</p> @@ -13212,10 +13171,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> name="page231"></a>{231}</span>to the body of a camel. I cannot call to mind any British instance of its use.</p> - <p><i>The Amphiptère</i> is the term applied to a "winged serpent," a + <p><i>The Amphiptère</i> is the term applied to a "winged serpent," a charge of but rare occurrence in either English or foreign heraldry. It is found in the arms of the French family of Potier, viz.: "Azure, a - bendlet purpure between two amphiptères or," while they figure as + bendlet purpure between two amphiptères or," while they figure as supporters also in that family, and in those of the Ducs de Tresmes and De Gevres.</p> @@ -13232,7 +13191,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p><i>The Amphisbœna</i> is usually described as a winged serpent (with two legs) having a head at each end of its body, but in the crest - of Gwilt ["On a saltire or, interlaced by two amphisbœnæ azure, + of Gwilt ["On a saltire or, interlaced by two amphisbœnæ azure, langued gules, a rose of the last, barbed and seeded proper"] the creatures certainly do not answer to the foregoing description. They must be seen to be duly appreciated.</p> @@ -13322,7 +13281,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>It may perhaps here be advantageous to treat of the artistic development of the eagle displayed. Of this, of course, the earliest - prototype is the Roman eagle of the Cæsars, and it will be to English + prototype is the Roman eagle of the Cæsars, and it will be to English eyes, accustomed to our conventional spread-eagle, doubtless rather startling to observe that the German type of the eagle, which follows the Roman disposition of the wings (which so many of our heraldic artists at @@ -13381,8 +13340,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> eagle in a more ferocious aspect, and depicts it in as ornamental and ornate a manner as possible.</p> - <p>From Konrad Grünenberg's <i>Wappenbuch</i> (Constance, 1483) is - reproduced the shield (Fig. 443) with the boldly sketched <i>Adlerflügel + <p>From Konrad Grünenberg's <i>Wappenbuch</i> (Constance, 1483) is + reproduced the shield (Fig. 443) with the boldly sketched <i>Adlerflügel mit Schwerthand</i> (eagle's wing with the sword hand), the supposed arms of the Duke of Calabria.</p> @@ -13392,7 +13351,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> impression in the Bavarian National Museum given in Hefner-Alteneck's "Book of Costumes."</p> - <p>A modern German eagle drawn by H. G. Ströhl is shown in Fig. 445. The + <p>A modern German eagle drawn by H. G. Ströhl is shown in Fig. 445. The illustration is of the arms of the Prussian province of Brandenburg.</p> <p>The double eagle has, of course, undergone a somewhat similar @@ -13451,7 +13410,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> alt="Fig. 445." title="Fig. 445." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. 445.</span>—Arms of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg. (From - Ströhl's <i>Deutsche Wappenrolle</i>.)</p> + Ströhl's <i>Deutsche Wappenrolle</i>.)</p> </div> <p>Until some agreement has been arrived at, I can only recommend my @@ -13579,7 +13538,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> point) seems to have become the recognised heraldic symbol of the Holy Roman Empire; and the seal of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, elected King of the Romans in 1257, shows his arms ["Argent, a lion rampant gules, within - a bordure sable, bezanté"] displayed upon the breast of an eagle; but no + a bordure sable, bezanté"] displayed upon the breast of an eagle; but no properly authenticated contemporary instance of the use of this eagle by the Earl of Cornwall is found in this country. The origin of the double-headed eagle (Fig. 455) has been the subject of endless @@ -13610,7 +13569,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The Imperial eagle of Napoleon had little in keeping with then existing armorial types of the bird. There can be little doubt that the - model upon which it was based was the Roman Eagle of the Cæsars as it + model upon which it was based was the Roman Eagle of the Cæsars as it figured upon the head of the Roman standards. In English terms of blazon the Napoleonic eagle would be: "An eagle displayed with wings inverted, the head to the sinister, standing upon a thunderbolt or" (Fig. 456).</p> @@ -13706,12 +13665,12 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig459.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig459.png" alt="Fig. 459." title="Fig. 459." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. 459.</span>—An - eagle's leg erased à la quise.</p> + eagle's leg erased à la quise.</p> </div> <p>Eagles' legs are by no means an infrequent charge. They will usually be found erased at the thigh, for which there is a recognised term - "erased à la quise" (Fig. 459), which, however, is by no means a + "erased à la quise" (Fig. 459), which, however, is by no means a compulsory one. An eagle's leg so erased was a badge of the house of Stanley. The eagle's leg will sometimes be met with couped below the feathers, but would then be more properly described as a claw.</p> @@ -13728,7 +13687,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> have been the origin of the bird in this debased form, unless its first beginnings may be taken as a result of the unthinking perpetuation of some crudely drawn example. Its best-known appearance is, of course, in - the arms of Loraine; and as Planché has pointed out, this is as perfect + the arms of Loraine; and as Planché has pointed out, this is as perfect an example of a canting anagram as can be met with in armory.</p> <p><i>The Phœnix</i> (Fig. 460), one of the few mythical birds @@ -14088,7 +14047,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The gorgeous plumage of the <i>Peacock</i> has of course resulted in its frequent employment. It has a special term of its own, being stated - to be "in his pride" when shown affronté, and with the tail displayed + to be "in his pride" when shown affronté, and with the tail displayed (Fig. 469). It is seldom met with except in this position, though the well-known crest of Harcourt is an example to the contrary, as is the crest of Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, Bart., viz. "A mount vert, thereon <!-- @@ -14183,8 +14142,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> </div> <p>Fig. 474 is a striking example of the virility which can be imparted - to the raven. It is reproduced from Grünenberg's "Book of Arms" (1483). - Ströhl suggests it may be of "Corbie" in Picardy, but the identity of the + to the raven. It is reproduced from Grünenberg's "Book of Arms" (1483). + Ströhl suggests it may be of "Corbie" in Picardy, but the identity of the arms leads one to fancy the name attached may be a misdescription of the English family of Corbet.</p> @@ -14212,7 +14171,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> ><a name="page249"></a>{249}</span></p> <p><i>The Owl</i> (Fig. 475), too, is a very favourite bird. It is always - depicted with the face affronté, though the body is not usually so + depicted with the face affronté, though the body is not usually so placed. It occurs in the arms of Leeds—which, by the way, are an example of colour upon colour—Oldham, and Dewsbury. In the crest of Brimacombe the wings are open, a most unusual position.</p> @@ -14307,7 +14266,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> arms of Clarendon. These two examples are, however, derivatives from the historic ostrich-feather badges of the English Royal Family, and will be more conveniently dealt with later when considering the subject of - badges. The single feather enfiled by the circlet of crosses patée and + badges. The single feather enfiled by the circlet of crosses patée and fleurs-de-lis, which is borne upon a canton of augmentation upon the arms of Gull, Bart., is likewise a derivative, but feathers as a charge occur in the arms of Jervis: "Argent, six ostrich feathers, three, two, and one @@ -14454,7 +14413,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> dolphin lifeless) to that of the Dauphin was quartered by the family of La Tour du Pin, who claimed descent from the Dauphins d'Auvergne, another ancient House which originally bore the sovereign title of Dauphin. A - dolphin was the charge upon the arms of the Grauff von Dälffin (Fig. + dolphin was the charge upon the arms of the Grauff von Dälffin (Fig. 481).</p> <div class="figleft" style="width:13%;"> @@ -14496,8 +14455,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig481.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig481.png" alt="Fig. 481." title="Fig. 481." /></a> <p style="text-align:left"><span class="sc">Fig. 481.</span>—Arms - of the Grauff von Dälffin lett och in Dalffinat (Count von Dälffin), - which also lies in Dauphiné (from Grünenberg's "Book of Arms"): Argent, + of the Grauff von Dälffin lett och in Dalffinat (Count von Dälffin), + which also lies in Dauphiné (from Grünenberg's "Book of Arms"): Argent, a dolphin azure within a bordure compony of the first and second.</p> </div> @@ -14531,7 +14490,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> engrailed argent. Crest: a rock, thereon a stork close, charged on the breast with a torteau, and holding in his dexter claw a roach proper"], and <i>Trout</i> in the arms of Troutbeck ["Azure, three trout fretted - tête à la queue argent"]. The same arrangement of three fish occurs upon + tête à la queue argent"]. The same arrangement of three fish occurs upon the seal of Anstruther Wester, but this design unfortunately has never been matriculated as a coat of arms.</p> @@ -14617,7 +14576,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> appearance in British armory is due to the fact that it is symbolically accepted as the sign of medicine, and many grants of arms made to doctors and physicians introduce in some way either the serpent or the rod of - Æsculapius, or a serpent entwined round a staff. A serpent embowed biting + Æsculapius, or a serpent entwined round a staff. A serpent embowed biting its tail occurs in the arms of Falconer, and a serpent on its back in the crest of Backhouse. Save for the matter of position, the serpent of British armory is always drawn in a very naturalistic manner. It is @@ -14653,7 +14612,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Walter Scott's little story in "Quentin Durward" of Toison d'Or, who depicted the "cat looking through the dairy window" as the arms of Childebert, and blazoned it "sable a musion passant or, oppressed with a - trellis gules, cloué of the second," gives in very truth the real origin + trellis gules, cloué of the second," gives in very truth the real origin of many quaint coats of arms and heraldic terms. Ancient heraldic writers seem to have amused themselves by inventing "appropriate" arms for mythological or historical personages, and I verily believe that when so @@ -14714,7 +14673,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> wonder that it has been so frequently adopted. It is usually represented as if displayed upon the shield, and it is then termed volant, though of course the real term which will sometimes be found used is "volant <i>en - arrière</i>" (Fig. 485). It occurs in the arms of Dore, Beatson, + arrière</i>" (Fig. 485). It occurs in the arms of Dore, Beatson, Abercromby, Samuel, and Sewell, either as a charge or as a crest. Its use, however, as a crest is slightly more varied, inasmuch as it is found walking in profile, and with its wings elevated, and also perched upon a @@ -14725,14 +14684,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> The fact that the bee was adopted as a badge by the Emperor Napoleon gave it considerable importance in French armory, inasmuch as he assumed it for his own badge, and the mantle and pavilion around the armorial - bearings of the Empire were semé of these insects. They also appeared + bearings of the Empire were semé of these insects. They also appeared upon his own coronation mantle. He adopted them under the impression, which may or may not be correct, that they had at one time been the badge of Childeric, father of Clovis. The whole story connected with their assumption by Napoleon has been a matter of much controversy, and little purpose would be served by going into the matter here, but it may be added that Napoleon changed the fleur-de-lis upon the chief in the arms - of Paris to golden bees upon a chief of gules, and a chief azure, semé of + of Paris to golden bees upon a chief of gules, and a chief azure, semé of bees or, was added as indicative of their rank to the arms of "Princes-Grand-Dignitaries of the Empire." A bee-hive occurs as the crest of a family named Gwatkin, and also upon the arms of the family of Kettle @@ -14770,7 +14729,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> counterchanged"], and also in the arms of Somerscales, quartered by Skeet of Bishop Stortford. "Sable, a hornet argent" is one blazon for the arms of Bollord or Bolloure, but elsewhere the same coat is blazoned: "Sable, - a harvest-fly in pale volant en arrière argent." Harvest flies were the + a harvest-fly in pale volant en arrière argent." Harvest flies were the charges on the arms of the late Sir Edward Watkin, Bart.</p> <p><i>Crickets</i> appear in the arms ["azure, a fire chest argent, @@ -14779,7 +14738,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The arms of Bassano (really of foreign origin and not an English coat) are: "Per chevron vert and argent, in chief three silkworm flies palewise - <i>en arrière</i>, and in base a mulberry branch all counterchanged." + <i>en arrière</i>, and in base a mulberry branch all counterchanged." "Per pale gules and azure, three stag-beetles, wings extended or," is assigned by Papworth to the Cornish family of Dore, but elsewhere these charges (under the same family name) are quoted as bees, gadflies, and @@ -14787,10 +14746,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> spider also figures as a charge on the arms of Macara. The crest of Thorndyke of Great Carleton, Lincolnshire, is: "On a wreath of the colours a damask rose proper, leaves and thorns vert, at the bottom of - the shield a beetle or scarabæus proper."</p> + the shield a beetle or scarabæus proper."</p> <p>Woodward, in concluding his chapter upon insects, quotes the arms of - the family of Pullici of Verona, viz.: "Or, semé of fleas sable, two + the family of Pullici of Verona, viz.: "Or, semé of fleas sable, two bends gules, surmounted by two bends sinister of the same." <!-- Page 262 --><span class="pagenum" title="300.png"><a name="page262"></a>{262}</span></p> @@ -14840,7 +14799,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> gules, charged with three imperial crowns of the third" (Plate II.).</p> <p><i>Fir-Trees</i> will be found in the arms of Greg, Melles, De la - Ferté, and Farquharson.</p> + Ferté, and Farquharson.</p> <p><i>A Cedar-Tree</i> occurs in the arms of Montefiore ["Argent, a cedar-tree, between two mounts of flowers proper, on a chief azure, a @@ -14864,7 +14823,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the coat of Chambers has a negro cutting down a <i>Sugar-Cane</i>.</p> <p><i>A Palm-Tree</i> occurs in the arms of Besant and in the armorials - of many other families. The crest of Grimké-Drayton affords an instance + of many other families. The crest of Grimké-Drayton affords an instance of the use of palmetto-trees. An <i>Olive-Tree</i> is the crest of Tancred, and a <i>Laurel-Tree</i> occurs in the crest of Somers.</p> @@ -15070,7 +15029,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> necessary to so describe it. Of late a tendency has been noticeable in paintings from Ulster's Office to represent the trefoil in a way more nearly approaching the Irish shamrock, from which it has undoubtedly been - derived. Instances of the trefoil occur in the arms of Rodd, Dobrée, + derived. Instances of the trefoil occur in the arms of Rodd, Dobrée, MacDermott, and Gilmour. The crowned trefoil is one of the national badges of Ireland.</p> @@ -15172,7 +15131,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p><i>The Turnip</i> makes an early appearance in armory, and occurs in the coat of Dammant ["Sable, a turnip leaved proper, a chief or, - gutté-de-poix"]. <!-- Page 269 --><span class="pagenum" title="307.png" + gutté-de-poix"]. <!-- Page 269 --><span class="pagenum" title="307.png" ><a name="page269"></a>{269}</span></p> <p>The curious crest of Lingen, which is "Seven leeks root upwards @@ -15408,7 +15367,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>It is curious—though possibly in this case it may be only a coincidence—that, on a coin of the Emperor Hadrian, Gaul is typified by a female figure holding in the hand a lily, the legend being, - "Restutori Galliæ." The fleur-de-lis as the finial of a sceptre and as an + "Restutori Galliæ." The fleur-de-lis as the finial of a sceptre and as an ornament of a crown can be taken back to the fifth century. Fleurs-de-lis upon crowns and coronets in France are at least as old as the reign of King Robert (son of Hugh Capet) whose seal represents him crowned in this @@ -15438,12 +15397,12 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> not attempts to represent the natural flower. A signet <!-- Page 274 --><span class="pagenum" title="312.png"><a name="page274"></a>{274}</span>of Louis VII. bears a single fleur-de-lis - "florencée" (or flowered), and in his reign the heraldic fleur-de-lis + "florencée" (or flowered), and in his reign the heraldic fleur-de-lis undoubtedly became stereotyped as a symbolical device, for we find that when in the lifetime of Louis VII. his son Philip was crowned, the king - prescribed that the prince should wear "ses chausses appelées sandales ou - bottines de soye, couleur bleu azuré sémée en moult endroits de - fleurs-de-lys or, puis aussi sa dalmatique de même couleur et + prescribed that the prince should wear "ses chausses appelées sandales ou + bottines de soye, couleur bleu azuré sémée en moult endroits de + fleurs-de-lys or, puis aussi sa dalmatique de même couleur et œuvre." On the oval counter-seal of Philip II. (<i>d.</i> 1223) appears a heraldic fleur-de-lis. His great seal, as also that of Louis VIII., shows a seated figure crowned with an open crown of "fleurons," @@ -15457,8 +15416,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> pair turned inwards to touch the centre one, and the lower pair curved downwards, leave the figure with a marked resemblance both to the iris and to the conventional fleur-de-lis. The counter-seal of Louis VIII. - shows a Norman-shaped shield semé of fleurs-de-lis of the conventional - heraldic pattern. By then, of course, "Azure, semé-de-lis or" had become + shows a Norman-shaped shield semé of fleurs-de-lis of the conventional + heraldic pattern. By then, of course, "Azure, semé-de-lis or" had become the fixed and determined arms of France. By an edict dated 1376, Charles V. reduced the number of fleurs-de-lis in his shield to three: "Pour symboliser la Sainte-Trinite."</p> @@ -15471,7 +15430,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the arms and the title of king of that country, and prepared for war. He commenced hostilities in 1339, and upon his new Great Seal (made in the early part of 1340) we find his arms represented upon shield, surcoat, - and housings as: "Quarterly, 1 and 4, azure, semé-de-lis or (for France); + and housings as: "Quarterly, 1 and 4, azure, semé-de-lis or (for France); 2 and 3, gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or (for England)." The Royal Arms thus remained until 1411, when upon the second Great Seal of Henry IV. the fleurs-de-lis in England (as in France) were reduced to @@ -15496,7 +15455,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> sword in pale proper, hilted and supporting on its point an open crown or, between two fleurs-de-lis of the last."</p> - <p>The fleur-de-lis "florencée," or the "fleur-de-lis flowered," as it is + <p>The fleur-de-lis "florencée," or the "fleur-de-lis flowered," as it is termed in England, is officially considered a distinct charge from the simple fleur-de-lis. Eve employs the term "seeded," and remarks of it: "This being one of the numerous instances of pedantic, because @@ -15504,7 +15463,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> occur at the same period, and adorn the same object, evidently with the same intention." The difference between these forms really is that the fleur-de-lis is "seeded" when a stalk having seeds at the end issues in - the upper interstices. In a fleur-de-lis "florencée," the natural flower + the upper interstices. In a fleur-de-lis "florencée," the natural flower of a lily issues instead of the seeded stalk. This figure formed the arms of the city of Florence.</p> @@ -15518,10 +15477,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> leopard's face jessant-de-lis (Fig. 332), a curious charge which undoubtedly originated in the arms of the family of Cantelupe. This charge is not uncommon, though by no means so usual as the leopard's - face. Planché considers that it was originally derived from the + face. Planché considers that it was originally derived from the fleur-de-lis, the circular boss which in early representations so often figures as the centre of the fleur-de-lis, being merely <i>decorated</i> - with the leopard's face. One can follow Planché a bit further by + with the leopard's face. One can follow Planché a bit further by imagining that this face need not necessarily be that of a leopard, for at a certain period all decorative art was crowded with grotesque masks whenever opportunity offered. The leopard's face jessant-de-lis is now @@ -15640,7 +15599,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> arms of Bigland ["Azure, two ears of big wheat erect in fess and bladed or"] and of Cheape are examples, and others occur in the arms of Layland-Barratt, Cross, and Rye ["Gules, on a bend argent, between two - ears of rye, stalked, leaved, and slipped or, three crosses cramponné + ears of rye, stalked, leaved, and slipped or, three crosses cramponné sable"].</p> <div class="figright" style="width:13%;"> @@ -15766,7 +15725,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p><i>Bulrushes</i> occur in the crest of Billiat, and in the arms of Scott ["Argent, on a mount of bulrushes in base proper, a bull passant - sable, a chief pean, billetté or"].</p> + sable, a chief pean, billetté or"].</p> <p><i>Grass</i> is naturally presumed on the mounts vert which are so constantly met with, but more definite instances can be found in the arms @@ -15783,7 +15742,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> description one can safely say that there is scarcely an object under the sun which has not at some time or other been introduced into a coat of arms or crest. One cannot usefully make a book on armory assume the - character of a general encyclopædia of useful knowledge, and reference + character of a general encyclopædia of useful knowledge, and reference will only be made in this chapter to a limited number, including those which from frequent usage have obtained a recognised heraldic character. Mention may, at the outset, be made of certain letters of the @@ -15888,7 +15847,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> similar <!-- Page 283 --><span class="pagenum" title="321.png"><a name="page283"></a>{283}</span>though somewhat unusual charges figure also in the quartering for Chappel ["Per chevron or and azure, in chief a - mullet of six points between two crosses patée of the last, and in base + mullet of six points between two crosses patée of the last, and in base the front elevation of a chapel argent"], borne by Brown-Westhead.</p> <p><i>Arrows</i> are very frequently found, and the arms of Hales supply @@ -15960,7 +15919,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> sable"], Gilstrap and other families; while French armory supplies us with another example in <!-- Page 284 --><span class="pagenum" title="322.png" ><a name="page284"></a>{284}</span>the case of the family of Guetteville - de Guénonville, who bore for arms: "D'argent, semée de chausse-trapes de + de Guénonville, who bore for arms: "D'argent, semée de chausse-trapes de sable." Caltraps are also strewn upon the compartment upon which the supporters to the arms of the Earl of Perth are placed.</p> @@ -16063,7 +16022,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The <i>Column</i> appears as a crest in the achievement of Coles. Between two cross crosslets it occurs in the arms of Adam of Maryburgh ["Vert, a Corinthian column with capital and base in pale proper, between - two cross crosslets fitchée in fess or"], while the arms of the See of + two cross crosslets fitchée in fess or"], while the arms of the See of Sodor and Man are blazoned: "Argent, upon a pedestal the Virgin Mary with her arms extended between two pillars, in the dexter hand a church proper, in base the arms of Man in an escutcheon." Major, of Suffolk, @@ -16147,7 +16106,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> of stones brings one to the kindred subject of <i>Catapults</i>. These engines of war, needless to say on a very much larger scale than the object which is nowadays associated with the term, were also known by the - name <i>balistæ</i>, and also by that of <i>swepe</i>. Their occurrence + name <i>balistæ</i>, and also by that of <i>swepe</i>. Their occurrence is very infrequent, but for that very reason one may, perhaps, draw attention to the arms of the (English) family of Magnall: "Argent, a swepe azure, charged with a stone or."</p> @@ -16223,8 +16182,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p><i>Bells</i> are well instanced in the shield of Porter, and the poet Wordsworth bore: "Argent, three bells azure." It may be noted in passing that in Continental armory the clapper is frequently of a different - tincture to that of the bell, as, for instance, "D'Azure, à la cloche - d'argent, butaillé [viz. with the clapper] de sable"—the arms of + tincture to that of the bell, as, for instance, "D'Azure, à la cloche + d'argent, butaillé [viz. with the clapper] de sable"—the arms of the Comtes de Bellegarse. A bell is assumed to be a church-bell (Fig. 518) unless blazoned as a hawk's bell (Fig. 519).</p> @@ -16321,7 +16280,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> olive-branches vert a cauldron gules, fired and issuant therefrom a snake nowed proper." The use of a <i>Pitcher</i> occurs in the arms of Bertrand de Monbocher, who bore at the siege of Carlaverock: "Argent, three - pitchers sable (sometimes found gules) within a bordure sable bezanté;" + pitchers sable (sometimes found gules) within a bordure sable bezanté;" and the arms of Standish are: "Sable, three standing dishes argent."</p> <p>The somewhat singular charge of a <i>Chart</i> appears in the arms of @@ -16914,7 +16873,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>One may notice in passing that, unlike what from the legend one would expect, these crowns are not of Eastern design, but of a class wholly connected with heraldry itself. The legend and device, however, are both - much older than these modern minutiæ of detail.</p> + much older than these modern minutiæ of detail.</p> <p>The Archbishopric of York has the well-known coat: "Gules, two keys in saltire argent, in chief a regal crown proper." <!-- Page 298 --><span @@ -16967,7 +16926,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> point a fleur-de-lis of the second." In Poland the Counts Jezierski bore: "Gules, two scythe-blades in oval, the points crossing each other argent, and the ends in base tied together or, the whole surmounted in chief by a - cross-patriarchal-patée, of which the lower arm on the sinister side is + cross-patriarchal-patée, of which the lower arm on the sinister side is wanting."</p> <p>Two sickles appear in the arms of Shearer, while the Hungerford crest @@ -17001,7 +16960,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p style="text-align:left"><span class="sc">Fig. 552.</span>—Arms of Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, K.G.: Quarterly, 1 and 4, argent, a cross engrailed gules, between four water-bougets sable (for - Bourchier); 2 and 3, gules, billetté or, a fess argent (for Louvain). + Bourchier); 2 and 3, gules, billetté or, a fess argent (for Louvain). (From his seal.)</p> </div> @@ -17158,7 +17117,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <i>tuns</i>, naturally figure in many shields where the name lends itself to a pun, as in the arms of Bolton.</p> - <p><i>Wheels</i> occur in the shields of Turner ["Argent, gutté-de-sang, + <p><i>Wheels</i> occur in the shields of Turner ["Argent, gutté-de-sang, a <!-- Page 302 --><span class="pagenum" title="342.png"><a name="page302"></a>{302}</span>wheel of eight spokes sable, on a chief wavy azure, a dolphin naiant of the first"] and Carter, and also in the @@ -17186,9 +17145,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> helmet by its shape and position is indicative of rank; and we early learnt by rote that the esquire's helmet was of steel, and was placed in profile, with the visor closed: the helmet of the knight and baronet was - to be open and affronté; that the helmet of the peer must be of silver, + to be open and affronté; that the helmet of the peer must be of silver, guarded by grilles and placed in profile; and that the royal helmet was - of gold, with grilles, and affronté. Until recent years certain + of gold, with grilles, and affronté. Until recent years certain stereotyped forms of the helmet for these varying circumstances were in use, hideous alike both in the regularity of their usage and the atrocious shapes into which they had been evolved. These regulations, @@ -17202,7 +17161,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> under the circumstances simply reproduced this particular form in facsimile time after time, not knowing how far they might deviate and still remain correct. The knowledge of heraldry by the heraldic artist - was the real point underlying the excellence of mediæval heraldic art, + was the real point underlying the excellence of mediæval heraldic art, and underlying the excellence of much of the heraldic art in the revival of the last few years. As it has been often pointed out, in olden times they "played" with heraldry, and therein lay the excellence of that @@ -17688,7 +17647,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> was generally barred, or, instead of a movable visor, the bars were riveted on the helm, and sometimes the face was only protected by a sort of wire-work, like a fencing-mask. It was only used for the tourney or - mêlée, when the weapons were the sword and mace.</p> + mêlée, when the weapons were the sword and mace.</p> <div class="figright" style="width:18%;"> <a href="images/fig590.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig590.png" @@ -17770,14 +17729,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> </td></tr></table> - <p>The schale, schallern (<i>schêlern</i>), or sallad, either with or + <p>The schale, schallern (<i>schêlern</i>), or sallad, either with or without a <!-- Page 313 --><span class="pagenum" title="355.png"><a name="page313"></a>{313}</span>visor, is very seldom seen in heraldic use. An instance, however, in which it has been made use of heraldically will be found in Fig. 598, which is from a pen and ink drawing in the <i>Fest-Buch</i> of Paulus Kel, a MS. now in the Royal Library at Munich. This shows the schallern with the slit for seeing through, and the fixed - neck-guard. The "bart," "bavière," or beaver, for the protection of the + neck-guard. The "bart," "bavière," or beaver, for the protection of the under part of the face, is also visible. It is not joined to the helmet. The helmet bears the crest of Bavaria, the red-crowned golden lion of the Palatinate within the wings of the curiously disposed Bavarian tinctures. @@ -17818,7 +17777,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> more like the sixteenth-century helmet, for it opens down the sides instead of down the chin and back, and the same pivot which secures the visor also serves as a hinge for the crown and chin-piece. The small - mentonnière, or bavier, is equal on both sides, but it was often of less + mentonnière, or bavier, is equal on both sides, but it was often of less extent on the right. Date about 1500.</p> <p>Fig. 603 shows a German fluted helmet, of magnificent form and @@ -17928,7 +17887,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> name="page316"></a>{316}</span>representation taken from an original now in the possession of Count Hans Wilczek, of Vienna. Fig. 607, the helmet with the latticed visor, is from an example in the German National Museum - at Nürnberg. Neither of these types of helmet appears to have been + at Nürnberg. Neither of these types of helmet appears to have been regularly adopted into heraldic art. Indeed they are seldom, if ever, to be found in heraldic emblazonment. For pictorial and artistic purposes they seem to be entirely supplanted in paintings, in seals, and in @@ -18031,8 +17990,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> birth qualified them to tilt were permitted to use this buckled helmet. Tournaments were of course always conducted on very strict lines. Woodward reprints in his "Treatise on Heraldry" the "Tourney Regulations - for the Exposure of Arms and Crest, drawn up by René, Duke of Anjou, King - of Sicily and Jerusalem," from Menêtrier's <i>L'Origin des Armoiries</i>. + for the Exposure of Arms and Crest, drawn up by René, Duke of Anjou, King + of Sicily and Jerusalem," from Menêtrier's <i>L'Origin des Armoiries</i>. The rules to be complied with are there set out. Fig. 12 herein is a representation of a "Helmschau," where the examination of the crests is being carried on. It is interesting to notice therein that the whole of @@ -18052,9 +18011,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> gentilhommes</i>. Woodward states that when "in 1372 Charles V. conferred on the bourgeoisie of Paris the right to use armorial bearings, it was strenuously denied that they could use the timbred helm. In 1568 an edict - of Charles IX. prohibited the use of <i>armoiries timbrées</i> to any who + of Charles IX. prohibited the use of <i>armoiries timbrées</i> to any who were not noble by birth." The grilles of the helmet produced with the old - French heralds the opportunity of a minutiæ of rule which, considering + French heralds the opportunity of a minutiæ of rule which, considering the multitude of rules fathered, rightly or wrongly, upon British heraldry, we may be devoutly happy never reached our shores. They assigned different numbers of grilles to different ranks, but as the @@ -18072,7 +18031,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> that the helmet of the Sovereign and the Royal princes of this <!-- Page 319 --><span class="pagenum" title="363.png"><a name="page319"></a>{319}</span>country shall be of gold, placed in an - affronté position, and shall have grilles. The helmet of a peer shall be + affronté position, and shall have grilles. The helmet of a peer shall be of silver, shall be placed in profile, and shall have golden grilles, frequently stated to be five in number, a detail not stringently adhered to. The helmet of a knight or baronet shall be of steel, placed @@ -18115,10 +18074,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> who object to the present helmet and its methods of usage have ample reason for such remarks as one frequently sees in print upon the subject. To put it mildly, it is absolutely ridiculous to see a helmet placed - affronté, and a lion passant looking out over the side of it; or to see a + affronté, and a lion passant looking out over the side of it; or to see a helmet in profile with the crest of a man's head <!-- Page 320 --><span class="pagenum" title="364.png"><a - name="page320"></a>{320}</span>affronté placed above it, and as a + name="page320"></a>{320}</span>affronté placed above it, and as a consequence also peeping over the side. The necessity for providing a resting-place for the crest other than unoccupied space has also led to the ridiculous practice of depicting the wreath or torse in the form of a @@ -18135,7 +18094,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> they cannot be said to be advantageous from any point of view; they are certainly distinctly harmful from the artistic standpoint. It is plainly utterly impossible to depict some crests upon a profile helmet, and - equally impossible to display others upon an affronté helmet. In Scotland + equally impossible to display others upon an affronté helmet. In Scotland the crests do not afford quite such a regular succession of glaring examples for ridicule as is the case in England. No need is recognised in Scotland for necessarily distinguishing the crest of one family from that @@ -18168,7 +18127,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> ><a name="page321"></a>{321}</span>would undoubtedly hide everything else, for it is hardly likely that the estoile would be placed edge-forwards upon an actual helmet; and to properly display it, it ought - to take its place upon an affronté helmet. Under the present rules it + to take its place upon an affronté helmet. Under the present rules it would be officially depicted with the estoile facing the side, one ostrich feather in front over the nose, and the other at the back of the head, which of course reduces it to an absurdity. To take another @@ -18176,7 +18135,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> hardly to be supposed that a helmet would ever have been borne into a tournament surmounted by an elephant looking out over the side; it would most certainly have had its head placed to the front; and yet, because - Sir William Crookes is a knight, he is required to use an affronté + Sir William Crookes is a knight, he is required to use an affronté helmet, with a crest which most palpably was designed for use in profile. The absurd position which has resulted is chiefly due to the position rules and largely a consequence of the hideous British practice (for no @@ -18184,11 +18143,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> coat of arms and crest without the intervening helmet and mantling; though perhaps another cause may have had its influence. I allude to the fact that an animal's head, for example, in profile, is considered quite - a different crest to the same animal's head when placed affronté; and so + a different crest to the same animal's head when placed affronté; and so long as this idea holds, and so long as the rules concerning the position of the helmet exist, for so long shall we have these glaring and ridiculous anomalies. And whilst one generation of a family has an - affronté helmet and another using the same crest may have a profile one, + affronté helmet and another using the same crest may have a profile one, it is useless to design crests specifically to fit the one or the other.</p> @@ -18196,10 +18155,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> artists of the present time, has adopted a plan in his work which, whilst conforming with the rules to which I have referred, has reduced the peculiarities resulting from their observance to a minimum. His plan is - simple, inasmuch as, with a crest which is plainly affronté and has to be + simple, inasmuch as, with a crest which is plainly affronté and has to be depicted upon a profile helmet, he slightly alters the perspective of each, twisting round the helmet, which, whilst remaining slightly in - profile, more nearly approaches the affronté position, and bringing the + profile, more nearly approaches the affronté position, and bringing the crest slightly round to meet it. In this way he has obtained some very good results from awkward predicaments. Mr. Joseph Foster, in his "Peerage and Baronetage," absolutely discarded all rules affecting the @@ -18268,9 +18227,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> even, they are arranged so that all look inwards towards the centre line of the escutcheon, half being turned to the dexter, half to the sinister. If the number be uneven, the principal helm is placed in the centre - affronté, the others with their crests being turned towards it; thus, + affronté, the others with their crests being turned towards it; thus, some face to the dexter, some to the sinister. The crests are always - turned with the helmets. In Scandinavia the centre helm is affronté; the + turned with the helmets. In Scandinavia the centre helm is affronté; the others, with their crests, are often turned outwards.</p> <p>English officialism, whilst confining its own emblazonments to one @@ -18294,7 +18253,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> attitude, &c., and the inevitable consequence is unfortunately that without sacrificing this character of differentiation it is impossible to allow the English heraldic artist the same latitude and freedom of - disposition with regard to crests that his German confrère enjoys. These + disposition with regard to crests that his German confrère enjoys. These remarks apply solely to English and Irish crests, for Scottish practices, requiring no differentiation in the crests, have left Scottish crests simple and unspoiled. In England the result is that to "play" with the @@ -18460,7 +18419,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> vanity ingrained in human nature. The same impulse which nowadays leads to the decoration of the helmets of the Life Guards with horsehair plumes and regimental badges, the cocked hats of field-marshals and other - officers with waving plumes, the képis of commissionaires, and the + officers with waving plumes, the képis of commissionaires, and the smasher hats of Colonial irregulars with cocks' feathers, the hat of the poacher and gamekeeper with a pheasant's feather, led unquestionably to the "decoration" of the helmets of the armoured knights of old. The @@ -18559,7 +18518,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> alt="Fig. 613." title="Fig. 613." /></a> <p style="text-align:left"><span class="sc">Fig. 613.</span>—Arms of the family of Schaler (Basle): Gules, a bend of lozenges argent. - (From the Zürich Roll of Arms.)</p> + (From the Zürich Roll of Arms.)</p> </div> </td><td class="vmi plr1" style="width:60%"> @@ -18673,13 +18632,13 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> though I know of no instance of such a crest on any effigy, there can be no reasonable doubt on the point, if a little thought is given to the matter. Until a very much later period, we never find in any heraldic - representation that the helmet or crest are represented in an affronté + representation that the helmet or crest are represented in an affronté position. Why? Simply because crests at that period were merely profile representations.</p> <p>In later days, when tournament crests were made of leather, the weight even of these was very considerable, but for tournament purposes that - weight could be endured. Half-a-dozen courses down the <i>barrière</i> + weight could be endured. Half-a-dozen courses down the <i>barrière</i> would be a vastly different matter to a whole day under arms in actual battle. Now a crest cut out from a thin plate of metal set <!-- Page 332 --><span class="pagenum" title="376.png"><a @@ -18716,7 +18675,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> were used in battle must have been merely cut out in profile from the fan. Then came the era, in Plantagenet times, of the tournament. We talk glibly about tournaments, but few indeed really know much about them. - Trial by combat and the real tournament <i>à l'outrance</i> seldom + Trial by combat and the real tournament <i>à l'outrance</i> seldom occurred, and though trial by combat remained upon the statute-book until the 59 Geo. III., it was seldom invoked. Tournaments were chiefly in the nature of athletic displays, taking the place of our games and sports, @@ -19027,7 +18986,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The crests granted by the late Sir Albert Woods, Garter, are the crying grievance of modern English heraldry, and though a large proportion are far greater abortions than they need be, and though - careful thought and research even yet will under the present régime + careful thought and research even yet will under the present régime result in the grant of at any rate a quite unobjectionable crest, nevertheless we shall not obtain a real reform, or attain to any appreciable improvement, until the "position" rule as to helmets is @@ -19068,11 +19027,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> encircled about the wrist with a wreath of oak and holding in the hand a sword also proper, pommel and hilt or, an escutcheon argent, charged with a goat's head couped sable. Mottoes: "Through," and "Providentia Dei - stabiliuntur familiæ."</p> + stabiliuntur familiæ."</p> <p>Crest of Glasford, Scotland: "Issuing from clouds two hands conjoined grasping a caduceus ensigned with a cap of liberty, all between two - cornucopiæ all proper. Motto: "Prisca fides."</p> + cornucopiæ all proper. Motto: "Prisca fides."</p> </blockquote> @@ -19554,8 +19513,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>"In Assyrian sculptures deities and kings are shown wearing diadems, apparently bands of stuff or leather studded with discs of - <i>repoussé</i> work. Some of these discs, detached, have actually been - found. Similar discs were plentifully found at Mycenæ, which were very + <i>repoussé</i> work. Some of these discs, detached, have actually been + found. Similar discs were plentifully found at Mycenæ, which were very likely used in a similar way. Some of the larger ornamental head-dresses worn by Assyrian kings appear to have been conical-shaped helmets, or perhaps crowns; it is now difficult to say which, <!-- Page 351 --><span @@ -19575,9 +19534,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> reward of distinguished citizens, while a circlet of golden leaves was given to successful generals.</p> - <p>"Cæsar consistently refused the royal white diadem which Antony + <p>"Cæsar consistently refused the royal white diadem which Antony offered him, preferring to remain perpetual dictator. One of his - partisans ventured to crown Cæsar's bust with a coronet of laurel tied + partisans ventured to crown Cæsar's bust with a coronet of laurel tied with royal white ribbon, but the tribunes quickly removed it and heavily punished the perpetrator of the offence.</p> @@ -19605,7 +19564,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> work.</p> <p>"On the plaques of the crown of Constantine Monomachos are also fine - enamel portraits of himself and his queen Zoë, wearing similar crowns. + enamel portraits of himself and his queen Zoë, wearing similar crowns. The cataseistas, or jewelled chains, one over each ear and one at the back, which occur on all these crowns, may be the survival of the loose ends of the tie of the original fillet. <!-- Page 352 --><span @@ -19647,7 +19606,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The development of the crown of the English sovereigns has been best told by Mr. Cyril Davenport in his valuable work on "The English Regalia" - (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.). Mr. Davenport, whose knowledge + (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.). Mr. Davenport, whose knowledge on these matters is probably unequalled, may best be allowed to tell the story in his own words, he and his publishers having very kindly permitted this course to be taken:— <!-- Page 353 --><span @@ -19821,9 +19780,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> crown with five fleurs-de-lis, the centre one being larger than the others, and the crown is arched and has at the top an orb and cross (Fig. 631). Henry VI. on his first seal for foreign affairs, on which occurs - the English shield, uses above it a crown with three crosses-patée and + the English shield, uses above it a crown with three crosses-patée and between each a pearl (Fig. 632), this being the first distinct use of the - cross-patée on the English crown; and it probably was used here in place + cross-patée on the English crown; and it probably was used here in place of the fleurs-de-lis hitherto worn in order to <!-- Page 355 --><span class="pagenum" title="401.png"><a name="page355"></a>{355}</span>make a clear distinction between it and the French crown, which has the @@ -19850,20 +19809,20 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> </td></tr></table> <p>"Henry VII. on his Great Seal uses as ornaments for the crown, - crosses-patée alternately with fleurs-de-lis, and also arches with an orb + crosses-patée alternately with fleurs-de-lis, and also arches with an orb and cross at the top (Fig. 633) and, on some of his coins, he reverts to the three fleurs-de-lis with points between them, arches being still used, with the orb and cross at the top (Fig. 634). An ornamental form of crown bearing five ornamental leaves alternately large and small, with arches, orb, and cross at the top (Fig. 635), occurs on the shillings of Henry VII. On the crowns of Henry VIII., as well as upon his Great Seals, - the alternate crosses-patée and fleurs-de-lis are found on the rim of the + the alternate crosses-patée and fleurs-de-lis are found on the rim of the crown, which is arched, and has an orb and cross at the top, and this is the form that has remained ever since (Fig. 636). So we may consider that the growth of the ornament on the rim of the crown has followed a regular - sequence from the points with one pearl at the top, of Æthelstan, to the + sequence from the points with one pearl at the top, of Æthelstan, to the trefoil of Canute; the arches began with Edward the Confessor, and the - centre trefoil turned into the cross-patée of Henry VI. The fact that the + centre trefoil turned into the cross-patée of Henry VI. The fact that the remaining trefoils turned eventually into fleurs-de-lis is only, I think, a natural expansion of form, and does not appear to have had anything to do with the French fleur-de-lis, which was adopted as an heraldic bearing @@ -19909,14 +19868,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> </td></tr></table> - <p>"The cross-patée itself may possibly have been evolved in a somewhat + <p>"The cross-patée itself may possibly have been evolved in a somewhat similar way from the three pearls of William I., as we often find the centre trefoil, into which, as we have seen, these three points eventually <!-- Page 356 --><span class="pagenum" title="402.png"><a name="page356"></a>{356}</span>turned, has a tendency to become larger than the others, and this difference has been easily made more apparent by squaring the ends of the triple leaf. At the same time it must not be - forgotten that the cross-patée was actually used on the sceptre of Edward + forgotten that the cross-patée was actually used on the sceptre of Edward the Confessor, so it is just possible it may have had some specially English significance.</p> @@ -20030,7 +19989,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> and enamel (Fig. 641).</p> <p>"Generally, the Scottish work in gold is cast solid and chased, the - foreign work being thinner and <i>repoussé</i>. Several of the diamonds + foreign work being thinner and <i>repoussé</i>. Several of the diamonds are undoubtedly old, and are cut in the ancient Oriental fashion; and many of the pearls are Scottish. It is kept in Edinburgh Castle with the rest of the Scottish regalia. None of the other pieces at all equal it in @@ -20057,7 +20016,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> diamonds, and set upon enamel arabesques of white and red. The centre gems of these rosettes are rubies, emeralds, and sapphires. Rows of large pearls mark the upper and lower edges of the rim, from which rise the - four crosses-patée and four fleurs-de-lis alternately, adorned with + four crosses-patée and four fleurs-de-lis alternately, adorned with diamonds and other gems. The gem clusters upon the crosses are set upon enamel arabesques in white and red, of similar workmanship to that upon the rim. From the tops of the crosses rise two complete arches of gold @@ -20068,7 +20027,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> upon the crosses. From the intersection of the arches springs a mound of gold, encircled by a fillet from which rises a single arch, both of which are ornamented with pearls and gems. On the top of the arch is a - cross-patée of gold, set in which are coloured gems and diamonds. At the + cross-patée of gold, set in which are coloured gems and diamonds. At the top of the cross is a large spheroidal pearl, and from each of the side arms, depending from a little gold bracelet, is a beautifully formed pear-shaped pearl. The crown is shown in the Tower with the crimson @@ -20127,8 +20086,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the lower row, and 122 in the upper.] Above the rim are shallow festoons of diamonds caught up between the larger ornaments by points of emeralds encircled with diamonds, and a large pearl above each. On these festoons - are set alternately eight crosses-patée, and eight fleurs-de-lis of - silver set with gems. The crosses-patée are thickly set with brilliants, + are set alternately eight crosses-patée, and eight fleurs-de-lis of + silver set with gems. The crosses-patée are thickly set with brilliants, and have each an emerald in the centre, except that in front of the crown, which <!-- Page 360 --><span class="pagenum" title="406.png"><a name="page360"></a>{360}</span>contains the most remarkable jewel @@ -20144,14 +20103,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> have given it to Edward the Black Prince after the battle of Najera, near Vittoria, in the same year. After this, it is said to have been worn by Henry V. in his crown at Agincourt in 1415, when it is recorded that the - King's life was saved from the attack of the Duc D'Alençon, because of + King's life was saved from the attack of the Duc D'Alençon, because of the protection afforded him by his crown, a portion of which, however, was broken off. It may be confidently predicted that such a risk of destruction is not very likely to happen again to the great ruby.</p> <p>"In the centre of each of the very ornamental fleurs-de-lis is a ruby, and all the rest of the ornamentation on them is composed of rose - diamonds, large and small. From each of the crosses-patée, the upper + diamonds, large and small. From each of the crosses-patée, the upper corners of which have each a large pearl upon them, rises an arch of silver worked into a design of oak-leaves and acorn-cups. These leaves and cups are all closely encrusted with a mass of large and small @@ -20159,11 +20118,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> beautiful drop-shaped pearls of large size. From the four points of intersection of the arches at the top of the crown depend large egg-shaped pearls. From the centre of the arches, which slope slightly - downwards, springs a mound with a cross-patée above it. The mound is + downwards, springs a mound with a cross-patée above it. The mound is ornamented all over with close lines of brilliant diamonds, and the fillet which encircles it, and the arch which crosses over it, are both ornamented with one line of large rose-cut diamonds set closely together. - The cross-patée at the top has in the centre a large sapphire of + The cross-patée at the top has in the centre a large sapphire of magnificent colour set openly. The outer lines of the arms of the cross are marked by a row of small diamonds close together and in the centre of each arm is a large diamond, the remaining spaces being filled with more @@ -20187,7 +20146,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> sixteen sapphires, 277 pearls, 2783 diamonds. [As remade for King Edward VII. the crown now has 297 pearls and 2818 diamonds.]</p> - <p>"The large ruby has been valued at £110,000.</p> + <p>"The large ruby has been valued at £110,000.</p> <p>"When this crown has to take a journey it is provided with a little casket, lined with white velvet, and having a sliding drawer at the @@ -20202,10 +20161,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Fig. 643 represents the crown of the Queen Consort with which Queen Alexandra was crowned on August 9, 1902. It will be noticed that, unlike the King's crowns, this has eight arches. The circlet which forms the - base is 1½ inches in height. The crown is entirely composed of diamonds, + base is 1½ inches in height. The crown is entirely composed of diamonds, of which there are 3972, and these are placed so closely together that no metal remains visible. The large diamond visible in the illustration is - the famous Koh-i-noor. Resting upon the rim are four crosses-patée, and + the famous Koh-i-noor. Resting upon the rim are four crosses-patée, and as many fleurs-de-lis, from each of which springs an arch. As a matter of actual fact the crown was made for use on this one occasion and has since been broken up.</p> @@ -20317,19 +20276,19 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> 647, that is, the circlet being identical with that of the Royal Crown, and of the Prince of Wales' coronet, but without the arch. This was also assigned in the warrant of 9th February, 13 Charles II. Officially this - coronet is described as being composed of crosses-patée and fleurs-de-lis + coronet is described as being composed of crosses-patée and fleurs-de-lis alternately.</p> <p>The grandchildren of a sovereign being sons and daughters of the Prince of Wales, or of other sons of the sovereign, have a coronet in - which strawberry leaves are substituted for the two outer crosses-patée + which strawberry leaves are substituted for the two outer crosses-patée appearing at the edges of the coronet, which is officially described as - composed of crosses-patée, fleurs-de-lis, and strawberry leaves.</p> + composed of crosses-patée, fleurs-de-lis, and strawberry leaves.</p> <p>Princes of the English Royal Family, being sons of younger sons of a sovereign, or else nephews of a sovereign being sons of brothers of a sovereign, and having the rank and title of a duke of the United Kingdom, - have a coronet composed alternately of crosses-patée and strawberry + have a coronet composed alternately of crosses-patée and strawberry leaves, the latter taking the place of the fleurs-de-lis upon <!-- Page 364 --><span class="pagenum" title="412.png"><a name="page364"></a>{364}</span>the circlet of the Royal Crown. This @@ -20342,9 +20301,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the accuracy of my version. It is a cardinal rule of armory that save for the single circumstance of attainder no man's armorial insignia shall be degraded. Whilst any man's status may be increased, it cannot be - lessened. Most heraldic books quote the coronet of crosses-patée, + lessened. Most heraldic books quote the coronet of crosses-patée, fleurs-de-lis, and strawberry leaves as the coronet of the "grandsons" of - the sovereign, whilst the coronet of crosses-patée and strawberry leaves + the sovereign, whilst the coronet of crosses-patée and strawberry leaves is stated to be the coronet of "nephews" or cousins of the sovereign. Such a state of affairs would be intolerable, because it would mean the liability at any moment to be degraded to the use of a less honourable @@ -20386,7 +20345,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> status might be claimed. It is much to be wished that a Royal Warrant should be issued to her which would decide the point—at present in doubt—as to what degree of relationship the coronet of the - crosses-patée and strawberry leaves is available for, or failing that + crosses-patée and strawberry leaves is available for, or failing that coronet what the coronet of prince or princess of this country might be, he or she not being child, grandchild, or nephew or niece of a sovereign.</p> @@ -20477,20 +20436,20 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>"That the robe or mantle of a Viscountess be like that of a Baroness, only the cape powdered with two rows and a half of ermine, the edging of - the mantle 2 inches as before, and the train 1¼ yards; the coronet to be + the mantle 2 inches as before, and the train 1¼ yards; the coronet to be according to her degree—viz. a rim or circle with pearls (represented by silver balls) thereon, sixteen in number, and not raised upon points.</p> <p>"That the robe or mantle of a Countess be as before, only the cape powdered with three rows of ermine, the edging 3 inches in breadth, and - the train 1½ yards; the coronet to be composed of eight pearls + the train 1½ yards; the coronet to be composed of eight pearls (represented by silver balls) raised upon points or rays, with small strawberry leaves between, above the rim.</p> <p>"That the robe or mantle of a Marchioness be as before, only the cape powdered with three rows and a half of ermine, the edging 4 inches in - breadth, the train 1¾ yards; the coronet to be composed of four + breadth, the train 1¾ yards; the coronet to be composed of four strawberry leaves and four pearls (represented by silver balls) <!-- Page 367 --><span class="pagenum" title="415.png"><a name="page367"></a>{367}</span>raised upon points of the same height as @@ -20965,9 +20924,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> argent."</p> <p>A curious use of coronets in a crest will be found in the crest of Sir - Archibald Dunbar, Bart. ["A dexter hand apaumée reaching at an astral + Archibald Dunbar, Bart. ["A dexter hand apaumée reaching at an astral crown proper"] and Sir Alexander James Dunbar, Bart. ["A dexter hand - apaumée proper reaching to two earls' coronets tied together"].</p> + apaumée proper reaching to two earls' coronets tied together"].</p> <div class="figleft" style="width:12%;"> <a href="images/fig657.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig657.png" @@ -21224,7 +21183,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> plainly the Royal crest "differenced" (he being of Royal but illegitimate descent), and probably the argent in lieu of ermine lining is one of the intentional marks of distinction. The chapeau of Lord Beaumont is azure, - semé-de-lis, lined ermine, and that of the Earl of Douglas is azure lined + semé-de-lis, lined ermine, and that of the Earl of Douglas is azure lined ermine, this being in each case in conformity with the mantling. Whilst the Beaumont family still use this curiously coloured chapeau with their crest, the Douglas crest is now borne (by <!-- Page 381 --><span @@ -21554,7 +21513,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>13. Sir Walter Blount, Lord Mountjoye, K.G., 1472-1474. Arms: quarterly, 1. argent, two wolves passant in pale sable, on a bordure also argent eight saltires couped gules (for Ayala); 2. or, a tower (? gules) - (for Mountjoy); 3. barry nebuly or and sable (for Blount); 4. vairé + (for Mountjoy); 3. barry nebuly or and sable (for Blount); 4. vairé argent and gules (for Gresley). Crest: out of a coronet two ibex horns or. Mantling sable, lined on the dexter side with argent, and on the sinister with or.</p> @@ -21563,7 +21522,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>In Continental heraldry it is by no means uncommon to find the device of the arms repeated either wholly or in part upon the mantling. In - reference to this the "Tournament Rules" of René, Duke of Anjou, <!-- + reference to this the "Tournament Rules" of René, Duke of Anjou, <!-- Page 389 --><span class="pagenum" title="439.png"><a name="page389"></a>{389}</span>throw some light on the point. These it may be of interest to quote:—</p> @@ -21571,25 +21530,25 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <blockquote class="b1n"> <p>"Vous tous Princes, Seigneurs, Barons, Cheualiers, et Escuyers, qui - auez intention de tournoyer, vous estes tenus vous rendre és heberges le - quartrième jour deuan le jour du Tournoy, pour faire de vos Blasons + auez intention de tournoyer, vous estes tenus vous rendre és heberges le + quartrième jour deuan le jour du Tournoy, pour faire de vos Blasons fenestres, sur payne de non estre receus audit Tournoy. Les armes seront - celles-cy. Le tymbre doit estre sur vne piece de cuir boüilly, la quelle - doit estre bien faultrée d'vn doigt d'espez, ou plus, par le dedans: et + celles-cy. Le tymbre doit estre sur vne piece de cuir boüilly, la quelle + doit estre bien faultrée d'vn doigt d'espez, ou plus, par le dedans: et doit contenir la dite piece de cuir tout le sommet du heaulme, et sera - couuerte la dite piece du lambrequin armoyé des armes de celuy qui le + couuerte la dite piece du lambrequin armoyé des armes de celuy qui le portera, et sur le dit lambrequin au plus haut du sommet, sera assis le dit Tymbre, et autour d'iceluy aura vn tortil des couleurs que voudra le Tournoyeur.</p> <p>"Item, et quand tous les heaulmes seront ainsi mis et ordonnez pour les departir, viendront toutes Dames et Damoiselles et tout Seigneurs, - Cheualiers, et Escuyers, en les visitant d'vn bout à autre, la present + Cheualiers, et Escuyers, en les visitant d'vn bout à autre, la present les Juges, qui meneront trois ou quatre tours les Dames pour bien voir et visiter les Tymbres, et y aura vu Heraut ou poursuivant, qui dira aux - Dames selon l'endroit où elles seront, le nom de ceux à qui sont les - Tymbres, afin que s'il en a qui ait des Dames médit, et elles touchent - son Tymbre, qu'il soit le lendemain pour recommandé." (Menêtrier, + Dames selon l'endroit où elles seront, le nom de ceux à qui sont les + Tymbres, afin que s'il en a qui ait des Dames médit, et elles touchent + son Tymbre, qu'il soit le lendemain pour recommandé." (Menêtrier, <i>L'Origine des Armoiries</i>, pp. 79-81.)</p> </blockquote> @@ -21597,23 +21556,23 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Whilst one can call to mind no instance of importance of ancient date where this practice has been followed in this country, there are one or two instances in the Garter plates which approximate closely to it. The - mantling of John, Lord Beaumont, is azure, semé-de-lis (as the field of + mantling of John, Lord Beaumont, is azure, semé-de-lis (as the field of his arms), lined ermine. Those of Sir John Bourchier, Lord Berners, and - of Sir Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, are of gules, billetté or, + of Sir Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, are of gules, billetté or, evidently derived from the quartering for Louvaine upon the arms, this - quartering being: "Gules, billetté and a fess or."</p> + quartering being: "Gules, billetté and a fess or."</p> <p>According to a MS. of Vincent, in the College of Arms, the Warrens used a mantling chequy of azure and or with their arms.</p> - <p>A somewhat similar result is obtained by the mantling, "Gules, semé of + <p>A somewhat similar result is obtained by the mantling, "Gules, semé of lozenges or," upon the small plate of Sir Sanchet Dabrichecourt. The - mantling of Sir Lewis Robessart, Lord Bourchier, is: "Azure, bezanté, + mantling of Sir Lewis Robessart, Lord Bourchier, is: "Azure, bezanté, lined argent."</p> <p>"The azure mantling on the Garter Plate of Henry V., as Prince of - Wales, is 'semé of the French golden fleurs-de-lis.'... The Daubeny - mantling is 'semé of mullets.' On the brass of Sir John Wylcote, at Tew, + Wales, is 'semé of the French golden fleurs-de-lis.'... The Daubeny + mantling is 'semé of mullets.' On the brass of Sir John Wylcote, at Tew, the lambrequins are chequy.... On the seals of Sir John Bussy, in 1391 and 1407, the mantlings are barry, the coat being 'argent, three bars sable.'"</p> @@ -21625,7 +21584,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the crest. The Stall plate of Sir John Bourchier, Lord <!-- Page 390 --><span class="pagenum" title="440.png"><a name="page390"></a>{390}</span>Berners, above referred to (elected 1459), - is lined with silver on the dexter side, semé in the upper part with + is lined with silver on the dexter side, semé in the upper part with water-bougets, and in the lower part with Bourchier knots. On the opposite side of the mantling the knots are in the upper part, and the water-bougets below. That these badges upon the mantling are not @@ -21637,7 +21596,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> which the earl's head there rests, and the representations of the same upon the Garter plate, are not slavish copies of the same original model. Nevertheless upon the effigy, as on the Garter plate, we find the outside - of the mantling "semé of billets," and the inside "semé of + of the mantling "semé of billets," and the inside "semé of water-bougets." Another instance amongst the Garter plates will be found in the case of Viscount Lovell, whose mantling is strewn with gold padlocks.</p> @@ -21843,7 +21802,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> immense gain in beauty by the present reversion in heraldic art to older and better, and certainly more artistic types, there is distinctly another side to the question which is strangely overlooked by those who - would have the present-day heraldic art slavishly copied in all minutiæ + would have the present-day heraldic art slavishly copied in all minutiæ of detail, and even (according to some) in all the crudity of draughtmanship from examples of the earliest periods.</p> @@ -21973,7 +21932,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> designs and ideas of the "little masters" of German art in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He has since progressed therefrom to a distinctive and very excellent style of his own. Mr. Graham Johnson - models his work upon Plantagenet and Tudor examples. The work of Père + models his work upon Plantagenet and Tudor examples. The work of Père Anselm, and of Pugin, the first start towards the present ideas of heraldic art, embodying as it did so much of the beauty of the older work whilst possessing a character of its own, and developing ancient ideals @@ -22119,16 +22078,16 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>"In later times the arms of sovereigns—the German Electors, &c.—were mantled, usually with crimson velvet fringed with - gold, lined with ermine, and crowned; but the mantling armoyé was one of + gold, lined with ermine, and crowned; but the mantling armoyé was one of the marks of dignity used by the Pairs de France, and by Cardinals resident in France; it was also employed by some great nobles in other countries. The mantling of the Princes and Dukes of Mirandola was chequy argent and azure, lined with ermine. In France the mantling of the - Chancelier was of cloth of gold; that of Présidents, of scarlet, lined + Chancelier was of cloth of gold; that of Présidents, of scarlet, lined with alternate strips of ermine and <i>petit gris</i>. In France, - Napoleon I., who used a mantling of purple semé of golden bees, decreed + Napoleon I., who used a mantling of purple semé of golden bees, decreed that the princes and grand dignitaries should use an azure mantling thus - semé; those of Dukes were to be plain, and lined with vair instead of + semé; those of Dukes were to be plain, and lined with vair instead of ermine. In 1817 a mantling of azure, fringed with gold and lined with ermine, was appropriated to the dignity of Pair de France."</p> @@ -22140,13 +22099,13 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> heraldic achievement is displayed. The pavilion seems to have originated in France, where it can be traced back upon the Great Seals of the kings to its earliest form and appearance upon the seal of Louis XI. In the - case of the Kings of France, it was of azure semé-de-lis or. The pavilion - used with the arms of the German Emperor is of gold semé alternately of + case of the Kings of France, it was of azure semé-de-lis or. The pavilion + used with the arms of the German Emperor is of gold semé alternately of Imperial crowns and eagles displayed sable, and is lined with ermine. The motto is carried on a crimson band, and it is surmounted by the Imperial crown, and a banner of the German colours gules, argent, and sable. The pavilion used by the German Emperor as King of Prussia is of crimson, - semé of black eagles and gold crowns, and the band which carries the + semé of black eagles and gold crowns, and the band which carries the motto is blue. The pavilions of the King of Bavaria and the Duke of Baden, the King of Saxony, the Duke of Hesse, the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, the Duke of <!-- @@ -22166,7 +22125,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> invention of the Frenchman Philip Moreau (1680), and found its way from France to Germany, where both in the Greater and Lesser Courts it was enthusiastically adopted. Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Spain, - Portugal, and Würtemberg are the only Royal Arms in which the pavilion + Portugal, and Würtemberg are the only Royal Arms in which the pavilion does not figure. <!-- Page 402 --><span class="pagenum" title="454.png" ><a name="page402"></a>{402}</span></p> @@ -22413,11 +22372,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> are called <i>Tenants</i>. Trees, and other inanimate objects which are sometimes used, are called <i>Soutiens</i>.</p> - <p>"Menêtrier and other old writers trace the origin of supporters to the + <p>"Menêtrier and other old writers trace the origin of supporters to the usages of the tournaments, where the shields of the combatants were exposed for inspection, and guarded by their servants or pages disguised in fanciful attire: 'C'est des Tournois qu'est venu cet usage parce que - les chevaliers y faisoient porter leurs lances, et leurs écus, par des + les chevaliers y faisoient porter leurs lances, et leurs écus, par des pages, et des valets de pied, deguisez en ours, en lions, en mores, et en sauvages' (<i>Usage des Armoiries</i>, p. 119).</p> @@ -22429,7 +22388,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> in his <i>Aspilogia</i>, he attributed the origin of supporters to the invention of the engraver, who filled up the spaces at the top and sides of the triangular shield upon a circular seal with foliage, or with - fanciful animals. Any good collection of mediæval seals will strengthen + fanciful animals. Any good collection of mediæval seals will strengthen this conviction. For instance, the two volumes of Laing's 'Scottish Seals' afford numerous examples in which the shields used in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries were placed between two creatures @@ -22447,7 +22406,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> lions rampant away from the shield, and an eagle with expanded wings standing above it. The <i>secretum</i> of Isabelle de <span class="sc">Flandres</span> (<i>c.</i> 1308) has her shield placed between - three lions, each charged with a bend (Vrée, <i>Gen. Com. Flanr.</i>, + three lions, each charged with a bend (Vrée, <i>Gen. Com. Flanr.</i>, Plates XLIII., XLIV., XCII.). In 1332 <span class="sc">Aymon of Savoy</span> places his arms (<span class="sc">Savoy</span>, <i>with a label</i>) between a winged lion in chief and a lion without wings at @@ -22472,7 +22431,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Evangelistic symbols, as on the seal of <span class="sc">Yolante de Flandres</span>, Countess of Bar (<i>c.</i> 1340). The seal of <span class="sc">Jeanne</span>, Dame de <span class="sc">Plasnes</span>, in - 1376 bears her arms <i>en bannière</i> a quatrefoil supported by two + 1376 bears her arms <i>en bannière</i> a quatrefoil supported by two kneeling angels, a demi-angel in chief, and a lion couchant guardant in base."</p> @@ -22577,7 +22536,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> class="sc">Berri</span>, in 1393 the supporter is a helmed swan (compare the armorial slab of <span class="sc">Henry</span> of <span class="sc">Lancaster</span>, in <span class="sc">Boutell</span>, Plate - LXXIX.). Jean IV., Comte d'<span class="sc">Alençon</span> (1408), has a + LXXIX.). Jean IV., Comte d'<span class="sc">Alençon</span> (1408), has a helmed lion sejant as supporter. In 1359 a signet of <span class="sc">Louis van Male</span>, Count of <span class="sc">Flanders</span>, bears a lion sejant, helmed and crested, and @@ -22607,11 +22566,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Dauphin de <span class="sc">Viennois</span> (<i>c.</i> 1355), has his shield held by a single dolphin. In 1294 the seal of the Dauphin <span class="sc">Jean</span>, son of <span class="sc">Humbert I.</span>, bears - the arms of <span class="sc">Dauphiné</span> pendent from the neck of a + the arms of <span class="sc">Dauphiné</span> pendent from the neck of a griffon. The shields of arms of <span class="sc">Bertrand de Bricquebec</span>, in 1325; <span class="sc">Pierre de Tournebu</span>, in 1339; of <span class="sc">Charles</span>, Count of <span - class="sc">Alençon</span>, in 1356; and of <span class="sc">Oliver de + class="sc">Alençon</span>, in 1356; and of <span class="sc">Oliver de Clisson</span> in 1397, are supported by a warrior who stands behind the shield. In England the seal of <span class="sc">Henry Percy</span>, first Earl, in 1346, and another in 1345, have similar representations.</p> @@ -22626,7 +22585,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the shield is held, along with a club, in the right hand of a savage <i>erect</i>, who bears a helmet in his left; while on that of William, eighth Earl (1446), a <i>kneeling</i> savage holds a club in his right - hand, and supports a couché shield on his left arm."</p> + hand, and supports a couché shield on his left arm."</p> <div class="figright" style="width:23%;"> <a href="images/fig666.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig666.png" @@ -22639,14 +22598,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> published at Frankfurt, 1589, will be found in Fig. 666. In this the figure partakes more of the character of a shield guardian than a shield supporter. The arms are those of "Sigmund Hagelshaimer," otherwise - "Helt," living at Nürnberg. The arms are "Sable, on a bend argent, an + "Helt," living at Nürnberg. The arms are "Sable, on a bend argent, an arrow gules." The crest is the head and neck of a hound sable, continued into a mantling sable, lined argent. The crest is charged with a pale argent, and thereupon an arrow as in the arms, the arrow-head piercing the ear of the hound.</p> <p>Seated figures as supporters are rare, but one occurs in Fig. 667, - which shows the arms of the Vöhlin family. They bear: "Argent, on a fesse + which shows the arms of the Vöhlin family. They bear: "Argent, on a fesse sable, three 'P's' argent." The wings which form the crest are charged with the same device. This curious charge of the three letters is explained in the following saying:—</p> @@ -22720,7 +22679,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig667.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig667.png" alt="Fig. 667." title="Fig. 667." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 667.</span>—Arms of Vöhlin of Augsberg.</p> + 667.</span>—Arms of Vöhlin of Augsberg.</p> </div> <p>In later years, as indicative of rank in the Holy Roman Empire, the @@ -22873,7 +22832,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> from clouds in base, the hands supporting the shield.</p> <p>When supporters are inanimate objects, the escutcheon is said to be - cottised—a term derived from the French word <i>côté</i> (a + cottised—a term derived from the French word <i>côté</i> (a side)—in contradistinction to supported. An old Scottish term for supporters was "bearers."</p> @@ -22892,7 +22851,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> achievements.</p> <p>A curious example of inanimate supporters occurs on the English seal - of William, Lord Botreaux (1426), where, on each side of a couché shield + of William, Lord Botreaux (1426), where, on each side of a couché shield exhibiting a griffin "segreant" and surmounted by a helmet and crest, a buttress is quaintly introduced, in evident allusion to the owner's name. A somewhat similar arrangement appears on the Scottish seal of William @@ -22926,7 +22885,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> couchant-guardant in base. That of <span class="sc">Pierre Avoir</span>, in 1378, is held by a demi-eagle above the shield, and by two mermaids. On many ancient seals the supporters are disposed so that they hold the - crested helm above a couché shield.</p> + crested helm above a couché shield.</p> <p>The counter-seals of <span class="sc">Rudolf IV.</span>, Archduke of <span class="sc">Austria</span>, in 1359 and 1362, afford instances in @@ -22960,7 +22919,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> certainly assist in holding the shield, but the lions are its true supporters; nor is this arrangement by any means unique. The swans which were used as supporters by <span class="sc">Jean, Duc de Berri</span>, in - 1386, are each mounted upon a bear. Two wild men, each <i>à cheval</i> on + 1386, are each mounted upon a bear. Two wild men, each <i>à cheval</i> on a lion, support the escutcheons of <span class="sc">Gerard D'Harchies</span> (1476) and of <span class="sc">Nicole de Giresme</span> (1464). Two lions sejant, helmed and crested (the crest is a human head @@ -22981,7 +22940,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the Royal unicorn, and on the sinister by a savage, or wild man, proper; and for crest, a branch of laurel and a thistle issuing from two hands conjoined, the one being armed, the other naked; with the motto, "Munit - hæc et altera vincit." The incongruity of these exterior ornaments within + hæc et altera vincit." The incongruity of these exterior ornaments within a shield of arms is noticed by Nisbet, who informs us, however, that they are very soon removed. In the year 1629, after Nova Scotia was sold to the French, the Baronets of Scotland, and their heirs-male, were @@ -22989,7 +22948,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> time coming, an orange-tawny silk ribbon, whereon shall be pendent, in a scutcheon <i>argent</i>, a saltire <i>azure</i>, thereon an inescutcheon, of the arms of Scotland, with an Imperial crown above the scutcheon and - encircled with this motto: 'Fax mentis honestæ gloria.'" According to the + encircled with this motto: 'Fax mentis honestæ gloria.'" According to the same authority, this badge was never much used "about their necks," but was carried, by way of canton or inescutcheon, on their armorial bearings, without the motto, and, of course, since then the superimposed @@ -23010,7 +22969,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> no blood relationship exists. The result is that whilst the same crests and supporters are duplicated over and over again, they at any rate remain in Scotland simple, graceful, and truly heraldic, even when judged - by the most rigid mediæval standard. They are, of course, necessarily of + by the most rigid mediæval standard. They are, of course, necessarily of no value whatever for identification. In England the simplicity is relinquished for the sake of distinction, and it is held that equivalent differentiation must be made, both in regard to the crests and the @@ -23446,10 +23405,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> state of affairs. There never appears to have been any Visitation, and the arms of Channel Island families which officially pass muster must be confined to those of the very few families (for example, De Carteret, - Dobrée, and Tupper) who have found it necessary or advisable on their own + Dobrée, and Tupper) who have found it necessary or advisable on their own initiative to register their arms in the official English sources. In none of these instances have supporters been allowed, nor I believe did - any of these families claim to use them, but some (Lemprière, De + any of these families claim to use them, but some (Lemprière, De Saumerez, and other families) assert the possession of such a distinction by prescriptive right. If the right to supporters be a privilege of peerage, or if, as in Scotland, it anciently depended upon the right of @@ -23584,7 +23543,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> centuries could and did raise armies to fight the King a peer was hardly likely to, nor did he, brook much interference.</p> - <p>Of the development of supporters in Germany Ströhl writes:—</p> + <p>Of the development of supporters in Germany Ströhl writes:—</p> <p>"Only very late, about the middle of the seventeenth century, were supporters granted as hereditary, but they appear in the arms of <!-- @@ -23621,7 +23580,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> helmets either over the head or hold them in their hands. Figures standing near the shield, but not holding or supporting it in any way, cannot in the strict sense of the word be designated supporters; such - figures are called <i>Schildwächter</i> (shield-watchers or + figures are called <i>Schildwächter</i> (shield-watchers or guardians)."</p> <h5>HUMAN FIGURES AS SUPPORTERS</h5> @@ -23652,9 +23611,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> alt="Fig. 669." title="Fig. 669." /></a> <p style="text-align:left"><span class="sc">Fig. 669.</span>—Arms of Arbroath: Gules, a portcullis with chains pendent or. Motto: - "Propter Libertatem." Supporters: dexter, St. Thomas à Becket in his + "Propter Libertatem." Supporters: dexter, St. Thomas à Becket in his archiepiscopal robes all proper; sinister, a Baron of Scotland armed - cap-à-pie, holding in his exterior hand the letter from the Convention + cap-à -pie, holding in his exterior hand the letter from the Convention of the Scottish Estates, held at Arbroath in the year of 1320, addressed to Pope John XXII., all proper.</p> </div> @@ -23689,7 +23648,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>It is rare to find supporters definitely stated to represent any specific person, but in the case of the arms of Arbroath (Fig. 669) the - supporters are "Dexter: 'St. Thomas à Becket,' and sinister, a Baron of + supporters are "Dexter: 'St. Thomas à Becket,' and sinister, a Baron of Scotland." Another instance, again from Scotland, appears in a most extraordinary grant by the Lyon in 1816 to Sir Jonathan Wathen Waller, Bart., of Braywick Lodge, co. Berks, and of Twickenham, co. Middlesex. In @@ -23779,7 +23738,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> coronet, and issuing therefrom a plume of ostrich feathers.</p> <p>Sea-lions will be found as supporters to the arms of Viscount Falmouth - ["Two sea-lions erect on their tails argent, gutté-de-l'armes"], and the + ["Two sea-lions erect on their tails argent, gutté-de-l'armes"], and the Earl of Howth bears: "Dexter, a sea-lion as in the crest; sinister, a mermaid proper, holding in her exterior hand a mirror."</p> @@ -23945,16 +23904,16 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> breast, but in the present case, in addition to the shield charged upon it in the usual manner, it so palpably supports the two other escutcheons, that we are tempted to include it amongst definite - supporters. The figure represents the arms of the free city of Nürnberg, + supporters. The figure represents the arms of the free city of Nürnberg, and the design is reproduced from the title-page of the German edition of - Andreas Vesili's <i>Anatomia</i>, printed at Nürnberg in 1537. The eagle + Andreas Vesili's <i>Anatomia</i>, printed at Nürnberg in 1537. The eagle is that of the German Empire, carrying on its breast the impaled arms of Castile and Austria. The shields it supports may now be said both to - belong to Nürnberg. The dexter shield, which is the coloured seal device + belong to Nürnberg. The dexter shield, which is the coloured seal device of the old Imperial city, is: "Azure, a harpy (in German <i>frauenadler</i> or maiden eagle) displayed and crowned or." The sinister shield (which may more properly be considered the real arms of - Nürnberg) is: "Per pale or, a double-headed Imperial eagle displayed, + Nürnberg) is: "Per pale or, a double-headed Imperial eagle displayed, dimidiated with bendy of six gules and argent." <!-- Page 440 --><span class="pagenum" title="496.png"><a name="page440"></a>{440}</span></p> @@ -23965,7 +23924,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig671.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig671.png" alt="Fig. 671." title="Fig. 671." /></a> <p style="text-align:center"><span class="sc">Fig. - 671.</span>—The Arms of Nürnberg.</p> + 671.</span>—The Arms of Nürnberg.</p> </div> <p>The city of Calcutta, to which arms and supporters were granted in @@ -24134,7 +24093,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> roses counterchanged." But in the official record of the arms in one of the Visitation books a crest is added, namely: "Upon a mount vert, a double tower or, and issuing from the upper battlements thereof a - demi-female affronté proper, vested purpure, crined and crowned with an + demi-female affronté proper, vested purpure, crined and crowned with an Eastern coronet also or, holding in her dexter hand a sword erect point upwards argent, pommel and hilt of the second, and in her sinister hand a balance sable, the pans gold. The shield in the Visitation book rests @@ -24149,9 +24108,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> is practically one peculiar to Scottish heraldry. It does not appear to be a very ancient heraldic appendage, and was probably found to be a convenient arrangement when shields were depicted erect instead of - couché, so as to supply a resting-place (or standpoint) for the + couché, so as to supply a resting-place (or standpoint) for the supporters. In a few instances the compartment appears on seals with - couché shields, on which, however, the supporters are usually represented + couché shields, on which, however, the supporters are usually represented as resting <i>on the sides of the escutcheon</i>, and bearing up the helmet and crest, as already mentioned. Sir George Mackenzie conjectures that the compartment "represents the bearer's land and territories, @@ -24172,7 +24131,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> where the escutcheon is placed in the entrance to the park between two trees. Nisbet refers to a seal of William, first Earl of Douglas (1377), exhibiting a single supporter (a lion) "sitting on a compartment like to - a rising ground, with a tree growing out of it, and semé of hearts, + a rising ground, with a tree growing out of it, and semé of hearts, mullets, and cross crosslets," these being the charges of Douglas and Mar in the escutcheon.</p> @@ -24180,7 +24139,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> allowed only to sovereign princes; and he further informs us that, besides the Douglases, he knows of no other subject in Britain, except the Earl of Perth, whose arms stand upon a compartment. In the case of - the Perth family, the compartment consists of a green hill or mount, semé + the Perth family, the compartment consists of a green hill or mount, semé of caltraps<a name="NtA_29" href="#Nt_29"><sup>[29]</sup></a> (or cheval-traps), with the relative motto, "Gang warily," above the achievement. "Albeit of late," says Mackenzie, "compartments are become @@ -24194,7 +24153,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> character of devices; while, in the case of the Struan achievement, the chained man would be more accurately described as "an honourable supporter." Sir George Mackenzie engraves "the coat of Denham of ould," - viz. a stag's head "caboshed," below a shield couché charged with three + viz. a stag's head "caboshed," below a shield couché charged with three lozenges, or fusils, conjoined in bend. In like manner, Nisbet represents the crest and motto of the Scotts of Thirlstane, "by way of compartment," below the escutcheon of Lord Napier, and a blazing star, with the legend @@ -24377,14 +24336,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> that may be alluded to are the "What I win I keep" of Winlaw; the "Libertas" of Liberty; the "Ubi crux ibi lux" of Sir William Crookes; the "Bear thee well" of Bardwell; the "Gare le pied fort" of Bedford; the - "Gare la bête" of Garbett; and the "Cave Deus videt" of Cave. Other + "Gare la bête" of Garbett; and the "Cave Deus videt" of Cave. Other mottoes—and they are a large proportion—are of some saintly and religious tendency. However desirable and acceptable they may be, and however accurately they may apply to the first possessor, they sometimes are sadly inappropriate to later and more degenerate successors.</p> <p>In Germany, a distinction appears to be drawn between their - "Wahlsprüche" (<i>i.e.</i> those which are merely dictated by personal + "Wahlsprüche" (<i>i.e.</i> those which are merely dictated by personal choice) and the "armorial mottoes" which remained constantly and heritably attached to the armorial bearings, such as the "Gott mit uns" ("God with us") of Prussia and the "Nihil sine Deus" of Hohenzollern. @@ -24692,7 +24651,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> embroidered on the back and breast conform to ancient custom." A curious survival of these plates is to be found in the large silver plaques worn by so many bank messengers. Badges appear, however, to have been - frequently depicted semé upon the lambrequins of armorial achievements, + frequently depicted semé upon the lambrequins of armorial achievements, as will be seen from many of the old Garter plates; but here, again, it is not always easy to distinguish between definite badges and artistic decoration, nor between actual badges in use and mere appropriately @@ -24978,7 +24937,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>"Et dedit eidem Thome ad pertandum in sigillo et vexillo quo arma S<sup>ti</sup> Edwardi. Idcirco arma bipartata portavit scil' 't Sci - Edwardi et domini marcialis angliæ cum duabus pennis strutionis erectis + Edwardi et domini marcialis angliæ cum duabus pennis strutionis erectis et super crestam leonem et duo parva scuta cum leonibus et utraq' parto predictorum armorum."</p> @@ -25093,7 +25052,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Fig. 676 shows the seal of James II. for the Duchy of Lancaster. The seal of the Lancashire County Council shows a shield supported by two talbots sejant addorsed, each supporting in the exterior paw an ostrich - feather semé-de-lis. It is possible that the talbots may be intended for + feather semé-de-lis. It is possible that the talbots may be intended for lions and the fleurs-de-lis for ermine spots. The silver swan, one of the badges of King Henry V., was used also by Henry IV. It was derived from the De Bohuns, Mary de Bohun being the wife of Henry IV. From the De @@ -25462,7 +25421,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> of George IV. and the seal of Queen Victoria the Royal supporters hold banners of the arms of England and of the Duchy (<i>i.e.</i> England, a label for difference). James I. on his Great Seal had the banners of - Cadwallader (azure, a cross patté fitché or) and King Edgar (azure, a + Cadwallader (azure, a cross patté fitché or) and King Edgar (azure, a cross patonce between four martlets or), and on the Great Seal of Charles I. the dexter supporter holds a banner of St. George, and the sinister a banner of St. Andrew.</p> @@ -25472,10 +25431,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> alt="Fig. 688." title="Fig. 688." /></a> <p style="text-align:left"><span class="sc">Fig. 688.</span>—"Middle" arms of the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg. (From - Ströhl's <i>Deutsche Wappenrolle</i>.)</p> + Ströhl's <i>Deutsche Wappenrolle</i>.)</p> </div> - <p>Of the heraldic use of the banner in Germany Ströhl writes:—</p> + <p>Of the heraldic use of the banner in Germany Ströhl writes:—</p> <p>"The banner appears in a coat of arms, either in the hands or paws of the supporters (Fig. 688), also set up behind the shield, or the @@ -25486,7 +25445,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>"Banners on the shield as charges, or on the helmet as a crest, are here, of course, not in question, but only those banners which serve as - <i>Prachtstücke</i> (appendages of magnificence).</p> + <i>Prachtstücke</i> (appendages of magnificence).</p> <p>"The banners of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries are long and narrow, and frequently run in stripes, like battlements. However, in <!-- @@ -25553,7 +25512,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Blazon</i>, p. 218, we find the following:—</p> <p>"Ut secundo et ulterius geniti, quinimo primogeniti vivo patre, - integra insignia non gerant, sed aliqua nota distincta, ut perpetuo linæ + integra insignia non gerant, sed aliqua nota distincta, ut perpetuo linæ dignosci possint, et ex qua quique descendant, donec anteriores defecerint. Exceptis Luxenburgis et Gueldris, quibus non sunt ii mores." (The exception is curious.)</p> @@ -25711,7 +25670,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> of John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln (son of John, Duke of Suffolk), <i>d.</i> 1487: Quarterly, 1 and 4, azure, a fess between three leopards' faces or; 2 and 3, per fess gules and argent, a lion rampant - queue fourché or, armed and langued azure, over all a label argent. + queue fourché or, armed and langued azure, over all a label argent. (From his seal.)</p> </div> @@ -25738,7 +25697,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <div class="poem"> <div class="stanza"> - <p class="hg3">"Portait les armes son frère</p> + <p class="hg3">"Portait les armes son frère</p> <p>Au beau bastoun sans label,"</p> </div> </div> @@ -25929,11 +25888,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> cadency, but now as a charge, may be mentioned the arms of Fitzherbert, Fulton, Stewart (Earl of Galloway), and others. It is a safe presumption with regard to ancient coats of arms that any coat in which the field is - semé is in nine cases out of ten a differenced coat <!-- Page 484 + semé is in nine cases out of ten a differenced coat <!-- Page 484 --><span class="pagenum" title="544.png"><a name="page484"></a>{484}</span>for a junior cadet, as is also any coat in which a charge or ordinary is debruised by another. Of course in more - modern times no such presumption is permissible. An instance of a semé + modern times no such presumption is permissible. An instance of a semé field for cadency will be found in the case of the D'Arcy arms already mentioned. Little would be gained by a long list of instances of such differences, because the most careful and systematic investigations @@ -25984,7 +25943,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The shield of <span class="sc">William de Roumare</span>, Earl of <span class="sc">Lincoln</span>, who died in 1198, is adduced by Mr. - <span class="sc">Planché</span> as an early example of differencing by + <span class="sc">Planché</span> as an early example of differencing by crosses crosslet; the principal charges being seven mascles conjoined, three, three, and one. We find in the Rolls of Arms of the thirteenth and early part of the fourteenth century many instances of coats crusily, @@ -26010,14 +25969,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>But <span class="sc">Thomas</span>, son of <span class="sc">Maurice</span>, who died 15 <span class="sc">Edward II.</span>, has the present coat: "Gules, a chevron between ten crosses - patée argent;" while in the roll of Edward II., "De goules od les + patée argent;" while in the roll of Edward II., "De goules od les rosettes de argent et un chevron de argent" is attributed to Sir <span class="sc">Thomas de Berkeley</span>. In Leicestershire the <span class="sc">Berkeleys</span> gerated with cinquefoils, an ancient and favourite bearing in that county, derived of course from the arms or badge of the Earl of Leicester. In Scotland the <span class="sc">Barclays</span> differenced by change of tincture, and bore: - "Azure, a chevron argent between (or in chief) three crosses patée of the + "Azure, a chevron argent between (or in chief) three crosses patée of the same." An interesting series of differences is met with upon the arms of <span class="sc">Neville</span> of Raby, which are: "Gules, a saltire argent," and which were differenced by a crescent "sable"; a martlet @@ -26056,7 +26015,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Arms was well observed and approximated closely to our own. The Dauphin of France bore the Royal Arms undifferenced but never alone, they being always quartered with the sovereign arms of his personal sovereignty of - Dauphiné: "Or, a dolphin embowed azure, finned gules." This has been more + Dauphiné: "Or, a dolphin embowed azure, finned gules." This has been more fully referred to on page 254. It is much to be regretted that the arms of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales do not include the arms of his sovereignty of the Duchy of Cornwall, nor any allusion to his dignities of Prince of @@ -26075,15 +26034,15 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> (Fig. 698) of the Duchess Charlotte Elizabeth of Orleans, widow of Philip of Orleans, brother of King Louis XIV. of France. She was a daughter of the Elector Charles Louis. The arms of the old Dukes of Anjou were the - ancient coat of France (azure, semé-de-lis or) differenced by a label of + ancient coat of France (azure, semé-de-lis or) differenced by a label of five points gules, but the younger house <!-- Page 487 --><span class="pagenum" title="547.png"><a name="page487"></a>{487}</span>of Anjou bore the modern arms of France differenced by a bordure gules. The - Dukes d'Alençon also used the bordure gules, but charged this with eight + Dukes d'Alençon also used the bordure gules, but charged this with eight plates, whilst the Dukes de Berri used a bordure <i>engrailed</i> gules.</p> - <p>The Counts d'Angoulême used the arms of the Dukes of Orleans, adding a + <p>The Counts d'Angoulême used the arms of the Dukes of Orleans, adding a crescent gules on each point of the label, whilst the Counts d'Artois used France (ancient) differenced by a label gules, each point charged with three castles (towers) or.</p> @@ -26855,7 +26814,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p><i>The Duke of Sussex.</i>—The label argent charged with two hearts in pale gules in the centre point between two crosses gules.</p> - <p><i>The Princess Royal</i> (Queen of Würtemberg).—A rose between + <p><i>The Princess Royal</i> (Queen of Würtemberg).—A rose between two crosses gules.</p> <p><i>The Princess Augusta.</i>—A like label, charged with a rose @@ -26999,7 +26958,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> these methods are exhausted, differences can still be made in a variety of ways, <i>e.g.</i> by charging the ordinary with similar charges in a similar manner to the bordure as Erskine of Shielfield, a cadet of - Balgownie, who bore: 'Argent, on a pale sable, a cross crosslet fitchée + Balgownie, who bore: 'Argent, on a pale sable, a cross crosslet fitchée or within a bordure azure'; or by the introduction of an ordinary into a coat which had not one previously, a bend or the ribbon (which is a small bend) being a favourite ordinary to use for this purpose. Again, we @@ -27192,7 +27151,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Of his son, the second Sir John, "Lord of that Ilk," we have no seal. His lance it was that overthrew Thomas, Duke of Clarence, the brother of - Henry V., at Beaugé in 1421, and he fell, a young man, three years later + Henry V., at Beaugé in 1421, and he fell, a young man, three years later with the flower of the Scottish army at Verneuil; but in 1475 his son, a third Sir John, uses the identical crest and shield which his descendants carry to this day (Fig. 736). John had become a common name in the @@ -27410,7 +27369,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> name="page511"></a>{511}</span>rules until the eighteenth, or perhaps even until the nineteenth century. The only rule was that the arms must be sufficiently marked in <i>some</i> way. This is borne out by the - dictum of Menêstrier.</p> + dictum of Menêstrier.</p> <p>Except the label, which has been elsewhere referred to, the earliest marks of either cadency or illegitimacy for which accepted use can be @@ -27553,7 +27512,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> name="page514"></a>{514}</span>and ancient precedents. That the recognised mark has been changed at different periods, and as a consequence that to a certain extent the advertisement it conveys has - been less patent is, of course, put down to the "venality" of mediæval + been less patent is, of course, put down to the "venality" of mediæval heralds (happily their backs are broad) by those who are too short-sighted to observe that the one thing an official herald moves heaven and earth to escape from is the making of a new precedent; and @@ -27652,7 +27611,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> penalised with such <i>alterations</i> (not "marks of distinction") as would be imposed upon a stranger in blood endeavouring to obtain arms founded upon a coat to which he had no right. The cost of such a - proceeding in England is £76, 10s., the usual fees upon an ordinary + proceeding in England is £76, 10s., the usual fees upon an ordinary grant.</p> <p>The alternative course is simple. He must avow himself a bastard, and @@ -27933,7 +27892,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Somerset, illegitimate son of Henry VIII. This shows the Royal Arms within a bordure quarterly ermine and counter-compony or and azure, debruised by a baton sinister argent, an inescutcheon quarterly gules and - vairé, or and vert [possibly hinting at the Blount arms of his mother, + vairé, or and vert [possibly hinting at the Blount arms of his mother, barry nebuly or and sable], over all a lion rampant argent, on a chief azure a tower between two stags' heads caboshed argent, attired or. <!-- Page 523 --><span class="pagenum" title="583.png"><a @@ -28672,7 +28631,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Series, Eliz. xxvi. 31, 1561:—</p> <p>"At a Chapitre holden by the office of Armes at the Embroyderers' Hall - in London, anno 4<sup>o</sup> Reginæ Elizabethæ it was agreed that no + in London, anno 4<sup>o</sup> Reginæ Elizabethæ it was agreed that no inhiritrix eyther mayde wife or widow should bear or cause to be borne any Creast or cognizance of her Ancestors otherwise than as followeth. If she be unmarried to bear in her ringe, cognizaunce or otherwise, the @@ -29405,7 +29364,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Brown arms in the first quarter, but at your pleasure you can quarter the arms of each single heiress who married an ancestor of yours in the male line (<i>i.e.</i> who herself became Mrs. Brown), or you can omit the - whole or a part. But supposing one of these, Mrs. Brown (<i>née</i> + whole or a part. But supposing one of these, Mrs. Brown (<i>née</i> Smith), was entitled to quarter the arms of Jones, which arms of Jones had brought in the arms of Robinson, you are not at liberty to quarter the arms of Jones without quartering Smith, and if you wish to display @@ -29960,15 +29919,15 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> quarters, a cross engrailed "sable," for Sinclair. The Barons Sinclair of Sweden (so created 1766, but extinct ten years later) bore the above quartered coats as cadets of Caithness, but separated the quarters, not - by the engrailed cross sable of Sinclair, but by a cross patée throughout + by the engrailed cross sable of Sinclair, but by a cross patée throughout ermine. In an escutcheon <i>en surtout</i> they placed the Sinclair arms: "Argent, a cross engrailed sable"; and, as a mark of cadency, they surrounded the main escutcheon with "a bordure chequy or and gules." This arrangement was doubtless suggested by the Royal Arms of Denmark, the quarterings of which have been for so many centuries separated by the - cross of the Order of the Dannebrog: "Argent, a cross patée throughout + cross of the Order of the Dannebrog: "Argent, a cross patée throughout fimbriated gules." In imitation of this a considerable number of the - principal Scandinavian families use a cross patée throughout to separate + principal Scandinavian families use a cross patée throughout to separate the quarters of their frequently complicated coats. The quarterings in these cases are often not indicative of descent from different families, but were all included in the original grant of armorial bearings. On the @@ -29988,7 +29947,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> unfrequently cut off by a horizontal line, forming what is known as a <i>Champagne</i>, and the space thus made is occupied by one or more coats. At other times a pile with curved sides runs from the base some - distance into the quartered shield, which is then said to be <i>enté en + distance into the quartered shield, which is then said to be <i>enté en point</i>, and this space is devoted to the display of one or more quarterings. The definite and precise British regulations which have grown up on the <!-- Page 558 --><span class="pagenum" title="618.png"><a @@ -30035,7 +29994,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> invariably made use of. These shields are placed side by side, the dexter shield being used to display the man's arms and the sinister those of the woman's family. The shields are tilted towards each other (the position - is not quite identical with that which we term accollé). But—and + is not quite identical with that which we term accollé). But—and this is a peculiarity practically unknown in England—the German practice invariably reverses the charges upon the dexter shield, so that the charges upon the two shields "respect" each other. This perhaps can @@ -30439,7 +30398,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> ><a name="page567"></a>{567}</span>and, like other Knights Grand Cross, they are entitled to claim a grant of supporters. The circlet of the order is of blue edged with gold, and bearing in gold letters the motto - of the order, "Auspicium melioris ævi." The collar is composed + of the order, "Auspicium melioris ævi." The collar is composed alternately of lions of England, of Maltese crosses, and of the ciphers S.M. and S.G., and having in the centre an Imperial crown over two lions passant guardant, each holding a bunch of seven arrows. At the opposite @@ -30562,7 +30521,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <a href="images/fig772.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig772.png" alt="Fig. 772." title="Fig. 772." /></a> <p style="text-align:left"><span class="sc">Fig. - 772.</span>—"Bailli-profès" of the Catholic Order of the Knights + 772.</span>—"Bailli-profès" of the Catholic Order of the Knights Hospitallers or the Order of Malta.</p> </div> @@ -30575,7 +30534,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> carrying the motto of the order is exclusively a British practice. In the case of some of the Orders, however, the official coat of arms of the order is quartered, impaled, or borne in pretence with the personal arms, - and the cross patée of the Order of the Dannebrog is to be met with + and the cross patée of the Order of the Dannebrog is to be met with placed in front of a shield of quarterings, the charges thereupon appearing in the angles of the cross. I am not sure, however, that the cases which have come under my notice should not be rather considered @@ -30586,18 +30545,18 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the order. The Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order quarter the arms of that order with those of their families. The Knights of the Order of St. Stephen of Tuscany bear the arms of that order in chief over their - personal arms. Fig. 772 represents the manner in which a "Bailli-profès" + personal arms. Fig. 772 represents the manner in which a "Bailli-profès" (Grand Cross) of the real Catholic and Celibate Order of St. John of Malta places the chief of the order on his shield, the latter being imposed upon a Maltese star (this being white) and the badge of the order - depending below. The "Knight-profès" does not use the chief of the order. + depending below. The "Knight-profès" does not use the chief of the order. In the German Protestant Order of Malta (formerly Bailiwick of Brandenburg) the Commendatores place the shield of their arms upon the Cross of Malta. The Knights of Justice ("Richtsritter") on the contrary assume the cross upon the shield itself, whilst the Knights of Grace suspend it from the bottom of the shield. The members of the ancient - Order of La Cordelière formerly encircled their lozenges with a - representation of the Cordelière, which formed a part of their habit; and + Order of La Cordelière formerly encircled their lozenges with a + representation of the Cordelière, which formed a part of their habit; and the officers of the Ecclesiastical Orders frequently surround their escutcheons with rosaries from which depend crucifixes. Whether this latter practice, however, should be considered merely a piece of artistic @@ -30622,7 +30581,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> impaled within a Garter. This may be quite exceptional and consequent upon the fact that Her Majesty is herself a member of the Order. Nevertheless, the modern idea is that when a Knight of any Order impales - the arms of his wife, he must use two shields placed accollé, the dexter + the arms of his wife, he must use two shields placed accollé, the dexter <!-- Page 571 --><span class="pagenum" title="631.png"><a name="page571"></a>{571}</span>surmounting the sinister (Fig. 745). Upon the dexter shield is represented the arms of the knight within the @@ -30640,7 +30599,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> altered must be conformed to.</p> <p>Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders, as also Knights Bachelors, - use the open affronté helmet of a knight. Companions of any order, and + use the open affronté helmet of a knight. Companions of any order, and members of those orders which do not confer any precedence or title of knighthood, use only the close profile helmet of a gentleman. A Knight Bachelor, of course, is at liberty to impale the arms of his wife upon @@ -30827,7 +30786,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the grant is: "do by these Presents grant and assign to y<sup>e</sup> said Dame Judith and Dame Margaret the Armes hereafter mentioned Viz<sup>t</sup>: Ermine, an Eagle displayed Sable, membered and beaked - Gules, debruised with a Bendlet Componè Or and Azure, as in the margin + Gules, debruised with a Bendlet Componè Or and Azure, as in the margin hereof more plainly appears depicted. To be borne and used for ever hereafter by them y<sup>e</sup> said Dame Judith Diggs and Dame Margaret Sheldon, and the descendants of their bodies respectively, lawfully @@ -30984,7 +30943,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>To a certain extent, two attempts have been made towards providing a remedy. Neither can properly claim <i>official</i> recognition, though both have been employed in a quasi-official manner. The one consists of - the knot of ribbon; the other consists of the use of the cordelière. In + the knot of ribbon; the other consists of the use of the cordelière. In their present usage the former is meaningless and practically senseless, whilst the use of the latter is radically wrong, and in my opinion, little short of imposture. The knot of ribbon, when employed, is usually @@ -31001,16 +30960,16 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> stand heraldically at the moment the ribbon may be used advantageously with the lozenge of an unmarried lady.</p> - <p>With reference to the cordelière some writers assert that its use is + <p>With reference to the cordelière some writers assert that its use is optional, others that its use is confined to widow ladies. Now as a matter of fact it is nothing whatever of the kind. It is really the - insignia of the old French Order of the Cordelière, which was founded by + insignia of the old French Order of the Cordelière, which was founded by Anne of Bretagne, widow of Charles VIII., in 1498, its membership being - confined to widow ladies of noble family. The cordelière was the waist + confined to widow ladies of noble family. The cordelière was the waist girdle which formed a part of the insignia of the Order, and it took its place around the lozenges of the arms of the members in a manner similar to the armorial use of the Garter for Knights of that Order. Though the - Order of the Cordelière is long since extinct, it is neither right nor + Order of the Cordelière is long since extinct, it is neither right nor proper that any part of its insignia should be adopted unaltered by those who can show no connection with it or membership of it. <!-- Page 580 --><span class="pagenum" title="640.png"><a @@ -31061,10 +31020,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> ><a name="page581"></a>{581}</span></p> <p><i>The Marshal</i>: Two batons in saltire behind the arms azure, - semé-de-lis or.</p> + semé-de-lis or.</p> <p><i>The Admiral</i>: Two anchors in saltire behind the arms, the stocks - of the anchors in chief azure, semé-de-lis or.</p> + of the anchors in chief azure, semé-de-lis or.</p> <p><i>The General of the Galleys</i>: Two anchors in saltire behind the arms.</p> @@ -31096,8 +31055,8 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> saltire behind the arms endorsed, the wards-in-chief.</p> <p><i>Grand Esquire</i>: On each side of the shield a royal sword erect, - the scabbard azure, semé-de-lis, hilt and pommel or, the belts folded - round the scabbard azure, semé-de-lis or.</p> + the scabbard azure, semé-de-lis, hilt and pommel or, the belts folded + round the scabbard azure, semé-de-lis or.</p> <p><i>Grand Pannetier</i>, who by virtue of his office had all the bakers of Paris under his jurisdiction, and had to lay the king's cover at his @@ -31128,7 +31087,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> saltire.</p> <p><i>Grand Carver to His Majesty</i>: Under his arms a knife and fork in - saltire proper, the handles azure, semé-de-lis or. <!-- Page 582 --><span + saltire proper, the handles azure, semé-de-lis or. <!-- Page 582 --><span class="pagenum" title="642.png"><a name="page582"></a>{582}</span></p> <p><i>Grand Provost of the Household</i>: Under his arms two Roman fasces @@ -31142,11 +31101,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p><i>The President of the Parliament</i>: On his helmet a black cap with two bands of gold lace.</p> - <p>Under the Empire (of France) the Vice-Connétable used arms holding + <p>Under the Empire (of France) the Vice-Connétable used arms holding swords, as had been the case with the Constable of the Kingdom, but the - swords were sheathed and semé of golden bees. The Grand Chamberlain had + swords were sheathed and semé of golden bees. The Grand Chamberlain had two golden keys in saltire, the bows thereof enclosing the imperial - eagle, and the batons of the Maréchaux de French were semé of bees + eagle, and the batons of the Maréchaux de French were semé of bees instead of fleurs-de-lis.</p> <p>The Pope bears a cross with three arms, an archbishop one with two @@ -31164,7 +31123,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> misinterpretation of the double dish, the original attribute of this dignity. The Lord High Marshal of the Empire (Saxony) expressed his office by a shield divided "per fess argent and sable," bearing two - crossed swords gules. The Hereditary Standard-bearer (Würtemberg) bore: + crossed swords gules. The Hereditary Standard-bearer (Würtemberg) bore: "Azure, a banner or, charged with an eagle sable"; the Lord High Chamberlain (Brandenburg): "Azure, a sceptre or," while the Hereditary Chamberlain (Hohenzollern) used: "Gules, two crossed sceptres or."</p> @@ -31232,7 +31191,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> badge (an orange tawny ribbon, whereon shall hang pendent in an escutcheon argent, a saltire azure, thereon an inescutcheon of the arms of Scotland, with an imperial crown over the escutcheon, and encircled - with this motto, "Fax Mentis Honestæ Gloria," pendent below the + with this motto, "Fax Mentis Honestæ Gloria," pendent below the escutcheon).</p> <p><i>A Knight of the Garter</i> has: (1) His Garter to encircle the @@ -31339,7 +31298,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p><i>The Earl Marischal of Scotland</i> (until the office was extinguished by attainder) placed saltirewise behind his shield two - batons gules, semé of thistles, each ensigned on the top with an Imperial + batons gules, semé of thistles, each ensigned on the top with an Imperial Crown or.</p> <p><i>The Hereditary Marshal of Ireland</i> (an office for long past in @@ -31355,7 +31314,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Shrewsbury) places a white wand in pale behind his escutcheon.</p> <p><i>The Duke of Argyll</i> places in saltire behind his arms: (1) In - bend dexter, a baton gules, semé of thistles or, ensigned with an + bend dexter, a baton gules, semé of thistles or, ensigned with an Imperial Crown proper, thereon the crest of Scotland (as Hereditary Great Master of the Household in Scotland); (2) in bend sinister, a sword proper, hilt and pommel or (as Hereditary Justice-General of Scotland) @@ -31400,12 +31359,12 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> present Garter.</p> <p><i>Lyon King of Arms</i> has: (1) His official coat of arms (argent, a - lion sejant, erect and affronté gules, holding in his dexter paw a + lion sejant, erect and affronté gules, holding in his dexter paw a thistle <!-- Page 587 --><span class="pagenum" title="647.png"><a name="page587"></a>{587}</span>slipped vert, and in the sinister a shield of the second, on a chief azure a St. Andrew's cross—<i>i.e.</i> a saltire—of the field); (2) his crown; (3) two batons, representing - that of his office in saltire behind his shield, these being azure semé + that of his office in saltire behind his shield, these being azure semé of thistles and fleurs-de-lis or, tipped at either end with gold; (4) his Collar of SS; (5) his triple chain of gold, from which depends his badge as Lyon King of Arms.</p> @@ -31499,7 +31458,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> official arms impaled with their own insignia. These were:—</p> <p><i>The Dean</i>: Azure, a stag's head caboshed and between the horns a - cross patée fitchée argent.</p> + cross patée fitchée argent.</p> <p><i>The Precentor</i>: Argent, on a saltire azure a fleur-de-lis or.</p> @@ -31728,7 +31687,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> the English officers," Captain Broke defeated the <i>Chesapeake</i> in an engagement which only lasted a very short time. He was granted an additional crest, namely, an arm holding a trident and issuing from a - naval crown, together with the motto, "Sævumque tridentem servamus."</p> + naval crown, together with the motto, "Sævumque tridentem servamus."</p> <p>General Ross fought and won the Battle of Bladensburg, and took the city of Washington, dying a few days afterwards. The story is that the @@ -31741,7 +31700,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> cross for previous services at Corunna and in the Peninsula. The family were also given the surname of "Ross-of-Bladensburg."</p> - <p>The capture of Curaçoa by Admiral Sir Charles Brisbane, K.C.B., is + <p>The capture of Curaçoa by Admiral Sir Charles Brisbane, K.C.B., is commemorated by the representation of his ship passing between the two Dutch forts; and by the additional crest of an arm in a naval officer's uniform grasping a cutlass. Admiral Sir Robert Otway, for his @@ -31847,7 +31806,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> ostrich feathers by the Black Prince no doubt largely accounts for the idea. That legend, as has been already shown, lacks foundation. Territorial or sovereign arms doubtless would be subject to conquest, but - I do not believe that because in battle or in a tournament <i>à + I do not believe that because in battle or in a tournament <i>à outrance</i> one person defeated another, he therefore became entitled to assume, of his own motion, the arms of the man he had vanquished. The proposition is too absurd. But there is no doubt that in some number of @@ -31904,7 +31863,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> viz.: "An inescutcheon azure charged with an orange ensigned with an Imperial crown <!-- Page 597 --><span class="pagenum" title="657.png"><a name="page597"></a>{597}</span>all proper," whilst the titular King James - III. and VIII. granted to John Græme, Earl of Alford, a coat of + III. and VIII. granted to John Græme, Earl of Alford, a coat of augmentation, viz.: "The Royal Arms of Scotland on the field and cross of St. Andrew counterchanged," the date of the grant being 20th January 1734. Sir John Keith, Earl of Kintore, Knight Marischal of Scotland, @@ -31954,7 +31913,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> name="page598"></a>{598}</span>the arms of that country, which was subsequently incorporated in the arms granted to him and registered in the Heralds' College in this country. He had been Consul-General and - Chargé d'Affaires at Buenos Ayres, 1823-1832; he was appointed in 1824 + Chargé d'Affaires at Buenos Ayres, 1823-1832; he was appointed in 1824 Plenipotentiary, and concluded the first treaty by which the Argentine Republic was formally recognised. Reference has been already made (page <a href="#page420">420</a>) to the frequent grant of supporters as @@ -31984,7 +31943,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> Derry were augmented by the arms of the city of London in chief, when, after its fearful siege, the name of Derry was changed to Londonderry to commemorate the help given by the city of London. The arms of the city of - Hereford had an azure bordure semé of saltires couped argent added to its + Hereford had an azure bordure semé of saltires couped argent added to its arms after it had successfully withstood its Scottish siege, and this, by the way, is a striking example of colour upon colour, the field of the coat being gules.</p> @@ -32066,7 +32025,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> and placed his mitre above the shield.</p> <p>The mitre of an abbot differed from that of a bishop, inasmuch as it - had no labels—or <i>infulæ</i>—depending from within it. The + had no labels—or <i>infulæ</i>—depending from within it. The Abbot used a crosier, which doubtless was correctly added to his armorial bearings, but it is found in pale behind the shield, in bend, and also two in saltire, and it is difficult to assert which was the most correct @@ -32106,15 +32065,15 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> as follows:—</p> <p><i>Canterbury.</i>—Azure, an episcopal staff in pale or, and - ensigned with a cross patée argent surmounted of a pall of the last, - charged with four crosses formée fitchée sable, edged and fringed or.</p> + ensigned with a cross patée argent surmounted of a pall of the last, + charged with four crosses formée fitchée sable, edged and fringed or.</p> <p><i>York.</i>—Gules, two keys in saltire argent, in chief a Royal crown or.</p> <p><i>Armagh.</i>—Azure, an episcopal staff argent, ensigned with a - cross patée or, surmounted by a pallium of the second, edged and fringed - or, charged with four crosses formée fitchée sable.</p> + cross patée or, surmounted by a pallium of the second, edged and fringed + or, charged with four crosses formée fitchée sable.</p> <p><i>Dublin.</i>—The arms of this archbishopric are the same as those of Armagh, only with five crosses charged on the pallium instead of @@ -32264,7 +32223,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Other than the occasional recognition of the cardinal's hat in former days, the only British official instance of the use of the ecclesiastical hat is met with in the case of the very recent matriculation of arms in - Lyon Register to Right Rev. Æneas Chisholm, the present Roman Catholic + Lyon Register to Right Rev. Æneas Chisholm, the present Roman Catholic Bishop of Aberdeen. I frankly admit I am unaware why the ecclesiastical hat assigned to the bishop in the official matriculation of his arms has ten tassels on either side. The Continental usage would assign him but @@ -32278,7 +32237,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>The mitre is to be met with as a charge and as a crest, for instance, in the case of Barclay and Berkeley ["A mitre gules, labelled and - garnished or, charged with a chevron between ten crosses patée, six and + garnished or, charged with a chevron between ten crosses patée, six and four argent. Motto: 'Dieu avec nous'"]; and also in the case of Sir Edmund Hardinge, Bart., whose crests are curious ["1. of honourable augmentation, a hand fesswise couped above the wrist habited in naval @@ -32336,7 +32295,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> or," as the arms of England, were used by Kings John, Henry III., Edward I., and Edward II. The quartering for France was introduced by Edward III., as explained on page <a href="#page274">274</a>, and the Royal - shield: Quarterly 1 and 4, France, ancient (azure, semé-de-lis or); 2 and + shield: Quarterly 1 and 4, France, ancient (azure, semé-de-lis or); 2 and 3, England (gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or), was in use in the reigns of Edward III., Richard II. (who, however, impaled his arms with those of St. Edward the Confessor), and Henry IV. The last-mentioned @@ -32367,7 +32326,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>At the accession of George I. the arms of Hanover were introduced in the fourth quarter. These were: "Tierced in pairle reversed, 1. Brunswick, gules, two lions passant guardant in pale or; 2. Luneberg, or, - semé of hearts gules, a lion rampant azure; 3. (in point), Westphalia, + semé of hearts gules, a lion rampant azure; 3. (in point), Westphalia, gules, a horse courant argent, and on an inescutcheon (over the fourth quarter) gules, the crown of Charlemagne (as Arch Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire)."</p> @@ -32663,7 +32622,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> class="sm">AND</span> two coloured drawings (Figs. 778 and 779). The Admiralty has also appended to the Memorandum the following interesting and ingeniously worked out <i>Table of Proportions, adapted for a flag 15 - feet by 7½ feet</i>. Presumably this table forms the basis upon which all + feet by 7½ feet</i>. Presumably this table forms the basis upon which all Union Flags are made up under Admiralty supervision:—</p> <table class="mc"> @@ -32688,7 +32647,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> </tr> <tr> -<td class="vmi">The × of</td> +<td class="vmi">The × of</td> <td class="vmi"><img src="images/lbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:8ex;width:0.75em;" alt="brace" /></td> <td>St. Patrick<br />Its border<br />St. Andrew</td> <td><span class="spp">1</span>⁄<span class="suu">15</span><br /><span class="spp">1</span>⁄<span class="suu">30</span><br /><span class="spp">1</span>⁄<span class="suu">10</span></td> @@ -33059,7 +33018,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> (Sutherland).</p> <p>7. <i>Earl's Coronet</i> (Garter): Quarterly of six, 1. gules, on a - bend between six cross crosslets fitchée argent, an inescutcheon or, + bend between six cross crosslets fitchée argent, an inescutcheon or, charged with a demi-lion rampant, pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure flory counterflory of the first; 2. gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or, in chief a label of three @@ -33095,7 +33054,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>16. <i>Lozenge</i>: Quarterly, 1. or, a lion rampant gules; 2. or, a dexter arm issuant from the sinister fess point out of a cloud proper, - the hand holding a cross crosslet fitchée erect azure; 3. argent, a ship + the hand holding a cross crosslet fitchée erect azure; 3. argent, a ship with sails furled sable; 4. per fess azure and vert, a dolphin naiant in fess proper (Macdonell).</p> @@ -33183,7 +33142,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Addorsed, <a href="#page187">187</a>, <a href="#page235">235</a></p> <p>Adjutant Birds as supporters, <a href="#page440">440</a></p> <p>Adlercron, arms, <a href="#page124">124</a></p> - <p>Adlerflügel mit Schwerthand, <a href="#page234">234</a></p> + <p>Adlerflügel mit Schwerthand, <a href="#page234">234</a></p> <p>Admiral, the insignia of, <a href="#page581">581</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Lord High, arms, <a href="#page412">412</a>;</p> <p class="i2">(in Holland), insignia of, <a href="#page582">582</a>;</p> @@ -33191,7 +33150,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Adrastus, <a href="#page6">6</a></p> <p>Advocates, the Dean and Faculty of, arms, <a href="#page299">299</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Library, <a href="#page39">39</a></p> - <p>Æschylus, <a href="#page6">6</a></p> + <p>Æschylus, <a href="#page6">6</a></p> <p>Agincourt, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a></p> <p>Agnew, Bart., supporters, <a href="#page436">436</a></p> <p>Ailesbury, Marquess of, supporters, <a href="#page433">433</a></p> @@ -33210,7 +33169,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Aldeburgh, Sir William de, <a href="#page55">55</a></p> <p>Alderberry, arms, <a href="#page277">277</a></p> <p>Alderson, <a href="#page168">168</a></p> - <p>Alençon, Count of, supporter, <a href="#page411">411</a></p> + <p>Alençon, Count of, supporter, <a href="#page411">411</a></p> <p>Alerion, <a href="#page240">240</a></p> <p>Alexander II., <a href="#page142">142</a></p> <p>Alexander III., <a href="#page39">39</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a></p> @@ -33241,7 +33200,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">supporters, <a href="#page440">440</a></p> <p>Amman, Jost, <a href="#page185">185</a>, <a href="#page411">411</a></p> <p>Amphiaraus, <a href="#page7">7</a></p> - <p>Amphiptère, <a href="#page231">231</a></p> + <p>Amphiptère, <a href="#page231">231</a></p> <p>Amphisbœna, <a href="#page231">231</a></p> <p>Ampthill, Lord, <a href="#page345">345</a></p> <p>Ancaster, Duke of, <a href="#page399">399</a>;</p> @@ -33273,7 +33232,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Annesley, <a href="#page550">550</a></p> <p>Annulet, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page156">156</a>, <a href="#page488">488</a></p> <p>Anrep-Elmpt, Count, <a href="#page299">299</a></p> - <p>Anselm, Père, <a href="#page397">397</a></p> + <p>Anselm, Père, <a href="#page397">397</a></p> <p>Anstis (Garter), <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page407">407</a></p> <p>Anstruther-Duncan, arms, <a href="#page553">553</a></p> <p>Antelope, <a href="#page210">210</a></p> @@ -33405,7 +33364,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Austrian ducal herald, <a href="#page40">40</a></p> <p>Avoir, Pierre, <a href="#page417">417</a></p> <p>Avondale, <a href="#page502">502</a>, <a href="#page513">513</a></p> - <p>Awoï-mon, <a href="#page13">13</a></p> + <p>Awoï-mon, <a href="#page13">13</a></p> <p>Ayr, <a href="#page165">165</a></p> <p>Azure, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page90">90</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>;</p> <p class="i2">derivation of, <a href="#page13">13</a></p> @@ -33571,7 +33530,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Beef-eaters, <a href="#page25">25</a></p> <p>Beetles, <a href="#page261">261</a></p> <p>Beffroi, <a href="#page82">82</a></p> - <p>Béguinage, Lady Superior of the, <a href="#page49">49</a></p> + <p>Béguinage, Lady Superior of the, <a href="#page49">49</a></p> <p>Beizeichen, <a href="#page477">477</a></p> <p>Belfast, city of, arms, <a href="#page325">325</a></p> <p>Belgium, <a href="#page75">75</a></p> @@ -33587,7 +33546,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">chequy, <a href="#page112">112</a>;</p> <p class="i2">compony, <a href="#page111">111</a>;</p> <p class="i2">cottised, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">dancetté, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">dancetté, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> <p class="i2">flory and counterflory, <a href="#page112">112</a>;</p> <p class="i2">lozenge, <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a>;</p> <p class="i2">raguly, <a href="#page111">111</a>;</p> @@ -33628,7 +33587,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Bersich, arms, <a href="#page256">256</a></p> <p>Bertie, <a href="#page282">282</a>;</p> <p class="i2">arms, <a href="#page283">283</a></p> - <p>Besançon, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> + <p>Besançon, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> <p>Besant, arms, <a href="#page263">263</a></p> <p>Bessborough, Earls of, arms, <a href="#page299">299</a></p> <p>Betty, arms, <a href="#page266">266</a></p> @@ -33636,7 +33595,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Bewley, arms, <a href="#page248">248</a>;</p> <p class="i2">crest, <a href="#page270">270</a></p> <p>Bezant, <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a></p> - <p>Bezanté, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a></p> + <p>Bezanté, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a></p> <p>Bibelspurg, von, arms, <a href="#page558">558</a></p> <p>Biberach, town of, <a href="#page216">216</a></p> <p>Bicchieri, Veronese, arms, <a href="#page288">288</a></p> @@ -33644,7 +33603,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Bigland, arms, <a href="#page278">278</a></p> <p>Billet, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>;</p> <p class="i2">urdy, <a href="#page95">95</a></p> - <p>Billetty or Billetté, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a></p> + <p>Billetty or Billetté, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a></p> <p>Billiat, arms, <a href="#page246">246</a>;</p> <p class="i2">crest, <a href="#page280">280</a></p> <p>Billiers, crest, <a href="#page259">259</a></p> @@ -33676,7 +33635,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Blount, crest, <a href="#page171">171</a></p> <p>Blue, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a></p> <p>Blue-bottle, <a href="#page272">272</a></p> - <p>Blue-céleste or bleu du ciel, <a href="#page74">74</a></p> + <p>Blue-céleste or bleu du ciel, <a href="#page74">74</a></p> <p>Blue ensign, <a href="#page471">471</a></p> <p>Bluemantle, pursuivant, <a href="#page38">38</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a></p> <p><i>Blut Fahne</i>, <a href="#page69">69</a></p> @@ -33819,7 +33778,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">William of, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a></p> <p>Brugg, Richard del, <a href="#page30">30</a></p> <p>Bruis, Robert De, <a href="#page84">84</a></p> - <p>Brunâtre, <a href="#page74">74</a></p> + <p>Brunâtre, <a href="#page74">74</a></p> <p>Brunner, arms, <a href="#page294">294</a></p> <p>Brunswick, <a href="#page608">608</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Duke of, Magnus I., <a href="#page410">410</a>;</p> @@ -33829,7 +33788,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Brzostowski, Counts, arms, <a href="#page286">286</a></p> <p>Buchan, crest, <a href="#page272">272</a></p> <p>Buck, <a href="#page208">208</a></p> - <p>Buckelrîs, <a href="#page64">64</a></p> + <p>Buckelrîs, <a href="#page64">64</a></p> <p>Buckets, <a href="#page299">299</a></p> <p>Buckingham, town of, arms, <a href="#page460">460</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Duke of, Edward, portrait, <a href="#page463">463</a>;</p> @@ -33894,7 +33853,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">different marks, <a href="#page60">60</a>;</p> <p class="i2">mark of, <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page135">135</a>, <a href="#page136">136</a>, <a href="#page139">139</a>, <a href="#page188">188</a>, <a href="#page245">245</a>, <a href="#page344">344</a>, <a href="#page345">345</a>, <a href="#page347">347</a>, <a href="#page463">463</a>, <a href="#page477">477</a>, <a href="#page478">478</a>, <a href="#page481">481</a>, <a href="#page483">483</a>, <a href="#page510">510</a>, <a href="#page520">520</a>, <a href="#page557">557</a>;</p> <p class="i2">marks of, rules, <a href="#page487">487</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">a semé field, <a href="#page484">484</a></p> + <p class="i2">a semé field, <a href="#page484">484</a></p> <p>Cadifor ap Dyfnwal, <a href="#page85">85</a></p> <p>Cadman, arms, <a href="#page271">271</a></p> <p>Cadmus, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> @@ -34016,7 +33975,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Cedar-tree, <a href="#page262">262</a></p> <p>Celata, <a href="#page312">312</a>, <a href="#page314">314</a></p> <p>Celestial coronet, <a href="#page298">298</a>, <a href="#page371">371</a></p> - <p>Cendrée, <a href="#page74">74</a></p> + <p>Cendrée, <a href="#page74">74</a></p> <p>Centaur, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page228">228</a>, <a href="#page438">438</a></p> <p>Chabet, <a href="#page256">256</a></p> <p>Chadwick, crest, <a href="#page271">271</a></p> @@ -34116,7 +34075,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Chinese dragon, <a href="#page226">226</a>, <a href="#page437">437</a></p> <p>Chinese white, <a href="#page70">70</a></p> <p>Chisholm, supporters, <a href="#page427">427</a>, <a href="#page428">428</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">Rt. Rev. Æneas, <a href="#page605">605</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Rt. Rev. Æneas, <a href="#page605">605</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Batten, arms, <a href="#page428">428</a></p> <p>Chivalry, Court of, <a href="#page478">478</a></p> <p>Chocolate colour, <a href="#page73">73</a></p> @@ -34258,7 +34217,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">grant on the, <a href="#page68">68</a></p> <p>Continental, arms, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a></p> <p>Continental heraldry, <a href="#page146">146</a></p> - <p>Contourné, <a href="#page186">186</a></p> + <p>Contourné, <a href="#page186">186</a></p> <p>Contre-hermin, <a href="#page78">78</a></p> <p>Contra-naiant, <a href="#page255">255</a></p> <p>Contre Vair, <a href="#page82">82</a></p> @@ -34271,7 +34230,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">crest, <a href="#page213">213</a>;</p> <p class="i2">motto, <a href="#page451">451</a></p> <p>Corbie, <a href="#page248">248</a></p> - <p>Cordelière, Order of the, <a href="#page579">579</a></p> + <p>Cordelière, Order of the, <a href="#page579">579</a></p> <p>Corke, arms, <a href="#page190">190</a></p> <p>Cornfield, crest, <a href="#page265">265</a></p> <p>Cornflower, <a href="#page272">272</a></p> @@ -34364,18 +34323,18 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Cross, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page95">95</a>, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page135">135</a>, <a href="#page158">158</a>;</p> <p class="i2">botonny, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a>;</p> <p class="i2">calvary, <a href="#page128">128</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">cleché voided and pometté, <a href="#page129">129</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">cleché voided and pometté, <a href="#page129">129</a>;</p> <p class="i2">crosslet, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>;</p> <p class="i2">crosslet, differencing by, <a href="#page485">485</a>;</p> <p class="i2">crosslets, <a href="#page89">89</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">dancetté, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">dancetté, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> <p class="i2">fleurette, <a href="#page128">128</a>;</p> <p class="i2">flory, <a href="#page128">128</a>;</p> <p class="i2">moline, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page488">488</a>;</p> <p class="i2">of St. Andrew, <a href="#page131">131</a>;</p> <p class="i2">parted and fretty, <a href="#page129">129</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">patée or formée, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">patée quadrant, <a href="#page129">129</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">patée or formée, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">patée quadrant, <a href="#page129">129</a>;</p> <p class="i2">patonce, <a href="#page129">129</a>;</p> <p class="i2">pieces, <a href="#page109">109</a>;</p> <p class="i2">potent, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page129">129</a>;</p> @@ -34399,7 +34358,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Cullen, <a href="#page49">49</a></p> <p>Cumberland, Dukes of, <a href="#page364">364</a>, <a href="#page496">496</a>;</p> <p class="i2">label, <a href="#page498">498</a></p> - <p>Cumbræ, College of the Holy Spirit of, <a href="#page162">162</a></p> + <p>Cumbræ, College of the Holy Spirit of, <a href="#page162">162</a></p> <p>Cumin, Alexander, <a href="#page412">412</a></p> <p>Cumming-Gordon, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</p> <p class="i2">arms, <a href="#page138">138</a>, <a href="#page541">541</a>;</p> @@ -34424,10 +34383,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <div class="stanza"> <p>D'Albrets, supporters, <a href="#page417">417</a></p> <p>D'Albrey, Arnaud, supporters, <a href="#page418">418</a></p> - <p>D'Alençon, Duc, <a href="#page360">360</a>;</p> + <p>D'Alençon, Duc, <a href="#page360">360</a>;</p> <p class="i2">arms, <a href="#page487">487</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Comte, Jean IV., supporter, <a href="#page410">410</a></p> - <p>D'Angoulême, Counts, arms, <a href="#page487">487</a></p> + <p>D'Angoulême, Counts, arms, <a href="#page487">487</a></p> <p>D'Arcy, arms, <a href="#page267">267</a>, <a href="#page268">268</a>, <a href="#page482">482</a>, <a href="#page484">484</a></p> <p>d'Artois, Counts, arms, <a href="#page487">487</a></p> <p>D'Aubernoun, Sir John, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a></p> @@ -34445,7 +34404,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Dammant, arms, <a href="#page268">268</a></p> <p>Danby, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> <p class="i2">arms, <a href="#page286">286</a></p> - <p>Dancetté, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a></p> + <p>Dancetté, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a></p> <p>Daniels, <a href="#page163">163</a></p> <p>Dannebrog, Order of the, <a href="#page569">569</a></p> <p>Dannecourt, <a href="#page229">229</a></p> @@ -34545,14 +34504,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>de la Zouche, Sir W., arms, <a href="#page136">136</a></p> <p>Deane, crest, <a href="#page217">217</a></p> <p>Debruised, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <a href="#page187">187</a></p> - <p>Dechaussée, <a href="#page186">186</a></p> + <p>Dechaussée, <a href="#page186">186</a></p> <p>Decollated, <a href="#page187">187</a></p> <p>"Decorative Heraldry," <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page233">233</a>, <a href="#page242">242</a></p> <p>Decrescent, <a href="#page289">289</a></p> <p>Deer, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page208">208</a></p> <p>Defamed, <a href="#page187">187</a></p> <p>Delves, <a href="#page155">155</a></p> - <p>Demembré, <a href="#page186">186</a>, <a href="#page187">187</a></p> + <p>Demembré, <a href="#page186">186</a>, <a href="#page187">187</a></p> <p>Demi-bird, <a href="#page240">240</a></p> <p>Demi-falcons, <a href="#page242">242</a></p> <p>Demi-griffin, <a href="#page224">224</a></p> @@ -34616,7 +34575,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">marks of, practice, <a href="#page518">518</a></p> <p>Distinguished Service Order, <a href="#page567">567</a>;</p> <p class="i2">members of, insignia of, <a href="#page584">584</a></p> - <p>Dobrée, <a href="#page428">428</a>;</p> + <p>Dobrée, <a href="#page428">428</a>;</p> <p class="i2">arms, <a href="#page267">267</a></p> <p>Dock or Burdock, arms, <a href="#page266">266</a></p> <p>Dodds, <a href="#page256">256</a></p> @@ -34768,7 +34727,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Ehrenvest, <a href="#page40">40</a></p> <p>Eider-duck, <a href="#page246">246</a></p> <p>Eighth son, <a href="#page488">488</a></p> - <p>Eisenhüt-feh, <a href="#page82">82</a></p> + <p>Eisenhüt-feh, <a href="#page82">82</a></p> <p>Eisenhutlein, <a href="#page82">82</a></p> <p>Eldest son, difference mark of, <a href="#page373">373</a>, <a href="#page479">479</a>, <a href="#page487">487</a>, <a href="#page488">488</a></p> <p>Elephant, <a href="#page213">213</a></p> @@ -34818,7 +34777,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">owl in, <a href="#page9">9</a>;</p> <p class="i2">or flags, <a href="#page9">9</a></p> <p>Enys, arms, <a href="#page259">259</a></p> - <p>Epaulières, <a href="#page55">55</a></p> + <p>Epaulières, <a href="#page55">55</a></p> <p>Eradicated, <a href="#page262">262</a>, <a href="#page264">264</a></p> <p>Erased, <a href="#page240">240</a></p> <p>Erect, <a href="#page223">223</a>, <a href="#page257">257</a></p> @@ -34853,7 +34812,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">Sloane, <a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href="#page167">167</a>.</p> <p>Eve, G. W., <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page183">183</a>, <a href="#page233">233</a>, <a href="#page242">242</a>, <a href="#page243">243</a>, <a href="#page272">272</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a>, <a href="#page321">321</a>, <a href="#page397">397</a></p> <p>Every-Halstead, crest, <a href="#page376">376</a></p> - <p>Eviré, <a href="#page187">187</a></p> + <p>Eviré, <a href="#page187">187</a></p> <p>Exemplification, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a></p> <p>Exeter, Dean of, insignia of, <a href="#page588">588</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Duke of, John de Holland, label, <a href="#page596">596</a>;</p> @@ -34863,7 +34822,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Eye, <a href="#page171">171</a>;</p> <p class="i2">crest, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page298">298</a>;</p> <p class="i2">town of, crest, <a href="#page372">372</a></p> - <p>Éyre, <a href="#page267">267</a>;</p> + <p>Éyre, <a href="#page267">267</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Simon, arms, <a href="#page217">217</a></p> </div> @@ -34916,7 +34875,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">Lord, Garter plate, <a href="#page374">374</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Torse, arms, <a href="#page404">404</a></p> <p>Fess, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page119">119</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">dancetté, <a href="#page118">118</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">dancetté, <a href="#page118">118</a>;</p> <p class="i2">embattled, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a>;</p> <p class="i2">flory, <a href="#page96">96</a>;</p> <p class="i2">wreathed, <a href="#page118">118</a></p> @@ -34988,7 +34947,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Flies, <a href="#page261">261</a></p> <p>Florence, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>;</p> <p class="i2">arms, <a href="#page275">275</a></p> - <p>Florencée, <a href="#page274">274</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a></p> + <p>Florencée, <a href="#page274">274</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a></p> <p>Florent, seal, <a href="#page410">410</a></p> <p>Florio, arms, <a href="#page272">272</a></p> <p>Flory, <a href="#page96">96</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a>;</p> @@ -35106,7 +35065,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Geddes, <a href="#page255">255</a></p> <p>Geese, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> <p>Gegen-hermelin, <a href="#page78">78</a></p> - <p>Gegensturzkrückenfeh, <a href="#page85">85</a></p> + <p>Gegensturzkrückenfeh, <a href="#page85">85</a></p> <p>Gellic, arms, <a href="#page294">294</a></p> <p>Gelre, <a href="#page374">374</a>, <a href="#page405">405</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Armorial de, <a href="#page115">115</a>;</p> @@ -35114,10 +35073,10 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Gem-rings, <a href="#page154">154</a></p> <p>Gemel, <a href="#page120">120</a></p> <p><i>Genealogical Magazine</i>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page226">226</a>, <a href="#page576">576</a>, <a href="#page601">601</a></p> - <p>"Généalogie des Comtes de Flandre," <a href="#page84">84</a></p> + <p>"Généalogie des Comtes de Flandre," <a href="#page84">84</a></p> <p>"General Armory," <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page551">551</a></p> <p>Geneva, <a href="#page82">82</a></p> - <p>Genouillères, <a href="#page55">55</a></p> + <p>Genouillères, <a href="#page55">55</a></p> <p>Gentleman, meaning of, <a href="#page20">20</a>;</p> <p class="i2">helmet of, <a href="#page319">319</a></p> <p>George I., <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page608">608</a></p> @@ -35207,11 +35166,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Gough, Lord, augmentation, <a href="#page348">348</a>, <a href="#page594">594</a>;</p> <p class="i2">supporter, <a href="#page226">226</a>, <a href="#page437">437</a></p> <p>Gourds, <a href="#page277">277</a></p> - <p>Goutté, <a href="#page89">89</a></p> + <p>Goutté, <a href="#page89">89</a></p> <p>Grace, Knights of, <a href="#page568">568</a>, <a href="#page570">570</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Ladies of, <a href="#page568">568</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Knights of, and other members, insignia of, <a href="#page585">585</a></p> - <p>Græme, crest, <a href="#page171">171</a></p> + <p>Græme, crest, <a href="#page171">171</a></p> <p>Grafton, Duke of, <a href="#page515">515</a></p> <p>Graham, crest, <a href="#page242">242</a></p> <p>Graham-Wigan, crest, <a href="#page291">291</a></p> @@ -35260,7 +35219,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Griffin or Gryphon, <a href="#page222">222</a>, <a href="#page223">223</a></p> <p>Grifton, Richard, <a href="#page455">455</a></p> <p>Grimaldi Roll, <a href="#page148">148</a></p> - <p>Grimké-Drayton, crest, <a href="#page263">263</a></p> + <p>Grimké-Drayton, crest, <a href="#page263">263</a></p> <p>Grocers' Livery Company, arms, <a href="#page277">277</a>;</p> <p class="i2">supporters, <a href="#page429">429</a></p> <p>Grosvenor, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page204">204</a>;</p> @@ -35290,7 +35249,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">augmentation, <a href="#page598">598</a></p> <p>Gulston, crest, <a href="#page243">243</a></p> <p>Gunstone, <a href="#page151">151</a></p> - <p>Gutté-d'eau, <a href="#page90">90</a>;</p> + <p>Gutté-d'eau, <a href="#page90">90</a>;</p> <p class="i2">d'huile, <a href="#page90">90</a>;</p> <p class="i2">de-larmes, <a href="#page90">90</a>;</p> <p class="i2">d'or, <a href="#page90">90</a>;</p> @@ -35780,7 +35739,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> </div> <div class="stanza"> - <p>La Cordelière, Order of, <a href="#page570">570</a></p> + <p>La Cordelière, Order of, <a href="#page570">570</a></p> <p>La Dolce, <a href="#page195">195</a></p> <p>La Tour du Pin, <a href="#page254">254</a></p> <p>La Warr, motto, <a href="#page450">450</a></p> @@ -35894,12 +35853,12 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Leland, <a href="#page143">143</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a></p> <p>Leman, Sir John, crest, <a href="#page263">263</a></p> <p>Lemon-tree, <a href="#page263">263</a></p> - <p>Lemprière, <a href="#page428">428</a></p> + <p>Lemprière, <a href="#page428">428</a></p> <p>Lennox, <a href="#page525">525</a></p> <p>Leon, arms, <a href="#page188">188</a></p> <p>Leopard, <a href="#page11">11</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <a href="#page192">192</a>, <a href="#page218">218</a>, <a href="#page227">227</a>;</p> <p class="i2">face, <a href="#page275">275</a></p> - <p>Leopard-lionné, <a href="#page173">173</a></p> + <p>Leopard-lionné, <a href="#page173">173</a></p> <p>Leopold, Markgrave, seal, <a href="#page237">237</a></p> <p>Lerwick, <a href="#page294">294</a></p> <p>Leslie, arms, <a href="#page412">412</a>;</p> @@ -35943,11 +35902,11 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Linz, <a href="#page308">308</a></p> <p>Lion Heraud, <a href="#page40">40</a></p> <p>Lion, William the, <a href="#page502">502</a></p> - <p>Lion-léopardé, <a href="#page173">173</a></p> + <p>Lion-léopardé, <a href="#page173">173</a></p> <p>Lionced, <a href="#page187">187</a></p> <p>Lioncels, <a href="#page174">174</a></p> <p>Lioness, <a href="#page188">188</a></p> - <p>Lionné, <a href="#page187">187</a></p> + <p>Lionné, <a href="#page187">187</a></p> <p>Lions, <a href="#page11">11</a>, <a href="#page54">54</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a>-<a href="#page181">181</a>, <a href="#page432">432</a>;</p> <p class="i2">as supporter, <a href="#page434">434</a></p> <p>Lippe, Prince of, crests, <a href="#page343">343</a></p> @@ -36402,7 +36361,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Nude figures, <a href="#page165">165</a></p> <p>Nugent, Bart., <a href="#page227">227</a>;</p> <p class="i2">supporter, <a href="#page438">438</a></p> - <p>Nürnberg, city of, arms, <a href="#page439">439</a>;</p> + <p>Nürnberg, city of, arms, <a href="#page439">439</a>;</p> <p class="i2">German National Museum at, <a href="#page316">316</a></p> <p>Nuvoloni, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> </div> @@ -36495,7 +36454,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Pairle, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page139">139</a></p> <p>Pale, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page126">126</a>;</p> <p class="i2">cottised, <a href="#page116">116</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">dancetté, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">dancetté, <a href="#page93">93</a>;</p> <p class="i2">embattled, <a href="#page93">93</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>;</p> <p class="i2">lozengy, <a href="#page146">146</a></p> <p>Palewise, <a href="#page102">102</a></p> @@ -36514,7 +36473,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Pannetier, Grand, insignia of, <a href="#page581">581</a></p> <p>Panther, <a href="#page193">193</a>, <a href="#page195">195</a>, <a href="#page223">223</a></p> <p>Papacoda, <a href="#page188">188</a></p> - <p>Papelonné, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> + <p>Papelonné, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> <p>Papillon, arms, <a href="#page261">261</a></p> <p>Papingoes, <a href="#page264">264</a></p> <p>Papyrus plant, <a href="#page266">266</a></p> @@ -36529,7 +36488,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Parrot, <a href="#page249">249</a></p> <p>Parted, <a href="#page99">99</a></p> <p>Parteneck, Bavarian family of, <a href="#page481">481</a></p> - <p>Parthenopæus, <a href="#page7">7</a></p> + <p>Parthenopæus, <a href="#page7">7</a></p> <p>Partition, <a href="#page94">94</a>;</p> <p class="i2">lines, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a>, <a href="#page135">135</a>, <a href="#page139">139</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a>, <a href="#page150">150</a>, <a href="#page525">525</a>, <a href="#page543">543</a>;</p> <p class="i2">lines, changing, <a href="#page483">483</a>;</p> @@ -36654,7 +36613,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">arms, <a href="#page294">294</a></p> <p>Pittenweem, town of, <a href="#page162">162</a></p> <p>Pixley, crest, <a href="#page293">293</a></p> - <p>Planché, <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page150">150</a>, <a href="#page240">240</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a>, <a href="#page485">485</a></p> + <p>Planché, <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, <a href="#page150">150</a>, <a href="#page240">240</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a>, <a href="#page485">485</a></p> <p>Planets, <a href="#page77">77</a></p> <p>Planta genista, badge, <a href="#page468">468</a></p> <p>Plantagenet, <a href="#page62">62</a></p> @@ -36668,7 +36627,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Plough, <a href="#page298">298</a></p> <p>Plover, <a href="#page249">249</a></p> <p>Plowden, <a href="#page118">118</a></p> - <p>Plumeté, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a></p> + <p>Plumeté, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a></p> <p>Plummets, <a href="#page293">293</a></p> <p>Pocock, augmentation, <a href="#page593">593</a></p> <p>Points, <a href="#page104">104</a></p> @@ -36699,7 +36658,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p class="i2">Royal Arms of, <a href="#page482">482</a>;</p> <p class="i2">marks of cadency, <a href="#page482">482</a></p> <p>Potent, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">potenté, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page95">95</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">potenté, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>, <a href="#page95">95</a>;</p> <p class="i2">counter-potent, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a></p> <p>Potier, arms, <a href="#page231">231</a></p> <p>Potter, <a href="#page9">9</a></p> @@ -36784,7 +36743,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Queensferry, <a href="#page88">88</a>;</p> <p class="i2">town of, <a href="#page164">164</a></p> <p>"Quentin Durward," <a href="#page258">258</a></p> - <p>Queue-fourché, <a href="#page175">175</a></p> + <p>Queue-fourché, <a href="#page175">175</a></p> <p>Quinces, <a href="#page277">277</a></p> <p>Quincy, De, <a href="#page154">154</a>;</p> <p class="i2">arms, <a href="#page147">147</a></p> @@ -36823,7 +36782,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Rawson, arms, <a href="#page282">282</a></p> <p>Rawtenstall, <a href="#page207">207</a></p> <p>Raynor, arms, <a href="#page226">226</a></p> - <p>Rayonné, <a href="#page96">96</a></p> + <p>Rayonné, <a href="#page96">96</a></p> <p>Reade, crest, <a href="#page280">280</a></p> <p>Reading, town of, arms, <a href="#page168">168</a></p> <p>Rebus, <a href="#page454">454</a></p> @@ -37183,7 +37142,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Seize-Quartiers, <a href="#page618">618</a>-<a href="#page622">622</a></p> <p>Sejant, <a href="#page214">214</a></p> <p>Selim III., Sultan, <a href="#page592">592</a></p> - <p>Semé, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>;</p> + <p>Semé, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page155">155</a>;</p> <p class="i2">de-lis, <a href="#page89">89</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a></p> <p>Serjeants-at-Arms, <a href="#page45">45</a>;</p> <p class="i2">insignia of, <a href="#page586">586</a></p> @@ -37249,7 +37208,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Shuttle, <a href="#page290">290</a></p> <p>Shuttleworth, arms, <a href="#page290">290</a></p> <p>Sicily, <a href="#page84">84</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">Jerusalem, Duke of Anjou, René, <a href="#page318">318</a></p> + <p class="i2">Jerusalem, Duke of Anjou, René, <a href="#page318">318</a></p> <p>Sidney, crest, <a href="#page217">217</a></p> <p>Siebmacher, <a href="#page224">224</a>, <a href="#page320">320</a>, <a href="#page558">558</a></p> <p>Sigismund, Emperor, <a href="#page234">234</a></p> @@ -37337,7 +37296,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Squirrel, <a href="#page214">214</a>, <a href="#page430">430</a></p> <p>SS, collar of, <a href="#page44">44</a></p> <p>St. Adrian, <a href="#page162">162</a></p> - <p>St. Ægidius, <a href="#page162">162</a></p> + <p>St. Ægidius, <a href="#page162">162</a></p> <p>St. Albans, Boke of, <a href="#page2">2</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Duke of, <a href="#page515">515</a>;</p> <p class="i2">monastery, <a href="#page143">143</a></p> @@ -37426,7 +37385,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Stalbridge, Lord, <a href="#page345">345</a></p> <p>Standard, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href="#page474">474</a>;</p> <p class="i2">badges upon, <a href="#page464">464</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">bearer (Würtemburg), hereditary insignia of, <a href="#page582">582</a></p> + <p class="i2">bearer (Würtemburg), hereditary insignia of, <a href="#page582">582</a></p> <p>Standish, arms, <a href="#page289">289</a></p> <p>Staniland, arms, <a href="#page286">286</a></p> <p>Stanley, <a href="#page209">209</a>;</p> @@ -37482,7 +37441,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Stubbs, arms, <a href="#page264">264</a></p> <p>Stukele, arms, <a href="#page277">277</a></p> <p>Sturgeon, <a href="#page256">256</a></p> - <p>Sturzkrückenfeh, <a href="#page85">85</a></p> + <p>Sturzkrückenfeh, <a href="#page85">85</a></p> <p>Sturzpfahlfeh, <a href="#page82">82</a></p> <p>Styleman, arms, <a href="#page222">222</a></p> <p>Styria, arms, <a href="#page194">194</a>, <a href="#page417">417</a></p> @@ -37582,7 +37541,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, crests, <a href="#page348">348</a></p> <p>Templer, arms, <a href="#page282">282</a></p> <p>Tenants, <a href="#page407">407</a></p> - <p>Tenné, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a></p> + <p>Tenné, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a></p> <p>Tenremonde, arms, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> <p>Teutonic Order, <a href="#page63">63</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Masters of the, <a href="#page569">569</a></p> @@ -37669,7 +37628,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Trippant, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href="#page208">208</a></p> <p>Trist, crest, <a href="#page241">241</a></p> <p>Triton, <a href="#page227">227</a></p> - <p>Trononnée, <a href="#page186">186</a></p> + <p>Trononnée, <a href="#page186">186</a></p> <p>Trotter, arms of, <a href="#page5">5</a></p> <p>Trotting, <a href="#page201">201</a></p> <p>Trout, <a href="#page255">255</a></p> @@ -37736,16 +37695,16 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Vaile, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page207">207</a></p> <p>Vaillant, <a href="#page34">34</a></p> <p>Vair, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">appointé, <a href="#page82">82</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">appointé, <a href="#page82">82</a>;</p> <p class="i2">in bend, <a href="#page82">82</a>;</p> <p class="i2">bellies, <a href="#page85">85</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">ondé, <a href="#page81">81</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">ondé, <a href="#page81">81</a>;</p> <p class="i2">en pal, <a href="#page82">82</a>;</p> <p class="i2">in pale, <a href="#page82">82</a></p> - <p>Vairé, <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>;</p> + <p>Vairé, <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page94">94</a>;</p> <p class="i2">corrupted form of, <a href="#page81">81</a>;</p> <p class="i2">en pal, <a href="#page82">82</a></p> - <p>Vairpière, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> + <p>Vairpière, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> <p>Valence, De, <a href="#page155">155</a>;</p> <p class="i2">William, <a href="#page525">525</a></p> <p>Vallary, Coronet, <a href="#page378">378</a></p> @@ -37787,7 +37746,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Vested, <a href="#page170">170</a></p> <p>Vestments, <a href="#page5">5</a></p> <p>Vice-Admiral, insignia of, <a href="#page581">581</a></p> - <p>Vice-Connétable, insignia of, <a href="#page582">582</a></p> + <p>Vice-Connétable, insignia of, <a href="#page582">582</a></p> <p>Victoria, Queen, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page358">358</a>, <a href="#page361">361</a>, <a href="#page364">364</a>, <a href="#page421">421</a>, <a href="#page488">488</a>, <a href="#page496">496</a>;</p> <p class="i2">seal, <a href="#page475">475</a>;</p> <p class="i2">Cross, <a href="#page567">567</a>;</p> @@ -37816,14 +37775,14 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Voiders, <a href="#page150">150</a></p> <p>Vol, <a href="#page240">240</a></p> <p>Volant, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page245">245</a>;</p> - <p class="i2">en arrière, <a href="#page266">266</a></p> + <p class="i2">en arrière, <a href="#page266">266</a></p> <p>Volunteer Officer's Decoration, <a href="#page568">568</a>;</p> <p class="i2">insignia of, <a href="#page584">584</a></p> <p>"Von," German, <a href="#page68">68</a></p> - <p>Von Burtenback, Captain Sebastian Schärtlin (Schertel), arms, <a href="#page185">185</a></p> - <p>Von Dälffin, Grauff, arms, <a href="#page254">254</a></p> + <p>Von Burtenback, Captain Sebastian Schärtlin (Schertel), arms, <a href="#page185">185</a></p> + <p>Von Dälffin, Grauff, arms, <a href="#page254">254</a></p> <p>Von Fronberg, Herr, <a href="#page203">203</a></p> - <p>Von Lechsgemünd, Count Heinrich von, seal, <a href="#page195">195</a></p> + <p>Von Lechsgemünd, Count Heinrich von, seal, <a href="#page195">195</a></p> <p>Von Pauli, <a href="#page164">164</a></p> <p>Vree, <a href="#page84">84</a></p> <p>Vulned, <a href="#page187">187</a>, <a href="#page242">242</a></p> @@ -37870,7 +37829,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Wappen und Stammbuch, <a href="#page185">185</a></p> <p>Wappenbuch, <a href="#page203">203</a>, <a href="#page224">224</a>, <a href="#page234">234</a></p> <p>Wappencodex, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> - <p>Wappenkönige, <a href="#page40">40</a></p> + <p>Wappenkönige, <a href="#page40">40</a></p> <p>Wappenrolle, von Zurich, <a href="#page188">188</a></p> <p>Warde-Aldam, arms, <a href="#page114">114</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a></p> <p>Wareham, arms, <a href="#page275">275</a></p> @@ -38075,7 +38034,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Zachary, <a href="#page514">514</a></p> <p>Zebra, <a href="#page217">217</a>, <a href="#page438">438</a></p> <p>Zobel, <a href="#page77">77</a></p> - <p>Zoë, Queen, <a href="#page351">351</a></p> + <p>Zoë, Queen, <a href="#page351">351</a></p> <p>Zorke, <a href="#page112">112</a></p> <p>Zorn, crests, <a href="#page344">344</a></p> <p>Zug, supporters, <a href="#page409">409</a></p> @@ -38189,7 +38148,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> third conjoined to the hulk of a ship or in the second, a dolphin naiant proper in the third, and a lymphad also or in the fourth. Crest: a naval crown or, a pier-head, thereon a lighthouse, both proper. Motto: "Salus - naufragis salus ægris."</p> + naufragis salus ægris."</p> <p><a name="Nt_16" href="#NtA_16">[16]</a> Arms of Yarmouth: Party per pale gules and azure, three demi-lions passant guardant or, conjoined to @@ -38251,7 +38210,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> colours, a porcupine proper; and as a further augmentation for supporters (granted by Royal Licence as above to the said William Speke, Esq., for and during his life)—on the dexter side, a crocodile; and on the - sinister side, a hippopotamus, both proper; with the motto, "Super æthera + sinister side, a hippopotamus, both proper; with the motto, "Super æthera virtus."</p> <p><a name="Nt_26" href="#NtA_26">[26]</a> Arms of Glasgow: Argent, on a @@ -38261,7 +38220,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> point an ancient hand-bell, both also proper. Above this shield is placed a suitable helmet, with a mantling gules, doubled argent; and issuing from a wreath of the proper liveries is set for crest, the half-length - figure of St. Kentigern affronté, vested and mitred, his right hand + figure of St. Kentigern affronté, vested and mitred, his right hand raised in the act of benediction, and having in his left hand a crosier, all proper. On a compartment below the shield are placed for supporters, two salmon proper, each holding in its mouth a signet-ring or, and in an @@ -38276,7 +38235,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> argent the staff broken proper.</p> <p><a name="Nt_28" href="#NtA_28">[28]</a> Arms of Boston: Sable, three - coronets composed of crosses patté and fleurs-de-lis in pale or. Crest: A + coronets composed of crosses patté and fleurs-de-lis in pale or. Crest: A woolpack charged with a ram couchant all proper, ducally crowned azure.</p> @@ -38287,7 +38246,7 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p><a name="Nt_30" href="#NtA_30">[30]</a> Arms borne on a sinister canton suggest illegitimacy.</p> - <p><a name="Nt_31" href="#NtA_31">[31]</a> Gutté-de-poix.</p> + <p><a name="Nt_31" href="#NtA_31">[31]</a> Gutté-de-poix.</p> </div> <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> @@ -38297,9 +38256,9 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <h5>CORRECTIONS MADE TO PRINTED ORIGINAL</h5> - <p>Page 6. "herald (<span title="kêrux" class="grk" + <p>Page 6. "herald (<span title="kêrux" class="grk" >κηρυξ</span>)" corrected from "herald (<span - title="kêrnx" class="grk">κηργξ</span>)"</p> + title="kêrnx" class="grk">κηργξ</span>)"</p> <p>Page 47. "The reverse exhibits the arms of the Office of Ulster" corrected from "The reserve exhibits ..."</p> @@ -38313,384 +38272,6 @@ Lincoln."</i></h5> <p>Index "Layland-Barratt" corrected from "Llanday-Burratt" to match text, and placed in correct sequence</p> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Complete Guide to Heraldry, by -Arthur Charles Fox-Davies - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY *** - -***** This file should be named 41617-h.htm or 41617-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/6/1/41617/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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