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diff --git a/41617-0.txt b/41617-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f633530 --- /dev/null +++ b/41617-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30472 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41617 *** + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + + * * * * * + + +A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY + +PLATE I. + +[Illustration] + +THE ROYAL ARMS. + + + +A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY + +BY + +ARTHUR CHARLES FOX-DAVIES + +OF LINCOLN'S INN, BARRISTER-AT-LAW + +AUTHOR OF "THE ART OF HERALDRY" +EDITOR OF "ARMORIAL FAMILIES," ETC. ETC. + +ILLUSTRATED BY NINE PLATES IN COLOUR AND NEARLY +800 OTHER DESIGNS, MAINLY FROM DRAWINGS BY + +GRAHAM JOHNSTON + +HERALD PAINTER TO THE LYON COURT + +[Illustration] + +LONDON + +T. C. & E. C. JACK + +16 HENRIETTA STREET, W.C. AND EDINBURGH 1909 + +{vii} + +CONTENTS + + CHAP. PAGE + + INTRODUCTION ix + + I. THE ORIGIN OF ARMORY 1 + + II. THE STATUS AND THE MEANING OF A COAT OF ARMS IN GREAT BRITAIN 19 + + III. THE HERALDS AND OFFICERS OF ARMS 27 + + IV. HERALDIC BRASSES 49 + + V. THE COMPONENT PARTS OF AN ACHIEVEMENT 57 + + VI. THE SHIELD 60 + + VII. THE FIELD OF A SHIELD AND THE HERALDIC TINCTURES 67 + + VIII. THE RULES OF BLAZON 99 + + IX. THE SO-CALLED ORDINARIES AND SUB-ORDINARIES 106 + + X. THE HUMAN FIGURE IN HERALDRY 158 + + XI. THE HERALDIC LION 172 + + XII. BEASTS 191 + + XIII. MONSTERS 218 + + XIV. BIRDS 233 + + XV. FISH 253 + + XVI. REPTILES 257 + + XVII. INSECTS 260 + + XVIII. TREES, LEAVES, FRUITS, AND FLOWERS 262 + + XIX. INANIMATE OBJECTS 281 + + XX. THE HERALDIC HELMET 303 + + {viii} + XXI. THE CREST 326 + + XXII. CROWNS AND CORONETS 350 + + XXIII. CREST CORONETS AND CHAPEAUX 370 + + XXIV. THE MANTLING OR LAMBREQUIN 383 + + XXV. THE TORSE OR WREATH 402 + + XXVI. SUPPORTERS 407 + + XXVII. THE COMPARTMENT 441 + + XXVIII. MOTTOES 448 + + XXIX. BADGES 453 + + XXX. HERALDIC FLAGS, BANNERS, AND STANDARDS 471 + + XXXI. MARKS OF CADENCY 477 + + XXXII. MARKS OF BASTARDY 508 + + XXXIII. THE MARSHALLING OF ARMS 523 + + XXXIV. THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF KNIGHTHOOD 561 + + XXXV. THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF A LADY 572 + + XXXVI. OFFICIAL HERALDIC INSIGNIA 580 + + XXXVII. AUGMENTATIONS OF HONOUR 589 + + XXXVIII. ECCLESIASTICAL HERALDRY 600 + + XXXIX. ARMS OF DOMINION AND SOVEREIGNTY 607 + + XL. HATCHMENTS 609 + + XLI. THE UNION JACK 611 + + XLII. SEIZE-QUARTIERS 618 + + INDEX 623 + +{ix} + + + +INTRODUCTION + +Too frequently it is the custom to regard the study of the science of +Armory as that of a subject which has passed beyond the limits of practical +politics. Heraldry has been termed "the shorthand of History," but +nevertheless the study of that shorthand has been approached too often as +if it were but the study of a dead language. The result has been that too +much faith has been placed in the works of older writers, whose dicta have +been accepted as both unquestionably correct at the date they wrote, and, +as a consequence, equally binding at the present day. + +Since the "Boke of St. Albans" was written, into the heraldic portion of +which the author managed to compress an unconscionable amount of rubbish, +books and treatises on the subject of Armory have issued from the press in +a constant succession. A few of them stand a head and shoulders above the +remainder. The said remainder have already sunk into oblivion. Such a book +as "Guillim" must of necessity rank in the forefront of any armorial +bibliography; but any one seeking to judge the Armory of the present day by +the standards and ethics adopted by that writer, would find himself making +mistake after mistake, and led hopelessly astray. There can be very little +doubt that the "Display of Heraldry" is an accurate representation of the +laws of Armory which governed the use of Arms at the date the book was +written; and it correctly puts forward the opinions which were then +accepted concerning the past history of the science. + +There are two points, however, which must be borne in mind. + +The first is that the critical desire for accuracy which fortunately seems +to have been the keynote of research during the nineteenth century, has +produced students of Armory whose investigations into facts have swept away +the fables, the myths, and the falsehood which had collected around the +ancient science, and which in their preposterous assertions had earned for +Armory a ridicule, a contempt, and a disbelief which the science itself, +and moreover the active practice of the science, had never at any time +warranted or deserved. The desire to gratify the vanity of illustrious +patrons rendered the mythical traditions attached to Armory more difficult +to explode than in the cases of those other sciences in which no one has a +personal interest in {x} upholding the wrong; but a study of the scientific +works of bygone days, and the comparison, for example, of a sixteenth or +seventeenth century medical book with a similar work of the present day, +will show that all scientific knowledge during past centuries was a curious +conglomeration of unquestionable fact, interwoven with and partly obscured +by a vast amount of false information, which now can either be dismissed as +utter rubbish or controverted and disproved on the score of being plausible +untruth. Consequently, Armory, no less than medicine, theology, or +jurisprudence, should not be lightly esteemed because our predecessors knew +less about the subject than is known at the present day, or because they +believed implicitly dogma and tradition which we ourselves know to be and +accept as exploded. Research and investigation constantly goes on, and +every day adds to our knowledge. + +The second point, which perhaps is the most important, is the patent fact +that Heraldry and Armory are not a dead science, but are an actual living +reality. Armory may be a quaint survival of a time with different manners +and customs, and different ideas from our own, but the word "Finis" has not +yet been written to the science, which is still slowly developing and +altering and changing as it is suited to the altered manners and customs of +the present day. I doubt not that this view will be a startling one to many +who look upon Armory as indissolubly associated with parchments and +writings already musty with age. But so long as the Sovereign has the power +to create a new order of Knighthood, and attach thereto Heraldic insignia, +so long as the Crown has the power to create a new coronet, or to order a +new ceremonial, so long as new coats of arms are being called into +being,--for so long is it idle to treat Armory and Heraldry as a science +incapable of further development, or as a science which in recent periods +has not altered in its laws. + +The many mistaken ideas upon Armory, however, are not all due to the two +considerations which have been put forward. Many are due to the fact that +the hand-books of Armory professing to detail the laws of the science have +not always been written by those having complete knowledge of their +subject. Some statement appears in a textbook of Armory, it is copied into +book after book, and accepted by those who study Armory as being correct; +whilst all the time it is absolutely wrong, and has never been accepted or +acted upon by the Officers of Arms. One instance will illustrate my +meaning. There is scarcely a text-book of Armory which does not lay down +the rule, that when a crest issues from a coronet it must not be placed +upon a wreath. Now there is no rule whatever upon the subject; and +instances are frequent, both in ancient and in modern grants, in which +coronets have been granted to be borne upon wreaths; and the wreath should +{xi} be inserted or omitted _according to the original grant of the crest_. +Consequently, the so-called rule must be expunged. + +Another fruitful source of error is the effort which has frequently been +made to assimilate the laws of Armory prevailing in the three different +kingdoms into one single series of rules and regulations. Some writers have +even gone so far as to attempt to assimilate with our own the rules and +regulations which hold upon the Continent. As a matter of fact, many of the +laws of Arms in England and Scotland are radically different; and care +needs to be taken to point out these differences. + +The truest way to ascertain the laws of Armory is by deduction from known +facts. Nevertheless, such a practice may lead one astray, for the number of +exceptions to any given rule in Armory is always great, and it is sometimes +difficult to tell what is the rule, and which are the exceptions. Moreover, +the Sovereign, as the fountain of honour, can over-ride any rule or law of +Arms; and many exceptional cases which have been governed by specific +grants have been accepted in times past as demonstrating the laws of +Armory, when they have been no more than instances of exceptional favour on +the part of the Crown. + +In England no one is compelled to bear Arms unless he wishes; but, should +he desire to do so, the Inland Revenue requires a payment of one or two +guineas, according to the method of use. From this voluntary taxation the +yearly revenue exceeds £70,000. This affords pretty clear evidence that +Armory is still decidedly popular, and that its use and display are +extensive; but at the same time it would be foolish to suppose that the +estimation in which Armory is held, is equal to, or approaches, the +romantic value which in former days was attached to the inheritance of +Arms. The result of this has been--and it is not to be wondered at--that +ancient examples are accepted and extolled beyond what should be the case. +It should be borne in mind that the very ancient examples of Armory which +have come down to us, may be examples of the handicraft of ignorant +individuals; and it is not safe to accept unquestioningly laws of Arms +which are deduced from Heraldic _handicraft_ of other days. Most of them +are correct, because as a rule such handicraft was done under supervision; +but there is always the risk that it has not been; and _this risk should be +borne in mind_ when estimating the value of any particular example of +Armory as proof or contradiction of any particular Armorial law. There were +"heraldic stationers" before the present day. + +A somewhat similar consideration must govern the estimate of the Heraldic +art of a former day. To every action we are told there is a reaction; and +the reaction of the present day, admirable and commendable as it +undoubtedly is, which has taken the art of Armory back to the style in +vogue in past centuries, needs to be kept within intelligent {xii} bounds. +That the freedom of design and draughtsmanship of the old artists should be +copied is desirable; but at the same time there is not the slightest +necessity to copy, and to deliberately copy, the crudeness of execution +which undoubtedly exists in much of the older work. The revulsion from what +has been aptly styled "the die-sinker school of heraldry" has caused some +artists to produce Heraldic drawings which (though doubtless modelled upon +ancient examples) are grotesque to the last degree, and can be described in +no other way. + +In conclusion, I have to repeat my grateful acknowledgments to the many +individuals who assisted me in the preparation of my "Art of Heraldry," +upon which this present volume is founded, and whose work I have again made +use of. + +The very copious index herein is entirely the work of my professional +clerk, Mr. H. A. Kenward, for which I offer him my thanks. Only those who +have had actual experience know the tedious weariness of compiling such an +index. + +A. C. FOX-DAVIES. + + 23 OLD BUILDINGS, + LINCOLN'S INN, W. C. + +{1} + + + +A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY + +CHAPTER I + +THE ORIGIN OF ARMORY + +Armory is that science of which the rules and the laws govern the use, +display, meaning, and knowledge of the pictured signs and emblems +appertaining to shield, helmet, or banner. Heraldry has a wider meaning, +for it comprises everything within the duties of a herald; and whilst +Armory undoubtedly is Heraldry, the regulation of ceremonials and matters +of pedigree, which are really also within the scope of Heraldry, most +decidedly are not Armory. + +"Armory" relates only to the emblems and devices. "Armoury" relates to the +weapons themselves as weapons of warfare, or to the place used for the +storing of the weapons. But these distinctions of spelling are modern. + +The word "Arms," like many other words in the English language, has several +meanings, and at the present day is used in several senses. It may mean the +weapons themselves; it may mean the limbs upon the human body. Even from +the heraldic point of view it may mean the entire achievement, but usually +it is employed in reference to the device upon the shield only. + +Of the exact origin of arms and armory nothing whatever is definitely +known, and it becomes difficult to point to any particular period as the +period covering the origin of armory, for the very simple reason that it is +much more difficult to decide what is or is not to be admitted as armorial. +{2} + +Until comparatively recently heraldic books referred armory indifferently +to the tribes of Israel, to the Greeks, to the Romans, to the Assyrians and +the Saxons; and we are equally familiar with the "Lion of Judah" and the +"Eagle of the Cæsars." In other directions we find the same sort of thing, +for it has ever been the practice of semi-civilised nations to bestow or to +assume the virtues and the names of animals and of deities as symbols of +honour. We scarcely need refer to the totems of the North American Indians +for proof of such a practice. They have reduced the subject almost to an +exact science; and there cannot be the shadow of a doubt that it is to this +semi-savage practice that armory is to be traced if its origin is to be +followed out to its logical and most remote beginning. Equally is it +certain that many recognised heraldic figures, and more particularly those +mythical creatures of which the armorial menagerie alone has now +cognisance, are due to the art of civilisations older than our own, and the +legends of those civilisations which have called these mythical creatures +into being. + +The widest definition of armory would have it that any pictorial badge +which is used by an individual or a family with the meaning that it is a +badge indicative of that person or family, and adopted and repeatedly used +in that sense, is heraldic. If such be your definition, you may ransack the +Scriptures for the arms of the tribes of Israel, the writings of the Greek +and Roman poets for the decorations of the armour and the persons of their +heroes, mythical and actual, and you may annex numberless "heraldic" +instances from the art of Nineveh, of Babylon, and of Egypt. Your heraldry +is of the beginning and from the beginning. It _is_ fact, but is it +heraldry? The statement in the "Boke of St. Albans" that Christ was a +gentleman of coat armour is a fable, and due distinction must be had +between the fact and the fiction in this as in all other similar cases. + +Mr. G. W. Eve, in his "Decorative Heraldry," alludes to and illustrates +many striking examples of figures of an embryonic type of heraldry, of +which the best are one from a Chaldean bas-relief 4000 B. C., the earliest +known device that can in any way be called heraldic, and another, a device +from a Byzantine silk of the tenth century. Mr. Eve certainly seems +inclined to follow the older heraldic writers in giving as wide an +interpretation as possible to the word heraldic, but it is significant that +none of these early instances which he gives appear to have any relation to +a shield, so that, even if it be conceded that the figures are heraldic, +they certainly cannot be said to be armorial. But doubtless the inclusion +of such instances is due to an attempt, conscious or unconscious, on the +part of the writers who have taken their stand on the side of great +antiquity to so frame the definition of armory that it shall include +everything heraldic, and due perhaps somewhat to the half unconscious {3} +reasoning that these mythical animals, and more especially the peculiarly +heraldic positions they are depicted in, which nowadays we only know as +part of armory, and which exist nowhere else within our knowledge save +within the charmed circle of heraldry, must be evidence of the great +antiquity of that science or art, call it which you will. But it is a false +deduction, due to a confusion of premise and conclusion. We find certain +figures at the present day purely heraldic--we find those figures fifty +centuries ago. It certainly seems a correct conclusion that, therefore, +heraldry must be of that age. But is not the real conclusion, that, our +heraldic figures being so old, it is evident that the figures originated +long before heraldry was ever thought of, and that instead of these +mythical figures having been originated by the necessities of heraldry, and +being part, or even the rudimentary origin of heraldry, they had existed +_for other reasons and purposes_--and that when the science of heraldry +sprang into being, it found the _whole range_ of its forms and charges +already existing, and that _none_ of these figures owe their being to +heraldry? The gryphon is supposed to have _originated_, as is the +double-headed eagle, from the dimidiation of two coats of arms resulting +from impalement by reason of marriage. Both these figures were known ages +earlier. Thus departs yet another of the little fictions which past writers +on armory have fostered and perpetuated. Whether the ancient Egyptians and +Assyrians knew they were depicting mythical animals, and did it, intending +them to be symbolical of attributes of their deities, something beyond what +they were familiar with in their ordinary life, we do not know; nor indeed +have we any certain knowledge that there have never been animals of which +their figures are but imperfect and crude representations. + +But it does not necessarily follow that because an Egyptian artist drew a +certain figure, which figure is now appropriated to the peculiar use of +armory, that he knew anything whatever of the laws of armory. Further, +where is this argument to end? There is nothing peculiarly heraldic about +the lion passant, statant, dormant, couchant, or salient, and though +heraldic artists may for the sake of artistic appearance distort the brute +away from his natural figure, the rampant is alone the position which +exists not in nature; and if the argument is to be applied to the bitter +end, heraldry must be taken back to the very earliest instance which exists +of any representation of a lion. The proposition is absurd. The ancient +artists drew their lions how they liked, regardless of armory and its laws, +which did not then exist; and, from decorative reasons, they evolved a +certain number of methods of depicting the positions of _e.g._ the lion and +the eagle to suit their decorative purposes. When heraldry came into +existence it came in as an adjunct of decoration, and it necessarily +followed that the whole of the positions in which the {4} craftsmen found +the eagle or the lion depicted were appropriated with the animals for +heraldry. That this appropriation for the exclusive purposes of armory has +been silently acquiesced in by the decorative artists of later days is +simply proof of the intense power and authority which accrued later to +armory, and which was in fact attached to anything relating to privilege +and prerogative. To put it baldly, the dominating authority of heraldry and +its dogmatic protection by the Powers that were, appropriated certain +figures to its use, and then defied any one to use them for more humble +decorative purposes not allied with armory. And it is the trail of this +autocratic appropriation, and from the decorative point of view this +arrogant appropriation, which can be traced in the present idea that a +griffin or a spread eagle, for example, must be heraldic. Consequently the +argument as to the antiquity of heraldry which is founded upon the +discovery of the heraldic creature in the remote ages goes by the board. +One practical instance may perhaps more fully demonstrate my meaning. There +is one figure, probably the most beautiful of all of those which we owe to +Egypt, which is now rapidly being absorbed into heraldry. I refer to the +Sphinx. This, whilst strangely in keeping with the remaining mythical +heraldic figures, for some reason or other escaped the exclusive +appropriation of armorial use until within modern times. One of the +earliest instances of its use in recognised armory occurs in the grant to +Sir John Moore, K.B., the hero of Corunna, and another will be found in the +augmentation granted to Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, K.B. Since then it +has been used on some number of occasions. It certainly remained, however, +for the late Garter King of Arms to evolve from the depths of his +imagination a position which no Egyptian sphinx ever occupied, when he +granted two of them as supporters to the late Sir Edward Malet, G.C.B. The +Sphinx has also been adopted as the badge of one of his Majesty's +regiments, and I have very little doubt that now Egypt has come under our +control the Sphinx will figure in some number of the grants of the future +to commemorate fortunes made in that country, or lifetimes spent in the +Egyptian services. If this be so, the dominating influence of armory will +doubtless in the course of another century have given to the Sphinx, as it +has to many other objects, a distinctly heraldic nature and character in +the mind of the "man in the street" to which we nowadays so often refer the +arbitrament between conflicting opinions. Perhaps in the even yet more +remote future, when the world in general accepts as a fact that armory did +not exist at the time of the Norman Conquest, we shall have some +interesting and enterprising individual writing a book to demonstrate that +because the Sphinx existed in Egypt long before the days of Cleopatra, +heraldry must of necessity be equally antique. {5} + +I have no wish, however, to dismiss thus lightly the subject of the +antiquity of heraldry, because there is one side of the question which I +have not yet touched upon, and that is, the symbolism of these ancient and +so-called heraldic examples. There is no doubt whatever that symbolism +forms an integral part of armory; in fact there is no doubt that armory +_itself_ as a whole is nothing more or less than a kind of symbolism. I +have no sympathy whatever with many of the ideas concerning this symbolism, +which will be found in nearly all heraldic books before the day of the late +J. R. Planché, Somerset Herald, who fired the train which exploded then and +for ever the absurd ideas of former writers. That an argent field meant +purity, that a field of gules meant royal or even martial ancestors, that a +saltire meant the capture of a city, or a lion rampant noble and enviable +qualities, I utterly deny. But that nearly every coat of arms for any one +of the name of Fletcher bears upon it in some form or another an arrow or +an arrow-head, because the origin of the name comes from the occupation of +the fletcher, who was an arrow-maker, is true enough. Symbolism of that +kind will be found constantly in armory, as in the case of the foxes and +foxes' heads in the various coats of Fox, the lions in the coats of arms of +Lyons, the horse in the arms of Trotter, and the acorns in the arms of +Oakes; in fact by far the larger proportion of the older coats of arms, +where they can be traced to their real origin, exhibit some such +derivation. There is another kind of symbolism which formerly, and still, +favours the introduction of swords and spears and bombshells into grants of +arms to military men, that gives bezants to bankers and those connected +with money, and that assigns woolpacks and cotton-plants to the shields of +textile merchants; but that is a sane and reasonable symbolism, which the +reputed symbolism of the earlier heraldry books was not. + +It has yet to be demonstrated, however, though the belief is very generally +credited, that all these very ancient Egyptian and Assyrian figures of a +heraldic character had anything of symbolism about them. But even granting +the whole symbolism which is claimed for them, we get but little further. +There is no doubt that the eagle from untold ages has had an imperial +symbolism which it still possesses. But that symbolism is not necessarily +heraldic, and it is much more probable that heraldry appropriated both the +eagle and its symbolism ready made, and together: consequently, if, as we +have shown, the _existence_ of the eagle is not proof of the coeval +existence of heraldry, no more is the existence of the _symbolical_ +imperial eagle. For if we are to regard all symbolism as heraldic, where +are we either to begin or to end? Church vestments and ecclesiastical +emblems are symbolism run riot; in fact they are little else: but by no +stretch of imagination can these be {6} considered heraldic with the +exception of the few (for example the crosier, the mitre, and the pallium) +which heraldry has appropriated ready made. Therefore, though heraldry +appropriated ready made from other decorative art, and from nature and +handicraft, the whole of its charges, and though it is evident heraldry +also appropriated ready made a great deal of its symbolism, neither the +earlier existence of the forms which it appropriated, nor the earlier +existence of their symbolism, can be said to weigh at all as determining +factors in the consideration of the age of heraldry. Sloane Evans in his +"Grammar of Heraldry" (p. ix.) gives the following instances as evidence of +the greater antiquity, and they are worthy at any rate of attention if the +matter is to be impartially considered. + + "The antiquity of ensigns and symbols may be proved by reference to + Holy Writ. + + "1. 'Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, + after their families, by the house of their fathers, with the number of + their names.... And they assembled all the congregation together on the + first day of the second month; and they declared their pedigrees after + their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number + of the names, from twenty years old and upward.... And the children of + Israel shall pitch their tents, every man by his own camp, and every + man by his own standard, throughout their hosts' (Numbers i. 2, 18, + 52). + + "2. 'Every man of the children of Israel shall pitch by his own + standard, with the ensign of their father's house' (Numbers ii. 2). + + "3. 'And the children of Israel did according to all that the Lord + commanded Moses: so they pitched by their standards, and so they set + forward, every one after their families, according to the house of + their fathers' (Numbers ii. 34)." + +The Latin and Greek poets and historians afford numerous instances of the +use of symbolic ornaments and devices. It will be sufficient in this work +to quote from Æschylus and Virgil, as poets; Herodotus and Tacitus, as +historians. + +ÆSCHYLUS. + +(_Septem contra Thebas._) + +The poet here introduces a dialogue between Eteocles, King of Thebes, the +women who composed the chorus, and a herald ([Greek: kêrux]), which latter +is pointing out the seven captains or chiefs of the army of Adrastus +against Thebes; distinguishing one from another by the emblematical devices +upon their shields. + +1. _Tydeus._ + +("[Greek: Toiaun autôn,--nuktos ophthalmos prepei]"--Lines 380-386.) + + "... Frowning he speaks, and shakes + The dark crest streaming o'er his shaded helm + In triple wave; whilst dreadful ring around + The brazen bosses of his shield, impress'd + {7} + With his proud argument:--'A sable sky + Burning with stars; and in the midst full orb'd + A silver moon;'--the eye of night o'er all, + Awful in beauty, forms her peerless light." + +2. _Capaneus._ + +("[Greek: Echei de sêma,--PRÊSÔ POLIN]."--Lines 428-430.) + + "On his proud shield portray'd: 'A naked man + Waves in his hand a blazing torch;' beneath + In golden letters--'I will fire the city.'" + +3. _Eteoclus._ + +("[Greek: Eschêmatistai,--purgômatôn]."--Lines 461-465.) + + "... No mean device + Is sculptured on his shield: 'A man in arms, + His ladder fix'd against the enemies' walls, + Mounts, resolute, to rend their rampires down;' + And cries aloud (the letters plainly mark'd), + 'Not Mars himself shall beat me from the Tow'rs.'" + +4. _Hippomedon._ + +("[Greek: Ho sêmatourgos--phobon blepôn;]"--Lines 487-494.) + + "... On its orb, no vulgar artist + Expressed this image: 'A Typhæus huge, + Disgorging from his foul enfounder'd jaws, + In fierce effusion wreaths of dusky smoke. + Signal of kindling flames; its bending verge + With folds of twisted serpents border'd round.' + With shouts the giant chief provokes the war, + And in the ravings of outrageous valour + Glares terror from his eyes ..." + +5. _Parthenopæus._ + +("[Greek: Hon mên akompastos--hiaptesthai Belê;]"--Lines 534-540.) + + "... Upon his clashing shield, + Whose orb sustains the storm of war, he bears + The foul disgrace of Thebes:--'A rav'nous Sphynx + Fixed to the plates: the burnish'd monster round + Pours a portentous gleam: beneath her lies + A Theban mangled by her cruel fangs:'-- + 'Gainst this let each brave arm direct the spear." + +6. _Amphiaraus._ + +("[Greek: Toiauth ho mantis,--blastanei bouleumata]."--Lines 587-591.) + + "So spoke the prophet; and with awful port + Advanc'd his massy shield, the shining orb + Bearing no impress, for his gen'rous soul + Wishes to be, not to appear, the best; + And from the culture of his modest worth + Bears the rich fruit of great and glorious deeds." + +{8} + +7. _Polynices._ + +("[Greek: Echei de--ta xeurêmata.]"--Lines 639-646.) + + "... His well-orb'd shield he holds, + New wrought, and with a double impress charg'd: + A warrior, blazing all in golden arms, + A female form of modest aspect leads, + Expressing justice, as th' inscription speaks, + 'Yet once more to his country, and once more + To his Paternal Throne I will restore him'-- + Such their devices ..." + +VIRGIL. + +(_The Æneid._) + +1. ("Atque hic exultans--insigne decorum."--Lib. ii. lines 386-392.) + + "Choræbus, with youthful hopes beguil'd, + Swol'n with success, and of a daring mind, + This new invention fatally design'd. + 'My friends,' said he, 'since fortune shows the way, + 'Tis fit we should the auspicious guide obey. + For what has she these Grecian arms bestowed, + But their destruction, and the Trojans' good? + Then change we shields, and their devices bear: + Let fraud supply the want of force in war. + They find us arms.'--This said, himself he dress'd + In dead Androgeos' spoils, his upper vest, + His painted buckler, and his plumy crest." + +2. ("Post hos insignem--serpentibus hydram."--Lib. vii. lines 655-658.) + + "Next Aventinus drives his chariot round + The Latian plains, with palms and laurels crown'd. + Proud of his steeds, he smokes along the field; + His father's hydra fills his ample shield; + A hundred serpents hiss about the brims; + The son of Hercules he justly seems, + By his broad shoulders and gigantic limbs." + +3. ("Sequitur pulcherrimus Astur--insigne paternæ."--Lib. x. lines +180-188.) + + "Fair Astur follows in the wat'ry field, + Proud of his manag'd horse, and painted shield. + Thou muse, the name of Cinyras renew, + And brave Cupavo follow'd but by few; + Whose helm confess'd the lineage of the man, + And bore, with wings display'd, a silver swan. + Love was the fault of his fam'd ancestry. + Whose forms and fortunes in his Ensigns fly." + +{9} + +HERODOTUS. + +1. _Cilo_, § 171. + +("[Greek: Kai sphi trixa exeurêmata egeneto--ta sêmêia poieesthai.]") + + "And to them is allowed the invention of three things, which have come + into use among the Greeks:--For the Carians seem to be the first who + put crests upon their helmets and sculptured devices upon their + shields." + +2. _Calliope_, § 74. + +("[Greek: O deteros tôn logôn--epioêmon ankuran.]") + + "Those who deny this statement assert that he (Sophanes) bare on his + shield, as a device, an anchor." + +TACITUS. + +(_The Annals_.--Lib. 1.) + +1. ("Tum redire paulatim--in sedes referunt."--Cap. 28.) + + "They relinquished the guard of the gates; and the Eagles and other + Ensigns, which in the beginning of the Tumult they had thrown together, + were now restored each to its distinct station." + +Potter in his "Antiquities of Greece" (Dunbar's edition, Edinburgh, 1824, +vol. ii. page 79), thus speaks of the ensigns or flags ([Greek: sêmeia]) +used by the Grecians in their military affairs: "Of these there were +different sorts, several of which were adorned with images of animals, or +other things bearing peculiar relations to the cities they belong to. The +Athenians, for instance, bore an owl in their ensigns (Plutarchus +Lysandro), as being sacred to Minerva, the protectress of their city; the +Thebans a _Sphynx_ (_idem_ Pelopidas, Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas), in +memory of the famous monster overcome by Oedipus. The Persians paid divine +honours to the sun, and therefore represented him in their ensigns" +(Curtius, lib. 3). Again (in page 150), speaking of the ornaments and +devices on their ships, he says: "Some other things there are in the prow +and stern that deserve our notice, as those ornaments wherewith the +extremities of the ship were beautified, commonly called [Greek: akronea] +(or [Greek: neôn korônides]), in Latin, _Corymbi_. The form of them +sometimes represented helmets, sometimes living creatures, but most +frequently was winded into a round compass, whence they are so commonly +named _Corymbi_ and _Coronæ_. To the [Greek: akrostolia] in the prow, +answered the [Greek: aphgasta] in the stern, which were often of an +orbicular figure, or fashioned like wings, to which a little shield called +[Greek: aspideion], or [Greek: aspidiskê], was frequently affixed; +sometimes a piece of wood was erected, whereon ribbons of divers colours +were hung, and served instead of a flag to distinguish the ship. [Greek: +Chêniskos] was so called from [Greek: Chên], _a Goose_, whose {10} figure +it resembled, because geese were looked on as fortunate omens to mariners, +for that they swim on the top of the waters and sink not. [Greek: +Parasêmon] was the flag whereby ships were distinguished from one another; +it was placed in the prow, just below the [Greek: stolos], being sometimes +carved, and frequently painted, whence it is in Latin termed _pictura_, +representing the form of a _mountain_, a _tree_, a _flower_, or any other +thing, wherein it was distinguished from what was called _tutela_, or the +safeguard of the ship, which always represented _some one of the gods_, to +whose care and protection the ship was recommended; for which reason it was +held sacred. Now and then we find the _tutela_ taken for the [Greek: +Parasêmon], and perhaps sometimes the images of gods might be represented +on the flags; by some it is placed also in the prow, but by most authors of +credit assigned to the stern. Thus Ovid in his Epistle to Paris:-- + + 'Accipit et pictos puppis adunca Deos.' + + 'The stern with painted deities richly shines.' + +"The ship wherein Europa was conveyed from Phoenicia into Crete had a +_bull_ for its flag, and _Jupiter_ for its tutelary deity. The Boeotian +ships had for their tutelar god _Cadmus_, represented with a _dragon_ in +his hand, because he was the founder of Thebes, the principal city of +Boeotia. The name of the ship was usually taken from the flag, as appears +in the following passage of Ovid, where he tells us his ship received its +name from the helmet painted upon it:-- + + 'Est mihi, sitque, precor, flavæ tutela Minervæ, + Navis et à pictâ casside nomen habit.' + + 'Minerva is the goddess I adore, + And may she grant the blessings I implore; + The ship its name a painted helmet gives.' + +"Hence comes the frequent mention of ships called _Pegasi_, _Scyllæ_, +_Bulls_, _Rams_, _Tigers_, &c., which the poets took liberty to represent +as living creatures that transported their riders from one country to +another; nor was there (according to some) any other ground for those known +fictions of Pegasus, the winged Bellerophon, or the Ram which is reported +to have carried Phryxus to Colchos." + +To quote another very learned author: "The system of hieroglyphics, or +symbols, was adopted into every mysterious institution, for the purpose of +concealing the most sublime secrets of religion from the prying curiosity +of the vulgar; to whom nothing was exposed but the beauties of their +morality." (See Ramsay's "Travels of Cyrus," lib. 3.) "The old Asiatic +style, so highly figurative, seems, by what we find of {11} its remains in +the prophetic language of the sacred writers, to have been evidently +fashioned to the mode of the ancient hieroglyphics; for as in hieroglyphic +writing the sun, moon, and stars were used to represent states and empires, +kings, queens, and nobility--their eclipse and extinction, temporary +disasters, or entire overthrow--fire and flood, desolation by war and +famine; plants or animals, the qualities of particular persons, &c.; so, in +like manner, the Holy Prophets call kings and empires by the names of the +heavenly luminaries; their misfortunes and overthrow are represented by +eclipses and extinction; stars falling from the firmament are employed to +denote the destruction of the nobility; thunder and tempestuous winds, +hostile invasions; lions, bears, leopards, goats, or high trees, leaders of +armies, conquerors, and founders of empires; royal dignity is described by +purple, or a crown; iniquity by spotted garments; a warrior by a sword or +bow; a powerful man, by a gigantic stature; a judge by balance, weights, +and measures--in a word, the prophetic style seems to be a speaking +hieroglyphic." + +It seems to me, however, that the whole of these are no more than +symbolism, though they are undoubtedly symbolism of a high and methodical +order, little removed from our own armory. Personally I do not consider +them to be armory, but if the word is to be stretched to the utmost +latitude to permit of their inclusion, one certain conclusion follows. That +if the heraldry of that day had an orderly existence, it most certainly +came absolutely to an end and disappeared. Armory as we know it, the armory +of to-day, which as a system is traced back to the period of the Crusades, +is no mere continuation by adoption. It is a distinct development and a +re-development _ab initio_. Undoubtedly there is a period in the early +development of European civilisation which is destitute alike of armory, or +of anything of that nature. The civilisation of Europe is not the +civilisation of Egypt, of Greece, or of Rome, nor a continuation thereof, +but a new development, and though each of these in its turn attained a high +degree of civilisation and may have separately developed a heraldic +symbolism much akin to armory, as a natural consequence of its own +development, as the armory we know is a development of its own consequent +upon the rise of our own civilisation, nevertheless it is unjustifiable to +attempt to establish continuity between the ordered symbolism of earlier +but distinct civilisations, and our own present system of armory. The one +and only civilisation which has preserved its continuity is that of the +Jewish race. In spite of persecution the Jews have preserved unchanged the +minutest details of ritual law and ceremony, the causes of their suffering. +Had heraldry, which is and has always been a matter of pride, formed a part +of their distinctive life we should find it still existing. Yet the fact +remains {12} that no trace of Jewish heraldry can be found until modern +times. Consequently I accept unquestioningly the conclusions of the late J. +R. Planché, Somerset Herald, who unhesitatingly asserted that armory did +not exist at the time of the Conquest, basing his conclusions principally +upon the entire absence of armory from the seals of that period, and the +Bayeux tapestry. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1.--Kiku-non-hana-mon. State _Mon_ of Japan.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2.--Kiri-mon. _Mon_ of the Mikado.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.--Awoï-mon. _Mon_ of the House of Minamoto Tokugawa.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 4.--_Mon_ of the House of Minamoto Ashikaya.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 5.--Tomoye. _Mon_ of the House of Arina.] + +The family tokens (_mon_) of the Japanese, however, fulfil very nearly all +of the essentials of armory, although considered heraldically they may +appear somewhat peculiar to European eyes. Though perhaps never forming the +entire decoration of a shield, they do appear upon weapons and armour, and +are used most lavishly in the decoration of clothing, rooms, furniture, and +in fact almost every conceivable object, being employed for _decorative_ +purposes in precisely the same manners and methods that armorial devices +are decoratively made use of in this country. A Japanese of the upper +classes always has his _mon_ in three places upon his _kimono_, usually at +the back just below the collar and on either sleeve. The Japanese servants +also wear their service badge in much the same manner that in olden days +the badge was worn by the servants of a nobleman. The design of the service +badge occupies the whole available surface of the back, and is reproduced +in a miniature form on each lappel of the _kimono_. Unfortunately, like +armorial bearings in Europe, but to a far greater extent, the Japanese +_mon_ has been greatly pirated and abused. {13} + +Fig. 1, "Kiku-non-hana-mon," formed from the conventionalised bloom +(_hana_) of the chrysanthemum, is the _mon_ of the State. It is formed of +sixteen petals arranged in a circle, and connected on the outer edge by +small curves. + +Fig. 2, "Kiri-mon," is the personal _mon_ of the Mikado, formed of the +leaves and flower of the _Paulowna imperialis_, conventionally treated. + +Fig. 3, "Awoï-mon," is the _mon_ of the House of Minamoto Tokugawa, and is +composed of three sea leaves (_Asarum_). The Tokugawa reigned over the +country as _Shogune_ from 1603 until the last revolution in 1867, before +which time the Emperor (the Mikado) was only nominally the ruler. + +Fig. 4 shows the _mon_ of the House of Minamoto Ashikaya, which from 1336 +until 1573 enjoyed the Shogunat. + +Fig. 5 shows the second _mon_ of the House of Arina, Toymote, which is +used, however, throughout Japan as a sign of luck. + +[Illustration: FIG. 6.--Double eagle on a coin (_drachma_) under the +Orthogide of Kaifa Naçr Edin Mahmud, 1217.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 7.--Device of the Mameluke Emir Toka Timur, Governor of +Rahaba, 1350.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 8.--Lily on the Bab-al-Hadid gate at Damascus.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 9.--Device of the Emir Arkatây (a band between two +keys).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 10.--Device of the Mameluke Emir Schaikhu.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 11.--Device of Abu Abdallah, Mohammed ibn Naçr, King of +Granada, said to be the builder of the Alhambra (1231-1272).] + +The Saracens and the Moors, to whom we owe the origin of so many of our +recognised heraldic charges and the derivation of some of our terms (_e.g._ +"gules," from the Persian _gul_, and "azure" from the Persian _lazurd_) had +evidently on their part something more than the rudiments of armory, as +Figs. 6 to 11 will indicate. {14} + +One of the best definitions of a coat of arms that I know, though this is +not perfect, requires the twofold qualification that the design must be +hereditary and must be connected with armour. And there can be no doubt +that the theory of armory as we now know it is governed by those two ideas. +The shields and the crests, if any decoration of a helmet is to be called a +crest, of the Greeks and the Romans undoubtedly come within the one +requirement. Also were they indicative of and perhaps intended to be +symbolical of the owner. They lacked, however, heredity, and we have no +proof that the badges we read of, or the decorations of shield and helmet, +were continuous even during a single lifetime. Certainly as we now +understand the term there must be both continuity of use, if the arms be +impersonal, or heredity if the arms be personal. Likewise must there be +their use as decorations of the implements of warfare. + +If we exact these qualifications as essential, armory as a fact and as a +science is a product of later days, and is the evolution from the idea of +tribal badges and tribal means and methods of honour applied to the +decoration of implements of warfare. It is the conjunction and association +of these two distinct ideas to which is added the no less important idea of +heredity. The civilisation of England before the Conquest has left us no +trace of any sort or kind that the Saxons, the Danes, or the Celts either +knew or practised armory. So that if armory as we know it is to be traced +to the period of the Norman Conquest, we must look for it as an adjunct of +the altered civilisation and the altered law which Duke William brought +into this country. Such evidence as exists is to the contrary, and there is +nothing that can be truly termed armorial in that marvellous piece of +cotemporaneous workmanship known as the Bayeux tapestry. + +Concerning the Bayeux tapestry and the evidence it affords, Woodward and +Burnett's "Treatise on Heraldry," apparently following Planché's +conclusions, remarks: "The evidence afforded by the famous tapestry +preserved in the public library of Bayeux, a series of views in sewed work +representing the invasion and conquest of England by WILLIAM the Norman, +has been appealed to on both sides of this controversy, and has certainly +an important bearing on the question of the antiquity of coat-armour. This +panorama of seventy-two scenes is on probable grounds believed to have been +the work of the Conqueror's Queen MATILDA and her maidens; though the +French historian THIERRY and others ascribe it to the Empress MAUD, +daughter of HENRY III. The latest authorities suggest the likelihood of its +having been wrought as a decoration for the Cathedral of Bayeux, when +rebuilt by WILLIAM'S uterine brother ODO, Bishop of that See, in 1077. The +exact correspondence which has been discovered between the length of the +tapestry {15} and the inner circumference of the nave of the cathedral +greatly favours this supposition. This remarkable work of art, as carefully +drawn in colour in 1818 by Mr. C. STOTHARD, is reproduced in the sixth +volume of the _Vetusta Monumenta_; and more recently an excellent copy of +it from autotype plates has been published by the Arundel Society. Each of +its scenes is accompanied by a Latin description, the whole uniting into a +graphic history of the event commemorated. We see HAROLD taking leave of +EDWARD THE CONFESSOR; riding to Bosham with his hawk and hounds; embarking +for France; landing there and being captured by the Count of Ponthieu; +redeemed by WILLIAM of Normandy, and in the midst of his Court aiding him +against CONAN, Count of BRETAGNE; swearing on the sacred relics to +recognise WILLIAM'S claim of succession to the English throne, and then +re-embarking for England. On his return, we have him recounting the +incidents of his journey to EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, to whose funeral +obsequies we are next introduced. Then we have HAROLD receiving the crown +from the English people, and ascending the throne; and WILLIAM, apprised of +what had taken place, consulting with his half-brother ODO about invading +England. The war preparations of the Normans, their embarkation, their +landing, their march to Hastings, and formation of a camp there, form the +subjects of successive scenes; and finally we have the battle of Hastings, +with the death of Harold and the flight of the English. In this remarkable +piece of work we have figures of more than six hundred persons, and seven +hundred animals, besides thirty-seven buildings, and forty-one ships or +boats. There are of course also numerous shields of warriors, of which some +are round, others kite-shaped, and on some of the latter are rude figures, +of dragons or other imaginary animals, as well as crosses of different +forms, and spots. On one hand it requires little imagination to find the +cross _patée_ and the cross _botonnée_ of heraldry prefigured on two of +these shields. But there are several fatal objections to regarding these +figures as incipient _armory_, namely that while the most prominent persons +of the time are depicted, most of them repeatedly, none of these is ever +represented twice as bearing the same device, nor is there one instance of +any resemblance in the rude designs described to the bearings actually used +by the descendants of the persons in question. If a personage so important +and so often depicted as the Conqueror had borne arms, they could not fail +to have had a place in a nearly contemporary work, and more especially if +it proceeded from the needle of his wife." + +Lower, in his "Curiosities of Heraldry," clinches the argument when he +writes: "Nothing but disappointment awaits the curious armorist who seeks +in this venerable memorial the pale, the bend, and {16} other early +elements of arms. As these would have been much more easily imitated with +the needle than the grotesque figures before alluded to, we may safely +conclude that personal arms had not yet been introduced." The "Treatise on +Heraldry" proceeds: "The Second Crusade took place in 1147; and in +MONTFAUCON'S plates of the no longer extant windows of the Abbey of St. +Denis, representing that historical episode, there is not a trace of an +armorial ensign on any of the shields. That window was probably executed at +a date when the memory of that event was fresh; but in MONTFAUCON'S time, +the beginning of the eighteenth century, the _Science héroïque_ was matter +of such moment in France that it is not to be believed that the armorial +figures on the shields, had there been any, would have been left out." + +Surely, if anywhere, we might have expected to have found evidence of +armory, if it had then existed, in the Bayeux Tapestry. Neither do the +seals nor the coins of the period produce a shield of arms. Nor amongst the +host of records and documents which have been preserved to us do we find +any reference to armorial bearings. The intense value and estimation +attached to arms in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which has +steadily though slowly declined since that period, would lead one to +suppose that had arms existed as we know them at an earlier period, we +should have found some definite record of them in the older chronicles. +There are no such references, and no coat of arms in use at a later date +can be relegated to the Conquest or any anterior period. Of arms, as we +know them, there are _isolated examples_ in the early part of the twelfth +century, _perhaps_ also at the end of the eleventh. At the period of the +Third Crusade (1189) they were in actual existence as hereditary +decorations of weapons of warfare. + +Luckily, for the purposes of deductive reasoning, human nature remains much +the same throughout the ages, and, dislike it as we may, vanity now and +vanity in olden days was a great lever in the determination of human +actions. A noticeable result of civilisation is the effort to suppress any +sign of natural emotion; and if the human race at the present day is not +unmoved by a desire to render its appearance attractive, we may rest very +certainly assured that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries this motive +was even more pronounced, and still yet more pronounced at a more remote +distance of time. Given an opportunity of ornament, there you will find +ornament and decoration. The ancient Britons, like the Maories of to-day, +found their opportunities restricted to their skins. The Maories tattoo +themselves in intricate patterns, the ancient Britons used woad, though +history is silent as to whether they were content with flat colour or gave +their preference to patterns. It is unnecessary to trace the art of {17} +decoration through embroidery upon clothes, but there is no doubt that as +soon as shields came into use they were painted and decorated, though I +hesitate to follow practically the whole of heraldic writers in the +statement that it was _the necessity for distinction in battle_ which +accounted for the decoration of shields. Shields were painted and +decorated, and helmets were adorned with all sorts of ornament, long +_before_ the closed helmet made it impossible to recognise a man by his +facial peculiarities and distinctions. We have then this underlying +principle of vanity, with its concomitant result of personal decoration and +adornment. We have the relics of savagery which caused a man to be +nicknamed from some animal. The conjunction of the two produces the effort +to apply the opportunity for decoration and the vanity of the animal +nickname to each other. + +We are fast approaching armory. In those days every man fought, and his +weapons were the most cherished of his personal possessions. The sword his +father fought with, the shield his father carried, the banner his father +followed would naturally be amongst the articles a son would be most eager +to possess. Herein are the rudiments of the idea of heredity in armory; and +the science of armory as we know it begins to slowly evolve itself from +that point, for the son would naturally take a pride in upholding the fame +which had clustered round the pictured signs and emblems under which his +father had warred. + +Another element then appeared which exercised a vast influence upon armory. +Europe rang from end to end with the call to the Crusades. We may or we may +not understand the fanaticism which gripped the whole of the Christian +world and sent it forth to fight the Saracens. That has little to do with +it. The result was the collection together in a comparatively restricted +space of all that was best and noblest amongst the human race at that time. +And the spirit of emulation caused nation to vie with nation, and +individual with individual in the performance of illustrious feats of +honour. War was elevated to the dignity of a sacred duty, and the +implements of warfare rose in estimation. It is easy to understand the +glory therefore that attached to arms, and the slow evolution which I have +been endeavouring to indicate became a concrete fact, and it is due to the +Crusades that the origin of armory as we now know it was practically coeval +throughout Europe, and also that a large proportion of the charges and +terms and rules of heraldry are identical in all European countries. + +The next dominating influence was the introduction, in the early part of +the thirteenth century, of the closed helmet. This hid the face of the +wearer from his followers and necessitated some means by which the latter +could identify the man under whom they served. What more natural than that +they should identify him by the {18} decoration of his shield and the +ornaments of his helmet, and by the coat or surcoat which he wore over his +coat of mail? + +This surcoat had afforded another opportunity of decoration, and it had +been decorated with the same signs that the wearer had painted on his +shield, hence the term "coat of arms." This textile coat was in itself a +product of the Crusades. The Crusaders went in their metal armour from the +cooler atmospheres of Europe to the intolerable heat of the East. The +surcoat and the lambrequin alike protected the metal armour and the metal +helmet from the rays of the sun and the resulting discomfort to the wearer, +and were also found very effective as a preventative of the rust resulting +from rain and damp upon the metal. By the time that the closed helmet had +developed the necessity of distinction and the identification of a man with +the pictured signs he wore or carried, the evolution of armory into the +science we know was practically complete. {19} + + + +CHAPTER II + +THE STATUS AND THE MEANING OF A COAT OF ARMS IN GREAT BRITAIN + +It would be foolish and misleading to assert that the possession of a coat +of arms at the present date has anything approaching the dignity which +attached to it in the days of long ago; but one must trace this through the +centuries which have passed in order to form a true estimate of it, and +also to properly appreciate a coat of arms at the present time. It is +necessary to go back to the Norman Conquest and the broad dividing lines of +social life in order to obtain a correct knowledge. The Saxons had no +armory, though they had a very perfect civilisation. This civilisation +William the Conqueror upset, introducing in its place the system of feudal +tenure with which he had been familiar on the Continent. Briefly, this +feudal system may be described as the partition of the land amongst the +barons, earls, and others, in return for which, according to the land they +held, they accepted a liability of military service for themselves and so +many followers. These barons and earls in their turn sublet the land on +terms advantageous to themselves, but nevertheless requiring from those to +whom they sublet the same military service which the King had exacted from +themselves proportionate with the extent of the sublet lands. Other +subdivisions took place, but always with the same liability of military +service, until we come to those actually holding and using the lands, +enjoying them subject to the liability of military service attached to +those particular lands. Every man who held land under these conditions--and +it was impossible to hold land without them--was of the upper class. He was +_nobilis_ or _known_, and of a rank distinct, apart, and absolutely +separate from the remainder of the population, who were at one time +actually serfs, and for long enough afterwards, of no higher social +position than they had enjoyed in their period of servitude. This wide +distinction between the upper and lower classes, which existed from one end +of Europe to the other, was the very root and foundation of armory. It +cannot be too greatly insisted upon. There were two qualitative terms, +"gentle" and "simple," which were applied to the upper and lower classes +respectively. Though now becoming archaic and obsolete, the terms "gentle" +and "simple" {20} are still occasionally to be met with used in that +original sense; and the two adjectives "gentle" and "simple," in the +everyday meanings of the words, are derived from, and are a _later_ growth +from the original usage with the meaning of the upper and lower classes; +because the quality of being gentle was supposed to exist in that class of +life referred to as gentle, whilst the quality of simplicity was supposed +to be an attribute of the lower class. The word gentle is derived from the +Latin word _gens (gentilis)_, meaning a man, because those were _men_ who +were not serfs. Serfs and slaves were nothing accounted of. The word +"gentleman" is a _derivative_ of the word gentle, and a gentleman was a +member of the gentle or upper class, and gentle qualities were so termed +because they were the qualities supposed to belong to the gentle class. A +man was not a gentleman, even in those days, because he happened to possess +personal qualities usually associated with the gentle class; a man was a +gentleman if he belonged to the gentle or upper class and not otherwise, so +that "gentleman" was an identical term for one to whom the word _nobilis_ +was applied, both being names for members of the upper class. To all +intents and purposes at that date there was no middle class at all. The +kingdom was the land; and the trading community who dwelt in the towns were +of little account save as milch kine for the purposes of taxation. The +social position conceded to them by the upper class was little, if any, +more than was conceded to the lower classes, whose life and liberties were +held very cheaply. Briefly to sum up, therefore, there were but the two +classes in existence, of which the upper class were those who held the +land, who had military obligations, and who were noble, or in other words +gentle. Therefore all who held land were gentlemen; because they held land +they had to lead their servants and followers into battle, and they +themselves were personally responsible for the appearance of so many +followers, when the King summoned them to war. Now we have seen in the +previous chapter that arms became necessary to the leader that his +followers might distinguish him in battle. Consequently all who held land +having, because of that land, to be responsible for followers in battle, +found it necessary to use arms. The corollary is therefore evident, that +all who held lands of the King were gentlemen or noble, and used arms; and +as a consequence all who possessed arms were gentlemen, for they would not +need or use arms, nor was their armour of a character upon which they could +display arms, unless they were leaders. The leaders, we have seen, were the +land-owning or upper class; therefore every one who had arms was a +gentleman, and every gentleman had arms. But the status of gentlemen +existed before there were coats of arms, and the later inseparable +connection between the two was an evolution. + +The preposterous prostitution of the word gentleman in these latter {21} +days is due to the almost universal attribute of human nature which +declines to admit itself as of other than gentle rank; and in the eager +desire to write itself gentleman, it has deliberately accepted and ordained +a meaning to the word which it did not formerly possess, and has attributed +to it and allowed it only such a definition as would enable almost anybody +to be included within its ranks. + +The word gentleman nowadays has become meaningless as a word in an ordinary +vocabulary; and to use the word with its original and true meaning, it is +necessary to now consider it as purely a technical term. We are so +accustomed to employ the word nowadays in its unrestricted usage that we +are apt to overlook the fact that such a usage is comparatively modern. The +following extract from "The Right to Bear Arms" will prove that its real +meaning was understood and was decided by law so late as the seventeenth +century to be "a man entitled to bear arms":-- + + "The following case in the Earl Marshal's Court, which hung upon the + definition of the word, conclusively proves my contention:-- + + "'_21st November 1637._--W. Baker, gent., humbly sheweth that having + some occasion of conference with Adam Spencer of Broughton under the + Bleane, co. Cant., on or about 28th July last, the said Adam did in + most base and opprobrious tearmes abuse your petitioner, calling him a + base, lying fellow, &c. &c. The defendant pleaded that Baker is noe + Gentleman, and soe not capable of redresse in this court. Le Neve, + Clarenceux, is directed to examine the point raised, and having done + so, declared as touching the gentry of William Baker, that Robert + Cooke, Clarenceux King of Arms, did make a declaration 10th May 1573, + under his hand and seale of office, that George Baker of London, sonne + of J. Baker of the same place, sonne of Simon Baker of Feversham, co. + Cant., was a bearer of tokens of honour, and did allow and confirm to + the said George Baker and to his posterity, and to the posterity of + Christopher Baker, these Arms, &c. &c. And further, Le Neve has + received proof that the petitioner, William Baker, is the son of + William Baker of Kingsdowne, co. Cant., who was the brother of George + Baker, and son of Christopher aforesaid.' The judgment is not stated. + (The original Confirmation of Arms by Cooke, 10th May 1573, may now be + seen in the British Museum.--_Genealogist_ for 1889, p. 242.)" + +It has been shown that originally practically all who held land bore arms. +It has also been shown that armory was an evolution, and as a consequence +it did not start, in this country at any rate, as a ready-made science with +all its rules and laws completely known or promulgated. There is not the +slightest doubt that, in the earliest infancy of the science, arms were +assumed and chosen without the control of the Crown; and one would not be +far wrong in assuming that, so long as the rights accruing from prior +appropriation of other people were respected, a landowner finding the +necessity of arms in battle, was originally at liberty to assume what arms +he liked. + +That period, however, was of but brief duration, for we find as early {22} +as 1390, from the celebrated Scrope and Grosvenor case, (1) that a man +could have obtained at that time a definite right to his arms, (2) that +this right could be enforced against another, and we find, what is more +important, (3) that the Crown and the Sovereign had supreme control and +jurisdiction over arms, and (4) that the Sovereign could and did grant +arms. From that date down to the present time the Crown, both by its own +direct action and by the action of the Kings of Arms to whom it delegates +powers for the purpose, in Letters Patent under the Great Seal, +specifically issued to each separate King of Arms upon his appointment, has +continued to grant armorial bearings. Some number of early grants of arms +direct from the Crown have been printed in the _Genealogical Magazine_, and +some of the earliest distinctly recite that the recipients are made noble +and created gentlemen, and that the arms are given them as _the sign of +their nobility_. The class of persons to whom grants of arms were made in +the earliest days of such instruments is much the same as the class which +obtain grants of arms at the present day, and the successful trader or +merchant is now at liberty, as he was in the reign of Henry VIII. and +earlier, to raise himself to the rank of a gentleman by obtaining a grant +of arms. A family must make its start at some time or other; let this start +be made honestly, and not by the appropriation of the arms of some other +man. + +The illegal assumption of arms began at an early date; and in spite of the +efforts of the Crown, which have been more or less continuous and repeated, +it has been found that the use of "other people's" arms has continued. In +the reign of Henry V. a very stringent proclamation was issued on the +subject; and in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and her successors, the Kings +of Arms were commanded to make perambulations throughout the country for +the purpose of pulling down and defacing improper arms, of recording arms +properly borne by authority, and of compelling those who used arms without +authority to obtain authority for them or discontinue their use. These +perambulations were termed Visitations. The subject of Visitations, and in +fact the whole subject of the right to bear arms, is dealt with at length +in the book to which reference has been already made, namely, "The Right to +Bear Arms." + +The glory of a descent from a long line of armigerous ancestors, the glory +and the pride of race inseparably interwoven with the inheritance of a name +which has been famous in history, the fact that some arms have been +designed to commemorate heroic achievements, the fact that the display of a +particular coat of arms has been the method, which society has +countenanced, of advertising to the world that one is of the upper class or +a descendant of some ancestor who performed some glorious deed to which the +arms have reference, the fact that arms themselves are the very sign of a +particular descent or of a particular {23} rank, have all tended to cause a +false and fictitious value to be placed upon all these pictured emblems +which as a whole they have never possessed, and which I believe they were +never intended to possess. It is _because_ they were the prerogative and +the sign of aristocracy that they have been coveted so greatly, and +consequently so often assumed improperly. Now aristocracy and social +position are largely a matter of personal assertion. A man assumes and +asserts for himself a certain position, which position is gradually and +imperceptibly but continuously increased and elevated as its assertion is +reiterated. There is no particular moment in a man's life at the present +time, the era of the great middle class, at which he visibly steps from a +plebeian to a patrician standing. And when he has fought and talked the +world into conceding him a recognised position in the upper classes, he +naturally tries to obliterate the fact that he or "his people" were ever of +any other social position, and he hesitates to perpetually date his +elevation to the rank of gentility by obtaining a grant of arms and thereby +admitting that before that date he and his people were plebeian. +Consequently he waits until some circumstance compels an application for a +grant, and the consequence is that he thereby post-dates his actual +technical gentility to a period long subsequent to the recognition by +Society of his position in the upper classes. + +Arms are the sign of the technical rank of gentility. The possession of +arms is a matter of hereditary privilege, which privilege the Crown is +willing should be obtained upon certain terms by any who care to possess +it, who live according to the style and custom which is usual amongst +gentle people. And so long as the possession of arms is a matter of +privilege, even though this privilege is no greater than is consequent upon +payment of certain fees to the Crown and its officers; for so long will +that privilege possess a certain prestige and value, though this may not be +very great. Arms have never possessed any greater value than attaches to a +matter of privilege; and (with singularly few exceptions) in every case, be +it of a peer or baronet, of knight or of simple gentleman, this privilege +has been obtained or has been regularised by the payment at some time or +other of fees to the Crown and its officers. And the _only_ difference +between arms granted and paid for yesterday and arms granted and paid for +five hundred years ago is the simple moral difference which attaches to the +dates at which the payments were made. + +Gentility is merely hereditary rank, emanating, with all other rank, from +the Crown, the sole fountain of honour. It is idle to make the word carry a +host of meanings it was never intended to. Arms being the sign of the +technical rank of gentility, the use of arms is the advertisement of one's +claim to that gentility. Arms mean nothing more. By {24} coronet, +supporters, and helmet can be indicated one's place in the scale of +precedence; by adding arms for your wife you assert that she also is of +gentle rank; your quarterings show the other gentle families you represent; +difference marks will show your position in your own family (not a very +important matter); augmentations indicate the deeds of your ancestors which +the Sovereign thought worthy of being held in especial remembrance. _By the +use of a certain coat of arms, you assert your descent from the person to +whom those arms were granted, confirmed, or allowed._ That is the beginning +and end of armory. Why seek to make it mean more? + +However heraldry is looked upon, it must be admitted that from its earliest +infancy armory possessed two essential qualities. It was the definite sign +of hereditary nobility and rank, and it was practically an integral part of +warfare; but also from its earliest infancy it formed a means of +decoration. It would be a rash statement to assert that armory has lost its +actual military character even now, but it certainly possessed it +undiminished so long as tournaments took place, for the armory of the +tournament was of a much higher standard than the armory of the +battlefield. Armory as an actual part of warfare existed as a means of +decoration for the implements of warfare, and as such it certainly +continues in some slight degree to the present day. + +Armory in that bygone age, although it existed as the symbol of the lowest +hereditary rank, was worn and used in warfare, for purposes of pageantry, +for the indication of ownership, for decorative purposes, for the needs of +authenticity in seals, and for the purposes of memorials in records, +pedigrees, and monuments. All those uses and purposes of armory can be +traced back to a period coeval with that to which our certain knowledge of +the existence of armory runs. Of all those usages and purposes, one only, +that of the use of armorial bearings in actual battle, can be said to have +come to an end, and even that not entirely so; the rest are still with us +in actual and extensive existence. I am not versed in the minutiæ of army +matters or army history, but I think I am correct in saying that there was +no such thing as a regular standing army or a national army until the reign +of Henry VIII. Prior to that time the methods of the feudal system supplied +the wants of the country. The actual troops were in the employment, not of +the Crown, but of the individual leaders. The Sovereign called upon, and +had the right to call upon, those leaders to provide troops; but as those +troops were not in the direct employment of the Crown, they wore the +liveries and heraldic devices of their leaders. The leaders wore their own +devices, originally for decorative reasons, and later that they might be +distinguished by their particular followers: hence the actual use in battle +in former days of private armorial bearings. And even yet the {25} practice +is not wholly extinguished, for the tartans of the Gordon and Cameron +Highlanders are a relic of the usages of these former days. With the +formation of a standing army, and the direct service of the troops to the +Crown, the liveries and badges of those who had formerly been responsible +for the troops gave way to the liveries and badges of the Crown. The +uniform of the Beefeaters is a good example of the method in which in the +old days a servant wore the badge and livery of his lord. The Beefeaters +wear the scarlet livery of the Sovereign, and wear the badge of the +Sovereign still. Many people will tell you, by the way, that the uniform of +a Beefeater is identical now with what it was in the days of Henry VIII. It +isn't. In accordance with the strictest laws of armory, the badge, +embroidered on the front and back of the tunic, has changed, and is now the +triple badge--the rose, the thistle, and the shamrock--of the triple +kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Every soldier who wears a scarlet +coat, the livery of his Sovereign, every regiment that carries its colours, +every saddle-cloth with a Royal emblem thereupon, is evidence that the use +of armory in battle still exists in a small degree to the present day; but +circumstances have altered. The troops no longer attack to the cry of "A +Warwick! a Warwick!" they serve His Majesty the King and wear his livery +and devices. They no longer carry the banner of their officer, whose +servants and tenants they would formerly have been; the regiment cherishes +instead the banner of the armorial bearings of His Majesty. Within the last +few years, probably within the lifetime of all my readers, there has been +striking evidence of the manner in which circumstances alter everything. +The Zulu War put an end to the practice of taking the colours of a regiment +into battle; the South African War saw khaki substituted universally for +the scarlet livery of His Majesty; and to have found upon a South African +battlefield the last remnant of the armorial practices of the days of +chivalry, one would have needed, I am afraid, to examine the buttons of the +troopers. Still the scarlet coat exists in the army on parade: the Life +Guards wear the Royal Cross of St. George and the Star of the Garter, the +Scots Greys have the Royal Saltire of St. Andrew, and the Gordon +Highlanders have the Gordon crest of the Duke of Richmond and Gordon; and +there are many other similar instances. + +There is yet another point. The band of a regiment is maintained by the +officers of the regiment, and at the present day in the Scottish regiments +the pipers have attached to their pipes banners bearing the various +_personal_ armorial bearings of the officers of the regiment. So that +perhaps one is justified in saying that the use of armorial bearings in +warfare has not yet come to an end. The other ancient usages of armory +exist now as they existed in the earliest times. So that it is {26} foolish +to contend that armory has ceased to exist, save as an interesting survival +of the past. It is a living reality, more _widely_ in use at the present +day than ever before. + +Certainly the military side of armory has sunk in importance till it is now +utterly overshadowed by the decorative, but the fact that armory still +exists as the sign and adjunct of hereditary rank utterly forbids one to +assert that armory is dead, and though this side of armory is also now +partly overshadowed by its decorative use, armory must be admitted to be +still alive whilst its laws can still be altered. When, if ever, rank is +finally swept away, and when the Crown ceases to grant arms, and people +cease to use them, then armory will be dead, and can be treated as the +study of a dead science. {27} + + + +CHAPTER III + +THE HERALDS AND OFFICERS OF ARMS + +The crown is the Fountain of Honour, having supreme control of coat-armour. +This control in all civilised countries is one of the appanages of +sovereignty, but from an early period much of the actual control has been +delegated to the Heralds and Kings of Arms. The word Herald is derived from +the Anglo-Saxon--_here_, an army, and _wald_, strength or sway--though it +has probably come to us from the German word _Herold_. + +In the last years of the twelfth century there appeared at festal +gatherings persons mostly habited in richly coloured clothing, who +delivered invitations to the guests, and, side by side with the stewards, +superintended the festivities. Many of them were minstrels, who, after +tournaments or battle, extolled the deeds of the victors. These individuals +were known in Germany as _Garzune_. + +Originally every powerful leader had his own herald, and the dual character +of minstrel and messenger led the herald to recount the deeds of his +master, and, as a natural consequence, of his master's ancestors. In token +of their office they wore the coats of arms of the leaders they served; and +the original status of a herald was that of a non-combatant messenger. When +tournaments came into vogue it was natural that some one should examine the +arms of those taking part, and from this the duties of the herald came to +include a knowledge of coat-armour. As the Sovereign assumed or arrogated +the control of arms, the right to grant arms, and the right of judgment in +disputes concerning arms, it was but the natural result that the personal +heralds of the Sovereign should be required to have a knowledge of the arms +of his principal subjects, and should obtain something in the nature of a +cognisance or control and jurisdiction over those arms; for doubtless the +actions of the Sovereign would often depend upon the knowledge of his +heralds. + +The process of development in this country will be more easily understood +when it is remembered that the Marshal or Earl Marshal was in former times, +with the Lord High Constable, the first in _military_ rank under the King, +who usually led his army in person, and to {28} the Marshal was deputed the +ordering and arrangement of the various bodies of troops, regiments, bands +of retainers, &c., which ordering was at first facilitated and at length +entirely determined by the use of various pictorial ensigns, such as +standards, banners, crests, cognisances, and badges. The due arrangement +and knowledge of these various ensigns became first the necessary study and +then the ordinary duty of these officers of the Marshal, and their +possession of such knowledge, which soon in due course had to be written +down and tabulated, secured to them an important part in mediæval life. The +result was that at an early period we find them employed in semi-diplomatic +missions, such as carrying on negotiations between contending armies on the +field, bearing declarations of war, challenges from one sovereign to +another, besides arranging the ceremonial not only of battles and +tournaments, but also of coronations, Royal baptisms, marriages, and +funerals. + +From the fact that neither King of Arms nor Herald is mentioned as +officiating in the celebrated Scrope and Grosvenor case, of which very full +particulars have come down to us, it is evident that the control of arms +had not passed either in fact or in theory from the Crown to the officers +of arms at that date. Konrad Grünenberg, in his _Wappencodex_ ("Roll of +Arms"), the date of which is 1483, gives a representation of a _helmschau_ +(literally helmet-show), here reproduced (Fig. 12), which includes the +figure of a herald. Long before that date, however, the position of a +herald in England was well defined, for we find that on January 5, 1420, +the King appointed William Bruges to be Garter King of Arms. It is usually +considered in England that it would be found that in Germany armory reached +its highest point of evolution. Certainly German heraldic art is in advance +of our own, and it is curious to read in the latest and one of the best of +German heraldic books that "from the very earliest times heraldry was +carried to a higher degree of perfection and thoroughness in England than +elsewhere, and that it has maintained itself at the same level until the +present day. In other countries, for the most part, heralds no longer have +any existence but in name." The initial figure which appears at the +commencement of Chapter I. represents John Smert, Garter King of Arms, and +is taken from the grant of arms issued by him to the Tallow Chandlers' +Company of London, which is dated September 24, 1456. + +Long before there was any College of Arms, the Marshal, afterwards the Earl +Marshal, had been appointed. The Earl Marshal is now head of the College of +Arms, and to him has been delegated the whole of the control both of armory +and of the College, with the exception of that part which the Crown has +retained in its own hands. {29} After the Earl Marshal come the Kings of +Arms, the Heralds of Arms, and the Pursuivants of Arms. + +[Illustration: FIG. 12.--_Helmschau_ or Helmet-Show. (From Konrad +Grünenberg's _Wappencodex zu München_.) End of fifteenth century.] + +The title of King of Arms, or, as it was more anciently written, King of +Heralds, was no doubt originally given to the chief or principal officer, +who presided over the heralds of a kingdom, or some principal province, +which heraldic writers formerly termed _marches_; or else the title was +conferred upon the officer of arms attendant upon some particular order of +knighthood. Garter King of Arms, who is immediately attached to that +illustrious order, is likewise Principal King of Arms, and these, although +separate and distinct offices, are and have been always united in one +person. Upon the revival and new modelling of the Order of the Bath, in the +reign of George the First, a King of Arms was created and attached to it, +by the title of Bath King of Arms; and King George III., upon the +institution of the Hanoverian Guelphic Order of Knighthood, annexed to that +order a King of Arms, by the appellation of Hanover. At the time of the +creation of his office, Bath King of Arms was given Wales as his province, +the intention being that he should rank with the others, granting arms in +his own province, but he was not, nor was Hanover, nor is the King of Arms +of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, a member (as such) of the +corporation of the College of Arms. The members of that corporation +considered that the gift of the province of Wales, the jurisdiction over +which they had previously possessed, to Bath King was an infringement of +their chartered privileges. The dispute was referred to the law officers of +the Crown, whose opinion was in favour of the corporate body. + +Berry in his _Encyclopædia Heraldica_ further remarks: "The Kings of Arms +of the provincial territories have the titles of _Clarenceux_ and _Norroy_, +the jurisdiction of the former extending over the south, east, and west +parts of England, from the river Trent southwards; and that of the latter, +the remaining part of the kingdom northward of that river. Kings of Arms +have been likewise assigned other provinces over different kingdoms and +dominions, and besides Ulster King of Arms for Ireland, and Lyon King of +Arms for Scotland, others were nominated for particular provinces abroad, +when united to the Crown of England, such as _Aquitaine_, _Anjou_, and +_Guyenne_, who were perhaps at their first creation intended only for the +services of the places whose titles they bore, when the same should be +entirely subdued to allegiance to the Crown of England, and who, till that +time, might have had other provinces allotted to them, either provisionally +or temporarily, within the realm of England. + +There were also other Kings of Arms, denominated from the dukedoms or +earldoms which our princes enjoyed before they came to the throne, as +_Lancaster_, _Gloucester_, _Richmond_, and _Leicester_, the three first +{30} having marches, or provinces, and the latter a similar jurisdiction. +Windsor, likewise, was a local title, but it is doubtful whether that +officer was ever a King of Arms. _Marche_ also assumed that appellation, +from his provincial jurisdiction over a territory so called. + +But although anciently there were at different periods several Kings of +Arms in England, only two provincial Kings of Arms have, for some ages, +been continued in office, viz. Clarenceux and Norroy, whose provinces or +marches are, as before observed, separated by the river Trent, the ancient +limits of the escheaters, when there are only two in the kingdom, and the +jurisdiction of the wardens of the forests. + +_Norroy_ is considered the most ancient title, being the only one in +England taken from the local situation of his province, unless _Marche_ +should be derived from the same cause. The title of _Norroy_ was anciently +written _Norreys_ and _Norreis_, King of Arms of the people residing in the +north; _Garter_ being styled _Roy des Anglois_, of the people, and not +_d'Angleterre_, of the kingdom, the inhabitants of the north being called +_Norreys_,[1] as we are informed by ancient historians. + +It appears that there was a King of Arms for the parts or people on the +north of Trent as early as the reign of Edward I., from which, as Sir Henry +Spelman observes, it may be inferred that the southern, eastern, and +western parts had principal heralds, or Kings of Arms, although their +titles at that early age cannot now be ascertained. + +_Norroy_ had not the title of King till after the reign of Edward II. It +was appropriated to a King of Heralds, expressly called _Rex Norroy_, _Roy +d'Armes del North_, _Rex Armorum del North_, _Rex de North_, and _Rex +Norroy du North_; and the term _Roy Norreys_ likewise occurs in the Pell +Rolls of the 22nd Edward III.; but from that time till the 9th of Richard +II. no farther mention is made of any such officer, from which it is +probable a different person enjoyed the office by some other title during +that interval, particularly as the office was actually executed by other +Kings of Arms, immediately after that period. _John Otharlake, Marche King +of Arms_, executed it in the 9th of Richard II., Richard del Brugg, +Lancaster King of Arms, 1st Henry IV., and _Ashwell_, _Boys_, and _Tindal_, +successively _Lancaster Kings of Arms_, until the end of that monarch's +reign. + +Edward IV. replaced this province under a King of Arms, and revived the +dormant title of _Norroy_. But in the Statute of Resumptions, {31} made 1st +Henry VII., a clause was inserted that the same should not extend to _John +Moore_, otherwise _Norroy_, chief Herald King of Arms of the north parts of +this realm of England, so appointed by King Edward IV. by his Letters +Patent, bearing date 9th July, in the eighteenth year of his reign. It has +since continued without interruption. + +_Falcon King of Arms_ seems the next who had the title of King conferred +upon him, and was so named from one of the Royal badges of King Edward +III., and it was afterwards given to a herald and pursuivant, under princes +who bore the falcon as a badge or cognisance, and it is difficult to +ascertain whether this officer was considered a king, herald, or +pursuivant. _Froissart_ in 1395 calls _Faucon_ only a herald, and in 1364 +mentions this officer as a King of Arms belonging to the King of England; +but it is certain that in the 18th Richard II. there was a King of Arms by +that appellation, and so continued until the reign of Richard III., if not +later; but at what particular period of time the officer was discontinued +cannot be correctly ascertained. + +_Windsor_ has been considered by some writers to have been the title of a +King of Arms, from an abbreviation in some old records, which might be +otherwise translated. There is, however, amongst the Protections in the +Tower of London, one granted in the 49th Edward III. to _Stephen de +Windesore, Heraldo Armorum rege dicto_, which seems to favour the +conjecture, and other records might be quoted for and against this +supposition, which might have arisen through mistake in the entries, as +they contradict one another. + +_Marche_ seems the next in point of antiquity of creation; but although Sir +Henry Spelman says that King Edward IV. descended from the _Earls of +Marche_, promoted _Marche Herald_ to be a King of Arms, giving him, +perhaps, the marches for his province, it is pretty clearly ascertained +that it was of a more early date, from the express mention of _March Rex +Heraldorum_ and _March Rex Heraldus_ in records of the time of Richard II., +though it may be possible that it was then only a nominal title, and did +not become a real one till the reign of Edward IV., as mentioned by +Spelman. + +_Lancaster King of Arms_ was, as the same author informs us, so created by +Henry IV. in relation to his own descent from the Lancastrian family, and +the county of Lancaster assigned to him as his province; but _Edmondson_ +contends "that that monarch superadded the title of Lancaster to that of +Norroy, or King of the North, having, as it may be reasonably conjectured, +given this province north of Trent, within which district Lancaster was +situated, to him who had been formerly his officer of arms, by the title of +that dukedom, and who might, according to custom, in some instances of +former ages, retain his former title and surname of heraldship, styling +himself _Lancaster Roy d'Armes del North_." {32} + +_Leicester King of Arms_ was a title similar to that of _Lancaster_, and +likewise a creation to the same Sovereign, Henry IV., who was also Earl of +Leicester before he assumed the crown, and was given to a person who was +before that time a herald. It appears that _Henry Grene_ was _Leicester +Herald_, 9th King Richard II., and in the 13th of the same reign is called +a _Herald of the Duke of Guyen and Lancaster_, but prior to the coronation +of Henry IV. he was certainly a King of Heralds, and so styled in a privy +seal dated antecedent to that ceremony. A similar instrument of the tenth +year of that monarch's reign also mentions _Henry Grene_, otherwise +_Leicester King of Arms_. + +As it is evident that, during the reign of Henry IV., _Lancaster King of +Arms_ has under that title the province of the north, _Mr. Edmondson_, with +good reason, supposes that the southern province, or part of that which is +now under Clarenceux, might at that time be under this _Leicester_, +especially as the title of _Clarenceux_ was not in being till after the 3rd +of Henry V., when, or soon after, the title of _Leicester_ might have +become extinct by the death of that officer; for although _Leicester King +of Arms_ went over into France with Henry V. in the third year of his +reign, yet he is not mentioned in the constitutions made by the heralds at +Roan in the year 1419-20. + +_Clarenceux_, the next King of Arms in point of creation, is a title +generally supposed to have been taken from _Clare_, in Suffolk, the castle +at that place being the principal residence of the ancient Earls of +Hereford, who were, from thence, though very improperly, called _Earls of +Clare_, in the same manner as the Earls of Pembroke were often named _Earls +of Strigoil and Chepstow_; the Earl of Hampshire, _Earl of Winchester_; the +Earl of Derby, _Earl of Tuttebury_; the Earl of Sussex, _Earl of +Chichester_, &c. King Edward III. created his third son Lionel _Duke of +Clarence_, instead of the monosyllable _Clare_ (from his marriage with the +grand-daughter of the late Earl), but Lionel dying without issue male, +Henry IV. created his younger son Thomas _Duke of Clarence_, who being +slain without issue 9th of Henry V., the honour remained in the Crown, +until King Edward IV. conferred it upon his own brother. Mr. Sandford tells +us that _Clarence_ is the country about the town, castle, and honour of +_Clare_, from which duchy the name of _Clarenceux King of Arms_ is derived. +Spelman, however, contends that it is a mistake in attributing the +institution of _Clarenceux_ to King Edward IV. after the honour of +_Clarence_ devolved as an escheat to the Crown upon the untimely death of +his brother George, as he found William Horsely called by this title in the +reign of Henry V. and also Roger Lygh, under King Henry VI.; and it is +conjectured that the office of _Clarenceux King of Arms_ is not more +ancient than the reign of Edward III. + +_Gloucester Herald_, frequently mentioned by historians, was originally +{33} the herald of the great Humphry, Duke of Gloucester, of whom mention +is made upon record in the 10th of Henry VI.; and Richard, brother to +Edward IV., who was created Duke of Gloucester, is said to have had a +herald by that title during the reign of his brother, and who was attendant +as such at the funeral of that monarch. In a manuscript in the Ashmolean +collection, it is stated that Richard Champnay attended as Gloucester King +of Arms at the coronation of Richard III. upon the 7th July following his +usurpation of the crown; but it appears by more authentic record that this +Richard Champnay was, by the style and title of Herald of Arms, on the 18th +September, in the first year of his usurpation, by patent created a King of +Arms and Principal Herald of the parts of Wales, by the style and title of +Gloucester, giving him licence and authority to execute all and singular +that by law or custom in former times belonged to the office of King of +Arms. It is supposed that the office ceased upon his death, which in all +probability took place before that of the usurper. + +_Richmond King of Arms._--A herald called _Richmond_ is frequently +mentioned, as well belonging to the Crown as of the nobility. But the +records of the reign of King Henry VII., who had before his elevation to +the throne been Earl of Richmond, contain many entries of _Richmond King of +Arms_; but although somewhat vague in the description, sufficiently bear +out the conjecture that Henry VII., previous to his coronation, created a +new King of Arms by the title of _Richmond_, although no regular patent of +creation has ever been found. + +Sir Henry Spelman informs us that, in addition to the two Kings of Arms for +the two Heraldic provinces bounded north and south by the river Trent, +there were also two provincial kings for the dominions of our Sovereign in +France, styled _Guyenne_ and _Agincourt_ (omitting _Aquitaine_ and _Anjou_, +which were certainly in being at the same time), and another for _Ireland_ +by that name, altered by King Edward VI. into _Ulster_. + +_Ireland King of Arms_ first occurs upon record 6th Richard II., anno 1482, +mentioned by _Froissart_, where he is called _Chandos le Roy d'Ireland_. A +regular succession of officers, by the title of Ireland King of Arms, +continued from that time till the reign of King Edward IV., but from the +death of that monarch till the creation of Ulster by Edward VI. it is +uncertain whether the title existed, or what became of the office. + +Edward VI. altered the title of Ireland King of Arms into that of Ulster, +or rather considered it as a new institution, from the words of his +journal: "Feb. 2. There was a King of Arms made for Ireland, whose name was +_Ulster_, and his province was all Ireland; and he was the fourth King of +Arms, and the first Herald of Ireland." The patent passed under the Great +Seal of England. + +Guyenne, a part of Aquitaine, in France, a province belonging to {34} the +British Crown, gave title not only to a King of Arms, but to a herald +likewise, and Sir Henry Spelman dates its creation in the time of Edward +I., although it is somewhat doubtful, and thought to be in the reign of +Edward III. Guyenne Herald appears upon record during the reign of Henry +VI., and though Kings of Arms were frequently styled heralds in old +records, it is more than probable both offices were in existence at the +same time. From the time of Edward IV. no such officers belonging to the +Crown of England seem to have been continued, and it is doubtful whether +they ever held in constant succession from their first creation. + +_Aquitaine_, which included what were afterwards called Guyenne, Xantoigne, +Gascoigne, and some islands, gave title to a King of Heralds as early as +the reign of Edward III., and it is conjectured to have been an officer +belonging to the Black Prince, who had the principality of Aquitaine given +to him by his father; but although this officer is mentioned in the reign +of Richard II. and 3rd of Henry V., no record occurs after the latter +period. + +_Agincourt_ was also a title conferred upon a herald, in memory of that +signal victory; and lands were granted to him for life, 6th Henry V., as +mentioned by Sir Henry Spelman; but whether the office was continued, or +any particular province assigned to this officer, cannot be ascertained. + +_Anjou King of Arms_ was likewise an officer of King Henry VI., and +attendant upon John, Duke of Bedford, when Regent of France, who assumed +the title of Duke of Anjou. But upon the death of the Duke of Bedford, this +officer was promoted to Lancaster King of Arms; and in all probability the +title of Anjou, as a King of Heralds, was discontinued. + +_Volant_ also occurs upon record in the 28th Edward III., and _Vaillant_, +_le Roy Vaillant Heraud_, and _le Roy Vailland_, are likewise mentioned in +1395. + +Henry V. instituted the office of Garter King of Arms; but at what +particular period is rather uncertain, although Mr. Anstis has clearly +proved that it must have taken place after the 22nd May, and before the 3rd +September, in the year 1417. + +Stephen Martin Leake, Esq., who filled the office, sums up its duties in +the following words: "_Garter_ was instituted by King Henry V., A.D. 1417, +for the service of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, which was made +sovereign within the office of arms over all other officers, subject to the +Crown of England, by the name of Garter King of Arms of England. In this +patent he is styled Principal King of English Arms, and Principal Officer +of Arms of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, and has power to execute the +said office by himself or deputy, being an herald. By the constitution of +his office, he must be a native of {35} England, and a gentleman bearing +arms. To him belongs the correction of arms, and all ensigns of honour, +usurped or borne unjustly, and also to grant arms to deserving persons, and +supporters to the nobility and Knights of the Bath; to go next before the +sword in solemn proceeding, none interposing, except the constable and +marshal; to administer the oath to all the officers of arms; to have a +habit like the registrar of the order; baron's service in the court; +lodgings in Windsor Castle; to bear his white rod with a banner of the +ensigns of the order thereon before the Sovereign; also when any lord shall +enter the Parliament chamber, to assign him his place, according to his +dignity and degree; to carry the ensign of the order to foreign princes, +and to do, or procure to be done, what the Sovereign shall enjoin, relating +to the order; with other duties incident to his office of principal King of +Arms, for the execution whereof he hath a salary of one hundred pounds a +year, payable at the Exchequer, and an hundred pounds more out of the +revenue of the order, besides fees." + +_Bath King of Arms_ was created 11th George I., in conformity with the +statutes established by His Majesty for the government of the Order of the +Bath, and in obedience to those statutes was nominated and created by the +Great Master of the Order denominated _Bath_, and in Latin, _Rex armorum +Honoratissimi Ordinis Militaris de Balneo_. These statutes direct that this +officer shall, in all the ceremonies of the order, be habited in a white +mantle lined with red, having on the right shoulder the badge of the order, +and under it a surcoat of white silk, lined and edged with red; that he +shall wear on his breast, hanging to a golden chain about his neck, an +escocheon of gold, enamelled with the arms of the order, impaling the arms +of the Sovereign, crowned with the Imperial crown. That at all coronations +he shall precede the companions of the order, and shall carry and wear his +crown as other Kings of Arms are obliged to do. That the chain, escocheon, +rod, and crown, shall be of the like materials, value, and weight, with +those borne and used by Garter Principal King of Arms, and of the like +fashion, the before specified variations only excepted: and that besides +the duties required of him in the several other articles of the statutes, +he shall diligently perform whatever the Sovereign or Great Master shall +further command. On the 14th January 1725, His Majesty was further pleased +by his Royal sign-manual, to erect, make, constitute, and ordain the then +Bath King of Arms, _Gloucester_ King of Arms, and principal Herald of the +parts of Wales, and to direct letters patent to be made out and pass the +Great Seal, empowering him to grant arms and crests to persons residing +within the dominions of Wales, either jointly with Garter, or singly by +himself, with the consent and at the pleasure of the Earl Marshal, or his +deputy for the time being, and for {36} the future that the office of +Gloucester should be inseparably annexed, united, and perpetually +consolidated with the office of _Bath King of Arms, of the Most Honourable +Military Order of the Bath, and Gloucester King of Arms, and principal +Herald of the parts of Wales_. And also that he, for the dignity of the +order, should in all assemblies and at all times have and take place and +precedency above and before all other provincial Kings of Arms whatsoever." + +This armorial jurisdiction, however, was subsequently, as has been +previously explained, annulled. + +Concerning the heralds Berry remarks: "In former ages, when honour and +chivalry were at their height, these officers were held in great +estimation, as appears by the ceremonies which attended their creations, +which was by the Sovereign himself or by special commission from him, and, +according to Gerard Leigh, was after the following manner: The King asked +the person to be so created whether he were a gentleman of blood or of +second coat-armour; if he was not, the King gave him lands and fees, and +assigned him and his heirs proper arms. Then, as the messenger was brought +in by the herald of the province, so the pursuivant was brought in by the +eldest herald, who, at the prince's command, performed all the ceremonies, +as turning the coat of arms, setting the manacles thereof on the arms of +the pursuivant, and putting about his neck the collar of SS, and when he +was named, the prince himself took the cup from the herald, which was gilt, +and poured the water and wine upon the head of the pursuivant, creating him +by the name of _our herald_, and the King, when the oath was administered, +gave the same cup to the new herald. + +_Upton_ sums up the business of a herald thus: That it was their office to +create under officers, to number the people, to commence treaties of +matrimony and of peace between princes, to visit kingdoms and regions, and +to be present at martial exploits, &c., and they were to wear a coat of +their master's arms, wearing the same in conflicts and tournaments, in +riding through foreign countries, and at all great entertainments, +coronations of kings and queens, and the solemnities of princes, dukes, and +other great lords. + +In the time of King Richard II. there belonged to the King of Arms and +heralds the following fees, viz.: at the coronation of the King, a bounty +of £100; when the King first displayed his banners, 100 marks; when the +King's son was made a knight, 40 marks; when the prince and a duke first +display their banners, £20; if it be a marquis, 20 marks; if an earl, £10; +if a baron, 5 marks of silver crowns, of 15 nobles; and if a knight +bachelor, newly made a banneret, 3 marks, or 10 nobles; when the King is +married, the said Kings of Arms and heralds to have £50; when the Queen has +a child {37} christened, a largess at the Queen's pleasure, or of the lords +of the council, which was sometimes £100, and at others 100 marks, more or +less; and when she is churched, such another largess; when princesses, +duchesses, marchionesses, countesses, and baronesses have a child +christened, and when they are churched, a largess suitable to their quality +and pleasure; as often as the King wears his crown, or holds Royal state, +especially at the four great festivals of Christmas, Easter, Whitsuntide, +and All Saints, to every one of the three Kings of Arms present when the +King goes to the chapel to mass, a largess at the King's pleasure; when a +maiden princess, or daughter of a duke, marquis, earl, or baron is married, +there belongs to the said Kings of Arms, if present, the upper garment she +is married in; if there be a combat within lists, there belong to the Kings +of Arms, if present, and if not to the other heralds present, their +pavilions; and if one of the combatants is vanquished, the Kings of Arms +and heralds who are present shall have all the accoutrements of the person +so vanquished, and all other armour that falls to the ground; when subjects +rebel, and fortify any camp or place, and afterwards quit the same, and +fly, without a battle, there appertain to the said Kings of Arms and +heralds who are present all the carts, carriages, and tools left behind; +and, at New Year's Tide, all the noblemen and knights of the court used to +give the heralds New Year's gifts. Besides the King's heralds, in former +times, divers noblemen had heralds and pursuivants, who went with their +lords, with the King's heralds, when attending the King. + +The fees of the King's heralds and pursuivants of arms have since varied, +and, besides fees upon creations of peers, baronets, and knights, they have +still donations for attendance at court upon the festivals of Christmas, +Easter, Whitsuntide, All Saints, and St. George's Day; fees upon +installation of Knights of the Garter and Bath, Royal marriages, funerals, +public solemnities, &c., with small salaries paid from the Exchequer; but +their ancient fees from the nobility, upon certain occasions, have been +long discontinued, and their principal emolument arises from grants of +arms, the tracing of genealogies, and recording the same in the Registers +of the College of Arms." + +The present _heralds_ are six in number, viz.:-- + +_Windsor Herald_, which title was instituted 38th of Edward III., when that +monarch was in France. + +_Chester Herald_, instituted in the same reign. + +_Richmond Herald_, instituted by King Edward IV. + +_Somerset Herald_, instituted by King Henry VIII. about the time when that +monarch created his son Henry Fitzroy Duke of Somerset. + +_York Herald_, instituted by King Edward III. in honour of his son, whom he +created Duke of York. {38} + +_Lancaster Herald_, also instituted by Edward III. when he created his son +Duke of Lancaster. + +The heralds were first incorporated as a college by Richard III. They were +styled the Corporation of Kings, Heralds, and Pursuivants of Arms. + +Concerning Pursuivants of Arms, Berry remarks that these officers, who are +the lowest in degree amongst officers of arms, "were, as the name implies, +followers, marshals, or messengers attendant upon the heralds. Pursuivants +were formerly created by the nobility (who had, likewise, heralds of arms) +with great ceremony in the following manner. One of the heralds, wearing +his master's coat, leading the person to be created pursuivant by the left +hand, and holding a cup full of wine and water in his right, came into the +presence of the lord and master of him who was to be created, and of whom +the herald asked by what name he would have his pursuivant called, which +the lord having mentioned, the herald then poured part of the wine and +water upon his head, calling him by the name so assigned to him. The herald +then took the coat of his lord, and put it over his head athwart, so that +part of the coat made for the arms before and behind, and the longer part +of it on both sides of the arms of the person created, and in which way the +pursuivant was always to wear it. This done, an oath of fidelity was +administered to the new-made pursuivant, and the ceremony concluded." + +This curious method of the wearing of the tabard by a pursuivant has long +since been discontinued, if indeed it was ever generally adopted, a point +on which I have by no means been able to satisfy myself. + +The appointment of heralds and pursuivants of arms by the nobility has long +been discontinued, and there are now only four pursuivants belonging to the +College of Arms, viz.:-- + +_Rouge-Croix_, the first in point of antiquity of creation, is so styled +from the red cross of St. George, the Patron Saint of England. + +_Blue-Mantle_, so called by King Edward III., in honour of the French coat +which he assumed, being blue. + +_Rouge-Dragon_, so styled from the red dragon, one of the supporters of the +Royal arms of King Henry VII. (who created this pursuivant), and also the +badge of Wales, and + +_Portcullis_, also instituted by Henry VII., and so named from that badge, +or cognisance, used by him. + +The duties of a pursuivant are similar to those of a herald; he assists in +all public processions, or ceremonies, such as Royal marriages, funerals, +installations, &c., and has certain fees for attendance upon such +occasions. Pursuivants likewise receive fees upon creations of peers, +baronets, and knights, and also donations for attending court upon the +principal festivals of Christmas, Easter, Whit-Sunday, All {39} Saints, and +St. George's Day, and a small salary payable out of the Exchequer. They +wear a tabard of damask silk, embroidered with the Royal arms, like the +heralds, but no collar of SS. + +[Illustration: FIG. 13.--Officers of Arms as represented in the famous +Tournament Roll of Henry VIII., now preserved in the College of Arms.] + +Of the Heraldic Executive in Scotland, Lyon King of Arms (Sir James Balfour +Paul), in his book "Heraldry in relation to Scottish History and Art," +writes: "At one period the Lyon was solemnly crowned at his inauguration, +and vested with his tabard and baton of office." The ceremony was a very +elaborate one, and is fully described by Sir James Balfour in a MS., now in +the Advocates' Library. There is also an account of the coronation of Sir +Alexander Durham, when Laurie, the minister of the Tron Kirk, preached from +the text, "What shall be done to the man whom the king delighteth to +honour?" The crown was of gold, and exactly similar to the Imperial crown +of Scotland, save that it had no jewels. Now the Lyon's crown is the same +as the English King of Arms. The crown is only worn at Royal coronations. +At that of Charles I. at Edinburgh in 1633, the Lyon carried the vessel +containing the sacred oil. In addition to his strictly armorial +appointment, the Lyon is also a King of Arms of the Most Ancient and Most +Noble Order of the Thistle. + +Heralds and pursuivants formed an important part from very early times not +only of the Royal Household, but also of those of the higher nobility, many +of whom had private heralds. Of these officers there is a very full list +given by Dr. Dickson in the preface to the Lord Treasurer's Accounts. Of +heralds who were or ultimately became part of the King's Household we meet +with Rothesay, Marchmont, Snowdon, Albany, Ross, and Islay; Ireland, +Orkney, and Carrick are also mentioned as heralds, but it is doubtful +whether the first and last were ever more than pursuivants. Of the latter +class of officers the following were in the Royal establishment: Carrick, +Bute, Dingwall, Kintyre, Ormonde, Unicorn; but we also find Aliszai or +Alishay, Dragance, Diligens, Montrose, Falkland, Ireland, Darnaway, +Garioch, Ettrick, Hales, Lindsay, Endure, Douglas, and Angus. Of the latter +Garioch was created by James IV. for his brother John, Earl of Mar; Hailes +in 1488, when Lord Hailes was made Earl of Bothwell; while Lindsay and +Endure were both evidently attached to the Lindsay family, as were Douglas +and Angus to the noblemen whose titles they bore. In 1403 Henry IV. of +England granted a pursuivant under the title of Shrewsbury to George, Earl +of March, for services rendered at the battle of that name, but we do not +find that the office was continued. + +In Scotland heralds appear at an early date, though none are mentioned as +attending the coronation of Alexander III. in 1249; nor is there any +account of any such officers accompanying that sovereign when he did homage +to Edward I. at Westminster in 1278. In the next {40} century, however, +armorial bearings were quite well known in Scotland, and there is an entry +in the Exchequer Rolls on 10th October 1337 of a payment of £32, 6s. Scots +for the making of seventeen armorial banners, and in 1364 there is another +to the heralds for services at the tournaments; while William Petilloch, +herald, has a grant from David II. of three husbandlands in Bonjedward, and +Allan Fawside gets a gift of the forfeited estate of one Coupland, a herald +(_temp._ Edward Baliol).[2] The first mention of a herald, under his +official designation, which I have met with in our records occurs in 1365, +when there is a confirmation under the Great Seal by David II. of a charter +by Dugal McDowille to John Trupour or Trumpour "_nunc dicto Carric +heraldo_." Sir James Balfour tells us that the Lyon and his heralds +attended the coronation of Robert II. at Holyrood on 23rd May 1371, but +whether or not this is true--and I have not been able to verify it--it is +certain that a Lyon Herald existed very shortly after that date, as in the +Exchequer Rolls mention is made of the payment of a certain sum to such an +officer in 1377; in 1379 Froissart says that a herald was sent by Robert +II. to London to explain that the truce had been infringed without his will +and against his knowledge, and on 8th April 1381 a warrant was issued in +London for a licence to "Lion Heraud" of the King of Scots, authorising him +to take away a complete suit of armour which he had bought in that city. It +is not, however, till 1388 that we find Lyon accorded the Royal style. In +that year a payment is made "_Leoni regi heraldorum_," but at the audit +following the battle of Otterburn he is called _defunctus_, which suggests +that he had been slain on that well-fought field. The Lyon appears in +several embassies about this period both to England and France, and one +Henry Greve, designed in the English Issue Rolls as "King of Scottish +Heralds," was at the Tower of London in 1399, either at or immediately +after the coronation of Henry IV. From 1391 onwards there is frequent +mention of one Douglas, "Herald of the King," and in 1421 he is styled +"Lyon Herald." + +Of the German officers of arms they, like the English, are divided into +three classes, known as _Wappenkönige_, _Herolde_, and _Persevanten_. +These, like our own officers, had peculiar titles; for example _Suchenwirt_ +(an Austrian ducal herald), _Lub-den Frumen_ (a Lichtenstein pursuivant), +_Jerusalem_ (a herald of the Limmer Palatinate), _Romreich_ (an Imperial +herald). About the middle of the sixteenth century, the official names of +the heralds fell into disuse; they began to make use of their ancestral +names with the title of _Edel_ and _Ehrenvest_ (noble and honourable), but +this did not last long, and the heralds found themselves thrown back {41} +into the old ways, into which the knightly accoutrements had already +wandered. + +[Illustration: FIG. 14.--The velvet tabard of Sir William Dugdale, Garter +King of Arms from 26th April 1677 to 10th February 1686.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 15.--William Bruges, the first Garter King of Arms, +appointed 5th January 1420. (From an illuminated MS. in the Museum at +Oxford.)] + +The official dress of an officer of arms as such in Great Britain is merely +his tabard (Figs. 13, 14, 15). This garment in style and shape has remained +unchanged in this country from the earliest known period of which +representations of officers of arms exist; but whilst the tabard itself has +remained unaltered in its style, the arms thereupon have constantly +changed, these always being the arms of the Sovereign for the time being. +The costume worn with the tabard has naturally been subject to many +changes, but it is doubtful if any attempt to regulate such costume was +ever officially made prior to the reign of Queen Victoria. The tabard of a +pursuivant is of damask silk; that of a herald, of satin; and that of a +king of arms, of velvet. + +The initial letter on page 1 is a portrait of John Smert, Garter King of +Arms, and is taken from the grant of arms to the Tallow Chandlers' Company, +dated 24th September 1456. He is there represented as wearing beneath his +tabard black breeches and coat, and a golden crown. But Fig. 15 is actually +a representation of the first Garter King of Arms, William Bruges, +appointed 5th January 1420. He is represented as carrying a white staff, a +practice which has been recently revived, white wands being carried by all +the heralds at the public funeral of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone. In +Germany the wands of the heralds were later painted with the colours of the +escutcheons of the Sovereign to whom they were attached. There was until +recently no official hat for an officer of arms in England, and +confirmation of this is to be found in the fact that Dallaway mentions a +special licence to Wriothesley Garter giving him permission to wear a cap +on account of his great age. Obviously, however, a tabard requires other +clothing to be worn with it. The heralds in Scotland, until quite recently, +when making public proclamations were content to appear in the ordinary +elastic-side boots and cloth trousers of everyday life. This gave way for a +brief period, in which Court dress was worn below the tabard, but now, as +in England, the recognised uniform of a member of the Royal Household is +worn. In England, owing to the less frequent ceremonial appearances of the +heralds, and the more scrupulous control {42} which has been exercised, no +such anachronisms as were perpetuated in Scotland have been tolerated, and +it has been customary for the officers of arms to wear their uniform as +members of the Sovereign's Household (in which uniform they attend the +levees) beneath the tabard when making proclamations at the opening of +Parliament or on similar occasions. At a coronation and at some other full +State ceremonies they wear knee-breeches. At the late ceremony of the +coronation of King Edward VII., a head-dress was designed for the officers +of arms. These caps are of black velvet embroidered at the {43} side with a +rose, a thistle, or a harp, respectively for the English, Scottish, and +Irish officers of arms. + +[Illustration: FIG. 16.--A Herald. (_Temp._ Hen. VIII.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 17.--A State Trumpeter. (_Temp._ Hen. VIII.)] + +A great deal of confusion has arisen between the costume and the functions +of a Herald and a Trumpeter, though the confusion has been confined to the +minds of the uninitiated and the theatrical stage. The whole subject was +very amusingly dealt with in the _Genealogical Magazine_ in an article by +Mr. G. Ambrose Lee, Bluemantle, and the illustrations which he gives of the +relative dresses of the Heralds and the Trumpeters at different periods +(see Figs. 16-19) are interesting. Briefly, the matter can be summed up in +the statement that there never was a Trumpeter who made a proclamation, or +wore a tabard, and there never was a Herald who blew a trumpet. The +Trumpeters nearly {44} always accompanied the Heralds to proclaim their +presence and call attention to their proclamation. + +[Illustration: FIG. 18.--A State Trumpeter and a Herald at the coronation +of James I.] + +In France the Heralds were formed into an incorporation by Charles VI. in +1406, their head being Mountjoye, King of Arms, with ten heralds and +pursuivants under him. It will be noticed that this incorporation is +earlier than that of the College of Arms in England. The Revolution played +havoc with the French Records, and no College of Arms now exists in France. +But it is doubtful whether at any time it reached the dignity or authority +which its English counterpart has enjoyed in former times. + +Fig. 20 represents a French Herald of the early part of the fifteenth +century. It is taken from a representation of the Rally of the Parisians +against King Charles VI. in 1413, to be found in a MS. edition of +Froissart, formerly in the Royal Library at Paris. + +All the heralds and Kings of Arms (but not the pursuivants) wear the +curious collar of SS about which there has been so much discussion. {45} +The form has remained unchanged, save that the badge is the badge for the +time being of the Sovereign. The heralds have their collars of SS of +silver, whilst those of a King of Arms are of silver gilt, and the latter +have the further distinction that a portcullis is introduced on each +shoulder. The heralds and Kings of Arms usually place these collars round +their shields in representations of their arms. Collars of SS are also worn +by Serjeants-at-Arms, and by the Lord Chief Justice. + +[Illustration: FIG. 19.--Peace proclaimed at the Royal Exchange after the +Crimean War.] + +The English Heralds have no equivalent badge to that which the Scottish +Heralds wear suspended from their necks by a ribbon. In Ireland both +Heralds and Pursuivants wear a badge. + +In addition each King of Arms has his crown; the only occasion, however, +upon which this is worn being at the ceremony of a coronation. The crown is +of silver gilt, formed of a circle upon which is inscribed part of the +first verse of the 51st Psalm, viz. "Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam +misericordiam tuam": the rim is surmounted of sixteen leaves, in shape +resembling the oak-leaf, every alternate one being somewhat higher than the +remainder. Nine of these leaves are shown in a representation of it. The +cap is of crimson satin, closed at the top by a gold tassel, and turned up +with ermine. + +Garter King of Arms has a baton or "sceptre" of silver gilt, about two feet +in length, the top being of gold, of four sides of equal height, {46} but +of unequal breadth. On the two larger sides are the arms of St. George +impaling the Sovereign's, and on the two lesser sides the arms of St. +George surrounded by the Garter and motto, the whole ensigned with an +Imperial crown. This "sceptre" has sometimes been placed in bend behind the +arms of Garter King. Lyon King of Arms has a baton of blue enamel with gold +extremities, the baton being powdered with roses, thistles, and +fleurs-de-lis. Lyon (Sir James Balfour Paul) in his "Heraldry in relation +to Scottish History and Art," remarks that this is one of the few pieces of +British official regalia which is still adorned with the ancient ensigns of +France. But knowing how strictly all official regalia in England is +required to have the armorial devices thereupon changed, as the Royal arms +and badges change, there can be very little doubt that the appearance of +the fleur-de-lis in this case is due to an oversight. The baton happens to +be that of a former Lyon King of Arms, which really should long since have +been discarded and a new one substituted. Two batons are usually placed in +saltire behind the arms of Lyon King of Arms. + +[Illustration: FIG. 20.--A French Herald of the early part of the fifteenth +century.] + +Ulster King of Arms has a staff of office which, however, really belongs to +his office as Knight Attendant on the Most Illustrious Order of St. +Patrick. + +The Scottish Heralds each have a rod of ebony tipped with ivory, {47} which +has been sometimes stated to be a rod of office. This, however, is not the +case, and the explanation of their possession of it is very simple. They +are constantly called upon by virtue of their office to make from the +Market Cross in Edinburgh the Royal Proclamations. Now these Proclamations +are read from printed copies which in size of type and paper are always of +the nature of a poster. The Herald would naturally find some difficulty in +holding up a large piece of paper of this size on a windy day, in such a +manner that it was easy to read from; consequently he winds it round his +ebony staff, slowly unwinding it all the time as he reads. + +Garter King of Arms, Lyon King of Arms, and Ulster King of Arms all possess +badges of their offices which they wear about their necks. + +The badge of Garter is of gold, having on both sides the arms of St. +George, impaled with those of the Sovereign, within the Garter and motto, +enamelled in their proper colours, and ensigned with the Royal crown. + +The badge of Lyon King of Arms is oval, and is worn suspended by a broad +green ribbon. The badge proper consists on the obverse of the effigy of St. +Andrew bearing his cross before him, with a thistle beneath, all enamelled +in the proper colours on an azure ground. The reverse contains the arms of +Scotland, having in the lower parts of the badge a thistle, as on the other +side; the whole surmounted with the Imperial crown. + +The badge of "Ulster" is of gold, containing on one side the cross of St. +Patrick, or, as it is described in the statutes, "The cross gules of the +Order upon a field argent, impaled with the arms of the Realm of Ireland," +and both encircled with the motto, "Quis Separabit," and the date of the +institution of the Order, MDCCLXXXIII. The reverse exhibits the arms of the +office of Ulster, viz.: "Or, a cross gules, on a chief of the last a lion +of England between a harp and portcullis, all of the first," placed on a +ground of green enamel, surrounded by a gold border with shamrocks, +surmounted by an Imperial crown, and suspended by a sky-blue riband from +the neck. + +The arms of the Corporation of the College of Arms are: Argent, a cross +gules between four doves, the dexter wing of each expanded and inverted +azure. Crest: on a ducal coronet or, a dove rising azure. Supporters: two +lions rampant guardant argent, ducally gorged or. + +The official arms of the English Kings of Arms are:-- + +_Garter King of Arms._--Argent, a cross gules, on a chief azure, a ducal +coronet encircled with a garter, between a lion passant guardant on the +dexter and a fleur-de-lis on the sinister all or. + +_Clarenceux King of Arms._--Argent, a cross gules, on a chief of the second +a lion passant guardant or, crowned of the last. {48} + +_Norroy King of Arms._--Argent, a cross gules, on a chief of the second a +lion passant guardant crowned of the first, between a fleur-de-lis on the +dexter and a key on the sinister of the last. + +Badges have never been officially assigned to the various Heralds by any +specific instruments of grant or record; but from a remote period certain +of the Royal badges relating to their titles have been used by various +Heralds, viz.:-- + +_Lancaster._--The red rose of Lancaster ensigned by the Royal crown. + +_York._--The white rose of York en soleil ensigned by the Royal crown. + +_Richmond._--The red rose of Lancaster impaled with the white rose en +soleil of York, the whole ensigned with the Royal crown. + +_Windsor._--Rays of the sun issuing from clouds. + +The four Pursuivants make use of the badges from which they derive their +titles. + +The official arms of Lyon King of Arms and of Lyon Office are the same, +namely: Argent, a lion sejant full-faced gules, holding in the dexter paw a +thistle slipped vert and in the sinister a shield of the second; on a chief +azure, a St. Andrew's cross of the field. + +There are no official arms for Ulster's Office, that office, unlike the +College of Arms, not being a corporate body, but the official arms of +Ulster King of Arms are: Or, a cross gules, on a chief of the last a lion +passant guardant between a harp and a portcullis all of the field. {49} + + + +CHAPTER IV + +HERALDIC BRASSES + +BY REV. WALTER J. KAYE, JUNR., B.A., F.S.A., F.S.A. SCOT. + +_Member of the Monumental Brass Society, London; Honorary Member of the +Spalding Gentlemen's Society; Author of "A Brief History of Gosberton, in +the County of Lincoln."_ + +Monumental brasses do not merely afford a guide to the capricious changes +of fashion in armour, in ecclesiastical vestments (which have altered but +little), and in legal, civilian, and feminine costume, but they provide us +also with a vast number of admirable specimens of heraldic art. The vandal +and the fanatic have robbed us of many of these beautiful memorials, but of +those which survive to our own day the earliest on the continent of Europe +marks the last resting-place of Abbot Ysowilpe, 1231, at Verden, in +Hanover. In England there was once a brass, which unfortunately disappeared +long ago, to an Earl of Bedford, in St. Paul's Church, Bedford, of the year +1208, leaving 1277 as the date of the earliest one. + +Latten (Fr. _laiton_), the material of which brasses were made, was at an +early date manufactured in large quantities at Cologne, whence plates of +this metal came to be known as cullen (Köln) plates; these were largely +exported to other countries, and the Flemish workmen soon attained the +greatest proficiency in their engraving. Flemish brasses are usually large +and rectangular, having the space between the figure and the marginal +inscription filled either by diaper work or by small figures in niches. +Brasses vary considerably in size: the matrix of Bishop Beaumont's brass in +Durham Cathedral measures about 16 feet by 8 feet, and the memorial to +Griel van Ruwescuere, in the chapel of the Lady Superior of the Béguinage +at Bruges, is only about 1 foot square. Brazen effigies are more numerous +in England in the eastern and southern counties, than in parts more remote +from the continent of Europe. + +Armorial bearings are displayed in a great variety of ways on monumental +brasses, some of which are exhibited in the rubbings selected for +illustration. In most cases separate shields are placed above and below the +figures. They occur also in the spandrils of canopies and {50} in the +shafts and finials of the same, as well as in the centre and at the angles +of border-fillets. They naturally predominate in the memorials of warriors, +where we find them emblazoned not only on shield and pennon but on the +scabbard and ailettes, and on the jupon, tabard, and cuirass also, while +crests frequently occur on the tilting-helm. In one case (the brass of Sir +Peter Legh, 1527, at Winwick, co. Lancaster) they figure upon the priestly +chasuble. Walter Pescod, the merchant of Boston, Lincolnshire, 1398, wears +a gown adorned with peascods--a play upon his name; and many a merchant's +brass bears his coat of arms and merchant's mark beside, pointing a moral +to not a few at the present day. The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries +witnessed the greatest profusion in heraldic decoration in brasses, when +the tabard and the heraldic mantle were evolved. A good example of the +former remains in the parish church of Ormskirk, Lancashire, in the brass +commemorating a member of the Scarisbrick family, _c._ 1500 (Fig. 21). +Ladies were accustomed at this time to wear their husband's arms upon the +mantle or outer garment and their own upon the kirtle, but the fashion +which obtained at a subsequent period was to emblazon the husband's arms on +the dexter and their own on the sinister side of the mantle (Fig. 22). + +[Illustration: FIG. 21.--Brass in the Scarisbrick Chapel of Ormskirk +Church, co. Lancs., to a member of the Scarisbrick family of that name. +Arms: Gules, three mullets in bend between two bendlets engrailed argent. +(From a rubbing by Walter J. Kaye.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 22.--Brass of Margaret (daughter of Henry Percy, Earl +of Northumberland), second wife of Henry, 1st Earl of Cumberland, in +Skipton Parish Church. Arms: On the dexter side those of the Earl of +Cumberland, on the sinister side those of Percy.] + +The majority of such monuments, as we behold them now, are destitute of any +indications of metals or tinctures, largely owing to the action of the +varying degrees of temperature in causing contraction and expansion. Here +and there, however, we may still detect traces of their pristine glory. But +these matters received due attention from the engraver. To represent _or_, +he left the surface of the brass untouched, except for gilding or perhaps +polishing; this universal method has solved many heraldic problems. Lead or +some other white metal was inlaid to indicate _argent_, and the various +tinctures were supplied by the excision of a portion of the plate, thereby +forming a depression, which was filled up by pouring in some resinous +substance of the requisite colour. The various kinds of fur used in armory +may be readily distinguished, with the sole exception of _vair_ (_argent_ +and _azure_), which presents the appearance of a row of small upright +shields alternating with a similar row reversed. + +[Illustration: FIG. 23.--Brass of Sir John D'Aubernoun at Stoke D'Abernon. +Arms: Azure, a chevron or. (From a rubbing by Walter J. Kaye.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 24.--Brass of Sir Roger de Trumpington at Trumpington. +Arms: Azure, crusilly and two trumpets palewise or. (From a rubbing by +Walter J. Kaye.)] + +The earliest brass extant in England is that to Sir John D'Aubernoun, the +elder (Fig. 23), at Stoke D'Abernon, in Surrey, which carries us back to +the year 1277. The simple marginal inscription in Norman-French, +surrounding the figure, and each Lombardic capital of which is set in its +own matrix, reads: "Sire: John: Daubernoun: Chivaler: Gist: Icy: Deu: De: +Sa: Alme: Eyt: Mercy:"[3] In the space {51} between the inscription and the +upper portion of the figure were two small shields, of which the dexter one +alone remains, charged with the arms of the knight: "Azure, a chevron, or." +Sir John D'Aubernoun is represented in a complete panoply of chain +mail--his head being protected by a _coif de mailles_, which is joined to +the _hauberk_ or mail {52} shirt, which extends to the hands, having +apparently no divisions for the fingers, and being tightened by straps at +the wrists. The legs, which are not crossed, are covered by long +_chausses_, or stockings of mail, {53} protected at the knees by _poleyns_ +or _genouillères_ of _cuir bouilli_ richly ornamented by elaborate designs. +A surcoat, probably of linen, depends from the shoulders to a little below +the knees, and is cut away to a point above {54} the knee. This garment is +tightly confined (as the creases in the surcoat show) at the waist by a +girdle, and over it is passed a _guige_ whereto the long sword is attached. +"Pryck" spurs are fixed to the instep, and the feet rest upon a lion, whose +mouth grasps the lower portion of a lance. The lance bears a pennon charged +with a chevron, as also is the small heater-shaped shield borne on the +knight's left arm. The whole composition measures about eight feet by +three. + +Heraldry figures more prominently in our second illustration, the brass to +Sir Roger de Trumpington, 1289 (Fig. 24). This fine effigy lies under the +canopy of an altar-tomb, so called, in the Church of St. Michael and All +Angels, Trumpington, Cambridgeshire. It portrays the knight in armour +closely resembling that already described, with these exceptions: the head +rests upon a huge _heaume_, or tilting-helm, attached by a chain to the +girdle, and the neck is here protected from side-thrusts by _ailettes_ or +oblong plates fastened behind the shoulders, and bearing the arms of Sir +Roger. A dog here replaces the lion at the feet, the lance and pennon are +absent, and the shield is rounded to the body. On this brass the arms not +only occur upon the shield, but also upon the ailettes, and are four times +repeated on the scabbard. They afford a good example of "canting" arms: +"Azure, crusilly and two trumpets palewise or, with a label of five points +in chief, for difference." It is interesting also to notice that the +engraver had not {55} completed his task, for the short horizontal lines +across the dexter side of the shield indicate his intention of cutting away +the surface of the field. + +[Illustration: FIG. 25.--Brass of Sir Robert de Septvans in Chartham +Church.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 26.--Brass of Sir William de Aldeburgh at Aldborough, +Yorks. Arms: Azure, a fesse argent between three cross crosslets or. (From +a rubbing by Walter J. Kaye.)] + +Sir Robert de Setvans (formerly Septvans), whose beautiful brass may be +seen at Chartham, Kent, is habited in a surcoat whereon, together with the +shield and ailettes, are seven winnowing fans--another instance of canting +arms (Fig. 25). This one belongs to a somewhat later date, 1307. + +[Illustration: FIG. 27.--Brass of Elizabeth Knevet.] + +Our next example is a mural effigy to Sir William de Aldeburgh, _c._ 1360, +from the north aisle of Aldborough Church, near Boroughbridge, Yorkshire +(Fig. 26). He is attired like the "veray parfite gentil knight" of Chaucer, +in a _bascinet_ or steel cap, to which is laced the _camail_ or tippet of +chain mail, and a hauberk almost concealed by a _jupon_, whereon are +emblazoned his arms: "Azure, a fess indented argent, between three +crosslets botony, or." The first crosslet is charged with an annulet, +probably as a mark of cadency. The engraver has omitted the indenture upon +the fess, which, however, appears upon the shield. The knight's arms are +protected by _epaulières_, _brassarts_, _coutes_, and _vambraces_; his +hands, holding a heart, by gauntlets of steel. An elaborate baldric passes +round his waist, from which are suspended, on the left, a cross-hilted +sword, in a slightly ornamented scabbard; on the right, a _misericorde_, or +dagger of mercy. The thighs are covered by cuisses--steel plates, here +deftly concealed probably by satin or velvet secured by metal studs--the +knees by _genouillères_, the lower leg by _jambes_, which reveal chausses +of mail at the interstices. Sollerets, or long, pointed shoes, whereto are +attached rowel spurs, complete his outfit. The figure stands upon a bracket +bearing the name "Will's de Aldeburgh." + +The parish church of Eastington, Gloucestershire, contains a brass to +Elizabeth Knevet, which is illustrated and described by Mr. Cecil T. Davis +at p. 117 of his excellent work on the "Monumental Brasses of +Gloucestershire."[4] The block (Fig. 27), which presents a good example of +the heraldic mantle, has been very kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. +Davis. To confine our description to the heraldic portion of the brass, we +find the following arms upon the mantle:-- + +"Quarterly, 1. argent, a bend sable, within a bordure engrailed azure +(Knevet); 2. argent, a bend azure, and chief, gules (Cromwell); 3. chequy +or and gules, a chief ermine (Tatshall); 4. chequy or and gules, a bend +ermine (De Cailly or Clifton); 5. paly of six within a bordure bezanté.... +6. bendy of six, a canton...."[5] + +A coat of arms occurs also at each corner of the slab: "Nos. 1 and 4 are on +ordinary shields, and 2 and 3 on lozenges. Nos. 1 and {56} 3 are charged +with the same bearings as are on her mantle. No. 2, on a lozenge, +quarterly, 1. Knevet; 2. Cromwell; 3. Tatshall; 4. Cailli; 5. De Woodstock; +6. paly of six within a bordure; 7. bendy of six, a canton; 8. or, a +chevron gules (Stafford); 9. azure, a bend cottised between six lioncels +rampant, or (de Bohun). No. 4 similar to No. 1, with the omission of 2 and +3." + +In later times thinner plates of metal were employed, a fact which largely +contributed to preclude much of the boldness in execution hitherto +displayed. A prodigality in shading, either by means of parallel lines or +by cross-hatching, also tended to mar the beauty of later work of this +kind. Nevertheless there are some good brasses of the Stuart period. These +sometimes consist of a single quadrangular plate, with the upper portion +occupied by armorial bearings and emblematical figures, the centre by an +inscription, and the lower portion by a representation of the deceased, as +at Forcett, in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Frequently, however, as at +Rotherham and Rawmarsh, in the West Riding of the same county, the +inscription is surmounted by a view of the whole family, the father +kneeling on a cushion at a fald-stool, with his sons in a similar attitude +behind him, and the mother likewise engaged with her daughters on the +opposite side, while the armorial insignia find a place on separate shields +above. {57} + + + +CHAPTER V + +THE COMPONENT PARTS OF AN ACHIEVEMENT + +We now come to the science of armory and the rules governing the display of +these marks of honour. The term "coat of arms," as we have seen, is derived +from the textile garment or "surcoat" which was worn over the armour, and +which bore in embroidery a duplication of the design upon the shield. There +can be very little doubt that arms themselves are older than the fact of +the surcoat or the term "coat of arms." The entire heraldic or armorial +decoration which any one is entitled to bear may consist of many things. It +must as a minimum consist of a shield of arms, for whilst there are many +coats of arms in existence, and many still rightly in use at the present +day, to which no crest belongs, a crest in this country cannot lawfully +exist without its complementary coat of arms. For the last two certainly, +and probably nearly three centuries, no original grant of personal arms has +ever been issued without it containing the grant of a crest except in the +case of a grant to a woman, who of course cannot bear or transmit a crest; +or else in the case of arms borne in right of women or descent from women, +through whom naturally no right to a crest could have been transmitted. The +grants which I refer to as exceptions are those of quarterings and +impalements to be borne with other arms, or else exemplifications following +upon the assumption of name and arms which in fact and theory are regrants +of previously existing arms, in which cases the regrant is of the original +coat with or without a crest, as the case may be, and as the arms +theretofor existed. Grants of impersonal arms also need not include a +crest. As it has been impossible for the last two centuries to obtain a +grant of arms without its necessarily accompanying grant of crest, a +decided distinction attaches to the lawful possession of arms which have no +crest belonging to them, for of necessity the arms must be at least two +hundred years old. Bearing this in mind, one cannot but wonder at the +actions of some ancient families like those of Astley and Pole, who, +lawfully possessing arms concerning which there is and can be no doubt or +question, yet nevertheless invent and use crests which have no authority. + +One instance and one only do I know where a crest has had a {58} legitimate +existence without any coat of arms. This case is that of the family of +Buckworth, who at the time of the Visitations exhibited arms and crest. The +arms infringed upon those of another family, and no sufficient proof could +be produced to compel their admission as borne of right. The arms were +respited for further proof, while the crest was allowed, presumably +tentatively, and whilst awaiting the further proof for the arms; no proof, +however, was made. The arms and crest remained in this position until the +year 1806, when Sir Buckworth Buckworth-Herne, whose father had assumed the +additional name of Herne, obtained a Royal Licence to bear the name of +Soame in addition to and after those of Buckworth-Herne, with the arms of +Soame quarterly with the arms of Buckworth. It then became necessary to +prove the right to these arms of Buckworth, and they were accordingly +regranted with the trifling addition of an ermine spot upon the chevron; +consequently this solitary instance has now been rectified, and I cannot +learn of any other instance where these exceptional circumstances have +similarly occurred; and there never has been a grant of a crest alone +unless arms have been in existence previously. + +Whilst arms may exist alone, and the decoration of a shield form the only +armorial ensign of a person, such need not be the case; and it will usually +be found that the armorial bearings of an ordinary commoner consist of +shield, crest, and motto. To these must naturally be added the helmet and +mantling, which become an essential to other than an abbreviated +achievement when a crest has to be displayed. It should be remembered, +however, that the helmet is not specifically granted, and apparently is a +matter of inherent right, so that a person would not be in the wrong in +placing a helmet and mantling above a shield even when no crest exists to +surmount the helmet. The motto is usually to be found but is not a +necessity, and there are many more coats of arms which have never been used +with a motto than shields which exist without a crest. Sometimes a +_cri-de-guerre_ will be found instead of or in addition to a motto. The +escutcheon may have supporters, or it may be displayed upon an eagle or a +lymphad, &c., for which particular additions no other generic term has yet +been coined save the very inclusive one of "exterior ornaments." A coronet +of rank may form a part of the achievement, and the shield may be encircled +by the "ribbons" or the "circles" or by the Garter, of the various Orders +of Knighthood, and by their collars. Below it may depend the badge of a +Baronet of Nova Scotia, or of an Order of Knighthood, and added to it may +possibly be what is termed a compartment, though this is a feature almost +entirely peculiar to Scottish armory. There is also the crowning +distinction of a badge; and of all armorial insignia this is the most +cherished, for the existing badges {59} are but few in number. The +escutcheon may be placed in front of the crosiers of a bishop, the batons +of the Earl Marshal, or similar ornaments. It may be displayed upon a +mantle of estate, or it may be borne beneath a pavilion. With two more +additions the list is complete, and these are the banner and the standard. +For these several features of armory reference must be made to the various +chapters in which they are treated. + +Suffice it here to remark that whilst the term "coat of arms" has through +the slipshod habits of English philology come to be used to signify a +representation of any heraldic bearing, the correct term for the whole +emblazonment is an "achievement," a term most frequently employed to +signify the whole, but which can correctly be used to signify anything +which a man is entitled to represent of an armorial character. Had not the +recent revival of interest in armory taken place, we should have found a +firmly rooted and even yet more slipshod declension, for a few years ago +the habit of the uneducated in styling anything stamped upon a sheet of +note-paper "a crest," was fast becoming stereotyped into current +acceptance. {60} + + + +CHAPTER VI + +THE SHIELD + +The shield is the most important part of the achievement, for on it are +depicted the signs and emblems of the house to which it appertains; the +difference marks expressive of the cadency of the members within that +house; the augmentations of honour which the Sovereign has conferred; the +quarterings inherited from families which are represented, and the +impalements of marriage; and it is with the shield principally that the +laws of armory are concerned, for everything else is dependent upon the +shield, and falls into comparative insignificance alongside of it. + +Let us first consider the shield itself, without reference to the charges +it carries. A shield may be depicted in any fashion and after any shape +that the imagination can suggest, which shape and fashion have been +accepted at any time as the shape and fashion of a shield. There is no law +upon the subject. The various shapes adopted in emblazonments in past ages, +and used at the present time in imitation of past usage--for luckily the +present period has evolved no special shield of its own--are purely the +result of artistic design, and have been determined at the periods they +have been used in heraldic art by no other consideration than the +particular theory of design that has happened to dominate the decoration, +and the means and ends of such decoration of that period. The lozenge +certainly is reserved for and indicative of the achievements of the female +sex, but, save for this one exception, the matter may be carried further, +and arms be depicted upon a banner, a parallelogram, a square, a circle, or +an oval; and even then one would be correct, for the purposes of armory, in +describing such figures as shields on all occasions on which they are made +the vehicles for the emblazonment of a design which properly and originally +should be borne upon a shield. Let no one think that a design ceases to be +a coat of arms if it is not displayed upon a shield. Many people have +thought to evade the authority of the Crown as the arbiter of coat-armour, +and the penalties of taxation imposed by the Revenue by using designs +without depicting them upon a shield. This little deception has always been +borne in mind, {61} for we find in the Royal Warrants of Queen Elizabeth +commanding the Visitations that the King of Arms to whom the warrant was +addressed was to "correcte, cumptrolle and refourme all mann' of armes, +crests, cognizaunces and devices unlawfull or unlawfully usurped, borne or +taken by any p'son or p'sons within the same p'vince cont^ary to the due +order of the laws of armes, and the same to rev'se, put downe or otherwise +deface at his discrecon as well in coote armors, helmes, standerd, pennons +and hatchmets of tents and pavilions, as also in plate jewells, pap', +parchement, wyndowes, gravestones and monuments, or elsewhere wheresoev' +they be sett or placed, whether they be in shelde, schoocheon, lozenge, +square, rundell or otherwise howsoev' cont^arie to the autentiq' and +auncient lawes, customes, rules, privileges and orders of armes." + +[Illustration: FIG. 28.--Taken from the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count +of Anjou.] + +The Act 32 & 33 Victoria, section 19, defines (for the purpose of the +taxation it enforced) armorial bearings to mean and include "any armorial +bearing, crest, or ensign, by whatever name the same shall be called, and +whether such armorial bearing, crest, or ensign shall be registered in the +College of Arms or not." + +The shape of the shield throughout the rest of Europe has also varied +between wide extremes, and at no time has any one particular shape been +assigned to or peculiar to any country, rank, or condition, save possibly +with one exception, namely, that the use of the cartouche or oval seems to +have been very nearly universal with ecclesiastics in France, Spain, and +Italy, though never reserved exclusively for their use. Probably this was +an attempt on the part of the Church to get away from the military +character of the shield. It is in keeping with the rule by which, even at +the present day, a bishop or a cardinal bears neither helmet nor crest, +using in place thereof his ecclesiastical mitre or tasselled hat, and by +which the clergy, both abroad and in this country, seldom made use of a +crest in depicting their arms. A clergyman in this country, however, has +never been denied the right of using a crest (if he possesses one and +chooses to display it) until he reaches episcopal rank. A grant of arms to +a clergyman at the present day depicts his achievement with helmet, +mantling, and crest in identical form with those adopted for any one else. +But the laws of armory, official and amateur, have always denied the right +to make use of a crest to bishop, archbishop, and cardinal. + +At the present day, if a grant of arms is made to a bishop of the +Established Church, the emblazonment at the head of his patent consists of +shield and mitre only. The laws of the Church of England, however, require +no vow of celibacy from its ecclesiastics, and consequently the descendants +of a bishop would be placed in the position of having no crest to display +if the bishop and his requirements were {62} alone considered. So that in +the case of a grant to a bishop the crest is granted for his descendants in +a separate clause, being depicted by itself in the body of the patent apart +from the emblazonment "in the margin hereof," which in an ordinary patent +is an emblazonment of the whole achievement. A similar method is usually +adopted in cases in which the actual patentee is a woman, and where, by the +limitations attached to the patent being extended beyond herself, males are +brought in who will bear the arms granted to the patentee as their +pronominal arms. In these cases the arms of the patentee are depicted upon +a lozenge at the head of the patent, the crest being depicted separately +elsewhere. + +Whilst shields were actually used in warfare the utilitarian article +largely governed the shape of the artistic representation, but after the +fifteenth century the latter gradually left the beaten track of utility and +passed wholly into the cognisance of art and design. The earliest shape of +all is the long, narrow shape, which is now but seldom seen. This was +curved to protect the body, which it nearly covered, and an interesting +example of this is to be found in the monumental slab of champlevé enamel, +part of the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (Fig. 28), the +ancestor of our own Royal dynasty of Plantagenet, who died in the year +1150. This tomb was formerly in the cathedral of Le Mans, and is now in the +museum there. I shall have occasion again to refer to it. The shield is +blue; the lions are gold. + +Other forms of the same period are found with curved tops, in the shape of +an inverted pear, but the form known as the heater-shaped shield is to all +intents and purposes the earliest shape which was used for armorial +purposes. + +The church of St. Elizabeth at Marburg, in Hesse, affords examples of +shields which are exceedingly interesting, inasmuch as they are {63} +original and contemporary even if only pageant shields. Those which now +remain are the shields of the Landgrave Konrad (d. 1241) of Thuringia and +of Henry of Thuringia (d. 1298). The shield of the former (see Fig. 29) is +90 centimetres high and 74 wide. Konrad was Landgrave of Thuringia and +Grand Master of the Teutonic Order of Knighthood. His arms show the lion of +Thuringia barry of gules and argent on a field of azure, and between the +hind feet a small shield, with the arms of the Teutonic Order of Knights. +The only remains of the lion's mane are traces of the nails. The body of +the lion is made of pressed leather, and the yellow claws have been +supplied with a paint-brush. A precious stone probably represented the eye. + +[Illustration: FIG. 29.--Shield of the Landgrave Konrad of Thuringia (died +1241).] + +The making and decorating of the shields lay mostly in the hands of the +herald painters, known in Germany as _Schilter_, who, in addition to +attending to the shield and crest, also had charge of all the riding +paraphernalia, because most of the articles comprised therein were {64} +heraldically decorated. Many of these shield-workers' fraternities won +widespread fame for themselves, and enjoyed great consideration at that +time. + +Thus the "History of a Celebrated Painters' Guild on the Lower Rhine" tells +us of costly shields which the shield-workers of Paris had supplied, 1260, +&c. Vienna, too, was the home of a not unimportant shield-workers' guild, +and the town archives of Vienna contain writings of the fifteenth century +treating of this subject. For instance, we learn that in an order of St. +Luke's parish, June 28, 1446, with regard to the masterpiece of a member of +the guild-- + +"Item, a shield-worker shall make four new pieces of work with his own +hand, a jousting saddle, a leather apron, a horse's head-piece, and a +jousting shield, that shall he do in eight weeks, and must be able to paint +it with his own hand, as Knight and man-at-arms shall direct." + +The shield was of wood, covered with linen or leather, the charges in +relief and painted. Leather plastic was very much esteemed in the early +Middle Ages. The leather was soaked in oil, and pressed or beaten into +shape. Besides piecing and leather plastic, pressed linen (linen dipped in +chalk and lime) was also used, and a kind of tempera painting on a chalk +background. After the shield was decorated with the charges, it was +frequently strengthened with metal clasps, or studs, particularly those +parts which were more especially exposed to blows and pressure. These +clasps and nails originally had no other object than to make the shield +stronger and more durable, but later on their nature was misunderstood; +they were treated and used as genuine heraldic charges, and stereotyped +into hereditary designs. The long strips with which the edge was bound were +called the "frame" (_Schildgestell_), the clasps introduced in the middle +of the shield the "buckle" or "umbo" (see on Fig. 28), from which +frequently circularly arranged metal snaps reached the edge of the shield. +This latter method of strengthening the shield was called the "Buckelrîs," +a figure which was afterwards frequently employed as a heraldic charge, and +is known in Germany by the name of _Lilienhaspel_ (Lily-staple) or +_Glevenrad_, or, as we term it in England, the escarbuncle. + +In the second half of the fourteenth century, when the tournament provided +the chief occasion for the shield, the jousting-shield, called in Germany +the _Tartsche_ or _Tartscher_, came into use, and from this class of shield +the most varied shapes were gradually developed. These _Tartschen_ were +decidedly smaller than the earlier Gothic shields, being only about +one-fifth of a man's height. They were concave, and had on the side of the +knight's right hand a circular indentation. This was the spear-rest, in +which to place the tilting-spear. The later {65} art of heraldic decoration +symmetrically repeated the spear-rest on the sinister side of the shield, +and, by so doing, transformed a useful fact into a matter of mere artistic +design. Doubtless it was argued that if indentations were correct at one +point in the outline they were correct at another, and when once the actual +fact was departed from the imagination of designers knew no limits. But if +the spear-rest as such is introduced into the outline of a shield it should +be on the dexter side. + +[Illustration: FIG. 30.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 31.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 32.] + +Reverting to the various shapes of shield, however, the degeneration is +explained by a remark of Mr. G. W. Eve in the able book which he has +recently published under the title of "Decorative Heraldry," in which, +alluding to heraldic art in general, he says (p. 235):-- + +"With the Restoration heraldry naturally became again conspicuous, with the +worst form of the Renaissance character in full sway, the last vestiges of +the Gothic having disappeared. Indeed, the contempt with which the +superseded style was regarded amounted to fanaticism, and explains, in a +measure, how so much of good could be relinquished in favour of so weak a +successor." + +Later came the era of gilded embellishments, of flowing palms, of borders +decorated with grinning heads, festoons of ribbon, and fruit and flowers in +abundance. The accompanying examples are reproduced from a book, Knight and +Rumley's "Heraldry." The book is not particularly well known to the public, +inasmuch as its circulation was entirely confined to heraldic artists, +coach-painters, engravers, and die-sinkers. Amongst these handicraftsmen +its reputation was and is great. With the school of design it adopted, +little or no sympathy now exists, but a short time ago (how short many of +those who are now vigorous advocates of the Gothic and mediæval styles +would be startled to realise were they to recognise actual facts) no other +style was known or considered by the public. As examples of that style the +plates of Knight and Rumley were admittedly far in advance of any other +book, and as specimens of copperplate engraving they are superb. Figs. 30, +31, and 32 show typical examples of escutcheons from Knight and Rumley; and +as the volume was in the hands of most of the heraldic handicraftsmen, it +will be found that this type of design was constantly to be met with. The +external decoration of the shield was carried to great lengths, and Fig. 31 +found many admirers and users amongst the gallant "sea-dogs" of the +kingdom. In fact, so far was the idea carried that a trophy of military +weapons was actually granted by patent as part of the supporters of the +Earl of Bantry. Fig. 30, from the same source, is the military equivalent. +These plates are interesting as being some of the examples from which most +of the heraldic handicraft of a recent period was adapted. The {66} +official shield eventually stereotyped itself into a shape akin to that +shown in Fig. 32, though nowadays considerable latitude is permitted. For +paintings which are not upon patents the design of the shield rests with +the individual taste of the different officers of arms, and recently some +of the work for which they have been responsible has reached a high +standard judged even by the strictest canons of art. In Scotland, until +very recently, the actual workmanship of the emblazonments which were +issued from Lyon Office was so wretchedly poor that one is hardly justified +in taking them into consideration as a type. With the advent into office of +the present Lyon King of Arms (Sir James Balfour Paul), a complete change +has been made, and both the workmanship and design of the paintings upon +the patents of grant and matriculation, and also in the Lyon Register, have +been examples of everything that could be desired. {67} + + + +CHAPTER VII + +THE FIELD OF A SHIELD AND THE HERALDIC TINCTURES + +The shield itself and its importance in armory is due to its being the +vehicle whereon are elaborated the pictured emblems and designs which +constitute coat-armour. It should be borne in mind that theoretically all +shields are of equal value, saving that a shield of more ancient date is +more estimable than one of recent origin, and the shield of the head of the +house takes precedence of the same arms when differenced for a younger +member of the family. A shield crowded with quarterings is interesting +inasmuch as each quartering in the ordinary event means the representation +through a female of some other family or branch thereof. But the real value +of such a shield should be judged rather by the age of the single +quartering which represents the strict male descent male upon male, and a +simple coat of arms without quarterings may be a great deal more ancient +and illustrious than a shield crowded with coat upon coat. A fictitious and +far too great estimation is placed upon the right to display a long string +of quarterings. In reality quarterings are no more than accidents, because +they are only inherited when the wife happens to be an heiress in blood. It +is quite conceivable that there may be families, in fact there are such +families, who are able to begin their pedigrees at the time of the +Conquest, and who have married a long succession of noble women, all of the +highest birth, but yet none of whom have happened to be heiresses. +Consequently the arms, though dating from the earliest period at which arms +are known, would remain in their simple form without the addition of a +solitary quartering. On the other hand, I have a case in mind of a marriage +which took place some years ago. The husband is the son of an alien whose +original position, if report speaks truly, was that of a pauper immigrant. +His wealth and other attributes have placed him in a good social position; +but he has no arms, and, as far as the world is aware, no ancestry +whatever. Let us now consider his wife's family. Starting soon after the +Conquest, its descendants obtained high position and married heiress after +heiress, and before the commencement of this century had amassed a shield +of quarterings which can readily be proved to be little short of a hundred +in number. Probably the number {68} is really much greater. A large family +followed in one generation, and one of the younger sons is the ancestor of +the aforesaid wife. But the father of this lady never had any sons, and +though there are many males of the name to carry on the family in the +senior line and also in several younger branches, the wife, by the absence +of brothers, happens to be a coheir; and as such she transmits to her issue +the right to all the quarterings she has inherited. If the husband ever +obtains a grant of arms, the date of them will be subsequent to the present +time; but supposing such a grant to be obtained, the children will +inevitably inherit the scores of quarterings which belong to their mother. +Now it would be ridiculous to suppose that such a shield is better or such +a descent more enviable than the shield of a family such as I first +described. Quarterings are all very well in their way, but their +glorification has been carried too far. + +A shield which displays an augmentation is of necessity more honourable +than one without. At the same time no scale of precedence has ever been +laid down below the rank of esquires; and if such precedence does really +exist at all, it can only be according to the date of the grant. Here in +England the possession of arms carries with it no style or title, and +nothing in his designation can differentiate the position of Mr. Scrope of +Danby, the male descendant of one of the oldest families in this country, +whose arms were upheld in the Scrope and Grosvenor controversy in 1390, or +Mr. Daubeney of Cote, from a Mr. Smith, whose known history may have +commenced at the Foundling Hospital twenty years ago. In this respect +English usage stands apart, for whilst a German is "Von" and a Frenchman +was "De," if of noble birth, there is no such apparent distinction in +England, and never has been. The result has been that the technical +nobility attaching to the possession of arms is overlooked in this country. +On the Continent it is usual for a patent creating a title to contain a +grant of the arms, because it is recognised that the two are inseparable. +This is not now the case in England, where the grant of arms is one thing +and the grant of the title another, and where it is possible, as in the +case of Lord St. Leonards, to possess a peerage without ever having +obtained the first step in rank, which is nobility or gentility. + +The foregoing is in explanation of the fact that except in the matter of +date all shields are equal in value. + +So much being understood, it is possible to put that consideration on one +side, and speaking from the artistically technical point of view, the +remark one often hears becomes correct, that the simpler a coat of arms the +better. The remark has added truth from the fact that most ancient coats of +arms were simple, and many modern coats are far from being worthy of such a +description. {69} + +A coat of arms must consist of at least one thing, to wit, the "field." +This is equivalent in ordinary words to the colour of the ground of the +shield. A great many writers have asserted that every coat of arms must +consist of at least the field, and a charge, though most have mentioned as +a solitary exception the arms of Brittany, which were simply "ermine." A +plain shield of ermine (Fig. 33) was borne by John of Brittany, Earl of +Richmond (d. 1399), though some of his predecessors had relegated the arms +of Brittany to a "quarter ermine" upon more elaborate escutcheons (Fig. +61). This idea as to arms of one tincture was, however, exploded in +Woodward and Burnett's "Treatise on Heraldry," where no less than forty +different examples are quoted. The above-mentioned writer continues: "There +is another use of a plain red shield which must not be omitted. In the full +quartered coat of some high sovereign princes of Germany--Saxony (duchies), +Brandenburg (Prussia), Bavaria, Anhalt--appears a plain red quartering; +this is known as the _Blut Fahne_ or _Regalien_ quarter, and is indicative +of Royal prerogatives. It usually occupies the base of the shield, and is +often diapered." + +[Illustration: FIG. 33.--Arms of John (de Montfort, otherwise de Bretagne), +Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond. (From his seal.)] + +But in spite of the lengthy list which is quoted in Woodward and Burnett, +the fact remains that only one British instance is included. The family of +Berington of Chester (on the authority of Harleian manuscript No. 1535) is +said to bear a plain shield of azure. Personally I doubt this coat of arms +for the Berington family of Chester, which is probably connected with the +neighbouring family in Shropshire, who in later times certainly used very +different arms. The plain shield of ermine is sometimes to be found as a +quartering for Brittany in the achievement of those English families who +have the right to quarter the Royal arms; but I know of no other British +case in which, either as a quartering or as a pronominal coat, arms of one +tincture exist. + +But there are many coats which have no charge, the distinctive device +consisting of the partition of the shield in some recognised heraldic +method into two or more divisions of different tinctures. Amongst such +coats may be mentioned the arms of Waldegrave, which are simply: Party per +pale argent and gules; Drummond of Megginch, whose arms are simply: Party +per fess wavy or and gules; and the arms of Boyle, which are: Per bend +embattled argent and gules. The arms of Berners--which are: Quarterly or +and vert--are another example, as are the arms of Campbell (the first +quarter in the Duke of Argyll's achievement), which are: Gyronny or and +sable. {70} + +The coat bendy argent and gules, the ancient arms of Talbot, which are +still borne as a quartering by the Earl of Shrewsbury, Waterford, and +Talbot; and the coat chequy or and azure, a quartering for Warren, which is +still borne by the House of Howard, all come within the same category. +There are many other coats of this character which have no actual charge +upon them. + +The colour of the shield is termed the field when it consists of only one +colour, and when it consists of more than one colour the two together +compose the field. The field is usually of one or more of the recognised +metals, colours, or furs. + +The metals are gold and silver, these being termed "or" and "argent." The +colours, which are really the "tinctures," if this word is to be used +correctly, are: gules (red), azure (blue), vert (green), purpure (purple), +and (in spite of the fact that it is not really a colour) black, which is +known as sable. + +The metal gold, otherwise "or," is often represented in emblazonments by +yellow: as a matter of fact yellow has always been used for gold in the +Register Books of the College of Arms, and Lyon Office has recently +reverted to this practice. In ancient paintings and emblazonments the use +of yellow was rather more frequent than the use of gold, but gold at all +times had its use, and was never discarded. Gold seems to have been usually +used upon ancient patents, whilst yellow was used in the registrations of +them retained in the Offices of Arms, but I know of no instance in British +armory in which the word yellow has been used in a blazon to represent any +tint distinct from gold. With regard to the other metal, silver, or, as it +is always termed, "argent," the same variation is found in the usage of +silver and white in representing argent that we find in yellow and gold, +though we find that the use of the actual metal (silver) in emblazonment +does not occur to anything like the same extent as does the use of gold. +Probably this is due to the practical difficulty that no one has yet +discovered a silver medium which does not lose its colour. The use of +aluminium was thought to have solved the difficulty, but even this loses +its brilliancy, and probably its usage will never be universally adopted. +This is a pity, for the use of gold in emblazonments gives a brilliancy in +effect to a collection of coat-armour which it is a pity cannot be extended +by an equivalent usage of silver. The use of silver upon the patents at the +College of Arms has been discontinued some centuries, though aluminium is +still in use in Lyon Office. Argent is therefore usually represented either +by leaving the surface untouched, or by the use of Chinese white. + +I believe I am the first heraldic writer to assert the existence of the +heraldic colour of white in addition to the heraldic argent. Years ago {71} +I came across the statement that a white label belonged only to the Royal +Family, and could be used by no one else. I am sorry to say that though I +have searched high and low I cannot find the authority for the statement, +nor can I learn from any officer of arms that the existence of such a rule +is asserted; but there is this curious confirmation that in the warrants by +which the various labels are assigned to the different members of the Royal +Family, the labels are called white labels. Now the label of the Prince of +Wales is of three points and is plain. Heraldry knows nothing of the black +lines which in drawing a coat of arms usually appear for the outline of a +charge. In older work such lines are absent. In any case they are only mere +accidents of draughtsmanship. Bearing this in mind, and bearing in mind +that the sinister supporter of the Prince of Wales is a unicorn argent, how +on earth is a plain label of argent to be depicted thereupon? Now it is +necessary also that the label shall be placed upon the crest, which is a +lion statant guardant or, crowned with the coronet of the Prince, and upon +the dexter supporter which is another golden lion; to place an argent label +upon either is a flat violation of the rule which requires that metal shall +not be placed upon metal, nor colour upon colour; but if the unicorn is +considered argent, which it is, it would if really depicted in silver be +quite possible to paint a white label upon it, for the distinction between +white and silver is marked, and a white label upon a gold lion is not metal +upon metal. Quite recently a still further and startling confirmation has +come under my notice. In the grant of a crest to Thomas Mowbray, Earl of +Nottingham, the coronet which is to encircle the neck of the leopard is +distinctly blazoned argent, the label to which he is previously said to +have had a just hereditary right is as distinctly blazoned white, and the +whole grant is so short that inadvertence could hardly be pleaded as an +explanation for the distinction in blazon. Instances of an official +exemplification of coats of arms with labels are not uncommon, because the +label in some number of families, for example Courtenay and Prideaux-Brune +and Barrington, has become stereotyped into a charge. In none of these +cases, however, is it either argent or white, but instances of the +exemplification of a coat of arms bearing a label as a mark of cadency are, +outside the members of the Royal Family, distinctly rare; they are +necessarily so, because outside the Royal Family the label is merely the +temporary mark of the eldest son or grandson during the lifetime of the +head of the house, and the necessity for the exemplification of the arms of +an eldest son can seldom occur. The one circumstance which might provide us +with the opportunity is the exemplification consequent upon a change of +name and arms by an eldest son during the lifetime of his father; but {72} +this very circumstance fails to provide it, because the exemplification +only follows a change of arms, and the arms being changed, there no longer +exists the necessity for a mark of cadency; so that instances of the +official use of a label for cadency are rare, but of such as occur I can +learn of none which has received official sanction which blazons the label +white. There is, however, one coat which is said to have a label argent as +a charge, this is the coat of Fitz-Simon, which is quoted in Papworth, upon +the authority of one of the Harleian Manuscripts, as follows: Sable, three +crescents, in chief a label of two drops and in fess another of one drop +argent; and the same coat of arms is recorded in a funeral entry in +Ulster's Office. The label is not here termed white, and it is peculiar +that we find it of another colour in another coat of Fitz-Simon (azure, a +lion rampant ermine, a label of four point gules). + +[Illustration: FIG. 34.--Armorial bearings of Henry de Lacy, Earl of +Lincoln (d. 1311): Or, a lion rampant purpure. (From his seal.)] + +Of other colours may be mentioned purpure (purple). This in English +heraldry is a perfectly well recognised colour, and though its use is +extremely rare in comparison with the others, it will be found too +frequently for it to be classed as an exception. The earliest instance of +this tincture which I have met with is in the coat of De Lacy (Fig. 34). +The Roll of Caerlaverock speaks of his + + "Baniere ot de un cendall saffrin, + O un lion rampant porprin," + +whilst MS. Cott. Calig. A. xviii. quotes the arms: "_De or, a un lion +rampaund de pourpre_." The Burton coat of the well-known Shropshire family +of Lingen-Burton is: Quarterly purpure and azure, a cross engrailed or +between four roses argent. The Irish baronets of the name of Burton, who +claimed descent from this family, bore a very similar coat, namely: Per +pale azure and purpure, a cross engrailed or between four roses argent. + +Two other colours will be found in nearly all text-books of English armory. +These are murrey or sanguine, and orange or tenné. The exact tint of murrey +is between gules and purpure; and tenné is an orange-tawny colour. They are +both "stains," and were perhaps invented by the old heralds for the +perpetration of their preposterous system of abatements, which will be +found set out in full in the old heraldry books, but which have yet to be +found occurring in fact. The subject of abatements is one of those pleasant +little insanities which have done so much to the detriment of heraldry. +One, and one only, can be said {73} to have had the slightest foundation in +fact; that was the entire reversal of the escutcheon in the ceremony of +degradation following upon attainder for high treason. Even this, however, +was but temporary, for a man forfeited his arms entirely by attainder. They +were torn down from his banner of knighthood; they were erased in the +records of the College of Arms; but on that one single occasion when he was +drawn upon a hurdle to the place of his execution, they are said to have +been painted reversed upon paper, which paper was fastened to his breast. +But the arms then came to an end, and his descendants possessed none at +all. They certainly had not the right to depict their shield upside down +(even if they had cared to display such a monstrosity). Unless and until +the attainder was reversed, arms (like a title) were void; and the proof of +this is to be found in the many regrants of arms made in cases where the +attainder has remained, as in the instances of the Earl of Stafford and the +ancestor of the present Lord Barnard. But that any person should have been +supposed to have been willing to make use of arms carrying an abatement is +preposterous, and no instance of such usage is known. Rather would a man +decline to bear arms at all; and that any one should have imagined the +existence of a person willing to advertise himself as a drunkard or an +adulterer, with variations in the latter case according to the personality +of his partner in guilt, is idiotic in the extreme. Consequently, as no +example of an abatement has ever been found, one might almost discard the +"stains" of murrey and tenné were it not that they were largely made use of +for the purposes of liveries, in which usage they had no such objectionable +meaning. At the present day scarlet or gules being appropriated to the +Royal Family for livery purposes, other people possessing a shield of gules +are required to make use of a different red, and though it is now termed +chocolate or claret colour by the utilitarian language of the day, it is in +reality nothing more than the old sanguine or murrey. Of orange-tawny I can +learn of but one livery at the present day. I refer to the orange-tawny +coats used by the hunt servants of Lord Fitzhardinge, and now worn by the +hunt servants of the Old Berkeley country, near London. _A propos_ of this +it is interesting to note the curious legend that the "pink" of the hunting +field is not due to any reasons of optical advantage, but to an entirely +different reason. Formerly no man might hunt even on his own estate until +he had had licence of free warren from the Crown. Consequently he merely +hunted by the pleasure of the Crown, taking part in what was exclusively a +Royal sport by Royal permission, and for this Royal sport he wore the +King's livery of scarlet. This being the case, it is a curious anomaly that +although the livery of the only Royal pack recently in existence, the Royal +Buck Hounds, was scarlet and gold, the Master {74} wore a green coat. The +legend may be a fallacy, inasmuch as scarlet did not become the Royal +livery until the accession of the Stuarts; but it is by no means clear to +what date the scarlet hunting coat can be traced. + +There is, however, one undoubted instance of the use of sanguine for the +field of a coat of arms, namely, the arms of Clayhills of Invergowrie,[6] +which are properly matriculated in Lyon Register. + +To these colours German heraldry has added brown, blood-red (this +apparently is different from the English sanguine, as a different hatching +has been invented for it), earth-colour, iron-grey, water-colour, +flesh-colour, ashen-grey, orange (here also a separate hatching from the +one to represent tenné has been invented), and the colour of nature, _i.e._ +"proper." These doubtless are not intended to be added to the list of +heraldic tinctures, but are noted because various hatchings have been +invented in modern times to represent them. + +Mr. Woodward, in Woodward and Burnett's "Treatise on Heraldry," alludes to +various tinctures amongst Continental arms which he has come across. + +"Besides the metals, tinctures, and furs which have been already described, +other tinctures are occasionally found in the Heraldry of Continental +nations; but are comparatively of such rarity as that they may be counted +among the curiosities of blazon, which would require a separate volume. +That of which I have collected instances is Cendrée, or ash colour, which +is borne by (among others) the Bavarian family of Ashua, as its _armes +parlantes: Cendrée, a mount of three coupeaux in base or_. + +"_Brunâtre_, a brown colour, is even more rare as a tincture of the field; +the MIEROSZEWSKY in Silesia bear, '_de Brunâtre, A cross patée argent +supporting a raven rising sable, and holding in its beak a horseshoe +proper, its points towards the chief_." + +"_Bleu-céleste_, or _bleu du ciel_, appears occasionally, apart from what +we may term 'landscape coats.' That it differs from, and is a much lighter +colour than, azure is shown by the following example. The Florentine CINTI +(now CINI) bear a coat which would be numbered among the _armes fausses, or +à enquérir: Per pale azure and bleu-céleste, an estoile counterchanged_." + +"_Amaranth_ or _columbine_ is the field of a coat (of which the blazon is +too lengthy for insertion in this place) which was granted to a Bohemian +knight in 1701." + +Carnation is the French term for the colour of naked flesh, and is often +employed in the blazonry of that country. {75} + +Perhaps mention should here be made of the English term "proper." Anything, +alive or otherwise, which is depicted in its natural colours is termed +"proper," and it should be depicted in its really correct tones or tints, +without any attempt to assimilate these with any heraldic tincture. It will +not be found in the very ancient coats of arms, and its use is not to be +encouraged. When a natural animal is found existing in various colours it +is usual to so describe it, for the term "proper" alone would leave +uncertainty. For instance, the crest of the Lane family, which was granted +to commemorate the ride of King Charles II. behind Mistress Jane Lane as +her servant, in his perilous escape to the coast after the disastrous +Battle of Worcester, is blazoned "a strawberry roan horse, couped at the +flanks proper, bridled sable, and holding between the feet an Imperial +crown also proper." Lord Cowper's supporters were, on either side of the +escutcheon, "a light dun horse proper, with a large blaze down the face, +the mane close shorn except a tuft on the withers, a black list down the +back, a bob tail, and the near fore-foot and both hind feet white." Another +instance that might be quoted are the supporters of Lord Newlands, which +are: "On either side a dapple-grey horse proper, gorged with a riband and +suspended therefrom an escutcheon gules, charged with three bezants in +chevron." The crest of the family of Bewes, of St. Neots, Cornwall, is: "On +a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a pegasus rearing on his hind legs of a +bay colour, the mane and tail sable, winged or, and holding in the mouth a +sprig of laurel proper." + +There are and were always many occasions in which it was desired to +represent armorial bearings in black and white, or where from the nature of +the handicraft it was impossible to make use of actual colour. But it +should always be pointedly remembered that unless the right colours of the +arms could be used the tinctures were entirely ignored in all matters of +handicraft until the seventeenth century. Various schemes of hatchings, +however, were adopted for the purpose of indicating the real heraldic +colours when arms were represented and the real colours could not be +employed, the earliest being that of Francquart in Belgium, _circa_ 1623. +Woodward says this was succeeded by the systems of Butkens, 1626; Petra +Sancta, 1638; Lobkowitz, 1639; Gelenius; and De Rouck, 1645; but all these +systems differed from each other, and were for a time the cause of +confusion and not of order. Eventually, however, the system of Petra Sancta +(the author of _Tesseræ Gentilitia_) superseded all the others, and has +remained in use up to the present time. + +[Illustration: FIG. 35.] + +Upon this point Herr Ströhl in his _Heraldischer Atlas_ remarks: "The +system of hatching used by Marcus Vulson de la Colombière, 1639, in the +course of time found acceptance everywhere, and has {76} maintained itself +in use unaltered until the present day, and these are shown in Fig. 35, +only that later, hatchings have been invented for brown, grey, &c.; which, +however, seems rather a superfluous enriching." None of these later +creations, by the way, have ever been used in this country. For the sake of +completeness, however, let them be mentioned (see Fig. 36): _a_, brown; +_b_, blood-red; _c_, earth-colour; _d_, iron-grey; _e_, water-colour; _f_, +flesh-colour; _g_, ashen-grey; _h_, orange; and _i_, colour of nature. In +English armory "tenné" is represented by a combination of horizontal (as +azure) lines with diagonal lines from sinister to dexter (as purpure), and +sanguine or murrey by a combination of diagonal lines from dexter to +sinister (as vert), and from sinister to dexter (as purpure). + +[Illustration: FIG. 36.] + +The hatchings of the shield and its charges always accommodate themselves +to the angle at which the shield is placed, those of the crest to the angle +of the helmet. A curious difficulty, however, occurs when a shield, as is +so often the case in this country, forms a part of the crest. Such a shield +is seldom depicted quite upright upon the wreath. Are the tincture lines to +follow the angle of the smaller shield in the crest or the angle of the +helmet? Opinion is by no means agreed upon the point. + +But though this system of representing colours by "hatching" has been +adopted and extensively made use of, it is questionable whether {77} it has +ever received official sanction, at any rate in Great Britain. It certainly +has never been made use of in any _official_ record or document in the +College of Arms. Most of the records are in colour. The remainder are all +without exception "tricked," that is, drawn in outline, the colours being +added in writing in the following contracted forms: "O," or "or," for or; +"A," "ar," or "arg," for argent; "G," or "gu," for gules; "Az," or "B" (for +blue, owing to the likelihood of confusion between "ar" and "az," "B" being +almost universally used in old trickings), for azure; "S," or "sa," for +sable; "Vt" for vert, and "Purp" for purpure. It is unlikely that any +change will be made in the future, for the use of tincture lines is now +very rapidly being discarded by all good heraldic artists in this country. +With the reversion to older and better forms and methods these hatchings +become an anachronism, and save that sable is represented by solid black +they will probably be unused and forgotten before very long. + +The plain, simple names of colours, such as red and green, seemed so +unpoetical and unostentatious to the heralds and poets of the Middle Ages, +that they substituted for gold, topaz; for silver, pearl or "meergries"; +for red, ruby; for blue, sapphire; for green, emerald; and for black, +diamond or "zobel" (sable, the animal, whence the word "sable"). Let the +following blazonment from the grant of arms to Mödling bei Wien in 1458 +serve as example of the same: "Mit namen ain Schilt gleich getailt in +fasse, des ober und maister tail von Rubin auch mit ainer fasse von +Berlein, der under thail von grunt des Schilts von Schmaragaden, darinneain +Pantel von Silber in Rampannt"--(_lit._ "Namely, a shield equally divided +in fess, the upper and greater part of ruby, also with a fess of pearl, the +under part of the field of the shield of emerald, therein a panther of +silver, rampant"); that is, "Per fess gules and vert, in chief a fess +argent, in base a panther rampant of the last." + +Even the planets, and, as abbreviations, their astronomical signs, are +occasionally employed: thus, the _sun_ for gold, the _moon_ for silver, +_Mars_ for red, _Jupiter_ for blue, _Venus_ for green, _Saturn_ for black, +and _Mercury_ for purple. This aberration of intellect on the part of +mediæval heraldic writers, for it really amounted to little more, had very +little, if indeed it had any, English official recognition. No one dreams +of using such blazon at the present time, and it might have been entirely +disregarded were it not that Guillim sanctions its use; and he being the +high priest of English armory to so many, his example has given the system +a certain currency. I am not myself aware of any instance of the use of +these terms in an English patent of arms. + +The furs known to heraldry are now many, but originally they were only two, +"ermine" and "vair." Ermine, as every one knows, is of {78} white covered +with black spots, intended to represent the tails of the animal. From +ermine has been evolved the following variations, viz. ermines, erminois, +pean, and erminites. "Ermines" is a black field with white ermine spots +(the French term for this is _contre-hermin_, the German, +_gegen-hermelin_). A gold background with black ermine spots is styled +erminois, and pean is a black ground with gold ermine spots. Planché +mentions still another, as does Parker in his "Glossary of Heraldry," +namely, "erminites," which is supposed to be white, with black ermine spots +and a red hair on each side of the spot. I believe there is no instance +known of any such fur in British armory. It is not mentioned in Ströhl's +"Heraldic Atlas," nor can I find any foreign instance, so that who invented +it, or for what purpose it was invented, I cannot say; and I think it +should be relegated, with abatements and the _seize quartiers_ of Jesus +Christ, to the category of the silly inventions of former heraldic writers, +not of former heralds, for I know of no official act which has recognised +the existence of erminites. The German term for erminois is +_gold-hermelin_, but there are no distinctive terms either in French or +German heraldry for the other varieties. Thus, erminois would be in French +blazon: d'or, semé d'hermines de sable; pean would be de sable, semé +d'hermines d'or. Though ermine is always nowadays represented upon a white +background, it was sometimes depicted with black ermine spots upon a field +of silver, as in the case of some of the stall plates of the Knights of the +Garter in St. George's Chapel at Windsor. Ermine spots are frequently to be +found as charges. For instance, in the well-known coat of Kay, which is: +"Argent, three ermine spots in bend between two bendlets sable, the whole +between as many crescents azure." As charges two ermine spots figure upon +the arms recently granted to Sir Francis Laking, Bart., G.C.V.O. The ermine +spot has also sometimes been used in British armory as the difference mark +granted under a Royal Licence to assume name and arms when it is necessary +to indicate the absence of blood relationship. Other instances of the use +of an ermine spot as a charge are:-- + +Or, on two bars azure, as many barrulets dancetté argent, a chief indented +of the second charged with an ermine spot or (Sawbridge). + +Argent, a chevron between three crows sable, in each beak an ermine spot +(Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph, 1680; Lichfield, 1692; and Worcester, +1700-17). + +Argent, a fess gules between three ermine spots sable (Kilvington). + +Argent, two bars sable, spotted ermine, in chief a lion passant gules +(Hill, co. Wexford). + +The earliest form in which ermine was depicted shows a nearer approach to +the reality of the black tail, inasmuch as the spots above the tail to +which we are now accustomed are a modern variant. {79} + +When a bend is ermine, the spots (like all other charges placed upon a +bend) must be bendwise; but on a chevron, saltire, &c., they are drawn +upright. + +The other variety of fur is "vair." This originated from the fur of a kind +of squirrel (the ver or vair, differently spelt; Latin _varus_), which was +much used for the lining of cloaks. The animal was bluey-grey upon the back +and white underneath, and the whole skin was used. It will be readily seen +that by sewing a number of these skins together a result is obtained of a +series of cup-shaped figures, alternating bluey-grey and white, and this is +well shown in Fig. 28, which shows the effigy upon the tomb of Geoffrey +Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, where the lining of vair to his cloak is +plainly to be seen. + +[Illustration: FIG. 37.--Arms of William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby (d. +1247): "Scutum variatum auro & gul." (From MS. Cott. Nero, D. 1.)] + +The word seems to have been used independently of heraldry for fur, and the +following curious error, which is pointed out in Parker's "Glossary of the +Terms used in Heraldry," may be noted in passing. The familiar fairy tale +of Cinderella was brought to us from the French, and the slippers made of +this costly fur, written, probably, _verre_ for _vairé_, were erroneously +translated "glass" slippers. This was, of course, an impossible material, +but the error has always been repeated in the nursery tale-books. + +[Illustration: FIG. 38.--Arms of Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby +(1254-1265). (From stained glass in Dorchester Church.)] + +In the oldest records vair is represented by means of straight horizontal +lines alternating with horizontal wavy or nebuly lines (see Fig. 37), but +the cup-shaped divisions therefrom resulting having passed through various +intermediate forms (see Fig. 38), have now been stereotyped into a fixed +geometrical pattern, formed of rows of ear-shaped shields of alternate +colours and alternately reversed, so depicted that each reversed shield +fits into the space left by those on either side which are not reversed +(see Fig. 39, _k_). The accompanying illustration will show plainly what is +intended. In some of the older designs it was similar to that shown in the +arms of the Earl Ferrers, Earl of Derby, 1254-65, the sketch (Fig. 38) +being taken from almost contemporary stained glass in Dorchester Church, +Oxon.; whilst sometimes the {80} division lines are drawn, after the same +manner, as _nebuly_. There does not seem to have been any fixed proportion +for the number of rows of vair, as Fig. 40 shows the arms of the same Earl +as represented upon his seal. The palpable pun upon the name which a shield +vairé supplied no doubt affords the origin of the arms of Ferrers. Some +families of the name at a later date adopted the horseshoes, which are to +be found upon many Farrer and Ferrers shields, the popular assumption being +that they are a reference to the "farrier" from whom some would derive the +surname. Woodward, however, states that a horseshoe being the badge of the +Marshalls, horseshoes were assumed as _armes parlantes_ by their +descendants the Ferrers, who appear to have borne: Sable, six horseshoes +argent. As a matter of fact the only one of that family who bore the +horseshoes seems to have been William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby (d. 1254), +as will be seen from the arms as on his seal (Fig. 41). {81} His wife was +Sybilla, daughter of William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke. His son reverted +to the plain shield of vairé, or, and gules. The arms of the Ferrers family +at a later date are found to be: Gules, seven mascles conjoined or, in +which form they are still borne by Ferrers of Baddesley Clinton; but +whether the mascles are corruptions of the horseshoes, or whether (as seems +infinitely more probable) they are merely a corrupted form of the vairé, +or, and gules, it is difficult to say. Personally I rather doubt whether +any Ferrers ever used the arms: Argent, six horseshoes sable. + +[Illustration: FIG. 39.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 40.--Arms of Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby +(1254-1265). (From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 41.--Arms of William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby: Vaire, +or, and gules, a bordure argent, charged with eight horseshoes sable. (From +a drawing of his seal, MS. Cott. Julius, C vii.)] + +PLATE II. + +[Illustration] + +The early manner of depicting vair is still occasionally met with in +foreign heraldry, where it is blazoned as Vair ondé or Vair ancien. The +family of MARGENS in Spain bears: Vair ondé, on a bend gules three griffins +or; and TARRAGONE of Spain: Vair ondé, or and gules. German heraldry seems +to distinguish between _wolkenfeh_ (cloud vair) and _wogenfeh_ (wave vair; +see Fig. 39, _n_). The former is equivalent to vair ancient, the latter to +vair en point. + +The verbal blazon of vair nearly always commences with the metal, but in +the arrangement of the panes there is a difference between French and +English usage. In the former the white panes are generally (and one thinks +more correctly) represented as forming the first, or upper, line; in +British heraldry the reverse is more usually the case. It is usual to +depict the white panes of ordinary vair with white rather than silver, +though the use of the latter cannot be said to be incorrect, there being +precedents in favour of that form. When an ordinary is of vair or vairy, +the rows of vair may be depicted either horizontally or following the +direction of the ordinary. There are accepted precedents for both methods. + +Vair is always blue and white, but the same subdivision of the field is +frequently found in other colours; and when this is the case, it is termed +vairy of such and such colours. When it is vairy, it is usually of a colour +and metal, as in the case of Ferrers, Earls of Derby, above referred to; +though a fur is sometimes found to take the place of one or other, as in +the arms of Gresley, which are: "Vairé gules and ermine." I know of no +instance where vairé is found of either two metals or of two colours, nor +at the same time do I know of any rule against such a combination. Probably +it will be time enough to discuss the contingency when an instance comes to +light. Gerard Leigh mentions vair of three or more tinctures, but instances +are very rare. Parker, in his "Glossary," refers to the coat of Roger +Holthouse, which he blazons: "Vairy argent, azure, gules, and or, en +point." + +The _Vair_ of commerce was formerly of three sizes, and the distinction is +continued in foreign armory. The middle or ordinary {82} size is known as +_Vair_; a smaller size as _Menu-vair_ (whence our word "miniver"); the +largest as _Beffroi_ or _Gros vair_, a term which is used in armory when +there are less than four rows. The word _Beffroi_ is evidently derived from +the bell-like shape of the _vair_, the word _Beffroi_ being anciently used +in the sense of the alarm-bell of a town. In French armory, _Beffroi_ +should consist of three horizontal rows; _Vair_, of four; _Menu-vair_, of +six. This rule is not strictly observed, but in French blazon if the rows +are more than four it is usual to specify the number; thus Varroux bears: +_de Vair de cinq traits_. _Menu-vair_ is still the blazon of some families; +BANVILLE DE TRUTEMNE bears: _de Menu-vair de six tires_; the Barons van +HOUTHEM bore: _de Menu-vair, au franc quartier de gueules chargé de trois +maillets d'or_. In British armory the foregoing distinctions are unknown, +and _Vair_ is only of one size, that being at the discretion of the artist. + +When the Vair is so arranged that in two horizontal rows taken together, +either the points or the bases of two panes of the same tincture are in +apposition, the fur is known as COUNTER VAIR (CONTRE VAIR) (see Fig. 39, +_l_). Another variation, but an infrequent one, is termed VAIR IN PALE, +known in German heraldry as _Pfahlfeh_ (_Vair appointé_ or _Vair en pal_; +but if of other colours than the usual ones, _Vairé en pal_). In this all +panes of the same colour are arranged in vertical, or palar, rows (Fig. 39, +_m_). German heraldry apparently distinguishes between this and +_Stürzpfahlfeh_, or _reversed_ vair in pale. VAIR IN BEND (or in +bend-sinister) is occasionally met with in foreign coats; thus MIGNIANELLI +in Italy bears: _Vairé d'or et d'azur en bande_; while _Vairé en barre_ +(that is, in bend-sinister) _d'or et de sable_ is the coat of PICHON of +Geneva. + +"Vair en pointe" is a term applied by Nisbet to an arrangement by which the +azure shield pointing downwards has beneath it an argent shield pointing +downwards, and _vice versâ_, by which method the resulting effect is as +shown in Fig. 39, _n_. The German term for this is _Wogenfeh_, or wave +vair. Fig. 39, _o_, shows a purely German variety--_Wechselfeh_, or +alternate vair; and Fig. 39, _p_, which is equivalent to the English vairé +of four colours, is known in German armory as _Buntfeh, i.e._ gay-coloured +or checked vair. + +Ordinary vair in German heraldry is known as _Eisenhüt-feh_, or iron hat +vair. On account of its similarity, when drawn, to the old iron hat of the +fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (see Fig. 42), this skin has received +the name of _Eisenhutlein_ (little iron hat) from German heraldic students, +a name which later gave rise to many incorrect interpretations. An old +charter in the archives of the chapter-house of Lilienfield, in Lower +Austria, under the seal (Fig. 43) of one Chimrad Pellifex, 1329, proves +that at that time vair was so styled. The name of Pellifex (in {83} German +_Wildwerker_, a worker in skins, or furrier) is expressed in a punning or +canting form on the dexter side of the shield. This Conrad the Furrier was +Burgomaster of Vienna 1340-43. + +A considerable number of British and foreign families bear _Vair_ only; +such are FERRERS and GRESLEY, above mentioned; VARANO, Dukes de CAMERINO; +VAIRE and VAIRIÈRE, in France; VERET, in Switzerland; GOUVIS, FRESNAY +(Brittany); DE VERA in Spain; LOHEAC (Brittany); VARENCHON (Savoy); +SOLDANIERI (Florence). _Counter vair_ is borne by LOFFREDO of Naples; by +BOUCHAGE, DU PLESSIS ANGERS, and BROTIN, of France. HELLEMMES of Tournay +uses: _de Contre vair, à lac otice de gueules brochante sur le tout_. + +[Illustration: FIG. 42.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 43.--Seal of Chimrad Pellifex, 1329.] + +Mr. Woodward, in his "Treatise on Heraldry," writes: "Two curious forms of +Vair occasionally met with in Italian or French coats are known as +_Plumeté_ and _Papelonné_. + +In _Plumeté_ the field is apparently covered with feathers. _Plumeté +d'argent et d'azur_ is the coat of Ceba (note that these are the tinctures +of _Vair_); SOLDONIERI of Udine, _Plumeté au natural_ (but the SOLDONIERI +of Florence bore: _Vairé argent and sable_ with _a bordure chequy or and +azure_); TENREMONDE of Brabant: _Plumeté or and sable_. In the arms of the +SCALTENIGHI of Padua, the BENZONI of Milan, the GIOLFINI, CATANEI, and +NUVOLONI of Verona, each feather of the _plumeté_ is said to be charged +with an ermine spot sable. + +The bearing of PAPELONNÉ is more frequently found; in it the field is +covered with what appear to be scales, the heraldic term _papelonné_ being +derived from a supposed resemblance of these scales to the wings of +butterflies; for example the coat of MONTI: _Gules, papelonné argent_. +DONZEL at Besançon bears: Papelonné d'or et de sable. It is worthy of note +that Donzé of Lorraine used: Gules, three bars wavy or. The FRANCONIS of +Lausanne are said to bear: _de Gueules papelonné d'argent_, and on _a chief +of the last a rose of the first_, but the coat is otherwise blazoned: +_Vaire gules and or_, &c. The coat of ARQUINVILLIERS, or HARGENVILLIERS, in +Picardy, of _d'Hermine papelonné de {84} gueules_ (not being understood, +this has been blazoned "_semé of caltraps_"). So also the coat of CHEMILLÉ +appears in French books of blazon indifferently as: _d'Or papelonné de +gueules_: and _d'Or semé de chausse-trapes de gueules_. GUÉTTEVILLE DE +GUÉNONVILLE is said to bear: _d'Argent semé de chausse-trapes de sable_, +but it is more probable that this is simply _d'Argent papelonné de sable_. +The BARISONI of Padua bear: _Or, a bend of scales, bendwise argent, on each +scale an ermine spot sable, the bend bordered sable_. The ALBERICI of +Bologna bear: _Papelonné of seven rows, four of argent, three of or_; but +the ALBERGHI of the same city: _Papelonné of six rows, three of argent, as +many of gules_. The connection with _vairé_ is much clearer in the latter +than in the former. CAMBI (called FIGLIAMBUCHI), at Florence, carried: +_d'Argent, papelonné de gueules_; MONTI of Florence and Sicily, and +RONQUEROLLES of France the reverse. + +No one who is familiar with the licence given to themselves by armorial +painters and sculptors in Italy, who were often quite ignorant of the +meaning of the blazons they depicted, will doubt for a moment the statement +that Papelonné was originally a corruption from or perhaps is simply +ill-drawn Vair." + +POTENT, and its less common variant COUNTER POTENT, are usually ranked in +British heraldic works as separate furs. This has arisen from the writers +being ignorant that in early times _Vair_ was frequently depicted in the +form now known as _Potent_ (see Fig. 39, _q_). (By many heraldic writers +the ordinary _Potent_ is styled _Potent-counter-potent_. When drawn in the +ordinary way, _Potent_ alone suffices.) An example of _Vair_ in the form +now known as Potent is afforded by the seal of JEANNE DE FLANDRE, wife of +ENGUERRAND IV. (De Courcy); here the well-known arms of COURCY, _Barry of +six vair and gules_, are depicted as if the bars of vair were composed of +bars of _potent_ (VRÉE, _Généalogie des Comtes de Flandre_). In a _Roll of +Arms of the time of Edward I._ the _Vair_ resembles _Potent_ +(-counter-potent), which DR. PERCEVAL erroneously terms an "invention of +later date." The name and the differentiation may be, but not the fact. In +the First Nobility Roll of the year 1297, the arms of No. 8, ROBERT DE +BRUIS, Baron of Brecknock, are: Barry of six, Vaire ermine and gules, and +azure. Here the vair is potent; so is it also in No. 19, where the coat of +INGELRAM DE GHISNES, or GYNES, is: Gules, a chief vair. The same coat is +thus drawn in the Second Nobility Roll, 1299, No. 57. POTENT, like its +original _Vair_, is always of _argent_ and _azure_, unless other tinctures +are specified in the blazon. The name _Potent_ is the old English word for +a crutch or walking-staff. Chaucer, in his description of "Elde" (_i.e._ +old age) writes: + + "So olde she was, that she ne went + A fote, but it were by potent." + +{85} + +And though a potent is a heraldic charge, and a cross potent a well-known +variety of that ordinary, "potent" is usually intended to indicate the fur +of blue and white as in Fig. 39, _q_. It is not of frequent usage, but it +undoubtedly has an accepted place in British armory, as also has +"counter-potent," which, following the same rules as counter-vair, results +in a field as Fig. 39, _r_. The German terms for Potent and counter-potent +are respectively _Sturzkrückenfeh_ and _gegensturzkrückenfeh_ German +heraldry has evolved yet another variant of Potent, viz. _Verschobenes +Gegensturzkrückenfeh_ (_i.e._ displaced potent-counter-potent), as in Fig. +39, _s_. There is still yet another German heraldic fur which is quite +unknown in British armory. This is called _Kursch_, otherwise "Vair +bellies," and is usually shown to be hairy and represented brown. Possibly +this is the same as the _Plumeté_ to which Mr. Woodward refers. + +Some heraldic writers also speak of _varry_ as meaning the pieces of which +the vair is composed; they also use the terms _vairy cuppy_ and _vairy +tassy_ for _potent-counter-potent_, perhaps from the drawings in some +instances resembling _cups_; that is a possible meaning of _tassa_. It may +be said that all these variations of the ancient _vair_ arise from mere +accident (generally bad drawing), supplemented by over refinement on the +part of the heraldic writers who have described them. This generalisation +may be extended in its application from vair to many other heraldic +matters. To all intents and purposes British heraldry now or hitherto has +only known vair and potent. + +One of the earliest rules one learns in the study of armory is that colour +cannot be placed upon colour, nor metal upon metal. Now this is a definite +rule which must practically always be rigidly observed. Many writers have +gone so far as to say that the only case of an infraction of this rule will +be found in the arms of Jerusalem: Argent, a cross potent between four +crosslets or. This was a favourite windmill at which the late Dr. Woodward +tilted vigorously, and in the appendix to his "Treatise on Heraldry" he +enumerates some twenty-six instances of the violation of the rule. The +whole of the instances he quoted, however, are taken from Continental +armory, in which these exceptions--for even on the Continent such _armes +fausses_ are noticeable exceptions--occur much more frequently than in this +country. Nevertheless such exceptions _do_ occur in British armory, and the +following instances of well-known coats which break the rule may be quoted. + +The arms of Lloyd of Ffos-y-Bleiddied, co. Cardigan, and Danyrallt, co. +Carmarthen, are: "Sable, a spearhead imbrued proper between three +scaling-ladders argent, on a chief _gules_ a castle of the second." Burke, +in his "General Armory," says this coat of arms was granted to Cadifor ap +Dyfnwal, ninth in descent from Roderick the Great, Prince of Wales, by his +cousin the great Lord Rhys, for taking the castle of {86} Cardigan by +escalade from the Earl of Clare and the Flemings in 1164. Another instance +is a coat of Meredith recorded in Ulster's Office and now inherited by the +Hon. Richard Edmund Meredith, a judge of the Supreme Court of Judicature of +Ireland and a Judicial Commissioner of the Irish Land Commission. These +arms are: "Gules, on a chevron sable, between three goats' heads erased, as +many trefoils or." An instance of comparatively recent date will be found +in the grant of the arms of Thackeray. A little careful research, no doubt, +would produce a large number of English instances, but one is bound to +admit the possibility that the great bulk of these cases may really be +instances of augmentation. + +Furs may be placed upon either metal or colour, as may also any charge +which is termed proper. German heralds describe furs and natural colours as +amphibious. It is perfectly legitimate to place fur upon fur, and though +not often found, numbers of examples can be quoted; probably one will +suffice. The arms of Richardson are: Sable, two hawks belled or, on a chief +indented ermine, a pale ermines, and three lions' heads counterchanged. It +is also correct to place ermine upon argent. But such coats are not very +frequently found, and it is usual in designing a coat to endeavour to +arrange that the fur shall be treated as metal or colour according to what +may be its background. The reason for this is obvious. It is correct, +though unusual, for a charge which is blazoned proper, and yet depicted in +a recognised heraldic colour, to be placed upon colour; and where such +cases occur, care should be taken that the charges are blazoned proper. A +charge composed of more than one tincture, that is, of a metal and colour, +may be placed upon a field of either; for example the well-known coat of +Stewart, which is: Or, a fess chequy azure and argent; other examples +being: Per pale ermine and azure, a fess wavy gules (Broadbent); and: +Azure, a lion rampant argent, debruised by a fess per pale of the second +and gules (Walsh); but in such coats it will usually be found that the +first tincture of the composite charge should be in opposition to the field +upon which it is superimposed. For instance, the arms of Stewart are: Or, a +fess chequy azure and argent, and to blazon or depict them with a fess +chequy argent and azure would be incorrect. When an ordinary is charged +upon both metal and colour, it would be quite correct for it to be of +either metal, colour, or fur, and in such cases it has never been +considered either exceptional or an infraction of the rule that colour must +not be placed upon colour, nor metal upon metal. There is one point, +however, which is one of these little points one has to learn from actual +experience, and which I believe has never yet been quoted in any handbook +of heraldry, and that is, that this rule must be thrown overboard with +regard to {87} crests and supporters. I cannot call to mind an instance of +colour upon colour, but a gold collar around the neck of an argent crest +will constantly be met with. The sinister supporter of the Royal +achievement is a case in point, and this rule, which forbids colour upon +colour, and metal upon metal, only holds with regard to supporters and +crests when the crest or supporter itself is treated as a field and +_charged with_ one or more objects. The Royal labels, as already stated, +appear to be a standing infraction of the rule if white and argent are to +be heraldically treated as identical. The rule is also disregarded entirely +as regards augmentations and Scottish cadency bordures. + +So long as the field is party, that is, divided into an equal number of +pieces (for example, paly, barruly, or bendy, or party per bend or per +chevron), it may be composed of two metals or two colours, because the +pieces all being equal, and of equal number, they all are parts of the +field lying in the same plane, none being charges. + +Before leaving the subject of the field, one must not omit to mention +certain exceptions which hardly fall within any of the before-mentioned +categories. One of these can only be described by the word "landscape." It +is not uncommon in British armory, though I know of but one instance where +the actual field itself needs to be so described. This is the coat of the +family of Franco, the paternal ancestors of Sir Massey Lopes, Bart., and +Lord Ludlow. The name was changed from Franco to Lopes by Royal Licence +dated the 4th of May 1831. Whether this coat of arms originated in an +English grant, or whether the English grant of it amounts to no more than +an attempt at the registration of a previously existing or greatly similar +foreign coat of arms for the name of Franco, I am unaware, but the coat +certainly is blazoned: "In a landscape field, a fountain, therefrom issuing +a palm-tree all proper." + +But landscape has very extensively been made use of in the augmentations +which were granted at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the +nineteenth centuries. In these cases the augmentation very generally +consisted of a chief and thereon a representation either of some fort or +ship or action, and though the field of the augmentation is officially +blazoned argent in nearly every case, there is no doubt the artist was +permitted, and perhaps intended, to depict clouds and other "atmosphere" to +add to the verisimilitude of the picture. These augmentations will be more +especially considered in a later chapter, but here one may perhaps be +permitted to remark, that execrable as we now consider such landscape +heraldry, it ought not to be condemned in the wholesale manner in which it +has been, because it was typical of the over elaboration to be found in all +art and all artistic ideas of the period in which we find it originating. +Heraldry and heraldic art have {88} always been a mirror of the artistic +ideas prevalent at equivalent periods, and unless heraldry is to be wholly +relegated to consideration as a dead subject, it is an anachronism to +depict an action the date of which is well known (and which date it is +desired to advertise and not conceal) in a method of art belonging to a +different period. In family arms the case is different, as with those the +idea apparently is always the concealment of the date of nobility. + +The "landscape" variety of heraldry is more common in Germany than with us, +and Ströhl writes: "Of very little heraldic worth are the old house and +home signs as they were used by landed proprietors, tradesmen, and artisans +or workmen, as indicative of their possessions, wares, or productions. +These signs, originally simply outline pictures, were later introduced into +heraldic soil, inasmuch as bourgeois families raised to the nobility +adopted their house signs as heraldic charges upon their shields." + +There are also many coats of arms which run: "In base, a representation of +water proper," and one of the best instances of this will be found in the +arms of Oxford, though for the sake of preserving the pun the coat in this +case is blazoned: "Argent, an ox gules passing over a ford proper." Similar +instances occur in the arms of Renfrew, Queensferry, Leith, Ryde, and +scores of other towns. It has always been considered permissible to +represent these either by an attempt to depict natural water, or else in +the ancient heraldic way of representing water, namely "barry wavy argent +and azure." There are many other coats of arms which are of a similar +character though specifically blazoned "barry wavy argent and azure." Now +this representation of water in base can hardly be properly said to be a +charge, but perhaps it might be dismissed as such were it not that one coat +of arms exists in Scotland, the whole of the field of which is simply a +representation of water. Unfortunately this coat of arms has never been +matriculated in Lyon Register or received official sanction; but there is +no doubt of its ancient usage, and were it to be now matriculated in +conformity with the Act of 1672, there is very little doubt that the +ancient characteristic would be retained. The arms are those of the town of +Inveraray in Argyllshire, and the blazon of the coat, according to the form +it is depicted upon the Corporate seal, would be for the field: "The sea +proper, therein a net suspended from the dexter chief and the sinister fess +points to the base; and entangled in its meshes five herrings," which is +about the most remarkable coat of arms I have ever come across. + +Occasionally a "field," or portion of a field, will be found to be a +representation of masonry. This may be either proper or of some metal or +colour. The arms of the city of Bath are: "Party per fesse {89} embattled +azure and argent, the base masonry, in chief two bars wavy of the second; +over all, a sword in pale gules, hilt and pommel or." The arms of Reynell +are: "Argent, masoned sable, a chief indented of the second." + +SEME + +The use of the term "semé" must be considered before we leave the subject +of the field. It simply means "powdered with" or "strewed with" any +objects, the number of the latter being unlimited, the purpose being to +evenly distribute them over the shield. In depicting anything semé, care is +usually taken that some of the charges (with which the field is semé) shall +be partly defaced by the edges of the shield, or the ordinary upon which +they are charged, or by the superior charge itself, to indicate that the +field is not charged with a specific number of objects. + +[Illustration: FIG. 44.--Arms of John, Lord De la Warr (d. 1398). (From MS. +Ashm. 804, iv.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 45.--Arms of John, Lord Beaumont, K.G. (d. 1396). From +his Garter Plate: 1 and 4, Beaumont; 2 and 3, azure, three garbs or (for +Comyn).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 46.--Arms of Gilbert Umfraville, Earl of Kyme (d. +1421). (From Harl. MS. 6163.)] + +There are certain special terms which may be noted. A field or charge semé +of fleurs-de-lis is termed "semé-de-lis," but if semé of bezants it is +bezanté, and is termed platé if semé of plates. + +A field semé of billets is billetty or billetté, and when semé of cross +crosslets it is termed crusilly. A field or charge semé of drops is termed +goutté or gutty. + +Instances of coats of which the field is semé will be found in the arms of +De la Warr (see Fig. 44), which are: Gules, crusilly, and a lion rampant +argent; Beaumont (see Fig. 45): Azure, semé-de-lis and a lion rampant or; +and Umfraville (see Fig. 46): Gules, semé of crosses flory, and a +cinquefoil or. + +The goutte or drop occasionally figures (in a specified number) as a +charge; but such cases are rare, its more frequent use being to show {90} a +field semé. British heraldry alone has evolved separate names for the +different colours, all other nations simply using the term "goutté" or +"gutté," and specifying the colour. The terms we have adopted are as +follows: For drops of gold, "gutté-d'or"; silver, "gutté-d'eau"; for gules, +"gutté-de-sang"; azure, "gutté-de-larmes"; vert, "gutté-d'huile"; and +sable, "gutté-de-poix." + +The term semé must not be confused with diapering, for whilst the objects +with which a field is semé are an integral part of the arms, diapering is a +purely artistic and optional matter. + +DIAPERING + +The diapering of armorial emblazonments is a matter with which the +_Science_ of armory has no concern. Diaper never forms any part of the +blazon, and is never officially noticed, being considered, and very +properly allowed to remain, a purely artistic detail. From the artistic +point of view it has some importance, as in many of the earliest instances +of handicraft in which armorial decoration appears, very elaborate +diapering is introduced. The frequency with which diapering is met with in +armorial handicraft is strangely at variance with its absence in heraldic +paintings of the same periods, a point which may perhaps be urged upon the +attention of some of the heraldic artists of the present day, who would +rather seem to have failed to grasp the true purpose and origin and perhaps +also the use of diaper. In stained glass and enamel work, where the use of +diaper is most frequently met with, it was introduced for the express +purpose of catching and breaking up the light, the result of which was to +give an enormously increased effect of brilliance to the large and +otherwise flat surfaces. These tricks of their art and craft the old +handicraftsmen were past masters in the use of. But no such purpose could +be served in a small painting upon vellum. For this reason early heraldic +emblazonments are seldom if ever found to have been diapered. With the rise +of heraldic engraving amongst the "little masters" of German art, the +opportunity left to their hands by the absence of colour naturally led to +the renewed use of diaper to avoid the appearance of blanks in their work. +The use of diaper at the present day needs to be the result of careful +study and thought, and its haphazard employment is not recommended. + +If, as Woodward states (an assertion one is rather inclined to doubt), +there are some cases abroad in which the constant use of diapering has been +stereotyped into an integral part of the arms, these cases must be +exceedingly few in number, and they certainly have no counterpart in the +armory of this country. Where for artistic reasons {91} diapering is +employed, care must always be taken that the decorative form employed +cannot be mistaken for a field either charged or semé. + +PARTITION LINES + +If there is one subject which the ordinary text-books of armory treat in +the manner of classification adapted to an essay on natural history or +grammar, with its attendant rigidity of rule, it is the subject of +partition lines; and yet the whole subject is more in the nature of a set +of explanations which must each be learned on its own merits. The usual +lines of partition are themselves well enough known; and it is hardly +necessary to elaborate the different variations at any great length. They +may, however, be enumerated as follows: Engrailed, embattled, indented, +invecked or invected, wavy or undy, nebuly, dancetté, raguly, potenté, +dovetailed, and urdy. These are the lines which are recognised by most +modern heraldic text-books and generally recapitulated; but we shall have +occasion later to refer to others which are very well known, though +apparently they have never been included in the classification of partition +lines (Fig. 47). _Engrailed_, as every one knows, is formed by a continuous +and concurrent series of small semicircles conjoined each to each, the +sharp points formed by the conjunction of the two arcs being placed +_outwards_. This partition line may be employed for the rectilinear charges +known as "ordinaries" or "sub-ordinaries." In the bend, pale, pile, cross, +chief, and fess, when these are described as engrailed the enclosing lines +of the ordinary, other than the edges of the shield, are all composed of +these small semicircles with the points turned _outwards_, and the word +"outwards" must be construed as pointing away from the centre of the +ordinary when it is depicted. In the case of a chief the points are turned +downwards, but it is rather difficult to describe the use of the term when +used as a partition line of the field. The only instance I can call to mind +where it is so employed is the case of Baird of Ury, the arms of this +family being: Per pale engrailed gules and or, a boar passant +counterchanged. In this instance the points are turned towards the sinister +side of the shield, which would seem to be correct, as, there being no +ordinary, they must be outwards from the most important position affected, +which in this case undoubtedly is the dexter side of the shield. In the +same way "per fess engrailed" would be presumably depicted with the points +outwards from the chief line of the shield, that is, they would point +downwards; and I should imagine that in "per bend engrailed" the points of +the semicircles would again be placed inclined towards the dexter base of +the shield, but I may be wrong in these two latter cases, for they are only +supposition. This {92} point, however, which puzzled me much in depicting +the arms of Baird of Ury, I could find explained in no text-book upon the +subject. + +[Illustration: FIG. 47.--Lines of Partition.] + +The term _invected_ or _invecked_ is the precise opposite of engrailed. It +is similarly composed of small semicircles, but the points are turned +inwards instead of outwards, so that it is no more than the exact reverse +of engrailed, and all the regulations concerning the one need to be +observed concerning the other, with the proviso that they are reversed. +{93} + +The partition line _embattled_ has certain peculiarities of its own. When +dividing the field there can be no difficulty about it, inasmuch as the +crenellations are equally inwards and outwards from any point, and it +should be noted that the term "crenellé" is almost as often used as +"embattled." When, however, the term describes an ordinary, certain points +have to be borne in mind. The fess or the bar embattled is drawn with the +crenellations _on the upper side_ only, the under edge being plain unless +the ordinary is described both as "embattled and counter-embattled." +Similarly a chevron is only crenellated on the upper edge unless it is +described as both embattled and counter-embattled, but a pale embattled is +crenellated on both edges as is the cross or saltire. Strictly speaking, a +bend embattled is crenellated upon the upper edge only, though with regard +to this ordinary there is much laxity of practice. I have never come across +a pile embattled; but it would naturally be embattled on both edges. Some +writers make a distinction between embattled and bretessed, giving to the +former term the meaning that the embattlements on the one side are opposed +to the indentations on the other, and using the term bretessed to signify +that embattlements are opposite embattlements and indentations opposite +indentations. I am doubtful as to the accuracy of this distinction, because +the French term bretessé means only counter-embattled. + +The terms _indented_ and _dancetté_ need to be considered together, because +they differ very little, and only in the fact that whilst indented may be +drawn with any number of teeth, dancetté is drawn with a limited number, +which is usually three complete teeth in the width of the field. But it +should be observed that this rule is not so hard and fast that the +necessity of artistic depicting may not modify it slightly. An ordinary +which is indented would follow much the same rules as an ordinary which was +engrailed, except that the teeth are made by small straight lines for the +indentations instead of by small semicircles, and instances can doubtless +be found of all the ordinaries qualified by the term indented. Dancetté, +however, does not lend itself so readily to general application, and is +usually to be found applied to either a fess or chief, or occasionally a +bend. In the case of a fess dancetté the indentations on the top and bottom +lines are made to fit into each other, so that instead of having a straight +band with the edge merely toothed, one gets an up and down zig-zag band +with three complete teeth at the top and three complete teeth at the +bottom. Whilst a fess, a bar, a bend, and a chief can be found dancetté, I +do not see how it would be possible to draw a saltire or a cross dancetté. +At any rate the resulting figure would be most ugly, and would appear +ill-balanced. A pile and a chevron seem equally impossible, though there +does not {94} seem to be the like objection to a pale dancetté. An instance +of a bend dancetté is found in the arms of Cuffe (Lord Desart), which are: +Argent, on a bend dancetté sable, plain cotised azure, three fleurs-de-lis, +and on each cotise as many bezants. + +_Wavy_ or _undy_, which is supposed to have been taken from water, and +_nebuly_, which is supposed to be derived from clouds, are of course lines +which are well known. They are equally applicable to any ordinary and to +any partition of the field; but in both cases it should be noticed by +artists that there is no one definite or accepted method of depicting these +lines, and one is quite at liberty, and might be recommended, to widen out +the indentations, or to increase them in height, as the artistic +requirements of the work in hand may seem to render advisable. It is only +by bearing this in mind and treating these lines with freedom that really +artistic work can sometimes be produced where they occur. There is no fixed +rule either as to the width which these lines may occupy or as to the +number of indentations as compared with the width of the shield, and it is +a pity to introduce or recognise any regulations of this character where +none exist. There are writers who think it not unlikely that vairé and +barry nebuly were one and the same thing. It is at any rate difficult in +some old representations to draw any noticeable distinctions between the +methods of depicting barry nebuly and vair. + +The line _raguly_ has been the subject of much discussion. It, and the two +which follow, viz. potenté and dovetailed, are all comparatively modern +introductions. It would be interesting if some enthusiast would go +carefully through the ancient Rolls of Arms and find the earliest +occurrences of these terms. My own impression is that they would all be +found to be inventions of the mediæval writers on heraldry. Raguly is the +same as embattled, with the crenellations put upon the slant. Some writers +say they should slant one way, others give them slanting the reverse. In a +pale or a bend the teeth must point upwards; but in a fess I should +hesitate to say whether it were more correct for them to point to the +dexter or to the sinister, and I am inclined to consider that either is +perfectly correct. At any rate, whilst they are usually drawn inclined to +the dexter, in Woodward and Burnett they are to the sinister, and Guillim +gives them turned to the dexter, saying, "This form of line I never yet met +with in use as a partition, though frequently in composing of ordinaries +referring them like to the trunks of trees with the branches lopped off, +and that (as I take it) it was intended to represent." Modern heraldry +supplies an instance which in the days of Mr. Guillim, of course, did not +exist to refer to. This instance occurs in the arms of the late Lord +Leighton, which were: "Quarterly per fesse raguly or and gules, in the +second and {95} third quarters a wyvern of the first." It is curious that +Guillim, even in the edition of 1724, does not mention any of the remaining +terms. Dovetailed in modern armory is even yet but seldom made use of, +though I can quote two instances of coats of arms in which it is to be +found, namely, the arms of Kirk, which are: "Gules, a chevron dovetailed +ermine, on a chief argent, three dragons' heads couped of the field;" and +Ambrose: "Azure, two lions passant in pale argent, on a chief dovetailed of +the last, a fleur-de-lis between two annulets of the first." Other +instances of dovetailed used as a line of partition will be found in the +case of the arms of Farmer, which are: "Per chevron dovetailed gules and +argent, in chief two lions' heads erased of the last, and in base a +salamander in flames proper;" and in the arms of Fenton namely: "Per pale +argent and sable, a cross dovetailed, in the first and fourth quarters a +fleur-de-lis, and in the second and third a trefoil slipped all +countercharged." There are, of course, many others. The term _potenté_, as +will be seen from a reference to Fig. 47, is used to indicate a line which +follows the form of the division lines in the fur potent. As one of the +partition lines potenté is very rare. + +As to the term _urdy_, which is given in Woodward and Burnett and also in +Berry, I can only say I personally have never come across an instance of +its use as a partition line. A cross or a billet urdy one knows, but urdy +as a partition line I have yet to find. It is significant that it is +omitted in Parker except as a term applicable to a cross, and the instances +and variations given by Berry, "urdy in point paleways" and "contrary +urdy," I should be much more inclined to consider as variations of vair; +and, though it is always well to settle points which can be settled, I +think urdy and its use as a partition line may be well left for further +consideration when examples of it come to hand. + +There is one term, however, which is to be met with at the present time, +but which I have never seen quoted in any text-book under the heading of a +partition line; that is, "flory counter-flory," which is of course formed +by a succession of fleurs-de-lis alternately reversed and counterchanged. +They might of course be blazoned after the quotation of the field as "per +bend" or "per chevron" as the case might be, simply as so many +fleurs-de-lis counterchanged, and alternately reversed in a specified +position; but this never appears to be the case, and consequently the +fleurs-de-lis would appear to be essentially parts of the field and not +charges. I have sometimes thought whether it would not be more correct to +depict "per something" flory and counter-flory without completing the +fleurs-de-lis, simply leaving the alternate tops of the fleurs-de-lis to +show. In the cases of the illustrations which have come under my notice, +however, the whole fleur-de-lis is depicted, and as an instance of the use +of the term may be mentioned the arms of {96} Dumas, which are: "Per +chevron flory and counter-flory or and azure, in chief two lions' gambs +erased, and in base a garb counterchanged." But when the term flory and +counter-flory is used in conjunction with an ordinary, _e.g._ a fess flory +and counter-flory, the _half_ fleurs-de-lis, only alternately reversed, are +represented on the _outer_ edges of the ordinary. + +I think also that the word "_arched_" should now be included as a partition +line. I confess that the only form in which I know of it is that it is +frequently used by the present Garter King of Arms in designing coats of +arms with chiefs arched. Recently Garter has granted a coat with a chief +double arched. But if a chief can be arched I see no reason why a fesse or +a bar cannot equally be so altered, and in that case it undoubtedly becomes +a recognised line of partition. Perhaps it should be stated that a chief +arched is a chief with its base line one arc of a large circle. The +diameter of the circle and the consequent acuteness of the arch do not +appear to be fixed by any definite rule, and here again artistic +requirements must be the controlling factor in any decision. Elvin in his +"Dictionary of Heraldic Terms" gives a curious assortment of lines, the +most curious of all, perhaps, being indented embowed, or hacked and hewed. +Where such a term originated or in what coat of arms it is to be found I am +ignorant, but the appearance is exactly what would be presented by a piece +of wood hacked with an axe at regular intervals. Elvin again makes a +difference between bretessed and embattled-counter-embattled, making the +embattlement on either side of an ordinary identical in the former and +alternated in the latter. He also makes a difference between raguly, which +is the conventional form universally adopted, and raguled and trunked, +where the ordinary takes the representation of the trunk of a tree with the +branches lopped; but these and many others that he gives are refinements of +idea which personally I should never expect to find in actual use, and of +the instances of which I am unaware. I think, however, the term +"_rayonné_," which is found in both the arms of O'Hara and the arms of +Colman, and which is formed by the addition of rays to the ordinary, should +take a place amongst lines of partition, though I admit I know of no +instance in which it is employed to divide the field. + +METHODS OF PARTITION + +The field of any coat of arms is the surface colour of the shield, and is +supposed to include the area within the limits formed by its outline. There +are, as has been already stated, but few coats of a single colour minus a +charge to be found in British heraldry. But there {97} are many which +consist of a field divided by partition lines only, of which some instances +were given on page 69. + +A shield may be divided by partition lines running in the direction of +almost any "ordinary," in which case the field will be described as "per +bend" or "per chevron," &c. It may be: + + Per fess Fig. 48 + Per bend " 49 + Per bend sinister " 50 + Per pale " 51 + Per chevron " 52 + Per cross " 53 + (though it should be noted that the more usual term employed + for this is "quarterly") + Per saltire Fig. 54 + +But a field cannot be "per pile" or "per chief," because there is no other +way of representing these ordinaries. + +[Illustration: FIG. 48.--Per fess.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 49.--Per bend.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 50.--Per bend sinister.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 51.--Per pale.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 52.--Per chevron.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 53.--Per cross or quarterly.] + +A field can be composed of any number of pieces in the form of the +ordinaries filling the area of the shield, in which case the field is said +to be "barry" (Figs. 55 and 56), "paly" (Fig. 57), "bendy" (Fig. 58), +"chevronny" (Fig. 59), &c., but the number of pieces must be specified. +{98} + +[Illustration: FIG. 54.--Per saltire.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 55.--Barry.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 56.--Barry nebuly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 57.--Paly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 58.--Bendy.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 59.--Chevronny.] + +Another method of partition will be found in the fields "checky" (or +"chequy") and lozengy; but these divisions, as also the foregoing, will be +treated more specifically under the different ordinaries. A field which is +party need not necessarily have all its lines of partition the same. This +peculiarity, however, seldom occurs except in the case of a field +quarterly, the object in coats of this character being to prevent different +quarters of one coat of arms being ranked as or taken to be quarterings +representing different families. {99} + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +THE RULES OF BLAZON + +The word "Blazon" is used with some number of meanings, but practically it +may be confined to the verb "to blazon," which is to describe in words a +given coat of arms, and the noun "blazon," which is such a description. + +Care should be taken to differentiate between the employment of the term +"blazon" and the verb "to emblazon," which latter means to depict in +colour. + +It may here be remarked, however, that to illustrate by the use of outline +with written indications of colour is termed "to trick," and a picture of +arms of this character is termed "a trick." + +The term _trick_ has of late been extended (though one almost thinks +improperly) to include representations of arms in which the colours are +indicated by the specified tincture lines which have been already referred +to. + +The subject of blazon has of late acquired rather more importance than has +hitherto been conceded to it, owing to an unofficial attempt to introduce a +new system of blazoning under the guise of a supposed reversion to earlier +forms of description. This it is not, but even if it were what it claims to +be, merely the revival of ancient forms and methods, its reintroduction +cannot be said to be either expedient or permissible, because the ancient +practice does not permit of extension to the limits within which more +modern armory has developed, and modern armory, though less ancient, is +armory equally with the more ancient and simpler examples to be found in +earlier times. To ignore modern armory is simply futile and absurd. + +The rules to be employed in blazon are simple, and comparatively few in +number. + +The commencement of any blazon is of necessity a description of the +_field_, the one word signifying its colour being employed if it be a +simple field; or, if it be composite, such terms as are necessary. Thus, a +coat divided "per pale" or "per chevron" is so described, and whilst the +Scottish field of this character is officially termed "Parted" [per pale, +or per chevron], the English equivalent is "Party," though this {100} word +in English usage is more often omitted than not in the blazon which +commences "per pale," or "per chevron," as the case may be. + +The description of the different colours and different divisions of the +field have all been detailed in earlier chapters, but it may be added that +in a "party" coloured field, that colour or tincture is mentioned first +which occupies the more important part of the escutcheon. Thus, in a field +"per bend," "per chevron," or "per fess," the upper portion of the field is +first referred to; in a coat "per pale," the dexter side is the more +important; and in a coat "quarterly," the tinctures of the 1st and 4th +quarters are given precedence of the tinctures of the 2nd and 3rd. The only +division upon which there has seemed any uncertainty is the curious one +"gyronny," but the correct method to be employed in this case can very +easily be recognised by taking the first quarter of the field, and therein +considering the field as if it were simply "per bend." + +After the field has been described, anything of which the field is semé +must next be alluded to, _e.g._ gules, semé-de-lis or, &c. + +The second thing to be mentioned in the blazon is the principal charge. We +will consider first those cases in which it is an ordinary. Thus, one would +speak of "Or, a chevron gules," or, if there be other charges as well as +the ordinary, "Azure, a bend between two horses' heads or," or "Gules, a +chevron between three roses argent." + +The colour of the ordinary is not mentioned until after the charge, if it +be the same as the latter, but if it be otherwise it must of course be +specified, as in the coat: "Or, a fess gules between three crescents +sable." If the ordinary is charged, the charges thereupon, being less +important than the charges in the field, are mentioned subsequently, as in +the coat: "Gules, on a bend argent between two fountains proper, a rose +gules between two mullets sable." + +The position of the charges need not be specified when they would naturally +fall into a certain position with regard to the ordinaries. Thus, a chevron +between three figures of necessity has two in chief and one in base. A bend +between two figures of necessity has one above and one below. A fess has +two above and one below. A cross between four has one in each angle. In +none of these cases is it necessary to state the position. If, however, +those positions or numbers do not come within the category mentioned, care +must be taken to specify what the coat exactly is. + +If a bend is accompanied only by one charge, the position of this charge +must be stated. For example: "Gules, a bend or, in chief a crescent +argent." A chevron with four figures would be described: "Argent, a chevron +between three escallops in chief and one in base sable," though it would be +equally correct to say: "Argent, a chevron {101} between four escallops, +three in chief and one in base sable." In the same way we should get: +"Vert, on a cross or, and in the 1st quarter a bezant, an estoile sable;" +though, to avoid confusion, this coat would more probably be blazoned: +"Vert, a cross or, charged with an estoile sable, and in the first quarter +a bezant." This example will indicate the latitude which is permissible if, +for the sake of avoiding confusion and making a blazon more readily +understandable, some deviation from the strict formulas would appear to be +desirable. + +If there be no ordinary on a shield, the charge which occupies the chief +position is mentioned first. For example: "Or, a lion rampant sable between +three boars' heads erased gules, two in chief and one in base." Many +people, however, would omit any reference to the position of the boars' +heads, taking it for granted that, as there were only three, they would be +2 and 1, which is the normal position of three charges in any coat of arms. +If, however, the coat of arms had the three boars' heads all above the +lion, it would then be necessary to blazon it: "Or, a lion rampant sable, +in chief three boars' heads erased gules." + +When a field is _semé_ of anything, this is taken to be a part of the +field, and not a representation of a number of charges. Consequently the +arms of Long are blazoned: "Sable, semé of cross crosslets, a lion rampant +argent." As a matter of fact the semé of cross crosslets is always termed +_crusilly_, as has been already explained. + +When charges are placed around the shield in the position they would occupy +if placed upon a bordure, these charges are said to be "in orle," as in the +arms of Hutchinson: "Quarterly, azure and gules, a lion rampant erminois, +within four cross crosslets argent, and as many bezants alternately in +orle;" though it is equally permissible to term charges in such a position +"an orle of [_e.g._ cross crosslets argent and bezants alternately]," or so +many charges "in orle" (see Fig. 60). + +If an ordinary be engrailed, or invected, this fact is at once stated, the +term occurring before the colour of the ordinary. Thus: "Argent, on a +chevron nebuly between three crescents gules, as many roses of the field." +When a charge upon an ordinary is the same colour as the field, the name of +the colour is not repeated, but those charges are said to be "of the +field." + +It is the constant endeavour, under the recognised system, to avoid the use +of the name of the same colour a second time in the blazon. Thus: +"Quarterly, gules and or, a cross counterchanged between in the first +quarter a sword erect proper, pommel and hilt of the second; in the second +quarter a rose of the first, barbed and seeded of the third; in the third +quarter a fleur-de-lis azure; and {102} in the fourth quarter a mullet +_gold_"--the use of the term "gold" being alone permissible in such a case. + +Any animal which needs to be described, also needs its position to be +specified. It may be rampant, segreant, passant, statant, or trippant, as +the case may be. It may also sometimes be necessary to specify its position +upon the shield, but the terms peculiarly appropriated to specific animals +will be given in the chapters in which these animals are dealt with. + +[Illustration: FIG. 60.--Arms of Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke: +"Baruly argent and azure, an orle of martlets gules." (From his seal.)] + +With the exception of the chief, the quarter, the canton, the flaunch, and +the bordure, an ordinary or sub-ordinary is always of greater importance, +and therefore should be mentioned before any other charge, but in the cases +alluded to the remainder of the shield is first blazoned, before attention +is paid to these figures. Thus we should get: "Argent, a chevron between +three mullets gules, on a chief of the last three crescents of the second;" +or "Sable, a lion rampant between three fleurs-de-lis or, on a canton +argent a mascle of the field;" or "Gules, two chevronels between three +mullets pierced or, within a bordure engrailed argent charged with eight +roses of the field." The arms in Fig. 61 are an interesting example of this +point. They are those of John de Bretagne, Earl of Richmond (d. 1334), and +would properly be blazoned: "Chequy or and azure, a bordure gules, charged +with lions passant guardant or ('a bordure of England'), over all a canton +(sometimes a quarter) ermine." + +[Illustration: FIG. 61.--The arms of John de Bretagne, Earl of Richmond.] + +If two ordinaries or sub-ordinaries appear in the same field, certain +discretion needs to be exercised, but the arms of Fitzwalter, for example, +are as follows: "Or, a fess between two chevrons gules." + +When charges are placed in a series following the direction of any ordinary +they are said to be "in bend," "in chevron," or "in pale," as the case may +be, and not only must their position on the shield as regards each other be +specified, but their individual direction must also be noted. + +A coat of arms in which three spears were placed side by side, but each +erect, would be blazoned: "Gules, three tilting-spears palewise in fess;" +but if the spears were placed horizontally, one above the other, they would +be blazoned: "Three tilting-spears fesswise in pale," {103} because in the +latter case each spear is placed fesswise, but the three occupy in relation +to each other the position of a pale. Three tilting-spears fesswise which +were not _in pale_ would be depicted 2 and 1. + +When one charge surmounts another, the undermost one is mentioned first, as +in the arms of Beaumont (see Fig. 62). Here the lion rampant is the +principal charge, and the bend which debruises it is consequently mentioned +afterwards. + +In the cases of a cross and of a saltire, the charges when all are alike +would simply be described as between four objects, though the term +"cantonned by" four objects is sometimes met with. If the objects are not +the same, they must be specified as being in the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd quarters, +if the ordinary be a cross. If it be a saltire, it will be found that in +Scotland the charges are mentioned as being in chief and base, and in the +"flanks." In England they would be described as being _in pale_ and _in +fess_ if the alternative charges are the same; if not, they would be +described as _in chief_, on the dexter side, on the sinister side, and _in +base_. + +[Illustration: FIG. 62.--Arms of John de Beaumont, Lord Beaumont (d. 1369): +Azure, semé-de-lis and a lion rampant or, over all a bend gobony argent and +gules. (From his seal.)] + +When a specified number of charges is immediately followed by the same +number of charges elsewhere disposed, the number is not repeated, the words +"as many" being substituted instead. Thus: "Argent, on a chevron between +three roses gules, as many crescents of the field." When any charge, +ordinary, or mark of cadency surmounts a single object, that object is +termed "debruised" by that ordinary. If it surmounts _everything_, as, for +instance, "a bendlet sinister," this would be termed "over all." When a +coat of arms is "party" coloured in its field and the charges are +alternately of the same colours transposed, the term _counterchanged_ is +used. For example, "Party per pale argent and sable, three chevronels +between as many mullets pierced all counterchanged." In that case the coat +is divided down the middle, the dexter field being argent, and the sinister +sable; the charges on the sable being argent, whilst the charges on the +argent are sable. A mark of cadency is mentioned last, and is termed "for +difference"; a mark of bastardy, or a mark denoting lack of blood descent, +is termed "for distinction." + +Certain practical hints, which, however, can hardly be termed rules, were +suggested by the late Mr. J. Gough Nicholls in 1863, when writing in the +_Herald and Genealogist_, and subsequent practice has since conformed +therewith, though it may be pointed out with advantage that these +suggestions are practically, and to all intents and purposes, {104} the +same rules which have been observed officially over a long period. Amongst +these suggestions he advises that the blazoning of every coat or quarter +should begin with a capital letter, and that, save on the occurrence of +proper names, no other capitals should be employed. He also suggests that +punctuation marks should be avoided as much as possible, his own practice +being to limit the use of the comma to its occurrence after each tincture. +He suggests also that figures should be omitted in all cases except in the +numbering of quarterings. + +When one or more quarterings occur, each is treated separately on its own +merits and blazoned entirely without reference to any other quartering. + +[Illustration: FIG. 63.--A to B, the chief; C to D, the base; A to C, +dexter side; B to D, sinister side. A, dexter chief; B, sinister chief; C, +dexter base; D, sinister base. 1, 2, 3, chief; 7, 8, 9, base; 2, 5, 8, +pale; 4, 5, 6, fess; 5, fess point.] + +In blazoning a coat in which some quarterings (grand quarterings) are +composed of several coats placed sub-quarterly, sufficient distinction is +afforded for English purposes of writing or printing if Roman numerals are +employed to indicate the grand quarters, and Arabic figures the +sub-quarters. But in _speaking_ such a method would need to be somewhat +modified in accordance with the Scottish practice, which describes grand +quarterings as such, and so alludes to them. + +The extensive use of bordures, charged and uncharged, in Scotland, which +figure sometimes round the sub-quarters, sometimes round the grand +quarters, and sometimes round the entire escutcheon, causes so much +confusion that for the purposes of blazoning it is essential that the +difference between quarters and grand quarters should be clearly defined. + +In order to simplify the blazoning of a shield, and so express the position +of the charges, the _field_ has been divided into _points_, of which those +placed near the top, and to the dexter, are always considered the more +important. In heraldry, dexter and sinister are determined, not from the +point of view of the onlooker, but from that of the bearer of the shield. +The diagram (Fig. 63) will serve to explain the plan of a shield's surface. + +[Illustration: FIG. 64.] + +If a second shield be placed upon the fess point, this is called an +inescutcheon (in German, the "heart-shield"). The enriching of the shield +with an inescutcheon came into lively use in Germany in the course of the +latter half of the fifteenth century. Later on, further points of honour +were added, as the honour point (a, Fig. 64), and the nombril point (b, +Fig. 64). These extra shields laid upon the others should correspond as +much as possible in shape to the chief shield. If between the inescutcheon +and the chief shield still another be inserted, {105} it is called the +"middle shield," from its position, but except in Anglicised versions of +Continental arms, these distinctions are quite foreign to British armory. + +In conclusion, it may be stated that although the foregoing are the rules +which are usually observed, and that every effort should be made to avoid +unnecessary tautology, and to make the blazon as brief as possible, it is +by no manner of means considered officially, or unofficially, that any one +of these rules is so unchangeable that in actual practice it cannot be +modified if it should seem advisable so to do. For the essential necessity +of accuracy is of far greater importance than any desire to be brief, or to +avoid tautology. This should be borne in mind, and also the fact that in +official practice no such hide-bound character is given to these rules, as +one is led to believe is the case when perusing some of the ordinary +text-books of armory. They certainly are not laws, they are hardly "rules," +perhaps being better described as accepted methods of blazoning. {106} + + + +CHAPTER IX + +THE SO-CALLED ORDINARIES AND SUB-ORDINARIES + +Arms, and the charges upon arms, have been divided into many fantastical +divisions. There is a type of the precise mind much evident in the +scientific writing of the last and the preceding centuries which is for +ever unhappy unless it can be dividing the object of its consideration into +classes and divisions, into sub-classes and sub-divisions. Heraldry has +suffered in this way; for, oblivious of the fact that the rules enunciated +are impossible as rigid guides for general observance, and that they never +have been complied with, and that they never will be, a "tabular" system +has been evolved for heraldry as for most other sciences. The "precise" +mind has applied a system obviously derived from natural history +classification to the principles of armory. It has selected a certain +number of charges, and has been pleased to term them ordinaries. It has +selected others which it has been pleased to term sub-ordinaries. The +selection has been purely arbitrary, at the pleasure of the writer, and few +writers have agreed in their classifications. One of the foremost rules +which former heraldic writers have laid down is that an ordinary must +contain the third part of the field. Now it is doubtful whether an ordinary +has ever been drawn containing the third part of the field by rigid +measurement, except in the solitary instance of the pale, when it is drawn +"per fess counterchanged," for the obvious _purpose_ of dividing the shield +into six equal portions, a practice which has been lately pursued very +extensively owing to the ease with which, by its adoption, a new coat of +arms can be designed bearing a distinct resemblance to one formerly in use +without infringing the rights of the latter. Certainly, if the ordinary is +the solitary charge upon the shield, it will be drawn about that specified +proportion. But when an attempt is made to draw the Walpole coat (which +cannot be said to be a modern one) so that it shall exhibit three +ordinaries, to wit, one fess and two chevrons (which being interpreted as +three-thirds of the shield, would fill it entirely), and yet leave a goodly +proportion of the field still visible, the absurdity is apparent. And a +very large proportion of the classification and rules which occupy such a +large proportion of the space in the majority of heraldic text-books are +equally unnecessary, {107} confusing, and incorrect, and what is very much +more important, such rules have never been recognised by the powers that +have had the control of armory from the beginning of that control down to +the present day. I shall not be surprised to find that many of my critics, +bearing in mind how strenuously I have pleaded elsewhere for a right and +proper observance of the laws of armory, may think that the foregoing has +largely the nature of a recantation. It is nothing of the kind, and I +advocate as strenuously as I have ever done, the compliance with and the +observance of every rule which can be shown to exist. But this is no +argument whatever for the idle invention of rules which never have existed; +or for the recognition of rules which have no other origin than the +imagination of heraldic writers. Nor is it an argument for the deduction of +unnecessary regulations from cases which can be shown to have been +exceptions. Too little recognition is paid to the fact that in armory there +are almost as many rules of exception as original rules. There are vastly +more plain exceptions to the rules which should govern them. + +On the subject of ordinaries, I cannot see wherein lies the difference +between a bend and a lion rampant, save their difference in form, yet the +one is said to be an ordinary, the other is merely a charge. Each has its +special rules to be observed, and whilst a bend can be engrailed or +invected, a lion can be guardant or regardant; and whilst the one can be +placed between two objects, which objects will occupy a specified position, +so can the other. Each can be charged, and each furnishes an excellent +example of the futility of some of the ancient rules which have been coined +concerning them. The ancient rules allow of but one lion and one bend upon +a shield, requiring that two bends shall become bendlets, and two lions +lioncels, whereas the instance we have already quoted--the coat of +Walpole--has never been drawn in such form that either of the chevrons +could have been considered chevronels, and it is rather late in the day to +degrade the lions of England into unblooded whelps. To my mind the +ordinaries and sub-ordinaries are no more than first charges, and though +the bend, the fess, the pale, the pile, the chevron, the cross, and the +saltire will always be found described as honourable ordinaries, whilst the +chief seems also to be pretty universally considered as one of the +honourable ordinaries, such hopeless confusion remains as to the others +(scarcely any two writers giving similar classifications), that the utter +absurdity of the necessity for any classification at all is amply +demonstrated. Classification is only necessary or desirable when a certain +set of rules can be applied identically to all the set of figures in that +particular class. Even this will not hold with the ordinaries which have +been quoted. {108} + +A pale embattled is embattled upon both its edges; a fess embattled is +embattled only upon the upper edge; a chief is embattled necessarily only +upon the lower; and the grave difficulty of distinguishing "per pale +engrailed" from "per pale invected" shows that no rigid rules can be laid +down. When we come to sub-ordinaries, the confusion is still more apparent, +for as far as I can see the only reason for the classification is the +tabulating of rules concerning the lines of partition. The bordure and the +orle can be, and often are, engrailed or embattled; the fret, the lozenge, +the fusil, the mascle, the rustre, the flanche, the roundel, the billet, +the label, the pairle, it would be practically impossible to meddle with; +and all these figures have at some time or another, and by some writer or +other, been included amongst either the ordinaries or the sub-ordinaries. +In fact there is no one quality which these charges possess in common which +is not equally possessed by scores of other well-known charges, and there +is no particular reason why a certain set should be selected and dignified +by the name of ordinaries; nor are there any rules relating to ordinaries +which require the selection of a certain number of figures, or of any +figures to be controlled by those rules, with one exception. The exception +is to be found not in the rules governing the ordinaries, but in the rules +of blazon. After the field has been specified, the principal charge must be +mentioned first, and no charge can take precedence of a bend, fess, pale, +pile, chevron, cross, or saltire, except one of themselves. If there be any +reason for a subdivision those charges must stand by themselves, and might +be termed the honourable ordinaries, but I can see no reason for treating +the chief, the quarter, the canton, gyron, flanche, label, orle, tressure, +fret, inescutcheon, chaplet, bordure, lozenge, fusil, mascle, rustre, +roundel, billet, label, shakefork, and pairle, as other than ordinary +charges. They certainly are purely heraldic, and each has its own special +rules, but so in heraldry have the lion, griffin, and deer. Here is the +complete list of the so-called ordinaries and sub-ordinaries: The bend; +fess; bar; chief; pale; chevron; cross; saltire; pile; pairle, shakefork or +pall; quarter; canton; gyron; bordure; orle; tressure; flanche; label, +fret; inescutcheon; chaplet; lozenge; fusil; mascle; rustre; roundel; +billet, together with the diminutives of such of these as are in use. + +With reference to the origin of these ordinaries, by the use of which term +is meant for the moment the rectilinear figures peculiar to armory, it may +be worth the passing mention that the said origin is a matter of some +mystery. Guillim and the old writers almost universally take them to be +derived from the actual military scarf or a representation of it placed +across the shield in various forms. Other writers, taking the surcoat and +its decoration as the real origin of coats of arms, derive {109} the +ordinaries from the belt, scarf, and other articles of raiment. Planché, on +the other hand, scouted such a derivation, putting forward upon very good +and plausible grounds the simple argument that the origin of the ordinaries +is to be found in the cross-pieces of wood placed across a shield for +strengthening purposes. He instances cases in which shields, apparently +charged with ordinaries but really strengthened with cross-pieces, can be +taken back to a period long anterior to the existence of regularised +armory. But then, on the other hand, shields can be found decorated with +animals at an equally early or even an earlier period, and I am inclined +myself to push Planché's own argument even farther than he himself took it, +and assert unequivocally that the ordinaries had in themselves no +particular symbolism and no definable origin whatever beyond that easy +method of making some pattern upon a shield which was to be gained by using +straight lines. That they ever had any military meaning, I cannot see the +slightest foundation to believe; their suggested and asserted symbolism I +totally deny. But when we can find, as Planché did, that shields were +strengthened with cross-pieces in various directions, it is quite natural +to suppose that these cross-pieces afforded a ready means of decoration in +colour, and this would lead a good deal of other decoration to follow +similar forms, even in the absence of cross-pieces upon the definite shield +itself. The one curious point which rather seems to tell against Planché's +theory is that in the earliest "rolls" of arms but a comparatively small +proportion of the arms are found to consist of these rectilinear figures, +and if the ordinaries really originated in strengthening cross-pieces one +would have expected a larger number of such coats of arms to be found; but +at the same time such arms would, in many cases, in themselves be so +palpably mere meaningless decoration of cross-pieces upon plain shields, +that the resulting design would not carry with it such a compulsory +remembrance as would a design, for example, derived from lines which had +plainly had no connection with the construction of the shield. Nor could it +have any such basis of continuity. Whilst a son would naturally paint a +lion upon his shield if his father had done the same, there certainly would +not be a similar inducement for a son to follow his father's example where +the design upon a shield were no more than different-coloured strengthening +pieces, because if these were gilt, for example, the son would naturally be +no more inclined to perpetuate a particular form of strengthening for his +shield, which might not need it, than any particular artistic division with +which it was involved, so that the absence of arms composed of ordinaries +from the early rolls of arms may not amount to so very much. Still further, +it may well be concluded that the compilers of early rolls {110} of arms, +or the collectors of the details from which early rolls were made at a +later date, may have been tempted to ignore, and may have been justified in +discarding from their lists of arms, those patterns and designs which +palpably were then no more than a meaningless colouring of the +strengthening pieces, but which patterns and designs by subsequent +continuous usage and perpetuation became accepted later by certain families +as the "arms" their ancestors had worn. It is easy to see that such +meaningless patterns would have less chance of survival by continuity of +usage, and at the same time would require a longer continuity of usage, +before attaining to fixity as a definite design. + +The undoubted symbolism of the cross in so many early coats of arms has +been urged strongly by those who argue either for a symbolism for all these +rectilinear figures or for an origin in articles of dress. But the figure +of the cross preceded Christianity and organised armory, and it had an +obvious decorative value which existed before, and which exists now outside +any attribute it may have of a symbolical nature. That it is an utterly +fallacious argument must be admitted when it is remembered that two lines +at right angles make a cross--probably the earliest of all forms of +decoration--and that the cross existed before its symbolism. Herein it +differs from other forms of decoration (e.g. the Masonic emblems) which +cannot be traced beyond their symbolical existence. The cross, like the +other heraldic rectilinear figures, came into existence, meaningless as a +decoration for a shield, before armory as such existed, and probably before +Christianity began. Then being in existence the Crusading instinct +doubtless caused its frequent selection with an added symbolical meaning. +But the argument can truthfully be pushed no farther. + +THE BEND + +The bend is a broad band going from the dexter chief corner to the sinister +base (Fig. 65). According to the old theorists this should contain the +third part of the field. As a matter of fact it hardly ever does, and +seldom did even in the oldest examples. Great latitude is allowed to the +artist on this point, in accordance with whether the bend be plain or +charged, and more particularly according to the charges which accompany it +in the shield and their disposition thereupon. + +"Azure, a bend or," is the well-known coat concerning which the historic +controversy was waged between Scrope and Grosvenor. As every one knows, it +was finally adjudged to belong to the former, and a right to it has also +been proved by the Cornish family of Carminow. {111} + +A bend is, of course, subject to the usual variations of the lines of +partition (Figs. 66-75). + +A bend compony (Fig. 76), will be found in the arms of Beaumont, and the +difference between this (in which the panes run with the bend) and a bend +barry (in which the panes are horizontal, Fig. 77), as in the arms of +King,[7] should be noticed. + +[Illustration: FIG. 65.--Bend.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 66.--Bend engrailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 67.--Bend invecked.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 68.--Bend embattled.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 69.--Bend embattled counter-embattled.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 70.--Bend raguly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 71.--Bend dovetailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 72.--Bend indented.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 73.--Bend dancetté.] + +A bend wavy is not very usual, but will be found in the arms of Wallop, De +Burton, and Conder. A bend raguly appears in the arms of Strangman. {112} + +When a bend and a bordure appear upon the same arms, the bend is not +continued over the bordure, and similarly it does not surmount a tressure +(Fig. 78), but stops within it. + +A bend upon a bend is by no means unusual. An example of this will be found +in a coat of Waller. Cases where this happens need to be carefully +scrutinised to avoid error in blazoning. + +[Illustration: FIG. 74.--Bend wavy.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 75.--Bend nebuly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 76.--Bend compony.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 77.--Bend barry.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 78.--Bend within tressure.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 79.--Bend lozengy.] + +A bend lozengy, or of lozenges (Fig. 79), will be found in the arms of +Bolding. + +A bend flory and counterflory will be found in the arms of Fellows, a +quartering of Tweedy. + +A bend chequy will be found in the arms of Menteith, and it should be +noticed that the checks run the way of the bend. + +Ermine spots upon a bend are represented the way of the bend. + +Occasionally two bends will be found, as in the arms of Lever: Argent, two +bends sable, the upper one engrailed (_vide_ Lyon Register--escutcheon of +pretence on the arms of Goldie-Scot of Craigmore, 1868); or as in the arms +of James Ford, of Montrose, 1804: Gules, two bends vairé argent and sable, +on a chief or, a greyhound courant sable between two towers gules. A +different form appears in the arms of Zorke or Yorke (see Papworth), which +are blazoned: Azure, a bend argent, impaling argent, a bend azure. A +solitary instance of _three_ bends (which, however, effectually proves that +a bend cannot {113} occupy the third part of the field) occurs in the arms +of Penrose, matriculated in Lyon Register in 1795 as a quartering of +Cumming-Gordon of Altyre. These arms of Penrose are: Argent, three bends +sable, each charged with as many roses of the field. + +A charge half the width of a bend is a bendlet (Fig. 80), and one half the +width of a bendlet is a cottise (Fig. 81), but a cottise cannot exist +alone, inasmuch as it has of itself neither direction nor position, but is +only found accompanying one of the ordinaries. The arms of Harley are an +example of a bend cottised. + +Bendlets will very seldom be found either in addition to a bend, or +charged, but the arms of Vaile show both these peculiarities. + +[Illustration: FIG. 80.--Bendlets.] + +A bend will usually be found between two charges. Occasionally it will be +found between four, but more frequently between six. In none of these cases +is it necessary to specify the position of the subsidiary charges. It is +presumed that the bend separates them into even numbers, but their exact +position (beyond this) upon the shield is left to the judgment of the +artist, and their disposition is governed by the space left available by +the shape of the shield. A further presumption is permitted in the case of +a bend between _three_ objects, which are presumed to be two in chief and +one in base. But even in the case of three the position will be usually +found to be specifically stated, as would be the case with any other uneven +number. + +[Illustration: FIG. 81.--Bend cottised.] + +Charges on a bend are placed in the direction of the bend. In such cases it +is not necessary to specify that the charges are bendwise. When a charge or +charges occupy the position which a bend would, they are said to be placed +"in bend." This is not the same thing as a charge placed "bendwise" (or +bendways). In this case the charge itself is slanted into the angle at +which the bend crosses the shield, but the position of the charge upon the +shield is not governed thereby. + +When a bend and chief occur together in the same arms, the chief will +usually surmount the bend, the latter issuing from the angle between the +base of the chief and the side of the shield. An instance to the contrary, +however, will be found in the arms of Fitz-Herbert of Swynnerton, in which +the bend is continued over the chief. This instance, however (as doubtless +all others of the kind), is due to the {114} use of the bend in early times +as a mark of difference. The coat of arms, therefore, had an earlier and +separate existence without the bend, which has been superimposed as a +difference upon a previously existing coat. The use of the bend as a +difference will be again referred to when considering more fully the marks +and methods of indicating cadency. + +[Illustration: FIG. 82.--Bend sinister.] + +A curious instance of the use of the sun's rays in bend will be found in +the arms of Warde-Aldam.[8] + +The bend sinister (Fig. 82), is very frequently stated to be the mark of +illegitimacy. It certainly has been so used upon some occasions, but these +occasions are very few and far between, the charge more frequently made use +of being the bendlet or its derivative the baton (Fig. 83). These will be +treated more fully in the chapter on the marks of illegitimacy. The bend +sinister, which is a band running from the sinister chief corner through +the centre of the escutcheon to the dexter base, need not necessarily +indicate bastardy. Naturally the popular idea which has originated and +become stereotyped concerning it renders its appearance extremely rare, but +in at least two cases it occurs without, as far as I am aware, carrying any +such meaning. At any rate, in neither case are the coats "bastardised" +versions of older arms. These cases are the arms of Shiffner: "Azure, a +bend sinister, in chief two estoiles, in like bend or; in base the end and +stock of an anchor gold, issuing from waves of the sea proper;" and +Burne-Jones: "Azure, on a bend sinister argent, between seven mullets, four +in chief and three in base or, three pairs of wings addorsed purpure." + +[Illustration: FIG. 83.--Baton sinister.] + +No coat with the chief charge a single bendlet occurs in Papworth. A single +case, however, is to be found in the Lyon Register in the duly matriculated +arms of Porterfield of that Ilk: "Or, a bendlet between a stag's head +erased in chief and a hunting-horn in base sable, garnished gules." Single +bendlets, however, both dexter and sinister, occur as ancient difference +marks, and are then sometimes known as ribands. So described, it occurs in +blazon of the arms of Abernethy: "Or, a lion rampant gules, debruised of a +ribbon sable," quartered by Lindsay, Earl of Crawford and Balcarres; but +here again the bendlet is a mark {115} of cadency. In the _Gelre Armorial_, +in this particular coat the ribbon is made "engrailed," which is most +unusual, and which does not appear to be the accepted form. In many of the +Scottish matriculations of this Abernethy coat in which this riband occurs +it is termed a "cost," doubtless another form of the word cottise. + +When a bend or bendlets (or, in fact, any other charge) are raised above +their natural position in the shield they are termed "enhanced" (Fig. 84). +An instance of this occurs in the well-known coat of Byron, viz.: "Argent, +three bendlets enhanced gules," and in the arms of Manchester, which were +based upon this coat. + +[Illustration: FIG. 84.--Bendlets enhanced.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 85.--Pale.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 86.--Pale engrailed.] + +When the field is composed of an even number of equal pieces divided by +lines following the angle of a bend the field is blazoned "bendy" of so +many (Fig. 58). In most cases it will be composed of six or eight pieces, +but as there is no diminutive of "bendy," the number must always be stated. + +THE PALE + +The pale is a broad perpendicular band passing from the top of the +escutcheon to the bottom (Fig. 85). Like all the other ordinaries, it is +stated to contain the third part of the area of the field, and it is the +only one which is at all frequently drawn in that proportion. But even with +the pale, the most frequent occasion upon which this proportion is +definitely given, this exaggerated width will be presently explained. The +artistic latitude, however, permits the pale to be drawn of this proportion +if this be convenient to the charges upon it. + +Like the other ordinaries, the pale will be found varied by the different +lines of partition (Figs. 86-94). + +The single circumstance in which the pale is regularly drawn to contain a +full third of the field by measurement is when the coat is "per fess and a +pale counterchanged." This, it will be noticed, divides the shield into six +equal portions (Fig. 95). The ease with which, by {116} the employment of +these conditions, a new coat can be based upon an old one which shall leave +three original charges in the same position, and upon a field of the +original tincture, and yet shall produce an entirely different and distinct +coat of arms, has led to this particular form being constantly repeated in +modern grants. + +[Illustration: FIG. 87.--Pale invecked.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 88.--Pale embattled.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 89.--Pale raguly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 90.--Pale dovetailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 91.--Pale indented.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 92.--Pale wavy.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 93.--Pale nebuly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 94.--Pale rayonné.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 95.--Pale per fesse counter changed.] + +The diminutive of the pale is the pallet (Fig. 96), and the pale cottised +is sometimes termed "endorsed." + +Except when it is used as a mark of difference or distinction (then usually +wavy), the pallet is not found singly; but two pallets, or three, are not +exceptional. Charged upon other ordinaries, particularly on the chief and +the chevron, pallets are of constant occurrence. {117} + +When the field is striped vertically it is said to be "paly" of so many +(Fig. 57). + +[Illustration: FIG. 96.--Pallets.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 97.--The arms of Amaury de Montfort, Earl of +Gloucester; died before 1214. (From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 98.--Arms of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester; died +1265. (From MS. Cott., Nero, D. 1.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 99.--Fess.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 100.--Fess engrailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 101.--Fess invecked.] + +The arms shown in Fig. 97 are interesting inasmuch as they are doubtless an +early form of the coat per pale indented argent and gules, which is +generally described as a banner borne for the honour of Hinckley, by the +Simons de Montfort, Earls of Leicester, father and son. In a Roll _temp._ +Henry III., to Simon the younger is ascribed "Le Banner party endentee +dargent & de goules," although the arms of both father and son are known to +have been as Fig. 98: "Gules, a lion rampant queue-fourchée argent." More +probably the indented coat gives the original Montfort arms. + +THE FESS + +The fess is a broad horizontal band crossing the escutcheon in the centre +(Fig. 99). It is seldom drawn to contain a full third of the area of the +shield. It is subject to the lines of partition (Figs. 100-109). {118} + +A curious variety of the fess dancetté is borne by the Shropshire family +Plowden of Plowden. They bear: Azure, a fess dancetté, the upper points +terminating in fleurs-de-lis (Fig. 110). A fess couped (Fig. 111) is found +in the arms of Lee. + +[Illustration: FIG. 102.--Fess embattled.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 103.--Fess embattled counter-embattled.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 104.--Fess raguly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 105.--Fess dovetailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 106.--Fess indented.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 107.--Fess dancetté.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 108.--Fess wavy.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 109.--Fess nebuly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 110.--The arms of Plowden.] + +The "fess embattled" is only crenellated upon the upper edge; but when both +edges are embattled it is a fess embattled and counter-embattled. The term +_bretessé_ (which is said to indicate that the battlements on the upper +edge are opposite the battlements on the lower edge, and the indentations +likewise corresponding) is a term and a distinction neither of which are +regarded in British armory. {119} + +A fess wreathed (Fig. 112) is a bearing which seems to be almost peculiar +to the Carmichael family, but the arms of Waye of Devon are an additional +example, being: Sable, two bars wreathed argent and gules. I know of no +other ordinary borne in a wreathed form, but there seems no reason why this +peculiarity should be confined to the fess. + +[Illustration: FIG. 111.--Fess couped.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 112.--Fess wreathed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 113.--Two Bars.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 114.--Bars embattled.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 115.--Bars engrailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 116.--Bars invecked.] + +It is a fixed rule of British armory that there can be only _one_ fess upon +a shield. If two figures of this character are found they are termed _bars_ +(Fig. 113). But it is hardly correct to speak of the bar as a diminutive of +the fess, because if two bars only appear on the shield there would be +little, if any, diminution made from the width of the fess when depicting +the bars. As is the case with other ordinaries, there is much latitude +allowed to the artist in deciding the dimensions, it being usually +permitted for these to be governed by the charges upon the fess or bars, +and the charges between which these are placed. + +Bars, like the fess, are of course equally subject to all the varying lines +of partition (Figs. 114-118). + +The diminutive of the bar is the barrulet, which is half its width and +double the width of the cottise. But the barrulet will _almost invariably_ +be found borne in _pairs_, when such a pair is usually known as a "bar +gemel" and not as two barrulets. Thus a coat with four barrulets {120} +would have these placed at equal distances from each other; but a coat with +two bars gemel would be depicted with two of its barrulets placed closely +together in chief and two placed closely together in base, the disposition +being governed by the fact that the two barrulets comprising the "bar +gemel" are only _one charge_. Fig. 119 shows three bars gemel. There is +theoretically no limit to the number of bars or bars gemel which can be +placed upon the shield. In practical use, however, four will be found the +maximum. + +[Illustration: FIG. 117.--Bars raguly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 118.--Bars dovetailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 119.--Bars gemel.] + +A field composed of four, six, eight, or ten horizontal pieces of equal +width is "barry of such and such a number of pieces," the number being +always specified (Figs. 55 and 56). A field composed of an equal number of +horizontally shaped pieces, when these exceed ten in number, is termed +"barruly" of such and such a number. The term barruly is also sometimes +used for ten pieces. If the number is omitted "barry" will usually be of +six pieces, though sometimes of eight. On the other hand a field composed +of five, seven, or nine pieces is not barry, but (_e.g._) two bars, three +bars, and four bars respectively. This distinction in modern coats needs to +be carefully noted, but in ancient coats it is not of equal importance. +Anciently also a shield "barry" was drawn of a greater number of pieces +(see Figs. 120, 121 and 122) than would nowadays be employed. In modern +armory a field so depicted would more correctly be termed "barruly." + +Whilst a field can be and often is barry of two colours or two metals, an +uneven number of pieces must of necessity be of metal and colour or fur. +Consequently in a shield _e.g._ divided into seven equal horizontal +divisions, alternately gules and sable, there must be a mistake somewhere. + +Although these distinctions require to be carefully noted as regards modern +arms, it should be remembered that they are distinctions evolved by the +intricacies and requirements of modern armory, and ancient arms were not so +trammelled. {121} + +A field divided horizontally into three equal divisions of _e.g._ gules, +sable, and argent is theoretically blazoned by British rules "party per +fess gules and argent, a fess sable." This, however, gives an exaggerated +width to the fess which it does not really possess with us, and the German +rules, which would blazon it "tierced per fess gules, sable, and argent," +would seem preferable. + +[Illustration: FIG. 120.--Arms of William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke (d. +1296); Barruly azure and argent, a label of five points gules, the files +depending from the chief line of the shield, and each file charged with +three lions passant guardant or. (From MS. Reg. 14, C. vii.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 121.--Arms of Laurence de Hastings, Earl of Pembroke +(d. 1348); Quarterly, 1 and 4, or, a maunch gules (for Hastings); 2 and 3, +barruly argent and azure, an orle of martlets (for Valence). (From his +seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 122.--Arms of Edmund Grey, Earl of Kent (d. 1489): +Quarterly, 1 and 4, barry of six, argent and azure, in chief three torteaux +(for Grey); 2 and 3, Hastings and Valence sub-quarterly. (From his seal, +1442.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 123.--Barry, per chevron counter-changed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 124.--Barry-bendy.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 125.--Paly-bendy.] + +A field which is barry may also be counterchanged, as in the arms of +Ballingall, where it is counterchanged per pale; but it can also be +counterchanged per chevron (Fig. 123), or per bend dexter or sinister. Such +counterchanging should be carefully distinguished from fields which are +"barry-bendy" (Fig. 124), or "paly-bendy" (Fig. 125). In these latter cases +the field is divided first by lines horizontal (for barry) or perpendicular +(for paly), and subsequently by lines bendy (dexter or sinister). {122} + +The result produced is very similar to "lozengy" (Fig. 126), and care +should be taken to distinguish the two. + +Barry-bendy is sometimes blazoned "fusilly in bend," whilst paly-bendy is +sometimes blazoned "fusilly in bend sinister," but the other terms are the +more accurate and acceptable. + +[Illustration: FIG. 126.--Lozengy.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 127.--Chevron.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 128.--Chevron engrailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 129.--Chevron invecked.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 130.--Chevron embattled.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 131.--Chevron embattled and counter-embattled.] + +"Lozengy" is made by use of lines in bend crossed by lines in bend sinister +(Fig. 126), and "fusilly" the same, only drawn at a more acute angle. + +THE CHEVRON + +Probably the ordinary of most frequent occurrence in British, as also in +French armory, is the chevron (Fig. 127). It is comparatively rare in +German heraldry. The term is derived from the French word _chevron_, +meaning a rafter, and the heraldic chevron is the same shape as a gable +rafter. In early examples of heraldic art the chevron will be found +depicted reaching very nearly to the top of the shield, the angle contained +within the chevron being necessarily more acute. The chevron then attained +very much more nearly to its full area of one-third of the field than is +now given to it. As the chevron became accompanied by charges, it was +naturally drawn so that it would allow of these charges being more easily +represented, and its height became {123} less whilst the angle it enclosed +was increased. But now, as then, it is perfectly at the pleasure of the +artist to design his chevron at the height and angle which will best allow +the proper representation of the charges which accompany it. + +[Illustration: FIG. 132.--Chevron indented.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 133.--Chevron wavy.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 134.--Chevron nebuly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 135.--Chevron raguly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 136.--Chevron dovetailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 137.--Chevron doubly cottised.] + +The chevron, of course, is subject to the usual lines of partition (Figs. +128-136), and can be cottised and doubly cottised (Fig. 137). + +It is usually found between three charges, but the necessity of modern +differentiation has recently introduced the disposition of four charges, +three in chief and one in base, which is by no means a happy invention. An +even worse disposition occurs in the arms of a certain family of Mitchell, +where the four escallops which are the principal charges are arranged two +in chief and two in base. + +[Illustration: FIG. 138.--Chevron quarterly.] + +Ermine spots upon a chevron do not follow the direction of it, but in the +cases of chevrons vair, and chevrons chequy, authoritative examples can be +found in which the chequers and rows of vair both do, and do not, conform +to the direction of the chevron. My own preference is to make the rows +horizontal. + +A chevron quarterly is divided by a line chevronwise, apparently {124} +dividing the chevron into two chevronels, and then by a vertical line in +the centre (Fig. 138). + +A chevron in point embowed will be found in the arms of Trapaud quartered +by Adlercron (Fig. 139). + +A field per chevron (Fig. 52) is often met with, and the division line in +this case (like the enclosing lines of a real chevron) is subject to the +usual partition lines, but how one is to determine the differentiation +between per chevron engrailed and per chevron invecked I am uncertain, but +think the points should be upwards for engrailed. + +The field when entirely composed of an even number of chevrons is termed +"chevronny" (Fig. 59). + +The diminutive of the chevron is the chevronel (Fig. 140). + +Chevronels "interlaced" or "braced" (Fig. 141), will be found in the arms +of Sirr. The chevronel is very seldom met with singly, but a case of this +will be found in the arms of Spry. + +A chevron "rompu" or broken is depicted as in Fig. 142. + +[Illustration] + + FIG. 139.--Armorial bearings of Rodolph Ladeveze Adlercron, Esq.: + Quarterly, 1 and 4, argent, an eagle displayed, wings inverted sable, + langued gules, membered and ducally crowned or (for Adlercron): 2 and + 3, argent, a chevron in point embowed between in chief two mullets and + in base a lion rampant all gules (for Trapaud). Mantling sable and + argent. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a demi-eagle displayed + sable, langued gules, ducally crowned or, the dexter wing per fess + argent and azure, the sinister per fess of the last and or. Motto: "Quo + fata vocant." + +THE PILE + +The pile (Fig. 143) is a triangular wedge usually (and unless otherwise +specified) issuing from the chief. The pile is subject to the usual lines +of partition (Figs. 144-151). + +The early representation of the pile (when coats of arms had no secondary +charges and were nice and simple) made the point nearly reach to the base +of the escutcheon, and as a consequence it naturally was not so wide. It is +now usually drawn so that its upper edge occupies very nearly the whole of +the top line of the escutcheon; but {125} the angles and proportions of the +pile are very much at the discretion of the artist, and governed by the +charges which need to be introduced in the field of the escutcheon or upon +the pile. + +[Illustration: FIG. 140.--Chevronels.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 141.--Chevronels braced.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 142.--Chevron rompu.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 143.--Pile.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 144.--Pile engrailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 145.--Pile invecked.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 146.--Pile embattled.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 147.--Pile indented.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 148.--Pile wavy.] + +A single pile may issue from any point of the escutcheon except the base; +the arms of Darbishire showing a pile issuing from the dexter chief point. + +A single pile cannot issue in base if it be unaccompanied by other piles, +as the field would then be blazoned per chevron. + +Two piles issuing in chief will be found in the arms of Holles, Earl of +Clare. + +When three piles, instead of pointing directly at right angles to the line +of the chief, all point to the same point, touching or nearly touching +{126} at the tips, as in the arms of the Earl of Huntingdon and Chester or +in the arms of Isham,[9] they are described as three piles in point. This +term and its differentiation probably are modern refinements, as with the +early long-pointed shield any other position was impossible. The arms of +Henderson show three piles issuing from the sinister side of the +escutcheon. + +A disposition of three piles which will very frequently be found in modern +British heraldry is two issuing in chief and one in base (Fig. 152). + +Piles terminating in fleurs-de-lis or crosses patée are to be met with, and +reference may be made to the arms of Poynter and Dickson-Poynder. Each of +these coats has the field pily counter-pily, the points ending in crosses +formée. + +[Illustration: FIG. 149.--Pile nebuly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 150.--Pile raguly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 151.--Pile dovetailed.] + +An unusual instance of a pile in which it issues from a chevron will be +found in the arms of Wright, which are: "Sable, on a chevron argent, three +spear-heads gules, in chief two unicorns' heads erased argent, armed and +maned or, in base on a pile of the last, issuant from the chevron, a +unicorn's head erased of the field." + +THE SHAKEFORK + +The pall, pairle, or shakefork (Fig. 153), is almost unknown in English +heraldry, but in Scotland its constant occurrence in the arms of the +Cunninghame and allied families has given it a recognised position among +the ordinaries. + +As usually borne by the Cunninghame family the ends are couped and pointed, +but in some cases it is borne throughout. + +The pall in its proper ecclesiastical form appears in the arms of the +Archiepiscopal Sees of Canterbury, Armagh, and Dublin. Though {127} in +these cases the pall or pallium (Fig. 154), is now considered to have no +other heraldic status than that of an appropriately ecclesiastical charge +upon an official coat of arms, there can be very little doubt that +originally the pall of itself was the heraldic symbol in this country of an +archbishop, and borne for that reason by all archbishops, including the +Archbishop of York, although his official archiepiscopal coat is now +changed to: "Gules, two keys in saltire argent, in chief a royal crown or." + +[Illustration: FIG. 152.--Three piles, two in chief and one in base.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 153.--Shakefork.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 154.--Ecclesiastical pallium.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 155.--Cross.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 156.--Cross engrailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 157.--Cross invecked.] + +The necessity of displaying this device of rank--the pallium--upon a field +of some tincture has led to its corruption into a usual and stereotyped +"charge." + +THE CROSS + +The heraldic cross (Fig. 155), the huge preponderance of which in armory we +of course owe to the Crusades, like all other armorial charges, has +strangely developed. There are nearly four hundred varieties known to +armory, or rather to heraldic text-books, and doubtless authenticated +examples could be found of most if not of them all. But some dozen or +twenty forms are about as many as will be found regularly or constantly +occurring. Some but not all of the varieties of the cross are subject to +the lines of partition (Figs. 156-161). {128} + +When the heraldic cross was first assumed with any reason beyond +geometrical convenience, there can be no doubt that it was intended to +represent the Sacred Cross itself. The symbolism of the cross is older than +our present system of armory, but the cross itself is more ancient than its +symbolism. A cross depicted upon the long, pointed shields of those who +fought for the Cross would be of that shape, with the elongated arm in +base. + +[Illustration: FIG. 158.--Cross embattled.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 159.--Cross indented.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 160.--Cross raguly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 161.--Cross dovetailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 162.--Passion Cross.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 163.--Cross Calvary.] + +But the contemporary shortening of the shield, together with the +introduction of charges in its angles, led naturally to the arms of the +cross being so disposed that the parts of the field left visible were as +nearly as possible equal. The Sacred Cross, therefore, in heraldry is now +known as a "Passion Cross" (Fig. 162) (or sometimes as a "long cross"), or, +if upon steps or "grieces," the number of which needs to be specified, as a +"Cross Calvary" (Fig. 163). The crucifix (Fig. 164), under that description +is sometimes met with as a charge. + +The ordinary heraldic cross (Fig. 155) is always continued throughout the +shield unless stated to be couped (Fig. 165). + +Of the crosses more regularly in use may be mentioned the cross botonny +(Fig. 166), the cross flory (Fig. 167), which must be distinguished from +the cross fleuretté (Fig. 168); the cross moline, {129} (Fig. 169), the +cross potent (Fig. 170), the cross patée or formée (Fig. 171), the cross +patonce (Fig. 172), and the cross crosslet (Fig. 173). + +PLATE III. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration: FIG. 164.--Crucifix.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 165.--Cross couped.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 166.--Cross botonny.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 167.--Cross flory.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 168.--Cross fleuretté.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 169.--Cross moline.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 170.--Cross potent.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 171.--Cross patée (or formée).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 172.--Cross patonce.] + +Of other but much more uncommon varieties examples will be found of the +cross parted and fretty (Fig. 174), of the cross patée quadrate (Fig. 175), +of a cross pointed and voided in the arms of Dukinfield (quartered by +Darbishire), and of a cross cleché voided and pometté as in the arms of +Cawston. A cross quarter-pierced (Fig. 176) has the field visible at the +centre. A cross tau or St. Anthony's Cross is shown in Fig. 177, the real +Maltese Cross in Fig. 178, and the Patriarchal Cross in Fig. 179. {130} + +Whenever a cross or cross crosslet has the bottom arm elongated and pointed +it is said to be "fitched" (Figs. 180 and 181), but when a point is added +at the foot_ e.g._ of a cross patée, it is then termed "fitchée at the +foot" (Fig. 182). + +[Illustration: FIG. 173.--Cross crosslet.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 174.--Cross parted and fretty.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 175.--Cross patée quadrate.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 176.--Cross quarter-pierced.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 177.--Cross Tau.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 178.--Maltese Cross.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 179.--Patriarchal Cross.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 180.--Cross crosslet fitched.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 181.--Cross patée fitched.] + +Of the hundreds of other varieties it may confidently be said that a large +proportion originated in misunderstandings of the crude drawings of early +armorists, added to the varying and alternating descriptions applied at a +more pliable and fluent period of heraldic blazon. A striking illustration +of this will be found in the cross botonny, which is now, and has been for +a long time past, regularised with us as a distinct variety of {131} +constant occurrence. From early illustrations there is now no doubt that +this was the original form, or one of the earliest forms, of the cross +crosslet. It is foolish to ignore these varieties, reducing all crosses to +a few original forms, for they are now mostly stereotyped and accepted; but +at the same time it is useless to attempt to learn them, for in a lifetime +they will mostly be met with but once each or thereabouts. A field semé of +cross crosslets (Fig. 183) is termed crusilly. + +[Illustration: FIG. 182.--Cross patée fitched at foot.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 183.--Crusilly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 184.--Saltire.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 185.--Saltire engrailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 186.--Saltire invecked.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 187.--Saltire embattled.] + +THE SALTIRE + +The saltire or saltier (Fig. 184) is more frequently to be met with in +Scottish than in English heraldry. This is not surprising, inasmuch as the +saltire is known as the Cross of St. Andrew, the Patron Saint of Scotland. +Its form is too well known to need description. It is of course subject to +the usual partition lines (Figs. 185-192). + +When a saltire is charged the charges are usually placed conformably +therewith. + +The field of a coat of arms is often per saltire. + +When one saltire couped is the principal charge it will usually be {132} +found that it is couped conformably to the outline of the shield; but if +the couped saltire be one of a number or a subsidiary charge it will be +found couped by horizontal lines, or by lines at right angles. The saltire +has not developed into so many varieties of form as the cross, and (_e.g._) +a saltire botonny is assumed to be a cross botonny placed saltireways, but +a saltire parted and fretty is to be met with (Fig. 193). + +THE CHIEF + +The chief (Fig. 194), which is a broad band across the top of the shield +containing (theoretically, but not in fact) the uppermost third of the area +of the field, is a very favourite ordinary. It is of course subject to the +variations of the usual partition lines (Figs. 195-203). It is usually +drawn to contain about one-fifth of the area of the field, though in cases +where it is used for a landscape augmentation it will usually be found of a +rather greater area. + +[Illustration: FIG. 188.--Saltire indented.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 189.--Saltire wavy.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 190.--Saltire nebuly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 191.--Saltire raguly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 192.--Saltire dovetailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 193.--Saltire parted and fretty.] + +The chief especially lent itself to the purposes of honourable +augmentation, and is constantly found so employed. As such it will be +referred to in the chapter upon augmentations, but a chief of this +character may perhaps be here referred to with advantage, as this will +{133} indicate the greater area often given to it under these conditions, +as in the arms of Ross-of-Bladensburg (Plate II.). + +Knights of the old Order of St. John of Jerusalem and also of the modern +Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England display above +their personal arms a chief of the order, but this will be dealt with more +fully in the chapter relating to the insignia of knighthood. + +[Illustration: FIG. 194.--Chief.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 195.--Chief engrailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 196.--Chief invecked.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 197.--Chief embattled.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 198.--Chief indented.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 199.--Chief dancetté.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 200.--Chief wavy.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 201.--Chief nebuly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 202.--Chief raguly.] + +Save in exceptional circumstances, the chief is never debruised or +surmounted by any ordinary. + +The chief is ordinarily superimposed over the tressure and over the +bordure, partly defacing them by the elimination of the upper {134} part +thereof. This happens with the bordure when it is a part of the original +coat of arms. If, however, the chief were in existence at an earlier period +and the bordure is added later as a mark of difference, the bordure +surrounds the chief. On the other hand, if a bordure exists, even as a mark +of difference, and a chief of augmentation is _subsequently_ added, or a +canton for distinction, the chief or the canton in these cases would +surmount the bordure. + +Similarly a bend when added later as a mark of difference surmounts the +chief. Such a case is very unusual, as the use of the bend for differencing +has long been obsolete. + +[Illustration: FIG. 203.--Chief dovetailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 204.--Arms of Peter de Dreux, Earl of Richmond (_c._ +1230): Chequy or and azure, a quarter ermine. (From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 205.--Arms of De Vere, Earls of Oxford: Quarterly gules +and or, in the first quarter a mullet argent.] + +A chief is never couped or cottised, and it has no diminutive in British +armory. + +THE QUARTER + +The quarter is not often met with in English armory, the best-known +instance being the well-known coat of Shirley, Earl Ferrers, viz: Paly of +six or and azure, a quarter ermine. The arms of the Earls of Richmond (Fig. +204) supply another instance. Of course as a division of the field under +the blazon of "quarterly" (_e.g._ or and azure) it is constantly to be met +with, but a single quarter is rare. + +Originally a single quarter was drawn to contain the full fourth part of +the shield, but with the more modern tendency to reduce the size of all +charges, its area has been somewhat diminished. Whilst a quarter will only +be found within a plain partition line, a field divided quarterly +(occasionally, but I think hardly so correctly, termed "per cross") is not +so limited. Examples of quarterly fields will be found in the historic +shield of De Vere (Fig. 205) and De Mandeville. An irregular partition line +is often introduced in a new grant to conjoin quarterings {135} borne +without authority into one single coat. The diminutive of the quarter is +the canton (Fig. 206), and the diminutive of that the chequer of a chequy +field (Fig. 207). + +THE CANTON + +[Illustration: FIG. 206.--Canton.] + +The canton is supposed to occupy one-third of the chief, and that being +supposed to occupy one-third of the field, a simple arithmetical sum gives +us one-ninth of the field as the theoretical area of the canton. Curiously +enough, the canton to a certain extent gives us a confirmation of these +ancient proportions, inasmuch as all ancient drawings containing both a +fess and a canton depict these conjoined. This will be seen in the Garter +plate of Earl Rivers. In modern days, however, it is very seldom that the +canton will be depicted of such a size, though in cases where, as in the +arms of Boothby, it forms the only charge, it is even nowadays drawn to +closely approximate to its theoretical area of one-ninth of the field. It +may be remarked here perhaps that, owing to the fact that there are but few +instances in which the quarter or the canton have been used as the sole or +principal charge, a coat of arms in which these are employed would be +granted with fewer of the modern bedevilments than would a coat with a +chevron for example. I know of no instance in modern times in which a +quarter, when figuring as a charge, or a canton have been subject to the +usual lines of partition. + +The canton (with the single exception of the bordure, when used as a mark +of cadency or distinction) is superimposed _over_ every other charge or +ordinary, no matter what this may be. Theoretically the canton is supposed +to be always a later addition to the coat, and even though a charge may be +altogether hidden or "absconded" by the canton, the charge is always +presumed to be there, and is mentioned in the blazon. + +[Illustration: FIG. 207.--Chequy.] + +Both a cross and a saltire are sometimes described as "cantonned" by +such-and-such charges, when they are placed in the blank spaces left by +these ordinaries. In addition, the spaces left by a cross (but not by a +saltire) are frequently spoken of _e.g._ as the dexter chief canton or the +sinister base canton. {136} + +The canton is frequently used to carry an augmentation, and these cantons +of augmentation will be referred to under that heading, though it may be +here stated that a "canton of England" is a canton gules, charged with +three lions passant guardant or, as in the arms of Lane (Plate II.). + +The canton, unless it is _an original charge_, need not conform to the rule +forbidding colour on colour, or metal on metal; otherwise the canton of +Ulster would often be an impossibility. + +The canton, with rare exceptions, is always placed in the dexter chief +corner. The canton of augmentation in the arms of Clerke, Bart.--"Argent, +on a bend gules, between three pellets as many swans of the field; on a +sinister canton azure, a demi-ram salient of the first, and in chief two +fleurs-de-lis or, debruised by a baton"--is, however, a sinister one, as is +the canton upon the arms of Charlton. In this latter case the sinister +canton is used to signify illegitimacy. This will be more fully dealt with +in the chapter upon marks of illegitimacy. + +A curious use of the canton for the purposes of marshalling occurs in the +case of a woman who, being an heiress herself, has a daughter or daughters +only, whilst her husband has sons and heirs by another marriage. In such an +event, the daughter being heir (or in the case of daughters these being +coheirs) of the mother, but not heir of the father, cannot transmit as +quarterings the arms of the father whom she does not represent, whilst she +ought to transmit the arms of the mother whom she does represent. The +husband of the daughter, therefore, places upon an escutcheon of pretence +the arms of her mother, with those of her father on a canton thereupon. The +children of the marriage quarter this combined coat, the arms of the father +always remaining upon a canton. This will be more fully dealt with under +the subject of marshalling. + +The canton has yet another use as a "mark of distinction." When, under a +Royal Licence, the name and arms of a family are assumed where there is no +blood descent from the family, the arms have some mark of distinction +added. This is usually a plain canton. This point will be treated more +fully under "Marks of Cadency." + +Woodward mentions three instances in which the lower edge of the canton is +"indented," one taken from the Calais Roll, viz. the arms of Sir William de +la Zouche--"Gules, bezantée, a canton indented at the bottom"--and adds +that the canton has been sometimes thought to indicate the square banner of +a knight-baronet, and he suggests that the lower edge being indented may +give some weight to the idea. As the canton does not appear to have either +previously or subsequently formed any part of the arms of Zouche, it is +possible that in this instance some {137} such meaning may have been +intended, but it can have no such application generally. + +The "Canton of Ulster"--_i.e._ "Argent, a sinister hand couped at the wrist +gules"--is the badge of a baronet of England, Ireland, Great Britain, or +the United Kingdom. This badge may be borne upon a canton, dexter or +sinister, or upon an inescutcheon, at the pleasure of the wearer. There is +some little authority and more precedent for similarly treating the badge +of a Nova Scotian Baronet, but as such Baronets _wear_ their badges it is +more usually depicted below the shield, depending by the orange tawny +ribbon of their order. + +THE GYRON + +[Illustration: FIG. 208.--Gyronny.] + +As a charge, the gyron (sometimes termed an esquire) is very seldom found, +but as a subdivision of the field, a coat "gyronny" (Fig. 208) is +constantly met with, all arms for the name of Campbell being gyronny. Save +in rare cases, a field gyronny is divided quarterly and then per saltire, +making eight divisions, but it may be gyronny of six, ten, twelve, or more +pieces, though such cases are seldom met with and always need to be +specified. The arms of Campbell of Succoth are gyronny of eight +_engrailed_, a most unusual circumstance. I know of no other instance of +the use of lines of partition in a gyronny field. The arms of Lanyon afford +an example of the gyron as a charge, as does also the well-known shield of +Mortimer (Fig. 209). + +[Illustration: FIG. 209.--The arms of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March and +Ulster (d. 1398): Quarterly, 1 and 4, azure, three bars or (sometimes but +not so correctly quoted barry of six), on a chief of the first two pallets +between two base esquires of the second, over all an inescutcheon argent +(for Mortimer); 2 and 3, or, a cross gules (for Ulster). (From his seal.)] + +THE INESCUTCHEON + +The inescutcheon is a shield appearing as a charge upon the coat of arms. +Certain writers state that it is termed an inescutcheon if only one appears +as the charge, but that when more than one is present they are merely +termed escutcheons. This is an unnecessary refinement not officially +recognised or adhered to, though unconsciously one often is led to make +this distinction, which seems to spring naturally to one's mind. {138} + +When one inescutcheon appears, it is sometimes difficult to tell whether to +blazon the arms as charged with a bordure or an inescutcheon. Some coats of +arms, for example the arms of Molesworth, will always remain more or less a +matter of uncertainty. + +But as a matter of fact a bordure should not be wide enough to fill up the +field left by an inescutcheon, nor an inescutcheon large enough to occupy +the field left by a bordure. + +The inescutcheon in German armory (or, as they term it, the heart +escutcheon), when superimposed upon other quarterings, is usually the +paternal or most important coat of arms. The same method of marshalling has +sometimes been adopted in Scotland, and the arms of Hay are an instance. It +usually in British heraldry is used to carry the arms of an heiress wife, +but both these points will be dealt with later under the subject of +marshalling. The inescutcheon, no matter what its position, should never be +termed an escutcheon of pretence if it forms a charge upon the original +arms. A curious instance of the use of an inescutcheon will be found in the +arms of Gordon-Cumming (Plate III.). + +When an inescutcheon appears on a shield it should conform in its outline +to the shape of the shield upon which it is placed. + +THE BORDURE + +The bordure (Fig. 210) occurs both as a charge and as a mark of difference. +As may be presumed from its likeness to our word border, the bordure is +simply a border round the shield. Except in modern grants in which the +bordure forms a part of the original design of the arms, there can be very +little doubt that the bordure has always been a mark of difference to +indicate either cadency or bastardy, but its stereotyped continuance +without further alteration in so many coats of arms in which it originally +was introduced as a difference, and also its appearance in new grants, +leave one no alternative but to treat of it in the ordinary way as a +charge, leaving the consideration of it as a mark of difference to a future +chapter. + +There is no stereotyped or official size for the bordure, the width of +which has at all times varied, though it will almost invariably be found +that a Scottish bordure is depicted rather wider than is an English one; +and naturally a bordure which is charged is a little wider than an entirely +plain one. The bordure of course is subject to {139} all the lines of +partition (Figs. 211-218). Bordures may also be per fesse, per pale (Fig. +219), quarterly (Fig. 220), gyronny (Fig. 221), or tierced in pairle (Fig. +222), &c. + +[Illustration: FIG. 210.--Bordure.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 211.--Bordure engrailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 212.--Bordure invecked.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 213.--Bordure embattled.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 214.--Bordure indented.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 215.--Bordure wavy.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 216.--Bordure nebuly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 217.--Bordure dovetailed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 218.--Bordure potenté.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 219.--Bordure per pale.] + +The bordure has long since ceased to be a mark of cadency in England, but +as a mark of distinction the bordure wavy (Fig. 215) is still used to +indicate bastardy. A bordure of England was granted by Royal warrant as an +augmentation to H.M. Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain, on the occasion of +her marriage. The use of the bordure is, however, the recognised method of +differencing in Scotland, but it is curious that with the Scots the bordure +wavy is in no way a mark of illegitimacy. The Scottish bordure for +indicating this fact is {140} the bordure compony (Fig. 223), which has +been used occasionally for the same purpose in England, but the bordures +added to indicate cadency and the various marks to indicate illegitimacy +will be discussed in later chapters. The difference should here be observed +between the bordure compony (Fig. 223), which means illegitimacy; the +bordure counter compony (Fig. 224), which may or may not have that meaning; +and the bordure chequy (Fig. 225), which certainly has no relation to +bastardy. In the two former the panes run with the shield, in the latter +the chequers do not. Whilst the bordure as a mark of cadency or +illegitimacy surrounds the whole shield, being superimposed upon even the +chief and canton, a bordure when merely a charge gives way to both. + +[Illustration: FIG. 220.--Bordure quarterly.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 221.--Bordure gyronny.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 222.--Bordure tierced in pairle.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 223.--Bordure compony.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 224.--Bordure counter compony.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 225.--Bordure chequy.] + +A certain rule regarding the bordure is the sole remaining instance in +modern heraldry of the formerly recognised practice of conjoining two coats +of arms (which it might be necessary to marshal together) by "dimidiation" +instead of using our present-day method of impalement. To dimidiate two +coats of arms, the dexter half of one shield was conjoined to the sinister +half of the other. The objections to such a practice, however, soon made +themselves apparent (_e.g._ a dimidiated chevron was scarcely +distinguishable from a bend), and the "dimidiation" of arms was quickly +abandoned in favour of {141} "impalement," in which the entire designs of +both coats of arms are depicted. But in impaling a coat of arms which is +surrounded by a bordure, the bordure is not continued down the centre +between the two coats, but stops short top and bottom at the palar line. +The same rule, by the way, applies to the tressure, but not to the orle. +The curious fact, however, remains that this rule as to the dimidiation of +the bordure in cases of impalement is often found to have been ignored in +ancient seals and other examples. The charges upon the bordure are often +three, but more usually eight in number, in the latter case being arranged +three along the top of the shield, one at the base point, and two on either +side. The number should, however, always be specified, unless (as in a +bordure bezantée, &c.) it is immaterial; in which case the number eight +must be _exceeded_ in emblazoning the shield. The rule as to colour upon +colour does not hold and seems often to be ignored in the cases of +bordures, noticeably when these occur as marks of Scottish cadency. + +THE ORLE + +The orle (Fig. 226), or, as it was originally termed in ancient British +rolls of arms, "un faux ecusson," is a narrow bordure following the exact +outline of the shield, but within it, showing the field (for at least the +width usually occupied by a bordure) between the outer edge of the orle and +the edge of the escutcheon. An orle is about half the width of a bordure, +rather less than more, but the proportion is never very exactly maintained. +The difference may be noted between this figure and the next (Fig. 227), +which shows an inescutcheon within a bordure. + +[Illustration: FIG. 226.--Orle.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 227.--An inescutcheon within a bordure.] + +Though both forms are very seldom so met with, an orle may be subject to +the usual lines of partition, and may also be charged. Examples of both +these variations are met with in the arms of Yeatman-Biggs, and the arms of +Gladstone afford an instance of an orle "flory." The arms of Knox, Earl of +Ranfurly, are: Gules, a falcon volant or, within an orle wavy on the outer +and engrailed on the inner edge argent. + +When a series of charges are placed round the edges of the {142} escutcheon +(_theoretically_ in the position occupied by the orle, but as a matter of +actual fact usually more in the position occupied by the bordure), they are +said to be "in orle," which is the correct term, but they will often be +found blazoned "an orle of (_e.g._) martlets or mounds." + +THE TRESSURE + +The tressure is really an orle gemel, _i.e._ an orle divided into two +narrow ones set closely together, the one inside the other. It is, however, +usually depicted a trifle nearer the edge of the escutcheon than the orle +is generally placed. + +The tressure cannot be borne singly, as it would then be an orle, but plain +tressures under the name of "concentric orles" will be found mentioned in +Papworth. In that Ordinary eight instances are given of arms containing +more than a single orle, though the eight instances are plainly varieties +of only four coats. Two concentric orles would certainly be a tressure, +save that perhaps they would be drawn of rather too great a width for the +term "tressure" to be properly applied to them. + +[Illustration: FIG. 228.--Tressure flory and counter-flory.] + +If these instances be disregarded, and I am inclined to doubt them as +genuine coats, there certainly is no example of a plain tressure in British +heraldry, and one's attention must be directed to the tressure flory and +counterflory (Fig. 228), so general in Scottish heraldry. + +Originating entirely in the Royal escutcheon, one cannot do better than +reproduce the remarks of Lyon King of Arms upon the subject from his work +"Heraldry in relation to Scottish History and Art":-- + +"William the Lion has popularly got the credit of being the first to +introduce heraldic bearings into Scotland, and to have assumed the lion as +his personal cognisance. The latter statement may or may not be true, but +we have no trace of hereditary arms in Scotland so early as his reign +(1165-1214). Certainly the lion does not appear on his seal, but it does on +that of his son and successor Alexander II., with apparent remains of the +double tressure flory counterflory, a device which is clearly seen on the +seals of Alexander III. (1249-1285). We are unable to say what the reason +was for the adoption of such a distinctive coat; of course, if you turn to +the older writers you will find all sorts of fables on the subject. Even +the sober and sensible Nisbet states that 'the lion has been carried on the +armorial ensign of {143} Scotland since the first founding of the monarchy +by King Fergus I.'--a very mythical personage, who is said to have +flourished about 300 B.C., though he is careful to say that he does not +believe arms are as old as that period. He says, however, that it is +'without doubt' that Charlemagne entered into an alliance with Achaius, +King of Scotland, and for the services of the Scots the French king added +to the Scottish lion the double tressure fleur-de-lisée to show that the +former had defended the French lilies, and that therefore the latter would +surround the lion and be a defence to him." + +All this is very pretty, but it is not history. Chalmers remarks in his +"Caledonia" that the lion may possibly have been derived from the arms of +the old Earls of Northumberland and Huntingdon, from whom some of the +Scottish kings were descended; and he mentions an old roll of arms +preserved by Leland,[10] which is certainly not later than 1272, in which +the arms of Scotland are blazoned as: _Or, a lion gules within a bordure or +fleuretté gules_, which we may reasonably interpret as an early indication +of what may be considered as a foreign rendering of the double tressure. +Sylvanus Morgan, one of the very maddest of the seventeenth-century +heraldic writers, says that the tressure was added to the shield of +Scotland, in testimony of a league between Scotland and France, by Charles +V.; but that king did not ascend the throne of France till 1364, at which +time we have clear proof that the tressure was a firmly established part of +the Scottish arms. One of the earliest instances of anything approaching +the tressure in the Scottish arms which I have met with is in an armorial +of Matthew Paris, which is now in the Cottonian MSS. in the British Museum, +and at one time belonged to St. Alban's Monastery. Here the arms of the +King of Scotland are given as: "Or, a lion rampant flory gules in a bordure +of the same." The drawing represents a lion within a bordure, the latter +being pierced by ten fleurs-de-lis, their heads all looking inwards, the +other end not being free, but attached to the inner margin of the shield. +This, you will observe, is very like the arms I mentioned as described by +Chalmers, and it may possibly be the same volume which may have been +acquired by Sir Robert Cotton. In 1471 there was a curious attempt of the +Scottish Parliament to displace the tressure. An Act was passed in that +year, for some hitherto unexplained reason, by which it was ordained "that +in tyme to cum thar suld be na double tresor about his (the king's) armys, +but that he suld ber hale armys of the lyoun without ony mair." Seeing that +at the time of this enactment the Scottish kings had borne the tressure for +upwards of 220 years, it is difficult to understand the cause of this +procedure. Like many other Acts, however, it never seems to have {144} been +carried into effect; at least I am not aware of even a solitary instance of +the Scottish arms without the tressure either at or after this period. + + * * * * * + +There are other two representations of the Scottish arms in foreign +armorials, to which I may briefly allude. One is in the _Armorial de +Gelre_, a beautiful MS. in the Royal Library at Brussels, the Scottish +shields in which have been figured by Mr. Stodart in his book on Scottish +arms, and, more accurately, by Sir Archibald Dunbar in a paper read to the +Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1890. The armorial is believed to be +the work of Claes Heynen, Gelre Herald to the Duke of Gueldres between 1334 +and 1372, with later additions by another hand. The coat assigned in it to +the King of Scotland is the lion and double tressure; the lion is +uncrowned, and is armed and langued azure; above the shield is a helmet +argent adorned behind with a short capelin or plain mantling, on which is +emblazoned the saltire and chief of the Bruces, from which we may gather +that the arms of David II. are here represented; the lining is blue, which +is unusual, as mantlings are usually lined or doubled with a metal, if not +with ermine. The helmet is surmounted by an Imperial crown, with a dark +green bonnet spotted with red.[11] On the crown there is the crest of a +lion sejant guardant gules, imperially crowned or, holding in his paw a +sword upright; the tail is coué or placed between the hind-legs of the +lion, but it then rises up and flourishes high above his back in a +sufficiently defiant fashion. This shows that the Scottish arms were well +known on the Continent of Europe nearly a hundred years before the date of +the Grunenberg MS., while Virgil de Solis (c. 1555) gives a sufficiently +accurate representation of the Royal shield, though the fleur-de-lis all +project outwards as in the case of Grunenberg; he gives the crest as a lion +rampant holding a sword in bend over his shoulder. Another ancient +representation of the Scottish arms occurs in a MS. treatise on heraldry of +the sixteenth century, containing the coats of some foreign sovereigns and +other personages, bound up with a Scottish armorial, probably by David +Lindsay, Lyon in 1568. + +The tressure, like the bordure, in the case of an impalement stops at the +line of impalement, as will be seen by a reference to the arms of Queen +Anne after the union of the crowns of England and Scotland. + +It is now held, both in England and Scotland, that the tressure flory and +counterflory is, as a part of the Royal Arms, protected, and cannot be +granted to any person without the express licence of the {145} Sovereign. +This, however, does not interfere with the matriculation or exemplification +of it in the case of existing arms in which it occurs. + +Many Scottish families bear or claim to bear the Royal tressure by reason +of female descent from the Royal House, but it would seem much more +probable that in most if not in all cases where it is so borne by right its +origin is due rather to a gift by way of augmentation than to any supposed +right of inheritance. The apparently conflicting statements of origin are +not really antagonistic, inasmuch as it will be seen from many analogous +English instances (_e.g._ Mowbray, Manners, and Seymour) that near +relationship is often the only reason to account for the grant of a Royal +augmentation. As an ordinary augmentation of honour it has been frequently +granted. + +The towns of Aberdeen and Perth obtained early the right of honouring their +arms with the addition of the Royal tressure. It appears on the still +existing matrix of the burgh seal of Aberdeen, which was engraved in 1430. + +James V. in 1542 granted a warrant to Lyon to surround the arms of John +Scot, of Thirlestane, with the Royal tressure, in respect of his ready +services at Soutra Edge with three score and ten lances on horseback, when +other nobles refused to follow their Sovereign. The grant was put on record +by the grantee's descendant, Patrick, Lord NAPIER, and is the tressured +coat borne in the second and third quarters of the NAPIER arms. + +When the Royal tressure is granted to the bearer of a quartered coat it is +usually placed upon a bordure surrounding the quartered shield, as in the +case of the arms of the Marquess of QUEENSBERRY, to whom, in 1682, the +Royal tressure was granted upon a _bordure or_. A like arrangement is borne +by the Earls of EGLINTON, occurring as far back as a seal of Earl HUGH, +appended to a charter of 1598. + +The Royal tressure had at least twice been granted as an augmentation to +the arms of foreigners. James V. granted it to Nicolas CANIVET of Dieppe, +secretary to JOHN, Duke of ALBANY (Reg. Mag. Sig., xxiv. 263, Oct. 24, +1529). James VI. gave it to Sir JACOB VAN EIDEN, a Dutchman on whom he +conferred the honour of knighthood. + +On 12th March 1762, a Royal Warrant was granted directing Lyon to add a +"double tressure counterflowered as in the Royal arms of Scotland" to the +arms of ARCHIBALD, Viscount PRIMROSE. Here the tressure was _gules_, as in +the Royal arms, although the field on which it was placed was _vert_. In a +later record of the arms of ARCHIBALD, Earl of ROSEBERY, in 1823, this +heraldic anomaly was brought to an end, and the blazon of the arms of +Primrose is now: "Vert, three primroses within a double tressure flory +counterflory or." (See Stodart, "Scottish Arms," vol. i. pp. 262, 263, +where mention is also made of an older {146} use of the Royal tressure or, +by "ARCHBALD PRIMROSE of Dalmenie, Knight and baronet, be his majesty +CHARLES ii. create, _Vert, three primroses within a double tressure +flowered counter-flowered or_.") Another well-known Scottish instance in +which the tressure occurs will be found in the arms of the Marquess of +Ailsa (Fig. 229). + +Two instances are known in which the decoration of the tressure has +differed from the usual conventional fleurs-de-lis. The tressure granted to +Charles, Earl of Aboyne, has crescents without and demi-fleurs-de-lis +within, and the tressure round the Gordon arms in the case of the Earls of +Aberdeen is of thistles, roses, and fleurs-de-lis alternately. + +The tressure gives way to the chief and canton, but all other ordinaries +are enclosed by the tressure, as will be seen from the arms of Lord Ailsa. + +[Illustration: FIG. 229.--Armorial bearings of Sir Archibald Kennedy, +Marquess of Ailsa: Argent, a chevron gules between three cross crosslets +fitchée sable, all within a double tressure flory and counter-flory of the +second. Mantling gules, doubled ermine. Crest: upon a wreath of his +liveries, a dolphin naiant proper. Supporters: two swans proper, beaked and +membered gules. Motto: "Avise la fin." (From the painting by Mr. Graham +Johnston in the Lyon Register.)] + +THE LOZENGE, THE FUSIL, THE MASCLE, AND THE RUSTRE + +Why these, which are simply varying forms of one charge, should ever have +been included amongst the list of ordinaries is difficult to understand, as +they do not seem to be "ordinaries" any more than say the mullet or the +crescent. My own opinion is that they are no more than distinctively +heraldic charges. The _lozenge_ (Fig. 230), which is the original form, is +the same shape as the "diamond" in a pack of cards, and will constantly be +found as a charge. In addition to this, the arms of a lady as maid, or as +widow, are always displayed upon a lozenge. Upon this point reference +should be made to the chapters upon marshalling. The arms of Kyrke show a +single lozenge as the charge, but a single lozenge is very rarely met with. +The arms of Guise show seven lozenges conjoined. The arms of Barnes show +four lozenges conjoined in cross, and the arms of Bartlett show five +lozenges conjoined in fess. Although the lozenge is very seldom found in +English armory as a single charge, nevertheless as a lozenge throughout +(that is, with its four points touching the borders of the escutcheon) it +will be found in some number of instances in Continental heraldry, for +instance in the family of Eubing of Bavaria. An indefinite number of +lozenges conjoined as a bend or a pale are known as a bend lozengy, or a +pale lozengy, but care should be taken in using this term, as it is +possible for these ordinaries to be plain {147} ordinaries tinctured +"lozengy of two colours." The arms of Bolding are an example of a bend +lozengy. + +The _fusil_ is supposed to be, and is generally depicted, of a greater +height and less width than a lozenge, being an altogether narrower figure +(Fig. 231). Though this distinction is generally observed, it is not always +easy to decide which figure any emblazonment is intended to represent, +unless the blazon of the arms in question is known. In many cases the +variations of different coats of arms, to suit or to fit the varying shapes +of shields, have resulted in the use of lozenges and fusils indifferently. +Fusils occur in the historic arms of Daubeney, from which family Daubeney +of Cote, near Bristol, is descended, being one of the few families who have +an undoubted male descent from a companion of William the Conqueror. In the +ordinary way five or more lozenges in fess would be fusils, as in the arms +of Percy, Duke of Northumberland, who bears in the first quarter: Azure, +five fusils conjoined in fess or. The charges in the arms of Montagu, +though only three in number, are always termed fusils. But obviously in +early times there could have been no distinction between the lozenge and +the fusil. + +[Illustration: FIG. 230.--Lozenge.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 231.--Fusil.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 232.--Mascle.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 233.--Rustre.] + +The _mascle_ is a lozenge voided, _i.e._ only the outer framework is left, +the inner portion being removed (Fig. 232). Mascles have no particular or +special meaning, but are frequently to be met with. + +The blazon of the arms of De Quincy in Charles's Roll is: "De goules poudré +a fause losengez dor," and in another Roll (MS. Brit. Mus. 29,796) the arms +are described: "De gules a set fauses lozenges de or" (Fig. 234). The great +Seiher de Quincy, Earl of Winchester, father of Roger, bore quite different +arms (Fig. 235). In 1472 Louis de Bruges, Lord of Gruthuyse, was created +Earl of Winchester, having no relation to the De Quincy line. The arms of +De Bruges, or rather of Gruthuyse, were very different, yet nevertheless, +we find upon the Patent Roll (12 Edward IV. pt. 1, _m._ 11) a grant of the +following arms: "Azure, dix mascles d'Or, enormé d'une canton de nostre +propre Armes de Angleterre; cest a savoir de Gules a une Lipard passant +d'Or, armée {148} d'Azure," to Louis, Earl of Winchester (Fig. 236). The +recurrence of the mascles in the arms of the successive Earls of +Winchester, whilst each had other family arms, and in the arms of Ferrers, +whilst not being the original Ferrers coat, suggests the thought that there +may be hidden some reference to a common saintly patronage which all +enjoyed, or some territorial honour common to the three of which the +knowledge no longer remains with us. + +There are some number of coats which are said to have had a field masculy. +Of course this is quite possible, and the difference between a field +masculy and a field fretty is that in the latter the separate pieces of +which it is composed interlace each other; but when the field is masculy it +is all one fretwork surface, the field being visible through the voided +apertures. Nevertheless it seems by no means certain that in every case in +which the field masculy occurs it may not be found in other, and possibly +earlier, examples as fretty. At any rate, very few such coats of arms are +even supposed to exist. The arms of De Burgh (Fig. 237) are blazoned in the +Grimaldi Roll: "Masclee de vêre and de goules," but whether the inference +is that this blazon is wrong or that lozenge and mascle were identical +terms I am not aware. + +[Illustration: FIG. 234.--Arms of Roger de Quincy, Earl of Winchester (d. +1264): Gules, seven mascles conjoined, three, three and one or. (From his +seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 235.--Arms of Seiher de Quincy, Earl of Winchester (d. +1219): Or, a fess gules, a label of seven points azure. (From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 236.--Arms of Louis de Bruges, Earl of Winchester (d. +1492.)] + +The _rustre_ is comparatively rare (Fig. 233). It is a lozenge pierced in +the centre with a circular hole. It occurs in the arms of J. D. G. +Dalrymple, Esq., F.S.A. Some few coats of arms are mentioned in Papworth in +which the rustre appears; for example the arms of Pery, which are: "Or, +three rustres sable;" and Goodchief, which are: "Per fess or and sable, +three rustres counterchanged;" but so seldom is the figure met with that it +may be almost dropped out of consideration. How it ever reached the +position of being considered one of the ordinaries has always been to me a +profound mystery. {149} + +THE FRET + +The fret (Fig. 238), which is very frequently found occurring in British +armory, is no doubt derived from earlier coats of arms, the whole field of +which was covered by an interlacing of alternate bendlets and bendlets +sinister, because many of the families who now bear a simple fret are found +in earlier representations and in the early rolls of arms bearing coats +which were fretty (Fig. 239). Instances of this kind will be found in the +arms of Maltravers, Verdon, Tollemache, and other families. + +[Illustration: FIG. 237.--Arms of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent (d. 1243). +(From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 238.--The Fret.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 239.--Fretty.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 240.--Arms of John Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel (d. +1435): Quarterly, 1 and 4, gules, a lion rampant or (for Fitz Alan); 2 and +3, sable, fretty or (for Maltravers). (From his seal, _c._ 1432.)] + +"Sable fretty or" was the original form of the arms of the ancient and +historic family of Maltravers. At a later date the arms of Maltravers are +found simply "sable, a fret or," but, like the arms of so many other +families which we now find blazoned simply as charged with a fret, their +original form was undoubtedly "fretty." They appear fretty as late as in +the year 1421, which is the date at which the Garter plate of Sir William +Arundel, K.G. (1395-1400), was set up in St. George's Chapel at Windsor. +His arms as there displayed are in the first and fourth quarters, "gules, a +lion rampant or," and in the second and third, "purpure fretty or" for +Maltravers. Probably the seal of John Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel (d. 1435), +roughly marks the period, and shows the source of the confusion (Fig. 240). +But it should be noted that Sir Richard Arundel, Lord Maltravers, bore at +the siege of Rouen, in the year 1418, gules a lion rampant or, quarterly +with "sable a fret or" (for Maltravers). This would seem to indicate {150} +that those who treat the fret and fretty as interchangeable have good +grounds for so doing. A Sir John Maltravers bore "sable fretty or" at the +siege of Calais, and another Sir John Maltravers, a knight banneret, bore +at the first Dunstable tournament "sable fretty or, a label of three points +argent." As he is there described as Le Fitz, the label was probably a +purely temporary mark of difference. In a roll of arms which is believed to +belong to the latter part of the reign of Henry III., a Sir William +Maltravers is credited with "sable fretty or, on a quarter argent, three +lions passant in pale gules." The palpable origin of the fret or fretty in +the case of the arms of Maltravers is simply the canting similarity between +a traverse and the name Maltravers. Another case, which starting fretty has +ended in a fret, occurs in the arms of the family of Harington. Sir John de +Haverington, or Sir John de Harington, is found at the first Dunstable +tournament in 1308 bearing "sable fretty argent," and this coat of arms +variously differenced appears in some number of the other early rolls of +arms. The Harington family, as may be seen from the current baronetages, +now bear "sable a fret argent," but there can be little doubt that in this +case the origin of the fretty is to be found in a representation of a +herring-net. + +The fret is usually depicted _throughout_ when borne singly, and is then +composed of a bendlet dexter and a bendlet sinister, interlaced in the +centre by a mascle. Occasionally it will be found couped, but it is then, +as a rule, only occupying the position of a subsidiary charge. A coat which +is _fretty_ is entirely covered by the interlacing bendlets and bendlets +sinister, no mascles being introduced. + +THE FLAUNCH + +[Illustration: FIG. 241.--Flaunches.] + +The flaunch, which is never borne singly, and for which the additional +names of "flasks" and "voiders" are sometimes found, is the segment of a +circle of large diameter projecting into the field from either side of the +escutcheon, of a different colour from the field. It is by no means an +unusual charge to be met with, and, like the majority of other ordinaries, +is subject to the usual lines of partition, but so subject is, however, of +rather rare occurrence. + +Planché, in his "Pursuivant of Arms," mentions the old idea, which is +repeated by Woodward, "that the base son of a noble woman, if he doe gev +armes, must give upon the same a surcoat, but unless you do {151} well mark +such coat you may take it for a coat flanchette." The surcoat is much the +same figure that would remain after flaunches had been taken from the field +of a shield, with this exception, that the flaunches would be wider and the +intervening space necessarily much narrower. In spite of the fact that this +is supposed to be one of the recognised rules of armory, one instance only +appears to be known of its employment, which, however, considering the +circumstances, is not very much to be wondered at. One exceptional case +surely cannot make a rule. I know of no modern case of a mother's coat +bastardised--but I assume it would fall under the ordinary practice of the +bordure wavy. + +THE ROUNDLE + +The roundle is a generic name which comprises all charges which are plain +circular figures of colour or metal. Foreign heraldry merely terms them +roundles of such and such a colour, but in England we have special terms +for each tincture. + +[Illustration: FIG. 242.--Fountain.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 243.--The Arms of Stourton.] + +When the roundle is gold it is termed a "bezant," when silver a "plate," +when gules a "torteau," when azure a "hurt," when sable an "ogress," +"pellet," or "gunstone," when vert a "pomeis," when purpure a "golpe," when +tenné an "orange," when sanguine a "guze." The golpes, oranges, and guzes +are seldom, if ever, met with, but the others are of constant occurrence, +and roundles of fur are by no means unknown. A roundle of more than one +colour is described as a roundle "per pale," for example of gules and +azure, or whatever it may be. The plates and bezants are naturally flat, +and must be so represented. They should never be shaded up into a globular +form. The torteau is sometimes found shaded, but is more correctly flat, +but probably the pellet or ogress and the pomeis are intended to be +globular. Roundles of fur are always flat. One curious roundle is a very +common charge in British armory, that is, the "fountain," which is a +roundle barry wavy argent and azure (Fig. 242). This is the conventional +heraldic representation of water, of course. A fountain will be found +termed a "syke" when occurring in the arms of any family of the name of +Sykes. It {152} typifies naturally anything in the nature of a well, in +which meaning it occurs on the arms of Stourton (Fig. 243). + +The arms of Stourton are one of the few really ancient coats concerning +which a genuine explanation exists. The blazon of them is: Sable a bend or, +between six fountains proper. Concerning this coat of arms Aubrey says: "I +believe anciently 'twas only Sable a bend or." With all deference to +Aubrey, I personally neither think he was right, nor do I pay much +attention to his _opinions_, particularly in this case, inasmuch as every +known record of the Stourton arms introduces the six fountains. The name +Stourton, originally "de Stourton," is emphatically a territorial name, and +there is little opportunity for this being gainsaid, inasmuch as the +lordship and manor of Stourton, in the counties of Wilts and Somerset, +remained in the possession of the Lords Stourton until the year 1714. The +present Lord Mowbray and Stourton still owns land within the parish. +Consequently there is no doubt whatever that the Lords Stourton derived +their surname from this manor of Stourton. Equally is it certain that the +manor of Stourton obtained its name from the river Stour, which rises +within the manor. The sources of the river Stour are six wells, which exist +in a tiny valley in Stourton Park, which to this day is known by the name +of "The Six Wells Bottom." In the present year of grace only one of the six +wells remains visible. When Sir Richard Colt Hoare wrote, there were four +visible. Of these four, three were outside and one inside the park wall. +The other two within the park had been then closed up. When Leland wrote in +1540 to 1542, the six wells were in existence and visible; for he wrote: +"The ryver of Stoure risith ther of six fountaynes or springes, whereof 3 +be on the northe side of the Parke, harde withyn the Pale, the other 3 be +north also, but withoute the Parke. The Lorde Stourton giveth these 6 +fountaynes yn his Armes." Guillim says the same thing: "These six Fountains +are borne in signification of six Springs, whereof the River of Sture in +Wiltshire hath his beginning, and passeth along to Sturton, the seat of +that Barony." Here, then, is the origin of the six fountains upon the coat +of arms; but Aubrey remarks that three of the six springs in the park are +in the county of Wilts, whereas Mr. Camden has put them all in +Somersetshire. However, the fact is that three of the springs were inside +the park and three outside, and that three were in Wiltshire and three in +Somersetshire. Here, then, is to be found the division upon the coat of +arms of the six fountains in the two sets of three each, and it is by no +means an improbable suggestion that the bend which separates the three from +the three is typical of, or was suggested by, either the park wall or pale, +or by the line of division between the two counties, and the more probable +of the two seems to {153} be the park wall. The coat of arms is just a map +of the property. Now, with regard to the arms, as far as is known there has +not been at any time the slightest deviation by the family of the Lords +Stourton from the coat quoted and illustrated. But before leaving the +subject it may be well to point out that in the few cases in which an +ancient coat of arms carries with it an explanation, such explanation is +usually to be found either in some such manner as that in which these arms +of Stourton have been explained, or else in some palpable pun, and not in +the mythical accounts and legends of supernatural occurrences which have +been handed down, and seldom indeed in any explanation of personal nobility +which the tinctures or charges are sometimes said to represent. + +What is now considered quite a different charge from the fountain is the +whirlpool or gurges, which is likewise intended to represent water, and is +borne by a family of the name of Gorges, the design occupying the whole of +the field. This is represented by a spiral line of azure commencing in the +centre of an argent field, continuing round and round until the edges of +the shield are reached; but there can be very little doubt that this was an +early form of representing the watery roundle which happens to have been +perpetuated in the instance of that one coat. The fountains upon the seal +of the first Lord Stourton are represented in this manner. + +Examples of a field semé of roundles are very usual, these being termed +bezanté or platé if semé of bezants or plates; but in the cases of roundles +of other colours the words "semé of" need to be used. + +THE ANNULET + +[Illustration: FIG. 244.--Annulet.] + +Closely akin to the roundel is the annulet (Fig. 244) and though, as far as +I am aware, no text-book has as yet included this in its list of ordinaries +and sub-ordinaries, one can see no reason, as the annulet is a regularly +used heraldic figure, why the lozenge should have been included and the +annulet excluded, when the annulet is of quite as frequent occurrence. It +is, as its name implies, simply a plain ring of metal or colour, as will be +found in the arms of Lowther, Hutton, and many other families. Annulets +appear anciently to have been termed false roundles. + +Annulets will frequently be found interlaced. {154} Care should be taken to +distinguish them from gem-rings, which are always drawn in a very natural +manner with stones, which, however, in real life would approach an +impossible size. + +THE LABEL + +[Illustration: FIG. 245.--The Label.] + +The label (Fig. 245) as a charge must be distinguished from the label as a +mark of difference for the eldest son, though there is no doubt that in +those cases in which it now exists as a charge, the origin must be traced +to its earlier use as a difference. Concerning its use as a mark of +difference it will be treated of further in the chapter upon marks of +difference and cadency, but as a charge it will seldom be found in any +position except in chief, and not often of other than three points, and it +will always be found drawn throughout, that is, with the upper line +extended to the size of the field. It consists of a narrow band straight +across the shield, from which depend at right angles three short bands. +These shorter arms have each of late years been drawn more in the shape of +a dovetail, but this was not the case until a comparatively recent period, +and now-a-days we are quite as inclined to revert to the old forms as to +perpetuate this modern variety. Other names for the label are the "lambel" +and the "file." The label is the only mark of difference now borne by the +Royal Family. Every member of the Royal Family has the Royal arms assigned +to him for use presumably during life, and in these warrants, which are +separate and personal for each individual, both the coronet and the +difference marks which are to be borne upon the label are quoted and +assigned. This use of the label, however, will be subsequently fully dealt +with. As a charge, the label occurs in the arms of Barrington: "Argent, +three chevronels gules, a label azure;" and Babington: "Argent, ten +torteaux, four, three, two, and one, in chief a label of three points +azure;" also in the earlier form of the arms of De Quincy (Fig. 235) and +Courtenay (Fig. 246). Various curious coats of arms in which the label +appears are given in Papworth as follows:-- + + "... a label of four points in bend sinister ... Wm. de Curli, 20th + Hen. III. (Cotton, Julius F., vii. 175.) + + "Argent, a label of five points azure. Henlington, co. Gloucester. + (Harl. MS. 1404, fo. 109.) + + "Or, a file gules, with three bells pendent azure, clappers sable. + (Belfile.) {155} + + "Sable, three crescents, in chief a label of two drops and in fess + another of one drop argent. Fitz-Simons. (Harl. MS. 1441 and 5866.) + + "Or, three files borne barways gules, the first having five points, the + second four, and the last three. Liskirke, Holland. (Gwillim.)" + +A curious label will have been noticed in the arms of De Valence (Fig. +120). + +THE BILLET + +The billet (Fig. 247), though not often met with as a charge, does +sometimes occur, as for example, in the arms of Alington. + +[Illustration: FIG. 246.--Arms of Hugh Courtenay, Earl of Devon (d. 1422): +Or, three torteaux, a label azure. (From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 247.--The Billet.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 248.--Billetté.] + +Its more frequent appearance is as an object with which a field or superior +charge is semé, in which case these are termed billetté (Fig. 248). The +best known instance of this is probably the coat borne on an inescutcheon +over the arms of England during the joint reign of William and Mary. The +arms of Gasceline afford another example of a field billetté. These are +"or, billetté azure, and a label gules." Though not many instances are +given under each subdivision, Papworth affords examples of coats with every +number of billets from 1 to 20, but many of them, particularly some of +those from 10 to 20 in number, are merely mistaken renderings of fields +which should have been termed billetté. The billet, slightly widened, is +sometimes known as a block, and as such will be found in the arms of +Paynter. Other instances are to be found where the billets are termed +delves or gads. The billet will sometimes be found pointed at the bottom, +in which case it is termed "urdy at the foot." But neither as a form of +semé, nor as a charge, is the billet of sufficiently frequent use to +warrant its inclusion as one of the ordinaries or sub-ordinaries. {156} + +[Illustration: FIG. 249.--Armorial bearings of R. E. Yerburgh, Esq.: Per +pale argent and azure, on a chevron between three chaplets all +counterchanged, an annulet for difference. Mantling azure and argent. +Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a falcon close or, belled of the last, +preying upon a mallard proper.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 250.--Armorial bearings of Robert Berry, Esq.: +Quarterly, 1 and 4, vert, a cross crosslet argent (for Berry); 2 and 3, +parted per pale argent and sable, on a chaplet four mullets counterchanged +(for Nairne), in the centre of the quarters a crescent or, for difference. +Mantling vert, doubled argent. Crest: upon a wreath of his liveries, a +demi-lion rampant gules, armed and langued, holding in his dexter paw a +cross crosslet fitchée azure; and in an escroll over the same this motto, +"In hoc signo vinces," and in another under the shield, "L'espérance me +comforte."] + +THE CHAPLET + +Why the chaplet was ever included amongst the ordinaries and sub-ordinaries +passes my comprehension. It is not of frequent occurrence, and I have yet +to ascertain in which form it has acquired this status. The chaplet which +is usually meant when the term is employed is the garland of oak, laurel, +or other leaves or flowers (Fig. 249), which is found more frequently as +part of a crest. There is also the chaplet, which it is difficult to +describe, save as a large broad annulet {157} such as the one which figures +in the arms of Nairne (Fig. 250), and which is charged at four regular +intervals with roses, mullets, or some other objects. + +The chaplet of oak and acorns is sometimes known as a civic crown, but the +term chaplet will more frequently be found giving place to the use of the +word wreath, and a chaplet of laurel or roses, unless completely conjoined +and figuring as a charge upon the shield, will be far more likely to be +termed a wreath or garland of laurel or roses than a chaplet. + +There are many other charges which have no great distinction from some of +these which have been enumerated, but as nobody hitherto has classed them +as ordinaries I suppose there could be no excuse for so introducing them, +but the division of any heraldic charges into ordinaries and +sub-ordinaries, and their separation from other figures, seems to a certain +extent incomprehensible and very unnecessary. {158} + + + +CHAPTER X + +THE HUMAN FIGURE IN HERALDRY + +If we include the many instances of the human head and the human figure +which exist as crests, and also the human figure as a supporter, probably +it or its parts will be nearly as frequently met with in armory as the +lion; but if crests and supporters be disregarded, and the human figure be +simply considered as a charge upon the shield, it is by no means often to +be met with. + +English (but not Scottish) official heraldry now and for a long time past +has set its face against the representation of any specific saint or other +person in armorial bearings. In many cases, however, particularly in the +arms of ecclesiastical sees and towns, the armorial bearings registered are +simply the conventionalised heraldic representation of seal designs dating +from a very much earlier period. + +Seal engravers laboured under no such limitations, and their +representations were usually of some specific saint or person readily +recognisable from accompanying objects. Consequently, if it be desirable, +the identity of a figure in a coat of arms can often be traced in such +cases by reference to a seal of early date, whilst all the time the +official coat of arms goes no further than to term the figure that of a +saint. + +The only representation which will be found in British heraldry of the +Deity is in the arms of the See of Chichester, which certainly originally +represented our Lord seated in glory. Whether by intention or carelessness, +this, however, is now represented and blazoned as: "Azure, a Prester +[Presbyter] John sitting on a tombstone, in his left hand a mound, his +right hand extended all or, with a linen mitre on his head, and in his +mouth a sword proper." Possibly it is a corruption, but I am rather +inclined to think it is an intentional alteration to avoid the necessity of +any attempt to pictorially represent the Deity. + +Christ upon the Cross, however, will be found represented in the arms of +Inverness (Fig. 251). The shield used by the town of Halifax has the +canting "Holy Face" upon a chequy field. This coat, however, is without +authority, though it is sufficiently remarkable to quote the blazon in +full: "Chequy or and azure, a man's face with long hair and bearded and +dropping blood, and surmounted {159} by a halo, all proper; in chief the +letters HALEZ, and in base the letters FAX." + +[Illustration: FIG. 251.--Armorial bearings of the Royal Burgh of +Inverness: Gules, our Lord upon the Cross proper. Mantling gules, doubled +or. Crest: upon a wreath of the proper liveries a cornucopia proper. +Supporters: dexter, a dromedary; sinister, an elephant, both proper. (From +a painting by Mr. Graham Johnston in Lyon Register.)] + +No other instance is known, but, on the other hand, representations of the +Virgin Mary with her babe are not uncommon. She will be found so described +in the arms of the Royal Burgh of Banff. The Virgin Mary and Child appear +also in the arms of the town of Leith, {160} viz.: "Argent, in a sea +proper, an ancient galley with two masts, sails furled sable, flagged +gules, seated therein the Virgin Mary with the Infant Saviour in her arms, +and a cloud resting over their heads, all also proper." + +The Virgin and Child appear in the crest of Marylebone (Fig. 252), but in +this case, in accordance with the modern English practice, the identity is +not alluded to. The true derivation of the name from "St. Mary le Bourne" +(and not "le bon") is perpetuated in the design of the arms. + +A demi-figure of the Virgin is the crest of Rutherglen;[12] and the Virgin +and Child figure, amongst other ecclesiastical arms, on the shields of the +Sees of Lincoln ["Gules, two lions passant-guardant or; on a chief azure, +the Holy Virgin and Child, sitting crowned, and bearing a sceptre of the +second"], Salisbury ["Azure, the Holy Virgin and Child, with sceptre in her +left hand all or"], Sodor and Man ["Argent, upon three ascents the Holy +Virgin standing with her arms extended between two pillars, on the dexter +whereof is a church; in base the ancient arms of Man upon an +inescutcheon"], Southwell ["Sable, three fountains proper, a chief paly of +three, on the first or, a stag couchant proper, on the second gules, the +Virgin holding in her arms the infant Jesus, on the third also or, two +staves raguly couped in cross vert"], and Tuam ["Azure, three figures erect +under as many canopies or stalls of Gothic work or, their faces, hands, and +legs proper; the first representing an archbishop in his pontificals; the +second the Holy Virgin Mary, a circle of glory over her head, holding in +her left arm the infant Jesus; and the third an angel having his dexter arm +elevated, and under the sinister arm a lamb, all of the second"]. {161} + +[Illustration: FIG. 252.--Arms of Marylebone: Per chevron sable and barry +wavy of six, argent and azure in chief, in the dexter a fleur-de-lis, and +in the sinister a rose, both or. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, upon +two bars wavy argent and azure, between as many lilies of the first, +stalked and leaved vert, a female figure affronté proper, vested of the +first, mantled of the second, on the left arm a child also proper, vested +or, around the head of each a halo of the last. Motto: "Fiat secundum +verbum tuum."] + +{162} Various saints figure in different Scottish coats of arms, and +amongst them will be found the following:-- + +St. Andrew, in the arms of the National Bank of Scotland, granted in 1826 +["Or, the image of St. Andrew with vesture vert and surcoat purpure bearing +before him the cross of his martyrdom argent, all resting on a base of the +second, in the dexter flank a garb gules, in the sinister a ship in full +sail sable, the shield surrounded with two thistles proper, disposed in +orle"]; St. Britius, in the arms of the Royal Burgh of Kirkcaldy ["Azur, +ane abbay of three pyramids argent, each ensigned with a cross patée or. +And on the reverse of the seal is insculped in a field azure the figure of +St. Bryse with long garments, on his head a mytre, in the dexter a +fleur-de-lis, the sinister laid upon his breast all proper. Standing in ye +porch of the church or abbay. Ensigned on the top as before all betwixt a +decrescent and a star in fess or. The motto is 'Vigilando Munio.' And round +the escutcheon of both sydes these words--'Sigillum civitatus Kirkaldie'"]; +St. Columba, in the arms of the College of the Holy Spirit at Cumbræ +["Quarterly, 1 and 4 grand quarters, azure, St. Columba in a boat at sea, +in his sinister hand a dove, and in the dexter chief a blazing star all +proper; 2 and 3 grand quarters, quarterly, i. and iv., argent, an eagle +displayed with two heads gules; ii. and iii., parted per bend embattled +gules and argent; over the second and third grand quarters an escutcheon of +the arms of Boyle of Kelburne, viz. or, three stags' horns gules"]; St. +Duthacus, in the arms of the Royal Burgh of Tain ["Gules, St. Duthacus in +long garments argent, holding in his dexter hand a staff garnished with +ivy, in the sinister laid on his breast a book expanded proper"]; St. +Ægidius (St. Giles), in the arms of the Royal Burgh of Elgin ["Argent, +Sanctus Ægidius habited in his robes and mitred, holding in his dexter hand +a pastoral staff, and in his left hand a clasped book, all proper. +Supporters; two angels proper, winged or volant upwards. Motto: 'Sic itur +ad astra,' upon ane compartment suitabil to a Burgh Royal, and for their +colours red and white"]; St. Ninian, in the arms of the Episcopal See of +Galloway ["Argent, St. Ninian standing and full-faced proper, clothed with +a pontifical robe purple, on his head a mitre, and in his dexter hand a +crosier or"]; and St. Adrian, in the arms of the town of Pittenweem ["Azur, +in the sea a gallie with her oars in action argent, and therein standing +the figure of St. Adrian, with long garments close girt, and a mytre on his +head proper, holding in his sinister hand a crosier or. On the stern a flag +developed argent, charged with the Royall Armes of Scotland, with this +word, 'Deo Duce'"]. + +Biblical characters of the Old Testament have found favour upon the +Continent, and the instances quoted by Woodward are too amusing to omit:-- + +"The families who bear the names of saints, such as ST. ANDREW, ST. GEORGE, +ST. MICHAEL, have (perhaps not unnaturally) included in their arms +representation of their family patrons. + +"The Bavarian family of REIDER include in their shield the mounted effigy +of the good knight ST. MARTIN dividing his cloak with a beggar (date of +diploma 1760). The figure of the great Apostle of the Gentiles appears in +the arms of VON PAULI JOERG, and JORGER, of Austria, similarly make use of +St. George. + +"Continental Heraldry affords not a few examples of the use of the +personages of Holy Writ. The ADAMOLI of Lombardy bear: 'Azure, {163} the +Tree of Life entwined with the Serpent, and accosted with our first +parents, all proper' (_i.e._ in a state of nature). The addition of a chief +of the Empire to this coat makes it somewhat incongruous. + +"The family of ADAM in Bavaria improve on Sacred History by eliminating +EVE, and by representing ADAM as holding the apple in one hand, and the +serpent wriggling in the other. On the other hand, the Spanish family of +EVA apparently consider there is a sufficiently transparent allusion to +their own name, and to the mother of mankind, in the simple bearings: 'Or, +on a mount in base an apple-tree vert, fructed of the field, and encircled +by a serpent of the second.' + +"The family of ABEL in Bavaria make the patriarch in the attitude of prayer +to serve as their crest; while the coat itself is: 'Sable, on a square +altar argent, a lamb lying surrounded by fire and smoke proper.' + +"SAMSON slaying the lion is the subject of the arms of the VESENTINA family +of Verona. The field is gules, and on a terrace in base vert the strong man +naked bestrides a golden lion and forces its jaws apart. The Polish family +of SAMSON naturally use the same device, but the field is azure and the +patriarch is decently habited. The STARCKENS of the Island of OESEL also +use the like as _armes parlantes_; the field in this case is or. After +these we are hardly surprised to find that Daniel in the lions' den is the +subject of the arms of the Rhenish family of DANIELS, granted late in the +eighteenth century; the field is azure. The Bolognese DANIELS are content +to make a less evident allusion to the prophet; their arms are: "per fess +azure and vert, in chief 'the lion of the tribe of Judah' naissant or, +holding an open book with the words 'LIBRI APERTI SUNT' (DANIEL vii. 10). + +"The Archangel ST. MICHAEL in full armour, as conventionally represented, +treading beneath his feet the great adversary, sable, is the charge on an +azure field of the VAN SCHOREL of Antwerp." + +Other instances will be found, as St. Kentigern (who is sometimes said to +be the same as St. Mungo), and who occurs as the crest of Glasgow: "The +half-length figure of St. Kentigern affronté, vested and mitred, his right +hand raised in the act of benediction, and having in his left hand a +crosier, all proper;" St. Michael, in the arms of Linlithgow: "Azure, the +figure of the Archangel Michael, with wings expanded, treading on the belly +of a serpent lying with its tail nowed fesswise in base, all argent, the +head of which he is piercing through with a spear in his dexter hand, and +grasping with his sinister an escutcheon charged with the Royal Arms of +Scotland." The same saint also figures in the arms of the city of Brussels; +while the family of MITCHELL-CARRUTHERS bears as a crest: "St. Michael in +armour, {164} holding a spear in his dexter hand, the face, neck, arms and +legs bare, all proper, the wings argent, and hair auburn." + +St. Martin occurs in the arms of Dover, and he also figures, as has been +already stated, on the shield of the Bavarian family of REIDER, whilst St. +Paul occurs as a charge in the arms of the Dutch family of VON PAULI. + +The arms of the See of Clogher are: "A Bishop in pontifical robes seated on +his chair of state, and leaning towards the sinister, his left hand +supporting a crosier, his right pointing to the dexter chief, all or, the +feet upon a cushion gules, tasselled or." + +A curious crest will be found belonging to the arms of a family of Stewart, +which is: "A king in his robes, crowned." The arms of the Episcopal See of +Ross afford another instance of a bishop, together with St. Boniface. + +The arms of the town of Queensferry, in Scotland, show an instance of a +queen. "A king in his robes, and crowned," will be found in the arms of +Dartmouth ["Gules, the base barry wavy, argent and azure, thereon the hulk +of a ship, in the centre of which is a king robed and crowned, and holding +in his sinister hand a sceptre, at each end of the ship a lion sejant +guardant all or]." + +Allegorical figures, though numerous as supporters, are comparatively rare +as charges upon a shield; but the arms of the University of Melbourne show +a representation of the figure of Victory ["Azure, a figure intended to +represent Victory, robed and attired proper, the dexter hand extended +holding a wreath of laurel or, between four stars of eight points, two in +pale and two in fess argent"], which also appears in other coats of arms. + +The figure of Truth will be found in the coats of arms for various members +of the family of Sandeman. + +The bust of Queen Elizabeth was granted by that Queen, as a special mark of +her Royal favour, to Sir Anthony Weldon, her Clerk of the Spicery. + +Apollo is represented in the arms of the Apothecaries' Company: "Azure, +Apollo, the inventor of physic, proper, with his head radiant, holding in +his left hand a bow and in his right hand an arrow or, supplanting a +serpent argent." + +The figure of Justice appears in the arms of Wiergman [or Wergman]. + +Neptune appears in the arms granted to Sir Isaac Heard, Lancaster Herald, +afterwards Garter King of Arms, and is again to be found in the crest of +the arms of Monneypenny ["On a dolphin embowed, a bridled Neptune astride, +holding with his sinister hand a trident over his shoulder"]. + +The figure of Temperance occurs in the crest of Goodfellow. {165} + +The head of St. John the Baptist in a charger figures in the crest of the +Tallow Chandlers' Livery Company and in the arms of Ayr, whilst the head of +St. Denis is the charge upon the arms of a family of that name. + +Angels, though very frequently met with as supporters, are far from being +usual, either as a charge upon a shield or as a crest. The crest of Leslie, +however, is an angel. + +The crest of Lord Kintore is an angel in a praying posture or, within an +orle of laurel proper. + +Cherubs are far more frequently to be met with. They are represented in +various forms, and will be found in the arms of Chaloner, Thackeray, +Maddocks, and in the crest of Carruthers. + +The nude figure is perhaps the most usual form in which the human being is +made use of as a charge, and examples will be found in the arms of Wood +(Lord Halifax), and in the arms of Oswald. + +The arms of Dalziell show an example--practically unique in British +heraldry--of a naked man, the earliest entry (1685) of the arms of Dalziell +of Binns (a cadet of the family) in the Lyon Register, having them then +blazoned: "Sable, a naked man with his arms extended _au naturel_, on a +canton argent, a sword and pistol disposed in saltire proper." + +This curious coat of arms has been the subject of much speculation. The +fact that in some early examples the body is swinging from a gibbet has led +some to suppose the arms to be an allusion to the fact, or legend, that one +of the family recovered the body of Kenneth III., who had suffered death by +hanging at the hands of the Picts. But it seems more likely that if the +gibbet is found in any authoritative versions of the arms possibly the coat +may owe its origin to a similar reason to that which is said, and probably +correctly, to account for the curious crest of the Davenport family, viz.: +"A man's head in profile couped at the shoulders proper, about the neck a +rope or," or as it is sometimes termed, "a felon's head proper, about the +neck a halter or." There is now in the possession of the Capesthorne branch +of the Davenport family a long and very ancient roll, containing the names +of the master robbers captured and beheaded in the times of Koran, Roger, +and Thomas de Davenport, and probably the Davenport family held some office +or Royal Commission which empowered them to deal in a summary way with the +outlaws which infested the Peak country. It is more than probable that the +crest of Davenport should be traced to some such source as this, and I +suggest the possibility of a similar origin for the arms of Dalziel. + +As a crest the savage and demi-savage are constantly occurring. {166} They +are in heraldry distinguished by the garlands of leaves about either or +both loins and temples. + +Men in armour are sometimes met with. The arms of O'Loghlen are an instance +in point, as are the crests of Marshall, Morse, Bannerman, and Seton of +Mounie. + +Figures of all nationalities and in all costumes will be found in the form +of supporters, and occasionally as crests, but it is difficult to classify +them, and it must suffice to mention a few curious examples. The human +figure as a supporter is fully dealt with in the chapter devoted to that +subject. + +The arms of Jedburgh have a mounted warrior, and the same device occurs in +the crest of the Duke of Fife, and in the arms of Lanigan-O'Keefe. + +The arms of Londonderry afford an instance of a skeleton. + +The emblematical figure of Fortune is a very favourite charge in foreign +heraldry. + +A family of the name of Rodd use the Colossus of Rhodes as a crest: and the +arms of Sir William Dunn, Bart., are worth the passing mention ["Azure, on +a mount in base a bale of wool proper, thereon seated a female figure +representing Commerce, vested argent, resting the dexter hand on a stock of +an anchor, and in the sinister a caduceus, both or, on the chief of the +last a tree eradicated, thereon hanging a hunting-horn between a thistle +slipped proper on the dexter and a fleur-de-lis azure on the sinister. +Crest: a cornucopia fesswise, surmounted by a dexter hand couped proper, +holding a key in bend sinister or. Motto: 'Vigilans et audax.'"]. + +The crests of Vivian ["A demi-hussar of the 18th Regiment, holding in his +right hand a sabre, and in his left a pennon flying to the sinister gules, +and inscribed in gold letters, 'Croix d'Orade,' issuant from a bridge of +one arch, embattled, and at each end a tower"], and Macgregor ["two brass +guns in saltire in front of a demi-Highlander armed with his broadsword, +pistols, and with a target, thereon the family arms of Macgregor," viz.: +"Argent: a sword in bend dexter azure, and an oak-tree eradicated in bend +sinister proper, in the dexter chief an antique crown gules, and upon an +escroll surmounting the crest the motto, 'E'en do and spare not'"] are +typical of many crests of augmentation and quasi-augmentation granted in +the early part of the nineteenth century. + +The crest of the Devonshire family of Arscot ["A demi-man affronté in a +Turkish habit, brandishing in his dexter hand a scimitar, and his sinister +hand resting on a tiger's head issuing from the wreath"] is curious, as is +the crest granted by Sir William Le Neve in 1642 to Sir Robert Minshull, +viz.: "A Turk kneeling on one knee, habited {167} gules, legs and arms in +mail proper, at the side a scymitar sable, hilted or, on the head a turban +with a crescent and feather argent, holding in the dexter hand a crescent +of the last." + +The crest of Pilkington ["a mower with his scythe in front habited as +follows: a high-crowned hat with flap, the crown party per pale, flap the +same, counterchanged; coat buttoned to the middle, with his scythe in bend +proper, habited through quarterly and counterchanged argent and gules"], +and the very similar crest of De Trafford, in which the man holds a flail, +are curious, and are the subjects of appropriate legends. + +The crest of Clerk of Pennycuick (a demi-man winding a horn) refers to the +curious tenure by which the Pennycuick estate is supposed to be held, +namely, that whenever the sovereign sets foot thereupon, the proprietor +must blow a horn from a certain rocky point. The motto, "Free for a blast," +has reference to the same. + +The arms of the College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, I fancy, afford the only +instance of what is presumably a corpse, the blazon being: "Azure, a man +(human body) fesswise between a dexter hand having an eye on the palm +issuing out of a cloud downward and a castle situate on a rock proper, +within a bordure or charged with several instruments peculiar to the art +(_sic_); on a canton of the first a saltire argent surmounted of a thistle +vert, crowned of the third." + +When we come to parts of the human body instances of heads, arms, and legs +are legion. + +There are certain well-known heraldic heads, and though many instances +occur where the blazon is simply a "man's head," it will be most frequently +found that it is more specifically described. + +Sloane Evans in his "Grammar of Heraldry" specifies eight different +varieties, namely: 1. The wild man's; 2. The Moor's; 3. The Saracen's; 4. +The Saxon's; 5. The Englishman's; 6. The old man's; 7. The woman's; 8. The +child's. + +The wild man's or savage's head is usually represented with a wreath of +leaves about the temples, but not necessarily so (Fig. 253). + +The head of the Moor, or "blackamoor," as it is more usually described, is +almost always in profile, and very frequently adorned with a twisted wreath +(torse) about the temples (Fig. 254). + +The head of the Saracen is also usually found with wreaths about the +temples (Fig. 255). + +The head of the Saxon is borne by several Welsh families, and is supposed +to be known by the absence of a beard. + +The Englishman's head, which is borne by the Welsh family of Lloyd of +Plymog, has no very distinctive features, except that whilst the hair and +beard of the savage are generally represented brown, they {168} are black +in the case of the Moor and Saracen, and fair for the Saxon and Englishman. + +The old man's head, which, like that of the Saxon and Englishman, is seldom +met with, is bald and grey-haired and bearded. + +But for all practical purposes these varieties may be all disregarded +except the savage's (Fig. 253), the blackamoor's (Fig. 254), and the +Saracen's (Fig. 255). Examples of the savage's head will be found in the +arms of Eddington of Balbartan ["Azure, three savages' heads couped +argent"], in the arms of Gladstone, and in the canting coat of Rochead of +Whitsonhill ["Argent, a savage's head erased, distilling drops of blood +proper, between three combs azure"]. Moir of Otterburn bears the Moors' +heads ["Argent, three negroes' heads couped proper within a bordure +counter-indented sable and or"], and Moir of Stonniwood matriculated a +somewhat similar coat in which the heads are termed Mauritanian ["Argent, +three Mauritanian negroes' heads couped and distilling guttés-de-sang"]. +Alderson of Homerton, Middlesex, bears Saracens' heads ["Argent, three +Saracens' heads affronté, couped at the shoulders proper, wreathed about +the temples of the first and sable"]. + +[Illustration: FIG. 253.--A savage's head.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 254.--A blackamoor's head.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 255.--A Saracen's head.] + +The woman's head (Fig. 256) in heraldry is always represented young and +beautiful (that is, if the artist is capable of so drawing it), and it is +almost invariably found with golden hair. The colour, however, should be +blazoned, the term "crined" being used. Five maidens' heads appear upon the +arms of the town of Reading, and the crest of Thornhill shows the same +figure. The arms of the Mercers' Livery Company ["Gules, a demi-virgin +couped below the shoulders, issuing from clouds all proper, vested or, +crowned with an Eastern crown of the last, her hair dishevelled, and +wreathed round the temples with roses of the second, all within an orle of +clouds proper"] and of the Master of the Revels in Scotland ["Argent, a +lady rising out of a cloud in the nombril point, richly apparelled, on her +head a garland of ivy, holding in her right hand a poinziard crowned, in +her left a vizard all proper, standing {169} under a veil or canopy azure, +garnished or, in base a thistle vert"] are worthy of quotation. + +The boy's head will seldom be found except in Welsh coats, of which the +arms of Vaughan and Price are examples. + +Another case in which the heads of children appear are the arms of +Fauntleroy ["Gules, three infants' heads couped at the shoulders proper, +crined or"], which are a very telling instance of a canting device upon the +original form of the name, which was "Enfantleroy." + +Children, it may be here noted, are seldom met with in armory, but +instances will be found in the arms of Davies, of Marsh, co. Salop ["Sable, +a goat argent, attired or, standing on a child proper swaddled gules, and +feeding on a tree vert"], of the Foundling Hospital ["Per fesse azure and +vert, in chief a crescent argent, between two mullets of six points or, in +base an infant exposed, stretching out its arms for help proper"], and in +the familiar "bird and bantling" crest of Stanley, Earls of Derby. Arms and +hands are constantly met with, and have certain terms of their own. A hand +should be stated to be either dexter (Fig. 257), or sinister (Fig. 258), +and is usually blazoned and always understood to be couped at the wrist. If +the hand is open and the palm visible it is "apaumé" (Figs. 257 and 258), +but this being by far the most usual position in which the hand is met +with, unless represented to be holding anything, the term "apaumé" is not +often used in blazon, that position being presumed unless anything contrary +is stated. + +[Illustration: FIG. 256.--A woman's head and bust.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 257.--A dexter hand.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 258.--A sinister hand.] + +The hand is occasionally represented "clenched," as in the arms and crest +of Fraser-Mackintosh. When the thumb and first two fingers are raised, they +are said to be "raised in benediction" (Fig. 259). + +The cubit arm (Fig. 260), should be carefully distinguished from the arm +couped at the elbow (Fig. 261). The former includes only about two-thirds +of the entire arm from the elbow. The form "couped at the elbow" is not +frequently met with. + +When the whole arm from the shoulder is used, it is always bent at {170} +the elbow, and this is signified by the term "embowed," and an arm embowed +necessarily includes the whole arm. Fig. 262 shows the usual position of an +arm embowed, but it is sometimes placed embowed to the dexter (Fig. 263), +upon the point of the elbow, that is, "embowed fesseways" (Fig. 264), and +also, but still more infrequently, resting on the upper arm (Fig. 265). +Either of the latter positions must be specified in the blazon. Two arms +"counter-embowed" occur in many crests (Figs. 266 and 267). + +[Illustration: FIG. 259.--A hand "in benediction."] + +[Illustration: FIG. 260.--A cubit arm.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 261.--An arm couped at the elbow.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 262.--An arm embowed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 263.--An arm embowed to the dexter.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 264.--An arm embowed fesseways.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 265.--An arm embowed the upper part in fesse.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 266.--Two arms counter-embowed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 267.--Two arms counter-embowed and interlaced.] + +When the arm is bare it is termed "proper." When clothed it is termed +either "vested" or "habited" (Fig. 268). The cuff is very {171} frequently +of a different colour, and the crest is then also termed "cuffed." The hand +is nearly always bare, but if not represented of flesh colour it will be +presumed and termed to be "gloved" of such and such a tincture. When it is +represented in armour it is termed "in armour" or "vambraced" (Fig. 269). +Even when in armour the hand is usually bare, but if in a gauntlet this +must be specifically so stated (Fig. 270). The armour is always represented +as riveted _plate_ armour unless it is specifically stated to be _chain +armour_, as in the crest of Bathurst, or _scale armour_. Armour is +sometimes decorated with gold, when the usual term employed will be +"garnished or," though occasionally the word "purfled" is used. + +Gloves are occasionally met with as charges, _e.g._ in the arms of +Barttelot. Gauntlets will be found in the arms of Vane. + +[Illustration: FIG. 268.--A cubit arm habited.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 269.--An arm embowed in armour.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 270.--A cubit arm in armour, the hand in a gauntlet.] + +Legs are not so frequently met with as arms. They will be found, however, +in the arms of the Isle of Man and the families Gillman, Bower, Legg, and +as the crest of Eyre. Boots will be found in the crests of various families +of the name of Hussey. + +Bones occur in the arms of Scott-Gatty and Baines. + +A skull occurs in the crest of Græme ["Two arms issuing from a cloud +erected and lighting up a man's skull encircled with two branches of palm, +over the head a marquess's coronet, all proper"]. + +A woman's breast occurs in the canting arms of Dodge (Plate VI.) ["Barry of +six or and sable, on a pale gules, a woman's breast distilling drops of +milk proper. Crest: upon a wreath of the colours, a demi sea-dog azure, +collared, maned, and finned or"]. + +An eye occurs in the crest of Blount of Maple-Durham ["On a wreath of the +colours, the sun in splendour charged in the centre with an eye all +proper"]. + +The man-lion, the merman, mermaid, melusine, satyr, satyral, harpy, sphinx, +centaur, sagitarius, and weirwolf are included in the chapter upon mythical +animals. {172} + + + +CHAPTER XI + +THE HERALDIC LION + +Heraldic art without the lion would not amount to very much, for no figure +plays such an important or such an extensive part in armory as the lion, in +one or other of its various positions. These present-day positions are the +results of modern differentiation, arising from the necessity of a larger +number of varying coats of arms; but there can be little doubt that in +early times the majority of these positions did not exist, having been +gradually evolved, and that originally the heraldic animal was just "a +lion." The shape of the shield was largely a governing factor in the manner +in which we find it depicted; the old artists, with a keener artistic sense +than is evidenced in so many later examples of heraldic design, endeavoured +to fill up as large a proportion of the space available as was possible, +and consequently when only one lion was to be depicted upon the shield they +very naturally drew the animal in an upright position, this being the one +most convenient and adaptable for their purpose. Probably their knowledge +of natural history was very limited, and this upright position would seem +to them the most natural, and probably was the only one they knew; at any +rate, at first it is almost the only position to be found. A curious +commentary upon this may be deduced from the head-covering of Geoffrey of +Anjou (Fig. 28), which shows a lion. This lion is identically of the form +and shape of the lions rampant upon the shield, but from the nature of the +space it occupies, is what would now be termed statant; but there is at the +same time no such alteration in the relative position of the limbs as would +now be required. This would seem to indicate very clearly that there was +but the one stereotyped pattern of a lion, which answered all their +purposes, and that our fore-runners applied that one pattern to the spaces +they desired to decorate. + +Early heraldry, however, when the various positions came into recognised +use, soon sought to impose this definite distinction, that the lion could +only be depicted erect in the _rampant_ position, and that an animal +represented to be walking must therefore be a _leopard_ from the very +position which it occupied. This, however, was a distinction known only to +the more pedantic heralds, and found greatest favour {173} amongst the +French; but we find in Glover's Roll, which is a copy of a roll originally +drawn up about the year 1250, that whilst he gives lions to six of the +English earls, he commences with "le Roy d'Angleterre porte, Gules, trois +lupards d'or." On the other hand, the monkish chronicler John of +Harmoustier in Touraine (a contemporary writer) relates that when Henry I. +chose Geoffrey, son of Foulk, Earl of Anjou, Touraine, and Main, to be his +son-in-law, by marrying him to his only daughter and heir, Maud the +Empress, and made him knight; after the bathing and other solemnities +(pedes ejus solutaribus in superficie Leonculos aureos habentibus +muniuntur), boots embroidered with golden lions were drawn on his legs, and +also that (Clypeus Leonculos aureos imaginarios habens collo ejus +suspenditur) a shield with lions of gold therein was hung about his neck. + +It is, therefore, evident that the refinement of distinction between a lion +and a leopard was not of the beginning; it is a later addition to the +earlier simple term of lion. This distinction having been invented by +French heralds, and we taking so much of our heraldry, our language, and +our customs from France, adopted, and to a certain extent used, this +description of lions passant as "leopards." There can be no doubt, however, +that the lions passant guardant upon the English shield have always been +represented as _lions_, no matter what they may have been called, and the +use of the term leopard in heraldry to signify a certain position for the +lion never received any extensive sanction, and has long since become +obsolete in British armory. In French blazon, however, the old distinction +is still observed, and it is curious to observe that on the coins of the +Channel Islands the shield of arms distinctly shows three leopards. The +French lion is our lion rampant, the French leopard is our lion passant +guardant, whilst they term our lion passant a _léopard-lionné_, and our +lion rampant guardant is their _lion-léopardé_. + +A lion rampant and any other beast of prey is usually represented in +heraldry with the tongue and claws of a different colour from the animal. +If it is not itself gules, its tongue and claws are usually represented as +of that colour, unless the lion be on a field of gules. They are then +represented azure, the term being "armed and langued" of such and such a +colour. It is not necessary to mention that a lion is "armed and langued" +in the blazon when tongue and claws are emblazoned in gules, but whenever +any other colour is introduced for the purpose it is better that it should +be specified. Outside British heraldry a lion is always supposed to be +rampant unless otherwise specifically described. The earliest appearance of +the lions in the arms of any member of the Royal Family in England would +appear to be the seal of King John when he was Prince and before he {174} +ascended the throne. This seal shows his arms to be two lions passant. The +English Royal crest, which originated with Richard I., is now always +depicted as a lion statant guardant. There can be no doubt, however, that +this guardant attitude is a subsequent derivation from the position of the +lions on the shield, when heraldry was ceasing to be actual and becoming +solely pictorial. We find in the case of the crest of Edward the Black +Prince, now suspended over his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral, that the lion +upon the chapeau looks straight forward over the front of the helm (see +Fig. 271). + +[Illustration: FIG. 272.] + +Another ancient rule belonging to the same period as the controversy +between leopards and lions was that there cannot be more than _one lion_ +upon a shield, and this was one of the great arguments used to determine +that the charges on the Royal Arms of England must be leopards and not +lions. It was admitted as a rule of British armory to a limited extent, +viz., that when two or more lions rampant appeared upon the same shield, +unless combatant, they were always formerly described as lioncels. Thus the +arms of Bohun are: "Azure, a bend argent, cottised between six lioncels +rampant or." British heraldry has, however, long since disregarded any such +rule (if any definite rule ever really existed upon the point), though +curiously enough in the recent grant of arms to the town of Warrington the +animals are there blazoned six "lioncels." + +The artistic evolution of the lion rampant can be readily traced in the +examples and explanations which follow, but, as will be understood, the +employment in the case of some of these models cannot strictly be said to +be confined within a certain number of years, though the details and +periods given are roughly accurate, and sufficiently so to typify the +changes which have occurred. + +Until perhaps the second half of the thirteenth century the body of the +lion appears straight upright, so that the head, the trunk, and the left +hind-paw fall into the angle of the shield. The left fore-paw is +horizontal, the right fore- and the right hind-paw are placed diagonally +(or obliquely) upwards (Fig. 272). The paws each end in three knobs, +similar to a clover-leaf, out of which the claws come forth. The fourth or +inferior toes appeared in heraldry somewhat later. The jaws are closed or +only very slightly opened, without the tongue being visible. The tail is +thickened in the middle with a bunch of longer hair and is turned down +towards the body. + +[Illustration: FIG. 271.--Shield, helmet, and crest of Edward the Black +Prince, suspended over his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 273.] + +In the course of the period lasting from the second half of the thirteenth +to the second half of the fourteenth centuries, the right hind-paw sinks +lower until it forms a right angle with the left. The mouth {175} grows +pointed, and in the second half of the period the tongue becomes visible. +The tail also shows a knot near its root (Fig. 273). + +[Illustration: FIG. 274.] + +In examples taken from the second half of the fourteenth century and the +fifteenth century the lion's body is no longer placed like a pillar, but +lays its head back to the left so that the right fore-paw falls into an +oblique upward line with the trunk. The toes are lengthened, appearing +almost as fingers, and spread out from one another; the tail, adorned with +flame-like bunches of hair, strikes outwards and loses the before-mentioned +knot, which only remains visible in a forked tail (_queue-fourché_). The +jaws grow deep and are widely opened, and the breast rises and expands +under the lower jaw (Fig. 274). + +Lions of peculiar virility and beauty appear upon a fourteenth-century +banner which shows the arms of the family of Talbot, Earls of Shrewsbury: +Gules, a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed or, quartered with the +arms of _Strange_: Argent, two lions passant in pale gules, armed and +langued azure. Fig. 275 gives the lower half of the banner which was +published in colours in the Catalogue of the Heraldic Exhibition in London, +1894. + +[Illustration: FIG. 275.--Arms of Strange and Talbot. (From a design for a +banner.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 276.] + +Fig. 276 is an Italian coat of arms of the fourteenth century, and shows a +lion of almost exactly the same design, except the paws are {176} here +rendered somewhat more heraldically. The painting (azure, a lion rampant +argent) served as an "Ex libris," and bears the inscription "Libe +accusacionum mey p. he ..." (The remainder has been cut away. It is +reproduced from Warnecke's "German Bookplates," 1890.) + +When we come to modern examples of lions, it is evident that the artists of +the present day very largely copy lions which are really the creations of, +or adaptations from, the work of their predecessors. The lions of the late +Mr. Forbes Nixon, as shown in Fig. 277, which were specially drawn by him +at my request as typical of his style, are respectively as follows:-- + +A winged lion passant coward. A lion rampant regardant. A lion rampant +queue-fourché. A lion passant crowned. A lion passant. A lion rampant. A +lion rampant to the sinister. A lion passant guardant, ducally gorged. A +lion statant guardant, ducally crowned. A lion rampant. A lion statant +guardant. A lion sejant guardant erect. Lions drawn by Mr. Scruby will be +found in Figs. 278 and 279, which are respectively: "Argent, a lion rampant +sable," "Sable, a lion passant guardant argent," and "Sable, a lion rampant +argent." These again were specially drawn by Mr. Scruby as typical of his +style. + +The lions of Mr. Eve would seem to be entirely original. Their singularly +graceful form and proportions are perhaps best shown by Figs. 280 and 281, +which are taken from his book "Decorative Heraldry." + +The lions of Mr. Graham Johnston can be appreciated from the examples in +Figs. 284-9. + +Examples of lions drawn by Miss Helard will be found in Figs. 282, 283. + +The various positions which modern heraldry has evolved for the lions, +together with the terms of blazon used to describe these positions, are as +follows, and the differences can best be appreciated from a series drawn by +the same artist, in this case Mr. Graham Johnston:-- + +_Lion rampant._--The animal is here depicted in profile, and erect, resting +upon its sinister hind-paw (see Fig. 284). {177} + +_Lion rampant guardant._--In this case the head of the lion is turned to +face the spectator (Fig. 285). + +[Illustration: FIG. 277.--Lions. (Drawn by Mr. J. Forbes Nixon.)] + +_Lion rampant regardant._--In this case the head is turned completely +round, looking backwards (Fig. 286). + +_Lion rampant, double-queued._--In this case the lion is represented as +{178} having two tails (Fig. 287). These must both be apparent from the +base of the tail, otherwise confusion will arise with the next example. + +_Lion rampant queue-fourché._--In this case one tail springs from the base, +which is divided or "forked" in the centre (Fig. 288). There is no doubt +that whilst in modern times and with regard to modern arms this distinction +must be adhered to, anciently queue-fourché and double-queued were +interchangeable terms. + +[Illustration: FIG. 278.--Lion passant guardant. (By Mr. G. Scruby.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 279.--Lion rampant. (By Mr. G. Scruby.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 280.--Lion rampant and lion statant guardant, by Mr. G. +W. Eve. (From "Decorative Heraldry.")] + +[Illustration: FIG. 281.--Lion statant, lion passant guardant, and lion +passant regardant, by Mr. G. W. Eve. (From "Decorative Heraldry.")] + +_Lion rampant tail nowed._--The tail is here tied in a knot (Fig. 289). It +is not a term very frequently met with. + +_Lion rampant tail elevated and turned over its head._--The only instances +of the existence of this curious variation (Fig. 290) which have come under +my own notice occur in the coats of two families of the name {179} of +Buxton, the one being obviously a modern grant founded upon the other. + +[Illustration: FIG. 282.--A lion rampant. (By Miss Helard.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 283.--A lion rampant. (By Miss Helard.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 284.--Lion rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 285.--Lion rampant guardant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 286.--Lion rampant regardant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 287.--Lion rampant double queued.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 288.--Lion rampant queue-fourché.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 289.--Lion rampant, tail nowed.] + +_Lion rampant with two heads._--This occurs (Fig. 291) in the coat of arms, +probably founded on an earlier instance, granted in 1739 to {180} Mason of +Greenwich, the arms being: "Per fess ermine and azure, a lion rampant with +two heads counterchanged." This curious charge had been adopted by Mason's +College in Birmingham, and on the foundation of Birmingham University it +was incorporated in its arms. + +_Lion rampant guardant bicorporated._--In this case the lion has one head +and two bodies. An instance of this curious creature occurs in the arms of +Attewater, but I am not aware of any modern instance of its use. + +[Illustration: FIG. 290.--Lion rampant, tail elevated and turned over its +head.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 291.--Lion rampant, with two heads.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 292.--Tricorporate lion.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 293.--Lion coward.] + +_Lion Rampant Tricorporate._--In this case three bodies are united in one +head (Fig. 292). Both this and the preceding variety are most unusual, but +the tricorporate lion occurs in a coat of arms (_temp._ Car. II.) +registered in Ulster's Office: "Or, a tricorporate lion rampant, the bodies +disposed in the dexter and sinister chief points and in base, all meeting +in one head guardant in the fess point sable." + +_Lion coward._--In this case the tail of the lion is depressed, passing +between its hind legs (Fig. 293). The exactitude of this term is to some +extent modern. Though a lion cowarded was known in ancient days, there can +be no doubt that formerly an artist felt himself quite at liberty to put +the tail between the legs if this seemed artistically desirable, without +necessarily having interfered with the arms by so doing. + +[Illustration: FIG. 294.--Armorial bearings of Alexander Charles Richards +Maitland, Esq.: Or, a lion rampant gules, couped in all his joints of the +field, within a double tressure flory and counterflory azure, a bordure +engrailed ermine. Mantling gules and or. Crest: upon a wreath of his +liveries, a lion sejant erect and affronté gules, holding in his dexter paw +a sword proper, hilted and pommelled gold, and in his sinister a +fleur-de-lis argent. Motto: "Consilio et animis."] + +_Lion couped in all its joints_ is a charge which seems peculiar to the +family of Maitland, and it would be interesting to learn to what source its +origin can be traced. It is represented with each of its four paws, its +head and its tail severed from the body, and removed slightly away +therefrom. A Maitland coat of arms exhibiting this peculiarity will be +found in Fig. 294. {181} + +_Lions rampant combatant_ are so termed when two are depicted in one shield +facing each other in the attitude of fighting (Fig. 295). + +A very curious and unique instance of a lion rampant occurs in the arms of +Williams (matriculated in Lyon Register in 1862, as the second and third +quarterings of the arms of Sir James Williams Drummond of Hawthornden, +Bt.), the coat in question being: Argent, a lion rampant, the body sable, +the head, paws, and tuft of the tail of the field. + +_Lion passant._--A lion in this position (Fig. 296) is represented in the +act of walking, the dexter forepaw being raised, but all three others being +upon the ground. + +_Lion passant guardant._--This (Fig. 297) is the same as the previous +position, except that the head is turned to face the spectator. The lions +in the quartering for England in the Royal coat of arms are "three lions +passant guardant in pale." + +_Lion of England._--This is "a lion passant guardant or," and the term is +only employed for a lion of this description when it occurs as or in an +honourable augmentation, then being usually represented on a field of +gules. A lion passant guardant or, is now never granted to any applicant +except under a specific Royal Warrant to that effect. It occurs in many +augmentations, _e.g._ Wolfe, Camperdown, and many others; and when three +lions passant guardant in pale or upon a canton gules are granted, as in +the arms of Lane (Plate II.), the augmentation is termed a "canton of +England." + +_Lion passant regardant_ is as the lion passant, but with the head turned +right round looking behind (Fig. 298). A lion is not often met with in this +position. + +_Lions passant dimidiated._--A curious survival of the ancient but now +{182} obsolete practice of dimidiation is found in the arms of several +English seaport towns. Doubtless all can be traced to the "so-called" arms +of the "Cinque Ports," which show three lions passant guardant dimidiated +with the hulks of three ships. There can be no doubt whatever that this +originally came from the dimidiation of two separate coats, viz. the Royal +Arms of England (the three lions passant guardant), and the other "azure, +three ships argent," typical of the Cinque Ports, referring perhaps to the +protection of the coasts for which they were liable, or possibly merely to +their seaboard position. Whilst Sandwich[13] uses the two separate coats +simply dimidiated upon one shield, the arms of Hastings[14] vary slightly, +being: "Party per pale gules and azure, a lion passant guardant or, between +in chief and in base a lion passant guardant of the last dimidiated with +the hulk of a ship argent." From long usage we have grown accustomed to +consider these two conjoined and dimidiated figures as one figure (Fig. +299), and in the recent grant of arms to Ramsgate[15] a figure of this kind +was granted as a simple charge. + +[Illustration: FIG. 295.--Two lions rampant combatant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 296.--Lion passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 297.--Lion passant guardant.] + +The arms of Yarmouth[16] afford another instance of a resulting figure of +this class, the three lions passant guardant of England being here +dimidiated with as many herrings naiant. + +_Lion statant._--The distinction between a lion passant and a lion statant +is that the lion statant has all four paws resting upon the {183} ground. +The two forepaws are usually placed together (Fig. 300). Whilst but seldom +met with as a charge upon a shield, the lion statant is by no means rare as +a crest. + +_Lion statant tail extended._--This term is a curious and, seemingly, a +purposeless refinement, resulting from the perpetuation in certain cases of +one particular method of depicting the crest--originally when a crest a +lion was always so drawn--but it cannot be overlooked, because in the +crests of both Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, and Percy, Duke of +Northumberland, the crest is now stereotyped as a lion in this form (Fig. +301) upon a chapeau. + +[Illustration: FIG. 298.--Lion passant regardant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 299.--Lion passant guard. dimidiated with the hulk of a +ship.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 300.--Lion statant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 301.--Lion statant tail extended.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 302.--Lion statant guardant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 303.--Lion salient.] + +_Lion statant guardant_ (Fig. 302).--This (crowned) is of course the Royal +crest of England, and examples of it will be found in the arms of the +Sovereign and other descendants, legitimate and illegitimate, of Sovereigns +of this country. An exceptionally fine rendering of it occurs in the +Windsor Castle Bookplates executed by Mr. G. W. Eve. + +_Lion salient._--This, which is a very rare position for a lion, represents +it in the act of springing, the _two_ hind legs being on the ground, the +others in the air (Fig. 303). {184} + +_Lion salient guardant._--There is no reason why the lion salient may not +be guardant or regardant, though an instance of the use of either does not +come readily to mind. + +_Lion sejant._--Very great laxity is found in the terms applied to lions +sejant, consequently care is necessary to distinguish the various forms. +The true lion sejant is represented in profile, seated on its haunches, +with the forepaws resting on the ground (Fig. 304). + +[Illustration: FIG. 304.--Lion sejant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 305.--Lion sejant guardant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 306.--Lion sejant regardant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 307.--Lion sejant erect.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 308.--Lion sejant guardant erect.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 309.--Lion sejant regardant erect.] + +_Lion sejant guardant._--This is as the foregoing, but with the face (only) +turned to the spectator (Fig. 305). + +_Lion sejant regardant._--In this the head is turned right back to gaze +behind (Fig. 306). + +_Lion sejant erect_ (or, as it is sometimes not very happily termed, +sejant-rampant).--In this position the lion is sitting upon its haunches, +but the body is erect, and it has its forepaws raised in the air (Fig. +307). + +_Lion sejant guardant erect_ is as the last figure, but the head faces the +spectator (Fig. 308). + +_Lion sejant regardant erect_ is as the foregoing, but with the head turned +right round to look backwards (Fig. 309). + +_Lion sejant affronté._--In this case the lion is seated on its haunches, +{185} but _the whole body_ is turned to face the spectator, the forepaws +resting upon the ground in front of its body. Ugly as this position is, and +impossible as it might seem, it certainly is to be found in some of the +early rolls. + +_Lion sejant erect affronté_ (Fig. 294).--This position is by no means +unusual in Scotland. A lion sejant erect and affronté, &c., is the Royal +crest of Scotland, and it will also be found in the arms of Lyon Office. + +A good representation of the lion sejant affronté and erect is shown in +Fig. 310, which is taken from Jost Amman's _Wappen und Stammbuch_ (1589). +It represents the arms of the celebrated Lansquenet Captain Sebastian +Schärtlin (Schertel) von Burtenbach ["Gules, a lion sejant affronté erect, +double-queued, holding in its dexter paw a key argent and in its sinister a +fleur-de-lis"]. His victorious assault on Rome in 1527, and his striking +successes against France in 1532, are strikingly typified in these arms, +which were granted in 1534. + +[Illustration: FIG. 310.--Arms of Sebastian Schärtlin von Burtenbach.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 311.--Lion couchant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 312.--Lion dormant.] + +_Lion Couchant._--In this position the lion is represented lying down, but +the head is erect and alert (Fig. 311). + +_Lion dormant._--A lion dormant is in much the same position as a lion +couchant, except that the eyes are closed, and the head rests upon the +extended forepaws (Fig. 312). Lions dormant are seldom met with, but they +occur in the arms of Lloyd, of Stockton Hall, near York. + +_Lion morné._--This is a lion without teeth and claws, but no instance of +the use of the term would appear to exist in British armory. Woodward +mentions amongst other Continental examples the arms of the old French +family of De Mornay ["Fascé d'argent et de gueules au lion morné de sable, +couronné d'or brochant sur le tout"]. + +_Lions as supporters._--Refer to the chapter on Supporters. + +_Winged lion._--The winged lion--usually known as the lion of St. Mark--is +not infrequently met with. It will be found both passant {186} and sejant, +but more frequently the latter (Fig. 313). The true lion of St. Mark (that +is, when used as a badge for sacred purposes to typify St. Mark) has a +halo. Winged lions are the supporters of Lord Braye. + +_Sea lion_ (or, to use another name for it, a _morse_) is the head, +forepaws, and upper part of a lion conjoined to the tail of a fish. The +most frequent form in which sea lions appear are as supporters, but they +are also met with as crests and charges. When placed horizontally they are +termed naiant. Sea lions, however, will also be found "sejant" and +"sejant-erect" (Fig. 314). When issuing from waves of the sea they are +termed "assurgeant." + +_Lion-dragon._--One hesitates to believe that this creature has any +existence outside heraldry books, where it is stated to be of similar form +and construction to the sea lion, the difference being that the lower half +is the body and tail of a wyvern. I know of no actual arms or crest in +which it figures. + +[Illustration: FIG. 313.--Winged lion.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 314.--Sea lion.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 315.--Man-Lion.] + +_Man-lion_ or _man-tiger_.--This is as a lion but with a human face. Two of +these are the supporters of Lord Huntingdon, and one was granted to the +late Lord Donington as a supporter, whilst as charges they also occur in +the arms of Radford. This semi-human animal is sometimes termed a "lympago" +(Fig. 315). + +_Other terms relating to lions_ occur in many heraldic works--both old and +new--but their use is very limited, if indeed of some, any example at all +could be found in British armory. In addition to this, whilst the fact may +sometimes exist, the _term_ has never been adopted or officially +recognised. Personally I believe most of the terms which follow may for all +practical purposes be entirely disregarded. Amongst such terms are +_contourné_, applied to a lion passant or rampant to the sinister. It +would, however, be found blazoned in these words and not as contourné. +"Dismembered," "Demembré," "Dechaussée," and "Trononnée" are all +"heraldry-book" terms specified to mean the same as "couped in all its +joints," but the uselessness and uncertainty concerning these terms is +exemplified by the fact that the {187} same books state "dismembered" or +"demembré" to mean (when applied to a lion) that the animal is shown +without legs or tail. The term "embrued" is sometimes applied to a lion to +signify that its mouth is bloody and dropping blood; and "vulned" signifies +wounded, heraldically represented by a blotch of gules, from which drops of +blood are falling. A lion "disarmed" is without teeth, tongue, or claws. + +A term often found in relation to lions rampant, but by no means peculiar +thereto, is "debruised." This is used when it is partly defaced by another +charge (usually an ordinary) being placed over it. + +Another of these guide-book terms is "decollated," which is said to be +employed in the case of a lion which has its head cut off. A lion "defamed" +or "diffamed" is supposed to be rampant to the sinister but looking +backwards, the supposition being that the animal is being (against his +will) chased off the field with infamy. A lion "evire" is supposed to be +emasculated and without signs of sex. In this respect it is interesting to +note that in earlier days, before mock modesty and prudery had become such +prominent features of our national life, the genital organ was always +represented of a pronounced size in a prominent position, and it was as +much a matter of course to paint it gules as it now is to depict the tongue +of that colour. To prevent error I had better add that this is not now the +usual practice. + +Lions placed back to back are termed "endorsed" or "addorsed," but when two +lions passant in pale are represented, one passing to the dexter and one to +the sinister, they are termed "counter-passant." This term is, however, +also used sometimes when they are merely passant towards each other. A more +correct description in such cases would be passant "respecting" or +"regarding" each other. + +The term _lionné_ is one stated to be used with animals other than lions +when placed in a rampant position. Whilst doubtless of regular acceptation +in French heraldry as applied to a leopard, it is unknown in English, and +the term rampant is indifferently applied; _e.g._ in the case of a leopard, +wolf, or tiger when in the rampant position. + +_Lionced_ is a term seldom met with, but it is said to be applied (for +example to a cross) when the arms end in lions' heads. I have yet to find +an authentic example of the use of such a cross. + +When a bend or other ordinary issues from the mouths of lions (or other +animals), the heads issuing from the edges or angles of the escutcheon, the +ordinary is said to be "engouled." + +A curious term, of the use of which I know only one example, is "fleshed" +or "flayed." This, as doubtless will be readily surmised, means that the +skin is removed, leaving the flesh gules. This was the method by which the +supporters of Wurtemburg were "differenced" for the Duke of Teck, the +forepaws being "fleshed." {188} + +Woodward gives the following very curious instances of the lion in +heraldry:-- + +"Only a single example of the use of the lioness as a heraldic charge is +known to me. The family of COING, in Lorraine, bears: d'Azure, à une lionne +arrêtée d'or. + +"The following fourteenth-century examples of the use of the lion as a +heraldic charge are taken from the oft-quoted _Wappenrolle von Zurich_, and +should be of interest to the student of early armory:-- + + * * * * * + +"51: END: Azure, a lion rampant-guardant argent, its feet or. + +"305. WILDENVELS: Per pale argent and sable, in the first a demi-lion +statant-guardant issuant from the dividing line. + +"408. TANNENVELS: Azure, a lion rampant or, queué argent. + +"489. RINACH: Or, a lion rampant gules, headed azure. + +"A curious use of the lion as a charge occurs in several ancient coats of +the Low Countries, _e.g._ in that of TRASEGNIES, whose arms are: Bandé d'or +et d'azur, à l'ombre du lion brochant sur le tout, à la bordure engrêlée +d'or. Here the ombre du lion is properly represented by a darker shade of +the tincture (either of or or of azure), but often the artist contents +himself with simply drawing the outline of the animal in a neutral tint. + +"Among other curiosities of the use of the lion are the following foreign +coats:-- + +"BOISSIAU, in France, bears: De gueules, semé de lions d'argent. + +"MINUTOLI, of Naples: Gules, a lion rampant vair, the head and feet or. + +"LOEN, of Holland: Azure, a decapitated lion rampant argent, three jets of +blood spurting from the neck proper. + +"PAPACODA, of Naples: Sable, a lion rampant or, its tail turned over its +head and held by its teeth. + +"The Counts REINACH, of Franconia: Or, a lion rampant gules, hooded and +masked azure (see above)." + +To these instances the arms of Westbury may well be added, these being: +Quarterly, or and azure, a cross patonce, on a bordure twenty lions rampant +all counter-changed. No doubt the origin of such a curious bordure is to be +found in the "bordure of England," which, either as a mark of cadency or as +an indication of affinity or augmentation, can be found in some number of +instances. Probably one will suffice as an example. This is forthcoming in +Fig. 61, which shows the arms of John de Bretagne, Earl of Richmond. Of a +similar nature is the bordure of Spain (indicative of his maternal descent) +borne by Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge, who bore: Quarterly +France and England, a label of three points argent, each charged with {189} +as many torteaux, on a bordure of the same twelve lions rampant purpure +(Fig. 316). + +[Illustration: FIG. 317.--Arms of Bohemia, from the "Pulver Turme" at +Prague. (Latter half of the fifteenth century.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 316.--Arms of Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge. +(From MS. Cott., Julius C. vii.)] + +Before leaving the lion, the hint may perhaps be usefully conveyed that the +temptation to over-elaborate the lion when depicting it heraldically should +be carefully avoided. The only result is confusion--the very contrary of +the essence of heraldic emblazonment, which was, is, and should be, the +method of clear advertisement of identity. Examples of over-elaboration +can, however, be found in the past, as will be seen from Fig. 317. This +example belongs to the latter half of the fifteenth century, and represents +the arms of Bohemia. It is taken from a shield on the "Pulver Turme" at +Prague. + +Parts of lions are very frequently to be met with, particularly as crests. +In fact the most common crest in existence is the _demi-lion rampant_ (Fig. +318). This is the upper half of a lion rampant. It is comparatively seldom +found other than rampant and couped, so that the term "a demi-lion," unless +otherwise qualified, may always be assumed to be a demi-lion rampant +couped. As charges upon the shield three will be found in the arms of +Bennet, Earl of Tankerville: "Gules, a bezant between three demi-lions +rampant argent." + +The demi-lion may be both guardant and regardant. + +_Demi-lions rampant and erased_ are more common as charges than as crests. +They are to be found in several Harrison coats of arms. + +[Illustration: FIG. 318.--A demi-lion rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 319.--A demi-lion passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 320.--A lion's head couped.] + +_Demi-lions passant_ (Fig. 319) are rather unusual, but in addition to the +seeming cases in which they occur by dimidiation they are sometimes found, +as in the case of the arms of Newman. {190} + +_Demi-lion affronté._--The only case which has come under notice would +appear to be the crest of Campbell of Aberuchill. + +_Demi-lion issuant._--This term is applied to a demi-lion when it issues +from an ordinary, _e.g._ from the base line of the chief, as in the arms of +Dormer, Markham, and Abney; or from behind a fesse, as in the arms of +Chalmers. + +_Demi-lion naissant_ issues from the centre of an ordinary, and not from +behind it. + +_Lions' heads_, both couped (Fig. 320) and erased, are very frequently met +with both as charges on the shield and as crests. + +[Illustration: FIG. 321.--A lion's face.] + +_Lion's gamb._--Many writers make a distinction between the _gamb_ (which +is stated to be the lower part only, couped or erased half-way up the leg) +and the _paw_, but this distinction cannot be said to be always rigidly +observed. In fact some authorities quote the exact reverse as the +definition of the terms. As charges the gamb or paw will be found to occur +in the arms of Lord Lilford ["Or, a lion's gamb erased in bend dexter +between two crosslets fitchée in bend sinister gules"], and in the arms of +Newdigate. This last is a curious example, inasmuch as, without being so +specified in the blazon, the gambs are represented in the position occupied +by the sinister foreleg of a lion passant. + +The crest upon the Garter Plate of Edward Cherleton, Lord Cherleton of +Powis, must surely be unique. It consists of two lions' paws embowed, the +outer edge of each being adorned with fleurs-de-lis issuant therefrom. + +_A lion's tail_ will sometimes be found as a crest, and it also occurs as a +charge in the arms of Corke, viz.: "Sable, three lions' tails erect and +erased argent." + +_A lion's face_ (Fig. 321) should be carefully distinguished from a lion's +head. In the latter case the neck, either couped or erased, must be shown; +but a lion's face is affronté and cut off closely behind the ears. The +distinction between the head and the face can be more appropriately +considered in the case of the leopard. {191} + + + +CHAPTER XII + +BEASTS + +Next after the lion should be considered the tiger, but it must be +distinctly borne in mind that heraldry knows two kinds of tigers--the +heraldic tiger (Figs. 322 and 323) and the Bengal tiger (Figs. 324 and +325). Doubtless the heraldic tiger, which was the only one found in British +armory until a comparatively recent date, is the attempt of artists to +depict their idea of a tiger. The animal was unknown to them, except by +repute, and consequently the creature they depicted bears little relation +to the animal of real life; but there can be no doubt that their intention +was to depict an animal which they knew to exist. The heraldic tiger had a +body much like the natural tiger, it had a lion's tufted tail and mane, and +the curious head which it is so difficult to describe, but which appears to +be more like the wolf than any other animal we know. This, however, will be +again dealt with in the chapter on fictitious animals, and is here only +introduced to demonstrate the difference which heraldry makes between the +heraldic tiger and the real animal. A curious conceit is that the heraldic +tiger will anciently be often found spelt "tyger," but this peculiar +spelling does not seem ever to have been applied to the tiger of nature. + +[Illustration: FIG. 322.--Heraldic tyger rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 323.--Heraldic tyger passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 324.--Bengal tiger passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 325.--Bengal tiger rampant.] + +{192} + +When it became desirable to introduce the real tiger into British armory as +typical of India and our Eastern Empire, something of course was necessary +to distinguish it from the tyger which had previously usurped the name in +armory, and for this reason the natural tiger is always heraldically known +as the Bengal tiger. This armorial variety appears towards the end of the +eighteenth century in this country, though in foreign heraldry it appears +to have been recognised somewhat earlier. There are, however, but few cases +in which the Bengal tiger has appeared in armory, and in the majority of +these cases as a supporter, as in the supporters of Outram, which are two +tigers rampant guardant gorged with wreaths of laurel and crowned with +Eastern crowns all proper. Another instance of the tiger as a supporter +will be found in the arms of Bombay. An instance in which it appears as a +charge upon a shield will be found in the arms granted to the University of +Madras. + +[Illustration: FIG. 326.--Leopard passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 327.--Leopard passant guardant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 328.--Leopard rampant.] + +Another coat is that granted in 1874 to Augustus Beaty Bradbury of +Edinburgh, which was: "Argent, on a mount in base vert, a Bengal tiger +passant proper, on a chief of the second two other tigers dormant also +proper." A _tigress_ is said to be occasionally met with, and when so, is +sometimes represented with a mirror, in relation to the legend that +ascribes to her such personal vanity that her young ones might be taken +from under her charge if she had the counter attraction of a hand-glass! At +least so say the heraldry books, but I have not yet come across such a +case. + +The leopard (Figs. 326, 327, and 328) has to a certain extent been referred +to already. Doubtless it is the peculiar cat-like and stealthy walk which +is so characteristic of the leopard which led to any animal in that +position being considered a leopard; but the leopard in its natural state +was of course known to Europeans in the early days of heraldry, and appears +amongst the lists of heraldic animals apart from its existence as "a lion +passant." The animal, {193} however, except as a supporter or crest, is by +no means common in English heraldry. It will be found, however, in the +crests of some number of families; for example, Taylor and Potts. + +[Illustration: FIG. 329.--Leopard's head erased.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 330.--Leopard's head erased and affronté.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 331.--Leopard's face.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 332.--Leopard's face jessant-de-lis.] + +A very similar animal is the ounce, which for heraldic purposes is in no +way altered from the leopard. Parts of the latter will be found in use as +in the case of the lion. As a crest the demi-leopard, the leopard's head +(Fig. 329), and the leopard's head affronté (Fig. 330) are often to be met +with. In both cases it should be noticed that _the neck is visible_, and +this should be borne in mind, because this constitutes the difference +between the leopard's head and the leopard's face (Fig. 331). The leopard's +face is by far the most usual form in which the leopard will be found in +armory, and can be traced back to quite an early period in heraldry. The +leopard's face shows no neck at all, the head being removed close behind +the ears. It is then represented affronté. For some unfathomable reason +these charges when they occur in the arms of Shrewsbury are usually +referred to locally as "loggerheads." They were perpetuated in the arms of +the county in its recent grant. A curious development or use of the +leopard's face occurs when it is jessant-de-lis (Fig. 332). This will be +found referred to at greater length under the heading of the Fleur-de-lis. + +{194} + +[Illustration: FIG. 333.--Arms of Styria. (Drawn by Hans Burgkmair, 1523.)] + +The _panther_ is an animal which in its relation to heraldry it is +difficult to know whether to place amongst the mythical or actual animals. +No instance occurs to me in which the panther figures as a charge in +British heraldry, and the panther as a supporter, in the few cases in which +it is met with, is certainly not the actual animal, inasmuch as it is +invariably found flammant, _i.e._ with flames issuing from the mouth and +ears. In this character it will be found as a supporter of the Duke of +Beaufort, and derived therefrom as a supporter of Lord Raglan. Foreign +heraldry carries the panther to a most curious result. It is frequently +represented with the tail of a lion, horns, and for its fore-legs the claws +of an eagle. Even in England it is usually represented vomiting flames, but +the usual method of depicting it on the Continent is greatly at variance +with our own. Fig. 333 represents the same arms of Styria--Vert, a panther +argent, armed close, vomiting flames of fire--from the title-page of the +_Land-bond_ of Styria in the year 1523, drawn by Hans Burgkmair. In +_Physiologus_, a Greek writing {195} of early Christian times of about the +date 140, which in the course of time has been translated into every +tongue, mention is made of the panther, to which is there ascribed the +gaily spotted coat and the pleasant, sweet-smelling breath which induces +all other animals to approach it; the dragon alone retreats into its hole +from the smell, and consequently the panther appears to have sometimes been +used as a symbol of Christ. The earliest armorial representations of this +animal show the form not greatly dissimilar to nature; but very soon the +similarity disappears in Continental representations, and the fancy of the +artist transferred the animal into the fabulous creature which is now +represented. The sweet-smelling breath, _suozzon-stanch_ as it is called in +the early German translation of the _Physiologus_, was expressed by the +flames issuing from the mouth, but later in the sixteenth century flames +issued from every opening in the head. The head was in old times similar to +that of a horse, occasionally horned (as in the seal of Count Heinrich von +Lechsgemünd, 1197); the fore-feet were well developed. In the second half +of the fourteenth century the fore-feet assume the character of eagles' +claws, and the horns of the animal were a settled matter. In the +neighbourhood of Lake Constance we find the panther with divided hoofs on +his hind-feet; perhaps with a reference to the panther's "cleanness." +According to the Mosaic law, of course, a four-footed animal, to be +considered clean, must not have paws, and a ruminant must not have an +undivided hoof. Italian heraldry is likewise acquainted with the panther, +but under another name (_La Dolce_, the sweet one) and another form. The +dolce has a head like a hare, and is unhorned. (See A. Anthony v. +Siegenfeld, "The Territorial Arms of Styria," Graz, 1898.) + +The panther is given by Segar, Garter King of Arms 1603-1663, as one of the +badges of King Henry VI., where it is silver, spotted of various colours, +and with flames issuing from its mouth and ears. No doubt this Royal badge +is the origin of the supporter of the Duke of Beaufort. + +English armory knows an animal which it terms the male griffin, which has +no wings, but which has gold rays issuing from its body in all directions. +Ströhl terms the badge of the Earls of Ormonde, which from his description +are plainly male griffins, _keythongs_, which he classes with the panther; +and probably he is correct in looking upon our male griffin as merely one +form of the heraldic panther. + +The _cat_, under the name of the cat, the wild cat, the cat-a-mountain, or +the cat-a-mount (Figs. 334, 335, and 336), is by no means infrequent in +British armory, though it will usually be found in Scottish or Irish +examples. The arms of Keates and Scott-Gatty in which it figures are +English examples, however. {196} + +The wolf (Figs. 337-341) is a very frequent charge in English armory. Apart +from its use as a supporter, in which position it is found in conjunction +with the shields of Lord Welby, Lord Rendell, and Viscount Wolseley, it +will be found in the arms of Lovett and in by far the larger proportion of +the coats for the name of Wilson and in the arms of Low. + +[Illustration: FIG. 334.--Cat-a-mountain sejant guardant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 335.--Cat-a-mountain sejant guardant erect.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 336.--Cat-a-mountain passant guardant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 337.--Wolf rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 338.--Wolf salient.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 339.--Wolf courant.] + +The wolf, however, in earlier representations has a less distinctly +wolf-like character, it being sometimes difficult to distinguish the wolf +from some other heraldic animals. This is one of these cases in which, +owing to insufficient knowledge and crude draughtsmanship, ancient heraldry +is not to be preferred to more realistic treatment. The demi-wolf is a very +frequent crest, occurring not only in the arms and crests of members of the +Wilson and many other families, but also as the crest of Wolfe. The latter +crest is worthy of remark, inasmuch as the Royal crown which is held within +its paws typifies the assistance given to King Charles II., after the +battle of Worcester, by Mr. Francis Wolfe of Madeley, to whom the crest was +granted. King Charles, it may be noted, also gave to Mr. Wolfe a silver +tankard, upon the lid of which was a representation of this crest. Wolves' +heads are particularly common, especially in Scottish heraldry. An example +of them will be found in the arms of {197} "Struan" Robertson, and in the +coats used by all other members of the Robertson Clan having or claiming +descent from, or relationship with, the house of Struan. The wolf's head +also appears in the arms of Skeen. Woodward states that the wolf is the +most common of all heraldic animals in Spanish heraldry, where it is +frequently represented as _ravissant, i.e._ carrying the body of a lamb in +its mouth or across its back. + +[Illustration: FIG. 340.--Wolf passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 341.--Wolf statant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 342.--A lynx coward.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 343.--Fox passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 344.--Fox sejant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 345.--A fox's mask.] + +Much akin to the wolf is the _Lynx_; in fact the heraldic representation of +the two animals is not greatly different. The lynx does not often occur in +heraldry except as a supporter, but it will be found as the crest of the +family of Lynch. The lynx is nearly always depicted and blazoned "coward," +_i.e._ with its tail between its legs (Fig. 342). Another instance of this +particular animal is found in the crest of Comber. + +A _Fox_ (Figs. 343 and 344) which from the similarity of its representation +is often confused with a wolf, is said by Woodward to be very seldom met +with in British heraldry. This is hardly a correct statement, inasmuch as +countless instances can be produced in which a fox figures as a charge, a +crest, or a supporter. The fox is found on the arms and as the crest, and +two are the supporters of Lord Ilchester, and instances of its appearance +will be found amongst others in the arms {198} or crests, for example, of +Fox, Colfox, and Ashworth. Probably the most curious example of the +heraldic fox will be found in the arms of Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, who for +the arms of Williams quarters: "Argent, two foxes counter-salient gules, +the dexter surmounted of the sinister." The face of a fox is termed its +mask (Fig. 345). + +_The Bear_ (Figs. 346-349) is frequently found figuring largely in coats of +arms for the names of Barnard, Baring, Barnes, and Bearsley, and for other +names which can be considered to bear canting relation to the charge. In +fact the arms, crest, and motto of Barnard together form such an excellent +example of the little jokes which characterise heraldry that I quote the +blazon in full. The coat is "argent, a bear rampant sable," the crest is "a +demi-bear sable," and the motto "Bear and forbear." + +[Illustration: FIG. 346.--Bear rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 347.--Bear passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 348.--Bear statant.] + +The bear is generally muzzled, but this must not be presumed unless +mentioned in the blazon. Bears' paws are often found both in crests and as +charges upon shields, but as they differ little if anything in appearance +from the lion's gamb, they need not be further particularised. To the +bear's head, however, considerable attention should be paid, inasmuch as +the manner of depicting it in England and Scotland differs. The bear's +head, according to English ideas of heraldry, would be depicted down to the +shoulders, and would show the neck couped or erased (Fig. 350). In Scottish +heraldry, bears' heads are almost invariably found couped or erased close +behind the ears without any of the neck being visible (Figs. 351 and 352); +they are not, however, represented as caboshed or affronté. + +{199} + +[Illustration: FIG. 349.--Bear sejant erect.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 350.--Bear's head couped (English).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 351.--Bear's head couped (Scottish).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 352.--Bear's head erased and muzzled (Scottish).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 353.--Boar rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 354.--Boar passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 355.--Boar statant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 356.--Boar's head erased (English).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 357.--Boar's head couped (Scottish).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 358.--Boar's head erased (Scottish).] + +_The Boar_ is an animal which, with its parts, will constantly be met with +in British armory (Figs. 353-355). Theoretically there is a difference +between the boar, which is the male of the domestic animal, and the wild +boar, which is the untamed creature of the woods. Whilst the latter is +usually blazoned as a wild boar or sanglier, the latter is just a boar; but +for all practical purposes no difference whatever is made in heraldic +representations of these varieties, though it may be noted that the crest +of Swinton is often described as a sanglier, as invariably is also the +crest of Douglas, Earl of Morton ["A sanglier sticking between the cleft of +an oak-tree fructed, with a lock holding the clefts together all proper"]. +The boar, like the lion, is usually described as armed and langued, but +this is not necessary when the tusks are represented in their own colour +and when the tongue is gules. It will, however, be very frequently found +that the tusks are or. The "armed," however, does not include the hoofs, +and if these are to {200} be of any colour different from that of the +animal, it must be blazoned "unguled" of such and such a tincture. +Precisely the same distinction occurs in the heads of boars (Figs. 356-358) +that was referred to in bears. The real difference is this, that whilst the +English boar's head has the neck attached to the head and is couped or +erased at the shoulders, the Scottish boar's head is separated close behind +the ears. No one ever troubled to draw any distinction between the two for +the purposes of blazon, because the English boars' heads were more usually +drawn with the neck, and the boars' heads in Scotland were drawn couped or +erased close. But the boars head in Welsh heraldry followed the Scottish +and not the English type. Matters armorial, however, are now cosmopolitan, +and one can no longer ascertain that the crest of Campbell must be +Scottish, or that the crest of any other family must be English; and +consequently, though the terms will not be found employed officially, it is +just as well to distinguish them, because armory can provide means of such +distinction--the true description of an English boar's head being couped or +erased "at the neck," the Scottish term being a boar's head couped or +erased "close." + +Occasionally a boar's head will be stated to be borne erect; this is then +shown with the mouth pointing upwards. A curious example of this is found +in the crest of Tyrrell: "A boar's head erect argent, in the mouth a +peacock's tail proper." + +Woodward mentions three very strange coats of arms in which the charge, +whilst not being a boar, bears very close connection with it. He states +that among the curiosities of heraldry we may place the canting arms of +Ham, of Holland: "Gules, five hams proper, 2, 1, 2." The Verhammes also +bear: "Or, three hams sable." These commonplace charges assume almost a +poetical savour when placed beside the matter-of-fact coat of the family of +Bacquere: "d'Azur, à un ecusson d'or en abîme, accompagné de trois groins +de porc d'argent," and that of the Wursters of Switzerland: "Or, two +sausages gules on a gridiron sable, the handle in chief." + +HORSES + +It is not a matter of surprise that the horse is frequently met with in +armory. It will be found, as in the arms of Jedburgh, carrying a mounted +warrior (Fig. 359), and the same combination appears as the crest of the +Duke of Fife. {201} + +The horse will be found rampant (or forcene, or salient) (Fig. 360), and +will be found courant (Fig. 361), passant (Fig. 362), and trotting. + +[Illustration: FIG. 359.--A chevalier on horseback.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 360.--Horse rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 361.--Horse courant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 362.--Horse passant.] + +When it is "comparisoned" or "furnished" it is shown with saddle and bridle +and all appurtenances; but if the saddle is not present it would only be +blazoned "bridled." + +"Gules, a horse argent," really the arms of Westphalia, is popularly known +in this country as the coat of Hanover, inasmuch as it was the most +prominent charge upon the inescutcheon or quartering of Hanover formerly +borne with the Royal Arms. Every one in this country is familiar with the +expression, "the white horse of Hanover." + +Horses will also be found in many cases as supporters, and these will be +referred to in the chapter upon that subject, but reference should be +particularly made here to the crest of the family of Lane, of King's +Bromley, which is a strawberry roan horse, couped at the flanks, bridled, +saddled, and holding in its feet the Imperial crown proper. This +commemorates the heroic action of Mistress Jane Lane, afterwards Lady +Fisher, and the sister of Sir Thomas Lane, of King's Bromley, who, after +the battle of Worcester and when King Charles was in hiding, rode from +Staffordshire to the south coast upon a strawberry roan horse, with King +Charles as her serving-man. For this the Lane family were first of all +granted the canton of England as an augmentation to their arms, and shortly +afterwards this crest of the demi-horse (Plate II.). + +The arms of Trevelyan afford an interesting example of a horse, being: +"Gules, issuant out of water in base proper, a demi-horse argent, hoofed +and maned or." + +The heads of horses are either so described or (and more usually) termed +"nags' heads," though what the difference may be is beyond {202} the +comprehension of most people; at any rate heraldry knows of none. + +The crest of the family of Duncombe is curious, and is as follows: "Out of +a ducal coronet or, a horse's hind-leg sable, the shoe argent." + +Though they can hardly be termed animate charges, perhaps one may be +justified in here mentioning the horse-shoe (Fig. 363), which is far from +being an uncommon charge. It will be found in various arms for the name of +Ferrar, Ferrers, Farrer, and Marshall; and, in the arms of one Scottish +family of Smith, three horse-shoes interlaced together form an unusual and +rather a curious charge. + +Other instances in which it occurs will be found in the arms of Burlton, +and in the arms used by the town of Oakham. In the latter case it doubtless +has reference to the toll of a horse-shoe, which the town collects from +every peer or member of the Royal Family who passes through its limits. The +collection of these, which are usually of silver, and are carefully +preserved, is one of the features of the town. + +[Illustration: FIG. 363.--Horse-shoe.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 364.--Sea-horse.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 365.--Pegasus rampant.] + +The sea-horse, the unicorn, and the pegasus may perhaps be more properly +considered as mythical animals, and the unicorn will, of course, be treated +under that heading; but the sea-horse and the pegasus are so closely allied +in form to the natural animal that perhaps it will be simpler to treat of +them in this chapter. The sea-horse (Fig. 364) is composed of the head and +neck of a horse and the tail of a fish, but in place of the fore-feet, +webbed paws are usually substituted. Two sea-horses respecting each other +will be found in the coat of arms of Pirrie, and sea-horses naiant will be +found in the arms of McCammond. It is a matter largely left to the +discretion of the artist, but the sea-horse will be found as often as not +depicted with a fin at the back of its neck in place of a mane. A sea-horse +as a crest will be found in the case of Belfast and in the crests of +Clippingdale and Jenkinson. The sea-horse is sometimes represented winged, +but I know of no officially sanctioned example. When represented rising +from the sea the animal is said to be "assurgeant." {203} + +The pegasus (Figs. 365 and 366), though often met with as a crest or found +in use as a supporter, is very unusual as a charge upon an escutcheon. It +will be found, however, in the arms of the Society of the Inner Temple and +in the arms of Richardson, which afford an example of a pegasus rampant and +also an example in the crest of a pegasus sejant, which at present is the +only one which exists in British heraldry. + +Fig. 367 gives a solitary instance of a mare. The arms, which are from +Grünenberg's _Wappenbuch_ (1483), are attributed to "Herr von Frouberg from +the Forest in Bavaria," and are: Gules, a mare rampant argent, bridled +sable. + +[Illustration: FIG. 366.--Pegasus passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 367.--Arms of Herr von Frouberg.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 368.--Talbot passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 369.--Talbot statant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 370.--Talbot rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 371.--Talbot sejant.] + +The _ass_ is not a popular charge, but the family of Mainwaring have an +ass's head for a crest. + +DOGS + +Dogs will be found of various kinds in many English and Scottish coats of +arms, though more frequently in the former than in the latter. The original +English dog, the hound of early days, is, of course, the talbot (Figs. 368, +369, 370, and 371). Under the heading of {204} supporters certain instances +will be quoted in which dogs of various kinds and breeds figure in +heraldry, but the talbot as a charge will be found in the arms of the old +Staffordshire family, Wolseley of Wolseley, a cadet of which house is the +present Field-Marshal Viscount Wolseley. The Wolseley arms are: "Argent, a +talbot passant gules." Other instances of the talbot will be found in the +arms or crests of the families of Grosvenor, Talbot, and Gooch. The arms +"Azure, three talbots statant or," were granted by Cooke to Edward Peke of +Heldchurchgate, Kent. A sleuth-hound treading gingerly upon the points of a +coronet ["On a ducal coronet, a sleuth-hound proper, collared and leashed +gules"] was the crest of the Earl of Perth and Melfort, and one wonders +whether the motto, "Gang warily," may not really have as much relation to +the perambulations of the crest as to the dangerous foothold amongst the +galtraps which is provided for the supporters. + +[Illustration: FIG. 372.--Greyhound passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 373.--Greyhound courant.] + +Greyhounds (Figs. 372 and 373) are, of course, very frequently met with, +and amongst the instances which can be mentioned are the arms of Clayhills, +Hughes-Hunter of Plas Coch, and Hunter of Hunterston. A curious coat of +arms will be found under the name of Udney of that Ilk, registered in the +Lyon Office, namely: "Gules, two greyhounds counter-salient argent, +collared of the field, in the inner point a stag's head couped and attired +with ten tynes, all between the three fleurs-de-lis, two in chief and one +in base, or." Another very curious coat of arms is registered as the design +of the reverse of the seal of the Royal Burgh of Linlithgow, and is: "Or, a +greyhound bitch sable, chained to an oak-tree within a loch proper." This +curious coat of arms, however, being the reverse of the seal, is seldom if +ever made use of. + +Two bloodhounds are the supporters to the arms of Campbell of Aberuchill. + +The dog may be salient, that is, springing, its hind-feet on the ground; +passant, when it is sometimes known as trippant, otherwise walking; and +courant when it is at full speed. It will be found occasionally couchant or +lying down, but if depicted chasing another animal (as in the arms of +Echlin) it is described as "in full chase," or "in full course." + +A mastiff will be found in the crest of Crawshay, and there is a {205} +well-known crest of a family named Phillips which is "a dog sejant +regardant surmounted by a bezant charged with a representation of a dog +saving a man from drowning." Whether this crest has any official authority +or not I do not know, but I should imagine it is highly doubtful. + +Foxhounds appear as the supporters of Lord Hindlip; and when depicted with +its nose to the ground a dog is termed "a hound on scent." + +A winged greyhound is stated to be the crest of a family of Benwell. A +greyhound "courant" will be found in the crests of Daly and Watney; and a +curious crest is that of Biscoe, which is a greyhound seizing a hare. The +crest of Anderson, until recently borne by the Earl of Yarborough, is a +water spaniel. + +[Illustration: FIG. 374.--A sea-dog.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 375.--Bull rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 376.--Bull passant.] + +The sea-dog (Fig. 374) is a most curious animal. It is represented much as +the talbot, but with scales, webbed feet, and a broad scaly tail like a +beaver. In my mind there is very little doubt that the sea-dog is really +the early heraldic attempt to represent a beaver, and I am confirmed in +that opinion by the arms of the city of Oxford. There has been considerable +uncertainty as to what the sinister supporter was intended to represent. A +reference to the original record shows that a beaver is the real supporter, +but the representation of the animal, which in form has varied little, is +very similar to that of a sea-dog. The only instances I am aware of in +British heraldry in which it occurs under the name of a sea-dog are the +supporters of the Barony of Stourton and the crest of Dodge[17] (Plate +VI.). + +BULLS + +The bull (Figs. 375 and 376), and also the calf, and very occasionally the +cow and the buffalo, have their allotted place in heraldry. {206} They are +amongst the few animals which can never be represented proper, inasmuch as +in its natural state the bull is of very various colours. And yet there is +an exception to even this apparently obvious fact, for the bulls connected +with or used either as crests, badges, or supporters by the various +branches of the Nevill family are all pied bulls ["Arms of the Marquis of +Abergavenny: Gules, on a saltire argent, a rose of the field, barbed and +seeded proper. Crest: a bull statant argent, pied sable, collared and chain +reflexed over the back or. Supporters; two bulls argent, pied sable, armed, +unguled, collared and chained, and at the end of the chain two staples or. +Badges: on the dexter a rose gules, seeded or, barbed vert; on the sinister +a portcullis or. Motto: 'Ne vile velis.'"] The bull in the arms of the town +of Abergavenny, which are obviously based upon the arms and crest of the +Marquess of Abergavenny, is the same. + +Examples of the bull will be found in the arms of Verelst, Blyth, and +Ffinden. A bull salient occurs in the arms of De Hasting ["Per pale vert +and or, a bull salient counterchanged"]. The arms of the Earl of +Shaftesbury show three bulls, which happen to be the quartering for Ashley. +This coat of arms affords an instance, and a striking one, of the manner in +which arms have been improperly assumed in England. The surname of the Earl +of Shaftesbury is Ashley-Cooper. It may be mentioned here in passing, +through the subject is properly dealt with elsewhere in the volume, that in +an English sub-quarterly coat for a double name the arms for the last and +most important name are the first and fourth quarterings. But Lord +Shaftesbury himself is the only person who bears the name of Cooper, all +other members of the family except his lordship being known by the name of +Ashley only. Possibly this may be the reason which accounts for the fact +that by a rare exception Lord Shaftesbury bears the arms of Ashley in the +first and fourth quarters, and Cooper in the second and third. But by a +very general mistake these arms of Ashley ["Argent, three bulls passant +sable, armed and unguled or"] were until recently almost invariably +described as the arms of Cooper. The result has been that during the last +century they were "jumped" right and left by people of the name of Cooper, +entirely in ignorance of the fact that the arms of Cooper (if it were, as +one can only presume, the popular desire to indicate a false relationship +to his lordship) are: "Gules, a bend engrailed between six lions rampant +or." The ludicrous result has been that to those who know, the arms have +stood self-condemned, and in the course of time, as it has become necessary +for these Messrs. Cooper to legalise these usurped insignia, the new +grants, differentiated versions of arms previously in use, have nearly all +been founded upon this Ashley coat. At any rate there must be a score or +more Cooper {207} grants with bulls as the principal charges, and +innumerable people of the name of Cooper are still using without authority +the old Ashley coat pure and simple. + +The bull as a crest is not uncommon, belonging amongst other families to +Ridley, Sykes, and De Hoghton; and the demi-bull, and more frequently the +bull's head, are often met with. A bull's leg is the crest of De la Vache, +and as such appears upon two of the early Garter plates. Winged bulls are +the supporters of the Butchers' Livery Company. A bull's scalp occurs upon +a canton over the arms of Cheney, a coat quartered by Johnston and Cure. + +[Illustration: FIG. 377.--Bull's head caboshed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 378.--Armorial bearings of John Henry Metcalfe, Esq.: +Argent, three calves passant sable, a canton gules.] + +The ox seldom occurs, except that, in order sometimes to preserve a pun, a +bovine animal is sometimes so blazoned, as in the case of the arms of the +City of Oxford. Cows also are equally rare, but occur in the arms of Cowell +["Ermine, a cow statant gules, within a bordure sable, bezantée"] and in +the modern grants to the towns of Rawtenstall and Cowbridge. Cows' heads +appear on the arms of Veitch ["Argent, three cows' heads erased sable"], +and these were transferred to the cadency bordure of the Haig arms when +these were rematriculated for Mr. H. Veitch Haig. + +Calves are of much more frequent occurrence than cows, appearing in many +coats of arms in which they are a pun upon the name. They will be found in +the arms of Vaile and Metcalfe (Fig. 378). Special attention may well be +drawn to the last-mentioned illustration, inasmuch as it is by Mr. J. H. +Metcalfe, whose heraldic work has obtained a well-deserved reputation. A +bull or cow is termed "armed" if the horns are of a different tincture from +the head. The term "unguled" applies to the hoofs, and "ringed" is used +when, as is sometimes the case, a ring passes through the nostrils. A +bull's head is sometimes found caboshed (Fig. 377), as in the crest of +Macleod, or as in the arms of Walrond. The position of the tail is one of +those matters which are left to the artist, and unless the blazon contains +any statement to the contrary, it may be placed in any convenient position. + +{208} + +STAGS + +The stag, using the term in its generic sense, under the various names of +stag, deer, buck, roebuck, hart, doe, hind, reindeer, springbok, and other +varieties, is constantly met with in British armory, as well as in that of +other countries. + +[Illustration: FIG. 379.--Stag lodged.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 380.--Stag trippant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 381.--Stag courant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 382.--Stag springing.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 383.--Stag at gaze.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 384.--Stag statant.] + +In the specialised varieties, such as the springbok and the reindeer, +naturally an attempt is made to follow the natural animal in its salient +peculiarities, but as to the remainder, heraldry knows little if any +distinction after the following has been properly observed. The stag, which +is really the male red deer, has horns which are branched with pointed +branches from the bottom to the top; but a buck, which is the fallow deer, +has broad and flat palmated horns. Anything in the nature of a stag must be +subject to the following terms. If lying down it is termed "lodged" (Fig. +379), if walking it is termed "trippant" (Fig. 380), if running it is +termed "courant" (Fig. 381), or "at speed" or "in full chase." It is termed +"salient" when springing (Fig. 382), though the term "springing" is +sometimes employed, and it is said to be "at gaze" when statant with the +head turned to face the spectator (Fig. 383); but it should be noted that a +stag may also be "statant" (Fig. 384); and it is not "at gaze" unless the +head is turned round. {209} When it is necessary owing to a difference of +tincture or for other reasons to refer to the horns, a stag or buck is +described as "attired" of such and such a colour, whereas bulls, rams, and +goats are said to be "armed." + +When the stag is said to be attired of ten or any other number of tynes, it +means that there are so many points to its horns. Like other cloven-footed +animals, the stag can be unguled of a different colour. + +The stag's head is very frequently met with, but it will be almost more +frequently found as a stag's head caboshed (Fig. 385). In these cases the +head is represented affronté and removed close behind the ears, so that no +part of the neck is visible. The stag's head caboshed occurs in the arms of +Cavendish and Stanley, and also in the arms of Legge, Earl of Dartmouth. +Figs. 386 and 387 are examples of other heads. + +[Illustration: FIG. 385.--Stag's head caboshed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 386.--Stag's head erased.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 387.--Buck's head couped.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 388.--Hind.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 389.--Reindeer.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 390.--Winged stag rampant.] + +The attires of a stag are to be found either singly (as in the arms of +Boyle) or in the form of a pair attached to the scalp. The crest of Jeune +affords an instance of a scalp. The hind or doe (Fig. 388) is sometimes met +with, as in the crest of Hatton, whilst a hind's head is the crest of +Conran. + +The reindeer (Fig. 389) is less usual, but reindeer heads will be found in +the arms of Fellows. It, however, appears as a supporter for {210} several +English peers. Winged stags (Fig. 390) were the supporters of De Carteret, +Earls of Granville, and "a demi-winged stag gules, collared argent," is the +crest of Fox of Coalbrookdale, co. Salop. + +Much akin to the stag is the antelope, which, unless specified to be an +_heraldic_ antelope, or found in a very old coat, is usually represented in +the natural form of the animal, and subject to the foregoing rules. + +_Heraldic Antelope._--This animal (Figs. 391, 392, and 393) is found in +English heraldry more frequently as a supporter than as a charge. As an +instance, however, of the latter form may be mentioned the family of +Dighton (Lincolnshire): "Per pale argent and gules, an heraldic antelope +passant counterchanged." It bears little if any relation to the real +animal, though there can be but small doubt that the earliest forms +originated in an attempt to represent an antelope or an ibex. Since, +however, heraldry has found a use for the real antelope, it has been +necessary to distinguish it from the creations of the early armorists, +which are now known as heraldic antelopes. Examples will be found in the +supporters of Lord Carew, in the crest of Moresby, and of Bagnall. + +[Illustration: FIG. 391.--Heraldic antelope statant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 392.--The heraldic antelope rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 393.--Heraldic antelope passant.] + +The difference chiefly consists in the curious head and horns and in the +tail, the heraldic antelope being an heraldic tiger, with the feet and legs +similar to those of a deer, and with two straight serrated horns. + +_Ibex._--This is another form of the natural antelope, but with two +saw-edged horns projecting from the forehead. + +A curious animal, namely, the sea-stag, is often met with in German +heraldry. This is the head, antlers, fore-legs, and the upper part of the +body of a stag conjoined to the fish-tail end of a mermaid. {211} The only +instance I am aware of in which it occurs in British armory is the case of +the arms of Marindin, which were recently matriculated in Lyon Register +(Fig. 394). This coat, however, it should be observed, is really of German +or perhaps of Swiss origin. + +[Illustration: FIG. 394.--Armorial bearings of Marindin.] + +THE RAM AND GOAT + +The ram (Figs. 395 and 396), the consideration of which must of necessity +include the sheep (Fig. 397), the Paschal lamb (Fig. 398), and the fleece +(Fig. 399), plays no unimportant part in armory. The chief heraldic +difference between the ram and the sheep, to some extent, in opposition to +the agricultural distinctions, lies in the fact that the ram is always +represented with horns and the sheep without. The lamb and the ram are +always represented with the natural tail, but the sheep is deprived of it. +A ram can of course be "armed" (_i.e._ with the horns of a different +colour) and "unguled," but the latter will seldom be found to be the case. +The ram, the sheep, and the lamb will nearly always be found either passant +or statant, but a demi-ram is naturally represented in a rampant posture, +though in such a case the word "rampant" is not necessary in the blazon. + +Occasionally, as in the crest of Marwood, the ram will be found couchant. +As a charge upon a shield the ram will be found in the arms of Sydenham +["Argent, three rams passant sable"], and a ram couchant occurs in the arms +of Pujolas (granted 1762) ["Per fess wavy azure and argent, in base on a +mount vert, a ram couchant sable, armed and unguled or, in chief three +doves proper"]. The arms of Ramsey ["Azure, a chevron between three {212} +rams passant or"] and the arms of Harman ["Sable, a chevron between six +rams counter-passant two and two argent, armed and unguled or"] are other +instances in which rams occur. A sheep occurs in the arms of Sheepshanks +["Azure, a chevron erminois between in chief three roses and in base a +sheep passant argent. Crest: on a mount vert, a sheep passant argent"]. + +[Illustration: FIG. 395.--Ram statant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 396.--Ram rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 397.--Sheep passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 398.--Paschal lamb.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 399.--Fleece.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 400.--Ram's head caboshed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 401.--Goat passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 402.--Goat rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 403.--Goat salient.] + +The lamb, which is by no means an unusual charge in Welsh coats of arms, is +most usually found in the form of a "paschal lamb" (Fig. 398), or some +variation evidently founded thereupon. + +The fleece--of course originally of great repute as the badge of {213} the +Order of the Golden Fleece--has in recent years been frequently employed in +the grants of arms to towns or individuals connected with the woollen +industry. + +The demi-ram and the demi-lamb are to be found as crests, but far more +usual are rams' heads, which figure, for example, in the arms of Ramsden, +and in the arms of the towns of Huddersfield, and Barrow-in-Furness. The +ram's head will sometimes be found caboshed, as in the arms of Ritchie and +Roberts. + +Perhaps here reference may fittingly be made to the arms granted by Lyon +Office in 1812 to Thomas Bonar, co. Kent ["Argent, a saltire and chief +azure, the last charged with a dexter hand proper, vested with a +shirt-sleeve argent, issuing from the dexter chief point, holding a +shoulder of mutton proper to a lion passant or, all within a bordure +gules"]. + +_The Goat_ (Figs. 401-403) is very frequently met with in armory. Its +positions are passant, statant, rampant, and salient. When the horns are of +a different colour it is said to be "armed." + +OTHER ANIMALS + +_The Elephant_ is by no means unusual in heraldry, appearing as a crest, as +a charge, and also as a supporter. Nor, strange to say, is its appearance +exclusively modern. The elephant's head, however, is much more frequently +met with than the entire animal. Heraldry generally finds some way of +stereotyping one of its creations as peculiarly its own, and in regard to +the elephant, the curious "elephant and castle" (Fig. 404) is an example, +this latter object being, of course, simply a derivative of the howdah of +Indian life. Few early examples of the elephant omit the castle. The +elephant and castle is seen in the arms of Dumbarton and in the crest of +Corbet. + +A curious practice, the result of pure ignorance, has manifested itself in +British armory. As will be explained in the chapter upon crests, a large +proportion of German crests are derivatives of the stock basis of two +bull's horns, which formed a recognised ornament for a helmet in Viking and +other pre-heraldic days. As heraldry found its footing it did not in +Germany displace those horns, which in many cases continued alone as the +crest or remained as a part of it in the form of additions to other +objects. The craze for decoration at an early period seized upon the horns, +which carried repetitions of the arms or their tinctures. As time went on +the {214} decoration was carried further, and the horns were made with +bell-shaped open ends to receive other objects, usually bunches of feathers +or flowers. So universal did this custom become that even when nothing was +inserted the horns came to be always depicted with these open mouths at +their points. But German heraldry now, as has always been the case, simply +terms the figures "horns." In course of time German immigrants made +application for grants of arms in this country, which, doubtless, were +based upon other German arms previously in use, but which, evidence of +right not being forthcoming, could not be recorded as borne of right, and +needed to be granted with alteration as a new coat. The curious result has +been that these horns have been incorporated in some number of English +grants, but they have universally been described as elephants' proboscides, +and are now always so represented in this country. A case in point is the +crest of Verelst, and another is the crest of Allhusen. + +[Illustration: FIG. 404.--Elephant and castle.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 405.--Hare salient.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 406.--Coney.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 407.--Squirrel.] + +Elephants' tusks have also been introduced into grants, as in the arms of +Liebreich (borne in pretence by Cock) and Randles ["Or, a chevron wavy +azure between three pairs of elephants' tusks in saltire proper"]. + +_The Hare_ (Fig. 405) is but rarely met with in British armory. It appears +in the arms of Cleland, and also in the crest of Shakerley, Bart. ["A hare +proper resting her forefeet on a grab or"]. A very curious coat ["Argent, +three hares playing bagpipes gules"] belongs to an ancient Derbyshire +family FitzErcald, now represented (through the Sacheverell family) by Coke +of Trussley, who quarter the FitzErcald shield. + +_The Rabbit_ (Fig. 406), or, as it is more frequently termed heraldically, +the Coney, appears more frequently in heraldry than the hare, being the +canting charge on the arms of Coningsby, Cunliffe ["Sable, three conies +courant argent"], and figuring also as the supporters of Montgomery +Cunningham ["Two conies proper"]. + +_The Squirrel_ (Fig. 407) occurs in many English coats of arms. It is +always sejant, and very frequently cracking a nut. {215} + +_The Ape_ is not often met with, except in the cases of the different +families of the great Fitz Gerald clan. It is usually the crest, though the +Duke of Leinster also has apes as supporters. One family of Fitzgerald, +however, bear it as a charge upon the shield ["Gules, a saltire invected +per pale argent and or, between four monkeys statant of the second, +environed with a plain collar and chained of the second. Mantling gules and +argent. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a monkey as in the arms, charged +on the body with two roses, and resting the dexter fore-leg on a saltire +gules. Motto: 'Crom-a-boo'"], and the family of Yorke bear an ape's head +for a crest. + +The ape is usually met with "collared and chained" (Fig. 408), though, +unlike any other animal, the collar of an ape environs its loins and not +its neck. A winged ape is included in Elvin's "Dictionary of Heraldry" as a +heraldic animal, but I am not aware to whom it is assigned. + +[Illustration: FIG. 408.--Ape collared and chained.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 409.--Brock.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 410.--Otter.] + +_The Brock_ or _Badger_ (Fig. 409) figures in some number of English arms. +It is most frequently met with as the crest of Brooke, but will be also +found in the arms or crests of Brocklebank and Motion. + +_The Otter_ (Fig. 410) is not often met with except in Scottish coats, but +an English example is that of Sir George Newnes, and a demi-otter issuant +from a fess wavy will be found quartered by Seton of Mounie. + +An otter's head, sometimes called a seal's head, for it is impossible to +distinguish the heraldic representations of the one or the other, appears +in many coats of arms of different families of the name of Balfour, and two +otters are the supporters belonging to the head of the Scottish house of +Balfour. + +_The Ermine_, _the Stoat_, and _the Weasel_, &c., are not very often met +with, but the ermine appears as the crest of Crawford and the marten as the +crest of a family of that name. {216} + +[Illustration: FIG. 411.--Urcheon.] + +_The Hedgehog_, or, as it is usually heraldically termed, the _Urcheon_ +(Fig. 411), occurs in some number of coats. For example, in the arms of +Maxwell ["Argent, an eagle with two heads displayed sable, beaked and +membered gules, on the breast an escutcheon of the first, charged with a +saltire of the second, surcharged in the centre with a hurcheon (hedgehog) +or, all within a bordure gules"], Harris, and as the crest of Money-Kyrle. + +_The Beaver_ has been introduced into many coats of late years for those +connected in any way with Canada. It figures in the arms of Lord Strathcona +and Mount Royal, and in the arms of Christopher. + +The beaver is one of the supporters of the city of Oxford, and is the sole +charge in the arms of the town of Biberach (Fig. 412). Originally the arms +were: "Argent, a beaver azure, crowned and armed gules," but the arms +authorised by the Emperor Frederick IV., 18th July 1848, were: "Azure, a +beaver or." + +[Illustration: FIG. 412.--Arms of the town of Biberach. (From Ulrich +Reichenthal's _Concilium von Constanz_, Augsburg, 1483.)] + +It is quite impossible, or at any rate very unnecessary, to turn a work on +armory into an Illustrated Guide to Natural History, which would be the +result if under the description of heraldic charges the attempt were made +to deal with all the various animals which have by now been brought to the +armorial fold, owing to the inclusion of each for special and sufficient +reasons in one or two isolated grants. + +Far be it from me, however, to make any remark which should seem to +indicate the raising of any objection to such use. In my opinion it is +highly admirable, providing there is some definite reason in each case for +the introduction of these strange animals other than mere caprice. They add +to the interest of heraldry, and they give to modern arms and armory a +definite status and meaning, which is a relief from the endless monotony of +meaningless lions, bends, chevrons, mullets, and martlets. + +But at the same time the isolated use in a modern grant of such an animal +as the kangaroo does not make it one of the peculiarly heraldic menagerie, +and consequently such instances must be dismissed herein with brief +mention, particularly as many of these creatures heraldically exist only as +supporters, in which chapter some are more fully {217} discussed. Save as a +supporter, the only instances I know of the _Kangaroo_ are in the coat of +Moore and in the arms of Arthur, Bart. + +_The Zebra_ will be found as the crest of Kemsley. + +_The Camel_, which will be dealt with later as a supporter, in which form +it appears in the arms of Viscount Kitchener, the town of Inverness (Fig. +251), and some of the Livery Companies, also figures in the reputed but +unrecorded arms of Camelford, and in the arms of Cammell of Sheffield and +various other families of a similar name. + +The fretful _Porcupine_ was borne ["Gules, a porcupine erect argent, +tusked, collared, and chained or"] by Simon Eyre, Lord Mayor of London in +1445: and the creature also figures as one of the supporters and the crest +of Sidney, Lord De Lisle and Dudley. + +[Illustration: FIG. 413.--Bat.] + +_The Bat_ (Fig. 413) will be found in the arms of Heyworth and as the crest +of a Dublin family named Wakefield. + +_The Tortoise_ occurs in the arms of a Norfolk family named Gandy, and is +also stated by Papworth to occur in the arms of a Scottish family named +Goldie. This coat, however, is not matriculated. It also occurs in the +crests of Deane and Hayne. + +_The Springbok_, which is one of the supporters of Cape Colony, and two of +which are the supporters of Viscount Milner, is also the crest of Randles +["On a wreath of the colours, a springbok or South African antelope statant +in front of an assegai erect all proper"]. + +_The Rhinoceros_ occurs as one of the supporters of Viscount Colville of +Culross, and also of the crest of Wade, and the _Hippopotamus_ is one of +the supporters of Speke. + +_The Crocodile_, which is the crest and one of the supporters of Speke, is +also the crest of Westcar ["A crocodile proper, collared and chained or"]. + +_The Alpaca_, and also two _Angora Goats'_ heads figure in the arms of +Benn. + +_The Rat_ occurs in the arms of Ratton,[18] which is a peculiarly good +example of a canting coat. + +_The Mole_, sometimes termed a moldiwarp, occurs in the arms of Mitford +["Argent, a fess sable between three moles displayed sable"]. {218} + + + +CHAPTER XIII + +MONSTERS + +The heraldic catalogue of beasts runs riot when we reach those mythical or +legendary creatures which can only be summarised under the generic term of +monsters. Most mythical animals, however, can be traced back to some +comparable counterpart in natural history. + +The fauna of the New World was of course unknown to those early heraldic +artists in whose knowledge and imagination, no less than in their skill (or +lack of it) in draughtsmanship, lay the nativity of so much of our +heraldry. They certainly thought they were representing animals in +existence in most if not in all cases, though one gathers that they +considered many of the animals they used to be misbegotten hybrids. +Doubtless, working on the assumption of the mule as the hybrid of the horse +and the ass, they jumped to the conclusion that animals which contained +salient characteristics of two other animals which they knew were likewise +hybrids. A striking example of their theories is to be found in the +heraldic Camelopard, which was anciently devoutly believed to be begotten +by the leopard upon the camel. A leopard they would be familiar with, also +the camel, for both belong to that corner of the world where the north-east +of the African Continent, the south-east of Europe, and the west of Asia +join, where were fought out the wars of the Cross, and where heraldry took +on itself a definite being. There the known civilisations of the world met, +taking one from the other knowledge, more or less distorted, ideas and wild +imaginings. A stray giraffe was probably seen by some journeyer up the +Nile, who, unable to otherwise account for it, considered and stated the +animal to be the hybrid offspring of the leopard and camel. Another point +needs to be borne in mind. Earlier artists were in no way fettered by any +supposed necessity for making their pictures realistic representations. +Realism is a modernity. Their pictures were decoration, and they thought +far more of making their subject fit the space to be decorated than of +making it a "speaking likeness." + +Nevertheless, their work was not all imagination. In the _Crocodile_ {219} +we get the basis of the dragon, if indeed the heraldic dragon be not a +perpetuation of ancient legends, or even perhaps of then existing +representations of those winged antediluvian animals, the fossilised +remains of which are now available. Wings, however, need never be +considered a difficulty. It has ever been the custom (from the angels of +Christianity to the personalities of Mercury and Pegasus) to add wings to +any figure held in veneration. Why, it would be difficult to say, but +nevertheless the fact remains. + +_The Unicorn_, however, it is not easy to resolve into an original basis, +because until the seventeenth century every one fondly believed in the +existence of the animal. Mr. Beckles Wilson appears to have paid +considerable attention to the subject, and was responsible for the article +"The Rise of the Unicorn" which recently appeared in _Cassel's Magazine_. +That writer traces the matter to a certain extent from non-heraldic +sources, and the following remarks, which are taken from the above article, +are of considerable interest:-- + +"The real genesis of the unicorn was probably this: at a time when armorial +bearings were becoming an indispensable part of a noble's equipment, the +attention of those knights who were fighting under the banner of the Cross +was attracted to the wild antelopes of Syria and Palestine. These animals +are armed with long, straight, spiral horns set close together, so that at +a side view they appeared to be but a single horn. To confirm this, there +are some old illuminations and drawings extant which endow the early +unicorn with many of the attributes of the deer and goat kind. The sort of +horn supposed to be carried by these Eastern antelopes had long been a +curiosity, and was occasionally brought back as a trophy by travellers from +the remote parts of the earth. There is a fine one to be seen to-day at the +abbey of St. Denis, and others in various collections in Europe. We now +know these so-called unicorn's horns, usually carved, to belong to that +marine monster the narwhal, or sea-unicorn. But the fable of a breed of +horned horses is at least as old as Pliny" [Had the "gnu" anything to do +with this?], "and centuries later the Crusaders, or the monkish artists who +accompanied them, attempted to delineate the marvel. From their first rude +sketches other artists copied; and so each presentment was passed along, +until at length the present form of the unicorn was attained. There was a +time--not so long ago--when the existence of the unicorn was as implicitly +believed in as the camel or any other animal not seen in these latitudes; +and the translators of the Bible set their seal upon the legend by +translating the Hebrew word _reem_ (which probably meant a rhinoceros) as +'unicorn.' Thus the worthy Thomas Fuller came to consider the existence of +the unicorn clearly proved by the mention of it in Scripture! Describing +{220} the horn of the animal, he writes, 'Some are plain, as that of St. +Mark's in Venice; others wreathed about it, which probably is the effect of +age, those wreaths being but the wrinkles of most vivacious unicorns. The +same may be said of the colour: white when newly taken from the head; +yellow, like that lately in the Tower, of some hundred years' seniority; +but whether or no it will soon turn black, as that of Plinie's description, +let others decide.' + +"All the books on natural history so late as the seventeenth century +describe at length the unicorn; several of them carefully depict him as +though the artist had drawn straight from the life. + +"If art had stopped here, the wonder of the unicorn would have remained but +a paltry thing after all. His finer qualities would have been unrecorded, +and all his virtues hidden. But, happily, instead of this, about the animal +first conceived in the brain of a Greek (as Pegasus also was), and embodied +through the fertile fancy of the Crusader, the monks and heraldists of the +Middle Ages devised a host of spiritual legends. They told of his pride, +his purity, his endurance, his matchless spirit. + +"'The greatnesse of his mynde is such that he chooseth rather to dye than +be taken alive.' Indeed, he was only conquerable by a beautiful maiden. One +fifteenth-century writer gives a recipe for catching a unicorn. 'A maid is +set where he hunteth and she openeth her lap, to whom the unicorn, as +seeking rescue from the force of the hunter, yieldeth his head and leaveth +all his fierceness, and resteth himself under her protection, sleepeth +until he is taken and slain.' But although many were reported to be thus +enticed to their destruction, only their horns, strange to say, ever +reached Europe. There is one in King Edward's collection at Buckingham +Palace. + +"Naturally, the horn of such an animal was held a sovereign specific +against poison, and 'ground unicorn's horn' often figures in mediæval books +of medicine. + +"There was in Shakespeare's time at Windsor Castle the 'horn of a unicorn +of above eight spans and a half in length, valued at above £10,000.' This +may have been the one now at Buckingham Palace. One writer, describing it, +says:-- + +"'I doe also know that horn the King of England possesseth to be wreathed +in spires, even as that is accounted in the Church of St. Dennis, than +which they suppose none greater in the world, and I never saw anything in +any creature more worthy praise than this horne. It is of soe great a +length that the tallest man can scarcely touch the top thereof, for it doth +fully equal seven great feet. It weigheth thirteen pounds, with their +assize, being only weighed by the gesse of the hands it seemeth much +heavier.' {221} + +"Spenser, in the 'Faerie Queen,' thus describes a contest between the +unicorn and the lion:-- + + 'Like as the lyon, whose imperial powre + A proud rebellious unicorn defyes, + T'avoide the rash assault and wrathful stowre + Of his fiers foe, him to a tree applies. + And when him running in full course he spyes + He slips aside; the whiles that furious beast + His precious horne, sought of his enimyes, + Strikes in the stroke, ne thence can be released, + But to the victor yields a bounteous feast.' + +"'It hath,' remarked Guillim, in 1600, 'been much questioned among +naturalists which it is that is properly called the unicorn; and some have +made doubt whether there be such a beast or no. But the great esteem of his +horn in many places to be seen may take away that needless scruple.' + +[Illustration: FIG. 414.--Unicorn rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 415.--Unicorn passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 416.--Unicorn statant.] + +"Another old writer, Topsell, says:-- + +[Illustration: FIG. 417.--Unicorn rampant.] + +"'These beasts are very swift, and their legs have not articles. They keep +for the most part in the deserts, and live solitary in the tops of the +mountaines. There was nothing more horrible than the voice or braying of +it, for the voice is strained above measure. It fighteth both with the +mouth and with the heeles, with the mouth biting like a lyon, and with the +heeles kicking like a horse.' + +"Nor is belief in the unicorn confined to Europe. By Chinese writers it is +characterised as a 'spiritual beast.' The existence of the unicorn is +firmly credited by the most intelligent natives and by not a few Europeans. +A very trustworthy observer, the Abbé Huc, speaks very positively on the +subject: 'The unicorn really exists in Tibet.... We had for a long time a +small Mongol treatise on Natural History, for the use of children, in which +a unicorn formed one of the pictorial illustrations.'" + +The unicorn, however, as it has heraldically developed, is drawn {222} with +the body of a horse, the tail of the heraldic lion, the legs and feet of +the deer, the head and mane of a horse, to which is added the long twisted +horn from which the animal is named, and a beard (Figs. 414, 415, and 416). +A good representation of the unicorn will be found in the figure of the +Royal Arms herein, and in Fig. 417, which is as fine a piece of heraldic +design as could be wished. + +The crest of Yonge of Colbrooke, Devonshire, is "a demi-sea-unicorn argent, +armed gules, finned or," and the crest of Tynte (Kemeys-Tynte of Cefn Mably +and Halswell) is "on a mount vert, a unicorn sejant argent, armed and +crined or." + +The unicorn will be found in the arms of Styleman, quartered by Le Strange, +and Swanzy. + +[Illustration: FIG. 418.--Gryphon segreant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 419.--Gryphon passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 420.--Gryphon Statant.] + +_The Griffin_ or _Gryphon_.--Though in the popular mind any heraldic +monster is generically termed a griffin, the griffin has, nevertheless, +very marked and distinct peculiarities. It is one of the hybrid +monstrosities which heraldry is so fond of, and is formed by the body, +hind-legs, and tail of a lion conjoined to the head and claws of an eagle, +the latter acting as its forepaws (Figs. 418-420). It has the wings of the +eagle, which are never represented close, but it also has ears, and this, +by the way, should be noted, because herein is the only distinction between +a griffin's head and an eagle's head when the rest of the body is not +represented (Fig. 421). Though but very seldom so met with, it is +occasionally found proper, by which description is meant that the plumage +is of the brown colour of the eagle, the rest of the body being the natural +colour of the lion. The griffin is frequently found with its beak and +fore-legs of a different colour from its body, {223} and is then termed +"armed," though another term, "beaked and fore-legged," is almost as +frequently used. A very popular idea is that the origin of the griffin was +the dimidiation of two coats of arms, one having an eagle and the other a +lion as charges, but taking the origin of armory to belong to about the end +of the eleventh century, or thereabouts, the griffin can be found as a +distinct creation, not necessarily heraldic, at a very much earlier date. +An exceedingly good and an early representation of the griffin will be +found in Fig. 422. It is a representation of the great seal of the town of +Schweidnitz in the jurisdiction of Breslau, and belongs to the year 1315. +The inscription is "+ S universitatis civium de Swidnitz." In the grant of +arms to the town in the year 1452, the griffin is gules on a field of +argent. + +[Illustration: FIG. 422.--Seal of the Town of Schweidnitz.] + +The griffin will be found in all sorts of positions, and the terms applied +to it are the same as would be applied to a lion, except in the single +instance of the rampant position. A griffin is then termed "segreant" (Fig. +418). The wings are usually represented as endorsed and erect, but this is +not compulsory, as will be noticed by reference to the supporters of the +Earl of Mar and Kellie, in which the wings are inverted. + +[Illustration: FIG. 421.--Gryphon's head erased.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 423.--Male gryphon.] + +There is a certain curiosity in English heraldry, wholly peculiar to it, +which may be here referred to. A griffin in the ordinary way is merely so +termed, but a male griffin by some curious reasoning has no wings, but is +adorned with spikes showing at some number of points on its body (Fig. +423). I have, under my remarks upon the panther, hazarded the supposition +that the male griffin of English heraldry is nothing more than a British +development and form of the Continental heraldic panther which is unknown +to us. The origin of the clusters and spikes, unless they are to be found +in the flames of fire associated with the panther, must remain a mystery. +The male griffin is very seldom met with, but two of these creatures are +the supporters of Sir George John Egerton Dashwood, Bart. Whilst we +consider the griffin a purely mythical animal, there is no doubt whatever +that earlier writers devoutly believed that such animals existed. Sir John +Maundeville tells us in his "Travels" that they abound in Bacharia. "Sum +men seyn that thei han the body upward as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun; +and treuly thei seyn sothe that thei ben of that schapp. But a Griffoun +{224} hathe the body more gret and more strong than eight lyouns of such +lyouns as ben o' this half (of the world), and more gret and stronger than +an 100 egles such as we han amonges us ...," and other writers, whilst not +considering them an original type of animal, undoubtedly believed in their +existence as hybrid of the eagle and the lion. It is of course a well-known +fact that the mule, the most popular hybrid, does not breed. This fact +would be accepted as accounting for the rarity of animals which were +considered to be hybrids. + +Though there are examples of griffins in some of the earliest rolls of +arms, the animal cannot be said to have come into general use until a +somewhat later period. Nowadays, however, it is probably next in popularity +to the lion. + +The demi-griffin is very frequently found as a crest. + +A griffin's head (Fig. 421) is still yet more frequently met with, and as a +charge upon the shields it will be found in the arms of Raikes, Kay, and +many other families. + +A variety of the griffin is found in the gryphon-marine, or sea-griffin. In +it the fore part of the creature is that of the eagle, but the wings are +sometimes omitted; and the lower half of the animal is that of a fish, or +rather of a mermaid. Such a creature is the charge in the arms of the +Silesian family of Mestich: "Argent, a sea-griffin proper" (Siebmacher, +_Wappenbuch_, i. 69). "Azure, a (winged) sea-griffin per fesse gules and +argent crowned or," is the coat of the Barons von Puttkammer. One or two +other Pomeranian families have the like charge without wings. + +_The Dragon._--Much akin to the griffin is the dragon, but the similarity +of appearance is more superficial than real, inasmuch as in all details it +differs, except in the broad similarity that it has four legs, a pair of +wings, and is a terrible creature. The much referred to "griffin" opposite +the Law Courts in the Strand is really a dragon. The head of a dragon is +like nothing else in heraldry, and from what source it originated or what +basis existed for ancient heraldic artists to imagine it from must remain a +mystery, unless it has developed from the crocodile or some antediluvian +animal much akin. It is like nothing else in heaven or on earth. Its neck +is covered with scales not unlike those of a fish. All four legs are scaled +and have claws, the back is scaled, the tongue is barbed, and the under +part of the body is likewise scaled, but here, in rolls of a much larger +size. Great differences will be found in the shape of the ears, but the +wings of the dragon are always represented as the wings of a bat, with the +long ribs or bones carried to the base (Figs. 424-426). The dragon is one +of the most artistic of heraldic creations, and lends itself very readily +to the genius of any artist. In nearly all modern representations the tail, +like the tongue, {225} will be found ending in a barb, but it should be +observed that this is a comparatively recent addition. All dragons of the +Tudor period were invariably represented without any such additions to +their tails. The tail was long and smooth, ending in a blunt point. + +Whilst we have separate and distinct names for many varieties of +dragon-like creatures, other countries in their use of the word "dragon" +include the wyvern, basilisk, cockatrice, and other similar creatures, but +the distinct name in German heraldry for our four-footed dragon is the +_Lindwurm_, and Fig. 427 is a representation of the dragon according to +German ideas, which nevertheless might form an example for English artists +to copy, except that we very seldom represent ours as coward. + +[Illustration: FIG. 424.--Dragon rampant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 425.--Dragon passant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 426.--Dragon statant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 427.--A German dragon.] + +The red dragon upon a mount vert, which forms a part of the Royal +achievement as the badge of Wales, is known as the red dragon of +Cadwallader, and in deference to a loudly expressed sentiment on the +subject, His Majesty the King has recently added the Welsh dragon +differenced by a label of three points argent as an additional badge to the +achievement of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. The red dragon was +one of the supporters of the Tudor kings, being used by Henry VII., Henry +VIII., and Edward VI. Queen Elizabeth, however, whose liking for gold is +evidenced by her changing the Royal mantle from gules and ermine to gold +and ermine, also changed the colour of the dragon as her supporter to gold, +and many Welsh scholars hold that the ruddy dragon of Wales was and should +be of ruddy gold and not of gules. There is some room for doubt whether the +dragon in the Royal Arms was really of Welsh origin. The point was +discussed at some length by the present writer {226} in the _Genealogical +Magazine_ (October 1902). It was certainly in use by King Henry III. + +A dragon may be statant (Fig. 426), rampant (Fig. 424), or passant (Fig. +425), and the crests of Bicknell and of the late Sir Charles Young, Garter +King of Arms, are examples of dragons couchant. + +A sea-dragon, whatever that creature may be, occurs in one of the crests of +Mr. Mainwaring-Ellerker-Onslow. + +Variations such as that attributed to the family of Raynor ["Argent, a +dragon volant in bend sable"], the dragon overthrown on the arms of +Langridge as quartered by Lowdell, and the sinister supporter of the arms +of Viscount Gough ["The dragon of China or gorged with a mural crown and +chained sable"] may be noted. The Chinese dragon, which is also the dexter +supporter of Sir Robert Hart, Bart., follows closely the Chinese model, and +is without wings. + +[Illustration: FIG. 428.--Wyvern.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 429.--Wyvern with wings displayed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 430.--Wyvern erect.] + +_The Wyvern._--There is no difference whatever between a wyvern's head and +a dragon's, but there is considerable difference between a wyvern and a +dragon, at any rate in English heraldry, though the wyvern appears to be +the form more frequently met with under the name of a dragon in other +countries. The wyvern has only two legs, the body curling away into the +tail, and it is usually represented as resting upon its legs and tail +(Figs. 428 and 429). On the other hand, it will occasionally be found +sitting erect upon its tail with its claws in the air (Fig. 430), and the +supporters of the Duke of Marlborough are generally so represented. As a +charge or crest, however, probably the only instance of a wyvern sejant +erect is the crest of Mansergh. A curious crest also is that of Langton, +namely: "On a wreath of the colours, an eagle or and a wyvern vert, +interwoven and erect on their tails," and an equally curious one is the +crest of Maule, _i.e._ "A wyvern vert, with two heads vomiting fire at both +ends proper, charged with a crescent argent." + +Occasionally the wyvern is represented without wings and with the {227} +tail nowed. Both these peculiarities occur in the case of the crest of a +Lancashire family named Ffarington. + +_The Cockatrice._--The next variety is the cockatrice (Fig. 431), which is, +however, comparatively rare. Two cockatrices are the supporters to the arms +of the Earl of Westmeath, and also to the arms of Sir Edmund Charles +Nugent, Bart. But the animal is not common as a charge. The difference +between a wyvern and a cockatrice is that the latter has the head of a cock +substituted for the dragon's head with which the wyvern is decorated. Like +the cock, the beak, comb, and wattles are often of another tincture, and +the animal is then termed armed, combed, and wattled. + +[Illustration: FIG. 431.--Cockatrice.] + +The cockatrice is sometimes termed a _basilisk_, and according to ancient +writers the basilisk is produced from an egg laid by a nine-year-old cock +and hatched by a toad on a dunghill. Probably this is merely the expression +of the intensified loathing which it was desired to typify. But the +heraldic basilisk is stated to have its tail terminating in a dragon's +head. In English heraldry, at any rate, I know of no such example. + +_The Hydra_, or _Seven-headed Dragon_, as the crest, is ascribed to the +families of Barret, Crespine, and Lownes. + +[Illustration: FIG. 432.--Camelopard.] + +_The Camelopard_ (Fig. 432), which is nothing more or less than an ordinary +giraffe, must be properly included amongst mythical animals, because the +form and semblance of the giraffe was used to represent a mythical hybrid +creation which the ancients believed to be begotten between a leopard and a +camel. Possibly they represented the real giraffe (which they may have +known), taking that to be a hybrid between the two animals stated. It +occurs as the crest of several coats of arms for the name of Crisp. + +_The Camelopardel_, which is another mythical animal fathered upon armory, +is stated to be the same as the camelopard, but with the addition of two +long horns curved backwards. I know of no instance in which it occurs. + +The human face or figure conjoined to some other animal's body gives us a +number of heraldic creatures, some of which play no inconsiderable part in +armory. + +The human figure (male) conjoined to the tail of a fish is known as the +_Triton_ or _Merman_ (Fig. 433). Though there are some number of instances +in which it occurs as a supporter, it is seldom met with as {228} a charge +upon a shield. It is, however, to be found in the arms of Otway, and is +assigned as a crest to the family of Tregent, and a family of Robertson, of +London. + +_The Mermaid_ (Fig. 434), is much more frequently met with. It is generally +represented with the traditional mirror and comb in the hands. It will be +found appearing, for example, in the arms of Ellis, of Glasfryn, co. +Monmouth. The crest of Mason, used without authority by the founder of +Mason's College, led to its inclusion in the arms of the University of +Birmingham. It will also be found as the crest of Rutherford and many other +families. + +_The Melusine, i.e._ a mermaid with two tails disposed on either side, +though not unknown in British heraldry, is more frequent in German. + +[Illustration: FIG. 433.--Merman.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 434.--Mermaid.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 435.--Sphinx.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 436.--Centaur.] + +_The Sphinx_, of course originally derived from the Egyptian figure, has +the body, legs, and tail of a lion conjoined to the breasts, head, and face +of a woman (Fig. 435). As a charge it occurs in the arms of Cochrane and +Cameron of Fassiefern. This last-mentioned coat affords a striking example +of the over-elaboration to be found in so many of the grants which owe +their origin to the Peninsular War and the other "fightings" in which +England was engaged at the period. A winged sphinx is the crest of a family +of the name of Asgile. Two sphinxes were granted as supporters to the late +Sir Edward Malet, G.C.B. + +_The Centaur_ (Fig. 436)--the familiar fabulous animal, half man, half +horse--is sometimes represented carrying a bow and arrow, when it is called +a "sagittarius." It is not infrequently met with in heraldry, though it is +to be found more often in Continental than in English blazonry. In its +"sagittarius" form it is sculptured on a column in the Romanesque cloister +of St. Aubin at Angers. It will be found as the crest of most families +named Lambert, and it was one of the supporters of {229} Lord Hood of +Avelon. It is also the crest of a family of Fletcher. A very curious crest +was borne by a family of Lambert, and is to be seen on their monuments. +They could establish no official authority for their arms as used, and +consequently obtained official authorisation in the early part of the +eighteenth century, when the crest then granted was a regulation +sagittarius, but up to that time, however, they had always used a "female +centaur" holding a rose in its dexter hand. + +_Chimera._--This legendary animal happily does not figure in English +heraldry, and but rarely abroad. It is described as having the head and +breast of a woman, the forepaws of a lion, the body of a goat, the +hind-legs of a griffin, and the tail of a dragon, and would be about as +ugly and misbegotten a creature as can readily be imagined. + +_The Man-Lion_ will be found referred to under the heading of lions, and +Elvin mentions in addition the _Weir-Wolf, i.e._ the wolf with a human face +and horns. Probably this creature has strayed into heraldic company by +mistake. I know of no armorial use of it. + +_The Satyr_, which has a well-established existence in other than heraldic +sources of imagination, is composed of a demi-savage united to the +hind-legs of a goat. + +_The Satyral_ is a hybrid animal having the body of a lion and the face of +an old man, with the horns of an antelope. I know of no instance of its +use. + +_The Harpy_--which is a curious creature consisting of the head, neck, and +breasts of a woman conjoined to the wings and body of a vulture--is +peculiarly German, though it does exist in the heraldry of this country. +The German name for it is the _Jungfraunadler_. The shield of the +Rietbergs, Princes of Ost-Friesland, is: "Sable, a harpy crowned, and with +wings displayed all proper, between four stars, two in chief and as many in +base or." The harpy will be found as a crest in this country. + +_The Devil_ is not, as may be imagined, a favourite heraldic charge. The +arms of Sissinks of Groningen, however, are: "Or, a horned devil having six +paws, the body terminating in the tail of a fish all gules." The family of +Bawde have for a crest: "A satyr's head in profile sable, with wings to the +side of the head or, the tongue hanging out of his mouth gules." Though so +blazoned, I feel sure it is really intended to represent a fiend. On the +Garter Hall-plate of John de Grailly, Captal de Buch, the crest is a man's +head with ass's ears. This is, however, usually termed a Midas' head. A +certain coat of arms which is given in the "General Armory" under the name +of Dannecourt, and also under the name of Morfyn or Murfyn, has for a +crest: "A blackamoor's head couped at the shoulders, habited paly of six +ermine and ermines, pendents in his ears or, wreathed about the {230} +forehead, with bat's wings to the head sable, expanded on each side." + +Many mythical animals can be more conveniently considered under their +natural counterparts. Of these the notes upon the heraldic antelope and the +heraldic ibex accompany those upon the natural antelope, and the heraldic +panther is included with the real animal. The heraldic tiger, likewise, is +referred to concurrently with the Bengal or natural tiger. The pegasus, the +sea-horse, and the winged sea-horse are mentioned with other examples of +the horse, and the sea-dog is included with other breeds and varieties of +that useful animal. The winged bull, of which only one instance is known to +me, occurs as the supporters of the Butchers' Livery Company, and has been +already alluded to, as also the winged stag. The sea-stag is referred to +under the sub-heading of stags. The two-headed lion, the double-queued +lion, the lion queue-fourché, the sea-lion (which is sometimes found +winged) are all included in the chapter upon lions, as are also the winged +lion and the lion-dragon. The winged ape was mentioned when considering the +natural animal, and perhaps it may be as well to allude to the asserted +heraldic existence of the sea-monkey, though I am not aware of any instance +in which it is borne. + +[Illustration: FIG. 437.--Salamander.] + +The arms of Challoner afford an instance of the _Sea-Wolf_, the crest of +that family being: "A demi-sea-wolf rampant or." Guillim, however (p. 271), +in quoting the arms of Fennor, would seem to assert the sea-wolf and +sea-dog to be one and the same. They certainly look rather like each other. + +_The Phoenix_ and the _Double-headed Eagle_ will naturally be more +conveniently dealt with in the chapter upon the eagle. + +_The Salamander_ has been represented in various ways, and is usually +described as a dragon in flames of fire. It is sometimes so represented but +without wings, though it more usually follows the shape of a lizard. + +The salamander is, however, best known as the personal device of Francis +I., King of France. It is to this origin that the arms of the city of Paris +can be traced. + +The remainder of the list of heraldic monsters can be very briefly +dismissed. In many cases a good deal of research has failed to discover an +instance of their use, and one is almost inclined to believe that they were +invented by those mediæval writers of prolific imagination for their +treatises, without ever having been borne or emblazoned upon helmet or +shield. + +_The Allocamelus_ is supposed to have the head of an ass conjoined {231} to +the body of a camel. I cannot call to mind any British instance of its use. + +_The Amphiptère_ is the term applied to a "winged serpent," a charge of but +rare occurrence in either English or foreign heraldry. It is found in the +arms of the French family of Potier, viz.: "Azure, a bendlet purpure +between two amphiptères or," while they figure as supporters also in that +family, and in those of the Ducs de Tresmes and De Gevres. + +_The Apres_ is an animal with the body similar to that of a bull, but with +a bear's tail. It is seldom met with outside heraldic text-books. + +[Illustration: FIG. 438.--Enfield.] + +_The Amphisboena_ is usually described as a winged serpent (with two legs) +having a head at each end of its body, but in the crest of Gwilt ["On a +saltire or, interlaced by two amphisboenæ azure, langued gules, a rose of +the last, barbed and seeded proper"] the creatures certainly do not answer +to the foregoing description. They must be seen to be duly appreciated. + +_The Cockfish_ is a very unusual charge, but it is to be met with in the +arms of the family of Geyss, in Bavaria, _i.e._: "Or, a cock sable, beaked +of the first, crested and armed gules, its body ending in that of a fish +curved upwards, proper." + +[Illustration: FIG. 439.--Opinicus.] + +_The Enfield_ (Fig. 438) is a purely fanciful animal, having the head of a +fox, chest of a greyhound, talons of an eagle, body of a lion, and hind +legs and tail of a wolf. It occurs as the crest of most Irish families of +the name of Kelly. + +_The Bagwyn_ is an imaginary animal with the head of and much like the +heraldic antelope, but with the body and tail of a horse, and the horns +long and curved backwards. It is difficult to say what it is intended to +represent, and I can give no instance in which it occurs. + +_The Musimon_ is a fabulous animal with the body and feet of a goat and the +head of a ram, with four horns. It is supposed to be the hybrid between the +ram and the goat, the four horns being the two straight ones of the goat +and the two curled ones of the ram. Though no heraldic instance is known to +me, one cannot definitely say such an animal never existed. Another name +for it is the tityron. + +_The Opinicus_ (Fig. 439) is another monster seldom met with in armory. +When it does occur it is represented as a winged gryphon, with a lion's +legs and short tail. Another description of it gives it the {232} body and +forelegs of a lion, the head, neck, and wings of an eagle, and the tail of +a camel. It is the crest of the Livery Company of Barbers in London, which +doubtless gives us the origin of it in the recent grant of arms to Sir +Frederick Treves, Bart. Sometimes the wings are omitted. + +_The Manticora_, _Mantegre_, or _Man-Tiger_ is the same as the man-lion, +but has horns attached to its forehead. + +_The Hippogriff_ has the head, wings and foreclaws of the griffin united to +the hinder part of the body of a horse. + +_The Calopus_ or _Chatloup_ is a curious horned animal difficult to +describe, but which appears to have been at one time the badge of the +Foljambe family. No doubt, as the name would seem to indicate, it is a +variant of the wolf. + +Many of the foregoing animals, particularly those which are or are supposed +to be hybrids, are, however well they may be depicted, ugly, inartistic, +and unnecessary. Their representation leaves one with a disappointed +feeling of crudity of draughtmanship. No such objection applies to the +pegasus, the griffin, the sea-horse, the dragon, or the unicorn, and in +these modern days, when the differentiation of well-worn animals is +producing singularly inept results, one would urge that the sea-griffin, +the sea-stag, the winged bull, the winged stag, the winged lion, and winged +heraldic antelope might produce (if the necessity of differentiation +continue) very much happier results. {233} + + + +CHAPTER XIV + +BIRDS + +Birds of course play a large and prominent part in heraldry. Those which +have been impressed into the service of heraldic emblazonment comprise +almost every species known to the zoological world. + +Though the earliest rolls of arms give us instances of various other birds, +the bird which makes the most prominent appearance is the _Eagle_, and in +all early representations this will invariably be found "displayed." A +double-headed eagle displayed, from a Byzantine silk of the tenth century, +is illustrated by Mr. Eve in his "Decorative Heraldry," so that it is +evident that neither the eagle displayed nor the double-headed eagle +originated with the science of armory, which appropriated them ready-made, +together with their symbolism. An eagle displayed as a symbolical device +was certainly in use by Charlemagne. + +It may perhaps here be advantageous to treat of the artistic development of +the eagle displayed. Of this, of course, the earliest prototype is the +Roman eagle of the Cæsars, and it will be to English eyes, accustomed to +our conventional spread-eagle, doubtless rather startling to observe that +the German type of the eagle, which follows the Roman disposition of the +wings (which so many of our heraldic artists at the present day appear +inclined to adopt either in the accepted German or in a slightly modified +form as an eagle displayed) is certainly not a true displayed eagle +according to our English ideas and requirements, inasmuch as the wings are +inverted. It should be observed that in German heraldry it is simply termed +an eagle, and not an eagle displayed. Considering, however, its very close +resemblance to our eagle displayed, and also its very artistic appearance, +there is every excuse for its employment in this country, and I for one +should be sorry to observe its slowly increasing favour checked in this +country. It is quite possible, however, to transfer the salient and +striking points of beauty to the more orthodox position of the wings. The +eagle (compared with the lion and the ordinaries) had no such predominance +in early British heraldry that it enjoyed in Continental armory, and +therefore it may be better to trace the artistic development of the German +eagle. {234} + +In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the eagle appears with the head +raised and the beak closed. The _sachsen_ (bones of the wings) are rolled +up at the ends like a snail, and the pinions (like the talons) take a +vertical downward direction. The tail, composed of a number of stiff +feathers, frequently issues from a knob or ball. Compare Fig. 440 herewith. + +With the end of the fourteenth century the head straightens itself, the +beak opens and the tongue becomes visible. The rolling up of the wing-bones +gradually disappears, and the claws form an acute angle with the direction +of the body; and at this period the claws occasionally receive the "hose" +covering the upper part of the leg. The feathers of the tail spread out +sicklewise (Fig. 441). + +[Illustration: FIG. 440.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 441.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 442.] + +The fifteenth century shows the eagle with _sachsen_ forming a half circle, +the pinions spread out and radiating therefrom, and the claws more at a +right angle (Fig. 442). The sixteenth century draws the eagle in a more +ferocious aspect, and depicts it in as ornamental and ornate a manner as +possible. + +From Konrad Grünenberg's _Wappenbuch_ (Constance, 1483) is reproduced the +shield (Fig. 443) with the boldly sketched _Adlerflügel mit Schwerthand_ +(eagle's wing with the sword hand), the supposed arms of the Duke of +Calabria. + +Quite in the same style is the eagle of Tyrol on a corporate flag of the +Society of the Schwazer Bergbute (Fig. 444), which belongs to the last +quarter of the fifteenth century. This is reproduced from the impression in +the Bavarian National Museum given in Hefner-Alteneck's "Book of Costumes." + +A modern German eagle drawn by H. G. Ströhl is shown in Fig. 445. The +illustration is of the arms of the Prussian province of Brandenburg. + +The double eagle has, of course, undergone a somewhat similar development. + +The double eagle occurs in the East as well as in the West in very early +times. Since about 1335 the double eagle has appeared sporadically as a +symbol of the Roman-German Empire, and under the Emperor Sigismund (d. +1447) became the settled armorial device of the Roman Empire. King +Sigismund, before his coronation as Emperor, bore the single-headed eagle. + +{235} + +[Illustration: FIG. 443.--Arms of Duke of Calabria.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 444.--Eagle of Tyrol.] + +It may perhaps be as well to point out, with the exception of the two +positions "displayed" (Fig. 451) and "close" (Fig. 446), very little if any +agreement at all exists amongst authorities either as to the terms to be +employed or as to the position intended for the wings when a given term is +used in a blazon. Practically every other single position is simply +blazoned "rising," this term being employed without any additional +distinctive terms of variation in official blazons and emblazonments. Nor +can one obtain any certain information from a reference to the real eagle, +for the result of careful observation would seem to show that in the first +stroke of the wings, when rising from the ground, the wings pass through +every position from the wide outstretched form, which I term "rising with +wings elevated and displayed" (Fig. 450), to a position practically +"close." As a consequence, therefore, no one form can be said to be more +correct than any other, either from the point of view of nature or from the +point of view of ancient precedent. This state of affairs is eminently +unsatisfactory, because in these days of necessary differentiation no +heraldic artist of any appreciable knowledge or ability has claimed the +liberty (which certainly has not been officially conceded) to depict an +eagle rising with wings elevated and displayed, when it has been granted +with the wings in the position addorsed and inverted. Such a liberty when +the wings happen to be charged, as they so frequently are in modern English +crests, must clearly be an impossibility. {236} + +[Illustration: FIG. 445.--Arms of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg. +(From Ströhl's _Deutsche Wappenrolle_.)] + +Until some agreement has been arrived at, I can only recommend my readers +to follow the same plan which I have long adopted in blazoning arms of +which the official blazon has not been available to me. That is, to use the +term "rising," followed by the necessary description of the position of the +wings (Figs. 447-450). This obviates both mistake and uncertainty. +Originally with us, as still in Germany, an eagle was always displayed, and +in the days when coats of arms were few in number and simple in character +the artist may well have been permitted to draw an eagle as he chose, +providing it was an eagle. But arms and their elaboration in the last four +hundred years have made this impossible. It is foolish to overlook this, +and idle in the face of existing facts to attempt to revert to former ways. +Although now the English eagle displayed has the tip of its wings pointed +upwards (Fig. 451), and the contrary needs now to be mentioned in the +blazon (Fig. 452), this even with us was not so in the beginning. A +reference to Figs. 453 and 454 will show how the eagle was formerly +depicted. + +[Illustration: FIG. 446.--Eagle close.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 447.--Eagle rising, wings elevated and addorsed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 448.--Eagle rising, wings addorsed and inverted.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 449.--Eagle rising, wings displayed and inverted.] + +{237} + +[Illustration: FIG. 450.--Eagle rising, wings elevated and displayed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 451.--Eagle displayed.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 452.--Eagle displayed with wings inverted.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 453.--Arms of Ralph de Monthermer, Earl of Gloucester +and Hereford: Or, an eagle vert. (From his seal, 1301.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 454.--Arms of Piers de Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall (d. +1312): Vert, six eagles or.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 455.--Double-headed eagle displayed.] + +The earliest instance of the eagle as a definitely heraldic charge upon a +shield would appear to be its appearance upon the Great Seal of the +Markgrave Leopold of Austria in 1136, where the equestrian figure of the +Markgrave carries a shield so charged. More or less regularly, subsequently +to the reign of Frederick Barbarossa, elected King of the Romans in 1152, +and crowned as Emperor in 1155, the eagle with one or two heads (there +seems originally to have been little unanimity upon the point) seems to +have become the recognised heraldic symbol of the Holy Roman Empire; and +the seal of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, elected King of the Romans in 1257, +shows his arms ["Argent, a lion rampant gules, within a bordure sable, +bezanté"] displayed upon the breast of an eagle; but no properly +authenticated contemporary instance of the use of this eagle by the Earl of +Cornwall is found in this country. The origin of the double-headed eagle +(Fig. 455) has been the subject of endless controversy, the tale one is +usually taught to believe being that it originated in the dimidiation upon +one shield of two separate coats {238} of arms. Nisbet states that the +Imperial eagle was "not one eagle with two heads, but two eagles, the one +laid upon the other, and their heads separate, looking different ways, +which represent the two heads of the Empire after it was divided into East +and West." The whole discussion is an apt example of the habit of earlier +writers to find or provide hidden meanings and symbolisms when no such +meanings existed. The real truth undoubtedly is that the double-headed +eagle was an accepted figure long before heraldry came into existence, and +that when the displayed eagle was usurped by armory as one of its +peculiarly heraldic figures, the single-headed and double-headed varieties +were used indifferently, until the double-headed eagle became stereotyped +as the Imperial emblem. Napoleon, however, reverted to the single-headed +eagle, and the present German Imperial eagle has likewise only one head. + +[Illustration: FIG. 456.--Napoleonic Eagle.] + +The Imperial eagle of Napoleon had little in keeping with then existing +armorial types of the bird. There can be little doubt that the model upon +which it was based was the Roman Eagle of the Cæsars as it figured upon the +head of the Roman standards. In English terms of blazon the Napoleonic +eagle would be: "An eagle displayed with wings inverted, the head to the +sinister, standing upon a thunderbolt or" (Fig. 456). + +The then existing double-headed eagles of Austria and Russia probably +supply the reason why, when the German Empire was created, the Prussian +eagle in a modified form was preferred to the resuscitation of the older +double-headed eagle, which had theretofore been more usually accepted as +the symbol of Empire. + +By the same curious idea which was noticed in the earlier chapter upon +lions, and which ruled that the mere fact of the appearance of two or more +lions rampant in the same coat of arms made them into lioncels, so more +than one eagle upon a shield resulted sometimes in the birds becoming +eaglets. Such a rule has never had official recognition, and no artistic +difference is made between the eagle and the eaglet. The charges on the +arms of Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, are blazoned as eagles (Fig. +454). In the blazon of a few coats of arms, the term eaglet, however, still +survives, _e.g._ in the arms of Child ["Gules a chevron ermine, between +three eaglets close argent"], and in the arms of Smitheman ["Vert, three +eaglets statant with wings displayed argent, collared or"]. + +When an eagle has its beak of another colour, it is termed "armed" of that +colour, and when the legs differ it is termed "membered." {239} + +An eagle volant occurs in the crest of Jessel ["On a wreath of the colours, +a torch fesswise, fired proper, surmounted by an eagle volant argent, +holding in the beak a pearl also argent. Motto: 'Persevere'"]. + +Parts of an eagle are almost as frequently met with as the entire bird. +Eagles' heads (Fig. 457) abound as crests (they can be distinguished from +the head of a griffin by the fact that the latter has always upstanding +ears). + +[Illustration: FIG. 457.--Eagle's head couped.] + +Unless otherwise specified (_e.g._ the crest of the late Sir Noel Paton was +between the two wings of a dove), wings occurring in armory are always +presumed to be the wings of an eagle. This, however, in English heraldry +has little effect upon their design, for probably any well-conducted eagle +(as any other bird) would disown the English heraldic wing, as it certainly +would never recognise the German heraldic variety. A pair of wings when +displayed and conjoined at the base is termed "conjoined in leure" (Fig. +458), from the palpable similarity of the figure in its appearance to the +lure with which, thrown into the air, the falconer brought back his hawk to +hand. The best known, and most frequently quoted instance, is the +well-known coat of Seymour or St. Maur ["Gules, two wings conjoined in +leure the tips downwards or"]. It should always be stated if the wings (as +in the arms of Seymour) are inverted. Otherwise the tips are naturally +presumed to be in chief. + +[Illustration: FIG. 458.--A pair of wings conjoined in leure.] + +Pairs of wings not conjoined can be met with in the arms and crest of +Burne-Jones ["Azure, on a bend sinister argent between seven mullets, four +in chief and three in base or, three pairs of wings addorsed purpure, +charged with a mullet or. Crest: in front of fire proper two wings elevated +and addorsed purpure, charged with a mullet or"]; but two wings, unless +conjoined or addorsed, will not usually be described as a pair. +Occasionally, however, a pair of wings will be found in saltire, but such a +disposition is most unusual. Single wings, unless specified to be the +contrary, are presumed to be dexter wings. + +Care needs to be exercised in some crests to observe the difference between +(_a_) a bird's head between two wings, (_b_) a bird's head winged (a form +not often met with, but in which rather more of the neck is shown, and the +wings are conjoined thereto), and (_c_) a bird's head between two wings +addorsed. The latter form, which of course is really {240} no more than a +representation of a crest between two wings turned to be represented upon a +profile helmet, is one of the painful results of our absurd position rules +for the helmet. + +A pair of wings conjoined is sometimes termed a vol, and one wing a +demi-vol. Though doubtless it is desirable to know these terms, they are +but seldom found in use, and are really entirely French. + +[Illustration: FIG. 459.--An eagle's leg erased à la quise.] + +Eagles' legs are by no means an infrequent charge. They will usually be +found erased at the thigh, for which there is a recognised term "erased à +la quise" (Fig. 459), which, however, is by no means a compulsory one. An +eagle's leg so erased was a badge of the house of Stanley. The eagle's leg +will sometimes be met with couped below the feathers, but would then be +more properly described as a claw. + +[Illustration: FIG. 460.--Phoenix.] + +A curious form of the eagle is found in the _alerion_, which is represented +without beak or legs. It is difficult to conjecture what may have been the +origin of the bird in this debased form, unless its first beginnings may be +taken as a result of the unthinking perpetuation of some crudely drawn +example. Its best-known appearance is, of course, in the arms of Loraine; +and as Planché has pointed out, this is as perfect an example of a canting +anagram as can be met with in armory. + +_The Phoenix_ (Fig. 460), one of the few mythical birds which heraldry has +familiarised us with, is another, and perhaps the most patent example of +all, of the appropriation by heraldic art of an ancient symbol, with its +symbolism ready made. It belongs to the period of Grecian mythology. As a +charge upon a shield it is comparatively rare, though it so occurs in the +arms of Samuelson. On the other hand, it is frequently to be found as a +crest. It is always represented as a demi-eagle issuing from flames of +fire, and though the flames of fire will generally be found mentioned in +the verbal blazon, this is not essential. Without its fiery surroundings it +would cease to be a phoenix. On the other hand, though it is always +depicted as a _demi_-bird (no instance to the contrary exists), it is never +considered necessary to so specify it. It occurs as the crest of the +Seymour family ["Out of a ducal coronet a phoenix issuant from flames of +fire"]. + +PLATE IV. + +[Illustration] + +_The Osprey_ may perhaps be here mentioned, because its heraldic {241} +representation always shows it as a white eagle. It is however seldom met +with, though it figures in the crests of Roche (Lord Fermoy) and Trist. The +osprey is sometimes known as the sea-eagle, and heraldically so termed. + +_The Vulture_ (probably from its repulsive appearance in nature and its +equally repulsive habits) is not a heraldic favourite. Two of these birds +occur, however, as the supporters of Lord Graves. + +[Illustration: FIG. 461.--Falcon.] + +_The Falcon_ (Fig. 461) naturally falls next to the eagle for +consideration. Considering the very important part this bird played in the +social life of earlier centuries, this cannot be a matter of any surprise. +Heraldry, in its emblazonment, makes no distinction between the appearance +of the hawk and the falcon, but for canting and other reasons the bird will +be found described by all its different names, _e.g._ in the arms of +Hobson, to preserve the obvious pun, the two birds are blazoned as hobbies. + +The falcon is frequently (more often than not) found belled. With the +slovenliness (or some may exalt it into the virtue of freedom from +irritating restriction) characteristic of many matters in heraldic blazon, +the simple term "belled" is found used indiscriminately to signify that the +falcon is belled on one leg or belled on both, and if it is belled the bell +must of necessity be on a jess. Others state that every falcon must of +necessity (whether so blazoned or not) be belled upon at least one leg, and +that when the term "belled" is used it signifies that it is belled upon +both legs. There is still yet another alternative, viz. that when "belled" +it has the bell on only one leg, but that when "jessed and belled" it is +belled on both legs. The jess is the leather thong with which the bells are +attached to the leg, and it is generally considered, and this may be +accepted, that when the term "jessed" is included in the wording of the +blazon the jesses are represented with the ends flying loose, unless the +use of the term is necessitated by the jesses being of a different colour. +When the term "vervelled" is also employed it signifies that the jesses +have small rings attached to the floating ends. In actual practice, +however, it should be remembered that if the bells and jesses are of a +different colour, the use of the terms "jessed" and "belled" is essential. +A falcon is seldom drawn without at least one bell, and when it is found +described as "belled," in most cases it will be found that the intention is +that it shall have two bells. + +Like all other birds of prey the falcon may be "armed," a technical term +which theoretically should include the beak and legs, but in actual {242} +practice a falcon will be far more usually found described as "beaked and +legged" when these differ in tincture from its plumage. + +When a falcon is blindfolded it is termed "hooded." It was always so +carried on the wrist until it was flown. + +The position of the wings and the confusion in the terms applied thereto is +even more marked in the case of the falcon than the eagle. + +Demi-falcons are not very frequently met with, but an example occurs in the +crest of Jerningham. + +A falcon's head is constantly met with as a crest. + +When a falcon is represented preying upon anything it is termed "trussing" +its prey, though sometimes the description "preying upon" is (perhaps less +accurately) employed. Examples of this will be found in the arms of Madden +["Sable, a hawk or, trussing a mallard proper, on a chief of the second a +cross botonny gules"], and in the crests of Graham, Cawston, and Yerburgh. + +A falcon's leg appears in the crest of Joscelin. + +[Illustration: FIG. 462.--Pelican in her piety.] + +_The Pelican_, with its curious heraldic representation and its strange +terms, may almost be considered an instance of the application of the +existing name of a bird to an entirely fanciful creation. Mr. G. W. Eve, in +his "Decorative Heraldry," states that in early representations of the bird +it was depicted in a more naturalistic form, but I confess I have not +myself met with such an ancient representation. + +Heraldically, it has been practically always depicted with the head and +body of an eagle, with wings elevated and with the neck embowed, pecking +with its beak at its breast. The term for this is "vulning itself," and +although it appears to be necessary always to describe it in the blazon as +"vulning itself," it will never be met with save in this position; a +pelican's head even, when erased at the neck, being always so represented. +It is supposed to be pecking at its breast to provide drops of blood as +nourishment for its young, and it is termed "in its piety" when depicted +standing in its nest and with its brood of young (Fig. 462). It is +difficult to imagine how the pelican came to be considered as always +existing in this position, because there is nothing in the nature of a +natural habit from which this could be derived. There are, however, other +birds which, during the brooding season, lose their feathers upon the +breast, and some which grow red feathers there, and it is doubtless from +this that the idea originated. + +In heraldic and ecclesiastical symbolism the pelican has acquired a +somewhat sacred character as typical of maternal solicitude. It {243} will +never be found "close," or in any other positions than with the wings +endorsed and either elevated or inverted. + +When blazoned "proper," it is always given the colour and plumage of the +eagle, and not its natural colour of white. In recent years, however, a +tendency has rather made itself manifest to give the pelican its natural +and more ungainly appearance, and its curious pouched beak. + +_The Ostrich_ (Fig. 463) is doubtless the bird which is most frequently met +with as a crest after the falcon, unless it be the dove or martlet. The +ostrich is heraldically emblazoned in a very natural manner, and it is +difficult to understand why in the case of such a bird heraldic artists of +earlier days should have remained so true to the natural form of the bird, +whilst in other cases, in which they could have had no less intimate +acquaintance with the bird, greater variation is to be found. + +As a charge upon a shield it is not very common, although instances are to +be found in the arms of MacMahon ["Argent, an ostrich sable, in its beak a +horse-shoe or"], and in the arms of Mahon ["Per fess sable and argent, an +ostrich counterchanged, holding in its beak a horse-shoe or"]. + +[Illustration: FIG. 463.--Ostrich.] + +It is curious that, until quite recent times, the ostrich is never met with +heraldically, unless holding a horse-shoe, a key, or some other piece of +old iron in its beak. The digestive capacity of the ostrich, though +somewhat exaggerated, is by no means fabulous, and in the earliest forms of +its representation in all the old natural history books it is depicted +feeding upon this unnatural food. If this were the popular idea of the +bird, small wonder is it that heraldic artists perpetuated the idea, and +even now the heraldic ostrich is seldom seen without a key or a horse-shoe +in its beak. + +The ostrich's head alone is sometimes met with, as in the crest of the Earl +of Carysfort. + +The wing of an ostrich charged with a bend sable is the crest of a family +of Gulston, but an ostrich wing is by no means a usual heraldic charge. + +Ostrich feathers, of course, play a large part in armory, but the +consideration of these may be postponed for the moment until the feathers +of cocks and peacocks can be added thereto. + +_The Dove_--at least the heraldic bird--has one curious peculiarity. It is +always represented with a slight tuft on its head. Mr. Eve considers this +to be merely the perpetuation of some case in which the crude draughtsman +has added a tuft to its head. Possibly he is {244} correct, but I think it +may be an attempt to distinguish between the domestic dove and the +wood-pigeon--both of which varieties would be known to the early heraldic +artists. + +The dove with an olive branch in its beak is constantly and continually met +with. When blazoned "proper" it is quite correct to make the legs and feet +of the natural pinky colour, but it will be more usually found that a dove +is specifically described as "legged gules." + +The ordinary heraldic dove will be found most frequently represented with +its wings close and holding a branch of laurel in its beak, but it also +occurs volant and with outstretched wings. It is then frequently termed a +"dove rising." + +[Illustration: FIG. 464.--Dove.] + +The doves in the arms of the College of Arms are always represented with +the sinister wing close, and the dexter wing extended and inverted. This +has given rise to much curious speculation; but whatever may be the reason +of the curious position of the wings, there can be very little doubt that +the coat of arms itself is based upon the coat of St. Edward the Confessor. +The so-called coat of St. Edward the Confessor is a cross patonce between +five martlets, but it is pretty generally agreed that these martlets are a +corruption of the doves which figure upon his coins, and one of which +surmounts the sceptre which is known as St. Edward's staff, or "the sceptre +with the dove." + +_The Wood-Pigeon_ is not often met with, but it does occur, as in the crest +of the arms of Bradbury ["On a wreath of the colours, in front of a +demi-wood-pigeon, wings displayed and elevated argent, each wing charged +with a round buckle tongue pendent sable, and holding in the beak a sprig +of barberry, the trunk of a tree fesswise eradicated, and sprouting to the +dexter, both proper "]. + +[Illustration: FIG. 465.--Martlet.] + +_The Martlet_ is another example of the curious perpetuation in heraldry of +the popular errors of natural history. Even at the present day, in many +parts of the country, it is popularly believed that a swallow has no feet, +or, at any rate, cannot perch upon the ground, or raise itself therefrom. +The fact that one never does see a swallow upon the ground supports the +foundation of the idea. At any rate the heraldic swallow, which is known as +the martlet, is never represented with feet, the legs terminating in the +feathers which cover the upper parts of the leg (Fig. 465). It is curious +that the same idea is perpetuated in the little legend of the explanation, +which may or may {245} not be wholly untrue, that the reason the martlet +has been adopted as the mark of cadency for the fourth son is to typify the +fact that whilst the eldest son succeeds to his father's lands, and whilst +the second son may succeed, perhaps, to the mother's, there can be very +little doubt that by the time the fourth son is reached, there is no land +remaining upon which he can settle, and that he must, perforce, fly away +from the homestead to gather him means elsewhere. At any rate, whether this +be true or false, the martlet certainly is never represented in heraldry +with feet. If the feet are shown, the bird becomes a swallow. + +Most heraldry books state also that the martlet has no beak. How such an +idea originated I am at a loss to understand, because I have never yet come +across an official instance in which the martlet is so depicted. + +[Illustration: FIG. 466.--Martlet volant.] + +Perhaps the confusion between the foreign merlette--which is drawn like a +duck without wings, feet, or forked tail--and the martlet may account for +the idea that the martlet should be depicted without a beak. + +It is very seldom that the martlet occurs except close, and consequently it +is never so specified in blazon. An instance, however, in which it occurs +"rising" will be found in the crest of a family of Smith, and there are a +number of instances in which it is volant (Fig. 466). + +_The Swallow_, as distinct from the martlet, is sometimes met with. + +A swallow "volant" appears upon the arms usually ascribed to the town of +Arundel. These, however, are not recorded as arms in the Visitation books, +the design being merely noted as a seal device, and one hesitates to assert +definitely what the status of the design in question may be. The pun upon +"l'hirondelle" was too good for ancient heralds to pass by. + +[Illustration: FIG. 467.--Swan.] + +_The Swan_ (Fig. 467) is a very favourite charge, and will be found both as +a crest and as a charge upon a shield, and in all varieties of position. It +is usually, however, when appearing as a charge, to be found "close." A +swan couchant appears as the crest of Barttelot, a swan regardant as the +crest of Swaby, and a swan "rising" will be found as a crest of Guise and +as a charge upon the arms of Muntz. Swimming in water it occurs in the +crest of Stilwell, and a swan to which the unusual term of "rousant" is +sometimes applied figures as {246} the crest of Stafford: "Out of a ducal +coronet per pale gules and sable, a demi-swan rousant, wings elevated and +displayed argent, beaked gules." It is, however, more usually blazoned as: +"A demi-swan issuant (from the coronet, per pale gules and sable"). + +Swans' heads and necks are not often met with as a charge, though they +occur in the arms of Baker. As a crest they are very common, and will be +found in the cases of Lindsay and Bates. + +_The Duck_--with its varieties of the moorhen and eider-duck--is sometimes +met with, and appears in the arms of Duckworth and Billiat. Few better +canting examples can be found than the latter coat, in which the duck is +holding the billet in its bill. + +[Illustration: FIG. 468.--Cock.] + +The other domestic bird--the _Cock_--is often met with, though it more +often figures as a crest than upon a shield. A cock "proper" is generally +represented of the kind which in farmyard phraseology is known as a +gamecock (Fig. 468). Nevertheless the gamecock--as such--does occur; though +in these cases, when so blazoned, it is usually depicted in the artificial +form--deprived of its comb and wattles, as was the case when it was +prepared for cock-fighting. Birds of this class are usually met with, with +a comb and wattles, &c., of a different colour, and are then termed "combed +(or crested), wattled, and jelopped"--if it is desired to be strictly +accurate--though it will be generally found that the term is dropped to +"combed and jelopped." If the bird is termed "armed," the beak and spurs +are thereby referred to. It occurs in the arms of Handcock (Lord +Castlemaine) ["Ermine, on a chief sable, a dexter hand between two cocks +argent"] and in the arms of Cokayne ["Argent, three cocks gules, armed, +crested, and jelopped sable"], and also in that of Law. It likewise occurs +in the arms of Aitken. + +_The Sheldrake_ appears occasionally under another name, _i.e._ that of the +_Shoveller_, and as such will be found in the arms of Jackson, of +Doncaster. + +[Illustration: FIG. 469.--Peacock in his pride.] + +The gorgeous plumage of the _Peacock_ has of course resulted in its +frequent employment. It has a special term of its own, being stated to be +"in his pride" when shown affronté, and with the tail displayed (Fig. 469). +It is seldom met with except in this position, though the well-known crest +of Harcourt is an example to the contrary, as is the crest of Sir Jamsetjee +Jejeebhoy, Bart., viz. "A mount vert, thereon {247} a peacock amidst wheat, +and in the beak an ear of wheat all proper." With the tail closed it also +figures as one of the supporters of Sir Robert Hart, Bart. ["Sinister, a +peacock close proper"]: its only appearance in such a position that I am +aware of. + +A peacock's tail is not a familiar figure in British armory, though the +exact contrary is the case in German practices. "Issuant from the mouth of +a boar's head erect" it occurs as the crest of Tyrell, and "A plume of +peacock's feathers"--which perhaps is the same thing--"issuant from the +side of a chapeau" is the crest of Lord Sefton. + +[Illustration: FIG. 470.--Crane in its vigilance.] + +Another bird for which heraldry has created a term of its own is the +_Crane_. It is seldom met with except holding a stone in its claw, the term +for which stone is its "vigilance," a curious old fable, which explains the +whole matter, being that the crane held the stone in its foot so that if by +any chance it fell asleep, the stone, by dropping, would awaken it, and +thus act as its "vigilance" (Fig. 470). It is a pity that the truth of such +a charming example of the old world should be dissipated by the fact that +the crest of Cranstoun is the crane _asleep_--or rather dormant--with its +head under its wing, and nevertheless holding its "vigilance" in its foot! +The crane is not often met with, but it occurs in the arms of Cranstoun, +with the curious and rather perplexing motto, "Thou shalt want ere I want." +Before leaving the crane, it may be of interest to observe that the +derivation of the word "pedigree" is from _pied de grue_, the appearance of +a crane's foot and the branching lines indicative of issue being similar in +shape. + +[Illustration: FIG. 471.--Stork holding in its beak a snake.] + +Heraldic representation makes little if any difference when depicting a +crane, a stork, or a heron, except that the tuft on the head of the latter +is never omitted when a heron is intended. + +Instances of the _Stork_ are of fairly frequent occurrence, the usual +heraldic method of depicting the bird being with the wings close. + +More often than not the stork is met with a snake in its beak (Fig. 471); +and the fact that a heron is also generally provided with an eel to play +with adds to the confusion. + +_The Heron_--or, as it was anciently more frequently termed heraldically, +the _Herne_ (Fig. 472)--will naturally be found in the arms of Hearne and +some number of other coats and crests. {248} + +_The Raven_ (Fig. 473) occurs almost as early as any other heraldic bird. +It is said to have been a Danish device. The powerful Norman family of +Corbet, one of the few remaining families which can show an unbroken male +descent from the time of the Conquest to the present day, have always +remained faithful to the raven, though they have added to it sometimes a +_bordure_ or additional numbers of its kind. "Or, a raven sable," the +well-known Corbet coat, is, of course, a canting allusion to their Norman +name, or nickname, "Le Corbeau." Their name, like their pedigree, is +unique, inasmuch as it is one of the few names of undoubted Norman origin +which are not territorial, and possibly the fact that their lands of +Moreton Corbett, one of their chief seats, were known by their name has +assisted in the perpetuation of what was, originally, undoubtedly a +personal nickname. + +[Illustration: FIG. 472.--Heron.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 473.--Raven.] + +Fig. 474 is a striking example of the virility which can be imparted to the +raven. It is reproduced from Grünenberg's "Book of Arms" (1483). Ströhl +suggests it may be of "Corbie" in Picardy, but the identity of the arms +leads one to fancy the name attached may be a misdescription of the English +family of Corbet. + +[Illustration: FIG. 474.] + +Heraldically, no difference is made in depicting the raven, the rook, and +the crow; and examples of the Crow will be found in the arms of Crawhall, +and of the _Rook_ in the crest of Abraham. The arms of the Yorkshire family +of Creyke are always blazoned as rooks, but I am inclined to think they may +possibly have been originally _creykes_, or corn-crakes. + +_The Cornish Chough_ is very much more frequently met with than either the +crow, rook, or raven, and it occurs in the arms of Bewley, the town of +Canterbury, and (as a crest) of Cornwall. + +It can only be distinguished from the raven in heraldic representations by +the fact that the Cornish chough is always depicted and frequently blazoned +as "beaked and legged gules," as it is found in its natural state. {249} + +_The Owl_ (Fig. 475), too, is a very favourite bird. It is always depicted +with the face affronté, though the body is not usually so placed. It occurs +in the arms of Leeds--which, by the way, are an example of colour upon +colour--Oldham, and Dewsbury. In the crest of Brimacombe the wings are +open, a most unusual position. + +_The Lark_ will be found in many cases of arms or crests for families of +the name of Clarke. + +_The Parrot_, or, as it is more frequently termed heraldically, the +_Popinjay_ (Fig. 476), will be found in the arms of Lumley and other +families. It also occurs in the arms of Curzon: "Argent, on a bend sable +three popinjays or, collared gules." + +[Illustration: FIG. 475.--Owl.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 476.--Popinjay.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 477.--Moorcock.] + +There is nothing about the bird, or its representations, which needs +special remark, and its usual heraldic form follows nature pretty closely. + +_The Moorcock_ or _Heathcock_ is curious, inasmuch as there are two +distinct forms in which it is depicted. Neither of them are correct from +the natural point of view, and they seem to be pretty well interchangeable +from the heraldic point of view. The bird is always represented with the +head and body of an ordinary cock, but sometimes it is given the wide flat +tail of black game, and sometimes a curious tail of two or more erect +feathers at right angles to its body (Fig. 477). + +Though usually represented close, it occurs sometimes with open wings, as +in the crest of a certain family of Moore. + +Many other birds are to be met with in heraldry, but they have nothing at +all especial in their bearing, and no special rules govern them. + +_The Lapwing_, under its alternative names of _Peewhit_, _Plover_, and +_Tyrwhitt_, will be found in the arms of Downes, Tyrwhitt, and Tweedy. + +_The Pheasant_ will be found in the crest of Scott-Gatty, and the +_Kingfisher_ in many cases of arms of the name of Fisher. {250} + +_The Magpie_ occurs in the arms of Dusgate, and in those of Finch. + +Woodward mentions an instance in which the _Bird of Paradise_ occurs (p. +267); "Argent, on a terrace vert, a cannon mounted or, supporting a Bird of +Paradise proper" [Rjevski and Yeropkin]; and the arms of Thornton show upon +a canton the Swedish bird _tjader_: "Ermine, a chevron sable between three +hawthorn trees eradicated proper, a canton or, thereon the Swedish bird +tjader, or cock of the wood, also proper." Two similar birds were granted +to the first Sir Edward Thornton, G.C.B., as supporters, he being a Knight +Grand Cross. + +[Illustration: FIG. 478.--The "Shield for Peace" of Edward the Black Prince +(d. 1376): Sable, three ostrich feathers with scrolls argent. (From his +tomb in Canterbury Cathedral.)] + +Single feathers as charges upon a shield are sometimes met with, as in the +"shield for peace" of Edward the Black Prince (Fig. 478) and in the arms of +Clarendon. These two examples are, however, derivatives from the historic +ostrich-feather badges of the English Royal Family, and will be more +conveniently dealt with later when considering the subject of badges. The +single feather enfiled by the circlet of crosses patée and fleurs-de-lis, +which is borne upon a canton of augmentation upon the arms of Gull, Bart., +is likewise a derivative, but feathers as a charge occur in the arms of +Jervis: "Argent, six ostrich feathers, three, two, and one sable." A modern +coat founded upon this, in which the ostrich feathers are placed upon a +pile, between two bombshells fracted in base, belongs to a family of a very +similar name, and the crest granted therewith is a single ostrich feather +between two bombs fired. Cock's feathers occur as charges in the arms of +Galpin. + +In relation to the crest, feathers are constantly to be found, which is not +to be wondered at, inasmuch as fighting and tournament helmets, when +actually in use, frequently did not carry the actual crests of the owners, +but were simply adorned with the plume of ostrich feathers. A curious +instance of this will be found in the case of the family of Dymoke of +Scrivelsby, the Honourable the King's Champions. The crest is really: "Upon +a wreath of the colours, the two ears of an ass sable," though other crests +["1. a sword erect proper; 2. a lion as in the arms"] are sometimes made +use of. When the Champion performs his service at a Coronation the shield +which is carried by his esquire is not that of his sovereign, but is +emblazoned with his personal arms of Dymoke: "Sable, two lions passant in +pale argent, ducally crowned or." The helmet of the Champion is decorated +with a triple plume of ostrich feathers and not with the Dymoke crest. In +{251} old representations of tournaments and warfare the helmet will far +oftener be found simply adorned with a plume of ostrich feathers than with +a heritable crest, and consequently such a plume has remained in use as the +crest of a very large number of families. This point is, however, more +fully dealt with in the chapter upon crests. + +The plume of ostrich feathers is, moreover, attributed as a crest to a far +greater number of families than it really belongs to, because if a family +possessed no crest the helmet was generally ornamented with a plume of +ostrich feathers, which later generations have accepted and adopted as +their heritable crest, when it never possessed such a character. A notable +instance of this will be found in the crest of Astley, as given in the +Peerage Books. + +The number of feathers in a plume requires to be stated; it will usually be +found to be three, five, or seven, though sometimes a larger number are met +with. When it is termed a double plume they are arranged in two rows, the +one issuing above the other, and a triple plume is arranged in three rows; +and though it is correct to speak of any number of feathers as a plume, it +will usually be found that the word is reserved for five or more, whilst a +plume of three feathers would more frequently be termed three ostrich +feathers. Whilst they are usually white, they are also found of varied +colours, and there is even an instance to be met with of ostrich feathers +of ermine. When the feathers are of different colours they need to be +carefully blazoned; if alternately, it is enough to use the word +"alternately," the feather at the extreme dexter side being depicted of the +colour first mentioned. In a plume which is of three colours, care must be +used in noting the arrangement of the colours, the colours first mentioned +being that of the dexter feather; the others then follow from dexter to +sinister, the fourth feather commencing the series of colours again. If any +other arrangement of the colours occurs it must be specifically detailed. +The rainbow-hued plume from which the crest of Sir Reginald Barnewall[19] +issues is the most variegated instance I have met with. + +Two peacock's feathers in saltire will be found in the crest of a family of +Gatehouse, and also occur in the crest of Crisp-Molineux-Montgomerie. The +pen in heraldry is always of course of the quill variety, and consequently +should not be mistaken for a single feather. The term "penned" is used when +the quill of a feather is of a different colour from the remainder of it. +Ostrich and other feathers are very frequently found on either side of a +crest, both in British and Continental armory; but though often met with in +this position, there is nothing peculiar about this use in such character. +German heraldry {252} has evolved one use of the peacock's feather, or +rather for the eye from the peacock's feather, which happily has not yet +reached this country. It will be found adorning the outer edges of every +kind of object, and it even occurs on occasion as a kind of dorsal fin down +the back of animals. Bunches of cock's feathers are also frequently made +use of for the same purpose. There has been considerable diversity in the +method of depicting the ostrich feather. In its earliest form it was stiff +and erect as if cut from a piece of board (Fig. 478), but gradually, as the +realistic type of heraldic art came into vogue, it was represented more +naturally and with flowing and drooping curves. Of later years, however, we +have followed the example of His Majesty when Prince of Wales and reverted +to the earlier form, and it is now very general to give to the ostrich +feather the stiff and straight appearance which it originally possessed +when heraldically depicted. Occasionally a plume of ostrich feathers is +found enclosed in a "case," that is, wrapped about the lower part as if it +were a bouquet, and this form is the more usual in Germany. In German +heraldry these plumes are constantly met with in the colours of the arms, +or charged with the whole or a part of the device upon the shield. It is +not a common practice in this country, but an instance of it will be found +in the arms of Lord Waldegrave: "Per pale argent and gules. Crest: out of a +ducal coronet or a plume of five ostrich feathers, the first two argent, +the third per pale argent and gules, and the last two gules." {253} + + + +CHAPTER XV + +FISH + +Heraldry has a system of "natural" history all its very own, and included +in the comprehensive heraldic term of fish are dolphins, whales, and other +creatures. There are certain terms which apply to heraldic fish which +should be noted. A fish in a horizontal position is termed "naiant," +whether it is in or upon water or merely depicted as a charge upon a +shield. A fish is termed "hauriant" if it is in a perpendicular position, +but though it will usually be represented with the head upwards in default +of any specific direction to the contrary, it by no means follows that this +is always the case, and it is more correct to state whether the head is +upwards or downwards, a practice which it is usually found will be +conformed to. When the charges upon a shield are simply blazoned as "fish," +no particular care need be taken to represent any particular variety, but +on the other hand it is not in such cases usual to add any distinctive +signs by which a charge which is merely a fish might become identified as +any particular kind of fish. + +The heraldic representations of the _Dolphin_ are strangely dissimilar from +the real creature, and also show amongst themselves a wide variety and +latitude. It is early found in heraldry, and no doubt its great importance +in that science is derived from its usage by the Dauphins of France. +Concerning its use by these Princes there are all sorts of curious legends +told, the most usual being that recited by Berry. + +Woodward refers to this legend, but states that "in 1343 King Philip of +France _purchased_ the domains of Humbert III., Dauphin de Viennois," and +further remarks that the legend in question "seems to be without solid +foundation." But neither Woodward nor any other writer seems to have +previously suggested what is doubtless the true explanation, that the title +of Dauphin and the province of Viennois were a separate dignity of a +sovereign character, to which were attached certain territorial and +sovereign arms ["Or, a dolphin embowed azure, finned and langued gules"]. +The assumption of these sovereign arms with the sovereignty and territory +to which they belonged, was as much a matter of course as the use of +separate arms for the Duchy of Lancaster {254} by his present Majesty King +Edward VII., or the use of separate arms for his Duchy of Cornwall by +H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. + +Berry is wrong in asserting that no other family were permitted to display +the dolphin in France, because a very similar coat (but with the dolphin +lifeless) to that of the Dauphin was quartered by the family of La Tour du +Pin, who claimed descent from the Dauphins d'Auvergne, another ancient +House which originally bore the sovereign title of Dauphin. A dolphin was +the charge upon the arms of the Grauff von Dälffin (Fig. 481). + +[Illustration: FIG. 479.--Dolphin naiant.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 480.--Dolphin hauriant.] + +The dolphin upon this shield, as also that in the coat of the Dauphin of +France, is neither naiant nor hauriant, but is "embowed," that is, with the +tail curved towards the head. But the term "embowed" really signifies +nothing further than "bent" in some way, and as a dolphin is never +heraldically depicted straight, it is always understood to be and usually +is termed "embowed," though it will generally be "naiant embowed" (Fig. +479), or "hauriant embowed" (Fig. 480). The dolphin occurs in the arms of +many British families, _e.g._ in the arms of Ellis, Monypenny, +Loder-Symonds, Symonds-Taylor, Fletcher, and Stuart-French. + +Woodward states that the dolphin is used as a supporter by the Trevelyans, +Burnabys, &c. In this statement he is clearly incorrect, for neither of +those families are entitled to or use supporters. But his statement +probably originates in the practice which in accordance with the debased +ideas of artistic decoration at one period added all sorts of fantastic +objects to the edges of a shield for purely decorative (!) purposes. The +only instance within my knowledge in which a dolphin figures as a heraldic +supporter will be found in the case of the arms of Waterford. + +[Illustration: FIG. 481.--Arms of the Grauff von Dälffin lett och in +Dalffinat (Count von Dälffin), which also lies in Dauphiné (from +Grünenberg's "Book of Arms"): Argent, a dolphin azure within a bordure +compony of the first and second.] + +_The Whale_ is seldom met with in British armory, one of its few +appearances being in the arms of Whalley, viz.: "Argent, three whales' +heads erased sable." {255} + +The crest of an Irish family named Yeates is said to be: "A shark issuant +regardant swallowing a man all proper," and the same device is also +attributed to some number of other families. + +Another curious piscine coat of arms is that borne, but still +unmatriculated, by the burgh of Inveraray, namely: "The field is the sea +proper, a net argent suspended to the base from the dexter chief and the +sinister fess points, and in chief two and in base three herrings entangled +in the net." + +_Salmon_ are not infrequently met with, but they need no specific +description. They occur in the arms of Peebles,[20] a coat of arms which in +an alternative blazon introduces to one's notice the term "contra-naiant." +The explanation of the quaint and happy conceit of these arms and motto is +that for every fish which goes up the river to spawn two return to the sea. +A salmon on its back figures in the arms of the city of Glasgow, and also +in the arms of Lumsden and Finlay, whilst other instances of salmon occur +in the arms of Blackett-Ord, Sprot, and Winlaw. + +_The Herring_ occurs in the arms of Maconochie, the _Roach_ in the arms of +Roche ["Gules, three roaches naiant within a bordure engrailed argent. +Crest: a rock, thereon a stork close, charged on the breast with a torteau, +and holding in his dexter claw a roach proper"], and _Trout_ in the arms of +Troutbeck ["Azure, three trout fretted tête à la queue argent"]. The same +arrangement of three fish occurs upon the seal of Anstruther Wester, but +this design unfortunately has never been matriculated as a coat of arms. + +The arms of Iceland present a curious charge, which is included upon the +Royal shield of Denmark. The coat in question is: "Gules, a stockfish +argent, crowned with an open crown or." The stockfish is a dried and cured +cod, split open and with the head removed. + +_A Pike_ or _Jack_ is more often termed a "lucy" in English heraldry and a +"ged" in Scottish. Under its various names it occurs in the arms of Lucy, +Lucas, Geddes, and Pyke. + +_The Eel_ is sometimes met with, as in the arms of Ellis, and though, as +Woodward states, it is always given a wavy form, the term "ondoyant," which +he uses to express this, has, I believe, no place in an English armorist's +dictionary. + +_The Lobster_ and _Crab_ are not unknown to English armory, being +respectively the crests of the families of Dykes and Bridger. The arms of +Bridger are: "Argent, a chevron engrailed sable, between three crabs +gules." Lobster claws are a charge upon the arms of Platt-Higgins. {256} + +[Illustration: FIG. 482.--Whelk shell.] + +The arms of Birt are given in Papworth as: "Azure, a birthfish proper," and +of Bersich as: "Argent, a perch azure." The arms of Cobbe (Bart., extinct) +are: "Per chevron gules and sable, in chief two swans respecting and in +base a herring cob naiant proper." The arms of Bishop Robinson of Carlisle +were: "Azure, a flying fish in bend argent, on a chief of the second, a +rose gules between two torteaux," and the crest of Sir Philip Oakley Fysh +is: "On a wreath of the colours, issuant from a wreath of red coral, a +cubit arm vested azure, cuffed argent, holding in the hand a flying fish +proper." The coat of arms of Colston of Essex is: "Azure, two barbels +hauriant respecting each other argent," and a barbel occurs in the crest of +Binney. "Vert, three sea-breams or hakes hauriant argent" is the coat of +arms attributed to a family of Dox or Doxey, and "Or, three chabots gules" +is that of a French family of the name of Chabot. "Barry wavy of six argent +and gules, three crevices (crayfish) two and one or" is the coat of +Atwater. Codfish occur in the arms of Beck, dogfish in the arms of Dodds +(which may, however, be merely the sea-dog of the Dodge achievement), +flounders or flukes in the arms of Arbutt, garvinfishes in the arms of +Garvey, and gudgeon in the arms of Gobion. Papworth also includes instances +of mackerel, prawns, shrimps, soles, sparlings, sturgeon, sea-urchins, +turbots, whales, and whelks. The whelk shell (Fig. 482) appears in the arms +of Storey and Wilkinson. {257} + + + +CHAPTER XVI + +REPTILES + +If armorial zoology is "shaky" in its classification of and dealings with +fish, it is most wonderful when its laws and selections are considered +under the heading of reptiles. But with the exception of serpents (of +various kinds), the remainder must have no more than a passing mention. + +[Illustration: FIG. 483.--Serpent nowed.] + +The usual heraldic _Serpent_ is most frequently found "nowed," that is, +interlaced in a knot (Fig. 483). There is a certain well-understood form +for the interlacing which is always officially adhered to, but of late +there has manifested itself amongst heraldic artists a desire to break +loose to a certain extent from the stereotyped form. A serpent will +sometimes be found "erect" and occasionally gliding or "glissant," and +sometimes it will be met with in a circle with its tail in its mouth--the +ancient symbol of eternity. Its constant appearance in British armory is +due to the fact that it is symbolically accepted as the sign of medicine, +and many grants of arms made to doctors and physicians introduce in some +way either the serpent or the rod of Æsculapius, or a serpent entwined +round a staff. A serpent embowed biting its tail occurs in the arms of +Falconer, and a serpent on its back in the crest of Backhouse. Save for the +matter of position, the serpent of British armory is always drawn in a very +naturalistic manner. It is otherwise, however, in Continental armory, where +the serpent takes up a position closely allied to that of our dragon. It is +even sometimes found winged, and the arms of the family of Visconti, which +subsequently came into use as the arms of the Duchy of Milan (Fig. 484), +have familiarised us as far as Continental armory is concerned with a form +of serpent which is very different from the real animal or from our own +heraldic variety. Another instance of a serpent will be found in the arms +of the Irish family of Cotter, which are: "Argent, a chevron gules between +three serpents proper," and the family of Lanigan O'Keefe bear in one {258} +quarter of their shield: "Vert, three lizards in pale or." The family of +Cole bear: "Argent, a chevron gules between three scorpions reversed +sable," a coat of arms which is sometimes quoted with the chevron and the +scorpions both gules or both sable. The family of Preed of Shropshire bear: +"Azure, three horse-leeches;" and the family of Whitby bear: "Gules, three +snakes coiled or; on a chief of the second, as many pheons sable." A family +of Sutton bears: "Or, a newt vert, in chief a lion rampant gules all within +a bordure of the last," and Papworth mentions a coat of arms for the name +of Ory: "Azure, a chameleon on a shady ground proper, in chief a sun or." +Another coat mentioned by Papworth is the arms of Bume: "Gules, a stellion +serpent proper," though what the creature may be it is impossible to +imagine. Unfortunately, when one comes to examine so many of these curious +coats of arms, one finds no evidence that such families existed, or that +there is no official authority or record of the arms to which reference can +be made. There can be no doubt that they largely consist of misreadings or +misinterpretations of both names and charges, and I am sorely afraid this +remark is the true explanation of what otherwise would be most strange and +interesting curiosities of arms. Sir Walter Scott's little story in +"Quentin Durward" of Toison d'Or, who depicted the "cat looking through the +dairy window" as the arms of Childebert, and blazoned it "sable a musion +passant or, oppressed with a trellis gules, cloué of the second," gives in +very truth the real origin of many quaint coats of arms and heraldic terms. +Ancient heraldic writers seem to have amused themselves by inventing +"appropriate" arms for mythological or historical personages, and I verily +believe that when so doing they never intended these arms to stand for more +than examples of their own wit. Their credulous successors incorporated +these little witticisms in the rolls of arms they collected, and one can +only hope that in the distant future the charming drawings of Mr. E. T. +Reed which in recent years have appeared in _Punch_ may not be used in like +manner. + +There are but few instances in English armory in which the _Toad_ or _Frog_ +is met with. In fact, the only instance which one can recollect is the coat +of arms attributed to a family of Botreaux, who are said to have borne: +"Argent, three toads erect sable." I am confident, however, that this coat +of arms, if it ever existed, and if it could be traced to its earliest +sources, would be found to be really three buckets of water, a canting +allusion to the name. Toads of course are the charges on the mythical arms +of Pharamond. + +[Illustration: FIG. 484.--Arms of the Visconti, Dukes of Milan: Argent, a +serpent azure, devouring a child gules. (A wood-carving from the castle of +Passau at the turn of the fifteenth century.)] + +Amongst the few instances I have come across of a snail in British armory +are the crest of Slack of Derwent Hill ("in front of a crescent or, a snail +proper") and the coat attributed by Papworth to the family of {259} Bartan +or Bertane, who are mentioned as bearing, "Gules, three snails argent in +their shells or." This coat, however, is not matriculated in Scotland, so +that one cannot be certain that it was ever borne. The snail occurs, +however, as the crest of a family named Billers, and is also attributed to +several other families as a crest. + +_Lizards_ appear occasionally in heraldry, though more frequently in Irish +than English or Scottish coats of arms. A lizard forms part of the crest of +Sillifant, and a hand grasping a lizard is the crest of McCarthy, and +"Azure, three lizards or" the first quarter of the arms of an Irish family +of the name of Cotter, who, however, blazon these charges upon their shield +as evetts. The family of Enys, who bear: "Argent, three wyverns volant in +pale vert," probably derive their arms from some such source. {260} + + + +CHAPTER XVII + +INSECTS + +The insect which is most usually met with in heraldry is undoubtedly the +_Bee_. Being considered, as it is, the symbol of industry, small wonder +that it has been so frequently adopted. It is usually represented as if +displayed upon the shield, and it is then termed volant, though of course +the real term which will sometimes be found used is "volant _en arrière_" +(Fig. 485). It occurs in the arms of Dore, Beatson, Abercromby, Samuel, and +Sewell, either as a charge or as a crest. Its use, however, as a crest is +slightly more varied, inasmuch as it is found walking in profile, and with +its wings elevated, and also perched upon a thistle as in the arms of +Ferguson. A bee-hive "with bees diversely volant" occurs in the arms of +Rowe, and the popularity of the bee in British armory is doubtless due to +the frequent desire to perpetuate the fact that the foundation of a house +has been laid by business industry. The fact that the bee was adopted as a +badge by the Emperor Napoleon gave it considerable importance in French +armory, inasmuch as he assumed it for his own badge, and the mantle and +pavilion around the armorial bearings of the Empire were semé of these +insects. They also appeared upon his own coronation mantle. He adopted them +under the impression, which may or may not be correct, that they had at one +time been the badge of Childeric, father of Clovis. The whole story +connected with their assumption by Napoleon has been a matter of much +controversy, and little purpose would be served by going into the matter +here, but it may be added that Napoleon changed the fleur-de-lis upon the +chief in the arms of Paris to golden bees upon a chief of gules, and a +chief azure, semé of bees or, was added as indicative of their rank to the +arms of "Princes-Grand-Dignitaries of the Empire." A bee-hive occurs as the +crest of a family named Gwatkin, and also upon the arms of the family of +Kettle of Wolverhampton. + +[Illustration: FIG. 485.--Bee volant.] + +{261} + +_The Grasshopper_ is most familiar as the crest of the family of Gresham, +and this is the origin of the golden grasshoppers which are so constantly +met with in the city of London. "Argent, a chevron sable between three +grasshoppers vert" is the coat of arms of Woodward of Kent. Two of them +figure in the arms of Treacher, which arms are now quartered by Bowles. + +_Ants_ are but seldom met with. "Argent, six ants, three, two, and one +sable," is a coat given by Papworth to a family of the name of Tregent; +"Vert, an ant argent," to Kendiffe; and "Argent, a chevron vert between +three beetles proper" are the arms attributed by the same authority to a +family named Muschamp. There can be little doubt, however, that these +"beetles" should be described as flies. + +_Butterflies_ figure in the arms of Papillon ["Azure, a chevron between +three butterflies volant argent"] and in the arms of Penhellicke ["Sable, +three butterflies volant argent"]. + +_Gadflies_ are to be found in a coat of arms for the name of Adams ["Per +pale argent and gules, a chevron between three gadflies counterchanged"], +and also in the arms of Somerscales, quartered by Skeet of Bishop +Stortford. "Sable, a hornet argent" is one blazon for the arms of Bollord +or Bolloure, but elsewhere the same coat is blazoned: "Sable, a harvest-fly +in pale volant en arrière argent." Harvest flies were the charges on the +arms of the late Sir Edward Watkin, Bart. + +_Crickets_ appear in the arms ["azure, a fire chest argent, flames proper, +between three crickets or"] recently granted to Sir George Anderson +Critchett, Bart. + +The arms of Bassano (really of foreign origin and not an English coat) are: +"Per chevron vert and argent, in chief three silkworm flies palewise _en +arrière_, and in base a mulberry branch all counterchanged." "Per pale +gules and azure, three stag-beetles, wings extended or," is assigned by +Papworth to the Cornish family of Dore, but elsewhere these charges (under +the same family name) are quoted as bees, gadflies, and flies. "Or, three +spiders azure" is quoted as a coat for Chettle. A spider also figures as a +charge on the arms of Macara. The crest of Thorndyke of Great Carleton, +Lincolnshire, is: "On a wreath of the colours a damask rose proper, leaves +and thorns vert, at the bottom of the shield a beetle or scarabæus proper." + +Woodward, in concluding his chapter upon insects, quotes the arms of the +family of Pullici of Verona, viz.: "Or, semé of fleas sable, two bends +gules, surmounted by two bends sinister of the same." {262} + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + +TREES, LEAVES, FRUITS, AND FLOWERS + +The vegetable kingdom plays an important part in heraldry. Trees will be +found of all varieties and in all numbers, and though little difference is +made in the appearance of many varieties when they are heraldically +depicted, for canting purposes the various names are carefully preserved. +When, however, no name is specified, they are generally drawn after the +fashion of oak-trees. + +When a tree issues from the ground it will usually be blazoned "issuant +from a mount vert," but when the roots are shown it is termed "eradicated." + +[Illustration: FIG. 486.--An oak-tree eradicated.] + +_A Hurst of Trees_ figures both on the shield and in the crest of +France-Hayhurst, and in the arms of Lord Lismore ["Argent, in base a mount +vert, on the dexter side a hurst of oak-trees, therefrom issuing a wolf +passant towards the sinister, all proper"]. A hurst of elm-trees very +properly is the crest of the family of Elmhurst. Under the description of a +forest, a number of trees figure in the arms of Forrest. + +The arms of Walkinshaw of that Ilk are: "Argent, a grove of fir-trees +proper," and Walkinshaw of Barrowfield and Walkinshaw of London have +matriculated more or less similar arms. + +_The Oak-Tree_ (Fig. 486) is of course the tree most frequently met with. +Perhaps the most famous coat in which it occurs will be found in the arms +granted to Colonel Carlos, to commemorate his risky sojourn with King +Charles in the oak-tree at Boscobel, after the King's flight subsequent to +the ill-fated battle of Worcester. The coat was: "Or, on a mount in base +vert, an oak-tree proper, fructed or, surmounted by a fess gules, charged +with three imperial crowns of the third" (Plate II.). + +_Fir-Trees_ will be found in the arms of Greg, Melles, De la Ferté, and +Farquharson. + +_A Cedar-Tree_ occurs in the arms of Montefiore ["Argent, a cedar-tree, +between two mounts of flowers proper, on a chief azure, a dagger {263} +erect proper, pommel and hilt or, between two mullets of six points gold"], +and a _hawthorn-tree_ in the arms of MacMurrogh-Murphy, Thornton, and in +the crest of Kynnersley. + +_A Maple-Tree_ figures in the arms of Lord Mount-Stephen ["Or, on a mount +vert, a maple-tree proper, in chief two fleurs-de-lis azure"], and in the +crest of Lord Strathcona ["On a mount vert, a maple-tree, at the base +thereof a beaver gnawing the trunk all proper"]. + +_A Cocoanut-Tree_ is the principal charge in the arms of Glasgow (now +Robertson-Glasgow) of Montgrennan, matriculated in 1807 ["Argent, a +cocoanut-tree fructed proper, growing out of a mount in base vert, on a +chief azure, a shakefork between a martlet on the dexter and a salmon on +the sinister argent, the last holding in the mouth a ring or"]. + +The arms of Clifford afford an instance of a _Coffee-Tree_, and the coat of +Chambers has a negro cutting down a _Sugar-Cane_. + +_A Palm-Tree_ occurs in the arms of Besant and in the armorials of many +other families. The crest of Grimké-Drayton affords an instance of the use +of palmetto-trees. An _Olive-Tree_ is the crest of Tancred, and a +_Laurel-Tree_ occurs in the crest of Somers. + +_Cypress-Trees_ are quoted by Papworth in the arms of Birkin, probably an +error for birch-trees, but the cypress does occur in the arms of Tardy, +Comte de Montravel ["Argent, three cypress-trees eradicated vert, on a +chief gules, as many bezants"], and "Or, a willow (salix) proper" is the +coat of the Counts de Salis (now Fane-de-Salis). + +The arms of Sweetland, granted in 1808, are: "Argent, on a mount vert, an +orange-tree fructed proper, on a chief embattled gules, three roses of the +field, barbed and seeded also proper." + +_A Mountain-Ash_ figures in the shield and crest of Wigan, and a +_Walnut-Tree_ is the crest of Waller, of Groombridge ["On a mount vert, a +walnut-tree proper, on the sinister side an escutcheon pendent, charged +with the arms of France, and thereupon a label of three points argent."] + +The arms of Arkwright afford an example of a _Cotton-Tree_. + +The curious crest of Sir John Leman, Lord Mayor of London, affords an +instance of a _Lemon-Tree_ ["In a lemon-tree proper, a pelican in her piety +proper"]. + +The arms of a family whose name appears to have been variously spelled +Estwere, Estwrey, Estewer, Estower, and Esture, have: "Upon an argent field +a tree proper," variously described as an apple-tree, an ash-tree, and a +cherry-tree. The probabilities largely point to its being an ash-tree. "Or, +on a mount in base vert, a pear-tree fructed proper" is the coat of arms of +Pyrton or Peryton, and the arms granted in 1591 to Dr. Lopus, a physician +to Queen Elizabeth, were: "Or, a {264} pomegranate-tree eradicated vert, +fructed gold, supported by a hart rampant proper, crowned and attired of +the first." + +_A Poplar Tree_ occurs in the arms of Gandolfi, but probably the prime +curiosity must be the coat of Abank, which Papworth gives as: "Argent, a +China-cokar tree vert." Its botanical identity remains a mystery. + +_Trunks of Trees_ for some curious reason play a prominent part in +heraldry. The arms of Borough, of Chetwynd Park, granted in 1702, are: +"Argent, on a mount in base, in base the trunk of an oak-tree sprouting out +two branches proper, with the shield of Pallas hanging thereon or, fastened +by a belt gules," and the arms of Houldsworth (1868) of Gonaldston, co. +Notts, are: "Ermine, the trunk of a tree in bend raguly eradicated at the +base proper, between three foxes' heads, two in chief and one in base +erased gules." + +But it is as a crest that this figure of the withered trunk sprouting again +is most often met with, it being assigned to no less than forty-three +families. + +In England again, by one of those curious fads by which certain objects +were repeated over and over again in the wretched designs granted by the +late Sir Albert Woods, Garter, in spite of their unsuitability, tree-trunks +fesswise eradicated and sprouting are constantly met with either as the +basis of the crest or placed "in front of it" to help in providing the +differences and distinctions which he insisted upon in a new grant. An +example of such use of it will be found in the arms of the town of +Abergavenny. + +_Stocks of Trees_ "couped and eradicated" are by no means uncommon. They +figure in the arms of the Borough of Woodstock: "Gules, the stump of a tree +couped and eradicated argent, and in chief three stags' heads caboshed of +the same, all within a bordure of the last charged with eight oak-leaves +vert." They also occur in the arms of Grove, of Shenston Park, co. +Stafford, and in the arms of Stubbs. + +The arms matriculated in Lyon Register by Capt. Peter Winchester (_c._ +1672-7) are: "Argent, a vine growing out of the base, leaved and fructed, +between two papingoes endorsed feeding upon the clusters all proper." The +vine also appears in the arms of Ruspoli, and the family of Archer-Houblon +bear for the latter name: "Argent, on a mount in base, three hop-poles +erect with hop-vines all proper." + +The town of St. Ives (Cornwall) has no authorised arms, but those usually +attributed to the town are: "Argent, an ivy branch overspreading the whole +field vert." + +"Gules, a flaming bush on the top of a mount proper, between three lions +rampant argent, in the flanks two roses of the last" is the coat of Brander +(now Dunbar-Brander) of Pitgavenny. Holly-bushes {265} are also met with, +as in the crests of Daubeney and Crackanthorpe, and a rose-bush as in the +crest of Inverarity. + +The arms of Owen, co. Pembroke, are: "Gules, a boar argent, armed, +bristled, collared, and chained or to a holly-bush on a mount in base both +proper." + +_A Fern-Brake_ is another stock object used in designing modern crests, and +will be found in the cases of Harter, Scott-Gatty, and Lloyd. + +Branches are constantly occurring, but they are usually oak, laurel, palm, +or holly. They need to be distinguished from "slips," which are much +smaller and with fewer leaves. Definite rules of distinction between e.g. +an acorn "slipped," a slip of oak, and an oak-branch have been laid down by +purists, but no such minute detail is officially observed, and it seems +better to leave the point to general artistic discretion; the colloquial +difference between a slip and a branch being quite a sufficient guide upon +the point. + +An example of an _Oak-Branch_ occurs in the arms of Aikman, and another, +which is rather curious, is the crest of Accrington.[21] + +_Oak-Slips_, on the other hand, occur in the arms of Baldwin. + +_A Palm-Branch_ occurs in the crests of Innes, Chafy, and Corfield. + +_Laurel-Branches_ occur in the arms of Cooper, and sprigs of laurel in the +arms of Meeking. + +_Holly-Branches_ are chiefly found in the arms of families named Irvine or +Irwin, but they are invariably blazoned as "sheaves" of holly or as +holly-branches of three leaves. To a certain extent this is a misnomer, +because the so-called "branch" is merely three holly-leaves tied together. + +"Argent, an almond-slip proper" is the coat of arms attributed to a family +of Almond, and Papworth assigns "Argent, a barberry-branch fructed proper" +to Berry. + +"Argent, three sprigs of balm flowered proper" is stated to be the coat of +a family named Balme, and "Argent, three teasels slipped proper" the coat +of Bowden, whilst Boden of the Friary bears, "Argent, a chevron sable +between three teasels proper, a bordure of the second." A teasle on a +canton figures in the arms of Chichester-Constable. + +The Company of Tobacco-Pipe Makers in London, incorporated in the year +1663, bore: "Argent, on a mount in base vert, three plants of tobacco +growing and flowering all proper." The crest recently granted to Sir Thomas +Lipton, Bart. ["On a wreath of the colours, two arms in saltire, the dexter +surmounted by the sinister {266} holding a sprig of the tea-plant erect, +and the other a like sprig of the coffee-plant both slipped and leaved +proper, vested above the elbow argent"], affords an example of both the +coffee-plant and the tea-plant, which have both assisted him so materially +in piling up his immense fortune. "Or, three birch-twigs sable" is the coat +of Birches, and "Or, a bunch of nettles vert" is the coat of Mallerby of +Devonshire. The pun in the last case is apparent. + +_The Cotton-Plant_ figures in the arms of the towns of Darwen, Rochdale, +and Nelson, and two culms of the papyrus plant occur in the arms of the +town of Bury. + +_The Coffee-Plant_ also figures in the arms of Yockney: "Azure, a chevron +or, between a ship under sail in chief proper, and a sprig of the +coffee-plant slipped in base of the second." + +A branch, slip, bush, or tree is termed "fructed" when the fruit is shown, +though the term is usually disregarded unless "fructed" of a different +colour. When represented as "fructed," the fruit is usually drawn out of +all proportion to its relative size. + +Leaves are not infrequent in their appearance. Holly-leaves occur in the +various coats for most people of the name of Irwin and Irvine, as already +mentioned. Laurel-leaves occur in the arms of Leveson-Gower, Foulis, and +Foulds. + +_Oak-Leaves_ occur in the arms of Trelawney ["Argent, a chevron sable, +between three oak-leaves slipped proper"]; and _hazel-leaves_ in the arms +of Hesilrige or Hazlerigg ["Argent, a chevron sable, between three +hazel-leaves vert]. + +"Argent, three edock (dock or burdock) leaves vert" is the coat of Hepburn. +Papworth assigns "Argent, an aspen leaf proper" to Aspinal, and "Or, a +betony-leaf proper" to Betty. "Argent, three aspen-leaves" is an +unauthorised coat used by Espin, and the same coat with varying tinctures +is assigned to Cogan. Killach is stated to bear: "Azure, three bay-leaves +argent," and to Woodward, of Little Walsingham, Norfolk, was granted in +1806: "Vert, three mulberry-leaves or." + +_The Maple-Leaf_ has been generally adopted as a Canadian emblem, and +consequently figures upon the arms of that Dominion, and in the arms of +many families which have or have had Canadian associations. + +"Vert, three vine-leaves or" is assigned by Papworth to Wortford, and the +same authority mentions coats in which woodbine-leaves occur for Browne, +Theme, and Gamboa. Rose-leaves occur in the arms of Utermarck, and +walnut-leaves figure in the arms of Waller. + +A curious leaf--usually called the "sea-leaf," which is properly the +"nenuphar-leaf," is often met with in German heraldry, as are _Linden_ +leaves. + +Although theoretically leaves, the trefoil, quatrefoil, and cinquefoil +{267} are a class by themselves, having a recognised heraldic status as +exclusively heraldic charges, and the quatrefoil and cinquefoil, in spite +of the derivation of their names, are as likely to have been originally +flowers as leaves. + +_The heraldic Trefoil_ (Fig. 487), though frequently specifically described +as "slipped," is nevertheless always so depicted, and it is not necessary +to so describe it. Of late a tendency has been noticeable in paintings from +Ulster's Office to represent the trefoil in a way more nearly approaching +the Irish shamrock, from which it has undoubtedly been derived. Instances +of the trefoil occur in the arms of Rodd, Dobrée, MacDermott, and Gilmour. +The crowned trefoil is one of the national badges of Ireland. + +[Illustration: FIG. 487.--Trefoil.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 488.--Quatrefoil.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 489.--Cinquefoil.] + +A four-leaved "lucky" shamrock has been introduced into the arms of Sir +Robert Hart, Bart. + +_The Quatrefoil_ (Fig. 488) is not often met with, but it occurs in the +arms of Eyre, King, and Dreyer. + +_The Cinquefoil_ (Fig. 489) is of frequent appearance, but, save in +exceedingly rare instances, neither the quatrefoil nor the cinquefoil will +be met with "slipped." The constant occurrence of the cinquefoil in early +rolls of arms is out of all proportion to its distinctiveness or artistic +beauty, and the frequency with which it is met with in conjunction with the +cross crosslet points clearly to the fact that there is some allusion +behind, if this could only be fathomed. Many a man might adopt a lion +through independent choice, but one would not expect independent choice to +lead so many to pitch upon a combination of cross crosslets and +cinquefoils. The cross crosslets, I am confident, are a later addition in +many cases, for the original arms of D'Arcy, for example, were simply: +"Argent, three cinquefoils gules." The arms of the town of Leicester are: +"Gules, a cinquefoil ermine," and this is the coat attributed to the family +of the De Beaumonts or De Bellomonts, Earls of Leicester. Simon de +Montfort, the great Earl of Leicester, was the son or grandson of Amicia, a +coheir of the former Earls, and as such {268} entitled to quarter the arms +of the De Bellomonts. As stated on page 117 (_vide_ Figs. 97 and 98), there +are two coats attributed to De Montfort. His only status in this country +depended solely upon the De Bellomont inheritance, and, conformably with +the custom of the period, we are far more likely to find him using arms of +De Bellomont or De Beaumont than of Montfort. From the similarity of the +charge to the better-known Beaumont arms, I am inclined to think the lion +rampant to be the real De Bellomont coat. The origin of the cinquefoil has +yet to be accounted for. The earliest De Bellomont for whom I can find +proof of user thereof is Robert "Fitz-Pernell," otherwise De Bellomont, who +died in 1206, and whose seal (Fig. 490) shows it. Be it noted it is not on +a shield, and though of course this is not proof in any way, it is in +accord with my suggestion that it is nothing more than a pimpernel flower +adopted as a device or badge to typify his own name and his mother's name, +she being Pernelle or Petronilla, the heiress of Grantmesnil. The +cinquefoil was not the coat of Grantmesnil but a quaint little conceit, and +is not therefore likely to have been used as a coat of arms by the De +Bellomonts, though no doubt they used it as a badge and device, as no doubt +did Simon de Montfort. Simon de Montfort split England into two parties. +Men were for Montfort or the king, and those that were for De Montfort very +probably took and used his badge of a cinquefoil as a party badge. + +[Illustration: FIG. 490.--From the seal of Robert Fitz-Pernell, Earl of +Leicester, d. 1206.] + +The cinquefoil in its ordinary heraldic form also occurs in the arms of +Umfraville, Bardolph, Hamilton, and D'Arcy, and sprigs of cinquefoil will +be found in the arms of Hill, and in the crest of Kersey. The cinquefoil is +sometimes found pierced. The five-foiled flower being the blossom of so +many plants, what are to all intents and purposes cinquefoils occur in the +arms of Fraser, where they are termed "fraises," of Primrose, where they +are blazoned "primroses," and of Lambert, where they are called "narcissus +flowers." + +_The double Quatrefoil_ is cited as the English difference mark for the +ninth son, but as these difference marks are but seldom used, and as ninth +sons are somewhat of a rarity, it is seldom indeed that this particular +mark is seen in use. Personally I have never seen it. + +_The Turnip_ makes an early appearance in armory, and occurs in the coat of +Dammant ["Sable, a turnip leaved proper, a chief or, gutté-de-poix"]. {269} + +The curious crest of Lingen, which is "Seven leeks root upwards issuing +from a ducal coronet all proper," is worthy of especial mention. + +In considering flowers as a charge, a start must naturally be made with the +rose, which figures so prominently in the heraldry of England. + +_The heraldic Rose_ until a much later date than its first appearance in +armory--it occurs, however, at the earliest period--was always represented +in what we now term the "conventional" form, with five displayed petals +(Fig. 491). Accustomed as we are to the more ornate form of the cultivated +rose of the garden, those who speak of the "conventional" heraldic rose +rather seem to overlook that it is an exact reproduction of the wild rose +of the hedgerow, which, morever, has a tendency to show itself "displayed" +and not in the more profile attitude we are perhaps accustomed to. It +should also be observed that the earliest representations of the heraldic +rose depict the intervening spaces between the petals which are noticeable +in the wild rose. Under the Tudor sovereigns, the heraldic rose often shows +a double row of petals, a fact which is doubtless accounted for by the then +increasing familiarity with the cultivated variety, and also by the attempt +to conjoin the rival emblems of the warring factions of York and Lancaster. + +[Illustration: FIG. 491.--Rose.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 492.--Rose slipped and leaved.] + +Though the heraldic rose is seldom, if ever, otherwise depicted, it should +be described as "barbed vert" and "seeded or" (or "barbed and seeded +proper") when the centre seeds and the small intervening green leaves (the +calyx) between the petals are represented in their natural colours. In the +reign of the later Tudor sovereigns the conventionality of earlier heraldic +art was slowly beginning to give way to the pure naturalism towards which +heraldic art thereafter steadily degenerated, and we find that the rose +then begins (both as a Royal badge and elsewhere) to be met with "slipped +and leaved" (Fig. 492). The Royal fleurs-de-lis are turned into natural +lilies in the grant of arms to Eton College, and in the grant to William +Cope, Cofferer to Henry VII., the roses are slipped ["Argent, on a chevron +azure, between three roses gules, slipped and leaved vert, as many +fleurs-de-lis or. Crest: out of a fleur-de-lis or, a dragon's head gules"]. +A rose when "slipped" theoretically has only a stalk added, but in practice +it will always have at least one leaf added to the slip, and a rose +"slipped and leaved" would {270} have a leaf on either side. A rose +"stalked and leaved" is not so limited, and will usually be found with a +slightly longer stalk and several leaves; but these technical refinements +of blazon, which are really unnecessary, are not greatly observed or taken +into account. The arms of the Burgh of Montrose afford an example of a +single rose as the only charge, although other instances will be met with +in the arms of Boscawen, Viscount Falmouth ["Ermine, a rose gules, barbed +and seeded proper"], and of Nightingale, Bart. ["Per pale ermine and gules, +a rose counterchanged"]. + +Amongst the scores of English arms in which the rose figures, it will be +found in the original heraldic form in the case of the arms of Southampton +(Plate VII.); and either stalked or slipped in the arms of Brodribb and +White-Thomson. A curious instance of the use of the rose will be found in +the crest of Bewley, and the "cultivated" rose was depicted in the +emblazonment of the crest of Inverarity, which is a rose-bush proper. + +[Illustration: FIG. 493.--Thistle.] + +Heraldry, with its roses, has accomplished what horticulture has not. There +is an old legend that when Henry VII. succeeded to the English throne some +enterprising individual produced a natural parti-coloured rose which +answered to the conjoined heraldic rose of gules and argent. Our roses "or" +may really find their natural counterpart in the primrose, but the arms of +Rochefort ["Quarterly or and azure, four roses counterchanged"] give us the +_blue_ rose, the arms of Berendon ["Argent, three roses sable"] give us the +_black_ rose, and the coat of Smallshaw ["Argent, a rose vert, between +three shakeforks sable"] is the long-desired _green_ rose. + +_The Thistle_ (Fig. 493) ranks next to the rose in British heraldic +importance. Like the rose, the reason of its assumption as a national badge +remains largely a matter of mystery, though it is of nothing like so +ancient an origin. Of course one knows the time-honoured and wholly +impossible legend that its adoption as a national symbol dates from the +battle of Largs, when one of the Danish invaders gave away an attempted +surprise by his cry of agony caused by stepping barefooted upon a thistle. + +The fact, however, remains that its earliest appearance is on the silver +coinage of 1474, in the reign of James III., but during that reign there +can be no doubt that it was accepted either as a national badge or else as +the personal badge of the sovereign. The period in question was that in +which badges were so largely used, and it is not unlikely that, desiring to +vie with his brother of England, and fired by the {271} example of the +broom badge and the rose badge, the Scottish king, remembering the ancient +legend, chose the thistle as his own badge. In 1540, when the thistle had +become recognised as one of the national emblems of the kingdom, the +foundation of the Order of the Thistle stereotyped the fact for all future +time. The conventional heraldic representation of the thistle is as it +appears upon the star of that Order, that is, the flowered head upon a +short stalk with a leaf on either side. Though sometimes represented of +gold, it is nearly always proper. It has frequently been granted as an +augmentation, though in such a meaning it will usually be found crowned. +The coat of augmentation carried in the first quarter of his arms by Lord +Torphichen is: "Argent, a thistle vert, flowered gules (really a thistle +proper), on a chief azure an imperial crown or." "Sable, a thistle +(possibly really a teasel) or, between three pheons argent" is the coat of +Teesdale, and "Gules, three thistles or" is attributed in Papworth to +Hawkey. A curious use of the thistle occurs in the arms of the National +Bank of Scotland (granted 1826), which are: "Or, the image of St. Andrew +with vesture vert, and surcoat purpure, bearing before him the cross of his +martyrdom argent, all resting on a base of the second, in the dexter flank +a garb gules, in the sinister a ship in full sail sable, _the shield +surrounded with two thistles proper disposed in orle_." + +_The Lily_ in its natural form sometimes occurs, though of course it +generally figures as the fleur-de-lis, which will presently be considered. +The natural lily will be found in the arms of Aberdeen University, of +Dundee, and in the crests of various families of the name of Chadwick. It +also occurs in the arms of the College of St. Mary the Virgin, at Eton +["Sable, three lilies argent, on a chief per pale azure and gules a +fleur-de-lis on the dexter side, and a lion passant guardant or on the +sinister"]. Here they doubtless typify the Virgin, to whom they have +reference; as also in the case of Marylebone (Fig. 252). + +The arms of Lilly, of Stoke Prior, are: "Gules, three lilies slipped +argent;" and the arms of J. E. Lilley, Esq., of Harrow, are: "Azure, on a +pile between two fleurs-de-lis argent, a lily of the valley eradicated +proper. Crest: on a wreath of the colours, a cubit arm erect proper, +charged with a fleur-de-lis argent and holding in the hand two lilies of +the valley, leaved and slipped in saltire, also proper." + +_Columbine Flowers_ occur in the arms of Cadman, and _Gillyflowers_ in the +arms of Livingstone. _Fraises_--really the flowers of the +strawberry-plant--occur, as has been already mentioned, in the arms of +Fraser, and _Narcissus Flowers_ in the arms of Lambeth. "Gules, three poppy +bolles on their stalks in fess or" are the arms of Boller. + +_The Lotus-Flower_, which is now very generally becoming the recognised +emblem of India, is constantly met with in the arms granted to {272} those +who have won fortune or reputation in that country. Instances in which it +occurs are the arms of Sir Roper Lethbridge, K.C.I.E., Sir Thomas Seccombe, +G.C.I.E., and the University of Madras. + +The _Sylphium-Plant_ occurs in the arms of General Sir Henry Augustus +Smyth, K.C.M.G., which are: Vert, a chevron erminois, charged with a +chevron gules, between three Saracens' heads habited in profile couped at +the neck proper, and for augmentation a chief argent, thereon a mount vert +inscribed with the Greek letters K Y P A gold and issuant therefrom a +representation of the plant Silphium proper. Crests: 1. (of augmentation) +on a wreath of the colours, a mount vert inscribed with the aforesaid Greek +letters and issuant therefrom the Silphium as in the arms; 2. on a wreath +of the colours, an anchor fesswise sable, thereon an ostrich erminois +holding in the beak a horse-shoe or. Motto: "Vincere est vivere." + +The arms granted to Sir Richard Quain were: "Argent, a chevron engrailed +azure, in chief two fers-de-moline gules, and issuant from the base a rock +covered with daisies proper." + +[Illustration: FIG. 494.--Fleur-de-lis.] + +_Primroses_ occur (as was only to be expected) in the arms of the Earl of +Rosebery ["Vert, three primroses within a double tressure flory +counterflory or"]. + +_The Sunflower_ or _Marigold_ occurs in the crest of Buchan ["A sunflower +in full bloom towards the sun in the dexter chief"], and also in the arms +granted in 1614 to Florio. Here, however, the flower is termed a +heliotrope. The arms in question are: "Azure, a heliotrope or, issuing from +a stalk sprouting from two leaves vert, in chief the sun in splendour +proper." + +_Tulips_ occur in the arms of Raphael, and the _Cornflower_ or _Bluebottle_ +in the arms of Chorley of Chorley, Lancs. ["Argent, a chevron gules between +three bluebottles slipped proper"], and also in the more modern arms of +that town. + +_Saffron-Flowers_ are a charge upon the arms of Player of Nottingham. The +arms granted to Sir Edgar Boehm, Bart., were: "Azure, in the sinister +canton a sun issuant therefrom eleven rays, over all a clover-plant +eradicated proper." + +_The Fleur-de-Lis._--Few figures have puzzled the antiquary so much as the +fleur-de-lis. Countless origins have been suggested for it; we have even +lately had the height of absurdity urged in a suggested phallic origin, +which only rivals in ridiculousness the long since exploded legend that the +fleurs-de-lis in the arms of France were a {273} corrupted form of an +earlier coat, "Azure, three toads or," the reputed coat of arms of +Pharamond! + +To France and the arms of France one must turn for the origin of the +heraldic use of the fleur-de-lis. To begin with, the form of the +fleur-de-lis as a mere presumably meaningless form of decoration is found +long before the days of armory, in fact from the earliest period of +decoration. It is such an essentially natural development of decoration +that it may be accepted as such without any attempt to give it a meaning or +any symbolism. Its earliest heraldic appearances as the finial of a sceptre +or the decoration of a coronet need not have had any symbolical character. + +We then find the "lily" accepted as having some symbolical reference to +France, and it should be remembered that the iris was known by the name of +a lily until comparatively modern times. + +It is curious--though possibly in this case it may be only a +coincidence--that, on a coin of the Emperor Hadrian, Gaul is typified by a +female figure holding in the hand a lily, the legend being, "Restutori +Galliæ." The fleur-de-lis as the finial of a sceptre and as an ornament of +a crown can be taken back to the fifth century. Fleurs-de-lis upon crowns +and coronets in France are at least as old as the reign of King Robert (son +of Hugh Capet) whose seal represents him crowned in this manner. + +We have, moreover, the ancient legendary tradition that at the baptism of +Clovis, King of the Franks, the Virgin (whose emblem the lily has always +been) sent a lily by an angel as a mark of her special favour. It is +difficult to determine the exact date at which this tradition was invented, +but its accepted character may be judged from the fact that it was solemnly +advanced by the French bishops at the Council of Trent in a dispute as to +the precedence of their sovereign. The old legend as to Clovis would +naturally identify the flower with him, and it should be noted that the +names Clovis, Lois, Loys, and Louis are identical. "Loys" was the signature +of the kings of France until the time of Louis XIII. It is worth the +passing conjecture that what are sometimes termed "Cleves lilies" may be a +corrupted form of Clovis lilies. There can be little doubt that the term +"fleur-de-lis" is quite as likely to be a corruption of "fleur-de-lois" as +flower of the lily. The chief point is that the desire was to represent a +_flower_ in allusion to the old legend, without perhaps any very definite +certainty of the flower intended to be represented. Philip I. on his seal +(A.D. 1060) holds a short staff terminating in a fleur-de-lis. The same +object occurs in the great seal of Louis VII. In the seal of his wife, +Queen Constance, we find her represented as holding in either hand a +similar object, though in these last cases it is by no means certain that +the objects are not attempts to represent the natural flower. A signet +{274} of Louis VII. bears a single fleur-de-lis "florencée" (or flowered), +and in his reign the heraldic fleur-de-lis undoubtedly became stereotyped +as a symbolical device, for we find that when in the lifetime of Louis VII. +his son Philip was crowned, the king prescribed that the prince should wear +"ses chausses appelées sandales ou bottines de soye, couleur bleu azuré +sémée en moult endroits de fleurs-de-lys or, puis aussi sa dalmatique de +même couleur et oeuvre." On the oval counter-seal of Philip II. (d. 1223) +appears a heraldic fleur-de-lis. His great seal, as also that of Louis +VIII., shows a seated figure crowned with an open crown of "fleurons," and +holding in his right hand a flower, and in his left a sceptre surmounted by +a heraldic fleur-de-lis enclosed within a lozenge-shaped frame. On the seal +of Louis VIII. the conjunction of the essentially heraldic fleur-de-lis +(within the lozenge-shaped head of the sceptre), and the more natural +flower held in the hand, should leave little if any doubt of the intention +to represent flowers in the French fleurs-de-lis. The figure held in the +hand represents a flower of five petals. The upper pair turned inwards to +touch the centre one, and the lower pair curved downwards, leave the figure +with a marked resemblance both to the iris and to the conventional +fleur-de-lis. The counter-seal of Louis VIII. shows a Norman-shaped shield +semé of fleurs-de-lis of the conventional heraldic pattern. By then, of +course, "Azure, semé-de-lis or" had become the fixed and determined arms of +France. By an edict dated 1376, Charles V. reduced the number of +fleurs-de-lis in his shield to three: "Pour symboliser la Sainte-Trinite." + +The claim of Edward III. to the throne of France was made on the death of +Charles IV. of France in 1328, but the decision being against him, he +apparently acquiesced, and did homage to Philip of Valois (Philip VI.) for +Guienne. Philip, however, lent assistance to David II. of Scotland against +King Edward, who immediately renewed his claim to France, assumed the arms +and the title of king of that country, and prepared for war. He commenced +hostilities in 1339, and upon his new Great Seal (made in the early part of +1340) we find his arms represented upon shield, surcoat, and housings as: +"Quarterly, 1 and 4, azure, semé-de-lis or (for France); 2 and 3, gules, +three lions passant guardant in pale or (for England)." The Royal Arms thus +remained until 1411, when upon the second Great Seal of Henry IV. the +fleurs-de-lis in England (as in France) were reduced to three in number, +and so remained as part of the Royal Arms of this country until the latter +part of the reign of George III. + +Fleurs-de-lis (probably intended as badges only) had figured upon all the +Great Seals of Edward III. On the first seal (which with slight alterations +had also served for both Edward I. and II.), a small {275} fleur-de-lis +appears over each of the castles which had previously figured on either +side of the throne. In the second Great Seal, fleurs-de-lis took the places +of the castles. + +The similarity of the Montgomery arms to the Royal Arms of France has led +to all kinds of wild genealogical conjectures, but at a time when the arms +of France were hardly determinate, the seal of John de Mundegumbri is met +with, bearing a single fleur-de-lis, the original from which the arms of +Montgomery were developed. Letters of nobility and the name of Du Lis were +granted by Charles VII. in December 1429 to the brothers of Joan of Arc, +and the following arms were then assigned to them: "Azure, a sword in pale +proper, hilted and supporting on its point an open crown or, between two +fleurs-de-lis of the last." + +The fleur-de-lis "florencée," or the "fleur-de-lis flowered," as it is +termed in England, is officially considered a distinct charge from the +simple fleur-de-lis. Eve employs the term "seeded," and remarks of it: +"This being one of the numerous instances of pedantic, because unnecessary +distinction, which showed marks of decadence; for both forms occur at the +same period, and adorn the same object, evidently with the same intention." +The difference between these forms really is that the fleur-de-lis is +"seeded" when a stalk having seeds at the end issues in the upper +interstices. In a fleur-de-lis "florencée," the natural flower of a lily +issues instead of the seeded stalk. This figure formed the arms of the city +of Florence. + +Fleurs-de-lis, like all other Royal emblems, are frequently to be met with +in the arms of towns, _e.g._ in the arms of Lancaster, Maryborough, +Wakefield, and Great Torrington. The arms of Wareham afford an instance of +fleurs-de-lis reversed, and the Corporate Seals of Liskeard and Tamworth +merit reproduction, did space permit, from the designs of the fleurs-de-lis +which there appear. One cannot leave the fleur-de-lis without referring to +one curious development of it, viz. the leopard's face jessant-de-lis (Fig. +332), a curious charge which undoubtedly originated in the arms of the +family of Cantelupe. This charge is not uncommon, though by no means so +usual as the leopard's face. Planché considers that it was originally +derived from the fleur-de-lis, the circular boss which in early +representations so often figures as the centre of the fleur-de-lis, being +merely _decorated_ with the leopard's face. One can follow Planché a bit +further by imagining that this face need not necessarily be that of a +leopard, for at a certain period all decorative art was crowded with +grotesque masks whenever opportunity offered. The leopard's face +jessant-de-lis is now represented as a leopard's face with the lower part +of a fleur-de-lis issuing from the mouth, and the upper part rising from +behind the head. Instances of {276} this charge occur as early as the +thirteenth century as the arms of the Cantelupe family, and Thomas de +Cantelupe having been Bishop of Hereford 1275 to 1282, the arms of that See +have since been three leopards' faces jessant-de-lis, the distinction being +that in the arms of the See of Hereford the leopards' faces are reversed. + +The origin may perhaps make itself apparent when we remember that the +earliest form of the name was Cantelowe. Is it not probable that "lions'" +faces (_i.e._ head _de leo_) may have been suggested by the name? Possibly, +however, wolf-heads may have been meant, suggested by _lupus_, or by the +same analogy which gives us wolf-heads or wolves upon the arms of Low and +Lowe. + +[Illustration: FIG. 495.--Pomegranate.] + +Fruit--the remaining division of those charges which can be classed as +belonging to the vegetable kingdom--must of necessity be but briefly dealt +with. + +_Grapes_ perhaps cannot be easily distinguished from vines (to which refer, +page 264), but the arms of Bradway of Potscliff, co. Gloucester ["Argent, a +chevron gules between three bunches of grapes proper"] and of Viscountess +Beaconsfield, the daughter of Captain John Viney Evans ["Argent, a bunch of +grapes stalked and leaved proper, between two flaunches sable, each charged +with a boar's head argent"] are instances in point. + +_Apples_ occur in the arms of Robert Applegarth (Edward III. Roll) +["Argent, three apples slipped gules"] and "Or, a chevron between three +apples gules" is the coat of a family named Southbey. + +_Pears_ occur in the arms of Allcroft, of Stokesay Castle, Perrins, Perry, +Perryman, and Pirie. + +_Oranges_ are but seldom met with in British heraldry, but an instance +occurs in the arms of Lord Polwarth, who bears over the Hepburn quarterings +an inescutcheon azure, an orange slipped and surmounted by an imperial +crown all proper. This was an augmentation conferred by King William III., +and a very similar augmentation (in the 1st and 4th quarters, azure, three +oranges slipped proper within an orle of thistles or) was granted to +Livingstone, Viscount Teviot. + +_The Pomegranate_ (Fig. 495), which dimidiated with a rose was one of the +badges of Queen Mary, is not infrequently met with. + +_The Pineapple_ in heraldry is nearly always the fir-cone. In the arms of +Perring, Bart. ["Argent, on a chevron engrailed sable between three +pineapples (fir-cones) pendent vert, as many leopards' faces of the first. +Crest: on a mount a pineapple (fir-cone) vert"], and in the crest of +Parkyns, Bart. ["Out of a ducal coronet or, a pineapple {277} proper"], and +also in the arms of Pyne ["Gules, a chevron ermine between three pineapples +or"] and Parkin-Moore, the fruit is the fir or pine cone. Latterly the +likelihood of confusion has led to the general use of the term "pine-cone" +in such cases, but the ancient description was certainly "pineapple." The +arms of John Apperley, as given in the Edward III. Roll, are: "Argent, a +chevron gules between three pineapples (fir-cones) vert, slipped or." + +The real pineapple of the present day does, however, occur, _e.g._ in the +arms of Benson, of Lutwyche, Shropshire ["Argent, on waves of the sea, an +old English galley all proper, on a chief wavy azure a hand couped at the +wrist, supporting on a dagger the scales of Justice between two pineapples +erect or, leaved vert. Mantling azure and argent. Crest: upon a wreath of +the colours, a horse caparisoned, passant, proper, on the breast a shield +argent, charged with a pineapple proper. Motto: 'Leges arma tenent +sanctas'"]. + +[Illustration: FIG. 496.--Acorn slipped and leaved.] + +_Bean-Pods_ occur in the arms of Rise of Trewardreva, co. Cornwall +["Argent, a chevron gules between three bean-pods vert"], and Papworth +mentions in the arms of Messarney an instance of cherries ["Or, a chevron +per pale gules and vert between three cherries of the second slipped of the +third"]. Elsewhere, however, the charges on the shield of this family are +termed apples. Strawberries occur in the arms and crest of Hollist, and the +arms of Duffield are: "Sable, a chevron between three cloves or." The arms +of the Grocers' Livery Company, granted in 1531-1532, are: "Argent, a +chevron gules between nine cloves, three, three and three." The arms of +Garwynton are stated to be: "Sable, a chevron between three heads of +garlick pendent argent," but another version gives the charges as +pomegranates. "Azure, a chevron between three gourds pendent, slipped or" +is a coat attributed to Stukele, but here again there is uncertainty, as +the charges are sometimes quoted as pears. The arms of Bonefeld are: +"Azure, a chevron between three quinces or." The arms of Alderberry are +naturally: "Argent, three branches of alder-berries proper." The arms of +Haseley of Suffolk are: "Argent, a fess gules, between three hazel-nuts or, +stalks and leaves vert." Papworth also mentions the arms of Tarsell, viz.: +"Or, a chevron sable, between three hazel-nuts erect, slipped gules." It +would, however, seem more probable that these charges are really teazles. + +The fruit of the oak--the _Acorn_ (Fig. 496)--has already been incidentally +referred to, but other instances occur in the arms of Baldwin, Stable, and +Huth. {278} + +Wheat and other grain is constantly met with in British armory. The arms of +Bigland ["Azure, two ears of big wheat erect in fess and bladed or"] and of +Cheape are examples, and others occur in the arms of Layland-Barratt, +Cross, and Rye ["Gules, on a bend argent, between two ears of rye, stalked, +leaved, and slipped or, three crosses cramponné sable"]. + +[Illustration: FIG. 497.--Garb.] + +_Garbs_, as they are invariably termed heraldically, are sheaves, and are +of very frequent occurrence. The earliest appearance of the garb (Fig. 497) +in English heraldry is on the seal of Ranulph, Earl of Chester, who died in +1232. Garbs therefrom became identified with the Earldom of Chester, and +subsequently "Azure, three garbs or" became and still remain the +territorial or possibly the sovereign coat of that earldom. Garbs naturally +figure, therefore, in the arms of many families who originally held land by +feudal tenure under the Earls of Chester, e.g. the families of Cholmondeley +["Gules, in chief two helmets in profile argent, and in base a garb vert"] +and Kevilioc ["Azure, six garbs, three, two, and one or"]. Grosvenor +["Azure, a garb or"] is usually quoted as another example, and possibly +correctly, but a very interesting origin has been suggested by Mr. W. G. +Taunton in his work "The Tauntons of Oxford, by One of Them":-- + +"I merely wish to make a few remarks of my own that seem to have escaped +other writers on genealogical matters. + +"In the first place, Sir Gilbert le Grosvenor, who is stated to have come +over with William of Normandy at the Conquest, is described as nephew to +Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester; but Hugh Lupus was himself nephew to King +William. Now, William could not have been very old when he overthrew Harold +at Hastings. It seems, therefore, rather improbable that Sir Gilbert le +Grosvenor, who was his nephew's nephew, could actually have fought with him +at Hastings, especially when William lived to reign for twenty-one years +after, and was not very old when he died. + +"The name Grosvenor does not occur in any of the versions of the Roll of +Battle Abbey. Not that any of these versions of this celebrated Roll are +considered authentic by modern critics, who say that many names were +subsequently added by the monks to please ambitious parvenus. The name +Venour is on the Roll, however, and it is just possible that this Venour +was the Grosvenor of our quest. The addition of 'Gros' would then be +subsequent to his fattening on the spoils of the Saxon and cultivating a +corporation. 'Venour' means hunter, and {279} 'Gros' means fat. Gilbert's +uncle, Hugh Lupus, was, we know, a fat man; in fact, he was nicknamed 'Hugh +the Fat.' The Grosvenors of that period probably inherited obesity from +their relative, Hugh Lupus, therefore, and the fable that they were called +Grosvenor on account of their office of 'Great Huntsman' to the Dukes of +Normandy is not to be relied on. + +"We are further on told by the old family historians that when Sir Robert +Grosvenor lost the day in that ever-memorable controversy with Sir Richard +le Scrope, Baron of Bolton, concerning the coat of arms--'Azure, a bend +or'--borne by both families, Sir Robert Grosvenor took for his arms one of +the garbs of his kinsman, the Earl of Chester. + +"It did not seem to occur to these worthies that the Earl of Chester, who +was their ancestor's uncle, never bore the garbs in his arms, but a wolf's +head. + +"It is true that one or two subsequent Earls of Chester bore garbs, but +these Earls were far too distantly connected with the Grosvenors to render +it likely that the latter would borrow their new arms from this source. + +"It is curious that there should have been in this same county of Chester a +family of almost identical name also bearing a garb in their arms, though +their garb was surrounded by three bezants. + +"The name of this family was Grasvenor, or Gravenor, and, moreover, the +tinctures of their arms were identical with those of Grosvenor. It is far +more likely, therefore, that the coat assumed by Sir Robert after the +adverse decision of the Court of Chivalry was taken from that of Grasvenor, +or Gravenor, and that the two families were known at that time to be of +common origin, although their connection with each other has subsequently +been lost. + +"In French both _gros_ and _gras_ mean fat, and we have both forms in +Grosvenor and Grasvenor. + +"A chief huntsman to Royalty would have been Grandvenor, not Grosvenor or +Grasvenor. + +"All these criticisms of mine, however, only affect the origin of the arms, +and not the ancient and almost Royal descent of this illustrious race. Hugh +Lupus, Earl of Chester, was a son of the Duke of Brittany, as is plainly +stated in his epitaph. + +"This connection of uncle and nephew, then, between 'Hugh the Fat' and +Gilbert Grosvenor implies a maternal descent from the Dukes of Brittany for +the first ancestor of the Grosvenor family. + +"In virtue of their descent from an heiress of the house of Grosvenor, it +is only necessary to add the Tauntons of Oxford are Grosvenors, +heraldically speaking, and that quartering so many ancient coats through +{280} the Tanners and the Grosvenors with our brand-new grant is like +putting old wine into new bottles. + +"Hugh Lupus left no son to succeed him, and the subsequent descent of the +Earldom of Chester was somewhat erratic. So I think there is some point in +my arguments regarding the coat assumed by Sir Robert Grosvenor of Hulme." + +Though a garb, unless quoted otherwise, is presumed to be a sheaf of wheat, +the term is not so confined. The garbs in the arms of Comyn, which figure +as a quartering in so many Scottish coats, are really of cummin, as +presumably are the garbs in the arms of Cummins. When a garb is "banded" of +a different colour this should be stated, and Elvin states that it may be +"eared" of a different colour, though I confess I am aware of no such +instance. + +"Argent, two bundles of reeds in fess vert," is the coat of Janssen of +Wimbledon, Surrey (Bart., extinct), and a bundle of rods occurs in the arms +of Evans, and the crest of Harris, though in this latter case it is termed +a faggot. + +_Reeds_ also occur in the crest of Reade, and the crest of Middlemore ["On +a wreath of colours, a moorcock amidst grass and reeds proper"] furnishes +another example. + +_Bulrushes_ occur in the crest of Billiat, and in the arms of Scott +["Argent, on a mount of bulrushes in base proper, a bull passant sable, a +chief pean, billetté or"]. + +_Grass_ is naturally presumed on the mounts vert which are so constantly +met with, but more definite instances can be found in the arms of Sykes, +Hulley, and Hill. {281} + + + +CHAPTER XIX + +INANIMATE OBJECTS + +In dealing with those charges which may be classed under the above +description one can safely say that there is scarcely an object under the +sun which has not at some time or other been introduced into a coat of arms +or crest. One cannot usefully make a book on armory assume the character of +a general encyclopædia of useful knowledge, and reference will only be made +in this chapter to a limited number, including those which from frequent +usage have obtained a recognised heraldic character. Mention may, at the +outset, be made of certain letters of the _alphabet_. Instances of these +are scarcely common, but the family of Kekitmore may be adduced as bearing +"Gules, three S's or," while Bridlington Priory had for arms: "Per pale, +sable and argent, three B's counterchanged." The arms of Rashleigh are: +"Sable, a cross or, between in the first quarter a Cornish chough argent, +beaked and legged gules; in the second a text T; in the third and fourth a +crescent all argent." Corporate arms (in England) afford an instance of +alphabetical letters in the case of the B's on the shield of Bermondsey. + +[Illustration: FIG. 498.--Anchor.] + +_The Anchor_ (Fig. 498).--This charge figures very largely in English +armory, as may, perhaps, be looked for when it is remembered that maritime +devices occur more frequently in sea-board lands than in continents. The +arms of the town of Musselburgh are: "Azure, three anchors in pale, one in +the chief and two in the flanks or, accompanied with as many mussels, one +in the dexter and one in the sinister chief points, and the third in base +proper." The Comtes de St. Cricq, with "Argent, two anchors in saltire +sable, on a chief three mullets or," will be an instance in point as to +France. + +_Anvils._--These are occasionally met with, as in the case of the arms of a +family of the name of Walker, who bear: "Argent, on a chevron gules, +between two anvils in chief and an anchor in base sable, a bee between two +crescents or. Mantling gules and argent. {282} Crest: upon a wreath of the +colours, on a mount within a wreathed serpent a dove all statant proper." + +Arches, castles, towers, and turrets may be exemplified, amongst others, by +the following. + +Instances of _Castles_ and _Towers_ will be found in the arms of Carlyon +and Kelly, and of the former fractured castles will be found in the shield +of Willoughby quartered by Bertie; while an example of a quadrangular +castle may be seen in the arms of Rawson. The difference between a Castle +(Fig. 499) and a Tower (Fig. 500) should be carefully noticed, and though +it is a distinction but little observed in ancient days it is now always +adhered to. When either castle or tower is surmounted by smaller towers (as +Fig. 501) it is termed "triple-towered." + +[Illustration: FIG. 499.--Castle.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 500.--Tower.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 501.--Tower triple-towered.] + +An instance of a _Fortification_ as a charge occurs in the shield of +Sconce: "Azure, a fortification (sconce) argent, masoned sable, in the +dexter chief point a mullet of six points of the second." + +_Gabions_ were hampers filled with earth, and were used in the construction +of fortifications and earthworks. They are of occasional occurrence in +English armory at any rate, and may be seen in the shields of Christie and +of Goodfellow. + +The arms of Banks supply an instance of _Arches_. Mention may here perhaps +be made of William Arches, who bore at the siege of Rouen: "Gules, three +double arches argent." The family of Lethbridge bear a bridge, and this +charge figures in a number of other coats. + +_An Abbey_ occurs in the arms of Maitland of Dundrennan ["Argent, the ruins +of an old abbey on a piece of ground all proper"], and a monastery in that +of McLarty ["Azure, the front of an ancient monastery argent"]. A somewhat +isolated instance of a _Temple_ occurs in the shield of Templer. + +A curious canting grant of arms may be seen in that to the town of Eccles, +in which the charge is an _Ecclesiastical Building_, and similar {283} +though somewhat unusual charges figure also in the quartering for Chappel +["Per chevron or and azure, in chief a mullet of six points between two +crosses patée of the last, and in base the front elevation of a chapel +argent"], borne by Brown-Westhead. + +_Arrows_ are very frequently found, and the arms of Hales supply one of the +many examples of this charge, while a bow--without the arrows--may be +instanced in the shield of Bowes: "Ermine, three bows bent and stringed +palewise in fess proper." + +_Arrow-Heads_ and _Pheons_ are of common usage, and occur in the arms of +Foster and many other families. Pheons, it may be noticed in passing, are +arrow-heads with an inner engrailed edge (Fig. 502), while when depicted +without this peculiarity they are termed "broad arrows" (Fig. 503). This is +not a distinction very stringently adhered to. + +Charges associated with warfare and military defences are frequently to be +found both in English and foreign heraldry. + +[Illustration: FIG. 502.--Pheon.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 503.--Broad arrow.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 504.--Battle-axe.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 505.--Caltrap.] + +_Battle-Axes_ (Fig. 504), for example, may be seen in the shield of Firth +and in that of Renty in Artois, which has: "Argent, three doloires, or +broad-axes, gules, those in chief addorsed." In blazoning a battle-axe care +should be taken to specify the fact if the head is of a different colour, +as is frequently the case. + +The somewhat infrequent device of a _Battering-Ram_ is seen in the arms of +Bertie, who bore: "Argent, three battering-rams fesswise in pale proper, +armed and garnished azure." + +An instrument of military defence consisting of an iron frame of four +points, and called a _Caltrap_ (Fig. 505) or _Galtrap_ (and sometimes a +Cheval trap, from its use of impeding the approach of cavalry), is found in +the arms of Trappe ["Argent, three caltraps sable"], Gilstrap and other +families; while French armory supplies us with another example in {284} the +case of the family of Guetteville de Guénonville, who bore for arms: +"D'argent, semée de chausse-trapes de sable." Caltraps are also strewn upon +the compartment upon which the supporters to the arms of the Earl of Perth +are placed. + +As the well-known badge of the Royal House of Tudor, the _Portcullis_ (Fig. +506) is familiar to any one conversant with Henry VII.'s Chapel at +Westminster Abbey, but it also appears as a charge in the arms of the +family of Wingate ["Gules, a portcullis and a chief embattled or"], where +it forms an obvious pun on the earliest form of the name, viz. Windygate, +whilst it figures also as the crest of the Dukes of Beaufort ["A portcullis +or, nailed azure, chained of the first"]. The disposition of the chains is +a matter always left to the discretion of the artist. + +[Illustration: FIG. 506.--Portcullis.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 507.--Beacon.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 508.--Grenade.] + +Examples of _Beacons_ (Fig. 507) are furnished by the achievements of the +family of Compton and of the town of Wolverhampton. A _fire chest_ occurs +in the arms of Critchett (_vide_ p. 261). + +_Chains_ are singularly scarce in armory, and indeed nearly wholly absent +as _charges_, usually occurring where they do as part of the crest. The +English shield of Anderton, it is true, bears: "Sable, three chains +argent;" while another one (Duppa de Uphaugh) has: "Quarterly, 1 and 4, a +lion's paw couped in fess between two chains or, a chief nebuly of the +last, thereon two roses of the first, barbed and seeded proper (for Duppa); +2 and 3, party fess azure and sable, a trident fesswise or, between three +turbots argent (for Turbutt)." In Continental heraldry, however, chains are +more frequently met with. Principal amongst these cases maybe cited the +arms of Navarre ("Gules, a cross saltire and double orle of chains, linked +together or"), while many other instances are found in the armories of +Southern France and of Spain. + +_Bombs_ or _Grenades_ (Fig. 508), for Heraldry does not distinguish, figure +in the shields of Vavasseur, Jervoise, Boycott, and many other families. +{285} + +Among the more recent grants _Cannon_ have figured, as in the case of the +Pilter arms and in those of the burgh of Portobello; while an earlier +counterpart, in the form of a culverin, forms the charge of the Leigh +family: "Argent, a culverin in fess sable." + +[Illustration: FIG. 509.--Scaling ladder.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 510.--Lance or javelin.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 511.--Tilting-spear.] + +The _Column_ appears as a crest in the achievement of Coles. Between two +cross crosslets it occurs in the arms of Adam of Maryburgh ["Vert, a +Corinthian column with capital and base in pale proper, between two cross +crosslets fitchée in fess or"], while the arms of the See of Sodor and Man +are blazoned: "Argent, upon a pedestal the Virgin Mary with her arms +extended between two pillars, in the dexter hand a church proper, in base +the arms of Man in an escutcheon." Major, of Suffolk, bears: "Azure, three +Corinthian columns, each surmounted by a ball, two and one argent." It is +necessary to specify the kind of column in the blazon. + +[Illustration: FIG. 512.--Arms of William Shakespeare the poet (d. 1616): +Or, on a bend sable, a tilting-spear of the field.] + +_Scaling-Ladders_ (Fig. 509) (viz. ordinary-shaped ladders with grapnels +affixed to the tops) are to be seen in the English coats of D'Urban and +Lloyd, while the Veronese Princes della Scala bore the ordinary ladder: +"Gules, a ladder of four steps in pale argent." A further instance of this +form of the charge occurs in the Swiss shield of Laiterberg: "Argent, two +ladders in saltire gules." + +_Spears_ and _Spear-Heads_ are to be found in the arms of many families +both in England, Wales, and abroad; for example, in the arms of Amherst and +Edwards. Distinction must be drawn between the lance or javelin (Fig. 510) +and the heraldic tilting-spear (Fig. 511), particularly as the latter is +always depicted with the sharp point for warfare instead of the blunted +point which was actually used in the tournament. The Shakespeare arms (Fig. +512) are: "Or, on a bend sable a tilting-spear of the field," while "Azure, +a lance or enfiled {286} at its point by an annulet argent" represents the +French family of Danby. + +_Spurs_ (Fig. 513) occur in coat armour as such in the arms of Knight and +Harben, and also occasionally "winged" (Fig. 514), as in the crest of +Johnston. + +_Spur-Rowels_, or _Spur-Revels_, are to be met with under that name, but +they are, and are more often termed, "mullets of five points pierced." + +Examples of _Stirrups_ are but infrequent, and the best-known one (as +regards English armory) is that of Scudamore, while the Polish Counts +Brzostowski bore: "Gules, a stirrup argent, within a bordure or." + +[Illustration: FIG. 513.--Spur.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 514.--Winged spur.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 515.--Sword.] + +_Stones_ are even more rare, though a solitary example may be quoted in the +arms of Staniland: Per pale or and vert, a pale counterchanged, three +eagles displayed two and one, and as many flint-stones one and two all +proper. The "vigilance" of the crane has been already alluded to on page +247. The mention of stones brings one to the kindred subject of +_Catapults_. These engines of war, needless to say on a very much larger +scale than the object which is nowadays associated with the term, were also +known by the name _balistæ_, and also by that of _swepe_. Their occurrence +is very infrequent, but for that very reason one may, perhaps, draw +attention to the arms of the (English) family of Magnall: "Argent, a swepe +azure, charged with a stone or." + +_Swords_, differing in number, position, and kind are, perhaps, of this +class of charge the most numerous. A single sword as a charge may be seen +in the shield of Dick of Wicklow, and Macfie, and a sword entwined by a +serpent in that of Mackesy. A flaming sword occurs in the arms of Maddocks +and Lewis. Swords frequently figure, too, in the hands or paws of +supporters, accordingly as the latter are human figures or animals, whilst +they figure as the "supporters" themselves in the unique case of the French +family of Bastard, whose shield is cottised by "two swords, point in base." +The heraldic sword is represented as Fig. 515, the blade of the _dagger_ +{287} being shorter and more pointed. The _scymitar_ follows the form +depicted in Fig. 516. + +A _Seax_ is the term employed to denote a curved scimitar, or falchion, +having a notch at the back of the blade (Fig. 517). In heraldry the use of +this last is fairly frequent, though generally, it must be added, in +shields of arms of doubtful authority. As such they are to be seen, amongst +others, in the reputed arms of Middlesex, and owing to this origin they +were included in the grant of arms to the town of Ealing. The sabre and the +cutlass when so blazoned follow their utilitarian patterns. + +_Torches_ or _Firebrands_ are depicted in the arms and crest of Gillman and +Tyson. + +_Barnacles_ (or _Breys_)--horse curbs--occur in some of the earlier coats, +as in the arms of Wyatt ["Gules, a barnacle argent"], while another family +of the same name (or, possibly, Wyot) bore: "Per fess gules and azure (one +or) three barnacles argent". + +[Illustration: FIG. 516.--Scymitar.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 517.--Seax.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 518.--Church-bell.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 519.--Hawk's bell.] + +_Bells_ are well instanced in the shield of Porter, and the poet Wordsworth +bore: "Argent, three bells azure." It may be noted in passing that in +Continental armory the clapper is frequently of a different tincture to +that of the bell, as, for instance, "D'Azure, à la cloche d'argent, +butaillé [viz. with the clapper] de sable"--the arms of the Comtes de +Bellegarse. A bell is assumed to be a church-bell (Fig. 518) unless +blazoned as a hawk's bell (Fig. 519). + +_Bridle-Bits_ are of very infrequent use, though they may be seen in the +achievement of the family of Milner. + +The _Torse_ (or wreath surmounting the helm) occasionally figures as a +charge, for example, in the arms of Jocelyn and Joslin. + +_The Buckle_ is a charge which is of much more general use than some of the +foregoing. It appears very frequently both in English {288} and foreign +heraldry--sometimes oval-shaped (Fig. 520), circular (Fig. 521), or square +(Fig. 522), but more generally lozenge-shaped (Fig. 523), especially in the +case of Continental arms. A somewhat curious variation occurs in the arms +of the Prussian Counts Wallenrodt, which are: "Gules, a lozenge-shaped +buckle argent, the tongue broken in the middle." It is, of course, purely +an artistic detail in all these buckles whether the tongue is attached to a +crossbar, as in Figs. 520 and 521, or not, as in Figs. 522 and 523. As a +badge the buckle is used by the Pelhams, Earls of Chichester and Earls of +Yarborough, and a lozenge-shaped arming buckle is the badge of Jerningham. + +_Cups_ (covered) appear in the Butler arms, and derived therefrom in the +arms of the town of Warrington. Laurie, of Maxwelltown, bear: "Sable, a cup +argent, issuing therefrom a garland between two laurel-branches all +proper," and similar arms are registered in Ireland for Lowry. The Veronese +family of Bicchieri bear: "Argent, a fess gules between three +drinking-glasses half-filled with red wine proper." An uncovered cup occurs +in the arms of Fox, derived by them from the crest of Croker, and another +instance occurs in the arms of a family of Smith. In this connection we may +note in passing the rare use of the device of a _Vase_, which forms a +charge in the coat of the town of Burslem, whilst it is also to be met with +in the crest of the family of Doulton: "On a wreath of the colours, a +demi-lion sable, holding in the dexter paw a cross crosslet or, and resting +the sinister upon an escutcheon charged with a vase proper." The motto is +perhaps well worth recording; "Le beau est la splendeur de vrai." + +[Illustration: FIG. 520.--Oval buckle.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 521.--Circular buckle.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 522.--Square buckle.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 523.--Lozenge-shaped buckle.] + +The arms of both the city of Dundee and the University of Aberdeen afford +instances of a _Pot of Lilies_, and _Bowls_ occur in the arms of Bolding. + +PLATE V. + +[Illustration] + +{289} + +Though blazoned as a _Cauldron_, the device occurring in the crest of De la +Rue may be perhaps as fittingly described as an open bowl, and as such may +find a place in this classification: "Between two olive-branches vert a +cauldron gules, fired and issuant therefrom a snake nowed proper." The use +of a _Pitcher_ occurs in the arms of Bertrand de Monbocher, who bore at the +siege of Carlaverock: "Argent, three pitchers sable (sometimes found gules) +within a bordure sable bezanté;" and the arms of Standish are: "Sable, +three standing dishes argent." + +The somewhat singular charge of a _Chart_ appears in the arms of +Christopher, and also as the crest of a Scottish family of Cook. + +[Illustration: FIG. 524.--Chess-rook.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 525.--Crescent.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 526.--Increscent.] + +_Chess-Rooks_ (Fig. 524) are somewhat favourite heraldic devices, and are +to be met with in a shield of Smith and the arms of Rocke of Clungunford. + +The _Crescent_ (Fig. 525) figures largely in all armories, both as a charge +and (in English heraldry) as a difference. + +Variations, too, of the form of the crescent occur, such as when the horns +are turned to the dexter (Fig. 526), when it is termed "a crescent +increscent," or simply "an increscent," or when they are turned to the +sinister--when it is styled "decrescent" (Fig. 527). An instance of the +crescent "reversed" may be seen in the shield of the Austrian family of +Puckberg, whose blazon was: "Azure, three crescents, those in chief +addorsed, that in base reversed." In English "difference marks" the +crescent is used to denote the second son, but under this character it will +be discussed later. + +Independently of its use in conjunction with ecclesiastical armory, the +_Crosier_ (Fig. 528) is not widely used in ordinary achievements. It does +occur, however, as a principal charge, as in the arms of the Irish family +of Crozier and in the arms of Benoit (in Dauphiny) ["Gules, a pastoral +staff argent"], while it forms part of the crest of Alford. The term +"crosier" is synonymous with the pastoral or episcopal staff, and is +independent of the cross which is borne _before_ (and not _by_) {290} +Archbishops and Metropolitans. The use of pastoral staves as charges is +also to be seen in the shield of Were, while MacLaurin of Dreghorn bears: +"Argent, a shepherd's crook sable." The _Palmer's Staff_ (Fig. 529) has +been introduced into many coats of arms for families having the surname of +Palmer, as has also the palmer's wallet. + +[Illustration: FIG. 527.--Decrescent.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 528.--Crosier, or pastoral staff.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 529.--Palmer's staff.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 530.--Shuttle.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 531.--Woolpack.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 532.--Escarbuncle.] + +_Cushions_, somewhat strangely, form the charges in a number of British +shields, occurring, for example, in the arms of Brisbane, and on the shield +of the Johnstone family. In Scottish heraldry, indeed, cushions appear to +have been of very ancient (and general) use, and are frequently to be met +with. The Earls of Moray bore: "Argent, three cushions lozengewise within a +double tressure flory-counterflory gules," but an English example occurs in +the arms of Hutton. + +_The Distaff_, which is supposed to be the origin of the lozenge upon which +a lady bears her arms, is seldom seen in heraldry, but the family of Body, +for instance, bear one in chief, and three occur in the arms of a family of +Lees. + +_The Shuttle_ (Fig. 530) occurs in the arms of Shuttleworth, and in those +of the town of Leigh, while the shield of the borough of Pudsey affords an +illustration of shuttles in conjunction with a woolpack (Fig. 531). + +_The Escarbuncle_ (Fig. 532) is an instance of a charge having so developed +by the evolution of an integral part of the shield itself. In {291} ancient +warfare shields were sometimes strengthened by being bound with iron bands +radiating from the centre, and these bands, from the shape they assumed, +became in course of time a charge in themselves under the term escarbuncle. + +The crest of the Fanmakers' Company is: "A hand couped proper holding a +_fan_ displayed," while the chief charge in the arms is "... a fan +displayed ... the sticks gules." This, however, is the only case I can cite +of this object. + +The _Fasces_ (Fig. 533), emblematic of the Roman magisterial office, is +very frequently introduced in grants of arms to Mayors and Lord Mayors, +which no doubt accounts for its appearance in the arms of Durning-Lawrence, +Knill, Evans, and Spokes. + +[Illustration: FIG. 533.--Fasces.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 534.--Fetterlock.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 535.--Fleam.] + +An instance of _Fetterlocks_ (Fig. 534) occurs in the arms of Kirkwood, and +also in the coat of Lockhart and the crest of Wyndham. A chain is often +substituted for the bow of the lock. The modern padlock has been introduced +into the grant of arms to the town of Wolverhampton. + +_Keys_, the emblem of St. Peter, and, as such, part of the insignia of His +Holiness the Pope, occur in many ecclesiastical coats, the arms of the +Fishmongers' Livery Company, and many families. + +_Flames of Fire_ are not frequently met with, but they are to be found in +the arms of Baikie, and as crests they figure in the achievements of +Graham-Wigan, and also in conjunction with keys in that of Flavel. In +connection with certain other objects flames are common enough. The phoenix +always issues from flames, and a salamander is always in the midst of +flames (Fig. 437). The flaming sword, a device, by the way, included in the +recent grant to Sir George Lewis, Bart., has been already alluded to, as +has also the flaming brand. A notable example of the torch occurs in the +crest of Sir William Gull, Bart., no doubt an allusion (as is his +augmentation) to the skill by which he kept the torch of life burning in +the then Prince of Wales during his serious illness in 1871. A flaming +mountain occurs as the crest of several families of the name of Grant. +{292} + +A curious instrument now known nearly exclusively in connection with its +use by farriers, and termed a _Fleam_ (Fig. 535), occurs on the chief of +the shield of Moore. A fleam, however, is the ancient form and name of a +surgeon's lancet, and some connection with surgery may be presumed when it +occurs. It is one of the charges in the arms recently granted to Sir +Frederick Treves, Bart. + +_Furison._--This singular charge occurs in the shield of Black, and also in +that of Steel. Furisons were apparently the instruments by which fire was +struck from flint stones. + +[Illustration: FIG. 536.--Clarion.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 537.--Bugle-horn.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 538.--Bugle-horn stringed.] + +Charges in connection with music and musical instruments do not occur very +frequently, though the heraldic use of the _Clarion_ (Fig. 536) and the +_Harp_ may perhaps be mentioned. The bugle-horn (Fig. 537) also occurs +"stringed" (Fig. 538), and when the bands round it are of a different +colour it is termed "veruled" or "virolled" of that colour. + +_The Human Heart_, which should perhaps have been more correctly referred +to in an earlier chapter, is a charge which is well known in heraldry, both +English and foreign. Perhaps the best known examples of the heart ensigned +with a crown is seen in the shields of Douglas and Johnstone. The legend +which accounts for the appearance of this charge in the arms of Douglas is +too well known to need repetition. + +_Ingots of silver_ occur in the shield of the borough of St. Helens, whilst +the family of Woollan go one better by bearing ingots of gold. + +_A Maunch_ (Fig. 539), which is a well-known heraldic term for the sleeve, +is, as it is drawn, scarcely recognisable as such. Nevertheless its +evolution can be clearly traced. The maunch--which, of course, as a +heraldic charge, originated in the knightly "favour" of a lady's +sleeve--was borne from the earliest periods in different tinctures by the +three historic families of Conyers, Hastings, and Wharton. Other garments +have been used as heraldic charges; gloves in the arms of {293} Fletcher +and Barttelot; stockings in the arms of Hose; a boot in the crest of Hussy, +and a hat in the arms of Huth. Armour is frequently met with, a cuirass +appearing in the crest of Somers, helmets in the arms of Salvesen, Trayner, +Roberton, and many other families, gauntlets (Fig. 540), which need to be +specified as dexter or sinister, in the arms of Vane and the crest of +Burton, and a morion (Fig. 541) in the crest of Pixley. The Garter is, of +course, due to that Order of knighthood; and the Blue Mantle of the same +Order, besides giving his title to one of the Pursuivants of Arms, who uses +it as his badge, has also been used as a charge. + +_The Mill-rind_ or _Fer-de-moline_ is, of course, as its name implies, the +iron from the centre of a grindstone. It is depicted in varying forms, more +or less recognisable as the real thing (Fig. 542). + +_Mirrors_ occur almost exclusively in crests and in connection with +mermaids, who, as a general rule, are represented as holding one in the +dexter hand with a comb in the sinister. Very occasionally, however, +mirrors appear as charges, an example being that of the Counts Spiegel zum +Desenberg, who bore: "Gules, three round mirrors argent in square frames +or." + +[Illustration: FIG. 539.--Maunch.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 540.--Gauntlet.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 541.--Morion.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 542.--Mill-rind.] + +Symbols connected with the Sacred Passion--other than the cross itself--are +not of very general use in armory, though there are instances of the +_Passion-Nails_ being used, as, for example, in the shield of Procter viz.: +"Or, three passion-nails sable." + +_Pelts, or Hides_, occur in the shield of Pilter, and the Fleece has been +mentioned under the division of Rams and Sheep. + +_Plummets_ (or _Sinkers_ used by masons) form the charges in the arms of +Jennings. + +An instance of a _Pyramid_ is met with in the crest of Malcolm, Bart., and +an _Obelisk_ in that of the town of Todmorden. {294} + +The shield of Crookes affords an example of two devices of very rare +occurrence, viz. a _Prism_ and a _Radiometer_. + +Water, lakes, ships, &c., are constantly met with in armory, but a few +instances must suffice. The various methods of heraldically depicting water +have been already referred to (pages 88 and 151). + +_Three Wells_ figure in the arms of Hodsoll, and a masoned well in that of +Camberwell. The shields of Stourton and Mansergh supply instances of +heraldic _Fountains_, whilst the arms of Brunner and of Franco contain +Fountains of the ordinary kind. A _Tarn_, or _Loch_, occurs in the shield +of the family of Tarn, while Lord Loch bears: "Or, a saltire engrailed +sable, between in fess two swans in water proper, all within a bordure +vert." + +[Illustration: FIG. 543.--Lymphad, sail furled.] + +The use of _Ships_ may be instanced by the arms of many families, while a +_Galley_ or _Lymphad_ (Fig. 543) occurs in the arms of Campbell, Macdonald, +Galbraith, Macfie, and numerous other families, and also in the arms of the +town of Oban. Another instance of a coat of arms in which a galley appears +will be found in the arms recently granted to the burgh of Alloa, while the +towns of Wandsworth and Lerwick each afford instances of a _Dragon Ship_. +The _Prow of a Galley_ appears in the arms of Pitcher. + +[Illustration: FIG. 544.--Rainbow.] + +A modern form of ship in the shape of a _Yacht_ may be seen in the arms of +Ryde; while two Scottish families afford instances of the use of the _Ark_. +"Argent, an ark on the waters proper, surmounted of a dove azure, bearing +in her beak an olive-branch vert," are the arms borne by Gellie of +Blackford; and "Argent, an ark in the sea proper, in chief a dove azure, in +her beak a branch of olive of the second, within a bordure of the third" +are quoted as the arms of Primrose Gailliez of Chorleywood. Lastly, we may +note the appropriate use of a _Steamer_ in the arms of Barrow-in-Furness. +The curious figure of the lion dimidiated with the hulk of a ship which is +met with in the arms of several of the towns of the Cinque Ports has been +referred to on page 182. + +_Clouds_ form part of the arms of Leeson, which are: "Gules, a chief nebuly +argent, the rays of the sun issuing therefrom or." + +The _Rainbow_ (Fig. 544), though not in itself a distinctly modern charge, +for it occurs in the crest of Hope, has been of late very frequently +granted as part of a crest. Instances occur in the crest of {295} the +family of Pontifex, and again in that of Thurston, and of Wigan. Its use as +a part of a crest is to be deprecated, but in these days of complicated +armory it might very advantageously be introduced as a charge upon a +shield. + +An unusual device, the _Thunderbolt_, is the crest of Carnegy. The arms of +the German family of Donnersperg very appropriately are: "Sable, three +thunderbolts or issuing from a chief nebuly argent, in base a mount of +three coupeaux of the second." The arms of the town of Blackpool furnish an +instance of a thunderbolt in dangerous conjunction with windmill sails. + +[Illustration: FIG. 545.--Estoile.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 546.--Mullet (Scottish star).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 547.--Mullet pierced (Scottish spur-revel).] + +_Stars_, a very common charge, may be instanced as borne under that name by +the Scottish shield of Alston. There has, owing to their similarity, been +much confusion between _stars_, _estoiles_, _and mullets_. The difficulty +is increased by the fact that no very definite lines have ever been +followed officially. In England stars under that name are practically +unknown. When the rays are wavy the charge is termed an estoile, but when +they are straight the term mullet is used. That being so, these rules +follow: that the estoile is never pierced (and from the accepted method of +depicting the estoile this would hardly seem very feasible), and that +unless the number of points is specified there will be six (see Fig. 545). +Other numbers are quite permissible, but the number of points (more usually +in an estoile termed "rays") must be stated. The arm of Hobart, for +example, are: "Sable, an estoile of eight rays or, between two flaunches +ermine." An estoile of sixteen rays is used by the town of Ilchester, but +the arms are not of any authority. Everything with straight points being in +England a mullet, it naturally follows that the English practice permits a +mullet to be plain (Fig. 546) or pierced (Fig. 547). Mullets are +occasionally met with pierced of a colour other than the field they are +charged upon. According to the English practice, therefore, the mullet is +not represented as pierced unless it is expressly stated to be so. The +mullet both in England and {296} Scotland is of five points unless a +greater number are specified. But mullets pierced and unpierced of six +(Fig. 548) or eight points (Fig. 549) are frequent enough in English +armory. + +The Scottish practice differs, and it must be admitted that it is more +correct than the English, though, strange to say, more complicated. In +Scottish armory they have the estoile, the star, and the mullet or the +spur-revel. As to the estoile, of course, their practice is similar to the +English. But in Scotland a straight-pointed charge is a mullet if it be +pierced, and a star if it be not. As a mullet is really the "molette" or +rowel of a spur, it certainly could not exist as a fact unpierced. +Nevertheless it is by no means stringently adhered to in that country, and +they make confusion worse confounded by the frequent use of the additional +name of "spur-rowel," or "spur-revel" for the pierced mullet. The mullet +occurs in the arms of Vere, and was also the badge of that family. The part +this badge once played in history is well known. Had the De Veres worn +another badge on that fatal day the course of English history might have +been changed. + +[Illustration: FIG. 548.--Mullet of six points.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 549.--Mullet of eight points.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 550.--Sun in splendour.] + +The six-pointed mullet pierced occurs in the arms of De Clinton. + +The _Sun in Splendour_--(Fig. 550) always so blazoned--is never represented +without the surrounding rays, but the human face is not essential though +usual to its heraldic use. The rays are alternately straight and wavy, +indicative of the light and heat we derive therefrom, a typical piece of +genuine symbolism. It is a charge in the arms of Hurst, Pearson, and many +other families; and a demi-sun issuing in base occurs in the arms of Davies +(Plate VI.) and of Westworth. The coat of Warde-Aldam affords an example of +the _Rays_ of the sun alone. + +A Scottish coat, that of Baillie of Walstoun, has "Azure, the moon in her +complement, between nine mullets argent, three, two, three and one." The +term "in her complement" signifies that the moon is full, but with the moon +no rays are shown, in this of course differing from the sun in splendour. +The face is usually represented in the full moon, {297} and sometimes in +the crescent moon, but the crescent moon must not be confused with the +ordinary heraldic crescent. + +In concluding this class of charges, we may fitly do so by an allusion to +the shield of Sir William Herschel, with its appropriate though clumsy +device of a _Telescope_. + +As may be naturally expected, the insignia of sovereignty are of very +frequent occurrence in all armories, both English and foreign. Long before +the days of heraldry, some form of decoration for the head to indicate rank +and power had been in vogue amongst, it is hardly too much to say, all +nations on the earth. As in most things, Western nations have borrowed both +ideas, and added developments of those ideas, from the East, and in +traversing the range of armory, where crowns and coronets appear in modern +Western heraldry, we find a large proportion of these devices are +studiously and of purpose delineated as being _Eastern_. + +With crowns and coronets as symbols of rank I am not now, of course, +concerned, but only with those cases which may be cited as supplying +examples where the different kinds of crowns appear either as charges on +shields, or as forming parts of crests. + +Crowns, in heraldry, may be differentiated under the Royal or the Imperial, +the Eastern or antique, the Naval, and the Mural, which with the Crowns +Celestial, Vallery and Palisado are all known as charges. Modern grants of +crowns of Eastern character in connection with valuable service performed +in the East by the recipient may be instanced; _e.g._ by the Eastern Crown +in the grant to Sir Abraham Roberts, G.C.B., the father of Field-Marshal +Earl Roberts, K.G. + +In order of antiquity one may best perhaps at the outset allude to the arms +borne by the seaport towns of Boston, and of Kingston-on-Hull (or Hull, as +the town is usually called), inasmuch as a tradition has it that the three +crowns which figure on the shield of each of these towns originate from a +recognised device of merchantmen, who, travelling in and trading with the +East and likening themselves to the Magi, in their Bethlehem visit, adopted +these crowns as the device or badge of their business. The same remarks may +apply to the arms of Cologne: "Argent, on a chief gules, three crowns or." + +From this fact (if the tradition be one) to the adoption of the same device +by the towns to which these merchants traded is not a far step. + +One may notice in passing that, unlike what from the legend one would +expect, these crowns are not of Eastern design, but of a class wholly +connected with heraldry itself. The legend and device, however, are both +much older than these modern minutiæ of detail. + +The Archbishopric of York has the well-known coat: "Gules, two keys in +saltire argent, in chief a regal crown proper." {298} + +The reputed arms of St. Etheldreda, who was both Queen, and also Abbess of +Ely, find their perpetuation in the arms of that See, which are: "Gules, +three ducal (an early form of the Royal) crowns or;" while the +recently-created See of St. Alban's affords an example of a celestial +crown: "Azure, a saltire or, a sword in pale proper; in chief a celestial +crown of the second." The _Celestial Crown_ is to be observed in the arms +of the borough of Kensington and as a part of the crest of Dunbar. The See +of Bristol bears: "Sable, three open crowns in pale or." The Royal or +Imperial Crown occurs in the crest of Eye, while an _Imperial Crown_ occurs +in the crests of Robertson, Wolfe, and Lane. + +The family of Douglas affords an instance of a crown ensigning a human +heart. The arms of Toledo afford another case in point, being: "Azure, a +Royal crown or" (the cap being gules). + +_Antique Crowns_--as such--appear in the arms of Fraser and also in the +arms of Grant. + +The crest of the Marquess of Ripon supplies an unusual variation, inasmuch +as it issues from a coronet composed of fleurs-de-lis. + +The other chief emblem of sovereignty--_the Sceptre_--is occasionally met +with, as in the Whitgreave crest of augmentation. + +The Marquises of Mun bear the Imperial orb: "Azure, an orb argent, banded, +and surmounted by the cross or." The reason for the selection of this +particular charge in the grant of arms [Azure, on a fess or, a horse +courant gules, between three orbs gold, banded of the third] to Sir H. E. +Moss, of the Empire Theatre in Edinburgh and the London Hippodrome, will be +readily guessed. + +Under the classification of tools and implements the _Pick_ may be noted, +this being depicted in the arms of Mawdsley, Moseley, and Pigott, and a +pick and shovel in the arms of Hales. + +The arms of Crawshay supply an instance of a _Plough_--a charge which also +occurs in the arms of Waterlow and the crest of Provand, but is otherwise +of very infrequent occurrence. + +In English armory the use of _Scythes_, or, as they are sometimes termed, +_Sneds_, is but occasional, though, as was only to be expected, this device +appears in the Sneyd coat, as follows: "Argent, a scythe, the blade in +chief, the sned in bend sinister sable, in the fess point a fleur-de-lis of +the second." In Poland the Counts Jezierski bore: "Gules, two scythe-blades +in oval, the points crossing each other argent, and the ends in base tied +together or, the whole surmounted in chief by a cross-patriarchal-patée, of +which the lower arm on the sinister side is wanting." + +Two sickles appear in the arms of Shearer, while the Hungerford crest in +the case of the Holdich-Hungerford family is blazoned: {299} "Out of a +ducal coronet or, a pepper garb of the first between two sickles erect +proper." The sickle was the badge of the Hungerfords. + +A _Balance_ forms one of the charges of the Scottish Corporation of the +Dean and Faculty of Advocates: "Gules, a balance or, and a sword argent in +saltire, surmounted of an escutcheon of the second, charged with a lion +rampant within a double tressure flory counterflory of the first," but it +is a charge of infrequent appearance. It also figures in the arms of the +Institute of Chartered Accountants. + +[Illustration: FIG. 551.--Water-bouget.] + +Bannerman of Elsick bears a _Banner_ for arms: "Gules, a banner displayed +argent and thereon on a canton azure a saltire argent as the badge of +Scotland." + +[Illustration: FIG. 552.--Arms of Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, K.G.: +Quarterly, 1 and 4, argent, a cross engrailed gules, between four +water-bougets sable (for Bourchier); 2 and 3, gules, billetté or, a fess +argent (for Louvain). (From his seal.)] + +_Books_ are frequently made use of. The arms of Rylands, the family to +whose generosity Manchester owes the Rylands Library, afford a case in +point, and such charges occur in the arms of the Universities of both +Oxford and Cambridge, and in many other university and collegiate +achievements. + +_Buckets_ and _Water-bougets_ (Fig. 551) can claim a wide use. In English +armory Pemberton has three buckets, and water-bougets appear in the +well-known arms of Bourchier (Fig. 552). Water-bougets, which are really +the old form of water-bucket, were leather bags or bottles, two of which +were carried on a stick over the shoulder. The heraldic water-bouget +represents the pair. + +[Illustration: FIG. 553.--Escallop.] + +For an instance of the heraldic usage of the _Comb_ the case of the arms of +Ponsonby, Earls of Bessborough, may be cited. Combs also figure in the +delightfully punning Scottish coat for Rocheid. + +Generally, however, when they do occur in heraldry they represent combs for +carding wool, as in the shield of Tunstall: "Sable, three wool-combs +argent," while the Russian Counts Anrep-Elmpt use: "Or, a comb in bend +azure, the teeth downwards." + +_Escallops_ (Fig. 553) rank as one of the most widely used heraldic charges +in all countries. They figured in early days outside the limits of heraldry +as the badge of pilgrims going to the Holy Land, and may {300} be seen on +the shields of many families at the period of the Crusades. Many other +families have adopted them, in the hope of a similar interpretation being +applied to the appearance of them in their own arms. Indeed, so numerous +are the cases in which they occur that a few representative ones must +suffice. + +[Illustration: FIG. 554.--Arms of Hammersmith: Party per pale azure and +gules, on a chevron between two cross crosslets in chief and an escallop in +base argent, three horseshoes of the first. Crest: on a wreath of the +colours, upon the battlements of a tower, two hammers in saltire all +proper. Motto: "Spectemur agendo."] + +[Illustration: FIG. 555.--Arms of the Great Central Railway: Argent, on a +cross gules, voided of the field, between two wings in chief sable and as +many daggers erect in base of the second, in the fess point a morion winged +of the third, on a chief also of the second a pale of the first, thereon +eight arrows saltirewise banded also of the third, between on the dexter +side three bendlets enhanced and on the sinister a fleur-de-lis or. Crest: +on a wreath of the colours, a representation of the front of a locomotive +engine proper, between two wings or. [The grant is dated February 25, +1898.]] + +They will be found in the arms of the Lords Dacre, who bore: "Gules, three +escallops argent;" and an escallop argent was used by the same family as a +badge. The Scottish family of Pringle, of Greenknowe, supplies an instance +in: "Azure, three escallops or within a bordure engrailed of the last;" +while the Irish Earls of Bandon bore: "Argent, on a bend azure three +escallops of the field." {301} + +_Hammers_ figure in the crests of Hammersmith (Fig. 554) and of Swindon +(Plate VI.), and a hammer is held in the claw of the demi-dragon which is +the crest of Fox-Davies of Coalbrookdale, co. Salop (Plate VI.). + +A _Lantern_ is a charge on the shield of Cowper, and the arms of the town +of Hove afford an absolutely unique instance of the use of _Leg-Irons_. + +Three towns--Eccles, Bootle, and Ramsgate--supply cases in their arms in +which a _Lighthouse_ is depicted, and this charge would appear, so far as +can be ascertained, not only to be restricted to English armory, but to the +three towns now named. + +_Locomotives_ appear in the arms of Swindon (Plate VI.) and the Great +Central Railway (Fig. 555). + +Of a similar industrial character is the curious coat of arms granted at +his express wish to the late Mr. Samson Fox of Leeds and Harrogate, which +contains a representation of the _Corrugated Boiler-Flue_ which formed the +basis of his fortune. + +[Illustration: FIG. 556.--Catherine wheel.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 557.--Staple.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 558.--Hawk's Lure.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 559.--Fylfot.] + +An instance of the use of a _Sand-Glass_ occurs in the arms of the Scottish +family of Joass of Collinwort, which are thus blazoned: "Vert, a sand-glass +running argent, and in chief the Holy Bible expanded proper." + +A Scottish corporation, too, supplies a somewhat unusual charge, that of +_Scissors_: "Azure, a pair of scissors or" (Incorporation of Tailors of +Aberdeen); though a Swabian family (by name Jungingen) has for its arms: +"Azure, a pair of scissors open, blades upwards argent." + +_Barrels_ and _Casks_, which in heraldry are always known as _tuns_, +naturally figure in many shields where the name lends itself to a pun, as +in the arms of Bolton. + +_Wheels_ occur in the shields of Turner ["Argent, gutté-de-sang, a {302} +wheel of eight spokes sable, on a chief wavy azure, a dolphin naiant of the +first"] and Carter, and also in the arms of Gooch. The _Catherine Wheel_ +(Fig. 556), however, is the most usual heraldic form. The _Staple_ (Fig. +557) and the _Hawk's Lure_ (Fig. 558) deserve mention, and I will wind up +the list of examples with the _Fylfot_ (Fig. 559), which no one knows the +meaning or origin of. + +The list of heraldic charges is very far, indeed, from being exhausted. The +foregoing must, however, suffice; but those who are curious to pursue this +branch of the subject further should examine the arms, both ancient and +modern, of towns and trade corporations. {303} + + + +CHAPTER XX + +THE HERALDIC HELMET + +Since one's earliest lessons in the rules of heraldry, we have been taught, +as one of the fundamental laws of the achievement, that the helmet by its +shape and position is indicative of rank; and we early learnt by rote that +the esquire's helmet was of steel, and was placed in profile, with the +visor closed: the helmet of the knight and baronet was to be open and +affronté; that the helmet of the peer must be of silver, guarded by grilles +and placed in profile; and that the royal helmet was of gold, with grilles, +and affronté. Until recent years certain stereotyped forms of the helmet +for these varying circumstances were in use, hideous alike both in the +regularity of their usage and the atrocious shapes into which they had been +evolved. These regulations, like some other adjuncts of heraldic art, are +comparatively speaking of modern origin. Heraldry in its earlier and better +days knew them not, and they came into vogue about the Stuart times, when +heraldic art was distinctly on the wane. It is puzzling to conceive a +desire to stereotype these particular forms, and we take it that the fact, +which is undoubted, arose from the lack of heraldic knowledge on the part +of the artists, who, having one form before them, which they were assured +was correct, under the circumstances simply reproduced this particular form +in facsimile time after time, not knowing how far they might deviate and +still remain correct. The knowledge of heraldry by the heraldic artist was +the real point underlying the excellence of mediæval heraldic art, and +underlying the excellence of much of the heraldic art in the revival of the +last few years. As it has been often pointed out, in olden times they +"played" with heraldry, and therein lay the excellence of that period. The +old men knew the lines within which they could "play," and knew the laws +which they could not transgress. Their successors, ignorant of the laws of +arms, and afraid of the hidden meanings of armory, had none but the +stereotyped lines to follow. The result was bad. Let us first consider the +development of the actual helmet, and then its application to heraldic +purposes will be more readily followed. + +[Illustration: FIG. 560.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 561.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 562.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 563.] + +To the modern mind, which grumbles at the weight of present-day {304} head +coverings, it is often a matter of great wonder how the knights of ancient +days managed to put up with the heavy weight of the great iron helmet, with +its wooden or leather crest. A careful study of ancient descriptions of +tournaments and warfare will supply the clue to the explanation, which is +simply that the helmet was very seldom worn. For ceremonial purposes and +occasions it was carried by a page, and in actual use it was carried slung +at the saddle-bow, until the last moment, when it was donned for action as +blows and close contact became imminent. Then, by the nature of its +construction, the weight was carried by the shoulders, the head and neck +moving freely within necessary limits inside. All this will be more readily +apparent, when the helmet itself is considered. Our present-day ideas of +helmets--their shape, their size, and their proportions--are largely taken +from the specimens manufactured (not necessarily in modern times) for +ceremonial purposes; _e.g._ for exhibition as insignia of knighthood. By +far the larger proportion of the genuine helmets now to be seen were +purposely made (certainly at remote dates) not for actual use in battle or +tournament, but for ceremonial use, chiefly at funerals. Few, indeed, are +the examples still existing of helmets which have been actually used in +battle or tournament. Why there are so few remaining to us, when every +person of position must necessarily have possessed one throughout the +Plantagenet period, and probably at any rate to the end of the reign of +Henry VII., is a mystery which has puzzled many people--for helmets are +not, like glass and china, subject to the vicissitudes of breakage. The +reason is doubtless to be found in the fact that at that period they were +so general, and so little out of the common, that they possessed no greater +value than any other article of clothing; and whilst the real helmet, +lacking a ceremonial value, was not preserved, the sham ceremonial helmet +of a later period, possessing none but a ceremonial value, was preserved +from ceremonial to ceremonial, and has been passed on to the present day. +But a glance at so many of these helmets which exist will plainly show that +it was quite impossible for any man's head to have gone inside them, and +the sculptured helmets of what may seem to us uncouth shape and exaggerated +size, which are occasionally to be found as part of a monumental effigy, +are the size and shape of the helmets that were worn in battle. This +accounts for the much larger-sized helmets in proportion to the size of +shield which will be found in heraldic emblazonments of the Plantagenet and +Tudor periods. The artists of those periods were accustomed to the sight of +real helmets, and knew and drew the real proportion which existed between +the fighting helmet and the fighting shield. Artists of Stuart and Georgian +days knew only the ceremonial helmet, and consequently adopted and +stereotyped its impossible shape, {305} and equally impossible size. +Victorian heraldic artists, ignorant alike of the actual and the +ceremonial, reduced the size even further, and until the recent revulsion +in heraldic art, with its reversion to older types, and its copying of +older examples, the helmets of heraldry had reached the uttermost limits of +absurdity. + +The recent revival of heraldry is due to men with accurate and extensive +knowledge, and many recent examples of heraldic art well compare with +ancient types. One happy result of this revival is a return to older and +better types of the helmet. But it is little use discarding the "heraldic" +helmet of the stationer's shop unless a better and more accurate result can +be shown, so that it will be well to trace in detail the progress of the +real helmet from earliest times. + +[Illustration: FIG. 564.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 565.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 566.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 567.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 568.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 569.--Painted "Pot-Helmet," _c._ 1241.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 570.--"Pot-Helmet," from the _Eneit_ of Heinrich von +Veldeke.] + +In the Anglo-Saxon period the common helmet was merely a cap of leather, +often four-cornered, and with a serrated comb (Figs. 560 and 561), but men +of rank had a conical one of metal (Fig. 562), which was frequently richly +gilt. About the time of Edward the Confessor a small piece, of varying +breadth, called a "nasal," was added (Fig. 563), which, with a quilted or +gamboised hood, or one of mail, well protected the face, leaving little +more than the eyes exposed; and in this form the helmet continued in +general use until towards the end of the twelfth century, when we find it +merged into or supplanted by the {306} "chapelle-de-fer," which is first +mentioned in documents at this period, and was shaped like a flat-topped, +cylindrical cap. This, however, was soon enlarged so as to cover the whole +head (Fig. 564), an opening being left for the features, which were +sometimes protected by a movable "ventaille," or a visor, instead of the +"nasal." This helmet (which was adopted by Richard I., who is also +sometimes represented with a conical one) was the earliest form of the +large war and tilting "heaume" (or helm), which was of great weight and +strength, and often had only small openings or slits for the eyes (Figs. +565 and 566). These eyepieces were either one wide slit or two, one on +either side. The former was, however, sometimes divided into two by an +ornamental bar or buckle placed across. It was afterwards pointed at the +top, and otherwise slightly varied in shape, but its general form appears +to have been the same until the end of the fourteenth century (Figs. 567, +568). This type of helmet is usually known as the "pot-shaped." The helmets +themselves were sometimes painted, and Fig. 569 represents an instance +which is painted in green and white diagonal stripes. The illustration is +from a parchment MS. of about 1241 now in the Town Library of Leipzic. Fig. +570 shows another German example of this type, being taken from the _Eneit_ +of Heinrich von Veldeke, a MS. now in the Royal Library in Berlin, +belonging to the end of the twelfth century. The crest depicted in this +case, a red lion, must be one of the earliest instances of a crest. These +{307} are the helmets which we find on early seals and effigies, as will be +seen from Figs. 571-574. + +[Illustration: FIG. 571.--Helmet of Hamelin, Earl of Surrey and Warenne (d. +1202). (From MS. Cott., Julius, C. vii.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 572.--From the seal of Richard de Clare, Earl of +Gloucester and Hertford (d. 1262).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 573.--From the seal of John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey +(d. 1305).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 574.--From the seal (1315) of John de Bretagne, Earl of +Richmond.] + +The cylindrical or "pot-shaped" helmet of the Plantagenets, however, +disappears in the latter part of the thirteenth century, when we first find +mention of the "bascinet" (from Old French for a basin), Figs. 575-579. +This was at first merely a hemispherical steel cap, put over the coif of +mail to protect the top of the head, when the knight wished to be relieved +from the weight of his large helm (which he then slung at his back or +carried on his saddlebow), but still did not consider the mail coif +sufficient protection. It soon became pointed at the top, and gradually +lower at the back, though not so much as to protect the neck. In the +fourteenth century the mail, instead of being carried over the top of the +head, was hung to the bottom rim of the helmet, and {308} spread out over +the shoulders, overlapping the cuirass. This was called the "camail," or +"curtain of mail." It is shown in Figs. 576 and 577 fastened to the +bascinet by a lace or thong passing through staples. + +The large helm, which throughout the fourteenth century was still worn over +the bascinet, did not fit down closely to the cuirass (though it may have +been fastened to it with a leather strap), its bottom curve not being +sufficiently arched for that purpose; nor did it wholly rest on the +shoulders, but was probably wadded inside so as to fit closely to the +bascinet. + +[Illustration: FIG. 575.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 576.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 577.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 578.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 579.] + +It is doubtful if any actual helm previous to the fourteenth century +exists, and there are very few of that period remaining. In that of the +Black Prince at Canterbury (Fig. 271) the lower, or cylindrical, portion is +composed of a front and back piece, riveted together at the sides, and this +was most likely the usual form of construction; but in the helm of Sir +Richard Pembridge (Figs. 580 and 581) the three pieces (cylinder, conical +piece, and top piece) of which it is formed are fixed with nails, and are +so welded together that no trace of a join is visible. The edges of the +metal, turned outwards round the ocularium, are very thick, and the bottom +edge is rolled inwards over a thick wire, so as not to cut the surcoat. +There are many twin holes in the helmet for the aiglets, by which the crest +and lambrequin were attached, and in front, near the bottom, are two + +shaped holes for the T bolt, which was fixed by a chain to the cuirass. + +The helm of Sir Richard Hawberk (Figs. 582 and 583), who died in 1417, is +made of five pieces, and is very thick and heavy. It is much more like the +later form adapted for jousting, and was probably only for use in the +tilt-yard; but, although more firmly fixed to the cuirass than the earlier +helm, it did not fit closely down to it, as all later helms did. + +Singularly few examples of the pot-helmet actually exist. The "Linz" +example (Figs. 584 and 585), which is now in the {309} Francisco-Carolinum +Museum at Linz, was dredged out of the Traun, and is unfortunately very +much corroded by rust. The fastening-place for the crest, however, is well +preserved. The example belongs to the first half of the fourteenth century. + +[Illustration: FIG. 580.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 581.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 582.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 583.] + +The so-called "Pranker-Helm" (Fig. 586), from the chapter of Seckau, now in +the collection of armour in the Historical Court Museum at Vienna, and +belonging to the middle of the fourteenth century, could only have been +used for tournaments. It is made of four strong hammered sheets of iron 1-2 +millimetres thick, with other strengthening plates laid on. The helmet by +itself weighs 5 kilogrammes 357 grammes. {310} + +[Illustration: FIGS. 584 and 585.--The "Linz" Pot-Helmet.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 587.] + +The custom of wearing the large helm over the bascinet being clumsy and +troublesome, many kinds of visor were invented, so as to dispense with the +large helm, except for jousting, two of which are represented in Figs. 575 +and 579. In the first a plate shaped somewhat to the nose was attached to +the part of the camail which covered the mouth. This plate, and the mail +mouth-guard, when not in use, hung downwards towards the breast; but when +in use it was drawn up and attached to a staple or locket on the front of +the bascinet. This fashion, however, does not appear to have been adopted +in England, but was peculiar to Germany, Austria, &c. None of these +contrivances seem to have been very satisfactory, but towards the end of +the fourteenth century the large and salient beaked visor was invented +(Fig. 587). It was fixed to hinges at the sides of the bascinet with pins, +and was removable at will. A high collar of steel was next added as a +substitute for the camail. This form of helmet remained in use during the +first half of the fifteenth century, and the large helm, which was only +used for jousting, took a different form, or rather several different +forms, which may be divided into three kinds. In this connection it should +be remembered that the heavy jousting helmet to which the crest had +relation was probably never used in actual warfare. The first was called a +bascinet, and was used for combats on foot. It had an almost spherical +crown-piece, and came right down to the cuirass, to which it was firmly +fixed, and was, like all large helms of the fifteenth century, large enough +for the wearer to move his head about freely inside. The helm of Sir Giles +Capel (Fig. 588) is a good specimen of this class; it has a visor of great +thickness, in which are a great number of holes, thus enabling the wearer +to see in every direction. The "barbute," or ovoid bascinet, with a +chin-piece riveted to it, was somewhat like this helm, and is often seen on +the brasses of {311} 1430-1450; the chin-piece retaining the name of +"barbute," after the bascinet had gone out of fashion. + +[Illustration: FIG. 586.--Pranker-Helm.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 591.--German Tilting Armour, 1480, from the Collection +in the Museum at Vienna.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 592.--Tilting-Helmet of Sir John Gostwick, 1541.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 588.] + +The second kind of large helm used in the fifteenth century was the +"jousting-helm," which was of great strength, and firmly fixed to the +cuirass. One from the Brocas Collection (Figs. 589 and 590, date about +1500) is perhaps the grandest helm in existence. It is formed of three +pieces of different thicknesses (the front piece being the thickest), which +are fixed together with strong iron rivets with salient heads and thin +brass caps soldered to them. The arrangements for fixing it in front and +behind are very complete and curious. + +The manner in which the helmet was connected with the rest of the armour is +shown in Fig. 591, which is a representation of a German suit of tilting +armour of the period about 1480, now in the collection of armour at the +Royal Museum in Vienna. + +Of the same character, but of a somewhat different shape, is the helmet +(Fig. 592) of Sir John Gostwick, who died in 1541, which is now in +Willington Church, Bedfordshire. The illustration here given is taken from +the _Portfolio_, No. 33. The visor opening on the right side of the helmet +is evidently taken from an Italian model. + +[Illustration: FIG. 589.] + +The third and last kind of helm was the "tournament helm," and was similar +to the first kind, and also called a "bascinet"; but the visor was +generally barred, or, instead of a movable visor, the bars were riveted on +the helm, and sometimes the face was only protected by a sort of wire-work, +like a fencing-mask. It was only used for the tourney or mêlée, when the +weapons were the sword and mace. + +[Illustration: FIG. 590.] + +The "chapelle-de-fer," which was in use in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and +fifteenth centuries, was a light iron head-piece, with a broad, flat brim, +somewhat turned down. Fig. 593 represents one belonging to the {312} end of +the fifteenth century, which is one of the few remaining, and is delicately +forged in one piece of thin, hard steel. + +During the fourteenth century a new kind of helmet arose, called in England +the "sallad," or "sallet." The word appears to have two derivations, each +of which was applied to a different form of head-piece. First, the Italian +"celata" (Fig. 594), which seems originally to have been a modification of +the bascinet. Second, the German "schallern," the form of which was +probably suggested by the chapelle-de-fer. Both of these were called by the +French "salade," whence our English "sallad." The celata came lower down +than the bascinet, protected the back and sides of the neck, and, closing +round the cheeks, often left only the eyes, nose, and mouth exposed. A +standard of mail protected the neck if required. In the fifteenth century +the celata ceased to be pointed at the summit, and was curved outwards at +the nape of the neck, as in Fig. 595. + +[Illustration: FIG. 593.] + +The "schallern" (from _shale_, a shell, or bowl), was really a helmet and +visor in one piece; it had a slit for the eyes, a projecting brim, and a +long tail, and was completed by a chin-piece, or "bavier" (Eng. "beaver"), +which was strapped round the neck. Fig. 596 shows a German sallad and a +Spanish beaver. The sallad was much used in the fifteenth century, during +the latter half of which it often had a visor, as in one from Rhodes (Fig. +597), which has a spring catch on the right side to hold the visor in place +when down. The rivets for its lining-cap have large, hollow, twisted heads, +which are seldom found on existing sallads, though often seen in sculpture. + +[Illustration: FIG. 594.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 595.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 596.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 597.] + +The schale, schallern (_schêlern_), or sallad, either with or without a +{313} visor, is very seldom seen in heraldic use. An instance, however, in +which it has been made use of heraldically will be found in Fig. 598, which +is from a pen and ink drawing in the _Fest-Buch_ of Paulus Kel, a MS. now +in the Royal Library at Munich. This shows the schallern with the slit for +seeing through, and the fixed neck-guard. The "bart," "bavière," or beaver, +for the protection of the under part of the face, is also visible. It is +not joined to the helmet. The helmet bears the crest of Bavaria, the +red-crowned golden lion of the Palatinate within the wings of the curiously +disposed Bavarian tinctures. Fig. 599 (p. 316) is a very good +representation of a schallern dating from the latter part of the fifteenth +century, with a sliding neck-guard. It is reproduced from the _Deutscher +Herold_, 1892, No. 2. + +[Illustration: FIG. 598.--Schallern, with Crest of Bavaria (Duke Ludwig of +Bavaria, 1449).] + +Until almost the middle of the fifteenth century all helmets fitted on the +top of the head, or were put right over; but about 1440 the Italians made a +great improvement by inventing the "armet," the lower part of which opened +out with hinges, so that when put on it enclosed the head, fitting closely +round the lower part of it, while its weight was borne by the steel collar, +or "gorget." The Italian armet had a roundel or disc to protect the opening +at the back of the neck, and a bavier strapped on in front to cover the +joining of the two {314} cheek-pieces. The earlier armets, like the beaked +bascinet, had a camail attached by a row of staples (Fig. 600), which was +continued later, but then fixed either to a metal band or leather strap and +riveted to the base of the armet. This form of helmet was not in common use +in England until about 1500. + +Fig. 600 shows the earliest form of Italian armet, with a reinforcing-piece +on the forehead, and a removable visor. Date 1450-1480. Fig. 601 represents +an armet of very fine form (probably Italian), which is a nearer approach +to the close-helmet of the sixteenth century, as the visor cannot be +removed, and the eye-slit is in the visor, instead of being formed by the +space between it and the crown-piece, and there is also no +reinforcing-piece in the crown. Date 1480-1500. Fig. 602 is still more like +the sixteenth-century helmet, for it opens down the sides instead of down +the chin and back, and the same pivot which secures the visor also serves +as a hinge for the crown and chin-piece. The small mentonnière, or bavier, +is equal on both sides, but it was often of less extent on the right. Date +about 1500. + +Fig. 603 shows a German fluted helmet, of magnificent form and workmanship, +which is partly engraved and gilded. Date 1510-1525. It opens down the +chin, like the early armets, but the tail-piece of the crown is much +broader. The skill shown in the forging of the crown and the fluting of the +twisted comb is most remarkable, and each rivet for the lining-strap of the +cheek-pieces forms the centre of an engraved six-leaved rose. A grooved rim +round the bottom of the helmet fitted closely on a salient rim at the top +of the steel gorget or hause col, so that when placed on its gorget and +closed, it could not be wrenched off, but could yet be moved round freely +in a horizontal direction. The gorget being articulated, the head could +also be raised or lowered a little, but not enough to make this form of +joint very desirable, and a looser kind was soon substituted. + +Fig. 604 shows what is perhaps the most perfect type of close helmet. The +comb is much larger than was the custom at an earlier date, and much +resembles those of the morions of this period. The visor is formed of two +separate parts; the upper fits inside the lower, and could be raised to +facilitate seeing without unfixing the lower portion. It is engraved with +arabesques, and is probably Italian. Date 1550-1570. Fig. 605 is an English +helmet, half-way between a close helmet and a "burgonet." It is really a +"casque," with cheek-pieces to meet in front. The crown-piece is joined +down the middle of the comb. This helmet was probably made for the Earl of +Leicester. Date about 1590. + +The word "burgonet" first appeared about the beginning of the fifteenth +century, and described a form of helmet like the "celata," and {315} called +by that name in Italy. It was completed by a "buffe," or chin-piece, +similar to the bavier. + +[Illustration: FIG. 600.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 601.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 602.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 603.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 604.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 605.] + +During this century the "morion," really an improved "chapelle-de-fer," was +much in use. It had a curved top, surmounted by a comb, and a broad, +turned-up brim, and was often elaborately engraved and gilt. The "cabasset" +was a similar head-piece, but had a peaked top, surmounted by a small spike +turned backwards, and generally a flatter, narrower brim than the morion. +These three forms of helmet were all called casques. + +[Illustration: FIG. 606.--"Grid-iron" Helmet (fifteenth century).] + +The barred or grilled helmet owed its introduction to tournaments with +swords and clubs, which necessitated better opportunities of vision than +the earlier tilting-helm afforded, sufficient though that was for +encounters with the tilting-spear. The earliest form of this type of helmet +will be seen in Fig. 606, which is termed a "grid-iron" helmet, developing +shortly afterwards into the form of Fig. 607, which has a lattice-work +visor. The former figure, the "grid-iron" helmet, is a {316} representation +taken from an original now in the possession of Count Hans Wilczek, of +Vienna. Fig. 607, the helmet with the latticed visor, is from an example in +the German National Museum at Nürnberg. Neither of these types of helmet +appears to have been regularly adopted into heraldic art. Indeed they are +seldom, if ever, to be found in heraldic emblazonment. For pictorial and +artistic purposes they seem to be entirely supplanted in paintings, in +seals, and in sculpture by the "grilled" helmet or "buckler." Whether this +helmet, as we find it depicted in paintings or on seals, was ever really +worn in battle or tournament seems very doubtful, and no actual instance +appears to have been preserved. On the other hand, the so-called +"Prankhelme" (pageant helmet) bucklers, frequently made of gilded leather +and other materials, are extant in some number. It is evident from their +nature, however, that they can only have been used for ceremonial or +decorative purposes. + +Fig. 608 shows one of these buckled "pageant" helmets surmounted by the +crest of the Margraviate of Burgau. Fig. 609 shows another of these pageant +helmets, with the crest of Austria (ancient) or of Tyrol. These were borne, +with many others of the same character, in the pageant of the funeral +procession of the Emperor Frederick III. (IV.) in 1493. The helmets were +made of leather, and gilded, the two crests being carved out of boards and +painted. The Burgau wings, which are inclined very far forward, are: "Bendy +of six argent and gules, charged with a pale or." In their normal position +the wings are borne upright. The second crest, which is 86 cm. in height, +is black, and adorned on the outside with eared pegs 4 cm. long, from which +gold linden-leaves hang. These helmets and crests, which were formerly in +St. Stephen's Cathedral, are now in the Vienna Historical Museum. + +At the beginning of the seventeenth century the workmanship became +inferior, and beauty of line was no longer sought after. Shortly afterwards +helmets ceased to be worn outside the regular army, and with the subsequent +evolution of military head coverings heraldry has no concern. + +As a part of a heraldic achievement the helmet is not so old as the shield. +It was not until the introduction of the crest that any one thought of +depicting a helmet with a shield. + +[Illustration: FIG. 599.--Schallern (end of fifteenth century).] + +[Illustration: FIG. 607.--Helmet, with Latticed Visor (end of fifteenth +century).] + +A careful and attentive examination of the early "Rolls of Arms," and of +seals and other ancient examples of heraldic art and handicraft, will at +once make it plainly apparent that the helmets then heraldically depicted +were in close keeping and of the style actually in use for warfare, joust, +or tournament at the period. This is particularly noticeable in the helmets +on the stall plates of the Knights of the Garter in St. George's Chapel at +Windsor. The helms on the early {317} stall plates, though far from being +identical in shape, all appear to be of the same class or type of +tilting-helm drawn in profile. Amongst the early plates only one instance +(Richard, Duke of Gloucester, elected 1475) can be found of the barred +helmet. This is the period when helmets actually existed in fact, and were +actually used, but at the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the +seventeenth centuries, when the helmet was being fast relegated to +ceremonial usage and pictorial emblazonment, ingenious heralds began to +evolve the system by which rank and degree were indicated by the helmet. + +[Illustration: FIG. 608.--Pageant Helmet, with the Crest of Burgau.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 609.--Pageant Helmet, with the Crest of Austria +(ancient) or Tyrol.] + +Before proceeding to consider British rules concerning the heraldic helmet, +it may be well to note those which have been accepted abroad. In Germany +heraldry has known but two classes of helmet, the open helmet guarded by +bars (otherwise buckles or grilles), and the closed {318} or "visored" +helmet. The latter was the helmet used by the newly ennobled, the former by +the older families of higher position, it being originally held that only +those families whose birth qualified them to tilt were permitted to use +this buckled helmet. Tournaments were of course always conducted on very +strict lines. Woodward reprints in his "Treatise on Heraldry" the "Tourney +Regulations for the Exposure of Arms and Crest, drawn up by René, Duke of +Anjou, King of Sicily and Jerusalem," from Menêtrier's _L'Origin des +Armoiries_. The rules to be complied with are there set out. Fig. 12 herein +is a representation of a "Helmschau," where the examination of the crests +is being carried on. It is interesting to notice therein that the whole of +the helmets without exception have the grilles. Germany was perhaps the +earliest country to fall from grace in the matter, for towards the end of +the fifteenth century the buckled helmet is found with the arms of the +lower Briefadels (those ennobled by patent), and the practice continued +despite the violent protests of the tournament families, who considered +their prerogative had been infringed. The closed helmet consequently sank +gradually in Germany to the grade of a mere burgess's helmet, and as such +became of little account, although in former times it had been borne by the +proudest houses. + +Similarly in France the "buckled" helmet was considered to be reserved for +the military noblesse, and newly ennobled families were denied its use +until the third generation, when they became _bons gentilhommes_. Woodward +states that when "in 1372 Charles V. conferred on the bourgeoisie of Paris +the right to use armorial bearings, it was strenuously denied that they +could use the timbred helm. In 1568 an edict of Charles IX. prohibited the +use of _armoiries timbrées_ to any who were not noble by birth." The +grilles of the helmet produced with the old French heralds the opportunity +of a minutiæ of rule which, considering the multitude of rules fathered, +rightly or wrongly, upon British heraldry, we may be devoutly happy never +reached our shores. They assigned different numbers of grilles to different +ranks, but as the writers differ as to the varying numbers, it is probable +that such rules were never officially accepted even in that country. In +France the rule was much as in this country, a gold helmet for the +Sovereign, silver for princes and great nobles, steel for the remainder. It +is curious that though the timbred helm was of course known in England +whilst the controversy as to its heraldic use was raging in France and +Germany, no heraldic use of it whatever occurs till the beginning of the +seventeenth century. From Royalty to the humblest gentleman, all used for +heraldic purposes the closed or visored helms. + +The present rules concerning helmets which hold in Great Britain are that +the helmet of the Sovereign and the Royal princes of this {319} country +shall be of gold, placed in an affronté position, and shall have grilles. +The helmet of a peer shall be of silver, shall be placed in profile, and +shall have golden grilles, frequently stated to be five in number, a detail +not stringently adhered to. The helmet of a knight or baronet shall be of +steel, placed full-faced, and shall be open; whilst the helmet of an +esquire or gentleman shall be of steel and in profile, with the visor +closed. Within these limits considerable latitude is allowed, and even in +official grants of arms, which, as far as emblazonment goes, are very much +of a stereotyped style, actual unvarying adherence to a particular pattern +is not insisted upon. + +The earliest instance amongst the Garter plates in which a helmet with +grilles is used to denote the rank of a peer is the stall plate of Lord +Knollys in 1615. In the Visitations but few instances can be found in which +the arms of peers are included. Peers were not compelled to attend and +enter their arms and pedigrees at Visitations, doubtless owing to the fact +that no Garter King of Arms ever made a Visitation, whilst it has been the +long-asserted prerogative of Garter to deal with peers and their arms by +himself. At the same time, however, there are some number of instances of +peers' arms and pedigrees in the Visitation Books, several occurring in the +1587 Visitation of Yorkshire. In these cases the arms of peers are set out +with supporters and mottoes, but there is no difference between their +helmets and what we should now term the helmet of an esquire or gentleman. +This is all the more curious because neither helmet nor motto is found in +the tricks given of the arms of commoners. Consequently one may with +certainty date the introduction of the helmet with grilles as the +distinguishing mark of a peer in this country between the years 1587 and +1615. The introduction of the open full-faced helmet as indicative of +knight or baronet is known to date from about the period of the +Restoration. + +Whilst these fixed rules as to helmets are still scrupulously adhered to by +English heralds, Lyon King of Arms would seem to be inclined to let them +quietly lapse into desuetude, and the emblazonment of the arms of Sir +George Duff-Sutherland-Dunbar, Bart., in the Lyon Register at the recent +rematriculation of his arms, affords an instance in which the rules have +been ignored. + +Some of the objections one hears raised to official heraldry will not hold +water when all facts are known; but one certainly thinks that those who +object to the present helmet and its methods of usage have ample reason for +such remarks as one frequently sees in print upon the subject. To put it +mildly, it is absolutely ridiculous to see a helmet placed affronté, and a +lion passant looking out over the side of it; or to see a helmet in profile +with the crest of a man's head {320} affronté placed above it, and as a +consequence also peeping over the side. The necessity for providing a +resting-place for the crest other than unoccupied space has also led to the +ridiculous practice of depicting the wreath or torse in the form of a +straight bar balanced upon the apex of the helmet. The rule itself as to +the positions of helmets for the varying ranks is officially recognised, +and the elaboration of the rule with regard to the differing metals of the +Royal helmet and the helmets of peers and knights and baronets is +officially followed; though the supposed regulation, which requires that +the helmet of an esquire or gentleman shall be of steel alone is not, +inasmuch as the helmet painted upon a grant is _always_ ornamented with +gold. + +These rules in England only date from the times of the Stuarts, and they +cannot be said to be advantageous from any point of view; they are +certainly distinctly harmful from the artistic standpoint. It is plainly +utterly impossible to depict some crests upon a profile helmet, and equally +impossible to display others upon an affronté helmet. In Scotland the +crests do not afford quite such a regular succession of glaring examples +for ridicule as is the case in England. No need is recognised in Scotland +for necessarily distinguishing the crest of one family from that of +another, though proper differences are rigidly adhered to with regard to +the coats of arms. Nevertheless, Scotland provides us with many crests +which it is utterly impossible to actually carry on an actual helmet, and +examples of this kind can be found in the rainbow which floats above the +broken globe of the Hopes, and the coronets in space to which the hand +points in the crest of the family of Dunbar of Boath, with many other +similar absurdities. + +In England an equal necessity for difference is insisted upon in the crest +as is everywhere insisted upon with regard to the coat of arms; and in the +time of the late Garter King of Arms, it was rapidly becoming almost +impossible to obtain a new crest which has not got a row of small objects +in front of it, or else two somethings, one on either side. (Things, +however, have now considerably improved.) If a crest is to be depicted +between two ostrich feathers, for example, it stands to reason that the +central object should be placed upon the centre of the helmet, whilst the +ostrich feathers would be one on either side--that is, placed in a position +slightly above the ears. Yet, if a helmet is to be rigidly depicted in +profile, with such a crest, it is by no means inconceivable that the one +ostrich feather at the one side would hide both the other ostrich feather +and the central object, leaving the crest to appear when properly depicted +(for example, if photographed from a profile view of an actual helmet) as a +single ostrich feather. Take, for instance, the Sievier crest, which is an +estoile between two ostrich feathers. If that crest were properly depicted +upon a profile helmet, the one ostrich feather {321} would undoubtedly hide +everything else, for it is hardly likely that the estoile would be placed +edge-forwards upon an actual helmet; and to properly display it, it ought +to take its place upon an affronté helmet. Under the present rules it would +be officially depicted with the estoile facing the side, one ostrich +feather in front over the nose, and the other at the back of the head, +which of course reduces it to an absurdity. To take another example, one +might instance the crest of Sir William Crookes. It is hardly to be +supposed that a helmet would ever have been borne into a tournament +surmounted by an elephant looking out over the side; it would most +certainly have had its head placed to the front; and yet, because Sir +William Crookes is a knight, he is required to use an affronté helmet, with +a crest which most palpably was designed for use in profile. The absurd +position which has resulted is chiefly due to the position rules and +largely a consequence of the hideous British practice (for no other nation +has ever adopted it) of depicting, as is so often done, a coat of arms and +crest without the intervening helmet and mantling; though perhaps another +cause may have had its influence. I allude to the fact that an animal's +head, for example, in profile, is considered quite a different crest to the +same animal's head when placed affronté; and so long as this idea holds, +and so long as the rules concerning the position of the helmet exist, for +so long shall we have these glaring and ridiculous anomalies. And whilst +one generation of a family has an affronté helmet and another using the +same crest may have a profile one, it is useless to design crests +specifically to fit the one or the other. + +Mr. G. W. Eve, who is certainly one of the most accomplished heraldic +artists of the present time, has adopted a plan in his work which, whilst +conforming with the rules to which I have referred, has reduced the +peculiarities resulting from their observance to a minimum. His plan is +simple, inasmuch as, with a crest which is plainly affronté and has to be +depicted upon a profile helmet, he slightly alters the perspective of each, +twisting round the helmet, which, whilst remaining slightly in profile, +more nearly approaches the affronté position, and bringing the crest +slightly round to meet it. In this way he has obtained some very good +results from awkward predicaments. Mr. Joseph Foster, in his "Peerage and +Baronetage," absolutely discarded all rules affecting the position of the +helmet; and though the artistic results may be excellent, his plan cannot +be commended, because whilst rules exist they ought to be adhered to. At +the same time, it must be frankly admitted that the laws of position seem +utterly unnecessary. No other country has them--they are, as has been +shown, impracticable from the artistic {322} standpoint; and there can be +very little doubt that it is highly desirable that they should be wholly +abolished. + +It is quite proper that there should be some means of distinction, and it +would seem well that the helmet with grilles should be reserved for peers. +In this we should be following or closely approximating to the rules +observed formerly upon the Continent, and if all questions of position are +waived the only difficulty which remains is the helmet of baronets and +knights. The full-faced open helmet is ugly in the extreme--anything would +be preferable (except an open helmet in profile), and probably it would be +better to wipe out the rule on this point as well. Knights of any Order +have the circle of that order within which to place their shields, and +baronets have the augmentations of their rank and degree. The knight +bachelor would be the only one to suffer. The gift of a plain circlet +around the shield or (following the precedent of a baronet), a spur upon a +canton or inescutcheon, could easily remove any cause of complaint. + +But whilst one may think it well to urge strongly the alteration of +existing rules, it should not be considered permissible to ignore rules +which undoubtedly do exist whilst those rules remain in force. + +The helmets of knights and baronets and of esquires and gentlemen, in +accordance with present official practice, are usually ornamented with +gold, though this would not appear to be a fixed and unalterable rule. + +When two or more crests need to be depicted, various expedients are +adopted. The English official practice is to paint one helmet only, and +both the crests are detached from it. The same plan was formerly adopted in +Scotland. The dexter crest is naturally the more important and the +principal one in each case. By using one helmet only the necessity of +turning the dexter crest to face the sinister is obviated. + +The present official method adopted in England of depicting three crests is +to use one helmet only, and all three crests face to the dexter. The centre +one, which is placed on the helmet, is the principal or first crest, that +on the dexter side the second, and the one on the sinister the third. + +In Germany, the land of many crests (no less than thirteen were borne above +the shield of the Margraves of Brandenburg-Anspach), there has from the +earliest times been a fixed invariable practice of never dissociating a +crest from the helmet which supported it, and consequently one helmet to +every crest has long been the only recognised procedure. In the United +Kingdom duplication of crests is quite a modern practice. Amongst the +Plantagenet Garter plates there is not a single example to be found of a +coat of arms with more than a single crest, and there is no ancient British +example of more {323} than one helmet which can be referred to for +guidance. The custom originated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries +in Germany. This point is more fully dealt with in the chapter devoted to +the consideration of crests, but it may be here noted that in Austria a +knight may place two and a baron three helmets over his shield. The +Continental practice is as follows: When the number of the helms is even, +they are arranged so that all look inwards towards the centre line of the +escutcheon, half being turned to the dexter, half to the sinister. If the +number be uneven, the principal helm is placed in the centre affronté, the +others with their crests being turned towards it; thus, some face to the +dexter, some to the sinister. The crests are always turned with the +helmets. In Scandinavia the centre helm is affronté; the others, with their +crests, are often turned outwards. + +English officialism, whilst confining its own emblazonments to one helmet +only, has never sought to assert that the use of two or more was either +incorrect or faulty heraldry, and particularly in these later days of the +revival of heraldic art in this country, all heraldic artists, following +the German example, are inclined to give each crest its own helmet. This +practice has been adopted during the last few years by Lyon King of Arms, +and now all paintings of arms in Lyon Register which have two crests have +the same number of helmets. Some of the Bath stall plates in Henry VII.'s +chapel in Westminster Abbey also display two helmets. + +When two helmets are used, it has been customary, still following the +German model, to turn them to face each other, except in the cases of the +full-faced helmets of a knight or baronet, and (with the same exception) +when three helmets have been employed the outer ones have been placed to +face the centre, whilst the centre one has been placed in profile, as would +be the case were it standing alone. But the multiplication of English +crests in number, all of which as granted are required to differ, has +naturally resulted in the stereotyping of points of difference in attitude, +&c., and the inevitable consequence is unfortunately that without +sacrificing this character of differentiation it is impossible to allow the +English heraldic artist the same latitude and freedom of disposition with +regard to crests that his German confrère enjoys. These remarks apply +solely to English and Irish crests, for Scottish practices, requiring no +differentiation in the crests, have left Scottish crests simple and +unspoiled. In England the result is that to "play" with the position of a +crest frequently results in an entire alteration of its character, and +consequently, as there is nothing whatever in the nature of a law or of a +rule to the contrary, it is quite as usual to now find that two profile +helmets are both placed to face the dexter, as placed to face each other. +Another point seems also in {324} England to have been lost sight of in +borrowing our methods from Germany. They hold themselves at liberty to, and +usually _do_, make all their _charges on the shield_ face to the centre. +This is never done in England, where all face to the dexter. It seems +therefore to me an anomaly to apply one rule to the shield and another to +the helmet, and personally I prefer that both helmets and all charges +should face the dexter. + +In British heraldry (and in fact the rule is universal) no woman other than +a reigning Sovereign is permitted to surmount her arms by a helmet. +Woodward states that "Many writers have denied the right of ecclesiastics +(and, of course, of women) to the use of helmet and crest. Spener, the +great German herald, defends their use by ecclesiastics, and says that, in +Germany at any rate, universal custom is opposed to the restriction. There +the prelates, abbots, and abbesses, who held princely fiefs by military +tenure, naturally retained the full knightly insignia." + +In official English heraldry, there is a certain amount of confirmation and +a certain amount of contradiction of this supposed rule which denies a +helmet to an ecclesiastic. A grant of arms to a clergyman at the present +day, and at all times previously, after the granting of crests had become +usual, contains the grant of the crest and the emblazonment shows the +helmet. But the grant of arms to a bishop is different. The emblazonment of +the arms is surmounted by a mitre, and the crest is depicted in the body of +the patent away from and distinct from the emblazonment proper in the +margin. But the fact that a crest is granted proves that there is not any +disability inherent in the ecclesiastic which debars him from the +possession of the helmet and crest, and the rule which must be deduced, and +which really is the definite and accepted rule, is that a mitre cannot be +displayed together with a helmet or crest. It must be one or other, and as +the mitre is indicative of the higher rank, it is the crest and helmet +which are discarded. + +There are few rules in heraldry to which exceptions cannot be found, and +there is a painting now preserved in the College of Arms, which depicts the +arms of the Bishop of Durham surmounted by a helmet, that in its turn being +surmounted by the mitre of episcopal rank. But the Bishopric of Durham was, +in addition to its episcopal character, a temporal Palatinate, and the arms +of the Bishops of that See therefore logically present many differences and +exceptions from established heraldic rules. + +The rules with regard to the use of helmets for the coats of arms of +corporate bodies are somewhat vague and vary considerably. All counties, +cities, and towns, and all corporate bodies to whom crests have been +granted in England, have the ordinary closed profile helmet {325} of an +esquire or gentleman. No grant of a crest has as yet been made to an +English university, so that it is impossible to say that no helmet would be +allowed, or if it were allowed what it would be. + +For some reason the arms of the City of London are always depicted with the +helmet of a peer, but as the crest is not officially recorded, the +privilege necessarily has no official sanction or authority. + +In Scotland the helmet painted upon a grant of arms to town or city is +always the open full-faced helmet of a knight or baronet. But in the grant +of arms to a county, where it includes a crest, the helmet is that of an +esquire, which is certainly curious. + +In Ireland no helmet at all was painted upon the patent granting arms to +the city of Belfast, in spite of the fact that a crest was included in the +grant, and the late Ulster King of Arms informed me he would not allow a +helmet to any impersonal arms. + +Care should be taken to avoid errors of anachronism when depicting helmet +and shield. The shapes of these should bear some approximate relation to +each other in point of date. It is preferable that the helmet should be so +placed that its lower extremity reaches somewhat over the edge of the +shield. The inclined position of the shield in emblazonment is borrowed +from the natural order of things, because the shield hanging by its chain +or shield-strap (the guige), which was so balanced that the shield should +most readily fall into a convenient position when slung on the rider's +shoulders, would naturally retain its equilibrium only in a slanting +direction. {326} + + + +CHAPTER XXI + +THE CREST + +If uncertainty exists as to the origin of arms, it is as nothing to the +huge uncertainty that exists concerning the beginnings of the crest. Most +wonderful stories are told concerning it; that it meant this and meant the +other, that the right to bear a crest was confined to this person or the +other person. But practically the whole of the stories of this kind are +either wild imagination or conjecture founded upon insufficient facts. + +The real facts--which one may as well state first as a basis to work +upon--are very few and singularly unconvincing, and are useless as original +data from which to draw conclusions. + +First of all we have the definite, assured, and certain fact that the +earliest known instance of a crest is in 1198, and we find evidence of the +use of arms before that date. + +The next fact is that we find infinitely more variation in the crests used +by given families than in the arms, and that whilst the variations in the +arms are as a rule trivial, and not affecting the general design of the +shield, the changes in the crest are frequently radical, the crest borne by +a family at one period having no earthly relation to that borne by the same +family at another. + +Again, we find that though the occasional use of a crest can (by isolated +instances) be taken back, as already stated, to a fairly early period, the +use of crests did not become general until very much later. + +Another fact is that, except perhaps in the persons of sovereigns, there is +no official instance, nor any other authentic instance of importance, in +which a crest appears ever to have been used by a woman until these recent +and unfortunate days when unofficial examples can be found of the wildest +ignorance of all armorial rules. + +The foregoing may be taken as general principles which no authentic +instance known can be said to refute. + +Bearing these in mind, let us now see what other results can be obtained by +deduction from specific instances. + +The earliest form in which anything can be found in the nature of a crest +is the lion upon the head-dress of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou (Fig. 28). This +has been already referred to. {327} + +The helmet of Philippe D'Alsace, Count of Flanders (_c._ 1181), has painted +upon the side the same figure of a lion which appears upon his shield. + +What is usually accepted as the earliest authenticated instance of a +regular crest is that afforded by the Great Seal of King Richard I. of +England, which shows over the helmet a lion passant painted upon the +fan-shaped ornament which surmounts the helmet. + +If one accepts--as most people nowadays are inclined to do--the Darwinian +theory of evolution, the presumption is that the development of the human +being, through various intermediate links including the ape, can be traced +back to those cell-like formations which are the most "original" types of +life which are known to us. At the same time one is hardly disposed to +assert that some antediluvian jellyfish away back in past ages was the +first human being. By a similar, but naturally more restricted argument, +one cannot accept these paintings upon helmets, nor possibly can one accept +paintings upon the fan-like ornaments which surmounted the helmet, as +examples of crests. The rudiments and origin of crests doubtless they were. +Crests they were not. + +We must go back, once again, to the bed-rock of the peacock-popinjay vanity +ingrained in human nature. The same impulse which nowadays leads to the +decoration of the helmets of the Life Guards with horsehair plumes and +regimental badges, the cocked hats of field-marshals and other officers +with waving plumes, the képis of commissionaires, and the smasher hats of +Colonial irregulars with cocks' feathers, the hat of the poacher and +gamekeeper with a pheasant's feather, led unquestionably to the +"decoration" of the helmets of the armoured knights of old. The matter was +just a combination of decoration and vanity. At first (Fig. 569) they +frequently painted their helmets, and as with the gradual evolution and +crystallisation of armory a certain form of decoration (the device upon his +shield) became identified with a certain person, that particular device was +used for the decoration of the helmet and painted thereupon. + +Then it was found that a fan-shaped erection upon the helmet improved its +appearance, and, without adding greatly to its weight, advantaged it as a +head protection by attracting the blow of an opponent's sword, and +lessening or nullifying its force ere the blow reached the actual +crown-plates of the helmet. Possibly in this we see the true origin (as in +the case of the scalloped edges of the mantling) of the serrated border +which appears upon these fan-shaped erections. But this last suggestion is +no more than a conjecture of my own, and may not be correct, for human +nature has always had a weakness for decoration, and ever has been +agreeable to pay the extra {328} penny in the "tuppence" for the coloured +or decorated variety. The many instances which can be found of these +fan-shaped ornaments upon helmets in a perfectly undecorated form leads me +to unhesitatingly assert that they originated _not_ as crests, nor as a +vehicle for the display of crests, but as an integral and protective part +of the _helmet_ itself. The origin of the crest is due to the decoration of +the fan. The derivation of the word "crest," from the Latin _crista_, a +cock's comb, should put the supposition beyond any doubt. + +Disregarding crests of later grant or assumption, one can assert with +confidence that a large proportion of those--particularly in German armory, +where they are so frequent--which we now find blazoned or depicted as wings +or plumes, carrying a device, are nothing more than developments of or +derivatives from these fan-shaped ornaments. + +[Illustration: FIG. 610.--From the seal (1301) of Richard FitzAlan, Earl of +Arundel.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 611.--From the seal (1301) of Humphrey de Bohm, Earl of +Hereford.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 612.--From the seal (1305) of Edward of Carnarvon, +Prince of Wales.] + +These fans being (from other reasons) in existence, of course, and very +naturally, were painted and decorated, and equally of course such +decoration took the form of the particular decoration associated with the +owner, namely, the device upon the shield. It seems to me, and for long has +so seemed, essentially strange that no specialist authority, writing upon +armory, has noticed that these "fans" (as I will call them) are really a +part, though possibly only a decorative part, of the helmet itself. There +has always in these matters been far too great a tendency on the part of +writers to accept conclusions of earlier authorities ready made, and to +simply treat these fans as selected and chosen crests. Figs. 610-612 are +instances of helmets having these fans. All are {329} taken from seals, and +it is quite possible that the actual fans upon the seal helmets had some +device painted upon them which it was impossible by reason of the size to +represent upon the seal. As has been already stated, the great seal of +Richard I. does show a lion painted on the fan. + +There are many examples of the heraldic development of these fans,--for +their use obtained even in this country long after the real heraldic crest +had an assured footing--and a typical example occurs in Fig. 613, but +probably the best-known instance, one which has been often illustrated, is +that from the effigy of Sir Geoffrey de Luttrell (_c._ 1340), which shows a +fan of this character upon which the entire Luttrell arms are depicted. + +[Illustration: FIG. 613.--Arms of the family of Schaler (Basle): Gules, a +bend of lozenges argent. (From the Zürich Roll of Arms.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 614.--Modern reverse of the Common Seal of the City of +London (1539).] + +A much later instance in this country will be found in the seal (dated +1539) of the City of London, which shows upon the helmet one of these +fan-shaped ornaments, charged with the cross of the City arms (Fig. 614). + +The arms of the City of London are recorded in the College of Arms +(Vincent) without a crest (and by the way without supporters) and this seal +affords a curious but a very striking and authentic instance of the extreme +accuracy of the records of the College of Arms. There being no crest for +the City of London at the time of the preparation of this seal, recourse +was had to the ancient practice of depicting the whole or a part (in this +case a part) of the device of the shield upon a fan surmounting the helmet. +In course of time this fan, in the case of London, as in so many other +cases, has through ignorance been {330} converted or developed into a wing, +but the "rays" of the fan in this instance are preserved in the "rays" of +the dragon's wing (charged with a cross) which the crest is now supposed to +be. + +Whilst dealing with the arms of London, one of the favourite "flaring" +examples of ancient but unrecorded arms often mentioned as an instance in +which the Records of the College of Arms are at fault, perhaps I may be +pardoned for adding that the shield _is_ recorded. The crest and supporters +are not. The seeming omission as to the crest is explained above. The real +supporters of the City of London, to which a claim by user _could_ (even +now) be established (they are two lions, not dragons), had, with the single +exception of their use upon the Mayor's seal, which use is continued to the +present day, been practically discarded. Consequently the lions as +supporters remained unclaimed, and therefore are not recorded. + +The supporters now used (two dragons) are _raw new_ adornments, of which no +example can be found before the seventeenth century. Those naturally, being +"assumed" without authority at so recent a date, are not recorded, which is +yet another testimony to the impartial accuracy of the Heralds' College +Records. + +The use of the fan-crest has long been obsolete in British armory, in which +it can hardly ever be said to have had a very great footing, unless such +use was prevalent in the thirteenth century; but it still survives in +Germany at the present day, where, in spite of the fact that many of these +fans have now degenerated into reduplications of the arms upon wings or +plumes of feathers, other crests to a considerable number are still +displayed upon "fans." + +Many of the current practices in British armory are the culmination of +long-continued ignorance. Some, mayhap, can be allowed to pass without +comment, but others deserve at any rate their share of criticism and +remark. Amongst such may be included the objectionable practice, in the +grants of so many modern crests, of making the crest itself a _shield_ +carrying a repetition of the arms or some other device, or of introducing +in the crest an escutcheon. To the resuscitation of these "fan" repetitions +of the shield device there is not, and cannot be, any objection. One would +even, in these days of the multiplication of differentiated crests, +recommend this as a relief from the abominable rows of assorted objects +nowadays placed (for the purposes of differentiation) in front of so many +modern crests. One would gladly see a reversion to the German development +(from this source) of wings charged with the arms or a part of the armorial +device; but one of the things a new grantee should pray to be delivered +from is an escutcheon of any sort, shape, or form in the crest assigned to +him. {331} + +To return, however, to the "fans" upon the early helmets. Many of the +examples which have come down to us show the fan of a rather diminutive +height, but (in the form of an arc of a much enlarged circle) projected far +forward beyond the front of the helmet, and carried far back, apparently as +a safeguard from blows which would otherwise descend upon the neck. (A +survival of the fan, by the way, may perhaps be found in the dragoon +helmets of the time of the Peninsular War, in the firemen's helmets of +to-day, and in the helmets now worn by different regiments in the Italian +army.) The very shape of these fans should prove they were originally a +protective part of the helmet. The long low shape, however, did not, as a +general circumstance, lend itself to its decoration by a duplication +thereupon of the whole of the arms. Consequently these fans will nearly +always be found simply adorned with one figure from the shield. It should +not be forgotten that we are now dealing with a period in armory when the +charges upon the shield itself were very much, as far as number and +position are concerned, of an indeterminate character. If they were +indeterminate for the shield, it evidences that there cannot have been any +idea of a necessity to repeat the whole of the device upon the fan. As +there was seldom room or opportunity for the display of the whole device, +we invariably find that these fan decorations were a duplication of a +distinctive part, but not necessarily the whole of the device; and this +device was disposed in the most suitable position which the shape of the +fan would accommodate. Herein is the explanation of the fact that whilst +the arms of Percy, Talbot, and Mowbray were all, in varying tinctures, a +lion rampant, the crest in each case was a lion passant or statant. In +short, the fan did not lend itself to the representation of a lion rampant, +and consequently there is no early instance of such a crest. Perhaps the +insecurity of a large and heavy crest balanced upon one leg may be an added +reason. + +The next step in the evolution of the crest, there can be little doubt, was +the cutting of the fan into the outline of the crest, and though I know of +no instance of such a crest on any effigy, there can be no reasonable doubt +on the point, if a little thought is given to the matter. Until a very much +later period, we never find in any heraldic representation that the helmet +or crest are represented in an affronté position. Why? Simply because +crests at that period were merely profile representations. + +In later days, when tournament crests were made of leather, the weight even +of these was very considerable, but for tournament purposes that weight +could be endured. Half-a-dozen courses down the _barrière_ would be a +vastly different matter to a whole day under arms in actual battle. Now a +crest cut out from a thin plate of metal set {332} on edge would weigh but +little. But perhaps the strongest proof of all is to be found in the +construction of so many German crests, which are adorned down the back with +a fan. + +Now it is hardly likely, if the demi-lion in relief had been the earliest +form, that the fan would have been subsequently added to it. The fan is +nothing more than the remains of the original fan-shaped ornament left when +the crest, or most likely only the front outline of it, had been cut out in +profile from the fan. We have no instance until a very much later period of +a crest which could not be depicted in profile, and in the representations +of crests upon seals we have no means of forming a certain judgment that +these representations are not of profile crests, for the very nature of the +craft of seal-engraving would lead the engraver to add a certain amount of +relief, even if this did not actually exist. It is out of the question to +suppose, by reason of their weight, that crests were made in metal. But if +made of leather, as were the tournament crests, what protection did the +crest add to the helmet? The fact that wreaths and coronets did not come +into use at the earliest advent of crests is confirmatory evidence of the +fact that modelled crests did not exist, inasmuch as the fan prolonged in +front and prolonged behind was narrowed at its point of contact with the +helmet into such a diminished length that it was comparatively easy to slip +the mantling by means of a slit over the fan, or even drape it round it. + +Many of the old illustrations of tournaments and battles which have come +down to us show no crests on the helmets, but merely plumes of feathers or +some fan-shaped erection. Consequently it is a fairly safe conclusion that +for the actual purposes of warfare modelled crests never had any real +existence, or, if they had any such existence, that it was most limited. +Modelled crests were tournament crests. The crests that were used in battle +must have been merely cut out in profile from the fan. Then came the era, +in Plantagenet times, of the tournament. We talk glibly about tournaments, +but few indeed really know much about them. Trial by combat and the real +tournament _à l'outrance_ seldom occurred, and though trial by combat +remained upon the statute-book until the 59 Geo. III., it was seldom +invoked. Tournaments were chiefly in the nature of athletic displays, +taking the place of our games and sports, and inasmuch as they contributed +to the training of the soldier, were held in the high repute that polo, for +example, now enjoys amongst the upper and military classes. Added to this, +the tournament was the essential climax of ceremony and ceremonial, and in +all its details was ordered by such strict regulations, rules, and +supervision that its importance and its position in the public and official +estimate was far in advance of its present-day equivalents. {333} + +The joust was fought with tilting-spears, the "tourney" with swords. The +rules and regulations for jousts and tournaments drawn up by the High +Constable of England in the reign of Edward IV. show clearly that in +neither was contemplated any risk of life. + +In the tourney the swords were blunted and without points, but the +principal item was always the joust, which was fought with tilting-spears +and shields. Many representations of the tourney show the participants +without shields. The general ignorance as to the manner in which the tilt +was run is very widespread. A strong barrier was erected straight down the +centre of the lists, and the knights were placed one on either side, so +that by no possible chance could the two horses come into contact. Those +who will read Mallory's "Morte d'Arthur" carefully--bearing in mind that +Mallory described legendary events of an earlier period clothed in the +manners and customs of his own day (time of Edward IV.), and made no +attempt to reproduce the manners and customs and real atmosphere of the +Arthurian times, which could have had no relation to the manners and +proceedings which Sir Thomas Mallory employs in telling his legends--will +notice that, when it came to jousting, some half-dozen courses would be all +that were run between contending knights. In fact the tournament rules +above referred to say, for the tourney, that two blows at passage and ten +at the joining ought to suffice. The time which this would occupy would not +exceed the period for which any man could easily sustain the weight of a +modelled crest. + +[Illustration: FIG. 615.--Crest of Roger de Quincey, Earl of Winchester (d. +1264). (From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 616.--Crest of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. (From his +seal, 1301.)] + +Another point needs to be borne in mind. The result of a joust depended +upon the points scored, the highest number being gained for the absolute +unhorsing of an opponent. This, however, happened comparatively seldom, and +points or "spears" were scored for the lances broken upon an opponent's +helmet, shield, or body, and the points so scored were subject to deduction +if the opponent's horse were touched, and under other circumstances. The +head of the tilting-spear which was used was a kind of rosette, and +heraldic representations are really incorrect in adding a point when the +weapon is described as a tilting-spear. Whilst a fine point meeting a +wooden shield or metal armour would stick in the one or glance off the +other, and neither result in the breaking of the lance nor in the unhorsing +of the opponent, a broad rosette would convey a heavy shock. But to effect +the desired object the tilting-spear would need to meet resistance, and +little would be gained by knocking off an opponent's ornamental crest. +Certainly no prize appears to have been allotted for the performance of +this feat (which always attracts the imagination of the novelist), whilst +there was for striking the "sight" of the helmet. Consequently there was +nothing to be gained from the protection to {334} the helmet which the fan +of earlier date afforded, and the tendency of ceremonial led to the use in +tournaments of helmets and elaborate crests which were not those used in +battle. The result is that we find these tournament or ceremonial crests +were of large and prominent size, and were carved in wood, or built up of +leather. But I firmly believe that these crests were used only for +ceremonial and tournament purposes, and were never actually worn in battle. +That these modelled crests in relief are the ones that we find upon +effigies is only natural, and what one would expect, inasmuch as a man's +effigy displayed his garments and accoutrements in the most ornate and +honourable form. The same idea exists at the present day. The subjects of +modern effigies and modern portraits are represented in robes, and with +insignia which are seldom if ever worn, and which sometimes even have no +existence in fact. In the same way the ancient effigies are the +representations of the ceremonial dress and not the everyday garb of those +for whom they stand. But even allowing all the foregoing, it must be +admitted that it is from these ceremonial or tournament helmets and crests +that the heraldic crest has obtained its importance, and herein lies the +reason of the exaggerated size of early heraldic crests, and also the +unsuitability of some few for actual use. Tournaments were flourishing in +the Plantagenet, Yorkist, and Lancastrian periods, and ended with the days +of the Tudor dynasty; and the Plantagenet period witnessed the rise of the +ceremonial and heraldic crest. But in the days when crests had any actual +existence they were made to fit the helmet, and the crests in Figs. 615-618 +show crests very much more naturally disposed than those of later periods. +{335} Crests appear to have come into wider and more general use in Germany +at an earlier period than is the case in this country, for in the early +part of the thirteenth century seals are there to be met with having only +the device of helmet and crest thereupon, a proof that the "oberwappen" +(helmet and crest) was then considered of equal or greater value than the +shield. + +[Illustration: FIG. 617.--Crest of William de Montagu, Earl of Salisbury +(d. 1344). (From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 618.--Crest of Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, +and Earl Marshal. (From a drawing of his seal, 1389: MS Cott., Julius, C. +vii.)] + +The actual tournament crests were made of light material, pasteboard, +cloth, or a leather shell over a wood or wire framework filled with tow, +sponge, or sawdust. Fig. 271, which shows the shield, helmet, and crest of +the Black Prince undoubtedly contemporary, dating from 1376, and now +remaining in Canterbury Cathedral, is made of leather and is a good example +of an actual crest, but even this, there can be little doubt, was never +carried in battle or tournament, and is no more than a ceremonial crest +made for the funeral pageant. + +The heraldic wings which are so frequently met with in crests are not the +natural wings of a bird, but are a development from the fan, and in actual +crests were made of wooden or basket-work strips, and probably at an +earlier date were not intended to represent wings, but were mere pieces of +wood painted and existing for the display of a certain device. Their shape +and position led to their transition into "wings," and then they were +covered with dyed or natural-coloured feathers. It was the art of heraldic +emblazonment which ignored the practical details, that first copied the +wing from nature. + +Actual crests were fastened to the helmets they surmounted by {336} means +of ribbons, straps, laces (which developed later into the fillet and +torse), or rivets, and in Germany they were ornamented with hanging and +tinkling metal leaves, tiny bells, buffalo horns, feathers, and projecting +pieces of wood, which formed vehicles for still further decorative +appendages. + +Then comes the question, what did the crest signify? Many have asserted +that no one below the rank of a knight had the right to use a crest; in +fact some writers have asserted, and doubtless correctly as regards a +certain period, that only those who were of tournament rank might assume +the distinction, and herein lies another confirmation of the supposition +that crests had a closer relation to the tournament than to the +battlefield. + +Doubts as to a man's social position might disqualify him from +participation in a tournament--hence the "helme-schau" previously referred +to--but they certainly never relieved him from the obligations of warfare +imposed by the tenure under which he held his lands. There is no doubt, +however, that whatever the regulation may have been--and there seems little +chance of our ever obtaining any real knowledge upon the point--the right +to display a crest was an additional privilege and honour, something extra +and beyond the right to a shield of arms. For how long any such supposition +held good it is difficult to say, for whilst we find in the latter part of +the fourteenth century that all the great nobles had assumed and were using +crests, and whilst there is but one amongst the Plantagenet Garter plates +without a crest where a helmet has been represented above the shield, we +also find that the great bulk of the lesser landed gentry bore arms, but +made no pretension to a crest. The lesser gentry were bound to fight in +war, but not necessarily in the tournament. Arms were a necessity of +warfare, crests were not. This continued to be the case till the end of the +sixteenth century, for we find that at one of the Visitations no crests +whatever are inserted with the arms and pedigrees of the families set out +in the Visitation Book, and one is probably justified in assuming that +whilst this state of feeling and this idea existed, the crest was highly +thought of, and valued possibly beyond the shield of arms, for with those +of that rank of life which aspired to the display of a crest the right to +arms would be a matter of course. In the latter part of the reign of Queen +Elizabeth and in Stuart days the granting of crests to ancient arms became +a widespread practice. Scores upon scores of such grants can be referred +to, and I have myself been led to the irresistible conclusion that the +opportunity afforded by the grant of a crest was urged by the heralds and +officers of arms, in order to give them the opportunity of confirming and +recording arms which they knew needed such confirmation to be + +{337} rendered legal, without giving offence to those who had borne these +arms merely by strength of user for some prolonged but at the same time +insufficient period to confer an unquestioned right. That has always seemed +to me the obvious reason which accounts for these numberless grants of +crests to apparently existing arms, which arms are recited and emblazoned +in the patents, because there are other grants of crests which can be +referred to, though these are singularly few in number, in which the arms +are entirely ignored. But as none of these grants, which are of a crest +only, appear to have been made to families whose right to arms was not +absolutely beyond question or dispute, the conclusion above recited appears +to be irresistible. The result of these numerous grants of crests, which I +look upon as carrying greater importance in the sense that they were also +confirmations of the arms, resulted in the fact that the value and dignity +of the crest slowly but steadily declined, and the cessation of tournaments +and, shortly afterwards, the marked decline in funereal pageantry no doubt +contributed largely to the same result. Throughout the Stuart period +instances can be found, though not very frequently, of grants of arms +without the grant of a crest being included in the patent; but the practice +was soon to entirely cease, and roughly speaking one may assert that since +the beginning of the Hanoverian dynasty no person has ever been granted +arms without the corresponding grant of a crest, if a crest could be +properly borne with the arms. Now no crest has ever been granted where the +right to arms has not existed or been simultaneously conferred, and +therefore, whilst there are still many coats of arms legally in existence +without a crest, a crest cannot exist without a coat of arms, so that those +people, and they are many, who vehemently assert a right to the "_crest_ of +their family," whilst admitting they have no right to arms, stand +self-convicted heraldically both of having spoken unutterable rubbish, and +of using a crest to which they can have no possible right. One exception, +and one only, have I ever come across to the contrary, and very careful +inquiry can bring me knowledge of no other. That crest is the crest of a +family of Buckworth, now represented by Sir Charles Buckworth-Herne-Soame, +Bart. This family at the time of the Visitations exhibited a certain coat +of arms and crest. The coat of arms, which doubtless interfered with the +rights of some other family, was respited for further proof; but the crest, +which did not, appears to have been allowed, and as nothing further was +done with regard to the arms, the crest stood, whilst the arms were bad. +But even this one exception has long since been rectified, for when the +additional name and arms of Soame were assumed by Royal License, the arms +which had been exhibited and respited were (with the addition of an ermine +spot as a charge upon the chevron) granted as the arms of Buckworth to be +borne quarterly with the arms of Soame. + +PLATE VI. + +[Illustration] + +{338} + +With the cessation of tournaments, we get to the period which some writers +have stigmatised as that of "paper" heraldry. That is a reference to the +fact that arms and crests ceased to be painted upon shields or erected upon +helmets that enjoyed actual use in battle and tournament. Those who are so +ready to decry modern heraldry forget that from its very earliest existence +heraldry has always had the _same_ significance as a symbol of rank and +social position which it now enjoys and which remains undiminished in +extent, though doubtless less potent in effect. They forget also that from +the very earliest period armory had three uses--viz. its martial use, its +decorative use, and its use as a symbol of ownership. The two latter uses +still remain in their entirety, and whilst that is the case, armory cannot +be treated as a dead science. + +But with the cessation of tournaments the decorative became the chief use +of arms, and the crest soon ceased to have that distinctive adaptability to +the purpose of a helmet ornament. Up to the end of the Tudor period crests +had retained their original simplicity. Animals' heads and animals passant, +human heads and demi-animals, comprised the large majority of the early +crests. Scottish heraldry in a marked degree has retained the early +simplicity of crests, though at the expense of lack of distinction between +the crests of different families. German heraldry has to a large extent +retained the same character as has Scottish armory, and though many of the +crests are decidedly elaborated, it is noticeable that this elaboration is +never such as to render the crest unsuitable for its true position upon a +helmet. + +In England this aspect of the crest has been almost entirely lost sight of, +and a large proportion of the crests in modern English grants are utterly +unsuitable for use in relief upon an actual helmet. Our present rules of +position for a helmet, and our unfortunate stereotyped form of wreath, are +largely to blame, but the chief reason is the definite English rule that +the crests of separate English families must be differentiated as are the +arms. No such rule holds good in Scotland, hence their simple crests. + +Whether the rule is good or bad it is difficult to say. When all the pros +and cons have been taken into consideration, the whole discussion remains a +matter of opinion, and whilst one dislikes the Scottish idea under which +the same identical crest can be and regularly is granted to half-a-dozen +people of as many different surnames, one objects very considerably to the +typical present-day crest of an English grant of arms. Whilst a collar can +be put round an animal's neck, and whilst it can hold objects in its mouth +or paws, it does seem {339} ridiculous to put a string of varied and +selected objects "in front" of it, when these plainly would only be visible +from one side, or to put a crest "between" objects if these are to be +represented "fore and aft," one toppling over the brow of the wearer of the +helmet and the other hanging down behind. + +The crests granted by the late Sir Albert Woods, Garter, are the crying +grievance of modern English heraldry, and though a large proportion are far +greater abortions than they need be, and though careful thought and +research even yet will under the present régime result in the grant of at +any rate a quite unobjectionable crest, nevertheless we shall not obtain a +real reform, or attain to any appreciable improvement, until the "position" +rule as to helmets is abolished. Some of the crests mentioned hereunder are +typical and awful examples of modern crests. + + Crest of Bellasis of Marton, Westmoreland: A mount vert, thereon a lion + couchant guardant azure, in front of a tent proper, lined gules. + + Crest of Hermon of Preston, Lancashire, and Wyfold Court, Checkendon, + Oxon.: In front of two palm-trees proper, a lion couchant guardant + erminois, resting the dexter claw upon a bale of cotton proper. Motto: + "Fido non timeo." + + Crest of James Harrison, Esq., M.A., Barrister-at-Law: In front of a + demi-lion rampant erased or, gorged with a collar gemelle azure, and + holding between the paws a wreath of oak proper, three mascles + interlaced also azure. Motto: "Pro rege et patria." + + Crest of Colonel John Davis, F.S.A., of Bifrons, Hants: A lion's head + erased sable, charged with a caltrap or, upon two swords in saltire + proper, hilted and pommelled also or. Motto: "Ne tentes, aut perfice." + + Crest of the late Sir Saul Samuel, Bart., K.C.M.G.: Upon a rock in + front of three spears, one in pale and two in saltire, a wolf current + sable, pierced in the breast by an arrow argent, flighted or. Motto: "A + pledge of better times." + + Crest of Jonson of Kennal Manor, Chislehurst, Kent: In front of a + dexter arm embowed in armour proper, the hand also proper, grasping a + javelin in bend sinister, pheoned or, and enfiled with a chaplet of + roses gules, two branches of oak in saltire vert. + + Crest of C. E. Lamplugh, Esq.: In front of a cubit arm erect proper, + encircled about the wrist with a wreath of oak and holding in the hand + a sword also proper, pommel and hilt or, an escutcheon argent, charged + with a goat's head couped sable. Mottoes: "Through," and "Providentia + Dei stabiliuntur familiæ." + + Crest of Glasford, Scotland: "Issuing from clouds two hands conjoined + grasping a caduceus ensigned with a cap of liberty, all between two + cornucopiæ all proper. Motto: "Prisca fides." + +We now come to the subject of the inheritance of crests, concerning which +there has been much difference of opinion. + +It is very usually asserted that until a comparatively recent date crests +were not hereditary, but were assumed, discarded, and changed at pleasure. +Like many other incorrect statements, there is a certain modicum of truth +in the statement, for no doubt whilst arms themselves {340} had a more or +less shifting character, crests were certainly not "fixed" to any greater +extent. + +But I think no one has as yet discovered, or at any rate brought into +notice, the true facts of the case, or the real position of the matter, and +I think I am the first to put into print what actually were the rules which +governed the matter. The rules, I believe, were undoubtedly these:-- + +Crests were, save in the remote beginning of things heraldic, definitely +hereditary. They were hereditary even to the extent (and herein lies the +point which has not hitherto been observed) that they were transmitted by +an heiress. Perhaps this heritability was limited to those cases in which +the heiress transmitted the _de facto_ headship of her house. We, judging +by present laws, look upon the crest as a part of the _one_ heraldic +achievement inseparable from the shield. What proof have we that in early +times any necessary connection between arms and crest existed? We have +none. The shield of arms was one inheritance, descending by known rules. +The crest was another, but a separate inheritance, descending equally +through an heir or coheir-general. The crest was, as an inheritance, as +separate from the shield as were the estates then. The social conditions of +life prevented the possibility of the existence or inheritance of a crest +where arms did not exist. But a man inheriting several coats of arms from +different heiress ancestresses could marshal them all upon one shield, and +though we find the heir often made selection at his pleasure, and +marshalled the arms in various methods, the determination of which was a +mere matter of arbitrary choice, he could, if he wished, use them all upon +one shield. But he had but one helmet, and could use and display but one +crest. So that, if he had inherited two, he was forced to choose which he +would use, though he sometimes tried to combine two into one device. It is +questionable if an instance can be found in England of the regular display +of two helmets and crests together, surmounting one shield, before the +eighteenth century, but there are countless instances of the contemporary +but separate display of two different crests, and the Visitation Records +afford us some number of instances of this tacit acknowledgment of the +inheritance of more than one crest. + +The patent altering or granting the Mowbray crest seems to me clear +recognition of the right of inheritance of a crest passing through an heir +female. This, however, it must be admitted, may be really no more than a +grant, and is not in itself actual evidence that any crest had been +previously borne. My own opinion, however, is that it is fair presumptive +evidence upon the point, and conveys an alteration and not a grant. + +The translation of this Patent (Patent Roll 339, 17 Ric. II. pt. 1, {341} +memb. 2) is as follows: "The King to all to whom, &c., Greeting, Know that +whereas our well-beloved and faithful kinsman, Thomas, Earl-Marshal and +Earl of Nottingham, has a just hereditary title to bear for his crest a +leopard or with a white label, which should be of right the crest of our +eldest son if we had begotten a son. We, for this consideration, have +granted for us and our heirs to the said Thomas and his heirs that for a +difference in this crest they shall and may bear a leopard, and in place of +a label a crown argent, without hindrance from us or our heirs +aforesaid.--In witness, &c. Witness the King at Westminster, the 12th day +of January [17 Ric. II.]. By writ of Privy Seal." + +Cases will constantly be found in which the crests have been changed. I +necessarily totally exclude from consideration crests which have been +changed owing to specific grants, and also changes due to the discarding of +crests which can be shown to have been borne without right. Changes in +crests must also be disregarded where the differences in emblazonment are +merely differences in varying designs of the same crest. Necessarily from +none of these instances can a law of inheritance be deduced. But if other +changes in the crests of important families be considered, I think it will +be very evident that practically the whole of these are due to the +inheritance through heiresses or ancestresses of an alternative crest. It +can be readily shown that selection played an important part in the +marshalling of quarterings upon an escutcheon, and where important +quarterings were inherited they are as often as not found depicted in the +first quarter. Thus the Howards have borne at different periods the wings +of Howard; the horse of Fitzalan; and the Royal crest granted to the +Mowbrays with remainder to the heir general; and these crests have been +borne, as will be seen from the Garter plates, quite irrespective of what +the surname in use may have been. Consequently it is very evident the +crests were considered to be inherited with the representation of the +different families. The Stourton crest was originally a stag's head, and is +to be seen recorded in one of the Visitations, and upon the earliest seal +in existence of any member of the family. But after the inheritance through +the heiress of Le Moyne, the Le Moyne crest of the demi-monk was adopted. +The Stanleys, Earls of Derby, whatever their original crest may have been, +inherited the well-known bird and bantling of the family of Lathom. The +Talbot crest was originally a talbot, and this is still so borne by Lord +Talbot of Malahide: it was recorded at the Visitation of Dublin; but the +crest at present borne by the Earls of Shrewsbury is derived from the arms +inherited by descent from Gwendolin, daughter of Rhys ap Griffith. The +Nevill crest was a bull's head as it is now borne by the Marquess {342} of +Abergavenny, and as it will be seen on the Garter plate of William Nevill, +Lord Fauconberg. An elder brother of Lord Fauconberg had married the +heiress of the Earl of Salisbury, and was summoned to Parliament in her +earldom. He quartered her arms, which appear upon his Garter plate and +seal, in the first and fourth quarters of his shield, and adopted her +crest. A younger son of Sir Richard Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, bore the +same crest differenced by two annulets conjoined, which was the difference +mark added to the shield. The crest of Bourchier was a soldan's head +crowned, and with a pointed cap issuing from the crown, but when the barony +of Bourchier passed to the family of Robsart, as will be seen from the +Garter plate of Sir Lewis Robsart, Lord Bourchier, the crest of Bourchier +was adopted with the inheritance of the arms and Barony of Bourchier. + +I am aware of no important case in English heraldry where the change has +been due to mere caprice, and it would seem therefore an almost +incontrovertible assertion that changes were due to inheritance, and if +that can be established it follows even more strongly that until the days +when armory was brought under rigid and official control, and even until a +much later date, say up to the beginning of the Stuart period, crests were +heritable through heiresses equally with quarterings. The fact that we find +comparatively few changes considering the number of crests in existence is +by no means a refutation of this theory, because a man had but one helmet, +and was forced therefore to make a selection. Unless, therefore, he had a +very strong inclination it would be more likely that he would select the +crest he was used to than a fresh one. I am by no means certain that to a +limited extent the German idea did not hold in England. This was, and is, +that the crest had not the same personal character that was the case with +the arms, but was rather attached to or an appanage of the territorial fief +or lordship. By the time of the Restoration any idea of the transmission of +crests through heiresses had been abandoned. We then find a Royal License +necessary for the assumption of arms and crests. Since that date it has +been and at the present time it is stringently held, and is the official +rule, that no woman can bear or inherit a crest, and that no woman can +transmit a right to one. Whilst that is the official and accepted +interpretation of heraldic law upon the point, and whilst it cannot now be +gainsaid, it cannot, however, be stated that the one assertion is the +logical deduction of the other, for whilst a woman cannot inherit a +lordship of Parliament, she undoubtedly can transmit one, together with the +titular honours, the enjoyment of which is not denied to her. + +In Scotland crests have always had a very much less important position than +in England. There has been little if any continuity {343} with regard to +them, and instances of changes for which caprice would appear to be the +only reason are met with in the cases of a large proportion of the chief +families in that kingdom. To such a widespread extent has the permissive +character been allowed to the crest, that many cases will be found in which +each successive matriculation for the head of the house, or for a cadet, +has produced a change in the crest, and instances are to be found where the +different crests are the only existing differences in the achievements of a +number of cadets of the same family. At the present time, little if any +objection is ever made to an entire and radical change in the crest--if +this is wished at the time of a rematriculation--and as far as I can gather +such changes appear to have always been permitted. Perhaps it may be well +here to point out that this is not equivalent to permission to change the +crest at pleasure, because the patent of matriculation until it is +superseded by another is the authority, and the compulsory authority, for +the crest which is to be borne. In Germany the crest has an infinitely +greater importance than is the case with ourselves, but it is there +considered in a large degree a territorial appanage, and it is by no means +unusual in a German achievement to see several crests surmounting a single +coat of arms. In England the Royal coat of arms has really three crests, +although the crests of Scotland and Ireland are seldom used, which, it may +be noted, are all in a manner territorial; but the difference of idea with +which crests are regarded in Germany may be gathered from the fact that the +King of Saxony has five, the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin five, the +Grand Duke of Saxe-Meiningen six, the Grand Duke of Saxe-Altenburg seven, +the Duke of Anhalt seven, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha six, the Prince +of Schwartzburg-Sondershausen six, the Prince of Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt +six, the Prince of Waldeck-Pyrmont five, the Prince of Lippe five, the Duke +of Brunswick five, and instances can be quoted of sixteen and seventeen. +Probably Woodward is correct when he says that each crest formerly denoted +a noble fief, for which the proprietor had a right to vote in the "circles" +of the Empire, and he instances the Margraves of Brandenburg-Anspach, who +were entitled to no less than thirteen crests. In France the use of crests +is not nearly so general as in England or Germany. In Spain and Portugal it +is less frequent still, and in Italy the use of a crest is the exception. + +The German practice of using horns on either side of the crest, which the +ignorance of English heralds has transformed into the proboscides of +elephants, is dealt with at some length on page 214. The horns, which are +termed buffalo's or bull's horns until the middle of the thirteenth +century, were short and thick-set. It is difficult to {344} say at what +date these figures came to be considered as heraldic _crests_, for as mere +helmet ornaments they probably can be traced back very far beyond any proof +of the existence of armory. In the fourteenth century we find the horns +curved inwards like a sickle, but later the horns are found more erect, the +points turning outwards, slimmer in shape, and finally they exhibit a +decidedly marked double curve. Then the ends of the horns are met with +open, like a trumpet, the fact which gave rise to the erroneous idea that +they represented elephants' trunks. The horns became ornamented with +feathers, banners, branches of leaves, balls, &c., and the orifices +garnished with similar adornments. + +In England, crests are theoretically subject to marks of cadency and +difference. This is not the case, however, in any other country. In +Germany, in cases where the crests reproduce the arms, any mark of cadency +with which the arms are distinguished will of course be repeated; but in +German heraldry, doubtless owing to the territorial nature of the crest, a +change in the crest itself is often the only mark of distinction between +different branches of the same family, and in Siebmacher's _Wappenbuch_ +thirty-one different branches of the Zorn family have different crests, +which are the sole marks of difference in the achievements. + +But though British crests are presumed to be subject to the recognised +marks of cadency, as a matter of fact it is very seldom indeed that they +are ever so marked, with the exception that the mark used (usually a cross +crosslet) to signify the lack of blood relationship when arms are assumed +under a Royal License, is compulsory. Marks of distinction added to signify +illegitimacy are also compulsory and perpetual. What these marks are will +be dealt with in a subsequent chapter upon the subject. How very seldom a +mark of difference is added to a crest may be gathered from the fact that +with the exception of labels, chiefly upon the Royal crest, one crest only +amongst the Plantagenet Garter plates is differenced, that one being the +crest of John Neville, Lord Montague. Several crests, however, which are +not Royal, are differenced by similar labels to those which appear upon the +shields; but when we find that the difference marks have very much of a +permissive character, even upon the shield, it is not likely that they are +perpetuated upon the crest, where they are even less desirable. The arms of +Cokayne, as given in the funeral certificate of Sir William Cokayne, Lord +Mayor of London, show upon the shield three crescents, sable, or, and +gules, charged one upon the other, the Lord Mayor being the second son of a +second son of Cokayne of Sturston, descending from William, second son of +Sir John Cokayne of Ashborne. But, in spite of the fact that three +difference marks are charged upon the shield (one of the quarterings of +which, by the way, {345} has an additional mark), the crest itself is only +differenced by one crescent. These difference marks, as applied to arms, +are in England (the rules in Scotland are utterly distinct) practically +permissive, and are never enforced against the wish of the bearer except in +one circumstance. If, owing to the grant of a crest or supporters, or a +Royal License, or any similar opportunity, a formal exemplification of the +arms is entered on the books of the College of Arms, the opportunity is +generally taken to add such mark of cadency as may be necessary; and no +certificate would be officially issued to any one claiming arms through +that exemplification except subject to the mark of cadency therein +depicted. In such cases as these the crest is usually differenced, because +the necessity for an exemplification does not often occur, except owing to +the establishment of an important branch of the family, which is likely to +continue as a separate house in the future, and possibly to rival the +importance of the chief of the name. Two examples will show my meaning. The +crest of the Duke of Bedford is a goat statant argent, armed or. When Earl +Russell, the third son of the sixth Duke of Bedford, was so created, the +arms, crest, and supporters were charged with a mullet argent. When the +first Lord Ampthill, who was the third son of the father of the ninth Duke +of Bedford, was so created, the arms of Russell, with the crest and +supporters, were also charged with mullets, these being of different +tinctures from those granted to Earl Russell. The crest of the Duke of +Westminster is a talbot statant or. The first Lord Stalbridge was the +second son of the Marquess of Westminster. His arms, crest, and supporters +were charged with a crescent. Lord Ebury was the third son of the first +Marquess of Westminster. His arms, crest, and supporters were charged with +a mullet. In cases of this kind the mark of difference upon the crest would +be considered permanent; but for ordinary purposes, and in ordinary +circumstances, the rule may be taken to be that it is not necessary to add +the mark of cadency to a crest, even when it is added to the shield, but +that, at the same time, it is not incorrect to do so. + +Crests must nowadays always be depicted upon either a wreath, coronet, or +chapeau; but these, and the rules concerning them, will be considered in a +more definite and detailed manner in the separate chapters in which those +objects are discussed. + +Crests are nowadays very frequently used upon livery buttons. Such a usage +is discussed at some length in the chapter on badges. + +When two or more crests are depicted together, and when, as is often the +case in England, the wreaths are depicted in space, and without the +intervening helmets, the crests always all face to the dexter side, and the +stereotyped character of English crests perhaps more than any other reason, +has led of late to the depicting of English {346} helmets all placed to +face in the same direction to the dexter side. But if, as will often be +found, the two helmets are turned to face each other, the crests also must +be turned. + +Where there are two crests, the one on the dexter side is the first and the +one on the sinister side is the second. When there are three, the centre +one comes first, then the one on the dexter side, then the one on the +sinister. When there are four crests, the first one is the dexter of the +two inner ones; the second is the sinister inner one; the third is the +dexter outer, and the fourth the sinister outer. When there are five (and I +know of no greater number in this country), they run as follows: (1) +centre, (2) dexter inner, (3) sinister inner, (4) dexter outer, (5) +sinister outer. + +A very usual practice in official emblazonments in cases of three crests is +to paint the centre one of a larger size, and at a slightly lower level, +than the others. In the case of four, Nos. 1 and 2 would be of the same +size, Nos. 3 and 4 slightly smaller, and slightly raised. + +It is a very usual circumstance to see two or more crests displayed in +England, but this practice is of comparatively recent date. How recent may +be gathered from the fact that in Scotland no single instance can be found +before the year 1809 in which two crests are placed above the same shield. +Scottish heraldry, however, has always been purer than English, and the +practice in England is much more ancient, though I question if in England +any authentic official exemplification can be found before 1700. There are, +however, many cases in the Visitation Books in which two crests are allowed +to the same family, but this fact does not prove the point, because a +Visitation record is merely an official record of inheritance and +possession, and not necessarily evidence of a regulation permitting the +simultaneous display of more than one. It is of course impossible to use +two sets of supporters with a single shield, but there are many peers who +are entitled to two sets; Lord Ancaster, I believe, is entitled to three +sets. But an official record in such a case would probably emblazon both +sets as evidence of right, by painting the shield twice over. + +During the eighteenth century we find many instances of the grant of +additional crests of augmentation, and many exemplifications under Royal +License for the use of two and three crests. Since that day the correctness +of duplicate crests has never been questioned, where the right of +inheritance to them has been established. The right of inheritance to two +or more crests at the present time is only officially allowed in the +following cases. + +If a family at the time of the Visitations had two crests recorded to them, +these would be now allowed. If descent can be proved from a family to whom +a certain crest was allowed, and also from ancestors {347} at an earlier +date who are recorded as entitled to bear a different crest, the two would +be allowed unless it was evident that the later crest had been granted, +assigned, or exemplified _in lieu_ of the earlier one. Two crests are +allowed in the few cases which exist where a family has obtained a grant of +arms in ignorance of the fact that they were then entitled to bear arms and +crest of an earlier date to which the right has been subsequently proved, +but on this point it should be remarked that if a right to arms is known to +exist a second grant in England is point-blank refused unless the petition +asks for it to be borne instead of, and in lieu of, the earlier one: it is +then granted in those terms. + +To those who think that the Heralds' College is a mere fee-grabbing +institution, the following experience of an intimate friend of mine may be +of interest. In placing his pedigree upon record it became evident that his +descent was not legitimate, and he therefore petitioned for and obtained a +Royal License to bear the name and arms of the family from which he had +sprung. But the illegitimacy was not modern, and no one would have +questioned his right to the name which all the other members of the family +bear, if he had not himself raised the point in order to obtain the ancient +arms in the necessarily differenced form. The arms had always been borne +with some four or five quarterings and with two crests, and he was rather +annoyed that he had to go back to a simple coat of arms and single crest. +He obtained a grant for his wife, who was an heiress, and then, with the +idea of obtaining an additional quartering and a second crest, he conceived +the brilliant idea--for money was of no object to him--of putting his +brother forward as a petitioner for arms to be granted to him and his +descendants and to the other descendants of his father, a grant which would +of course have brought in my friend. He moved heaven and earth to bring +this about, but he was met with the direct statement that two grants of +arms could not be made to the same man to be borne simultaneously, and that +if he persisted in the grant of arms to his brother, his own name, as being +then entitled to bear arms, would be specifically exempted from the later +grant, and the result was that this second grant was never made. + +In Scotland, where re-matriculation is constantly going on, two separate +matriculations _to the same line_ would not confer the right to two crests, +inasmuch as the last matriculation supersedes everything which has preceded +it. But if a cadet matriculates a different crest, _and subsequently_ +succeeds to the representation under an earlier matriculation, he legally +succeeds to both crests, and incidentally to both coats of arms. As a +matter of ordinary practice, the cadet matriculation is discarded. A +curious case, however, occurs when after {348} matriculation by a cadet +there is a _later_ matriculation behind it, by some one nearer the head of +the house to which the first-mentioned cadet succeeds; in which event +selection must be brought into play, when succession to both occurs. But +the selection lies only between the two patents, and not from varied +constituent parts. + +Where as an augmentation an additional crest is granted, as has been the +case in many instances, of course a right to the double crest is thereby +conferred, and a crest of augmentation is not granted in lieu, but in +addition. + +A large number of these additional crests have been granted under specific +warrants from the Crown, and in the case of Lord Gough, two additional +crests were granted as separate augmentations and under separate patents. +Lord Kitchener recently received a grant of an additional crest of +augmentation. There are also a number of grants on record, not officially +ranking as augmentations, in which a second crest has been granted as a +memorial of descent or office, &c. + +The other cases in which double and treble crests occur are the results of +exemplifications following upon Royal Licenses to assume name and arms. As +a rule, when an additional surname is adopted by Royal License, the rule is +that the arms adopted are to be borne in addition to those previously in +existence; and where one name is adopted instead of another the warrant +very frequently permits this, and at the same time permits or requires the +new arms to be borne quarterly with those previously possessed, and gives +the right to two crests. But in cases where names and arms are assumed by +Royal License the arms and crest or crests are in accordance with the +patent of exemplification, which, no matter what its terms (for some do not +expressly exclude any prior rights), is always presumed to supersede +everything which has gone before, and to be the authority by which the +subsequent bearing of arms is regularised and controlled. Roughly speaking, +under a Royal License one generally gets the right to one crest for every +surname, and if the original surname be discarded, in addition a crest for +every previous surname. Thus Mainwaring-Ellerker-Onslow has three crests, +Wyndham-Campbell-Pleydell-Bouverie has four, and the last Duke of +Buckingham and Chandos, who held the record, had one for each of his +surnames, namely, Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville. In addition to +the foregoing, there are one or two exceptions which it is difficult to +explain. The Marquess of Bute for some reason or other obtained a grant, in +the year 1822, of the crest of Herbert. The original Lord Liverpool +obtained a grant of an additional crest, possibly an augmentation, and his +representative, Lord Hawkesbury, afterwards created Earl of Liverpool, for +some reason or other which I am quite at a loss to understand, obtained a +grant of a crest {349} very similar to that of Lord Liverpool to +commemorate the representation which had devolved upon him. He subsequently +obtained a grant of a third crest, this last being of augmentation. Sir +Charles Young, Garter King of Arms, obtained the grant of a second crest, +and a former Marquess of Camden did the same thing; Lord Swansea is another +recent case, and though the right of any person to obtain the grant of a +second crest is not officially admitted, and is in fact strenuously denied, +I cannot for the life of me see how in the face of the foregoing precedents +any such privilege can be denied. Sir William Woods also obtained the grant +of a second crest when he was Garter, oblivious of the fact that he had not +really established a right to arms. Those he used were certainly granted in +Lyon Office to a relative, but no matriculation of them in his own name was +ever registered. {350} + + + +CHAPTER XXII + +CROWNS AND CORONETS + +The origin of the crown or coronet is, of course, to be met with in the +diadem and fillet. In one of the Cantor Lectures delivered by Mr. Cyril +Davenport, F.S.A., in February 1902, on "The History of Personal Jewellery +from Prehistoric Times," he devoted considerable attention to the +development of the diadem, and the following extracts are from the printed +report of his lecture:-- + +"The bandeau or fillet tied round the head was probably first used to keep +long hair from getting into the eyes of primitive man. Presently it became +specialised, priests wearing one pattern and fighting men another. + +"The soft band which can be seen figured on the heads of kings in early +coins, is no doubt a mark of chieftainship. This use of a band, of special +colour, to indicate authority, probably originated in the East. It was +adopted by Alexander the Great, who also used the diadem of the King of +Persia. Justinian says that Alexander's predecessors did not wear any +diadem. Justinian also tells us that the diadems then worn were of some +soft material, as in describing the accidental wounding of Lysimachus by +Alexander, he says that the hurt was bound up by Alexander _with his own +diadem_. This was considered a lucky omen for Lysimachus, who actually did +shortly afterwards become King of Thrace. + +"In Egypt diadems of particular shape are of very ancient use. There were +crowns for Upper and Lower Egypt, and a combination of both for the whole +country. They were also distinguished by colour. The Uraeus or snake worn +in the crowns and head-dresses of the Pharaohs was a symbol of royalty. +Representations of the Egyptian gods always show them as wearing crowns. + +"In Assyrian sculptures deities and kings are shown wearing diadems, +apparently bands of stuff or leather studded with discs of _repoussé_ work. +Some of these discs, detached, have actually been found. Similar discs were +plentifully found at Mycenæ, which were very likely used in a similar way. +Some of the larger ornamental head-dresses worn by Assyrian kings appear to +have been conical-shaped helmets, or perhaps crowns; it is now difficult to +say which, {351} because the material of which they were made cannot be +ascertained. If they were of gold, they were probably crowns, like the +wonderful openwork golden Scythian head-dress found at Kertch, but if of an +inferior metal they may have been only helmets. + +"At St. Petersburg there is a beautiful ancient Greek diadem representing a +crown of olive. An Etruscan ivy wreath of thin gold, still encircling a +bronze helmet, is in the British Museum. + +"Justinian says that Morimus tried to hang himself with the diadem, +evidently a ribbon-like bandeau, sent to him by Mithridates. The Roman +royal diadem was originally a white ribbon, a wreath of laurel was the +reward of distinguished citizens, while a circlet of golden leaves was +given to successful generals. + +"Cæsar consistently refused the royal white diadem which Antony offered +him, preferring to remain perpetual dictator. One of his partisans ventured +to crown Cæsar's bust with a coronet of laurel tied with royal white +ribbon, but the tribunes quickly removed it and heavily punished the +perpetrator of the offence. + +"During the Roman Empire the prejudice against the white bandeau remained +strong. The emperors dared not wear it. Caligula wished to do so, but was +dissuaded on being told that such a proceeding might cost his life. +Eliogabalus used to wear a diadem studded with precious stones, but it is +not supposed to have indicated rank, but only to have been a rich lady's +parure, this emperor being fond of dressing himself up as a woman. +Caracalla, who took Alexander the Great as his model as far as possible, is +shown on some of his coins wearing a diadem of a double row of pearls, a +similar design to which was used by the kings of Parthia. On coins of +Diocletian, there shows a double row of pearls, sewn on a double band and +tied in a knot at the back. + +"Diadems gradually closed in and became crowns, and on Byzantine coins +highly ornate diadems can be recognised, and there are many beautiful +representations of them in enamels and mosaics, as well as a few actual +specimens. At Ravenna, in mosaic work in the church of San Vitale, are +crowned portraits of Justinian and his Empress Theodosia; in the enamel +portrait of the Empress Irene in the Pal d'Oro at Venice, can be seen a +beautiful jewelled crown with hinged plaques, and the same construction is +used on the iron crown of Lombardy, the sacred crown of Hungary, and the +crown of Charlemagne, all most beautiful specimens of jewellers' work. + +"On the plaques of the crown of Constantine Monomachos are also fine enamel +portraits of himself and his queen Zoë, wearing similar crowns. The +cataseistas, or jewelled chains, one over each ear and one at the back, +which occur on all these crowns, may be the survival of the loose ends of +the tie of the original fillet. {352} + +"In later times of Greece and Rome, owing to the growth of republican +feeling the diadem lost its political significance, and was relegated to +the ladies. + +"In the Middle Ages the diadem regained much of its earlier significance, +and ceased to be only the simple head ornament it had become. Now it became +specialised in form, reserved as an emblem of rank. The forms of royal +crowns and diadems is a large and fascinating study, and where original +examples do not now exist, the development can often be followed in +sculpture, coins, or seals. Heraldry now plays an important part. Diadems +or circlets gradually give way to closed crowns, in the case of sovereigns +possessing independent authority." + +But to pass to the crown proper, there is no doubt that from the earliest +times of recorded history crowns have been a sign and emblem of +sovereignty. It equally admits of no doubt that the use of a crown or +coronet was by no means exclusive to a sovereign, but whilst our knowledge +is somewhat curtailed as to the exact relation in which great overlords and +nobles stood to their sovereign, it is difficult to draw with any certainty +or exactitude definitive conclusions of the symbolism a crown or coronet +conveyed. Throughout Europe in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth, and +well into the fourteenth centuries, the great territorial lords enjoyed and +exercised many--in fact most--of the attributes of sovereignty, and in +England especially, where the king was no more than the first amongst his +peers, the territorial earls were in much the position of petty sovereigns. +It is only natural, therefore, that we should find them using this emblem +of sovereignty. But what we do find in England is that a coronet or fillet +was used, apparently without let or hindrance, by even knights. It is, +however, a matter for thought as to whether many of these fillets were not +simply the turban or "puggaree" folded into the shape of a fillet, but +capable of being unrolled if desired. What the object of the wholesale +wearing of crowns and coronets was, it is difficult to conjecture. + +The development of the crown of the English sovereigns has been best told +by Mr. Cyril Davenport in his valuable work on "The English Regalia" (Kegan +Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.). Mr. Davenport, whose knowledge on these +matters is probably unequalled, may best be allowed to tell the story in +his own words, he and his publishers having very kindly permitted this +course to be taken:-- {353} + +THE CROWN OF GREAT BRITAIN + +BY CYRIL DAVENPORT, F.S.A. + +"Crowns appear to have been at an early period worn by kings in battle, in +order that they might be easily recognised; and although it is quite +possible that this outward sign of sovereignty may have marked the wearer +as being entitled to special protection by his own men, it is also likely +that it was often a dangerous sign of importance. Upon the authority of +their coins, the heads of the early British kings were adorned with +variously formed fillets and ornamental wreaths. Helmets are also evidently +intended to be shown, and on some of the coins of Athelstan the helmet +bears upon it a crown of three raised points, with a single pearl at the +top of each (Fig. 619). Other coins bear the crown with the three raised +points without the helmet (Fig. 620). This crown of three points, bearing +sometimes one and sometimes three pearls at the top of each, continued to +be used by all the sole monarchs until Canute, on whose head a crown is +shown in which the three points develop into three clearly-marked trefoils +(Fig. 621). On the great seal of Edward the Confessor the king is wearing +an ornamental cap, which is described by Mr. Wyon in his book about the +Great Seals as bearing a crown with three points trefoiled; but the +impressions of this Great Seal that I have been able to see are so +indistinct in this particular that I do not feel justified in corroborating +his opinion. On some of the coins, however, of Edward the Confessor, an +arched crown is very clearly shown, and this crown has depending from it, +on each side, tassels with ornamental ends (Fig. 622). + +[Illustration: FIG. 619.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 620.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 621.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 622.] + +"In the list of the English regalia which were destroyed under the +Commonwealth in 1649 is found an item of great interest, viz. 'a gold wyer +work crown with little bells,' which is there stated to have belonged to +King Alfred, who appears to have been the first English king for whom the +ceremony of coronation was used; and it is remarkable that on several of +the crowns on coins and seals, from the time of Edward the Confessor until +Henry I., little tassels or tags are shown which may indeed represent +little bells suspended by a ribbon. + +"On King Alfred's own coins there is unfortunately nothing which can be +recognised as a crown. {354} + +"On the coins of Henry II. a crown is shown with arches, apparently +intended to be jewelled, as is also the rim. There are also tassels with +ornamental ends at the back of the crown (Fig. 623). + +[Illustration: FIG. 623.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 624.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 625.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 626.] + +"William I. on his Great Seal wears a crown with three points, at the top +of each of which are three pearls (Fig. 624), and on some of his coins a +more ornamental form of crown occurs having a broad jewelled rim and two +arches, also apparently jewelled, and at each side are two pendants with +pearl ends (Fig. 625). William II. on his Great Seal has a crown with five +points (Fig. 626), the centre one being slightly bigger than the others, +and at the top of each a single pearl. At each side of the crown are +pendants having three pearls at the ends. + +[Illustration: FIG. 627.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 628.] + +"On some of the coins of Stephen a pretty form of crown is seen. It has +three fleurs-de-lis and two jewelled arches (Fig. 627). The arches +disappear from this time until the reign of Edward IV. On the Great Seal of +Henry I. the king wears a simple crown with three fleurs-de-lis points, and +two pendants each with three pearls at the ends (Fig. 628), and after this +the pendants seem to have been discontinued. + +[Illustration: FIG. 629.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 630.] + +"On the first Great Seal of Henry III. a crown with three fleurs-de-lis is +shown surmounting a barred helmet (Fig. 629), and Edward I. wore a similar +crown with three fleurs-de-lis, but having supplementary pearls between +each (Fig. 630), and this form lasted for a long time, as modifications of +it are found on the coins of all the kings till Henry VII. On the third +Great Seal of Edward IV. the king wears a crown with five fleurs-de-lis, +the centre one being larger than the others, and the crown is arched and +has at the top an orb and cross (Fig. 631). Henry VI. on his first seal for +foreign affairs, on which occurs the English shield, uses above it a crown +with three crosses-patée and between each a pearl (Fig. 632), this being +the first distinct use of the cross-patée on the English crown; and it +probably was used here in place of the fleurs-de-lis hitherto worn in order +to {355} make a clear distinction between it and the French crown, which +has the fleurs-de-lis only and surmounts the coat of arms of that country. +The king himself wears an arched crown, but the impressions are so bad that +the details of it cannot be followed. + +[Illustration: FIG. 631.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 632.] + +"Henry VII. on his Great Seal uses as ornaments for the crown, +crosses-patée alternately with fleurs-de-lis, and also arches with an orb +and cross at the top (Fig. 633) and, on some of his coins, he reverts to +the three fleurs-de-lis with points between them, arches being still used, +with the orb and cross at the top (Fig. 634). An ornamental form of crown +bearing five ornamental leaves alternately large and small, with arches, +orb, and cross at the top (Fig. 635), occurs on the shillings of Henry VII. +On the crowns of Henry VIII., as well as upon his Great Seals, the +alternate crosses-patée and fleurs-de-lis are found on the rim of the +crown, which is arched, and has an orb and cross at the top, and this is +the form that has remained ever since (Fig. 636). So we may consider that +the growth of the ornament on the rim of the crown has followed a regular +sequence from the points with one pearl at the top, of Æthelstan, to the +trefoil of Canute; the arches began with Edward the Confessor, and the +centre trefoil turned into the cross-patée of Henry VI. The fact that the +remaining trefoils turned eventually into fleurs-de-lis is only, I think, a +natural expansion of form, and does not appear to have had anything to do +with the French fleur-de-lis, which was adopted as an heraldic bearing for +an entirely different reason. The Royal coat of arms of England did bear +for a long time in one of its quarterings the actual fleurs-de-lis of +France, and this, no doubt, has given some reason to the idea that the +fleurs-de-lis on the crown had also something to do with France; but as a +matter of fact they had existed on the crown of England long anterior to +our use of them on the coat of arms, as well as remaining there +subsequently to their discontinuance on our Royal escutcheon. + +[Illustration: FIG. 633.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 634.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 635.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 636.] + +"The cross-patée itself may possibly have been evolved in a somewhat +similar way from the three pearls of William I., as we often find the +centre trefoil, into which, as we have seen, these three points eventually +{356} turned, has a tendency to become larger than the others, and this +difference has been easily made more apparent by squaring the ends of the +triple leaf. At the same time it must not be forgotten that the cross-patée +was actually used on the sceptre of Edward the Confessor, so it is just +possible it may have had some specially English significance. + +"I have already mentioned that as well as the official crown of England, +which alone I have just been describing, there has often been a second or +State crown, and this, although it has in general design followed the +pattern of the official crown, has been much more elaborately ornamented, +and in it has been set and reset the few historic gems possessed by our +nation. The fact that these State crowns have in turn been denuded of their +jewels accounts for the fact that the old settings of some of them still +exist. + +[Illustration: FIG. 637.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 638.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 639.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 640.] + +"Charles II.'s State Crown is figured in Sir Edward Walker's account of his +coronation, but the illustration of it is of such an elementary character +that little reliance can be placed on it; the actual setting of this crown, +however--which was the one stolen by Colonel Blood on May 13, 1671--is now +the property of Lord Amherst of Hackney, and the spaces from which the +great ruby and the large sapphire--both of which are now in King Edward's +State crown--have been taken are clearly seen (Fig. 637). James II.'s State +Crown, which is very accurately figured in Sandford's account of his +coronation, and pieces of which are still in the Tower, also had this great +ruby as its centre ornament (Fig. 638). In Sir George Nayler's account of +the coronation of George IV. there is a figure of his so-called 'new +crown,' the arches of which are composed of oak-leaf sprays with acorns, +and the rim adorned with laurel sprays (Fig. 639). The setting of this +crown also belongs to Lord Amherst of Hackney, and so does another setting +of a small State queen's crown, the ownership of which is doubtful. William +IV. appears to have had a very beautiful State crown, with arches of laurel +sprays and a cross at the top with large diamonds. It is figured in +Robson's 'British Herald,' published in 1830 (Fig. 640). + +"There is one other crown of great interest, which, since the time {357} of +James Sixth of Scotland and First of England, forms part of our regalia. +This is the crown of Scotland, and is the most ancient piece of State +jewellery of which we can boast. + +"Edward I., after his defeat of John Baliol in 1296, carried off the crown +of Scotland to England, and Robert Bruce had another made for himself. This +in its turn, after Bruce's defeat at Methven, fell into Edward's hands. +Another crown seems to have been made for Bruce in 1314, when he was +established in the sovereignty of Scotland after Bannockburn, and the +present crown probably consists largely of the material of the old one, and +most likely follows its general design. It has, however, much French work +about it, as well as the rougher gold work made by Scottish jewellers, and +it seems probable that the crown, as it now is, is a reconstruction by +French workmen, made under the care and by order of James V. about 1540. It +was with this crown that Queen Mary was crowned when she was nine months +old. + +[Illustration: FIG. 641.] + +"In 1661 the Scottish regalia were considered to be in danger from the +English, and were sent to Dunnottar Castle for safety. From 1707 until 1818 +they were locked up in a strong chest in the Crown-Room of Edinburgh +Castle, and Sir Walter Scott, in whose presence the box was opened, wrote +an account of them in 1810. The crown consists of a fillet of gold bordered +with flat wire. Upon it are twenty-two large stones set at equal distances, +_i.e._ nine carbuncles, four jacinths, four amethysts, two white topazes, +two crystals with green foil behind them, and one topaz with yellow foil. +Behind each of these gems is a gold plate, with bands above and below of +white enamel with black spots, and between each stone is a pearl. Above the +band are ten jewelled rosettes and ten fleurs-de-lis alternately, and +between each a pearl. Under the rosettes and fleurs-de-lis are jewels of +blue enamel and pearls alternately. The arches have enamelled leaves of +French work in red and gold upon them, and the mount at the top is of blue +enamel studded with gold stars. The cross at the top is black enamel with +gold arabesque patterns; in the centre is an amethyst, and in this cross +and in the corners are Oriental pearls set in gold. At the back of the +cross are the letters I. R. V. in enamel-work. On the velvet cap are four +large pearls in settings of gold and enamel (Fig. 641). + +"Generally, the Scottish work in gold is cast solid and chased, the foreign +work being thinner and _repoussé_. Several of the diamonds are undoubtedly +old, and are cut in the ancient Oriental fashion; and many of the pearls +are Scottish. It is kept in Edinburgh Castle with the rest of the Scottish +regalia. None of the other pieces at all equal it in interest, as with the +exception of the coronation ring of Charles I. {358} they are of foreign +workmanship, or, at all events, have been so altered that there is little +or no original work left upon them." + +Very few people are aware, when they speak of the crown of England, that +there are two crowns. The one is the official crown, the sign and symbol of +the sovereigns of England. This is known by the name of St. Edward's Crown, +and is never altered or changed. As to this Mr. Cyril Davenport writes:-- + +"St. Edward's crown was made for the coronation of Charles II. in 1662, by +Sir Robert Vyner. It was ordered to be made as nearly as possible after the +old pattern, and the designs of it that have been already mentioned as +existing in the works of Sir Edward Walker and Francis Sandford show that +in a sensual form it was the same as now; indeed, the existing crown is in +all probability mainly composed of the same materials as that made by Sir +Robert. The crown consists of a rim or circlet of gold, adorned with +rosettes of precious stones surrounded with diamonds, and set upon enamel +arabesques of white and red. The centre gems of these rosettes are rubies, +emeralds, and sapphires. Rows of large pearls mark the upper and lower +edges of the rim, from which rise the four crosses-patée and four +fleurs-de-lis alternately, adorned with diamonds and other gems. The gem +clusters upon the crosses are set upon enamel arabesques in white and red, +of similar workmanship to that upon the rim. From the tops of the crosses +rise two complete arches of gold crossing each other, and curving deeply +downwards at the point of intersection. The arches are considered to be the +mark of independent sovereignty. They are edged with rows of large pearls, +and have gems and clusters of gems upon them set in arabesques of red and +white, like those upon the crosses. From the intersection of the arches +springs a mound of gold, encircled by a fillet from which rises a single +arch, both of which are ornamented with pearls and gems. On the top of the +arch is a cross-patée of gold, set in which are coloured gems and diamonds. +At the top of the cross is a large spheroidal pearl, and from each of the +side arms, depending from a little gold bracelet, is a beautifully formed +pear-shaped pearl. The crown is shown in the Tower with the crimson velvet +cap, turned up with miniver, which would be worn with it. + +"This crown is very large, but whether it is actually worn or not it would +always be present at the coronation, as it is the 'official' crown of +England." + +St. Edward's crown is the crown supposed to be heraldically represented +when for State or official purposes the crown is represented over the Royal +Arms or other insignia. In this the fleurs-de-lis upon the rim are only +half fleurs-de-lis. This detail is scrupulously adhered to, but during the +reign of Queen Victoria many of the other details {359} were very much "at +the mercy" of the artist. Soon after the accession of King Edward VII. the +matter was brought under consideration, and the opportunity afforded by the +issue of a War Office Sealed Pattern of the Royal Crown and Cypher for use +in the army was taken advantage of to notify his Majesty's pleasure, that +for official purposes the Royal Crown should be as shown in Fig. 642, which +is a reproduction of the War Office Sealed Pattern already mentioned. It +should be noted that whilst the cap of the real crown is of _purple_ +velvet, the cap of the _heraldic_ crown is _always_ represented as of +crimson. + +[Illustration: FIG. 642.--Royal Crown.] + +The second crown is what is known as the "Imperial State Crown." This is +the one which is actually worn, and which the Sovereign after the ceremony +of his coronation wears in the procession from the Abbey. It is also +carried before the Sovereign at the opening of Parliament. Whilst the gems +which are set in it are national property, the crown is usually remade for +each successive sovereign. The following is Mr. Davenport's description of +Queen Victoria's State Crown:-- + +"This beautiful piece of jewellery was made by Roundell & Bridge in 1838. +Many of the gems in it are old ones reset, and many of them are new. The +entire weight of the crown is 39 ozs. 5 dwts. It consists of a circlet of +open work in silver, bearing in the front the great sapphire from the crown +of Charles II. which was bequeathed to George III. by Cardinal York, with +other Stuart treasure. At one end this gem is partly pierced. It is not a +thick stone, but it is a fine colour. Opposite to the large sapphire is one +of smaller size. The remainder of the rim is filled in with rich jewel +clusters having alternately sapphires and emeralds in their centres, +enclosed in ornamental borders thickly set with diamonds. These clusters +are separated from each other by trefoil designs also thickly set with +diamonds. The rim is bordered above and below with bands of large pearls, +129 in the lower row, and 112 in the upper. [The crown as remade for King +Edward VII. now has 139 pearls in the lower row, and 122 in the upper.] +Above the rim are shallow festoons of diamonds caught up between the larger +ornaments by points of emeralds encircled with diamonds, and a large pearl +above each. On these festoons are set alternately eight crosses-patée, and +eight fleurs-de-lis of silver set with gems. The crosses-patée are thickly +set with brilliants, and have each an emerald in the centre, except that in +front of the crown, which {360} contains the most remarkable jewel +belonging to the regalia. This is a large spinal ruby of irregular +drop-like form, measuring about 2 ins. in length, and is highly polished on +what is probably its natural surface, or nearly so. Its irregular outline +makes it possible to recognise the place that it has formerly occupied in +the older State crowns, and it seems always to have been given the place of +honour. It is pierced after an Oriental fashion, and the top of the +piercing is filled with a supplementary ruby set in gold. Don Pedro, King +of Castille in 1367, murdered the King of Granada for the sake of his +jewels, one of which was this stone, and Don Pedro is said to have given it +to Edward the Black Prince after the battle of Najera, near Vittoria, in +the same year. After this, it is said to have been worn by Henry V. in his +crown at Agincourt in 1415, when it is recorded that the King's life was +saved from the attack of the Duc D'Alençon, because of the protection +afforded him by his crown, a portion of which, however, was broken off. It +may be confidently predicted that such a risk of destruction is not very +likely to happen again to the great ruby. + +"In the centre of each of the very ornamental fleurs-de-lis is a ruby, and +all the rest of the ornamentation on them is composed of rose diamonds, +large and small. From each of the crosses-patée, the upper corners of which +have each a large pearl upon them, rises an arch of silver worked into a +design of oak-leaves and acorn-cups. These leaves and cups are all closely +encrusted with a mass of large and small diamonds, rose brilliant, and +table-cut; the acorns themselves formed of beautiful drop-shaped pearls of +large size. From the four points of intersection of the arches at the top +of the crown depend large egg-shaped pearls. From the centre of the arches, +which slope slightly downwards, springs a mound with a cross-patée above +it. The mound is ornamented all over with close lines of brilliant +diamonds, and the fillet which encircles it, and the arch which crosses +over it, are both ornamented with one line of large rose-cut diamonds set +closely together. The cross-patée at the top has in the centre a large +sapphire of magnificent colour set openly. The outer lines of the arms of +the cross are marked by a row of small diamonds close together and in the +centre of each arm is a large diamond, the remaining spaces being filled +with more small diamonds. The large sapphire in the centre of this cross is +said to have come out of the ring of Edward the Confessor, which was buried +with him in his shrine at Westminster, and the possession of it is supposed +to give to the owner the power of curing the cramp. If this be indeed the +stone which belonged to St. Edward, it was probably recut in its present +form of a 'rose' for Charles II., even if not since his time. + +[Illustration: FIG. 643.--Queen Alexandra's Coronation Crown.] + +"Not counting the large ruby or the large sapphire, this crown {361} +contains: Four rubies, eleven emeralds, sixteen sapphires, 277 pearls, 2783 +diamonds. [As remade for King Edward VII. the crown now has 297 pearls and +2818 diamonds.] + +"The large ruby has been valued at £110,000. + +"When this crown has to take a journey it is provided with a little casket, +lined with white velvet, and having a sliding drawer at the bottom, with a +boss on which the crown fits closely, so that it is safe from slipping. The +velvet cap turned up with miniver, with which it is worn, is kept with it." + +This crown has been recently remade for King Edward VII., but has not been +altered in any essential details. The cap of the real crown is of purple +velvet. + +Fig. 643 represents the crown of the Queen Consort with which Queen +Alexandra was crowned on August 9, 1902. It will be noticed that, unlike +the King's crowns, this has eight arches. The circlet which forms the base +is 1½ inches in height. The crown is entirely composed of diamonds, of +which there are 3972, and these are placed so closely together that no +metal remains visible. The large diamond visible in the illustration is the +famous Koh-i-noor. Resting upon the rim are four crosses-patée, and as many +fleurs-de-lis, from each of which springs an arch. As a matter of actual +fact the crown was made for use on this one occasion and has since been +broken up. + +There is yet another crown, probably the one with which we are most +familiar. This is a small crown entirely composed of diamonds: and the +earliest heraldic use which can be found of it is in the design by Sir +Edgar Boehm for the 1887 Jubilee coinage. Though effective enough when +worn, it does not, from its small size, lend itself effectively to +pictorial representation, and as will be remembered, the design of the 1887 +coinage was soon abandoned. This crown was made at the personal expense of +Queen Victoria, and under her instructions, owing to the fact that her late +Majesty found her "State" crown uncomfortable to wear, and too heavy for +prolonged or general use. It is understood, also, that the Queen found the +regulations concerning its custody both inconvenient and irritating. During +the later part of her reign this smaller crown was the only one Queen +Victoria ever wore. By her will the crown was settled as an heirloom upon +Queen Alexandra, to devolve upon future Queens Consort for the time being. +This being the case, it is not unlikely that in the future this crown may +come to be regarded as a part of the national regalia, and it is as well, +therefore, to reiterate the remark, that it was made at the personal +expense of her late Majesty, and is to no extent and in no way the property +of the nation. {362} + +CORONETS OF RANK + +[Illustration: FIG. 644.--Coronet of Thomas FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel. +(From his monument in Arundel Church, 1415.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 645.--Crown of King Henry IV. (1399-1413). (From his +monument in Trinity Chapel, Canterbury Cathedral.)] + +In spite of various Continental edicts, the heraldic use of coronets of +rank, as also their actual use, seems elsewhere than in Great Britain to be +governed by no such strict regulations as are laid down and conformed to in +this country. For this reason, no less than for the greater interest these +must necessarily possess for readers in this country, English coronets will +first claim our attention. It has been already observed that coronets or +jewelled fillets are to be found upon the helmets even of simple knights +from the earliest periods. They probably served no more than decorative +purposes, unless these fillets be merely turbans, or suggestions thereof. +As late as the fifteenth century there appears to have been no regularised +form, as will be seen from Fig. 644, which represents the coronet as shown +upon the effigy of Thomas FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel, in Arundel Church +(1415). A very similar coronet surmounts the head-dress of the effigy of +Beatrice, Countess of Arundel, at the same period. In his will, Lionel, +Duke of Clarence (1368), bequeaths "two golden circles," with one of which +he was created Duke. It is of interest to compare this with Fig. 645, which +represents the crown of King Henry IV. as represented on his effigy. +Richard, Earl of Arundel, in his will (December 5, 1375), leaves his +"melieure coronne" to his eldest son Richard, his "second melieure coronne" +to his daughter Joan, and his "tierce coronne" to his daughter Alice. +Though not definite proof of the point, the fact that the earl distributes +his coronets amongst his family irrespective of the fact that the earldom +(of which one would presume the coronets to be a sign) would pass to his +son, would seem to show that the wearing of a coronet even at that date was +merely indicative of high nobility of birth, and not of the possession of a +substantive Parliamentary peerage. In spite of the variations {363} in +form, coronets were, however, a necessity. When both dukes and earls were +created they were invested with a coronet in open Parliament. As time went +on the coronet, however, gradually came to be considered the sign of the +possession of a peerage, and was so borne; but it was not until the reign +of Charles II. that coronets were definitely assigned by Royal Warrant +(February 19, 1660) to peers not of the Blood Royal. Before this date a +coronet had not (as has been already stated) been used heraldically or in +fact by barons, who, both in armorial paintings and in Parliament, had used +a plain crimson cap turned up with white fur. + +[Illustration: FIG. 646.--Coronet of the Prince of Wales.] + +The coronet of the Prince of Wales is exactly like the official (St. +Edward's) crown, except that instead of two intersecting arches it has only +one. An illustration of this is given in Fig. 646 (this being the usual +form in which it is heraldically depicted). It should be noticed, however, +that this coronet belongs to the prince as eldest son of the Sovereign and +heir-apparent to the Throne, and not as Prince of Wales. It was assigned by +Royal Warrant 9th February, 13 Charles II. The coronet of the Princess of +Wales, as such, is heraldically the same as that of her husband. + +[Illustration: FIG. 647.--Coronet of the younger children of the +Sovereign.] + +The coronets of the sons and daughters or brothers and sisters of a +sovereign of Great Britain (other than a Prince of Wales) is as in Fig. +647, that is, the circlet being identical with that of the Royal Crown, and +of the Prince of Wales' coronet, but without the arch. This was also +assigned in the warrant of 9th February, 13 Charles II. Officially this +coronet is described as being composed of crosses-patée and fleurs-de-lis +alternately. + +The grandchildren of a sovereign being sons and daughters of the Prince of +Wales, or of other sons of the sovereign, have a coronet in which +strawberry leaves are substituted for the two outer crosses-patée appearing +at the edges of the coronet, which is officially described as composed of +crosses-patée, fleurs-de-lis, and strawberry leaves. + +Princes of the English Royal Family, being sons of younger sons of a +sovereign, or else nephews of a sovereign being sons of brothers of a +sovereign, and having the rank and title of a duke of the United Kingdom, +have a coronet composed alternately of crosses-patée and strawberry leaves, +the latter taking the place of the fleurs-de-lis upon {364} the circlet of +the Royal Crown. This coronet was also assigned in the warrant of 9th +February, 13 Charles II. + +It will be observed by those who compare one heraldic book with another +that I have quoted these rules differently from any other work upon the +subject. A moment's thought, however, must convince any one of the accuracy +of my version. It is a cardinal rule of armory that save for the single +circumstance of attainder no man's armorial insignia shall be degraded. +Whilst any man's status may be increased, it cannot be lessened. Most +heraldic books quote the coronet of crosses-patée, fleurs-de-lis, and +strawberry leaves as the coronet of the "grandsons" of the sovereign, +whilst the coronet of crosses-patée and strawberry leaves is stated to be +the coronet of "nephews" or cousins of the sovereign. Such a state of +affairs would be intolerable, because it would mean the liability at any +moment to be degraded to the use of a less honourable coronet. Take, for +example, the case of Prince Arthur of Connaught. During the lifetime of +Queen Victoria, as a grandson of the sovereign he would be entitled to the +former, whereas as soon as King Edward ascended the throne he would have +been forced to relinquish it in favour of the more remote form. + +The real truth is that the members of the Royal Family do not inherit these +coronets as a matter of course. They technically and in fact have no +coronets until these have been assigned by Royal Warrant with the arms. +When such warrants are issued, the coronets assigned have up to the present +time conformed to the above rules. I am not sure that the "rules" now exist +in any more potent form than that up to the present time those particular +patterns happen to have been assigned in the circumstances stated. But the +warrants (though they contain no hereditary limitation) certainly contain +no clause limiting their operation to the lifetime of the then sovereign, +which they certainly would do if the coronet only existed whilst the +particular relationship continued. + +The terms "grandson of the sovereign" and "nephew of the sovereign," which +are usually employed, are not correct. The coronets only apply to the +children of _princes_. The children of princesses, who are undoubtedly +included in the terms "grandson" and "nephew," are not technically members +of the Royal Family, nor do they inherit either rank or coronet from their +mothers. + +By a curious fatality there has never, since these Royal coronets were +differentiated, been any male descendant of an English sovereign more +remotely related than a nephew, with the exception of the Dukes of +Cumberland. Their succession to the throne of Hanover renders them useless +as a precedent, inasmuch as their right to arms and coronet must be derived +from Hanover and its laws, and not {365} from this country. The Princess +Frederica of Hanover, however, uses an English coronet and the Royal Arms +of England, presumably preferring her status as a princess of this country +to whatever _de jure_ Hanoverian status might be claimed. It is much to be +wished that a Royal Warrant should be issued to her which would decide the +point--at present in doubt--as to what degree of relationship the coronet +of the crosses-patée and strawberry leaves is available for, or failing +that coronet what the coronet of prince or princess of this country might +be, he or she not being child, grandchild, or nephew or niece of a +sovereign. + +The unique use of actual coronets in England at the occasion of each +coronation ceremony has prevented them becoming (as in so many other +countries) mere pictured heraldic details. Consequently the instructions +concerning them which are issued prior to each coronation will be of +interest. The following is from the _London Gazette_ of October 1, 1901:-- + + "EARL MARSHAL'S OFFICE, + NORFOLK HOUSE, ST. JAMES'S SQUARE, S.W., + _October 1, 1901_. + + "The Earl Marshal's Order concerning the Robes, Coronets, &c., which + are to be worn by the Peers at the Coronation of Their Most Sacred + Majesties King Edward the Seventh and Queen Alexandra. + + "These are to give notice to all Peers who attend at the Coronation of + Their Majesties, that the robe or mantle of the Peers be of crimson + velvet, edged with miniver, the cape furred with miniver pure, and + powdered with bars or rows of ermine (_i.e._ narrow pieces of black + fur), according to their degree, viz.: + + "Barons, two rows. + + "Viscounts, two rows and a half. + + "Earls, three rows. + + "Marquesses, three rows and a half. + + "Dukes, four rows. + + "The said mantles or robes to be worn over full Court dress, uniform, + or regimentals. + + "The coronets to be of silver-gilt; the caps of crimson velvet turned + up with ermine, with a gold tassel on the top; and no jewels or + precious stones are to be set or used in the coronets, or counterfeit + pearls instead of silver balls. + + "The coronet of a Baron to have, on the circle or rim, six silver balls + at equal distances. + + "The coronet of a Viscount to have, on the circle, sixteen silver + balls. + + {366} "The coronet of an Earl to have, on the circle, eight silver + balls, raised upon points, with gold strawberry leaves between the + points. + + "The coronet of a Marquess to have, on the circle, four gold strawberry + leaves and four silver balls alternately, the latter a little raised on + points above the rim. + + "The coronet of a Duke to have, on the circle, eight gold strawberry + leaves. + + "By His Majesty's Command, + "NORFOLK, _Earl Marshal_." + + + + "EARL MARSHAL'S OFFICE, + NORFOLK HOUSE, ST. JAMES'S SQUARE, S.W., + _October 1, 1901_. + + "The Earl Marshal's Order concerning the Robes, Coronets, &c., which + are to be worn by the Peeresses at the Coronation of Their Most Sacred + Majesties King Edward the Seventh and Queen Alexandra. + + "These are to give notice to all Peeresses who attend at the Coronation + of Their Majesties, that the robes or mantles appertaining to their + respective ranks are to be worn over the usual full Court dress. + + "That the robe or mantle of a Baroness be of crimson velvet, the cape + whereof to be furred with miniver pure, and powdered with two bars or + rows of ermine (_i.e._ narrow pieces of black fur); the said mantle to + be edged round with miniver pure 2 inches in breadth, and the train to + be 3 feet on the ground; the coronet to be according to her + degree--viz. a rim or circle with six pearls (represented by silver + balls) upon the same, not raised upon points. + + "That the robe or mantle of a Viscountess be like that of a Baroness, + only the cape powdered with two rows and a half of ermine, the edging + of the mantle 2 inches as before, and the train 1¼ yards; the coronet + to be according to her degree--viz. a rim or circle with pearls + (represented by silver balls) thereon, sixteen in number, and not + raised upon points. + + "That the robe or mantle of a Countess be as before, only the cape + powdered with three rows of ermine, the edging 3 inches in breadth, and + the train 1½ yards; the coronet to be composed of eight pearls + (represented by silver balls) raised upon points or rays, with small + strawberry leaves between, above the rim. + + "That the robe or mantle of a Marchioness be as before, only the cape + powdered with three rows and a half of ermine, the edging 4 inches in + breadth, the train 1¾ yards; the coronet to be composed of four + strawberry leaves and four pearls (represented by silver balls) {367} + raised upon points of the same height as the leaves, alternately, above + the rim. + + "That the robe or mantle of a Duchess be as before, only the cape + powdered with four rows of ermine, the edging 5 inches broad, the train + 2 yards; the coronet to be composed of eight strawberry leaves, all of + equal height, above the rim. + + "And that the caps of all the said coronets be of crimson velvet, + turned up with ermine, with a tassel of gold on the top. + + "By His Majesty's Command, + "NORFOLK, _Earl Marshal_." + +The Coronation Robe of a peer is not identical with his Parliamentary Robe +of Estate. This latter is of fine scarlet cloth, lined with taffeta. The +distinction between the degrees of rank is effected by the guards or bands +of fur. The robe of a duke has four guards of _ermine_ at equal distances, +with gold lace above each guard and tied up to the left shoulder by a white +riband. The robe of a marquess has four guards of _ermine_ on the right +side, and three on the left, with gold lace above each guard and tied up to +the left shoulder by a white riband. An earl's robe has three guards of +ermine and gold lace. The robes of a viscount and baron are identical, each +having two guards of plain _white_ fur. + +By virtue of various warrants of Earls Marshal, duly recorded in the +College of Arms, the use or display of a coronet of rank by any person +other than a peer is stringently forbidden. This rule, unfortunately, is +too often ignored by many eldest sons of peers, who use peerage titles by +courtesy. + +The heraldic representations of these coronets of rank are as follows:-- + +The coronet of a duke shows five strawberry leaves (Fig. 648). This coronet +should not be confused with the ducal _crest_ coronet. + +The coronet of a marquess shows two balls of silver technically known as +"pearls," and three strawberry leaves (Fig. 649). + +The coronet of an earl shows five "pearls" raised on tall spikes, +alternating with four strawberry leaves (Fig. 650). {368} + +The coronet of a viscount shows nine "pearls," all set closely together, +directly upon the circlet (Fig. 651). + +The coronet of a baron shows four "pearls" upon the circlet (Fig. 652). +This coronet was assigned by Royal Warrant, dated 7th August, 12 Charles +II., to Barons of England, and to Barons of Ireland by warrant 16th May, 5 +James II. + +All coronets of degree actually, and are usually represented to, enclose a +cap of crimson velvet, turned up with ermine. None of them are permitted to +be jewelled, but the coronet of a duke, marquess, earl, or viscount is +chased in the form of jewels. In recent times, however, it has become very +usual for peers to use, heraldically, for more informal purposes a +representation of the circlet only, omitting the cap and the ermine edging. + +[Illustration: FIG. 648.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 649.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 650.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 651.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 652.] + +The crown or coronet of a king of arms (Fig. 653) is of silver-gilt formed +of a circlet, upon which is inscribed part of the first verse of the 51st +Psalm, viz.: "Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam misericordiam tuam." The +rim is surmounted with sixteen leaves, in shape resembling the oak-leaf, +every alternate one being somewhat higher than the rest, nine of which +appear in the profile view of it or in heraldic representations. The cap is +of crimson satin, closed at the top by a gold tassel and turned up with +ermine. + +[Illustration: FIG. 653.--The Crown of a King of Arms.] + +Anciently, the crown of Lyon King of Arms was, in shape, an exact replica +of the crown of the King of Scotland, the only difference being that it was +not jewelled. + +Coronets of rank are used very indiscriminately on the Continent, +particularly in France and the Low Countries. Their use by no means implies +the same as with us, and frequently indicates little if anything beyond +mere "noble" birth. + +The _Mauerkrone_ [mural crown] (Fig. 654) is used in Germany principally as +an adornment to the arms of towns. It is borne with three, four, or five +battlemented towers. The tincture, likewise, is not {369} always the same: +gold, silver, red, or the natural colour of a wall being variously +employed. Residential [_i.e._ having a _royal_ residence] and capital towns +usually bear a Mauerkrone with five towers, large towns one with four +towers, smaller towns one with three. Strict regulations in the matter do +not yet exist. It should be carefully noted that this practice is peculiar +to Germany and is quite incorrect in Great Britain. + +[Illustration: FIG. 654.--Mauerkrone.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 655.--Naval crown.] + +The _Naval Crown_ [Schiffskrone] (Fig. 655), on the circlet of which sails +and sterns of ships are alternately introduced, is very rarely used on the +Continent. With us it appears as a charge in the arms of the towns of +Chatham, Ramsgate, Devonport, &c. The Naval Coronet, however, is more +properly a crest coronet, and as such will be more fully considered in the +next chapter. It had, however, a limited use as a coronet of rank at one +time, inasmuch as the admirals of the United Provinces of the Netherlands +placed a crown composed of prows of ships above their escutcheons, as may +be seen from various monuments. {370} + + + +CHAPTER XXIII + +CREST CORONETS AND CHAPEAUX + +The present official rules are that crests must be upon, or must issue +from, a wreath (or torse), a coronet, or a chapeau. It is not at the +pleasure of the wearer to choose which he will, one or other being +specified and included in the terms of the grant. If the crest have a +lawful existence, one or other of them will unchangeably belong to the +crest, of which it now is considered to be an integral part. + +In Scotland and Ireland, Lyon King of Arms and Ulster King of Arms have +always been considered to have, and still retain, the right to grant crests +upon a chapeau or issuing from a crest. But the power is (very properly) +exceedingly sparingly used; and, except in the cases of arms and crests +matriculated in Lyon Register as of ancient origin and in use before 1672, +or "confirmed" on the strength of user by Ulster King of Arms, the ordinary +ducal crest coronet and the chapeau are not now considered proper to be +granted in ordinary cases. + +Since about the beginning of the nineteenth century the rules which follow +have been very definite, and have been very rigidly adhered to in the +English College of Arms. + +Crests issuing from the ordinary "ducal crest coronet" are not now granted +under any circumstances. The chapeau is only granted in the case of a grant +of arms to a peer, a mural coronet is only granted to officers in the army +of the rank of general or above, and the naval coronet is only granted to +officers in his Majesty's Royal Navy of the rank of admiral and above. An +Eastern coronet is now only granted in the case of those of high position +in one or other of the Imperial Services, who have served in India and the +East. + +The granting of crests issuing from the other forms of crest coronets, the +"crown-vallary" and the "crown palisado," is always discouraged, but no +rule exists denying them to applicants, and they are to be obtained if the +expectant grantee is sufficiently patient, importunate, and pertinacious. +Neither form is, however, particularly ornamental, and both are of modern +origin. {371} + +There is still yet another coronet, the "celestial coronet". This is not +unusual as a charge, but as a coronet from which a crest issues I know of +no instance, nor am I aware of what rules, if any, govern the granting of +it. + +Definite rank coronets have been in times past granted for use as crest +coronets, but this practice, the propriety of which cannot be considered as +other than highly questionable, has only been pursued, even in the more lax +days which are past, on rare and very exceptional occasions, and has long +since been definitely abandoned as improper. + +In considering the question of crest coronets, the presumption that they +originated from coronets of rank at once jumps to the mind. This is by no +means a foregone conclusion. It is difficult to say what is the earliest +instance of the use of a coronet in this country as a coronet of rank. When +it is remembered that the coronet of a baron had no existence whatever +until it was called into being by a warrant of Charles II. after the +Restoration, and that differentiated coronets for the several ranks in the +Peerage are not greatly anterior in date, the question becomes distinctly +complicated. From certainly the reign of Edward the Confessor the kings of +England had worn crowns, and the great territorial earls, who it must be +remembered occupied a position akin to that of a petty sovereign (far +beyond the mere high dignity of a great noble at the present day), from an +early period wore crowns or coronets not greatly differing in appearance +from the crown of the king. But the Peerage as such certainly neither had +nor claimed the technical right to a coronet as a mark of their rank, in +the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. But coronets of a kind were used, +as can be seen from early effigies, long before the use of crests became +general. But these coronets were merely in the nature of a species of +decoration for the helmet, many of them far more closely resembling a +jewelled torse than a coronet. Parker in his "Glossary of Terms used in +Heraldry" probably correctly represents the case when he states: "From the +reign of Edward III. coronets of various forms were worn (as it seems +indiscriminately) by princes, dukes, earls, and even knights, but +apparently rather by way of ornament than distinction, or if for +distinction, only (like the collar of SS) as a mark of gentility. The +helmet of Edward the Black Prince, upon his effigy at Canterbury, is +surrounded with a coronet totally different from that subsequently assigned +to his rank." + +The instance quoted by Parker might be amplified by countless others, but +it may here with advantage be pointed out that the great helmet (or, as +this probably is, the ceremonial representation of it) suspended above the +Prince's tomb (Fig. 271) has no coronet, and the crest is upon a chapeau. +Of the fourteen instances in the {372} Plantagenet Garter plates in which +the _torse_ appears, twelve were peers of England, one was a foreign count, +and one only a commoner. On the other hand, of twenty-nine whose Garter +plates show crests issuing from coronets, four are foreigners, seven are +commoners, and eighteen were peers. The coronets show very great variations +in form and design, but such variations appear quite capricious, and to +carry no meaning, nor does it seem probable that a coronet of gules or of +azure, of which there are ten, could represent a coronet of rank. The +Garter plate of Sir William De la Pole, Earl of (afterwards Duke of) +Suffolk, shows his crest upon a narrow black fillet. Consequently, whatever +may be the conclusion as to the wearing of coronets alone, it would seem to +be a very certain conclusion that the heraldic crest coronet bore no +relation to any coronet of rank or to the right to wear one. Its adoption +must have been in the original instance, and probably even in subsequent +generations, a matter of pure fancy and inclination. This is borne out by +the fact that whilst the Garter plate of Sir Henry Bourchier, Earl of +Essex, shows his crest upon a torse, his effigy represents it issuing from +a coronet. + +Until the reign of Henry VIII., the Royal crest, both in the case of the +sovereign and all the other members of the Royal Family, is always +represented upon a chapeau or cap of dignity. The Great Seal of Edward VI. +shows the crest upon a coronet, though the present form of crown and crest +were originated by Queen Elizabeth. In depicting the Royal Arms, it is +usual to omit one of the crowns, and this is always done in the official +warrants controlling the arms. One crown is placed upon the helmet, and +upon this crown is placed the crest, but theoretically the Royal +achievement has two crowns, inasmuch as one of the crowns is an inseparable +part of the crest. Probably the finest representation of the Royal crest +which has ever been done is the design for one of the smaller bookplates +for the Windsor Castle Library. This was executed by Mr. Eve, and it would +be impossible to imagine anything finer. Like the rest of the Royal +achievement, the Royal crest is of course not hereditary, and consequently +it is assigned by a _separate_ Royal Warrant to each male member of the +Royal Family, and the opportunity is then taken to substitute for the Royal +crown, which is a part of the sovereign's crest, a coronet identical with +whatever may be assigned in that particular instance as the coronet of +rank. In the case of Royal bastards the crest has always been assigned upon +a chapeau. + +The only case which comes to one's mind in which the Royal crown has +(outside the sovereign) been allowed as a crest coronet is the case of the +town of Eye. + +The Royal crown of Scotland is the crest coronet of the sovereign's {373} +crest for the kingdom of Scotland. This crest, together with the crest of +Ireland, is never assigned to any member of the Royal Family except the +sovereign. The crest of Ireland (which is on a wreath or and azure) is by +the way confirmatory evidence that the crowns in the crests of Scotland and +England have a duplicate and separate existence apart from the crown +denoting the sovereignty of the realm. + +The ordinary crest coronet or, as it is usually termed in British heraldry, +the "ducal coronet" (Ulster, however, describes it officially as "a ducal +crest coronet"), is quite a separate matter from a duke's coronet of rank. +Whilst the coronet of a duke has upon the rim five strawberry leaves +visible when depicted, a ducal coronet has only three. The "ducal coronet" +(Fig. 656) is the conventional "regularised" development of the crest +coronets employed in early times. + +Unfortunately it has in many instances been depicted of a much greater and +very unnecessary width, the result being inartistic and allowing +unnecessary space between the leaves, and at the same time leaving the +crest and coronet with little circumferential relation. It should be noted +that it is quite incorrect for the rim of the coronet to be jewelled in +colour though the outline of jewelling is indicated. + +[Illustration: FIG. 656.--Ducal coronet.] + +Though ducal crest coronets are no longer granted (of course they are still +exemplified and their use permitted where they have been previously +granted), they are of very frequent occurrence in older grants and +confirmations. + +It is quite incorrect to depict a cap (as in a coronet of rank) in a crest +coronet, which is never more than the metal circlet, and consequently it is +equally incorrect to add the band of ermine below it which will sometimes +be seen. + +The coronet of a duke has in one or two isolated cases been granted as a +crest coronet. In such a case it is not described as a duke's coronet, but +as a "ducal coronet of five leaves." It so occurs in the case of +Ormsby-Hamilton. + +The colour of the crest coronet must be stated in the blazon. Crest +coronets are of all colours, and will be sometimes found bearing charges +upon the rim (particularly in the cases of mural and naval coronets). An +instance of this will be seen in the case of Sir John W. Moore, and of +Mansergh, the label in this latter case being an unalterable charge and not +the difference mark of an eldest son. Though the tincture of the coronet +ought to appear in the blazon, nevertheless it is always a fair presumption +(when it is not specified) that it is of gold, coronets of colours being +very much less frequently met with. On this point it is interesting to note +that in some of the cases where {374} the crest coronet is figured upon an +early Garter plate as of colour, it is now borne gold by the present +descendants of the family. For example on the Garter plate of Sir Walter +Hungerford, Lord Hungerford, the crest ["A garb or, between two silver +sickles"] issues from a coronet azure. The various Hungerford families now +bear it "or." The crest upon the Garter plate of Sir Humphrey Stafford, +Duke of Buckingham ["A demi-swan argent, beaked gules"], issues from a +coronet gules. This crest as it is now borne by the present Lord Stafford +is: "Out of a ducal coronet per pale gules and sable," &c. + +Another instance of coloured coronets will be found in the crest of +Nicholson, now borne by Shaw.[22] + +Probably, however, the most curious instance of all will be found in the +case of a crest coronet of ermine, of which an example occurs in the Gelre +"Armorial." + +A very general misconception--which will be found stated in practically +every text-book of armory--is that when a crest issues from a coronet the +wreath must be omitted. There is not and never has been any such rule. The +rule is rather to the contrary. Instances where both occur are certainly +now uncommon, and the presence of a wreath is not in present-day practice +considered to be essential if a coronet occurs, but the use or absence of a +wreath when the crest issues from a coronet really depends entirely upon +the original grant. If no wreath is specified with the coronet, none will +be used or needed, but if both are granted both should be used. An instance +of the use of both will be found on the Garter Stall plate of Sir Walter +Devereux, Lord Ferrers. The crest (a talbot's head silver) issues from a +coronet or, which is placed upon a torse argent and sable. Another instance +will be found in the case of the grant of the crest of Hanbury. + +A quite recent case was the grant by Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King of +Arms, of a crest to Sir Richard Quain, Bart., the blazon of which was: "On +a wreath argent and azure, and out of a mural coronet proper a demi-lion +rampant or, charged on the shoulder with a trefoil slipped vert, and +holding between the paws a battle-axe also proper, the blade gold." + +Other instances are the crests of Hamilton of Sunningdale and Tarleton. + +Another instance will be found in the grant to Ross-of-Bladensburg. +Possibly this blazon may be a clerical error in the engrossment, because it +will be noticed that the wreath does not appear in the emblazonment (Plate +II.). + +I wonder how many of the officers of arms are aware of the {375} existence +of a warrant, dated in 1682, issued by the Deputy Earl-Marshal to the +Companies of Painters, Stainers, and Coachmakers, forbidding them to paint +crests which issue out of ducal coronets without putting them upon "wreaths +of their colours." The wording of the warrant very plainly shows that at +that date a wreath was always painted below a crest coronet. The warrant, +however, is not so worded that it can be accepted as determining the point +for the future, or that it would override a subsequent grant of a crest in +contrary form. But it is evidence of what the law then was. + +No crest is now granted without either wreath, coronet, or chapeau. + +An instance of the use of the coronet of a marquess as a crest coronet will +be found in the case of the Bentinck crest.[23] + +There are some number of instances of the use of an earl's coronet as a +crest coronet. Amongst these may be mentioned the crests of Sir Alan Seton +Steuart, Bart. ["Out of an earl's coronet a dexter hand grasping a thistle +all proper"], that granted to Cassan of Sheffield House, Ireland ["Issuant +from an earl's coronet proper, a boar's head and neck erased or langued +gules"], James Christopher Fitzgerald Kenney, Esq., Dublin ["Out of an +earl's coronet or, the pearls argent, a cubit arm erect vested gules, +cuffed also argent, the hand grasping a roll of parchment proper"], and +Davidson ["Out of an earl's coronet or, a dove rising argent, holding in +the beak a wheat-stalk bladed and eared all proper"]. + +I know of no crest which issues from the coronet of a viscount, but a +baron's coronet occurs in the case of Forbes of Pitsligo and the cadets of +that branch of the family: "Issuing out of a baron's coronet a dexter hand +holding a scimitar all proper." + +Foreign coronets of rank have sometimes been granted as crest coronets in +this country, as in the cases of the crests of Sir Francis George +Manningham Boileau, Bart., Norfolk ["In a nest or, a pelican in her piety +proper, charged on the breast with a saltire couped gules, the nest resting +in a foreign coronet"], Henry Chamier, Esq., Dublin ["Out of a French noble +coronet proper, a cubit arm in bend vested azure, charged with five +fleurs-de-lis in saltire or, cuffed ermine, holding in the hand a scroll, +and thereon an open book proper, garnished gold"], John Francis Charles +Fane De Salis, Count of the Holy Roman Empire ["1. Out of a marquis' +coronet or, a demi-woman proper, crowned or, hair flowing down the back, +winged in place of arms and from the armpits azure; 2. out of a ducal +coronet or, an eagle displayed sable, ducally crowned also or; 3. out of a +ducal coronet a demi-lion rampant double-queued and crowned with a like +{376} coronet all or, brandishing a sword proper, hilt and pommel of the +first, the lion cottised by two tilting-spears of the same, from each a +banner paly of six argent and gules, fringed also or"], and Mahony, Ireland +["Out of the coronet of a Count of France a dexter arm in armour embowed +grasping in the hand a sword all proper, hilt and pommel or, the blade +piercing a fleur-de-lis of the last"]. + +A curious crest coronet will be found with the Sackville crest. This is +composed of fleurs-de-lis only, the blazon of the crest being: "Out of a +coronet composed of eight fleurs-de-lis or, an estoile of eight points +argent." + +A curious use of coronets in a crest will be found in the crest of Sir +Archibald Dunbar, Bart. ["A dexter hand apaumée reaching at an astral crown +proper"] and Sir Alexander James Dunbar, Bart. ["A dexter hand apaumée +proper reaching to two earls' coronets tied together"]. + +[Illustration: FIG. 657.--Mural coronet.] + +Next after the ordinary "ducal coronet" the one most usually employed is +the mural coronet (Fig. 657), which is composed of masonry. Though it may +be and often is of an ordinary heraldic tincture, it will usually be found +"proper." An exception occurs in the case of the crest of Every-Halstead +["Out of a mural coronet chequy or and azure, a demi-eagle ermine beaked +or."] + +Care should be taken to distinguish the mural crown from the "battlements +of a tower." This originated as a modern "fakement" and is often granted to +those who have been using a mural coronet, and desire to continue within +its halo, but are not qualified to obtain in their own persons a grant of +it. It should be noticed that the battlements of a tower must always be +represented upon a wreath. Its facility for adding a noticeable distinction +to a crest has, however, in these days, when it is becoming somewhat +difficult to introduce differences in a stock pattern kind of crest, led to +its very frequent use in grants during the last hundred years. + +Care should also be taken to distinguish between the "battlements of a +tower" and a crest issuing from "a castle," as in the case of Harley; "a +tower," as in that of Boyce; and upon the "capital of a column," as in the +crests of Cowper-Essex and Pease. + +Abroad, _e.g._ in the arms of Paris, it is very usual to place a mural +crown over the shield of a town, and some remarks upon the point will be +found on page 368. This at first sight may seem an appropriate practice to +pursue, and several heraldic artists have followed it and advocate it in +this country. But the correctness of such a practice is, for British +purposes, strongly and emphatically denied officially, and whilst we +reserve this privilege for grants to certain army officers of high {377} +rank, it does not seem proper that it should be available for casual and +haphazard assumption by a town or city. That being the case, it should be +borne in mind that the practice is not permissible in British armory. + +The naval coronet (Fig. 658), though but seldom granted now, was very +popular at one time. In the latter part of the eighteenth and the early +part of the nineteenth centuries, naval actions were constantly being +fought, and in a large number of cases where the action of the officer in +command was worthy of high praise and reward, part of such reward was +usually an augmentation of arms. Very frequently it is found that the crest +of augmentation issued from a naval coronet. This is, as will be seen, a +curious figure composed of the sail and stern of a ship repeated and +alternating on the rim of a circlet. Sometimes it is entirely gold, but +usually the sails are argent. An instance of such a grant of augmentation +will be found in the crest of augmentation for Brisbane and in a crest of +augmentation granted to Sir Philip Bowes Broke to commemorate his glorious +victory in the Shannon over the American ship _Chesapeake_. + +[Illustration: FIG. 658.--Naval crown.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 659.--Eastern crown.] + +Any future naval grant of a crest of augmentation would probably mean, that +it would be granted issuing out of a naval coronet, but otherwise the +privilege is now confined to those grants of arms in which the patentee is +of the rank of admiral. Instances of its use will be found in the crests of +Schomberg and Farquhar, and in the crest of Dakyns of Derbyshire: "Out of a +naval coronet or, a dexter arm embowed proper, holding in the hand a +battle-axe argent, round the wrist a ribbon azure." The crest of Dakyns is +chiefly memorable for the curious motto which accompanies it; "Strike, +Dakyns, the devil's in the hempe," of which no one knows the explanation. + +Why a naval crown was recently granted as a badge to a family named Vickers +(Plate VIII.) I am still wondering. + +The crest of Lord St. Vincent ["Out of a naval coronet or, encircled by a +wreath of oak proper, a demi-pegasus argent, maned and hoofed of the first, +winged azure, charged on the wing with a fleur-de-lis gold"] is worthy of +notice owing to the encircling of the coronet, and in some number of cases +the circlet of the coronet has been made use of to carry the name of a +captured ship or of a naval engagement. + +The Eastern Coronet (Fig. 659) is a plain rim heightened with spikes. +Formerly it was granted without restriction, but now, as has {378} been +already stated, it is reserved for those of high rank who have served in +India or the East. An instance occurs, for example, in the crest of +Rawlinson, Bart. ["Sable, three swords in pale proper, pommels and hilts +or, two erect, points upwards, between them one, point downwards, on a +chief embattled of the third an antique crown gules. Crest: out of an +Eastern crown or, a cubit arm erect in armour, the hand grasping a sword in +bend sinister, and the wrist encircled by a laurel wreath proper"]. + +[Illustration: FIG. 660.--Crown vallary.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 661.--Palisado crown.] + +Of _identically_ the same shape is what is known as the "Antique Coronet." +It has no particular meaning, and though no objection is made to granting +it in Scotland and Ireland, it is not granted in England. Instances in +which it occurs under such a description will be found in the cases of +Lanigan O'Keefe and Matheson. + +The Crown Vallary or Vallary Coronet (Fig. 660) and the Palisado Coronet +(Fig. 661) were undoubtedly originally the same, but now the two forms in +which it has been depicted are considered to be different coronets. Each +has the rim, but the vallary coronet is now heightened only by pieces of +the shape of vair, whilst the palisado coronet is formed by high +"palisadoes" affixed to the rim. These two are the only forms of coronet +granted to ordinary and undistinguished applicants in England. + +The circlet from the crown of a king of arms has once at least been granted +as a crest coronet, this being in the case of Rogers Harrison. + +In a recent grant of arms to Gee, the crest has no wreath, but issues from +"a circlet or, charged with a fleur-de-lis gules." The circlet is +emblazoned as a plain gold band. + +THE CHAPEAU + +Some number of crests will be found to have been granted to be borne upon a +"chapeau" in lieu of wreath or coronet. Other names for the chapeau, under +which it is equally well known, are the "cap of maintenance" or "cap of +dignity." + +There can be very little doubt that the heraldic chapeau combines two +distinct origins or earlier prototypes. The one is the real cap of dignity, +and the other is the hat or "capelot" which covered the top of the helm +before the mantling was introduced, but from which the {379} lambrequin +developed. The curious evolution of the chapeau from the "capelot," which +is so marked and usual in Germany, is the tall conical hat, often +surmounted by a tuft or larger plume of feathers, and usually employed in +German heraldry as an opportunity for the repetition of the livery colours, +or a part of, and often the whole design of, the arms. But it should at the +same time be noticed that this tall, conical hat is much more closely +allied to the real cap of maintenance than our present crest "chapeau." + +Exactly what purpose the real cap of maintenance served, or of what it was +a symbol, remains to a certain extent a matter of mystery. The "Cap of +Maintenance"--a part of the regalia borne before the sovereign at the State +opening of Parliament (but _not_ at a coronation) by the Marquesses of +Winchester, the hereditary bearers of the cap of maintenance--bears, in its +shape, no relation to the heraldic chapeau. The only similarity is its +crimson colour and its lining of ermine. It is a tall, conical cap and is +carried on a short staff. + +[Illustration: FIG. 662.--The Crown of King Charles II.] + +Whilst crest coronets in early days appear to have had little or no +relation to titular rank, there is no doubt whatever that caps of dignity +had. Long before, a coronet was assigned to the rank of baron in the reign +of Charles II.; all barons had their caps of dignity, of scarlet lined with +white fur; and in the old pedigrees a scarlet cap with a gold tuft or +tassel on top and a lining of fur will be found painted above the arms of a +baron. This fact, the fact that until after Stuart days the chapeau does +not appear to have been allowed or granted to others than peers, the fact +that it is now reserved for the crests granted to peers, the fact that the +velvet cap is a later addition both to the sovereign's crown and to the +coronet of a peer, and finally the fact that the cap of maintenance is +borne before the sovereign only in the precincts of Parliament, would seem +to indubitably indicate that the cap of maintenance was inseparably +connected with the lordship and overlordship of Parliament vested in peers +and in the sovereign. In the crumpled and tasselled top of the velvet cap, +and in the ermine border visible below the rim, the high conical form of +the cap of maintenance proper can be still traced in the cap of a peer's +coronet, and that the velvet cap contained in {380} the crown of the +sovereign and in the coronet of a peer is the survival of the old cap of +dignity there can be no doubt. This is perhaps even more apparent in Fig. +662, which shows the crown of King Charles II., than in the representations +of the Royal crown which we are more accustomed to see. The present form of +a peer's coronet is undoubtedly the conjoining of two separate emblems of +his rank. The cap of maintenance or dignity, however, as represented above +the arms of a baron, as above referred to, was not of this high, conical +shape. It was much flatter. + +The high, conical, original shape is, however, preserved in many of the +early heraldic representations of the chapeau, as will be noticed from an +examination of the ancient Garter plates or from a reference to Fig. 271, +which shows the helmet with its chapeau-borne crest of Edward the Black +Prince. + +[Illustration: FIG. 663.--The Chapeau.] + +Of the chapeaux upon which crests are represented in the early Garter +plates the following facts may be observed. They are twenty in number of +the eighty-six plates reproduced in Mr. St. John Hope's book. It should be +noticed that until the end of the reign of Henry VIII. the Royal crest of +the sovereign was always depicted upon a chapeau gules, lined with ermine. +Of the twenty instances in which the chapeau appears, no less than twelve +are representations of the Royal crest, borne by closely allied relatives +of the sovereign, so that we have only eight examples from which to draw +deductions. But of the twenty it should be pointed out that nineteen are +peers, and the only remaining instance (Sir John Grey, K.G.) is that of the +eldest son and heir apparent of a peer, both shield and crest being in this +case boldly marked with the "label" of an eldest son. Consequently it is a +safe deduction that whatever may have been the regulations and customs +concerning the use of coronets, there can be no doubt that down to the end +of the fifteenth century the use of a chapeau marked a crest as that of a +peer. Of the eight non-Royal examples one has been repainted, and is +valueless as a contemporary record. Of the remaining seven, four are of the +conventional gules and ermine. One only has not the ermine lining, that +being the crest of Lord Fanhope. It is plainly the Royal crest +"differenced" (he being of Royal but illegitimate descent), and probably +the argent in lieu of ermine lining is one of the intentional marks of +distinction. The chapeau of Lord Beaumont is azure, semé-de-lis, lined +ermine, and that of the Earl of Douglas is azure lined ermine, this being +in each case in conformity with the mantling. Whilst the Beaumont family +still use this curiously coloured chapeau with their crest, the Douglas +crest is now borne (by {381} the Duke of Hamilton) upon one of ordinary +tinctures. Chapeaux, other than of gules lined ermine, are but rarely met +with, and unless specifically blazoned to the contrary a cap of maintenance +is always presumed to be gules and ermine. + +About the Stuart period the granting of crests upon chapeaux to others than +peers became far from unusual, and the practice appears to have been +frequently adopted prior to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Some +of these crest chapeaux, however, were not of gules. An instance of this +kind will be found in the grant in 1667 to Sir Thomas Davies, then one of +the sheriffs of the City of London, but afterwards (in 1677) Lord Mayor. +The crest granted was: "On a chapeau sable, turned up or, a demi-lion +rampant of the last." The reason for the grant at that date of such a +simple crest and the even more astonishingly simple coat of arms ["Or, a +chevron between three mullets pierced sable"] has always been a mystery to +me. + +The arms of Lord Lurgan (granted or confirmed 1840) afford another instance +of a chapeau of unusual colour, his crest being: "Upon a chapeau azure +turned up ermine, a greyhound statant gules, collared or." + +There are some number of cases in which peers whose ancestors originally +bore their crests upon a wreath have subsequently placed them upon a +chapeau. The Stanleys, Earls of Derby, are a case in point, as are also the +Marquesses of Exeter. The latter case is curious, because although they +have for long enough so depicted their crest, they only comparatively +recently (within the last few years) obtained the necessary authorisation +by the Crown. + +At the present time the official form of the chapeau is as in Fig. 663, +with the turn up split at the back into two tails. No such form can be +found in any early representation, and most heraldic artists have now +reverted to an earlier type. + +Before leaving the subject of the cap of maintenance, reference should be +made to another instance of a curious heraldic headgear often, but _quite +incorrectly_, styled a "cap of maintenance." This is the fur cap invariably +used over the shields of the cities of London, Dublin, and Norwich. There +is no English official authority whatever for such an addition to the arms, +but there does appear to be some little official recognition of it in +Ulster's Office in the case of the city of Dublin. The late Ulster King of +Arms, however, informed me that he would, in the case of Dublin, have no +hesitation whatever in certifying the right of the city arms to be so +displayed (Plate VII.). + +In the utter absence of anything in the nature of a precedent, it is quite +unlikely that the practice will be sanctioned in England. The {382} hat +used is a flat-topped, brown fur hat of the shape depicted with the arms of +the City of Dublin. It is merely (in London) a part of the official uniform +or livery of the City sword-bearer. It does not even appear to have been a +part of the costume of the Lord Mayor, and it must always remain a mystery +why it was ever adopted for heraldic use. But then the chain of the Lord +Mayor of London is generally called a Collar of SS. Besides this the City +of London uses a Peer's helmet, a bogus modern crest, and even more modern +bogus supporters, so a few other eccentricities need not in that particular +instance cause surprise. {383} + + + +CHAPTER XXIV + +THE MANTLING OR LAMBREQUIN + +The mantling is the ornamental design which in a representation of an +armorial achievement depends from the helmet, falling away on either side +of the escutcheon. Many authorities have considered it to have been no more +than a fantastic series of flourishes, devised by artistic minds for the +purpose of assisting ornamentation and affording an artistic opportunity of +filling up unoccupied spaces in a heraldic design. There is no doubt that +its readily apparent advantages in that character have greatly led to the +importance now attached to the mantling in heraldic art. But equally is it +certain that its real origin is to be traced elsewhere. + +The development of the heraldry of to-day was in the East during the period +of the Crusades, and the burning heat of the Eastern sun upon the metal +helmet led to the introduction and adoption of a textile covering, which +would act in some way as a barrier between the two. It was simply in fact +and effect a primeval prototype of the "puggaree" of Margate and Hindustan. +It is plain from all early representations that originally it was short, +simply hanging from the apex of the helmet to the level of the shoulders, +overlapping the textile tunic or "coat of arms," but probably enveloping a +greater part of the helmet, neck, and shoulders than we are at present +(judging from pictorial representations) inclined to believe. + +Adopted first as a protection against the heat, and perhaps also the rust +which would follow damp, the lambrequin soon made evident another of its +advantages, an advantage to which we doubtless owe its perpetuation outside +Eastern warfare in the more temperate climates of Northern Europe and +England. Textile fabrics are peculiarly and remarkably deadening to a +sword-cut, to which fact must be added the facility with which such a +weapon would become entangled in the hanging folds of cloth. The hacking +and hewing of battle would show itself plainly upon the lambrequin of one +accustomed to a prominent position in the forefront of a fight, and the +honourable record implied by a ragged and slashed lambrequin accounts for +the fact that we find at an early period after their introduction into +heraldic art, that mantlings {384} are depicted cut and "torn to ribbons." +This opportunity was quickly seized by the heraldic artist, who has always, +from those very earliest times of absolute armorial freedom down to the +point of greatest and most regularised control, been allowed an entire and +absolute discretion in the design to be adopted for the mantling. Hence it +is that we find so much importance is given to it by heraldic artists, for +it is in the design of the mantling, and almost entirely in that +opportunity, that the personal character and abilities of the artist have +their greatest scope. Some authorities have, however, derived the mantling +from the robe of estate, and there certainly has been a period in British +armory when most lambrequins found in heraldic art are represented by an +unmutilated cloth, suspended from and displayed behind the armorial +bearings and tied at the upper corners. In all probability the robes of +estate of the higher nobility, no less than the then existing and +peremptorily enforced sumptuary laws, may have led to the desire and to the +attempt, at a period when the actual lambrequin was fast disappearing from +general knowledge, to display arms upon something which should represent +either the parliamentary robes of estate of a peer, or the garments of rich +fabric which the sumptuary laws forbade to those of humble degree. To this +period undoubtedly belongs the term "mantling," which is so much more +frequently employed than the word lambrequin, which is really--from the +armorial point of view--the older term. + +The heraldic mantling was, of course, originally the representation of the +actual "capeline" or textile covering worn upon the helmet, but many early +heraldic representations are of mantlings which are of skin, fur, or +feathers, being in such cases invariably a continuation of the crest drawn +out and represented as the lambrequin. When the crest was a part of the +human figure, the habit in which that figure was arrayed is almost +invariably found to have been so employed. The Garter plate of Sir Ralph +Bassett, one of the Founder Knights, shows the crest as a black boar's +head, the skin being continued as the sable mantling. + +Some Sclavonic families have mantlings of fur only, that of the Hungarian +family of Chorinski is a bear skin, and countless other instances can be +found of the use by German families of a continuation of the crest for a +mantling. This practice affords instances of many curious mantlings, this +in one case in the Zurich _Wappenrolle_ being the scaly skin of a salmon. +The mane of the lion, the crest of Mertz, and the hair and beard of the +crests of Bohn and Landschaden, are similarly continued to do duty for the +mantling. This practice has never found great favour in England, the cases +amongst the early Garter plates where it has been followed standing almost +alone. In a {385} manuscript (M. 3, 67_b_) of the reign of Henry VII., now +in the College of Arms, probably dating from about 1506, an instance of +this character can be found, however. It is a representation of the crest +of Stourton (Fig. 664) as it was borne at that date, and was a black +Benedictine demi-monk proper holding erect in his dexter hand a scourge. +Here the proper black Benedictine habit (it has of later years been +corrupted into the russet habit of a friar) is continued to form the +mantling. + +PLATE VII. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration: FIG. 664.--The Crest of Stourton.] + +By what rules the colours of the mantlings were decided in early times it +is impossible to say. No rules have been handed down to us--the old +heraldic books are silent on the point--and it seems equally hopeless to +attempt to deduce any from ancient armorial examples. The one fact that can +be stated with certainty is that the rules of early days, if there were +any, are not the rules presently observed. Some hold that the colours of +the mantling were decided by the colours of the actual livery in use as +distinct from the "livery colours" of the arms. It is difficult to check +this rule, because our knowledge of the liveries in use in early days is so +meagre and limited; but in the few instances of which we now have knowledge +we look in vain for a repetition of the colours worn by the retainers as +liveries in the mantlings used. The fact that the livery colours are +represented in the background of some of the early Garter plates, and that +in such instances in no single case do they agree with the colours of the +mantling, must certainly dissipate once and for all any such supposition as +far as it relates to that period. + +A careful study and analysis of early heraldic emblazonment, however, +reveals one point as a dominating characteristic. That is, that where the +crest, by its nature, lent itself to a continuation into the mantling it +generally was so continued. This practice, which was almost universal upon +the Continent, and is particularly to be met with {386} in German heraldry, +though seldom adopted in England, certainly had some weight in English +heraldry. In the recently published reproductions of the Plantagenet Garter +plates eighty-seven armorial achievements are included. Of these, in ten +instances the mantlings are plainly continuations of the crests, being +"feathered" or in unison. Fifteen of the mantlings have both the outside +and the inside of the principal colour and of the principal metal of the +arms they accompany, though in a few cases, contrary to the present +practice, the metal is outside, the lining being of the colour. Nineteen +more of the mantlings are of the principal colour of the arms, the majority +(eighteen) of these being lined with ermine. No less than forty-nine are of +some colour lined with ermine, but thirty-four of these are of gules lined +ermine, and in the large majority of cases in these thirty-four instances +neither the gules nor the ermine are in conformity with the principal +colour and metal (what we now term the "livery colours") of the arms. In +some cases the colours of the mantling agree with the colours of the crest, +a rule which will usually be found to hold good in German heraldry. The +constant occurrence of gules and ermine incline one much to believe that +the colours of the mantling were not decided by haphazard fancy, but that +there was some law--possibly in some way connected with the sumptuary laws +of the period--which governed the matter, or, at any rate, which greatly +limited the range of selection. Of the eighty-seven mantlings, excluding +those which are gules lined ermine, there are four only the colours of +which apparently bear no relation whatever to the colours of the arms or +the crests appearing upon the same Stall plate. In some number of the +plates the colours certainly are taken from a quartering other than the +first one, and in one at least of the four exceptions the mantling (one of +the most curious examples) is plainly derived from a quartering inherited +by the knight in question though not shown upon the Stall plate. Probably a +closer examination of the remaining three instances would reveal a similar +reason in each case. That any law concerning the colours of their mantlings +was enforced upon those concerned would be an unwarrantable deduction not +justified by the instances under examination, but one is clearly justified +in drawing from these cases some deductions as to the practice pursued. It +is evident that unless one was authorised by the rule or reason governing +the matter--whatever such rule or reason may have been--in using a mantling +of gules and ermine, the dominating colour (not as a rule the metal) of the +coat of arms (or of one of the quarterings), or sometimes of the crest if +the tinctures of arms and crest were not in unison, decided the colour of +the mantling. That there was some meaning behind the mantlings of gules +lined with ermine there can be little doubt, for it is noticeable that in a +case in {387} which the colours of the arms themselves are gules and +ermine, the mantling is of gules and argent, as by the way in this +particular case is the chapeau upon which the crest is placed. But probably +the reason which governed these mantlings of gules lined with ermine, as +also the ermine linings of other mantlings, must be sought outside the +strict limits of armory. That the colours of mantlings are repeated in +different generations, and in the plates of members of the same family, +clearly demonstrates that selection was not haphazard. + +Certain of these early Garter plates exhibit interesting curiosities in the +mantlings:-- + +1. Sir William Latimer, Lord Latimer, K.G., c. 1361-1381. Arms: gules a +cross patonce or. Crest: a plume of feathers sable, the tips or. Mantling +gules with silver vertical stripes, lined with ermine. + +2. Sir Bermond Arnaud de Presac, Soudan de la Tran, K.G., 1380-_post_ 1384. +Arms: or, a lion rampant double-queued gules. Crest: a Midas' head argent. +Mantling sable, lined gules, the latter veined or. + +3. Sir Simon Felbrigge, K.G., 1397-1442. Arms: or, a lion rampant gules. +Crest: out of a coronet gules, a plume of feathers ermine. Mantling ermine, +lined gules (evidently a continuation of the crest). + +4. Sir Reginald Cobham, Lord Cobham, K.G., 1352-1361. Arms: gules, on a +chevron or, three estoiles sable. Crest: a soldan's head sable, the brow +encircled by a torse or. Mantling sable (evidently a continuation of the +crest), lined gules. + +5. Sir Edward Cherleton, Lord Cherleton of Powis, K.G., 1406-7 to 1420-1. +Arms: or, a lion rampant gules. Crest: on a wreath gules and sable, two +lions' gambs also gules, each adorned on the exterior side with three +demi-fleurs-de-lis issuing argent, the centres thereof or. Mantling: on the +dexter side, sable; on the sinister side, gules; both lined ermine. + +6. Sir Hertong von Clux, K.G., 1421-1445 or 6. Arms: argent, a vine branch +couped at either end in bend sable. Crest: out of a coronet or, a plume of +feathers sable and argent. Mantling: on the dexter side, azure; on the +sinister, gules; both lined ermine. + +7. Sir Miles Stapleton, K.G. (Founder Knight, died 1364). Arms: argent, a +lion rampant sable. Crest: a soldan's head sable, around the temples a +torse azure, tied in a knot, the ends flowing. Mantling sable (probably a +continuation of the crest), lined gules. + +8. Sir Walter Hungerford, Lord Hungerford and Heytesbury, K.G., 1421-1449. +Arms: sable, two bars argent, and in chief three plates. Crest: out of a +coronet azure a garb or, enclosed by two sickles argent. Mantling (within +and without): dexter, barry of six {388} ermine and gules; sinister, barry +of six gules and ermine. (The reason of this is plain. The mother of Lord +Hungerford was a daughter and coheir of Hussey. The arms of Hussey are +variously given: "Barry of six ermine and gules," or "Ermine, three bars +gules.") + +9. Sir Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford, 1429-1460. Arms: or, a chevron +gules. Crest: out of a coronet gules, a swan's head and neck proper, beaked +gules, between two wings also proper. Mantling: the dexter side, sable; the +sinister side, gules; both lined ermine. Black and gules, it may be noted, +were the livery colours of Buckingham, an earldom which had devolved upon +the Earls of Stafford. + +10. Sir John Grey of Ruthin, K.G., 1436-1439. Arms: quarterly, 1 and 4, +barry of six argent and azure, in chief three torteaux; 2 and 3, quarterly +i. and iiii., or, a maunch gules; ii. and iii., barry of eight argent and +azure, an orle of ten martlets gules; over all a label of three points +argent. Crest: on a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, a wyvern or, gorged +with a label argent. Mantling or, lined ermine. + +11. Sir Richard Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, K.G., 1436-1460. Arms: +quarterly, 1 and 4, quarterly i. and iiii., argent, three lozenges +conjoined in fess gules; ii. and iii., or, an eagle displayed vert; 2 and +3, gules, a saltire argent, a label of three points compony argent and +azure. Crest: on a coronet, a griffin sejant, with wings displayed or. +Mantling: dexter side, gules; the sinister, sable; both lined ermine. + +12. Sir Gaston de Foix, Count de Longueville, &c., K.G., 1438-1458. Arms: +quarterly, 1 and 4, or, three pallets gules; 2 and 3, or, two cows passant +in pale gules, over all a label of three points, each point or, on a cross +sable five escallops argent. Crest: on a wreath or and gules, a +blackamoor's bust with ass's ears sable, vested paly or and gules, all +between two wings, each of the arms as in the first quarter. Mantling paly +of or and gules, lined vert. + +13. Sir Walter Blount, Lord Mountjoye, K.G., 1472-1474. Arms: quarterly, 1. +argent, two wolves passant in pale sable, on a bordure also argent eight +saltires couped gules (for Ayala); 2. or, a tower (? gules) (for Mountjoy); +3. barry nebuly or and sable (for Blount); 4. vairé argent and gules (for +Gresley). Crest: out of a coronet two ibex horns or. Mantling sable, lined +on the dexter side with argent, and on the sinister with or. + +14. Frederick, Duke of Urbino. Mantling or, lined ermine. + +In Continental heraldry it is by no means uncommon to find the device of +the arms repeated either wholly or in part upon the mantling. In reference +to this the "Tournament Rules" of René, Duke of Anjou, {389} throw some +light on the point. These it may be of interest to quote:-- + + "Vous tous Princes, Seigneurs, Barons, Cheualiers, et Escuyers, qui + auez intention de tournoyer, vous estes tenus vous rendre és heberges + le quartrième jour deuan le jour du Tournoy, pour faire de vos Blasons + fenestres, sur payne de non estre receus audit Tournoy. Les armes + seront celles-cy. Le tymbre doit estre sur vne piece de cuir boüilly, + la quelle doit estre bien faultrée d'vn doigt d'espez, ou plus, par le + dedans: et doit contenir la dite piece de cuir tout le sommet du + heaulme, et sera couuerte la dite piece du lambrequin armoyé des armes + de celuy qui le portera, et sur le dit lambrequin au plus haut du + sommet, sera assis le dit Tymbre, et autour d'iceluy aura vn tortil des + couleurs que voudra le Tournoyeur. + + "Item, et quand tous les heaulmes seront ainsi mis et ordonnez pour les + departir, viendront toutes Dames et Damoiselles et tout Seigneurs, + Cheualiers, et Escuyers, en les visitant d'vn bout à autre, la present + les Juges, qui meneront trois ou quatre tours les Dames pour bien voir + et visiter les Tymbres, et y aura vu Heraut ou poursuivant, qui dira + aux Dames selon l'endroit où elles seront, le nom de ceux à qui sont + les Tymbres, afin que s'il en a qui ait des Dames médit, et elles + touchent son Tymbre, qu'il soit le lendemain pour recommandé." + (Menêtrier, _L'Origine des Armoiries_, pp. 79-81.) + +Whilst one can call to mind no instance of importance of ancient date where +this practice has been followed in this country, there are one or two +instances in the Garter plates which approximate closely to it. The +mantling of John, Lord Beaumont, is azure, semé-de-lis (as the field of his +arms), lined ermine. Those of Sir John Bourchier, Lord Berners, and of Sir +Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, are of gules, billetté or, evidently +derived from the quartering for Louvaine upon the arms, this quartering +being: "Gules, billetté and a fess or." + +According to a MS. of Vincent, in the College of Arms, the Warrens used a +mantling chequy of azure and or with their arms. + +A somewhat similar result is obtained by the mantling, "Gules, semé of +lozenges or," upon the small plate of Sir Sanchet Dabrichecourt. The +mantling of Sir Lewis Robessart, Lord Bourchier, is: "Azure, bezanté, lined +argent." + +"The azure mantling on the Garter Plate of Henry V., as Prince of Wales, is +'semé of the French golden fleurs-de-lis.'... The Daubeny mantling is 'semé +of mullets.' On the brass of Sir John Wylcote, at Tew, the lambrequins are +chequy.... On the seals of Sir John Bussy, in 1391 and 1407, the mantlings +are barry, the coat being 'argent, three bars sable.'" + +There are a few cases amongst the Garter plates in which badges are plainly +and unmistakably depicted upon the mantlings. Thus, on the lining of the +mantling on the plate of Sir Henry Bourchier (elected 1452) will be found +water-bougets, which are repeated on a fillet round the head of the crest. +The Stall plate of Sir John Bourchier, Lord {390} Berners, above referred +to (elected 1459), is lined with silver on the dexter side, semé in the +upper part with water-bougets, and in the lower part with Bourchier knots. +On the opposite side of the mantling the knots are in the upper part, and +the water-bougets below. That these badges upon the mantling are not +haphazard artistic decoration is proved by a reference to the monumental +effigy of the Earl of Essex, in Little Easton Church, Essex. The differing +shapes of the helmet, and of the coronet and the mantling, and the +different representation of the crest, show that, although depicted in his +Garter robes, upon his effigy the helmet, crest, and mantling upon which +the earl's head there rests, and the representations of the same upon the +Garter plate, are not slavish copies of the same original model. +Nevertheless upon the effigy, as on the Garter plate, we find the outside +of the mantling "semé of billets," and the inside "semé of water-bougets." +Another instance amongst the Garter plates will be found in the case of +Viscount Lovell, whose mantling is strewn with gold padlocks. + +Nearly all the mantlings on the Garter Stall plates are more or less +heavily "veined" with gold, and many are heavily diapered and decorated +with floral devices. So prominent is some of this floral diapering that one +is inclined to think that in a few cases it may possibly be a diapering +with floral badges. In other cases it is equally evidently no more than a +mere accessory of design, though between these two classes of diapering it +would be by no means easy to draw a line of distinction. The veining and +"heightening" of a mantling with gold is at the present day nearly always +to be seen in elaborate heraldic painting. + +From the Garter plates of the fourteenth century it has been shown that the +colours of a large proportion of the mantlings approximated in early days +to the colours of the arms. The popularity of gules, however, was then fast +encroaching upon the frequency of appearance which other colours should +have enjoyed; and in the sixteenth century, in grants and other paintings +of arms, the use of a mantling of gules had become practically universal. +In most cases the mantling of "gules, doubled argent" forms an integral +part of the terms of the grant itself, as sometimes do the "gold tassels" +which are so frequently found terminating the mantlings of that and an +earlier period. This custom continued through the Stuart period, and though +dropped officially in England during the eighteenth century (when the +mantling reverted to the livery colours of the arms, and became in this +form a matter of course and so understood, not being expressed in the +wording of the patent), it continued in force in Lyon Office in Scotland +until the year 1890, when the present Lyon King of Arms (Sir James Balfour +Paul) altered the practice, and, as had earlier been done in England, {391} +ordered that all future Scottish mantlings should be depicted in the livery +colours of the arms, but in Scotland the mantlings, though now following +the livery colours, are still included in the terms of the grant, and +thereby stereotyped. In England, in an official "exemplification" at the +present day of an ancient coat of arms (_e.g._ in an exemplification +following the assumption of name and arms by Royal License), the mantling +is painted in the livery colours, irrespective of any ancient patent in +which "gules and argent" may have been _granted_ as the colour of the +mantling. Though probably most people will agree as to the expediency of +such a practice, it is at any rate open to criticism on the score of +propriety, unless the new mantling is expressed in terms in the new patent. +This would of course amount to a grant overriding the earlier one, and +would do all that was necessary; but failing this, there appears to be a +distinct hiatus in the continuity of authority. + +Ermine linings to the mantling were soon denied to the undistinguished +commoner, and with the exception of the early Garter plates, it would be +difficult to point to an instance of their use. The mantlings of peers, +however, continued to be lined with ermine, and English instances under +official sanction can be found in the Visitation Books and in the Garter +plates until a comparatively recent period. In fact the relegation of peers +to the ordinary livery colours for their mantlings is, in England, quite a +modern practice. In Scotland, however, the mantlings of peers have always +been lined with ermine, and the present Lyon continues this whilst usually +making the colours of the outside of the mantlings agree with the principal +colour of the arms. This, as regards the outer colour of the mantling, is +not a fixed or stereotyped rule, and in some cases Lyon has preferred to +adopt a mantling of gules lined with ermine as more comformable to a peer's +Parliamentary Robe of Estate. + +In the Deputy Earl-Marshal's warrant referred to on page 375 are some +interesting points as to the mantling. It is recited that "some persons +under y^e degree of y^e Nobilitie of this Realme doe cause Ermins to be +Depicted upon ye Lineings of those Mantles which are used with their Armes, +and also that there are some that have lately caused the Mantles of their +Armes to be painted like Ostrich feathers as tho' they were of some +peculiar and superior degree of Honor," and the warrant commands that these +points are to be rectified. + +The Royal mantling is of cloth of gold. In the case of the sovereign and +the Prince of Wales it is lined with ermine, and for other members of the +Royal Family it is lined with argent. Queen Elizabeth was the first +sovereign to adopt the golden mantling, the Royal tinctures before that +date (for the mantling) being gules lined ermine. The mantling of or and +ermine has, of course, since that date been rigidly denied to {392} all +outside the Royal Family. Two instances, however, occur amongst the early +Garter plates, viz. Sir John Grey de Ruthyn and Frederick, Duke of Urbino. +It is sometimes stated that a mantling of or and ermine is a sign of +sovereignty, but the mantling of our own sovereign is really the only case +in which it is presently so used. + +In Sweden, as in Scotland, the colours of the mantling are specified in the +patent, and, unlike our own, are often curiously varied. + +The present rules for the colour of a mantling are as follows in England +and Ireland:-- + + 1. That with ancient arms of which the grant specified the colour, + where this has not been altered by a subsequent exemplification, the + colours must be as stated in the grant, _i.e._ usually gules, lined + argent. + + 2. That the mantling of the sovereign and Prince of Wales is of cloth + of gold, lined with ermine. + + 3. That the mantling of other members of the Royal Family is of cloth + of gold lined with argent. + + 4. That the mantlings of all other people shall be of the livery + colours. + +The rules in Scotland are now as follows: + + 1. That in the cases of peers whose arms were matriculated before 1890 + the mantling is of gules lined with ermine (the Scottish term for + "lined" is "doubled"). + + 2. That the mantlings of all other arms matriculated before 1890 shall + be of gules and argent. + + 3. That the mantlings of peers whose arms have been matriculated since + 1890 shall be either of the principal colour of the arms, lined with + ermine, or of gules lined ermine (conformably to the Parliamentary Robe + of Estate of a peer) as may happen to have been matriculated. + + 4. That the mantlings of all other persons whose arms have been + matriculated since 1890 shall be of the livery colours, unless other + colours are, as is occasionally the case, specified in the patent of + matriculation. + +Whether in Scotland a person is entitled to assume of his own motion an +ermine lining to his mantling upon his elevation to the peerage, without a +rematriculation in cases where the arms and mantling have been otherwise +matriculated at an earlier date, or whether in England any peer may still +line his mantling with ermine, are points on which one hesitates to express +an opinion. + +When the mantling is of the livery colours the following rules must be +observed. The outside must be of some colour and the lining of some metal. +The colour must be the principal colour of the arms, {393} _i.e._ the +colour of the field if it be of colour, or if it is of metal, then the +colour of the principal ordinary or charge upon the shield. The metal will +be as the field, if the field is of metal, or if not, it will be as the +metal of the principal ordinary or charge. In other words, it should be the +same tinctures as the wreath. + +If the field is party of colour and metal (_i.e._ per pale barry, +quarterly, &c.), then that colour and that metal are "the livery colours." +If the field is party of two _colours_ the principal colour (_i.e._ the one +first mentioned in the blazon) is taken as the colour and the other is +ignored. The mantling is _not_ made party to agree with the field in +British heraldry, as would be the case in Germany. If the field is of a +fur, then the dominant metal or colour of the fur is taken as one component +part of the "livery colours," the other metal or colour required being +taken from the next most important tincture of the field. For example, +"ermine, a fess gules" has a mantling of gules and argent, whilst "or, a +chevron ermines" would need a mantling of sable and or. The mantling for +"azure, a lion rampant erminois" would be azure and or. But in a coat +showing fur, metal, and colour, sometimes the fur is ignored. A field of +vair has a mantling argent and azure, but if the charge be vair the field +will supply the one, _i.e._ either colour or metal, whilst the vair +supplies whichever is lacking. Except in the cases of Scotsmen who are +peers and of the Sovereign and Prince of Wales, no fur is ever used +nowadays in Great Britain for a mantling. + +In cases where the principal charge is "proper," a certain discretion must +be used. Usually the heraldic colour to which the charge approximates is +used. For example, "argent, issuing from a mount in base a tree proper," +&c., would have a mantling vert and argent. The arms "or, three Cornish +choughs proper," or "argent, three negroes' heads couped proper," would +have mantlings respectively sable and or and sable and argent. Occasionally +one comes across a coat which supplies an "impossible" mantling, or which +does not supply one at all. Such a coat would be "per bend sinister ermine +and erminois, a lion rampant counterchanged." Here there is no colour at +all, so the mantling would be gules and argent. "Argent, three stags +trippant proper" would have a mantling gules and argent. A coat of arms +with a landscape field would also probably be supplied (in default of a +chief, _e.g._ supplying other colours and tinctures) with a mantling gules +and argent. It is quite permissible to "vein" a mantling with gold lines, +this being always done in official paintings. + +In English official heraldry, where, no matter how great the number of +crests, one helmet only is painted, it naturally follows that one mantling +only can be depicted. This is always taken from the livery colours of the +chief (_i.e._ the first) quartering or sub-quartering. {394} In Scottish +patents at the present day in which a helmet is painted for each crest the +mantlings frequently vary, being in each case in accordance with the livery +colours of the quartering to which the crest belongs. Consequently this +must be accepted as the rule in cases where more than one helmet is shown. + +In considering the fashionings of mantlings it must be remembered that +styles and fashions much overlap, and there has always been the tendency in +armory to repeat earlier styles. Whilst one willingly concedes the immense +gain in beauty by the present reversion in heraldic art to older and +better, and certainly more artistic types, there is distinctly another side +to the question which is strangely overlooked by those who would have the +present-day heraldic art slavishly copied in all minutiæ of detail, and +even (according to some) in all the crudity of draughtmanship from examples +of the earliest periods. + +Hitherto each period of heraldic art has had its own peculiar style and +type, each within limits readily recognisable. Whether that style and type +can be considered when judged by the canons of art to be good or bad, there +can be no doubt that each style in its turn has approximated to, and has +been in keeping with, the concurrent decorative art outside and beyond +heraldry, though it has always exhibited a tendency to rather lag behind. +When all has been said and done that can be, heraldry, in spite of its +symbolism and its many other meanings, remains but a form of decorative +art; and therefore it is natural that it should be influenced by other +artistic ideas and other manifestations of art and accepted forms of design +current at the period to which it belongs. For, from the artistic point of +view, the part played in art by heraldry is so limited in extent compared +with the part occupied by other forms of decoration, that one would +naturally expect heraldry to show the influence of outside decorative art +to a greater extent than decorative art as a whole would be likely to show +the influence of heraldry. In our present revulsion of mind in favour of +older heraldic types, we are apt to speak of "good" or "bad" heraldic art. +But art itself cannot so be divided, for after all allowances have been +made for crude workmanship, and when bad or imperfect examples have been +eliminated from consideration (and given always necessarily the essential +basis of the relation of line to curve and such technical details of art), +who on earth is to judge, or who is competent to say, whether any +particular style of art is good or bad? No one from preference executes +speculative art which he knows whilst executing it to be bad. Most +manifestations of art, and peculiarly of decorative art, are commercial +matters executed with the frank idea of subsequent sale, and consequently +with the subconscious idea, true though but seldom acknowledged, of +pleasing that public which will {395} have to buy. Consequently the +ultimate appeal is to the taste of the public, for art, if it be not the +desire to give pleasure by the representation of beauty, is nothing. +Beauty, of course, must not necessarily be confounded with prettiness; it +may be beauty of character. The result is, therefore, that the decorative +art of any period is an indication of that which gives pleasure at the +moment, and an absolute reflex of the artistic wishes, desires, and tastes +of the cultivated classes to whom executive art must appeal. At every +period it has been found that this taste is constantly changing, and as a +consequence the examples of decorative art of any period are a reflex only +of the artistic ideas current at the time the work was done. + +At all periods, therefore, even during the early Victorian period, which we +are now taught and believe to be the most ghastly period through which +English art has passed, the art in vogue has been what the public have +admired, and have been ready to pay for, and most emphatically what they +have been taught and brought up to consider good art. In early Victorian +days there was no lack of educated people, and because they liked the +particular form of decoration associated with their period, who is +justified in saying that, because that peculiar style of decoration is not +acceptable now to ourselves, their art was bad, and worse than our own? If +throughout the ages there had been one dominating style of decoration +equally accepted at all periods and by all authorities as the highest type +of decorative art, then we should have some standard to judge by. Such is +not the case, and we have no such standard, and any attempt to arbitrarily +create and control ideas between given parallel lines of arbitrary thought, +when the ideas are constantly changing, is impossible and undesirable. Who +dreams of questioning the art of Benvenuto Cellini, or of describing his +craftsmanship as other than one of the most vivid examples of his period, +and yet what had it in keeping with the art of the Louis XVI. period, or +the later art of William Morris and his followers? Widely divergent as are +these types, they are nevertheless all accepted as the highest expressions +of three separate types of decorative art. Any one attempting to compare +them, or to rank these schools of artistic thought in order of superiority, +would simply be laying themselves open to ridicule unspeakable, for they +would be ranked by the highest authorities of different periods in +different orders, and it is as impossible to create a permanent standard of +art as it is impossible to ensure a permanence of any particular public +taste. The fact that taste changes, and as a consequence that artistic +styles and types vary, is simply due to the everlasting desire on the part +of the public for some new thing, and their equally permanent appreciation +of novelty of idea or sensation. That master-minds have arisen to teach, +and {396} that they have taught with some success their own particular +brand of art to the public, would seem rather to argue against the +foregoing ideas were it not that, when the master-mind and the dominating +influence are gone, the public, desiring as always change and novelty, are +ready to fly to any new teacher and master who can again afford them +artistic pleasure. The influence of William Morris in household decoration +is possibly the most far-reaching modern example of the influence of a +single man upon the art of his period; but master-mind as was his, and +master-craftsman as he was, it has needed but a few years since his death +to start the undoing of much that he taught. After the movement initiated +by Morris and carried further by the Arts and Crafts Society, which made +for simplicity in structural design as well as in the decoration of +furniture, we have now fallen back upon the flowery patterns of the early +Victorian period, and there is hardly a drawing-room in fashionable London +where the chairs and settees are not covered with early Victorian chintzes. + +Artistic authorities may shout themselves hoarse, but the fashion having +been set in Mayfair will be inevitably followed in Suburbia, and we are +doubtless again at the beginning of the cycle of that curious manifestation +of domestic decorative art which was current in the early part of the +nineteenth century. It is, therefore, evident that it is futile to describe +varying types of art of varying periods as good or bad, or to differentiate +between them, unless some such permanent basis of comparison or standard of +excellence be conceded. The differing types must be accepted as no more +than the expression of the artistic period to which they belong. That being +so, one cannot help thinking that the abuse which has been heaped of late +(by unthinking votaries of Plantagenet and Tudor heraldry) upon heraldic +art in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries has very +greatly overstepped the true proportion of the matter. Much that has been +said is true, but what has been said too often lacks proportion. There is +consequently much to be said in favour of allowing each period to create +its own style and type of heraldic design, in conformity with the ideas +concerning decorative art which are current outside heraldic thought. This +is precisely what is not happening at the present time, even with all our +boasted revival of armory and armorial art. The tendency at the present +time is to slavishly copy examples of other periods. There is another point +which is usually overlooked by the most blatant followers of this school of +thought. What are the ancient models which remain to us? The early Rolls of +Arms of which we hear so much are not, and were never intended to be, +examples of artistic execution. They are merely memoranda of _fact_. It is +absurd to suppose that an actual shield was painted with the crudity to be +met {397} with in the Rolls of Arms. It is equally absurd to accept as +unimpeachable models, Garter plates, seals, or architectural examples +unless the purpose and medium--wax, enamel, or stone--in which they are +executed is borne in mind, and the knowledge used with due discrimination. +Mr. Eve, without slavishly copying, originally appears to have modelled his +work upon the admirable designs and ideas of the "little masters" of German +art in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He has since progressed +therefrom to a distinctive and very excellent style of his own. Mr. Graham +Johnson models his work upon Plantagenet and Tudor examples. The work of +Père Anselm, and of Pugin, the first start towards the present ideas of +heraldic art, embodying as it did so much of the beauty of the older work +whilst possessing a character of its own, and developing ancient ideals by +increased beauty of execution, has placed their reputation far above that +of others, who, following in their footsteps, have not possessed their +abilities. But with regard to most of the heraldic design of the present +day as a whole it is very evident that we are simply picking and choosing +tit-bits from the work of bygone craftsmen, and copying, more or less +slavishly, examples of other periods. This makes for no advance in design +either, in its character or execution, nor will it result in any +peculiarity of style which it will be possible in the future to identify +with the present period. Our heraldry, like our architecture, though it may +be dated in the twentieth century, will be a heterogeneous collection of +isolated specimens of Gothic, Tudor, or Queen Anne style and type, which +surely is as anachronistic as we consider to be those Dutch paintings which +represent Christ and the Apostles in modern clothes. + +Roughly the periods into which the types of mantlings can be divided, when +considered from the standpoint of their fashioning, are somewhat as +follows. There is the earliest period of all, when the mantling depicted +approximated closely if it was not an actual representation of the capelote +really worn in battle. Examples of this will be found in the _Armorial de +Gelre_ and the Zurich _Wappenrolle_. As the mantling worn lengthened and +evolved itself into the lambrequin, the mantling depicted in heraldic art +was similarly increased in size, terminating in the long mantle drawn in +profile but tasselled and with the scalloped edges, a type which is found +surviving in some of the early Garter plates. This is the transition stage. +The next definite period is when we find the mantling depicted on both +sides of the helmet and the scalloped edges developed, in accordance with +the romantic ideas of the period, into the slashes and cuts of the bold and +artistic mantlings of Plantagenet armorial art. + +Slowly decreasing in strength, but at the same time increasing in +elaboration, this mantling and type continued until it had reached its +{398} highest pitch of exuberant elaboration in Stuart and early Georgian +times. Side by side with this over-elaboration came the revulsion to a +Puritan simplicity of taste which is to be found in other manifestations of +art at the same time, and which made itself evident in heraldic decoration +by the use as mantling of the plain uncut cloth suspended behind the +shield. Originating in Elizabethan days, this plain cloth was much made use +of, but towards the end of the Stuart period came that curious evolution of +British heraldry which is peculiar to these countries alone. That is the +entire omission of both helmet and mantling. How it originated it is +difficult to understand, unless it be due to the fact that a large number, +in fact a large proportion, of English families possessed a shield only and +neither claimed nor used a crest, and that consequently a large number of +heraldic representations give the shield only. It is rare indeed to find a +shield surmounted by helmet and mantling when the former is not required to +support a crest. At the same time we find, among the official records of +the period, that the documents of chief importance were the Visitation +Books. In these, probably from motives of economy or to save needless +draughtsmanship, the trouble of depicting the helmet and mantling was +dispensed with, and the crest is almost universally found depicted on the +wreath, which is made to rest upon the shield, the helmet being omitted. +That being an accepted official way of representing an achievement, small +wonder that the public followed, and we find as a consequence that a large +proportion of the bookplates during the seventeenth and eighteenth +centuries had no helmet or mantling at all, the elaboration of the edges of +the shield, together with the addition of decorative and needless +accessories bearing no relation to the arms, fulfilling all purposes of +decorative design. It should also be remembered that from towards the close +of the Stuart period onward, England was taking her art and decoration +almost entirely from Continental sources, chiefly French and Italian. In +both the countries the use of crests was very limited indeed in extent, and +the elimination of the helmet and mantling, and the elaboration in their +stead of the edges of the shield, we probably owe to the effort to +assimilate French and Italian forms of decoration to English arms. So +obsolete had become the use of helmet and mantling that it is difficult to +come across examples that one can put forward as mantlings typical of the +period. + +Helmets and mantlings were of course painted upon grants and upon the Stall +plates of the knights of the various orders, but whilst the helmets became +weak, of a pattern impossible to wear, and small in size, the mantling +became of a stereotyped pattern, and of a design poor and wooden according +to our present ideas. + +[Illustration: FIG. 665.--Carriage Panel of Georgiana, Marchioness of +Cholmondeley.] + +Unofficial heraldry had sunk to an even lower style of art, and {399} the +regulation heraldic stationer's types of shield, mantling, and helmet are +awe-inspiring in their ugliness. + +The term "mantle" is sometimes employed, but it would seem hardly quite +correctly, to the parliamentary robe of estate upon which the arms of a +peer of the realm were so frequently depicted at the end of the eighteenth +and in the early part of the nineteenth centuries. Its popularity is an +indication of the ever-constant predilection for something which is denied +to others and the possession of which is a matter of privilege. Woodward, +in his "Treatise on Heraldry," treats of and dismisses the matter in one +short sentence: "In England the suggestion that the arms of peers should be +mantled with their Parliament robes was never generally adopted." In this +statement he is quite incorrect, for as the accepted type in one particular +opportunity of armorial display its use was absolutely universal. The +opportunity in question was the emblazonment of arms upon carriage panels. +In the early part of the nineteenth and at the end of the eighteenth +centuries armorial bearings were painted of some size upon carriages, and +there were few such paintings executed for the carriages, chariots, and +state coaches of peers that did not appear upon a background of the robe of +estate. With the modern craze for ostentatious unostentation (the result, +there can be little doubt, in this respect of the wholesale appropriation +of arms by those without a right to bear these ornaments), the decoration +of a peer's carriage nowadays seldom shows more than a simple coronet, or a +coroneted crest, initial, or monogram; but the State chariots of those who +still possess them almost all, without exception, show the arms emblazoned +upon the robe of estate. The Royal and many other State chariots made or +refurbished for the recent coronation ceremonies show that, when an +opportunity of the fullest display properly arises, the robe of estate is +not yet a thing of the past. Fig. 665 is from a photograph of a carriage +panel, and shows the arms of a former Marchioness of Cholmondeley displayed +in this manner. Incidentally it also shows a practice frequently resorted +to, but quite unauthorised, of taking one supporter from the husband's +shield and the other (when the wife was an heiress) from the arms of her +family. The arms are those of Georgiana Charlotte, widow of George James, +first Marquess of Cholmondeley, and younger daughter and coheir of +Peregrine, third Duke of Ancaster. She became a widow in 1827 and died in +1838, so the panel must have been painted between those dates. The arms +shown are: "Quarterly, 1 and 4, gules, in chief two esquires' helmets +proper, and in base a garb or (for Cholmondeley); 2. gules, a chevron +between three eagles' heads erased argent; 3. or, on a fesse between two +chevrons sable, three cross crosslets or (for Walpole), and on an {400} +escutcheon of pretence the arms of Bertie, namely: argent, three +battering-rams fesswise in pale proper, headed and garnished azure." The +supporters shown are: "Dexter, a griffin sable, armed, winged, and membered +or (from the Cholmondeley achievement); sinister, a friar vested in russet +with staff and rosary or" (one of the supporters belonging to the Barony of +Willoughby D'Eresby, to which the Marchioness of Cholmondeley in her own +right was a coheir until the abeyance in the Barony was determined in +favour of her elder sister). + +"In later times the arms of sovereigns--the German Electors, &c.--were +mantled, usually with crimson velvet fringed with gold, lined with ermine, +and crowned; but the mantling armoyé was one of the marks of dignity used +by the Pairs de France, and by Cardinals resident in France; it was also +employed by some great nobles in other countries. The mantling of the +Princes and Dukes of Mirandola was chequy argent and azure, lined with +ermine. In France the mantling of the Chancelier was of cloth of gold; that +of Présidents, of scarlet, lined with alternate strips of ermine and _petit +gris_. In France, Napoleon I., who used a mantling of purple semé of golden +bees, decreed that the princes and grand dignitaries should use an azure +mantling thus semé; those of Dukes were to be plain, and lined with vair +instead of ermine. In 1817 a mantling of azure, fringed with gold and lined +with ermine, was appropriated to the dignity of Pair de France." + +The pavilion is a feature of heraldic art which is quite unknown to British +heraldry, and one can call to mind no single instance of its use in this +country; but as its use is very prominent in Germany and other countries, +it cannot be overlooked. It is confined to the arms of sovereigns, and the +pavilion is the tent-like erection within which the heraldic achievement is +displayed. The pavilion seems to have originated in France, where it can be +traced back upon the Great Seals of the kings to its earliest form and +appearance upon the seal of Louis XI. In the case of the Kings of France, +it was of azure semé-de-lis or. The pavilion used with the arms of the +German Emperor is of gold semé alternately of Imperial crowns and eagles +displayed sable, and is lined with ermine. The motto is carried on a +crimson band, and it is surmounted by the Imperial crown, and a banner of +the German colours gules, argent, and sable. The pavilion used by the +German Emperor as King of Prussia is of crimson, semé of black eagles and +gold crowns, and the band which carries the motto is blue. The pavilions of +the King of Bavaria and the Duke of Baden, the King of Saxony, the Duke of +Hesse, the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, +the Duke of {401} SaxeMeiningen-Hildburghausen, the Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, +and the Duke of Anhalt are all of crimson. + +In German heraldry a rather more noticeable distinction is drawn than with +ourselves between the lambrequin (_Helmdecke_) and the mantle +(_Helmmantel_). This more closely approximates to the robe of estate, +though the _helmmantel_ has not in Germany the rigid significance of +peerage degree that the robe of estate has in this country. The German +_helmmantel_ with few exceptions is always of purple lined with ermine, and +whilst the mantel always falls directly from the coronet or cap, the +pavilion is arranged in a dome-like form which bears the crown upon its +summit. The pavilion is supposed to be the invention of the Frenchman +Philip Moreau (1680), and found its way from France to Germany, where both +in the Greater and Lesser Courts it was enthusiastically adopted. Great +Britain, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, and Würtemberg are the only +Royal Arms in which the pavilion does not figure. {402} + + + +CHAPTER XXV + +THE TORSE, OR WREATH + +The actual helmet, from the very _earliest_ heraldic representations which +have come down to us, would sometimes appear not to have had any mantling, +the crest being affixed direct to the (then) flat top of the helmet in use. +But occasional crests appear very early in the existence of "ordered" +armory, and at much about the same time we find the "textile" covering of +the helmet coming into heraldic use. In the earliest times we find that +frequently the crest itself was continued into the mantling. But where this +was not possible, the attaching of the crest to the helmet when the +mantling intervened left an unsightly joining. The unsightliness very soon +called forth a remedy. At first this remedy took the form of a coronet or a +plain fillet or ribbon round the point of juncture, sometimes with and +sometimes without the ends being visible. If the ends were shown they were +represented as floating behind, sometimes with and sometimes without a +representation of the bow or knot in which they were tied. The plain fillet +still continued to be used long after the torse had come into recognised +use. The consideration of crest coronets has been already included, but +with regard to the wreath an analysis of the Plantagenet Garter plates will +afford some definite basis from which to start deduction. + +Of the eighty-six achievements reproduced in Mr. St. John Hope's book, five +have no crest. Consequently we have eighty-one examples to analyse. Of +these there are ten in which the crest is not attached to the lambrequin +and helmet by anything perceptible, eight are attached with fillets of +varying widths, twenty-one crests are upon chapeaux, and twenty-nine issue +from coronets. But at no period governed by the series is it possible that +either fillet, torse, chapeau, or coronet was in use to the exclusion of +another form. This remark applies more particularly to the fillet and torse +(the latter of which undoubtedly at a later date superseded the former), +for both at the beginning and at the end of the series referred to we find +the fillet and the wreath or torse, and at both periods we find crests +without either coronet, torse, chapeau, or fillet. The fillet must soon +afterwards (in the fifteenth century) have completely fallen into +desuetude. {403} The torse was so small and unimportant a matter that upon +seals it would probably equally escape the attention of the engraver and +the observer, and probably there would be little to be gained by a +systematic hunt through early seals to discover the date of its +introduction, but it will be noticed that no wreaths appear in some of the +early Rolls. General Leigh says, "In the time of Henry the Fifth, and long +after, no man had his badge set on a wreath under the degree of a knight. +But that order is worn away." It probably belongs to the end of the +fourteenth century. There can be little doubt that its twisted shape was an +evolution from the plain fillet suggested by the turban of the East. We +read in the old romances, in Mallory's "Morte d'Arthur" and elsewhere, of +valiant knights who in battle or tournament wore the favour of some lady, +or even the lady's sleeve, upon their helmets. It always used to be a +puzzle to me how the sleeve could have been worn upon the helmet, and I +wonder how many of the present-day novelists, who so glibly make their +knightly heroes of olden time wear the "favours" of their lady-lovers, know +how it was done? The favour did not take the place of the crest. A knight +did not lightly discard an honoured, inherited, and known crest for the +sake of wearing a favour only too frequently the mere result of a temporary +flirtation; nor to wear her colours could he at short notice discard or +renew his lambrequin, surcoat, or the housings and trappings of his horse. +He simply took the favour--the colours, a ribbon, or a handkerchief of the +lady, as the case might be--and twisted it in and out or over and over the +fillet which surrounded the joining-place of crest and helmet. To put her +favour on his helmet was the work of a moment. The wearing of a lady's +sleeve, which must have been an honour greatly prized, is of course the +origin of the well-known "maunch," the solitary charge in the arms of +Conyers, Hastings, and Wharton. Doubtless the sleeve twined with the fillet +would be made to encircle the base of the crest, and it is not unlikely +that the wide hanging mouth of the sleeve might have been used for the +lambrequin. The dresses of ladies at that period were decorated with the +arms of their families, so in each case would be of the "colours" of the +lady, so that the sleeve and its colours would be quickly identified, as it +was no doubt usually intended they should be. The accidental result of +twining a favour in the fillet, in conjunction with the pattern obviously +suggested by the turban of the East, produced the conventional torse or +wreath. As the conventional slashings of the lambrequin hinted at past hard +fighting in battle, so did the conventional torse hint at past service to +and favour of ladies, love and war being the occupations of the perfect +knight of romance. How far short of the ideal knight of {404} romance the +knight of fact fell, perhaps the frequent bordures and batons of heraldry +are the best indication. At first, as is evident from the Garter plates, +the colours of the torse seem to have had little or no compulsory relation +to the "livery colours" of the arms. The instances to be gleaned from the +Plantagenet Garter plates which have been reproduced are as follows:-- + +Sir John Bourchier, Lord Bourchier. Torse: sable and vert. Arms: argent and +gules. + +Sir John Grey, Earl of Tankerville. Torse: vert, gules, and argent. Arms: +gules and argent. + +Sir Lewis Robsart, Lord Bourchier. Torse: azure, or, and sable. Arms: vert +and or. [The crest, derived from his wife (who was a daughter of Lord +Bourchier) is practically the same as the one first quoted. It will be +noticed that the torse differs.] + +Sir Edward Cherleton, Lord Cherleton of Powis. Torse: gules and sable. +Arms: or and gules. + +Sir Gaston de Foix, Count de Longueville. Torse: or and gules. Arms: or and +gules. + +Sir William Nevill, Lord Fauconberg. Torse: argent and gules. Arms: gules +and argent. + +Sir Richard Wydville, Lord Rivers. Torse: vert. Arms: argent and gules. + +Sir Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex. Torse: sable and vert. Arms: argent and +gules. [This is the same crest above alluded to.] + +Sir Thomas Stanley, Lord Stanley. Torse: or and azure. Arms: or and azure. + +Sir John Bourchier, Lord Berners. Torse: gules and argent. Arms: argent and +gules. [This is the same crest above alluded to.] + +Sir Walter Devereux, Lord Ferrers. Torse: argent and sable. Arms: argent +and gules. [The crest really issues from a coronet upon a torse in a +previous case, this crest issues from a torse only.] + +Sir Francis Lovel, Viscount Lovel. Torse: azure and or. Arms: or and gules. + +Sir Thomas Burgh, Lord Burgh. Torse: azure and sable. Arms: azure and +ermine. + +Sir Richard Tunstall, K.G. Torse: argent and sable. Arms: sable and argent. + +I can suggest no explanation of these differences unless it be, which is +not unlikely, that they perpetuate "favours" worn; or perhaps a more likely +supposition is that the wreath or torse was of the "family colours," as +these were actually worn by the servants or retainers of each person. If +this be not the case, why are the colours of the wreath termed the livery +colours? At the present time in an English or Irish {405} grant of arms the +colours are not specified, but the crest is stated to be "on a wreath of +the colours." In Scotland, however, the crest is granted in the following +words: "and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest." Consequently, +I have very little doubt, the true state of the case is that originally the +wreath was depicted of the colours of the livery which was worn. Then new +families came into prominence and eminence, and had no liveries to inherit. +They were granted arms and chose the tinctures of their arms as their +"colours," and used these colours for their personal liveries. The natural +consequence would be in such a case that the torse, being in unison with +the livery, was also in unison with the arms. The consequence is that it +has become a fixed, unalterable rule in British heraldry that the torse +shall be of the principal metal and of the principal colour of the arms. I +know of no recent exception to this rule, the latest, as far as I am aware, +being a grant in the early years of the eighteenth century. This, it is +stated in the patent, was the regranting of a coat of foreign origin. +Doubtless the formality of a grant was substituted for the usual +registration in this case, owing to a lack of formal proof of a right to +the arms, but there is no doubt that the peculiarities of the foreign arms, +as they had been previously borne, were preserved in the grant. The +peculiarity in this case consisted of a torse of three tinctures. The late +Lyon Clerk once pointed out to me, in Lyon Register, an instance of a coat +there matriculated with a torse of three colours, but I unfortunately made +no note of it at the time. Woodward alludes to the curious chequy wreath on +the seals of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, in 1389. This appears to have +been repeated in the seals of his son Murdoch. + +The wreath of Patrick Hepburn appears to be of roses in the Gelre +"Armorial," and a careful examination of the plates in this volume will +show many curious Continental instances of substitutes for the conventional +torse. Though by no means peculiar to British heraldry, there can be no +manner of doubt that the wreath in the United Kingdom has obtained a +position of legalised necessity and constant usage and importance which +exists in no other country. + +As has been already explained, the torse should fit closely to the crest, +its object and purpose being merely to hide the joining of crest and +helmet. Unfortunately in British heraldry this purpose has been ignored. +Doubtless resulting first from the common practice of depicting a crest +upon a wreath and without a helmet, and secondly from the fact that many +English crests are quite unsuitable to place on a helmet, in fact +impossible to affix by the aid of a wreath to a helmet, and thirdly from +our ridiculous rules of position for a helmet, which result in the crest +being depicted (in conjunction with the {406} representation of the helmet) +in a position many such crests never could have occupied on any helmet, the +effect has been to cause the wreath to lose its real form, which encircled +the _helmet_, and to become considered as no more than a straight support +for and relating only to the crest. When, therefore, the crest and its +supporting basis is transferred from indefinite space to the helmet, the +support, which is the torse, is still represented as a flat resting-place +for the crest, and it is consequently depicted as a straight and rigid bar, +balanced upon the apex of the helmet. This is now and for long has been the +only accepted official way of depicting a wreath in England. Certainly this +is an ungraceful and inartistic rendering, and a rendering far removed from +any actual helmet wreath that can ever have been actually borne. Whilst one +has no wish to defend the "rigid bar," which has nothing to recommend it, +it is at the same time worth while to point out that the heraldic day of +actual helmets and actual usage is long since over, never to be revived, +and that our heraldry of to-day is merely decorative and pictorial. The +rigid bar is none other than a conventionalised form of the actual torse, +and is perhaps little more at variance with the reality than is our +conventionalised method of depicting a lambrequin. Whilst this conventional +torse remains the official pattern, it is hopeless to attempt to banish +such a method of representation: but Lyon King of Arms, happily, will have +none of it in his official register or on his patents, and few heraldic +artists of any repute now care to so design or represent it. As always +officially painted it must consist of six links alternately of metal and +colour (the "livery colours" of the arms), of which the metal must be the +first to be shown to the dexter side. The torse is now supposed to be and +represented as a skein of coloured silk intertwined with a gold or silver +cord. {407} + + + +CHAPTER XXVI + +SUPPORTERS + +In this country a somewhat fictitious importance has become attached to +supporters, owing to their almost exclusive reservation to the highest +rank. The rules which hold at the moment will be recited presently, but +there can be no doubt that originally they were in this country little more +than mere decorative and artistic appendages, being devised and altered +from time to time by different artists according as the artistic +necessities of the moment demanded. The subject of the origin of supporters +has been very ably dealt with in "A Treatise on Heraldry" by Woodward and +Burnett, and with all due acknowledgment I take from that work the +subjoined extract:-- + +"Supporters are figures of living creatures placed at the side or sides of +an armorial shield, and appearing to support it. French writers make a +distinction, giving the name of _Supports_ to animals, real or imaginary, +thus employed; while human figures or angels similarly used are called +_Tenants_. Trees, and other inanimate objects which are sometimes used, are +called _Soutiens_. + +"Menêtrier and other old writers trace the origin of supporters to the +usages of the tournaments, where the shields of the combatants were exposed +for inspection, and guarded by their servants or pages disguised in +fanciful attire: 'C'est des Tournois qu'est venu cet usage parce que les +chevaliers y faisoient porter leurs lances, et leurs écus, par des pages, +et des valets de pied, deguisez en ours, en lions, en mores, et en +sauvages' (_Usage des Armoiries_, p. 119). + +"The old romances give us evidence that this custom prevailed; but I think +only after the use of supporters had already arisen from another source. + +"There is really little doubt now that Anstis was quite correct when, in +his _Aspilogia_, he attributed the origin of supporters to the invention of +the engraver, who filled up the spaces at the top and sides of the +triangular shield upon a circular seal with foliage, or with fanciful +animals. Any good collection of mediæval seals will strengthen this +conviction. For instance, the two volumes of Laing's 'Scottish Seals' +afford numerous examples in which the shields used in the thirteenth and +fourteenth centuries were placed between two creatures {408} resembling +lizards or dragons. (See the seal of ALEXANDER DE BALLIOL, 1295.--LAING, +ii. 74.) + + * * * * * + +"The seal of John, Duke of Normandy, eldest son of the King of FRANCE, +before 1316 bears his arms (FRANCE-ANCIENT, _a bordure gules_) between two +lions rampant away from the shield, and an eagle with expanded wings +standing above it. The _secretum_ of Isabelle de FLANDRES (_c._ 1308) has +her shield placed between three lions, each charged with a bend (Vrée, +_Gen. Com. Flanr._, Plates XLIII., XLIV., XCII.). In 1332 AYMON OF SAVOY +places his arms (SAVOY, _with a label_) between a winged lion in chief and +a lion without wings at either side. Later, on the seal of AMADEUS VI., a +lion's head between wings became the crest of SAVOY. In 1332 AMADEUS bears +SAVOY on a lozenge between in chief two eagles, in base two lions. +(CIBRARIO, Nos. 61, 64; and GUICHENON, tome i. No. 130.) In Scotland the +shield of REGINALD CRAWFORD in 1292 is placed between two dogs, and +surmounted by a fox; in the same year the paly shield of REGINALD, Earl of +ATHOLE, appears between two lions in chief and as many griffins in +flanks.--LAING, i. 210, 761. + +"The seal of HUMBERT II., Dauphin de Viennois in 1349, is an excellent +example of the fashion. The shield of DAUPHINY is in the centre of a +quatrefoil. Two savages mounted on griffins support its flanks; on the +upper edge an armed knight sits on a couchant lion, and the space in base +is filled by a human face between two wingless dragons. The spaces are +sometimes filled with the Evangelistic symbols, as on the seal of YOLANTE +DE FLANDRES, Countess of Bar (_c._ 1340). The seal of JEANNE, Dame de +PLASNES, in 1376 bears her arms _en bannière_ a quatrefoil supported by two +kneeling angels, a demi-angel in chief, and a lion couchant guardant in +base." + +Corporate and other seals afford countless examples of the interstices in +the design being filled with the figures similar to those from which in +later days the supporters of a family have been deduced. But I am myself +convinced that the argument can be carried further. Fanciful ornamentation +or meaningless devices may have first been made use of by seal engravers, +but it is very soon found that the badge is in regular use for this +purpose, and we find both animate and inanimate badges employed. Then where +this is possible the badge, if animate, is made to support the helmet and +crest, and, later on, the shield, and there can be no doubt the badge was +in fact acting as a supporter long before the science of armory recognised +that existence of supporters. + +Before passing to supporters proper, it may be well to briefly allude to +various figures which are to be found in a position analogous to that of +supporters. The single human figure entire, or in the form {409} of a +demi-figure appearing above the shield, is very frequently to be met with, +but the addition of such figures _was and remains purely artistic_, and I +know of no single instance in British armory where one figure, animate or +inanimate, has ever existed alone in the character of a single supporter, +and as an integral part of the heritable armorial achievement. Of course I +except those figures upon which the arms of certain families are properly +displayed. These will be presently alluded to, but though they are +certainly exterior ornaments, I do not think they can be properly classed +as supporters unless to this term is given some elasticity, or unless the +term has some qualifying remarks of reservation added to it. There are, +however, many instances of armorial ensigns depicted, and presumably +correctly, in the form of banners supported by a single animal, but it will +always be found that the single animal is but one of the pair of duly +allocated supporters. Many instances of arms depicted in this manner will +be found in "Prince Arthur's Book." The same method of display was adopted +in some number of cases, and with some measure of success, in Foster's +"Peerage." Single figures are very frequently to be met with in German and +Continental heraldry, but on these occasions, as with ourselves, the +position they occupy is merely that of an artistic accessory, and bears no +inseparable relation to the heraldic achievement. The single exception to +the foregoing statement of which I am aware is to be found in the arms of +the Swiss Cantons. These thirteen coats are sometimes quartered upon one +shield, but when displayed separately each is accompanied by a single +supporter. Zurich, Lucerne, Uri, Unter-Walden, Glarus, and Basle all bear +the supporter on the dexter side; Bern, Schweig, Zug, Freiburg, and +Soluthurn on the sinister. Schafhausen (a ram) and Appenzell (a bear) place +their supporters in full aspect behind the shield. + +On the corbels of Gothic architecture, shields of arms are frequently +supported by _Angels_, which, however, cannot generally be regarded as +heraldic appendages--being merely supposed to indicate that the owners have +contributed to the erection of the fabric. Examples of this practice will +be found on various ecclesiastical edifices in Scotland, and among others +at Melrose Abbey, St. Giles', Edinburgh, and the church of Seton in East +Lothian. An interesting instance of an angel supporting a shield occurs on +the beautiful seal of Mary of Gueldres, Queen of James II. (1459); and the +Privy Seal of David II., a hundred years earlier, exhibits a pretty design +of an escutcheon charged with the ensigns of Scotland, and borne by two +arms issuing from clouds above, indicative of Divine support.[24] {410} + +Of instances of single objects from which shields are found depending or +supported the "Treatise on Heraldry" states:-- + +"Allusion has been made to the usage by which on vesica-shaped shields +ladies of high rank are represented as supporting with either hand shields +of arms. From this probably arose the use of a single supporter. MARGUERITE +DE COURCELLES in 1284, and ALIX DE VERDUN in 1311, bear in one hand a +shield of the husband's arms, in the other one of their own. The curious +seal of MURIEL, Countess of STRATHERNE, in 1284, may be considered akin to +these. In it the shield is supported partly by a falcon, and partly by a +human arm issuing from the sinister side of the _vesica_, and holding the +falcon by the jesses (LAING, i. 764). The early seal of BOLESLAS III., King +of POLAND, in 1255, bears a knight holding a shield charged with the Polish +eagle (VOSSBERG, _Die Siegel des Mittelalters_). In 1283 the seal of +FLORENT of HAINAULT bears a warrior in chain mail supporting a shield +charged with a lion impaling an eagle dimidiated. + + * * * * * + +"On the seal of HUMPHREY DE BOHUN in 1322 the _guige_ is held by a swan, +the badge of the Earls of HEREFORD; and in 1356 the shield of the first +Earl of DOUGLAS is supported by a lion whose head is covered by the crested +helm, a fashion of which there are many examples. A helmed lion holds the +shield of MAGNUS I., Duke of BRUNSWICK, in 1326. + + * * * * * + +"On the seal of JEAN, Duc de BERRI, in 1393 the supporter is a helmed swan +(compare the armorial slab of HENRY of LANCASTER, in BOUTELL, Plate +LXXIX.). Jean IV., Comte d'ALENÇON (1408), has a helmed lion sejant as +supporter. In 1359 a signet of LOUIS VAN MALE, Count of FLANDERS, bears a +lion sejant, helmed and crested, and mantled with the arms of FLANDERS +between two small escutcheons of NEVERS, or the county of Burgundy ["Azure, +billetty, a lion rampant or"], and RETHEL ["Gules, two heads of rakes +fesswise in pale or"]. + + * * * * * + +"A single lion sejant, helmed and crested, bearing on its breast the +quartered arms of BURGUNDY between two or three other escutcheons, was used +by the Dukes up to the death of CHARLES THE BOLD in 1475. In LITTA'S +splendid work, _Famiglie celebri Italiane_, the BUONAROTTI arms are +supported by a brown dog sejant, helmed, and crested with a pair of +dragon's wings issuing from a crest-coronet. On the seal of THOMAS HOLLAND, +Earl of KENT, in 1380 the shield is buckled round the neck of the white +hind lodged, the badge of his half-brother, RICHARD II. Single supporters +were very much in favour in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and +the examples are numerous. {411} CHARLES, Dauphin de VIENNOIS (_c._ 1355), +has his shield held by a single dolphin. In 1294 the seal of the Dauphin +JEAN, son of HUMBERT I., bears the arms of DAUPHINÉ pendent from the neck +of a griffon. The shields of arms of BERTRAND DE BRICQUEBEC, in 1325; +PIERRE DE TOURNEBU, in 1339; of CHARLES, Count of ALENÇON, in 1356; and of +OLIVER DE CLISSON in 1397, are supported by a warrior who stands behind the +shield. In England the seal of HENRY PERCY, first Earl, in 1346, and +another in 1345, have similar representations. + +"On several of our more ancient seals only one supporter is represented, +and probably the earliest example of this arrangement occurs on the curious +seal of William, first Earl of Douglas (_c._ 1356), where the shield is +supported from behind by a lion 'sejant,' _with his head in the helmet_, +which is surmounted by the crest. + +"On the seal of Archibald, fourth Earl of Douglas (_c._ 1418), the shield +is held, along with a club, in the right hand of a savage _erect_, who +bears a helmet in his left; while on that of William, eighth Earl (1446), a +_kneeling_ savage holds a club in his right hand, and supports a couché +shield on his left arm." + +[Illustration: FIG. 666.--Arms of Sigmund Hagelshaimer.] + +An example reproduced from Jost Amman's _Wappen und Stammbuch_, published +at Frankfurt, 1589, will be found in Fig. 666. In this the figure partakes +more of the character of a shield guardian than a shield supporter. The +arms are those of "Sigmund Hagelshaimer," otherwise "Helt," living at +Nürnberg. The arms are "Sable, on a bend argent, an arrow gules." The crest +is the head and neck of a hound sable, continued into a mantling sable, +lined argent. The crest is charged with a pale argent, and thereupon an +arrow as in the arms, the arrow-head piercing the ear of the hound. + +Seated figures as supporters are rare, but one occurs in Fig. 667, which +shows the arms of the Vöhlin family. They bear: "Argent, on a fesse sable, +three 'P's' argent." The wings which form the crest are charged with the +same device. This curious charge of the three letters is explained in the +following saying:-- + + "Piper Peperit Pecuniam, + Pecunia Peperit Pompam, + Pompa Peperit Pauperiem, + Pauperies Peperit Pietatem." + +{412} + +There are, however, certain exceptions to the British rule that there can +be no single supporters, if the objects upon which shields of arms are +displayed are accepted as supporters. It was always customary to display +the arms of the Lord High Admiral on the sail of the ship. In the person of +King William IV., before he succeeded to the throne, the office of Lord +High Admiral was vested for a short time, but it had really fallen into +desuetude at an earlier date and has not been revived again, so that to all +intents and purposes it is now extinct, and this recognised method of +depicting arms is consequently also extinct. But there is one other case +which forms a unique instance which can be classified with no others. The +arms of Campbell of Craignish are always represented in a curious manner, +the gyronny coat of Campbell appearing on a shield displayed in front of a +lymphad (Plate II.). What the origin of this practice is it would be +difficult to say; probably it merely originated in the imaginative ideas of +an artist when making a seal for that family, artistic reasons suggesting +the display of the gyronny arms of Campbell in front of the lymphad of +Lorne. The family, however, seem to have universally adopted this method of +using their arms, and in the year 1875, when Campbell of Inverneil +matriculated in Lyon Register, the arms were matriculated in that form. I +know of no other instance of any such coat of arms, and this branch of the +Ducal House of Campbell possesses armorial bearings which, from the +official standpoint, are absolutely unique from one end of Europe to the +other. + +In Germany the use of arms depicted in front of the eagle displayed, either +single-headed or double-headed, is very far from being unusual. Whatever +may have been its meaning originally in that country, there is no doubt +that now and for some centuries past it has been accepted as meaning, or as +indicative of, princely rank or other honours of the Holy Roman Empire. But +I do not think it can always have had that meaning. About the same date the +Earl of Menteith placed his shield on the breast of an eagle, as did +Alexander, Earl of Ross, in 1338; and in 1394 we find the same +ornamentation in the seal of Euphemia, Countess of Ross. The shield of Ross +is borne in her case on the breast of an eagle, while the arms of Leslie +and Comyn appear on its displayed wings. On several other Scottish seals of +the same era, the shield is placed on the breast of a displayed eagle, as +on those of Alexander Abernethy and Alexander Cumin of Buchan (1292), and +Sir David Lindsay, Lord of Crawford. English heraldry supplies several +similar examples, of which we may mention the armorial insignia of Richard, +Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III., and of the ancient family of +Latham, in the fourteenth century. A curious instance of a shield placed on +the breast of a _hawk_ is noticed by Hone in his "Table {413} Book," viz. +the arms of the Lord of the Manor of Stoke-Lyne, in the county of Oxford. +It appears therefrom that when Charles I. held his Parliament at Oxford, +the offer of knighthood was gratefully declined by the then Lord of +Stoke-Lyne, who merely requested, and obtained, the Royal permission to +place the arms of his family upon the breast of a hawk, which has ever +since been employed in the capacity of single supporter. What authority +exists for this statement it is impossible to ascertain, and one must doubt +its accuracy, because in England at any rate no arms, allocated to any +particular _territorial estate_, have ever received official recognition. + +[Illustration: FIG. 667.--Arms of Vöhlin of Augsberg.] + +In later years, as indicative of rank in the Holy Roman Empire, the eagle +has been rightly borne by the first Duke of Marlborough and by Henrietta +his daughter, Duchess of Marlborough, but the use of the eagle by the later +Dukes of Marlborough would appear to be entirely without authority, +inasmuch as the princedom, created in the person of the first duke, became +extinct on his death. His daughters, though entitled of right to the +courtesy rank of princess and its accompanying privilege of the right to +use the eagle displayed behind their arms, could not transmit it to their +descendants upon whom the title of Duke of Marlborough was specially +entailed by English Act of Parliament. + +The Earl of Denbigh and several members of the Fielding family have often +made use of it with their arms, in token of their supposed descent from the +Counts of Hapsburg, which, if correct, would apparently confer the right +upon them. This descent, however, has been much questioned, and in late +years the claim thereto would seem to have been practically dropped. The +late Earl Cowper, the last remaining Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in the +British Peerage, was entitled to use the double eagle behind his shield, +being the descendant and representative of George Nassau Clavering Cowper, +third Earl Cowper, created a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire by the Emperor +Joseph II., the patent being dated at Vienna, 31st January 1778, and this +being followed by a Royal Licence from King George III. to accept and bear +the title in this country. + +There are some others who have the right by reason of honours of lesser +rank of the Holy Roman Empire, and amongst these may be mentioned Lord +Methuen, who bears the eagle by Royal Warrant dated 4th April 1775. Sir +Thomas Arundel, who served in the Imperial army of Hungary, having in an +engagement with the Turks near Strignum taken their standard with his own +hands, was by Rodolph II. created Count of the Empire to hold for him and +the heirs of his body for ever, dated at Prague 14th December 1595. This +patent, of course, means that every one of his descendants in the male +{414} line has the rank of a Count of the Empire, and that every daughter +of any such male descendant is a Countess, but this does not confer the +rank of count or countess upon descendants of the daughters. It was this +particular patent of creation that called forth the remark from Queen +Elizabeth that she would not have her sheep branded by any foreign +shepherd, and we believe that this patent was the origin of the rule +translated in later times (_temp._ George IV.) into a definite Royal +Warrant, requiring that no English subject shall, without the express Royal +Licence of the Sovereign conveyed in writing, accept or wear any foreign +title or decoration. No Royal Licence was subsequently obtained by the +Arundel family, who therefore, according to British law, are denied the use +of the privileged Imperial eagle. Outside those cases in which the double +eagle is used in this country to denote rank of the Holy Roman Empire, the +usage of the eagle displayed behind the arms or any analogous figure is in +British heraldry most limited. + +One solitary authoritative instance of the use of the displayed eagle is +found in the coat of arms of the city of Perth. These arms are recorded in +Lyon Register, having been matriculated for that Royal Burgh about the year +1672. The official blazon of the arms is as follows: "Gules ane holy lambe +passant regardant staff and cross argent, with the banner of St. Andrew +proper, all within a double tressure counter-flowered of the second, the +escutcheon being surmounted on the breast of ane eagle with two necks +displayed or. The motto in ane Escroll, 'Pro Rege Lege et Grege.'" + +Another instance of usage, though purely devoid of authority, occurs in the +case of a coat of arms set up on one of the panels in the Hall of Lincoln's +Inn. In this case the achievement is displayed on the breast of a +single-headed eagle. What reason led to its usage in this manner I am quite +unaware, and I have not the slightest reason for supposing it to be +authentic. The family of Stuart-Menteith also place their arms upon a +single-headed eagle displayed gules, as was formerly to be seen in +Debrett's Peerage, but though arms are matriculated to them in Lyon +Register, this particular adornment forms no part thereof, and it has now +disappeared from the printed Peerage books. The family of Britton have, +however, recently recorded as a badge a double-headed eagle displayed +ermine, holding in its claws an escutcheon of their arms (Plate VIII.). + +Occasionally batons or wands or other insignia of office are to be found in +conjunction with armorial bearings, but these will be more fully dealt with +under the heading of Insignia of Office. Before dealing with the usual +supporters, one perhaps may briefly allude to "inanimate" supporters. {415} + +Probably the most curious instance of all will be found in the achievement +of the Earls of Errol as it appears in the MS. of Sir David Lindsay. In +this two ox-yokes take the place of the supporters. The curious tradition +which has been attached to the Hay arms is quoted as follows by Sir James +Balfour Paul, Lyon King of Arms, in his "Heraldry in relation to Scottish +History and Art," who writes: "Take the case of the well-known coat of the +Hays, and hear the description of its origin as given by Nisbet: 'In the +reign of Kenneth III., about the year 980, when the Danes invaded Scotland, +and prevailing in the battle of Luncarty, a country Scotsman with his two +sons, of great strength and courage, having rural weapons, as the yokes of +their plough, and such plough furniture, stopped the Scots in their flight +in a certain defile, and upbraiding them with cowardice, obliged them to +rally, who with them renewed the battle, and gave a total overthrow to the +victorious Danes; and it is said by some, after the victory was obtained, +the old man lying on the ground, wounded and fatigued, cried, "Hay, Hay," +which word became a surname to his posterity. He and his sons being +nobilitate, the King gave him the aforesaid arms (argent, three escutcheons +gules) to intimate that the father and the two sons had been luckily the +three shields of Scotland, and gave them as much land in the Carse of +Gowrie as a falcon did fly over without lighting, which having flown a +great way, she lighted on a stone there called the Falcon Stone to this +day. The circumstances of which story is not only perpetuated by the three +escutcheons, but by the exterior ornaments of the achievement of the family +of Errol; having for crest, on a wreath, a falcon proper; for supporters +two men in country habits, holding the oxen-yokes of a plough over their +shoulders; and for motto, "Serva jugum."' + +"Unfortunately for the truth of this picturesque tale there are several +reasons which render it utterly incredible, not the least being that at the +period of the supposed battle armorial bearings were quite unknown, and +could not have formed the subject of a royal gift. Hill Burton, indeed, +strongly doubts the occurrence of the battle itself, and says that Hector +Boece, who relates the occurrence, must be under strong suspicion of having +entirely invented it. As for the origin of the name itself, it is, as Mr. +Cosmo Innes points out in his work on 'Scottish Surnames,' derived from a +place in Normandy, and neither it nor any other surname occurred in +Scotland till long after the battle of Luncarty. I have mentioned this +story in some detail, as it is a very typical specimen of its class; but +there are others like unto it, often traceable to the same incorrigible old +liar, Hector Boece." + +It is not unlikely that the ox-yoke was a badge of the Hays, Earls of +Errol, and a reference to the variations of the original arms, crest, {416} +and supporters of Hay will show how the changes have been rung on the +shields, falcon, ox-yokes, and countrymen of the legend. + +Another instance is to be found in the arms of the Mowbray family as they +were at one time depicted with an ostrich feather on either side of the +shield (Fig. 675, p. 465), and at first one might be inclined to class +these amongst the inanimate supporters. The Garter plate, however, of John +Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, probably supplies the key to the whole matter, +for this shows not only the ostrich feathers but also supporters of the +ordinary character in their usual position. From the last-mentioned +instance, it is evident the ostrich feathers can be only representations of +the badge, their character doubtless being peculiarly adaptable to the +curious position they occupy. They are of course the same in the case of +the Mowbray arms, and doubtless the ox-yoke of the Earl of Errol is +similarly no more than a badge. + +A most curious instance of supporters is to be found in the case of the +arms of Viscount Montgomery. This occurs in a record of them in Ulster's +Office, where the arms appear without the usual kind of supporters, but +represented with an arm in armour, on either side issuing from clouds in +base, the hands supporting the shield. + +When supporters are inanimate objects, the escutcheon is said to be +cottised--a term derived from the French word _côté_ (a side)--in +contradistinction to supported. An old Scottish term for supporters was +"bearers." + +Amongst other cases where the shield is cottised by inanimate objects may +be mentioned the following. The Breton family of "Bastard" depict their +shield cottised by two swords, with the points in base. The Marquises +Alberti similarly use two lighted flambeaux, and the Dalzells (of Binns) +the extraordinary device of a pair of tent-poles. Whether this last has +been officially sanctioned I am unaware. The "Pillars of Hercules" used by +Charles V. are, perhaps, the best known of this group of supporters. In +many cases (notably foreign) the supporters appear to have gradually +receded to the back of the shield, as in the case of the Comte d'Erps, +Chancellor of Brabant, where two maces (or) are represented saltirewise +_behind_ the shield. Generally, however, this variation is found in +conjunction with purely official or corporate achievements. + +A curious example of inanimate supporters occurs on the English seal of +William, Lord Botreaux (1426), where, on each side of a couché shield +exhibiting a griffin "segreant" and surmounted by a helmet and crest, a +buttress is quaintly introduced, in evident allusion to the owner's name. A +somewhat similar arrangement appears on the Scottish seal of William +Ruthven (1396), where a tree growing from a mount is placed on each side of +the escutcheon. Another instance is to be {417} found in the seal of John +de Segrave, where a garb is placed on either side of the shield. Perhaps +mention should here be made of the arms (granted in 1826) of the National +Bank of Scotland, the shield of which is "surrounded with two thistles +proper disposed in orle." + +Heraldic supporters as such, or badges occupying the position and answering +the purpose of supporters, and not merely as artistic accessories, in +England date from the early part of the fourteenth century. Very restricted +in use at first, they later rapidly became popular, and there were few +peers who did not display them upon their seals. For some reason, however, +very few indeed appear on the early Garter plates. It is a striking fact +that by far the larger number of the ancient standards display as the chief +device not the arms but one of the supporters, and I am inclined to think +that in this fact we have further confirmation of my belief that the origin +of supporters is found in the badge. + +Even after the use of two supporters had become general, a third figure is +often found placed behind the shield, and forms a connecting link with the +old practice of filling the void spaces on seals, to which we have already +referred. On the seal of WILLIAM STERLING, in 1292, two lions rampant +support the shield in front of a tree. The shield on the seal of OLIVER +ROUILLON, in 1376, is supported by an angel, and by two demi-lions +couchant-guardant in base. That of PIERRE AVOIR, in 1378, is held by a +demi-eagle above the shield, and by two mermaids. On many ancient seals the +supporters are disposed so that they hold the crested helm above a couché +shield. + +The counter-seals of RUDOLF IV., Archduke of AUSTRIA, in 1359 and 1362, +afford instances in which a second set of supporters is used to hold up the +crested helm. The shield of AUSTRIA is supported by two lions, on whose +volets are the arms of HAPSBURG and PFIRT; the crested helm (coroneted, and +having a panache of ostrich feathers) is also held by two lions, whose +volets are charged with the arms of STIRIA, and of CARINTHIA (HUEBER, +_Austria Illustrata,_ tab. xviii.). + +In 1372 the seal of EDMUND MORTIMER represents his shield hanging from a +rose-tree, and supported by two lions couchant (of MARCH), whose heads are +covered by coroneted helmets with a panache (azure) as crest. + +BOUTELL directs attention to the fact that the shield of EDMUND DE ARUNDEL +(1301-1326) is placed between similar helms and panaches, without the +supporting beasts ("Heraldry: Historical and Popular," pp. 271-418). + +Crested supporters have sometimes been misunderstood, and quoted as +instances of double supporters--for instance, by LOWER, "Curiosities of +Heraldry," who gives (p. 144) a cut from the {418} achievement of the +French D'ALBRETS as "the most singular supporters, perhaps, in the whole +circle of heraldry." These supporters are two lions couchant (or), each +helmed, and crested with an eagle au vol leve. These eagles certainly +assist in holding the shield, but the lions are its true supporters; nor is +this arrangement by any means unique. The swans which were used as +supporters by JEAN, DUC DE BERRI, in 1386, are each mounted upon a bear. +Two wild men, each _à cheval_ on a lion, support the escutcheons of GERARD +D'HARCHIES (1476) and of NICOLE DE GIRESME (1464). Two lions sejant, helmed +and crested (the crest is a human head with the ears of an ass) were the +supporters of ARNAUD D'ALBREY in 1368. + +Scotland, which is the home of curiosities of heraldry, gives us at least +two instances of the use of supporters which must be absolutely +unique--that is, the surcharging of an escutcheon with an inescutcheon, to +the latter of which supporters are attached. The first instance occurs in +the cases of Baronets of Nova Scotia, a clause appearing in all the earlier +patents which ordained "that the Baronets, and their heirs-male, should, as +an _additament of honour_ to their armorial ensigns, bear, either on a +canton or inescutcheon, in their option, the ensign of Nova Scotia, being +_argent_, a cross of St. Andrew _azure_ (the badge of Scotland +counterchanged), charged with an inescutcheon of the Royal Arms of +Scotland, supported on the dexter by the Royal unicorn, and on the sinister +by a savage, or wild man, proper; and for crest, a branch of laurel and a +thistle issuing from two hands conjoined, the one being armed, the other +naked; with the motto, "Munit hæc et altera vincit." The incongruity of +these exterior ornaments within a shield of arms is noticed by Nisbet, who +informs us, however, that they are very soon removed. In the year 1629, +after Nova Scotia was sold to the French, the Baronets of Scotland, and +their heirs-male, were authorised by Charles I. "to wear and carry about +their necks, in all time coming, an orange-tawny silk ribbon, whereon shall +be pendent, in a scutcheon _argent_, a saltire _azure_, thereon an +inescutcheon, of the arms of Scotland, with an Imperial crown above the +scutcheon and encircled with this motto: 'Fax mentis honestæ gloria.'" +According to the same authority, this badge was never much used "about +their necks," but was carried, by way of canton or inescutcheon, on their +armorial bearings, without the motto, and, of course, since then the +superimposed supporters have been dropped. + +The same peculiarity of supporters being surcharged upon a shield will be +found, however, in the matriculation (1795) to Cumming-Gordon of Altyre. +These arms are depicted on Plate III. In this the entire achievement (arms, +crest, motto, and supporters) of Gordon of Gordon {419} is placed upon an +inescutcheon superimposed over the arms of Cumming. + +In Scotland the arms, and the arms only, constitute the mark of a given +family, and whilst due difference is made in the respective shields, no +attempt is made as regards crest or supporters to impose any distinction +between the figures granted to different families even where no blood +relationship exists. The result is that whilst the same crests and +supporters are duplicated over and over again, they at any rate remain in +Scotland simple, graceful, and truly heraldic, even when judged by the most +rigid mediæval standard. They are, of course, necessarily of no value +whatever for identification. In England the simplicity is relinquished for +the sake of distinction, and it is held that equivalent differentiation +must be made, both in regard to the crests and the supporters, as is made +between the shields of different families. The result as to modern crests +is truly appalling, and with supporters it is almost equally so, for by +their very nature it is impossible to design adequate differences for +crests and supporters, as can readily be done in the charges upon a shield, +without creating monstrosities. With regret one has to admit that the +dangling shields, the diapered chintz-like bodies, and the fasces and other +footstools so frequently provided for modern supporters in England would +seem to be pedantic, unnecessary, and inartistic strivings after a useless +ideal. + +In England the right to bear supporters is confined to those to whom they +have been granted or recorded, but such grant or record is very rigidly +confined to peers, to Knights of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, and +to Knights Grand Cross, or Knights Grand Commanders (as the case may be) of +other Orders. Before the Order of the Bath was divided into classes, +Knights of the Bath had supporters. As by an unwritten but nowadays +invariably accepted law, the Orders of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick +are confined to members of the peerage, those entitled to claim (upon their +petitioning) a grant of supporters in England are in practice limited to +peers and Knights Grand Cross or Knights Grand Commanders. In the cases of +peers, the grant is always attached to a particular peerage, the +"remainder" in the limitations of the grant being to "those of his +descendants upon whom the peerage may devolve," or some other words to this +effect. In the cases of life peers and Knights Grand Cross the grant has no +hereditary limitation, and the right to the supporters is personal to the +grantee. There is nothing to distinguish the supporters of a peer from +those of a Knight Grand Cross. Baronets of England, Ireland, Great Britain, +and the United Kingdom as such are not entitled to claim grants of +supporters, but there are some number of cases in which, by special favour +of the sovereign, specific Royal Warrants have been {420} issued-either as +marks of favour or as augmentations of honour--conveying the pleasure of +the sovereign to the kings of arms, and directing the latter to grant +supporters--to descend with the baronetcy. Of the cases of this nature the +following may be quoted: Guise (Royal Warrant, dated July 12, 1863), +Prevost (Royal Warrant, October 1816), Guinness, now Lord Ardilaun (Royal +Warrant, dated April 15, 1867), Halford (Royal Warrant, May 19, 1827), +Otway (Royal Warrant, June 10, 1845), and Laking. These, of course, are +exceptional marks of favour from the sovereign, and this favour in at least +two instances has been extended to untitled families. In 1815 Mr. George +Watson-Taylor, an especial intimate of the then Prince Regent, by Royal +Warrant dated September 28, 1815, was granted the following supporters: "On +either side a leopard proper, armed and langued gules, collared and chained +or." A more recent instance, and, with the exception of an Irish case +presently to be referred to, the only other one within the knowledge of the +writer, is the case of the Speke[25] arms. It is recited in the Royal +Warrant, dated July 26, 1867, that Captain John Hanning Speke "was by a +deplorable accident suddenly deprived of his life before he had received +any mark of our Royal favour" in connection with the discovery of the +sources of the Nile. The Warrant goes on to recite the grant to his father, +William Speke, of Jordans, co. Somerset, of the following augmentations to +his original arms (argent, two bars azure) namely: on a chief a +representation of flowing water superinscribed with the word "Nile," and +for a crest of honourable augmentation a "crocodile," also the supporters +following--that is to say, on the dexter side a crocodile, and on the +sinister side a hippopotamus. Some number of English baronets have gone to +the trouble and expense of obtaining grants of supporters in Lyon Office; +for example Sir Christopher Baynes, by grant dated June 10, 1805, obtained +two savages, wreathed about the temples and loins, each holding a club over +the exterior shoulder. It is very doubtful to what extent such grants in +Scotland to domiciled Englishmen can be upheld. Many other baronets have at +one time or another assumed supporters without any official warrant or +authority in consequence of certain action taken by an earlier committee of +the baronetage, but cases of this kind are slowly dropping out of the +Peerage books, and this, {421} combined with the less ostentatious taste of +the present day in the depicting of armorial bearings upon carriages and +elsewhere, is slowly but steadily reducing the use of supporters to those +who possess official authority for their display. + +Another fruitful origin of the use of unauthorised supporters at the +present day lies in the fact that grants of supporters personal to the +grantee for his life only have been made to Knights Grand Cross or to life +peers in cases where a hereditary title has been subsequently conferred. +The limitations of the grant of supporters having never been extended, the +grant has naturally expired with the death of the life honour to which the +supporters were attached. + +In addition to these cases there is a very limited number of families which +have always claimed supporters by prescriptive right, amongst whom may be +mentioned Tichborne of Tichborne (two lions guardant gules), De Hoghton of +Hoghton (two bulls argent), Scroope of Danby (two choughs), and Stapylton. +Concerning such cases it can only be said that in England no official +sanction has ever been given to such use, and no case exists of any +official recognition of the right of an untitled family to bear supporters +to their arms save those few exceptional cases governed by specific Royal +Warrants. In many cases, notably Scroope, Luttrel, Hilton, and Stapylton, +the supporters have probably originated in their legitimate adoption at an +early period in connection with peerage or other titular distinction, and +have continued inadvertently in use when the titular distinctions to which +they belonged have ceased to exist or have devolved upon other families. +Possibly their use in some cases has been the result of a _claim_ to _de +jure_ honours. The cases where supporters are claimed "by prescriptive +right" are few indeed in England, and need not be further considered. + +Whilst the official laws in Ireland are, and have apparently always been, +the same as in England, there is no doubt that the heads of the different +septs assert a claim to the right to use supporters. On this point Sir +Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms, wrote: "No registry of supporters to an +Irish chieftain appears in Ulster's Office, in right of his chieftaincy +only, and without the honour of peerage, nor does any authority to bear +them exist." But nevertheless "The O'Donovan" uses, dexter, a lion +guardant, and sinister, a griffin; "The O'Gorman" uses, dexter, a lion, and +sinister, a horse; "The O'Reilly" uses two lions or. "The O'Connor Don," +however, is in the unique position of bearing supporters by unquestionable +right, inasmuch as the late Queen Victoria, on the occasion of her last +visit to Dublin, issued her Royal Warrant conferring the right upon him. +The supporters granted to him were "two lions rampant gules, each gorged +with an antique crown, and charged on the shoulder with an Irish harp or." +{422} + +The right to bear supporters in Scotland is on a widely different basis +from that in any other country. As in England and Ireland, peers and +Knights Grand Cross are permitted to obtain grants of these distinctions. +But outside and beyond these there are many other families who bear them by +right. At the official inquiry concerning the Lyon Office, the Lyon-Depute, +Mr. George Tait, put in a Note of Persons whom he considered might lawfully +bear supporters under Scottish Heraldic Law. The following is the text of +the note in question:-- + + "NOTE OF PERSONS who are considered by GEORGE TAIT, Esq., Lyon-Depute, + to be entitled to supporters, furnished to the Commissioners of Inquiry + by their desire, intimated to him at his examination this day, June 27, + 1821. + + "1. _Peers._--By immemorial usage, Peers have right to supporters, and + supporters are commonly inserted in modern patents of Peerage. This + includes Peeresses in their own right. + + "2. _Ancient Usage._--Those private gentlemen, and the lawful + heirs-male of their bodies, who can prove immemorial usage of carrying + supporters, or a usage very ancient, and long prior to the Act 1672, + are entitled to have their supporters recognised, it being presumed + that they received them from lawful authority, on account of feats of + valour in battle or in tournament, or as marks of the Royal favour (see + _Murray of Touchadam's Case_, June 24, 1778). + + "3. _Barons._--Lawful heirs-male of the bodies of the smaller Barons, + who had the full right of free barony (not mere freeholders) prior to + 1587, when representation of the minor Barons was fully established, + upon the ground that those persons were Barons, and sat in Parliament + as such, and were of the same as the titled Barons. Their right is + recognised by the writers on heraldry and antiquities. Persons having + right on this ground, will almost always have established it by ancient + usage, and the want of usage is a strong presumption against the right. + + "4. _Chiefs._--Lawful heirs-male of Chiefs of tribes or clans which had + attained power, and extensive territories and numerous members at a + distant period, or at least of tribes consisting of numerous families + of some degree of rank and consideration. Such persons will in general + have right to supporters, either as Barons (great or small) or by + ancient usage. When any new claim is set up on such a ground, it may be + viewed with suspicion, and it will be extremely difficult to establish + it, chiefly from the present state of society, by which the traces of + clanship, or the patriarchal state, are in most parts of the country + almost obliterated; and indeed it is very difficult to conceive a case + {423} in which a new claim of that kind could be admitted. Mr. Tait has + had some such claims, and has rejected them. + + "5. _Royal Commissions._--Knights of the Garter and Bath, and any + others to whom the King may think proper to concede the honour of + supporters. + + "These are the only descriptions of persons who appear to Mr. Tait to + be entitled to supporters. + + "An idea has gone abroad, that Scots Baronets are entitled to + supporters; but there is no authority for this in their patents, or any + good authority for it elsewhere. And for many years subsequent to 1672, + a very small portion indeed of their arms which are matriculated in the + Lyon Register, are matriculated with supporters; so small as + necessarily to lead to this inference, that those whose arms are + entered with supporters had right to them on other grounds, _e.g._ + ancient usage, chieftainship, or being heirs of Barons. The arms of few + Scots Baronets are matriculated during the last fifty or sixty years; + but the practice of assigning supporters gradually gained ground during + that time, or rather the practice of assigning supporters to them, + merely as such, seems to have arisen during that period; and it appears + to Mr. Tait to be an erroneous practice, which he would not be + warranted in following. + + "British Baronets have also, by recent practice, had supporters + assigned to them, but Mr. Tait considers the practice to be + unwarranted; and accordingly, in a recent case, a gentleman, upon being + created a Baronet, applied for supporters to the King--having applied + to Mr. Tait, and been informed by him that he did not conceive the Lord + Lyon entitled to give supporters to British Baronets. + + "No females (except Peeresses in their own right) are entitled to + supporters, as the representation of families is only in the male line. + But the widows of Peers, by courtesy, carry their arms and supporters; + and the sons of Peers, using the lower titles of the peerage by + courtesy, also carry the supporters by courtesy. + + "Mr. Tait does not know of any authority for the Lord Lyon having a + discretionary power of granting supporters, and understands that only + the King has such a power. + + "Humbly submitted by + + (Signed) "G. TAIT." + +Though this statement would give a good general idea of the Scottish +practice, its publication entails the addition of certain qualifying +remarks. Supporters are most certainly not "commonly inserted in modern +patents of peerage." Supporters appertaining to peerages are granted by +special and separate patents. These to English subjects {424} are now under +the hand and seal of Garter alone. In the event of a grant following upon +the creation of an Irish peerage, the patent of supporters would be issued +by Ulster King of Arms. But it is competent to Lyon King of Arms to +matriculate the arms of Scottish peers with supporters, or to grant these +to such as may still be without them. Both Lyon and Ulster would appear to +have the right to grant supporters to Peers of the United Kingdom who are +heraldically their domiciled subjects. With regard to the second paragraph +of Mr. Tait's memorandum, there will be few families within its range who +will not be included within the range of the paragraph which follows, and +the presumption would rather be that the use of supporters by an untitled +family originated in the right of barony than in any mythical grant +following upon mythical feats of valour. + +Mr. Tait, however, is clearly wrong in his statement that "no females +(except peeresses in their own right) are entitled to supporters." They +have constantly been allowed to the heir of line, and their devolution +through female heirs must of necessity presuppose the right thereto of the +female heir through whom the inheritance is claimed. A recent case in point +occurs with regard to the arms of Hunter-Weston, matriculated in 1880, Mrs. +Hunter-Weston being the heir of line of Hunter of Hunterston. Widows of +peers, providing they have arms of their own to impale with those of their +husbands, cannot be said to only bear the supporters of their deceased +husbands by courtesy. With them it is a matter of right. The eldest sons of +peers bearing courtesy titles most certainly do not bear the supporters of +the peerage to which they are heirs. Even the far more generally accepted +"courtesy" practice of bearing coronets is expressly forbidden by an +Earl-Marshal's Warrant. + +Consequently it may be asserted that the laws concerning the use of +supporters in Scotland are as follows: In the first place, no supporters +can be borne of right unless they have been the subject of formal grant or +matriculation. The following classes are entitled to obtain, upon payment +of the necessary fees, the grant or matriculation of supporters to +themselves, or to themselves and their descendants according as the case +may be: (1) Peers of Scotland, and other peers who are domiciled Scotsmen. +(2) Knights of the Garter, Knights of the Thistle, and Knights of St. +Patrick, being Scotsmen, are entitled as such to obtain grants of +supporters to themselves for use during life, but as these three orders are +now confined to members of the peerage, the supporters used would be +probably those appertaining to their peerages, and it is unlikely that any +further grants for life will be made under these circumstances. (3) Knights +of the Bath until the revision of the order were entitled to obtain grants +of supporters to themselves for {425} use during their lifetimes, and there +are many instances in the Lyon Register where such grants have been made. +(4) Knights Grand Cross of the Bath, of St. Michael and St. George, and of +the Royal Victorian Order, and Knights Grand Commanders of the Orders of +the Star of India, and of the Indian Empire, are entitled to obtain grants +of supporters for use during their lifetimes. (5) The lawful heirs of the +minor barons who had the full right of free barony prior to 1587 may +matriculate supporters if they can show their ancestors used them, or may +now obtain grants. Though practically the whole of these have been at some +time or other matriculated in Lyon Register, there still remain a few whose +claims have never been officially adjudicated upon. For example, it is only +quite recently that the ancient Swinton supporters have been formally +enrolled on the official records (Plate IV.). (6) There are certain others, +being chiefs of clans and the heirs of those to whom grants have been made +in times past, who also have the right, but as no new claim is likely to be +so recognised in the future, it may be taken that these are confined to +those cases which have been already entered in the Lyon Register. + +During the latter part of the eighteenth century, the executive of Lyon +Office had fallen into great disrepute. The office of Lyon King of Arms had +been granted to the Earls of Kinnoul, who had contented themselves with +appointing deputies and drawing fees. The whole subject of armorial +jurisdiction in Scotland had become lax to the last degree, and very many +irregularities had crept in. One, and probably the worst result, had been +the granting of supporters in many cases where no valid reason other than +the payment of fees could be put forward to warrant the obtaining of such a +privilege. And the result was the growth and acceptance of the fixed idea +that it was within the power of Lyon King of Arms to grant supporters to +any one whom he might choose to so favour. Consequently many grants of +supporters were placed upon the records, and many untitled families of +Scotland apparently have the right under these patents of grant to add +supporters to their arms. Though it is an arguable matter whether the Lord +Lyon was justified in making these grants, there can be no doubt that, so +long as they remain upon the official register, and no official steps are +taken to cancel the patents, they must be accepted as existing by legal +right. Probably the most egregious instance of such a grant is to be found +in the case of the grant to the first baronet of the family of Antrobus, +who on purchasing the estate of Rutherford, the seat of the extinct Lords +Rutherford, obtained from the then Lyon King of Arms a grant of the peerage +supporters carried by the previous owners of the property. + +With regard to the devolution of Scottish supporters, the large {426} +proportion of those registered in Lyon Office are recorded in the terms of +some patent which specifies the limitations of their descent, so that there +are a comparatively small number only concerning which there can be any +uncertainty as to whom the supporters will descend to. The difficulty can +only arise in those cases in which the arms are matriculated with +supporters as borne by ancient usage in the early years of the Lyon +Register, or in the cases of supporters still to be matriculated on the +same grounds by those families who have so far failed to comply with the +Act of 1672. Whilst Mr. Tait, in his memorandum which has been previously +quoted, would deny the right of inheritance to female heirs, there is no +doubt whatever that in many cases such heirs have been allowed to succeed +to the supporters of their families. Taking supporters as an appanage of +right of barony (either greater or lesser), there can be no doubt that the +greater baronies, and consequently the supporters attached to them, +devolved upon heirs female, and upon the heir of line inheriting through a +female ancestor; and, presumably, the same considerations must of necessity +hold good with regard to those supporters which are borne by right of +lesser barony, for the greater and the lesser were the same thing, +differing only in degree, until in the year 1587 the lesser barons were +relieved of compulsory attendance in Parliament. At the same time there can +be no doubt that the headship of a family must rest with the heir male, and +consequently it would seem that in those cases in which the supporters are +borne by right of being head of a clan or chief of a name, the right of +inheritance would devolve upon the heir male. There must of necessity be +some cases in which it is impossible to determine whether the supporters +were originally called into being by right of barony or because of +chieftainship, and the consequence has been that concerning the descent of +the supporters of the older untitled families there has been no uniformity +in the practice of Lyon Office, and it is impossible from the precedents +which exist to deduce any certain and unalterable rule upon the point. +Precedents exist in each case, and the well-known case of Smith-Cunningham +and Dick-Cunningham, which is often referred to as settling the point, did +nothing of the kind, inasmuch as that judgment depended upon the +interpretation of a specific Act of Parliament, and was not the +determination of a point of heraldic law. The case, however, afforded the +opportunity to Lord Jeffrey to make the following remarks upon the point +(see p. 355, Seton):-- + +"If I may be permitted to take a common-sense view, I should say that there +is neither an inflexible rule nor a uniform practice in the matter. There +may be cases where the heir of line will exclude the heir male, and there +may be cases where the converse will be held. In {427} my opinion the +common-sense rule is that the chief armorial dignities should follow the +more substantial rights and dignities of the family. _If the heir male +succeed to the title and estates, I think it reasonable that he should also +succeed to the armorial bearings of the head of the house._ I would think +it a very difficult proposition to establish that the heir of line, when +denuded of everything else, was still entitled to retain the barren honours +of heraldry. But I give no opinion upon that point." + +Mr. Seton, in his "Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland," sums up the +matter of inheritance in these words (see p. 357): "As already indicated, +however, by one of the learned Lords in his opinion on the case of +Cuninghame, the practice in the matter in question has been far from +uniform; and accordingly we are very much disposed to go along with his +relative suggestion, that 'the chief armorial dignities should follow the +more substantial rights and dignities of the family'; and that when the +latter are enjoyed by the female heir of line, such heir should also be +regarded as fairly entitled to claim the principal heraldic honours." + +The result has been in practice that the supporters of a family have +usually been matriculated to whoever has carried on the name and line of +the house, unless the supporters in question have been governed by a +specific grant, the limitations of which exist to be referred to, but in +cases where both the heir of line and the heir male have been left in a +prominent position, the difficulty of decision has in many cases been got +over by allowing supporters to both of them. The most curious instance of +this within our knowledge occurs with regard to the family of Chisholm. + +Chisholm of Erchless Castle appears undoubtedly to have succeeded as head +and chief of his name--"The Chisholm"--about the end of the seventeenth +century. As such supporters were carried, namely: "On either side a savage +wreathed about the head and middle with laurel, and holding a club over his +exterior shoulder." + +At the death of Alexander Chisholm--"The Chisholm"--7th February 1793, the +chieftainship and the estates passed to his half-brother William, but his +heir of line was his only child Mary, who married James Gooden of London. +Mrs. Mary Chisholm or Gooden in 1827 matriculated the _undifferenced_ arms +of Chisholm ["Gules, a boar's head couped or"], without supporters, but in +1831 the heir male _also_ matriculated the same _undifferenced_ arms, in +this case with supporters. + +The chieftainship of the Chisholm family then continued with the male line +until the death of Duncan Macdonell Chisholm--"The Chisholm"--in 1859, when +his only sister and heir became heir of line of the later chiefs. She was +then Jemima Batten, and by Royal {428} Licence in that year she and her +husband assumed the additional surname of Chisholm, becoming +Chisholm-Batten, and, contrary to the English practice in such cases, the +arms of Chisholm _alone_ were matriculated in 1860 to Mrs. Chisholm-Batten +and her descendants. These once again were the _undifferenced_ coat of +Chisholm, viz.: "Gules, a boar's head couped or." Arms for Batten have +since been granted in England, the domicile of the family being English, +and the arms of the present Mr. Chisholm-Batten, though including the +quartering for Chisholm, is usually marshalled as allowed in the College of +Arms by English rules. + +Though there does not appear to have been any subsequent rematriculation in +favour of the heir male who succeeded as "The Chisholm," the undifferenced +arms were also considered to have devolved upon him together with the +supporters. On the death of the last known male heir of the family, +Roderick Donald Matheson Chisholm, The Chisholm, in 1887, Mr. James +Chisholm Gooden-Chisholm claimed the chieftainship as heir of line, and in +that year the Gooden-Chisholm arms were again rematriculated. In this case +supporters were added to the again undifferenced arms of Chisholm, but a +slight alteration in the supporters was made, the clubs being reversed and +placed to rest on the ground. + +Amongst the many other untitled Scottish families who rightly bear +supporters, may be mentioned Gibsone of Pentland, Barclay of Urie, Barclay +of Towie, Drummond of Megginch, Maclachlan of that Ilk, "Cluny" Macpherson, +Cunninghame, and Brisbane of that Ilk. + +Armorial matters in the Channel Islands present a very unsatisfactory state +of affairs. There never appears to have been any Visitation, and the arms +of Channel Island families which officially pass muster must be confined to +those of the very few families (for example, De Carteret, Dobrée, and +Tupper) who have found it necessary or advisable on their own initiative to +register their arms in the official English sources. In none of these +instances have supporters been allowed, nor I believe did any of these +families claim to use them, but some (Lemprière, De Saumerez, and other +families) assert the possession of such a distinction by prescriptive +right. If the right to supporters be a privilege of peerage, or if, as in +Scotland, it anciently depended upon the right of free barony, the position +of these Channel Island families in former days as seignorial lords was +much akin. But it is highly improbable that the right to bear supporters in +such cases will ever be officially recognised, and the case of De Saumerez, +in which the supporters were bedevilled and regranted to descend with the +peerage, will probably operate as a decisive precedent upon the point and +against such a right. There are some number of families {429} of foreign +origin who bear supporters or claim them by the assertion of foreign right. +Where this right can be established their use has been confirmed by Royal +Licence in this country in some number of cases; for example, the cases of +Rothschild and De Salis. In other cases (for example, the case of Chamier) +no official record of the supporters exists with the record of the arms, +and presumably the foreign right to the supporters could not have been +established at the time of registration. + +With regard to impersonal arms, the right to supporters in England is not +easy to define. In the case of counties, crests and supporters are granted +if the county likes to pay for them. + +In the case of towns, the rule in England is that an ordinary town may not +have supporters but that a city may, and instances are numerous where +supporters have been granted upon the elevation of a town to the dignity of +a city. Birmingham, Sheffield, and Nottingham are all recent instances in +point. This rule, however, is not absolutely rigid, and an exception may be +pointed to in the case of Liverpool, the supporters being granted in 1797, +and the town not being created a city until a subsequent date. In Scotland, +where, of course, until quite recently supporters were granted practically +to anybody who chose to pay for them, a grant will be found for the county +of Perth dated in 1800, in which supporters were included. But as to towns +and cities it is no more than a matter of fees, any town in Scotland +eligible for arms being at liberty to obtain supporters also if they are +desired. In grants of arms to corporate bodies it is difficult to draw the +line or to deduce any actual rule. In 23rd of Henry VIII. the Grocers' +Livery Company were granted "two griffins per fess gules and or," and many +other of the Livery Companies have supporters to their arms. Others, for no +apparent reason, are without them. The "Merchant Adventurers' Company or +Hamburg Merchants" have supporters, as had both the old and the new East +India Companies. The arms of Jamaica and Cape Colony and of the British +North Borneo Company have supporters, but on the other hand no supporters +were assigned to Canada or to any of its provinces. In Ireland the matter +appears to be much upon the same footing as in England, and as far as +impersonal arms are concerned it is very difficult to say what the exact +rule is, if this is to be deduced from known cases and past precedents. + +Probably the freedom--amounting in many cases to great laxity--with which +in English heraldic art the positions and attitudes of supporters are +changed, is the one point in which English heraldic art has entirely +ignored the trammels of conventionalised officialism. There must be in this +country scores of entrance gates where each {430} pillar of the gateway is +surmounted by a shield held in the paws of a single supporter, and the +Governmental use of the Royal supporters in an amazing variety of +attitudes, some of which are grossly unheraldic, has not helped towards a +true understanding. The reposeful attitude of watchful slumber in which the +Royal lion and unicorn are so often depicted, may perhaps be in the nature +of submission to the Biblical teaching of Isaiah that the lion shall lie +down with the lamb (and possibly therefore also with the unicorn), in these +times of peace which have succeeded those earlier days when "the lion beat +the unicorn round and round the town." + +[Illustration: FIG. 668.--The Arms used by Kilmarnock, Ayrshire: Azure, a +fess chequy gules and argent. Crest: a dexter hand raised in benediction. +Supporters: on either side a squirrel sejant proper.] + +In official minds, however, the sole attitude for the supporters is the +rampant, or as near an approach to it as the nature of the animal will +allow. A human being, a bird, or a fish naturally can hardly adopt the +attitude. In Scotland, the land of heraldic freedom, various exceptions to +this can be found. Of these one can call to mind the arms used by the town +of Kilmarnock (Fig. 668), in which the supporters, "squirrels proper," are +depicted always as sejant. These particular creatures, however, would look +strange to us in any other form. These arms unfortunately have never been +matriculated as the arms of the town (being really the arms of the Boyd +family, the attainted Earls of Kilmarnock), and consequently can hardly as +yet be referred to as a definite precedent, because official matriculation +might result in a similar "happening" to the change which was made in the +case of the arms of Inverness. In all representations of the arms of +earlier date than the matriculation, the supporters, (dexter) {431} a camel +and (sinister) an elephant, are depicted _statant_ on either side of the +shield, no actual contact being made between the escutcheon and the +supporters. But in 1900, when in a belated compliance with the Act of 1672 +the armorial bearings of the Royal Burgh of Inverness were matriculated, +the position was altered to that more usually employed for supporters. + +The supporters always used by Sir John Maxwell Stirling-Maxwell of Pollok +are two lions sejant guardant. These, as appears from an old seal, were in +use as far back as the commencement of the fifteenth century, but the +supporters officially recorded for the family are two apes. In English +armory one or two exceptional cases may be noticed; for example, the +supporters of the city of Bristol, which are: "On either side, on a mount +vert, a unicorn sejant or, armed, maned, and unguled sable." Another +instance will be found in the supporters of Lord Rosmead, which are: "On +the dexter side an ostrich and on the sinister side a kangaroo, both +regardant proper." From the nature of the animal, the kangaroo is depicted +sejant. + +Supporters in Germany date from the same period as with ourselves, being to +be met with on seals as far back as 1276. At first they were similarly +purely artistic adjuncts, but they have retained much of this character and +much of the purely permissive nature in Germany to the present day. It was +not until about the middle of the seventeenth century that supporters were +granted or became hereditary in that country. Grants of supporters can be +found in England at an earlier date, but such grants were isolated in +number. Nevertheless supporters had become hereditary very soon after they +obtained a regularly heraldic (as opposed to a decorative) footing. Their +use, however, was governed at that period by a greater freedom as to +alteration and change than was customary with armory in general. Supporters +were an adjunct of the peerage, and peers were not subject to the +Visitations. With his freedom from arrest, his high social position, and +his many other privileges of peerage, a peer was "too big" a person +formerly to accept the dictatorial armorial control which the Crown +enforced upon lesser people. Short of treason, a peer in any part of Great +Britain for most practical purposes of social life was above the ordinary +law. In actual fact it was only the rights of one peer as opposed to the +rights of another peer that kept a Lord of Parliament under any semblance +of control. When the great lords of past centuries could and did raise +armies to fight the King a peer was hardly likely to, nor did he, brook +much interference. + +Of the development of supporters in Germany Ströhl writes:-- + +"Only very late, about the middle of the seventeenth century, were +supporters granted as hereditary, but they appear in the arms of {432} +burghers in the first half of the fifteenth century, and the arms of many +towns also possess them as decorative adjuncts. + +"The first supporters were human figures, generally portraits of the +arms-bearers themselves; then women, young men, and boys, so-called +_Schildbuben_. In the second half of the fourteenth century animals appear: +lions, bears, stags, dogs, griffins, &c. In the fifteenth century one +frequently encounters angels with richly curling hair, saints (patrons of +the bearer or of the town), then later, nude wild men and women +(_Waldmenschen_) thickly covered with hair, with garlands round their loins +and on their heads. The thick, hairy covering of the body in the case of +women is only to be met with in the very beginning. Later the endeavour was +to approach the feminine ideal as nearly as possible, and only the garlands +were retained to point out the origin and the home of these figures. + +"At the end of the fifteenth and in the sixteenth century, there came into +fashion lansquenets, huntsmen, pretty women and girls, both clothed and +unclothed." Speaking of the present day, and from the executive standpoint, +he adds:-- + +"Supporters, with the exception of flying angels, should have a footing on +which they can stand in a natural manner, whether it be grass, a pedestal, +a tree, or line of ornament, and to place them upon a ribbon of a motto is +less suitable because a thin ribbon can hardly give the impression of a +sufficiently strong support for the invariably heavy-looking figures of the +men or animals. The supporters of the shield may at the same time be +employed as bearers of the helmets. They bear the helmets either over the +head or hold them in their hands. Figures standing near the shield, but not +holding or supporting it in any way, cannot in the strict sense of the word +be designated supporters; such figures are called _Schildwächter_ +(shield-watchers or guardians)." + +HUMAN FIGURES AS SUPPORTERS + +Of all figures employed as supporters probably human beings are of most +frequent occurrence, even when those single and double figures referred to +on an earlier page, which are not a real part of the heraldic achievement, +are excluded from consideration. The endless variety of different figures +perhaps gives some clue to the reason of their frequent occurrence. + +Though the nude human figure appears (male) upon the shield of Dalziel and +(female) in the crest of Ellis (Agar-Ellis, formerly Viscount Clifden), one +cannot call to mind any instance of such an occurrence in the form of +supporters, though possibly the supporters of the {433} Glaziers' Livery +Company ["Two naked boys proper, each holding a long torch inflamed of the +last"] and of the Joiners' Livery Company ["Two naked boys proper, the +dexter holding in his hand an emblematical female figure, crowned with a +mural coronet sable, the sinister holding in his hand a square"] might be +classed in such a character. Nude figures in armory are practically always +termed "savages," or occasionally "woodmen" or "wildmen," and garlanded +about the loins with foliage. + +[Illustration: FIG. 669.--Arms of Arbroath: Gules, a portcullis with chains +pendent or. Motto: "Propter Libertatem." Supporters: dexter, St. Thomas à +Becket in his archiepiscopal robes all proper; sinister, a Baron of +Scotland armed cap-à-pie, holding in his exterior hand the letter from the +Convention of the Scottish Estates, held at Arbroath in the year of 1320, +addressed to Pope John XXII., all proper.] + +With various adjuncts--clubs, banners, trees, branches, &c.--_Savages_ will +be found as the supporters of the arms of the German Emperor, and in the +sovereign arms of Brunswick, Denmark, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, and +Rudolstadt, as well as in the arms of the kingdom of Prussia. They also +appear in the arms of the kingdom of Greece, though in this case they +should perhaps be more properly described as figures of Hercules. + +In British armory--amongst many other families--two savages are the +supporters of the Marquess of Ailesbury, Lord Calthorpe, Viscount de Vesci, +Lord Elphinstone, the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, the Duke of Fife, Earl +Fitzwilliam (each holding in the exterior hand a tree eradicated), Lord +Kinnaird, the Earl of Morton; and amongst the baronets who possess +supporters, Menzies, Douglas of Carr, and Williams-Drummond have on either +side of their escutcheons a "savage." Earl Poulett alone has both man and +woman, his supporters being: "Dexter, a savage man; sinister, a savage +woman, both wreathed with oak, all proper." As some one remarked on seeing +a realistic representation of this coat of arms by Catton, R.A., the blazon +might more appropriately have concluded "all improper." + +Next after savages, the most favourite variety of the human being adopted +as a supporter is the _Man in Armour_. + +Even as heraldic and heritable supporters angels are not uncommon, and are +to be met with amongst other cases in the arms of the Marquess of +Waterford, the Earl of Dudley, and Viscount Dillon. + +It is rare to find supporters definitely stated to represent any specific +person, but in the case of the arms of Arbroath (Fig. 669) the supporters +are "Dexter: 'St. Thomas à Becket,' and sinister, a Baron of Scotland." +Another instance, again from Scotland, appears in a most extraordinary +grant by the Lyon in 1816 to Sir Jonathan Wathen Waller, Bart., of Braywick +Lodge, co. Berks, and of Twickenham, co. Middlesex. In this case the +supporters were two elaborately "harnessed" ancient warriors, "to +commemorate the surrender of Charles, Duke of Orleans, at the memorable +battle of Agincourt (that word being the motto over the crest) in the year +1415, to Richard Waller of Groombridge in Kent, Esq., from which Richard +the said {434} Sir Jonathan Wathen Waller is, according to the tradition of +his family, descended." This pedigree is set out in Burke's Peerage, which +assigns as arms to this family the old coat of Waller of Groombridge, with +the augmented crest, viz.: "On a mount vert, a walnut-tree proper, and +pendent therefrom an escutcheon of the arms of France with a label of three +points argent." Considerable doubt, however, is thrown upon the descent by +the fact that in 1814, when Sir Jonathan (then Mr. Phipps) obtained a Royal +Licence to assume the name and arms of Waller, a very different and much +bedevilled edition of the arms and not the real coat of Waller of +Groombridge was exemplified to him. These supporters (the grant was quite +_ultra vires_, Sir Jonathan being a domiciled Englishman) do not appear in +any of the Peerage books, and it is not clear to what extent they were ever +made use of, but in a painting which came under my notice the Duke of +Orleans, in his surcoat of France, could be observed handing his sword +across the front of the escutcheon to Mr. (or Sir) Richard Waller. The +supporters of the Needlemakers' Company are commonly known as Adam and Eve, +and the motto of the Company ["They sewed fig-leaves together and made +themselves aprons"] bears this supposition out. The blazon, however, is: +"Dexter, a man; sinister, a woman, both proper, each wreathed round the +waist with leaves of the last, in the woman's dexter hand a needle or." The +supporters of the Earl of Aberdeen are, "dexter an Earl and sinister a +Doctor of Laws, both in their robes all proper." + +Highlanders in modern costume figure as supporters to the arms of +Maconochie-Wellwood, and in more ancient garb in the case of Cluny +Macpherson, and soldiers in the uniforms of every regiment, and savages +from every clime, have at some time or other been pressed into heraldic +service as supporters; but a work on Armory is not a handbook on costume, +military and civil, nor is it an ethnographical directory, which it would +certainly become if any attempt were to be made to enumerate the different +varieties of men and women, clothed and unclothed, which have been used for +the purposes of supporters. + +ANIMALS AS SUPPORTERS + +When we turn to animals as supporters, we at once get to a much wider +range, and but little can be said concerning them beyond stating that +though usually rampant, they are sometimes sejant, and may be guardant or +regardant. One may, however, append examples of the work of different +artists, which will doubtless serve as models, or possibly may develop +ideas in other artists. The _Lion_ naturally first claims {435} one's +attention. Fig. 670 shows an interesting and curious instance of the use of +a single lion as a supporter. This is taken from a drawing in the +possession of the town library at Breslau (_Herold_, 1888, No. 1), and +represents the arms of Dr. Heinrich Rubische, Physician to the King of +Hungary and Bohemia. The arms are, "per fesse," the chief argent, a "point" +throughout sable, charged with a lion's face, holding in the jaws an +annulet, and the base also argent charged with two bars sable. The mantling +is sable and argent. Upon the helmet as crest are two buffalo's horns of +the colours of the shield, and between them appears (apparently as a part +of the heritable crest) a lion's face holding an annulet as in the arms. +This, however, is the face of the lion, which, standing behind the +escutcheon, is employed as the supporter, though possibly it is intended +that it should do double duty. This employment of one animal to serve a +double armorial purpose is practically unknown in British armory, except +possibly in a few early examples of seals, but in German heraldry it is +very far from being uncommon. + +[Illustration: FIG. 670.--Arms of Dr. Heinrich Rubische.] + +{436} + +Winged lions are not very usual, but they occur as the supporters of Lord +Braye: "On either side a lion guardant or, winged vair." A winged lion is +also one of the supporters (the dexter) of Lord Leconfield, but this, owing +to the position of the wings, is quite unique. The blazon is: "A lion with +wings inverted azure, collared or." Two lions rampant double-queued, the +dexter or, the sinister sable, are the supporters of the Duke of Portland, +and the supporters of both the Earl of Feversham and the Earl of Dartmouth +afford instances of lions crowned with a coronet, and issuing therefrom a +plume of ostrich feathers. + +Sea-lions will be found as supporters to the arms of Viscount Falmouth +["Two sea-lions erect on their tails argent, gutté-de-l'armes"], and the +Earl of Howth bears: "Dexter, a sea-lion as in the crest; sinister, a +mermaid proper, holding in her exterior hand a mirror." + +The heraldic tiger is occasionally found as a supporter, and an instance +occurs in the arms of the Marquess of Dufferin and Ava. It also occurs as +the sinister supporter of the Duke of Leeds, and of the Baroness Darcy de +Knayth, and was the dexter supporter of the Earls of Holderness. Two +heraldic tigers are the supporters both of Sir Andrew Noel Agnew, Bart., +and of the Marquess of Anglesey. Of recent years the natural tiger has +taken its place in the heraldic menagerie, and instances of its appearance +will be found in the arms of Sir Mortimer Durand, and as one of the +supporters of the arms of the city of Bombay. When occurring in heraldic +surroundings it is always termed for distinction a "Bengal tiger," and two +Royal Bengal tigers are the supporters of Sir Francis Outram, Bart.: "On +either side a Royal Bengal tiger guardant proper, gorged with a wreath of +laurel vert, and on the head an Eastern crown or." + +The griffin is perhaps the next most favourite supporter. Male griffins are +the supporters of Sir George John Egerton Dashwood: "On either side a male +gryphon argent, gorged with a collar flory counterflory gules." + +A very curious supporter is borne by Mr. Styleman Le Strange. Of course, as +a domiciled English commoner, having no Royal Licence to bear supporters, +his claim to these additions would not be recognised, but their use no +doubt originated in the fact that he represents the lines of several +coheirships to different baronies by writ, to some one of which, no doubt, +the supporters may have at some time belonged. The dexter supporter in +question is "a stag argent with a lion's forepaws and tail, collared." + +The supporters recently granted to Lord Milner are two "springbok," and the +same animal (an "oryx" or "springbok") is the sinister supporter of the +arms of Cape Colony. {437} + +Goats are the supporters of the Earl of Portsmouth (who styles his "chamois +or wild goats"), of Lord Bagot and Lord Cranworth, and they occur in the +achievements of the Barony of Ruthven and the Marquess of Normanby. The +supporters of Viscount Southwell are two "Indian" goats. + +Rams are the supporters of Lord de Ramsey and Lord Sherard. A ram is also +one of the supporters attached to the Barony of Ruthven, and one of the +supporters used by the town of New Galloway. These arms, however, have +never been matriculated, which on account of the curious charge upon the +shield is very much to be regretted. + +The supporters of Lord Mowbray and Stourton afford an example of a most +curious and interesting animal. Originally the Lords Stourton used two +antelopes azure, but before the seventeenth century these had been changed +to two "sea-dogs." When the abeyance of the Barony of Mowbray was +determined in favour of Lord Stourton the dexter supporter was changed to +the lion of Mowbray, but the sinister supporter still remained a "sea-dog." + +The horse and the pegasus are constantly met with supporting the arms of +peers and others in this country. A bay horse regardant figures as the +dexter supporter of the Earl of Yarborough, and the horses which support +the shield of Earl Cowper are very specifically detailed in the official +blazon: "Two dun horses close cropped (except a tuft upon the withers) and +docked, a large blaze down the face, a black list down the back, and three +white feet, viz. the hind-feet and near fore-foot." Lord Joicey has two +Shetland ponies and Lord Winterstoke has "two horses sable, maned, tailed, +and girthed or." + +The arms of the City of London are always used with dragons for supporters, +but these supporters are not officially recorded. The arms of the City of +London are referred to at greater length elsewhere in these pages. The town +of Appleby uses dragons with wings expanded (most fearsome creatures), but +these are not official, nor are the "dragons sejant addorsed gules, each +holding an ostrich feather argent affixed to a scroll" which some +enterprising artist designed for Cheshire. Dragons will be found as +supporters to the arms of the Earl of Enniskillen, Lord St. Oswald, the +Earl of Castlestuart, and Viscount Arbuthnot. The heraldic dragon is not +the only form of the creature now known to armory. The Chinese dragon was +granted to Lord Gough as one of his supporters, and it has since also been +granted as a supporter to Sir Robert Hart, Bart. + +Wyverns are the supporters of the Earl of Meath and Lord Burghclere, and +the sinister supporter of both Lord Raglan and Lord Lyveden. {438} + +The arms of the Royal Burgh of Dundee are quite unique. The official blazon +runs: "Azure, a pott of growing lillies argent, the escutcheon being +supported by two dragons, their tails nowed together underneath vert, with +this word in an escroll above a lilie growing out of the top of the shield +as the former, 'Dei Donum.'" Though blazoned as dragons, the creatures are +undoubtedly wyverns. + +Wyverns when figuring as supporters are usually represented standing on the +one claw and supporting the shield with the other, but in the case of the +Duke of Marlborough, whose supporters are two wyverns, these are generally +represented sejant erect, supporting the shield with both claws. This +position is also adopted for the wyvern supporters of Sir Robert Arbuthnot, +Bart., and the Earl of Eglinton. + +Two cockatrices are the supporters of Lord Donoughmore, the Earl of +Westmeath, and Sir Edmund Nugent, Bart., and the dexter supporter of Lord +Lanesborough is also a cockatrice. + +The basilisk is the same creature as the cockatrice, and in the arms of the +town of Basle (German Basel), is an example of a supporter blazoned as a +basilisk. The arms are: "Argent, a crosier sable." The supporter is a +basilisk vert, armed and jelloped gules. + +The supporters of the Plasterers' Company, which were granted with the arms +(January 15, 1556), are: "Two opinaci (figures very similar to griffins) +vert pursted (? purfled) or, beaked sable, the wings gules." The dexter +supporter of the arms of Cape Colony is a "gnu." + +The zebra, the giraffe, and the okapi are as yet unclaimed as supporters, +though the giraffe, under the name of the camelopard, figures in some +number of cases as a crest, and there is at least one instance (Kemsley) of +a zebra as a crest. The ass, though there are some number of cases in which +it appears as a crest or a charge, does not yet figure anywhere as a +supporter, nor does the mule. The hyena, the sacred cow of India, the +bison, the giant-sloth, and the armadillo are all distinctive animals which +still remain to be withdrawn from the heraldic "lucky bag" of Garter. The +mythical human-faced winged bull of Egyptian mythology, the harpy, and the +female centaur would lend themselves well to the character of supporters. + +Robertson of Struan has no supporters matriculated with his arms, and it is +difficult to say for what length of time the supporters now in use have +been adopted. But he is chief of his name, and the representative of one of +the minor barons, so that there is no doubt that supporters would be +matriculated to him if he cared to apply. Those supporters in use, viz. +"Dexter, a serpent; sinister, a dove, the heads of each encircled with +rays," must surely be no less unique than is the strange compartment, "a +wild man lying in chains," which is borne {439} below the arms of Struan +Robertson, and which was granted to his ancestor in 1451 for arresting the +murderers of King James I. + +The supporters belonging to the city of Glasgow[26] are also unique, being +two salmon, each holding a signet-ring in the mouth. + +The supporters of the city of Waterford, though not recorded in Ulster's +Office, have been long enough in use to ensure their official +"confirmation" if a request to this effect were to be properly put forward. +They are, on the dexter side a lion, and on the sinister side a dolphin. +Two dolphins azure, finned or, are the supporters of the Watermen and +Lightermen's Livery Company, and were granted 1655. + +BIRDS AS SUPPORTERS + +Whilst eagles are plentiful as supporters, nevertheless if eagles are +eliminated the proportion of supporters which are birds is not great. + +A certain variety and differentiation is obtained by altering the position +of the wings, noticeably in regard to eagles, but these differences do not +appear to be by any means closely adhered to by artists in pictorial +representations of armorial bearings. + +Fig. 671 ought perhaps more properly to have been placed amongst those +eagles which, appearing as single figures, carry shields charged upon the +breast, but in the present case, in addition to the shield charged upon it +in the usual manner, it so palpably supports the two other escutcheons, +that we are tempted to include it amongst definite supporters. The figure +represents the arms of the free city of Nürnberg, and the design is +reproduced from the title-page of the German edition of Andreas Vesili's +_Anatomia_, printed at Nürnberg in 1537. The eagle is that of the German +Empire, carrying on its breast the impaled arms of Castile and Austria. The +shields it supports may now be said both to belong to Nürnberg. The dexter +shield, which is the coloured seal device of the old Imperial city, is: +"Azure, a harpy (in German _frauenadler_ or maiden eagle) displayed and +crowned or." The sinister shield (which may more properly be considered the +real arms of Nürnberg) is: "Per pale or, a double-headed Imperial eagle +displayed, dimidiated with bendy of six gules and argent." {440} + +The supporters of Lord Amherst of Hackney are two _Herons_: "On either side +a heron proper, collared or." + +[Illustration: FIG. 671.--The Arms of Nürnberg.] + +The city of Calcutta, to which arms and supporters were granted in 1896, +has for its supporters _Adjutant Birds_, which closely approximate to +storks. Two woodpeckers have recently been granted as the supporters of +Lord Peckover. {441} + + + +CHAPTER XXVII + +THE COMPARTMENT + +A compartment is anything depicted below the shield as a foothold or +resting-place for the supporters, or indeed for the shield itself. +Sometimes it is a fixed part of the blazon and a constituent part of the +heritable heraldic bearings. At other times it is a matter of mere artistic +fancy, and no fixed rules exist to regulate or control nor even to check +the imagination of the heraldic artist. The fact remains that supporters +must have something to stand upon, and if the blazon supplies nothing, the +discretion of the artist is allowed considerable laxity. + +On the subject of compartments a great deal of diversity of opinion exists. +There is no doubt that in early days and early examples supporters were +placed to stand upon some secure footing, but with the decadence of +heraldic art in the seventeenth century came the introduction of the gilded +"freehand copy" scroll with which we are so painfully familiar, which one +writer has aptly termed the heraldic gas-bracket. Arising doubtless from +and following upon the earlier habit of balancing the supporters upon the +unstable footing afforded by the edge of the motto scroll, the +"gas-bracket" was probably accepted as less open to objection. It certainly +was not out of keeping with the heraldic art of the period to which it owed +its evolution, or with the style of armorial design of which it formed a +part. It still remains the accepted and "official" style and type in +England, but Scotland and Ireland have discarded it, and "compartments" in +those countries are now depicted of a nature requiring less gymnastic +ability on the part of the animals to which they afford a foothold. The +style of compartment is practically always a matter of artistic taste and +design. With a few exceptions it is always entirely disregarded in the +blazon of the patent, and the necessity of something for the supporters to +stand upon is as much an understood thing as is the existence of a shield +whereon the arms are to be displayed. But as the shape of the shield is +left to the fancy of the artist, so is the character of the compartment, +and the Lyon Register nowadays affords examples of achievements where the +supporters stand on rocks and flowery mounds {442} or issue from a watery +abiding-place. The example set by the Lyon Register has been eagerly +followed by most heraldic artists. + +[Illustration: FIG. 672.] + +It is a curious commentary upon the heraldic art of the close of the +eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth centuries that whilst the +gymnastic capabilities of animals were admitted to be equal to "tight-rope" +exhibitions of balancing upon the ordinary scroll, these feats were not +considered practicable in the case of human beings, for whom little square +platforms were always provided. Fig. 672, which represents the sinister +supporter of Lord Scarsdale (viz. the figure of Liberality represented by a +woman habited argent, mantled purpure, holding a cornucopia proper) shows +the method by which platform accommodation was provided for human figures +when acting as supporters. + +At the same time this greater freedom of design may occasionally lead to +mistakes in relation to English supporters and their compartments. +Following upon the English practice already referred to of differentiating +the supporters of different families, it has apparently been found +necessary in some cases to place the supporters to stand upon a definite +object, which object is recited in the blazon and becomes an integral and +unchangeable portion of the supporter. Thus Lord Torrington's supporters +are each placed upon dismounted ships' guns ["Dexter, an heraldic antelope +ermine, horned, tusked, maned and hoofed or, standing on a ship gun proper; +sinister, a sea-horse proper, on a like gun"], Lord Hawke's[27] dexter +supporter rests his sinister foot upon a dolphin, and Lord Herschell's +supporters each stand upon a fasces ["Supporters: on either side a stag +proper, collared azure, standing on a fasces or"]. The supporters of Lord +Iveagh each rest a hind-foot upon an escutcheon ["Supporters: on either +side a stag gules, attired and collared gemel or, resting the inner hoof on +an escutcheon vert charged with a lion rampant of the second"], whilst the +inner hind-foot of each of Lord Burton's supporters {443} rests upon a +stag's head caboshed proper. Probably absurdity could go no further. But in +the case of the supporters granted to Cape Town (Fig. 673), the official +blazon runs as follows: "On the dexter {444} side, standing on a rock, a +female figure proper, vested argent, mantle and sandals azure, on her head +an estoile radiated or, and supporting with her exterior hand an anchor +also proper; and on the sinister side, standing on a like rock, a lion +rampant guardant gules." In this case it will be seen that the rocks form +an integral part of the supporters, and are not merely an artistic +rendering of the compartment. The illustration, which was made from an +official drawing supplied from the Heralds' College, shows the curious way +in which the motto scroll is made to answer the purpose of the compartment. + +[Illustration: FIG. 673.--Arms of Cape Town: Or, an anchor erect sable, +stock proper, from the ring a riband flowing azure, and suspended therefrom +an escocheon gules charged with three annulets of the field; and for the +crest, on a wreath of the colours, upon the battlements of a tower proper, +a trident in bend dexter or, surmounted by an anchor and cable in bend +sinister sable.] + +Occasionally the compartment itself--as a thing apart from the +supporters--receives attention in the blazon, _e.g._ in the case of the +arms of Baron de Worms, which are of foreign origin, recorded in this +country by Royal Warrant. His supporters are: "On a bronze compartment, on +either side a lion gold, collared and chained or, and pendent from the +compartment a golden scroll, thereon in letters gules the motto, 'Vinctus +non victus.'" + +In the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom the motto "Dieu et mon Droit" is +required to be on the compartment below the shield, and thereon the Union +Badge of the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock engrafted on the same stem. + +The city of Norwich is not officially recognised as having the right to +supporters, and doubtless those in use have originated in the old artistic +custom, previously referred to, of putting escutcheons of arms under the +guardianship of angels. They may be so deciphered upon an old stone carving +upon one of the municipal buildings in that city. The result has been that +two angels have been regularly adopted as the heraldic supporters of the +city arms. The point that renders them worthy of notice is that they are +invariably represented each standing upon its own little pile of clouds. + +The arms of the Royal Burgh of Montrose (Forfarshire) afford an official +instance of another variety in the way of a compartment, which is a fixed +matter of blazon and not depending upon artistic fancy. The entry in Lyon +Register is as follows:-- + +"The Royal Burgh of Montrose gives for Ensignes Armoriall, Argent, a rose +gules. The shield adorned with helmet, mantling, and wreath suteable +thereto. And for a crest, a hand issuing from a cloud and reaching down a +garland of roses proper, supported by two mermaids aryseing from the sea +proper. The motto, 'Mare ditat Rosa decorat.' And for a revers, Gules, St. +Peter on the cross proper, with the keyes hanging at his girdle or. Which +Arms, &c., Ext. December 16, 1694." + +An English example may be found in the case of the arms of {445} +Boston,[28] which are depicted with the supporters (again two mermaids) +rising from the sea, though to what extent the sea is a fixed and +unchangeable part of the achievement in this case is less a matter of +certainty. + +Probably of all the curious "supporters" to be found in British armory, +those of the city of Southampton (Plate VII.) must be admitted to be the +most unusual. As far as the actual usage of the arms by the corporation is +concerned, one seldom if ever sees more than the simple shield employed. +This bears the arms: "Per fess gules and argent, three roses +counterchanged." But in the official record of the arms in one of the +Visitation books a crest is added, namely: "Upon a mount vert, a double +tower or, and issuing from the upper battlements thereof a demi-female +affronté proper, vested purpure, crined and crowned with an Eastern coronet +also or, holding in her dexter hand a sword erect point upwards argent, +pommel and hilt of the second, and in her sinister hand a balance sable, +the pans gold. The shield in the Visitation book rests upon a mount vert, +issuing from waves of the sea, and thereupon placed on either side of the +escutcheon a ship of two masts at anchor, the sails furled all proper, the +round top or, and from each masthead flying a banner of St. George, and +upon the stern of each vessel a lion rampant or, supporting the +escutcheon." + +From the fact that in England the compartment is so much a matter of +course, it is scarcely ever alluded to, and the _term_ "Compartment" is +practically one peculiar to Scottish heraldry. It does not appear to be a +very ancient heraldic appendage, and was probably found to be a convenient +arrangement when shields were depicted erect instead of couché, so as to +supply a resting-place (or standpoint) for the supporters. In a few +instances the compartment appears on seals with couché shields, on which, +however, the supporters are usually represented as resting _on the sides of +the escutcheon_, and bearing up the helmet and crest, as already mentioned. +Sir George Mackenzie conjectures that the compartment "represents the +bearer's land and territories, though sometimes (he adds) it is bestowed in +recompense of some honourable action." Thus the Earls of Douglas are said +to have obtained the privilege of placing their supporters with a pale of +wood wreathed, because the doughty lord, in the reign of King Robert the +Bruce, defeated the English in Jedburgh Forest, and "caused wreathe and +impale," during the night, that part of the wood by which he conjectured +they might make their escape. Such a fenced compartment appears on the seal +of James Douglas, second Earl of Angus, "Dominus de Abernethie et Jedworth +Forest" (1434), on {446} that of George Douglas, fourth Earl (1459), and +also on those of several of his successors in the earldom (1511-1617). A +still earlier example, however, of a compartment "representing a park with +trees, &c., enclosed by a wattled fence," occurs on the seal of Walter +Stewart, Earl of Atholl (_c._ 1430), where the escutcheon is placed in the +entrance to the park between two trees. Nisbet refers to a seal of William, +first Earl of Douglas (1377), exhibiting a single supporter (a lion) +"sitting on a compartment like to a rising ground, with a tree growing out +of it, and semé of hearts, mullets, and cross crosslets," these being the +charges of Douglas and Mar in the escutcheon. + +According to Sir George Mackenzie, these compartments were usually allowed +only to sovereign princes; and he further informs us that, besides the +Douglases, he knows of no other subject in Britain, except the Earl of +Perth, whose arms stand upon a compartment. In the case of the Perth +family, the compartment consists of a green hill or mount, semé of +caltraps[29] (or cheval-traps), with the relative motto, "Gang warily," +above the achievement. "Albeit of late," says Mackenzie, "compartments are +become more common, and some families in Scotland have some creatures upon +which their achievement stands, as the Laird of Dundas, whose achievement +has for many hundreds of years stood upon a salamander in flames proper (a +device of the kings of France), and Robertson of Struan has a monstrous man +lying under the escutcheon chained, which was given him for his taking the +murderer of James I...." Such figures, however, as Nisbet remarks, cannot +properly be called compartments, having rather the character of devices; +while, in the case of the Struan achievement, the chained man would be more +accurately described as "an honourable supporter." Sir George Mackenzie +engraves "the coat of Denham of ould," viz. a stag's head "caboshed," below +a shield couché charged with three lozenges, or fusils, conjoined in bend. +In like manner, Nisbet represents the crest and motto of the Scotts of +Thirlstane, "by way of compartment," below the escutcheon of Lord Napier, +and a blazing star, with the legend "Luceo boreale," under that of Captain +Robert Seton, of the family of Meldrum; while in the case of the +illumination which accompanies the latest entry in the first volume of the +Lyon Register (1804), relative to the arms of John Hepburn Belshes of +Invermay, the trunk of an oak-tree sprouting forth anew is placed on a +compartment under the shield, with the motto, "Revirescit." + +Two other instances of regular compartments are mentioned by Nisbet, viz. +those carried by the Macfarlanes of that Ilk and the Ogilvies of +Innerquharity. The former consists of a wavy {447} representation of Loch +Sloy, the gathering-place of the clan, which word is also inscribed on the +compartment as their _cri-de-guerre_ or slogan; while the latter is a +"green hill or rising terrace," on which are placed two serpents, "nowed," +spouting fire, and the motto, "Terrena pericula sperno." For some of the +foregoing instances I am indebted to Seton's well-known "Law and Practice +of Heraldry in Scotland." {448} + + + +CHAPTER XXVIII + +MOTTOES + +To the uninitiated, the subject of the motto of a family has a far greater +importance than is conceded to it by those who have spent any time in the +study of armory. Perhaps it may clear the ground if the rules presently in +force are first recited. It should be carefully observed that the status of +the motto is vastly different in England and in other countries. Except in +the cases of impersonal arms (and not always then), the motto is never +mentioned or alluded to in the terms of the patent in a grant of arms in +England; consequently they are not a part of the "estate" created by the +Letters Patent, though if it be desired a motto will always be painted +below the emblazonment in the margin of the patent. Briefly speaking, the +position in England with regard to personal armorial bearings is that +mottoes are _not hereditary_. No one is compelled to bear one, nor is any +authority needed for the adoption of a motto, the matter is left purely to +the personal pleasure of every individual; but if that person elects to use +a motto, the officers of arms are perfectly willing to paint any motto he +may choose upon his grant, and to add it to the record of his arms in their +books. There is no necessity expressed or implied to use a motto at all, +nor is the slightest control exercised over the selection or change of +mottoes, though, as would naturally be expected, the officers of arms would +decline to record to any private person any motto which might have been +appropriated to the sovereign or to any of the orders of knighthood. In the +same way no control is exercised over the position in which the motto is to +be carried or the manner in which it is to be displayed. + +In Scotland, however, the matter is on an entirely different footing. The +motto is included within the terms of the patent, and is consequently made +the subject of grant. It therefore becomes inalienable and unchangeable +without a rematriculation, and a Scottish patent moreover always specifies +the position in which the motto is to be carried. This is usually "in an +escroll over the same" (_i.e._ over the crest), though occasionally it is +stated to be borne on "a compartment below the arms." The matter in Ireland +is not quite the same as in {449} either Scotland or England. Sometimes the +motto is expressed in the patent--in fact this is now the more usual +alternative--but the rule is not universal, and to a certain extent the +English permissiveness is recognised. Possibly the subject can be summed up +in the remark that if any motto has been granted or is recorded with a +particular coat of arms in Ireland, it is expected that that shall be the +motto to be made use of therewith. + +As a general practice the use of mottoes in England did not become general +until the eighteenth century--in fact there are very few, if any, grants of +an earlier date on which a motto appears. The majority, well on towards the +latter part of the eighteenth century, had no motto added, and many patents +are still issued without such an addition. With rare exceptions, no mottoes +are to be met with in the Visitation books, and it does not appear that at +the time of the Visitations the motto was considered to be essentially a +part of the armorial bearings. The one or two exceptions which I have met +with where mottoes are to be found on Visitation pedigrees are in every +case the arms of a peer. There are at least two such in the Yorkshire +Visitation of 1587, and probably it may be taken for granted that the +majority of peers at that period had begun to make use of these additions +to their arms. Unfortunately we have no exact means of deciding the point, +because peers were not compelled to attend a Visitation, and there are but +few cases in which the arms or pedigree of a peer figure in the Visitation +books. In isolated cases the use of a motto can, however, be traced back to +an even earlier period. There are several instances to be met with upon the +early Garter plates. + +Many writers have traced the origin of mottoes to the "slogan" or war-cry +of battle, and there is no doubt whatever that instances can be found in +which an ancient war-cry has become a family motto. For example, one can +refer to the Fitzgerald "Crom-a-boo": other instances can be found amongst +some of the Highland families, but the fact that many well-known war-cries +of ancient days never became perpetuated as mottoes, and also the fact that +by far the greater number of mottoes, even at a much earlier period than +the present day, cannot by any possibility have ever been used for or have +originated with the purposes of battle-cries, inclines me to believe that +such a suggested origin for the motto in general is without adequate +foundation. There can be little if any connection between the war-cry as +such and the motto as such. The real origin would appear to be more +correctly traced back to the badge. As will be found explained elsewhere, +the badge was some simple device used for personal and household purposes +and seldom for war, except by persons who used the badge of the leader they +followed. No man wore his own badge {450} in battle. It generally partook +of the nature of what ancient writers would term "a quaint conceit," and +much ingenuity seems to have been expended in devising badges and mottoes +which should at the same time be distinctive and should equally be or +convey an index or suggestion of the name and family of the owner. Many of +these badges are found in conjunction with words, mottoes, and phrases, and +as the distinction between the badge in general and the crest in general +slowly became less apparent, they eventually in practice became +interchangeable devices, if the same device did not happen to be used for +both purposes. Consequently the motto from the badge became attached to the +crest, and was thence transferred to its present connection with the coat +of arms. Just as at the present time a man may and often does adopt a maxim +upon which he will model his life, some pithy proverb, or some trite +observation, without any question or reference to armorial bearings--so, in +the old days, when learning was less diffuse and when proverbs and sayings +had a wider acceptance and vogue than at present, did many families and +many men adopt for their use some form of words. We find these words carved +on furniture, set up on a cornice, cut in stone, and embroidered upon +standards and banners, and it is to this custom that we should look for the +beginning of the use of mottoes. But because such words were afterwards in +later generations given an armorial status, it is not justifiable to +presume such status for them from their beginnings. The fact that a man put +his badges on the standard that he carried into battle, and with his badges +placed the mottoes that thereto belonged, has led many people mistakenly to +believe that these mottoes were _designed_ for war-cries and for use in +battle. That was not the case. In fact it seems more likely that the bulk +of the standards recorded in the books of the heralds which show a motto +were never carried in battle. + +With regard to the mottoes in use at the moment, some of course can be +traced to a remote period, and many of the later ones have interesting +legends connected therewith. Of mottoes of this character may be instanced +the "Jour de ma vie" of West, which was formerly the motto of the La Warr +family, adopted to commemorate the capture of the King of France at the +battle of Poictiers. There are many other mottoes of this character, +amongst which may be mentioned the "Grip fast" of the Leslies, the origin +of which is well known. But though many mottoes relate to incidents in the +remote past, true or mythical, the motto and the incident are seldom +contemporary. Nothing would be gained by a recital of a long list of +mottoes, but I cannot forbear from quoting certain curious examples which +by their very weirdness must excite curiosity as to their origin. A family +of Martin used the singular words, "He who looks at Martin's {451} ape, +Martin's ape shall look at him," whilst the Curzons use, "Let Curzon hold +what Curzon helde." The Cranston motto is still more grasping, being, "Thou +shalt want ere I want;" but probably the motto of the Dakyns is the most +mysterious of all, "Strike Dakyns, the devil's in the hempe." The motto of +Corbet, "Deus pascit corvos," evidently alludes to the raven or ravens +(corby crows) upon the shield. The mottoes of Trafford, "Now thus," and +"Gripe griffin, hold fast;" the curious Pilkington motto, "Pilkington +Pailedown, the master mows the meadows;" and the "Serva jugum" of Hay have +been the foundation of many legends. The "Fuimus" of the Bruce family is a +pathetic allusion to the fact that they were once kings, but the majority +of ancient mottoes partake rather of the nature of a pun upon the name, +which fact is but an additional argument towards the supposition that the +motto has more relation to the badge than to any other part of the armorial +bearings. Of mottoes which have a punning character may be mentioned "Mon +Dieu est ma roche," which is the motto of Roche, Lord Fermoy; "Cavendo +tutus," which is the motto of Cavendish; "Forte scutum salus ducum," which +is the motto of Fortescue; "Set on," which is the motto of Seton; "Da fydd" +of Davies, and "Ver non semper viret," the well-known pun of the Vernons. +Another is the apocryphal "Quid rides" which Theodore Hook suggested for +the wealthy and retired tobacconist. This punning character has of late +obtained much favour, and wherever a name lends itself to a pun the effort +seems nowadays to be made that the motto shall be of this nature. Perhaps +the best pun which exists is to be found in the motto of the Barnard +family, who, with arms "Argent, a bear rampant sable, muzzled or," and +crest "A demi-bear as in the arms," use for the motto, "Bear and Forbear," +or in Latin, as it is sometimes used, "Fer et perfer." Others that may be +alluded to are the "What I win I keep" of Winlaw; the "Libertas" of +Liberty; the "Ubi crux ibi lux" of Sir William Crookes; the "Bear thee +well" of Bardwell; the "Gare le pied fort" of Bedford; the "Gare la bête" +of Garbett; and the "Cave Deus videt" of Cave. Other mottoes--and they are +a large proportion--are of some saintly and religious tendency. However +desirable and acceptable they may be, and however accurately they may apply +to the first possessor, they sometimes are sadly inappropriate to later and +more degenerate successors. + +In Germany, a distinction appears to be drawn between their "Wahlsprüche" +(_i.e._ those which are merely dictated by personal choice) and the +"armorial mottoes" which remained constantly and heritably attached to the +armorial bearings, such as the "Gott mit uns" ("God with us") of Prussia +and the "Nihil sine Deus" of Hohenzollern. {452} + +The Initial or Riddle Mottoes appear to be peculiar to Germany. Well-known +examples of these curiosities are the "W. G. W." (_i.e._ "Wie Gott +will"--"As God wills"), or "W. D. W." (_i.e._ "Wie du willst"--"As thou +wilt"), which are both frequently to be met with. The strange but +well-known alphabet or vowel-motto "A. E. I. O. V." of the Emperor +Frederick III. has been variously translated, "Aquila Electa Juste Omnia +Vincit" ("The chosen eagle vanquishes all by right"), "Aller Ehren Ist +Oesterrich Voll" ("Austria is full of every honour"), or perhaps with more +likelihood, "Austria Est Imperare Orbe Universo" ("All the earth is subject +to Austria"). + +The _cri-de-guerre_, both as a heraldic fact and as an armorial term, is +peculiar, and exclusively so, to British and French heraldry. The national +_cri-de-guerre_ of France, "Montjoye Saint Denis," appeared above the +pavilion in the old Royal Arms of France, and probably the English Royal +motto, "Dieu et mon Droit," is correctly traced to a similar origin. A +distinction is still made in modern heraldry between the _cri-de-guerre_ +and the motto, inasmuch as it is considered that the former should always +of necessity surmount the crest. This is very generally adhered to in +Scotland in the cases where both a motto and a _cri-de-guerre_ (or, as it +is frequently termed in that country, a "slogan") exist, the motto, +contrary to the usual Scottish practice, being then placed below the +shield. It is to be hoped that a general knowledge of this fact will not, +however, result in the description of every motto found above a crest as a +_cri-de-guerre_, and certainly the concentrated piety now so much in favour +in England for the purposes of a motto can be quite fitly left below the +shield. + +Artists do not look kindly on the motto for decorative purposes. It has +been usually depicted in heraldic emblazonment in black letters upon a +white scroll, tinted and shaded with pink, but with the present revival of +heraldic art, it has become more general to paint the motto ribbon in +conformity with the colour of the field, the letters being often shown +thereon in gold. The colour and shape of the motto ribbon, however, are +governed by no heraldic laws, and except in Scottish examples should be +left, as they are purely unimportant accessories of the achievement, wholly +at the discretion of the artist. {453} + + + +CHAPTER XXIX + +BADGES + +The exact status of the badge in this country, to which it is peculiar, has +been very much misunderstood. This is probably due to the fact that the +evolution of the badge was gradual, and that its importance increased +unconsciously. Badges do not formerly appear to have ever been made the +subjects of grants, and the instances which can be referred to showing +their control, or attempted control, by the Crown in past times are _very +rare indeed_. As a matter of fact, the Crown seems to have perhaps +purposely ignored them. They are not, as we know them, found in the +earliest times of heraldry, unless we are to presume their existence from +early seals, many of which show isolated charges taken from the arms; for +if in the cases where such charges appear upon the seals we are to accept +those seals as proofs of the contemporary existence of those devices as +heraldic badges, we should often be led into strange conclusions. + +There is no doubt that these isolated devices which are met with were not +only a part of the arms, but in many cases the _origin_ of the arms. +Devices possessing a more or less personal and possessive character occur +in many cases before record of the arms they later developed into can be +traced. This will be noticed in relation to the arms of Swinton, to which +reference is made elsewhere. If these are badges, then badges go back to an +earlier date than arms. Such devices occur many centuries before such a +thing as a shield of arms existed. + +The _Heraldic Badge, as we know it_, came into general use about the reign +of Edward III., that is, the heraldic badge as a separate matter having a +distinct existence in addition to concurrent arms, and having at the same +time a distinctly heraldic character. But long before that date, badges are +found with an allied reference to a particular person, which very possibly +are rightly included in any enumeration of badges. Of such a character is +the badge of the broom plant, which is found upon the tomb of Geoffrey, +Count of Anjou, from which badge the name of the Plantagenet dynasty +originated (Plantagenet, by the way, was never a personal surname, but was +the name of the dynasty). {454} + +It is doubtful, however, if at that early period there existed much if +indeed any opportunity for the use of heraldic badges. At the same time, as +far back as the reign of Richard I.--and some writers would take examples +of a still more remote period--these badges must have been occasionally +depicted upon banners, for Richard I. appears to have had a dragon upon one +of his banners. + +These banner decorations, which at a later date have been often accepted as +badges, can hardly be quite properly so described, for there are many cases +where no other proof of usage can be found, and there is no doubt that many +such are instances of no more than banners prepared for specific purposes; +and the record of such and such a banner cannot necessarily carry proof +that the owner of the banner claimed or used the objects depicted thereupon +as personal badges. If they are to be so included some individuals must +have revelled in a multitude of badges. + +But the difficulty in deciding the point very greatly depends upon the +definition of the badge; and if we are to take the definition according to +the manner of acceptance and usage at the period when the use of badges was +greatest, then many of the earliest cannot be taken as coming within the +limits. + +In later Plantagenet days, badges were of considerable importance, and +certain characteristics are plainly marked. They were never worn by the +owner--in the sense in which he carried his shield, or bore his crest; they +were his sign-mark indicative of ownership; they were stamped upon his +belongings in the same way in which Government property is marked with the +broad arrow, and they were worn by his servants. They were worn not only by +his retainers, but very probably were also worn more or less temporarily by +adherents of his party if he were big enough to lead a party in the State. +At all times badges had very extensive decorative use. + +There was never any fixed form for the badge; there was never any fixed +manner of usage. I can find no fixed laws of inheritance, no common method +of assumption. In fact the use of a badge, in the days when everybody who +was anybody possessed arms, was quite subsidiary to the arms, and very much +akin to the manner in which nowadays monograms are made use of. At the same +time care must be taken to distinguish the "badge" from the "rebus," and +also from the temporary devices which we read about as having been so often +adopted for the purpose of the tournament when the combatant desired his +identity to be concealed. Modern novelists and poets give us plenty of +illustrations of the latter kind, but proof of the fact even that they were +ever adopted in that form is by no means easy to find, though their +professedly temporary nature of course militates against {455} the +likelihood of contemporary _record_. The rebus had never an heraldic +status, and it had seldom more than a temporary existence. A fanciful +device adopted (we hear of many such instances) for the temporary purpose +of a tournament could generally be so classed, but the rebus proper has +some device, usually a pictorial rendering of the name of the person for +whom it stood. In such a category would be included printers' and masons' +marks, but probably the definition of Dr. Johnson of the word rebus, as a +word represented by a picture, is as good a definition and description as +can be given. The rebus in its nature is a different thing from a badge, +and may best be described as a pictorial signature, the most frequent +occasion for its use being in architectural surroundings, where it was +constantly introduced as a pun upon some name which it was desired to +perpetuate. The best-known and perhaps the most typical and characteristic +rebus is that of Islip, the builder of part of Westminster Abbey. Here the +pictured punning representation of his name had nothing to do with his +armorial bearings or personal badge; but the great difficulty, in dealing +with both badges and rebuses, is the difficulty of knowing which is which, +for very frequently the same or a similar device was used for both +purposes. Parker, in his glossary of heraldic terms, gives several typical +examples of rebuses which very aptly illustrate their status and meaning. +At Lincoln College at Oxford, and on other buildings connected with Thomas +Beckynton, Bishop of Bath and Wells, will be found carved the rebus of a +beacon issuing from a tun. This is found in conjunction with the letter T +for his Christian name, Thomas. Now this design was not his coat of arms, +and was not his crest, nor was it his badge. Another rebus which is found +at Canterbury shows an ox and the letters N, E, as the rebus of John Oxney. +A rebus which indicates Thomas Conyston, Abbot of Cirencester, which can be +found in Gloucester Cathedral, is a comb and a tun, and the printer's mark +of Richard Grifton, which is a good example of a rebus and its use, was a +tree, or graft, growing on a tun. In none of these cases are the designs +mentioned on any part of the arms, crest, or badge of the persons +mentioned. Rebuses of this character abound on all our ancient buildings, +and their use has lately come very prominently into favour in connection +with the many allusive bookplates, the design of which originates in some +play upon the name. The words "device," "ensign," and "cognisance" have no +definite heraldic meaning, and are used impartially to apply to the crest, +the badge, and sometimes to the arms upon the shield, so that they may be +eliminated from consideration. There remains therefore the crest and the +badge between which to draw a definite line of distinction. The real +difference lay in the method of use, though there is usually a difference +of form, {456} recognisable by an expert, but difficult to put into words. +The crest was the ornament upon the helmet, seldom if ever actually worn, +and never used except by the person to whom it belonged. The badge, on the +other hand, was never placed upon the helmet, but was worn by the servants +and retainers, and was used right and left on the belongings of the owner +as a sign of his ownership. So great and extensive at one period was the +use of these badges, that they were far more generally employed than either +arms or crest, and whilst the knowledge of a man's badge or badges would be +everyday knowledge and common repute throughout the kingdom, few people +would know that man's crest, fewer still would ever have seen it worn. + +It is merely an exaggeration of the difficulty that we are always in +uncertainty whether any given device was merely a piece of decoration +borrowed from the arms or crest, or whether it had continued usage as a +badge. In the same way many families who had never used crests, but who had +used badges, took the opportunity of the Visitations to record their badges +as crests. A notable example of the subsequent record of a badge as a crest +is met with in the Stourton family. Their crest, originally a buck's head, +but after the marriage with the heiress of Le Moigne, a demi-monk, can be +readily substantiated, as can their badge of the drag or sledge. At one of +the Visitations, however, a cadet of the Stourton family recorded the +sledge as a crest. Uncertainty also arises from the lack of precision in +the diction employed at all periods, the words badge, device, and crest +having so often been used interchangeably. + +Another difficulty which is met with in regard to badges is that, with the +exception of the extensive records of the Royal badges and some other more +or less informal lists of badges of the principal personages at different +periods, badges were never a subject of official record, and whilst it is +difficult to determine the initial point as to whether any particular +device is a badge or not, the difficulty of deducing rules concerning +badges becomes practically impossible, and after most careful consideration +I have come to the conclusion that there were never any hard and fast rules +relating to badges, that they were originally and were allowed to remain +matters of personal fancy, and that although well-known cases can be found +where the same badge has been used generation after generation, those cases +may perhaps be the exception rather than the rule. Badges should be +considered and accepted in the general run as not being matters of +permanence, and as of little importance except during the time from about +the reign of Edward III. to about the reign of Henry VIII. Their principal +use upon the clothes of the retainers came to an end by the creation of the +standing army, the beginning of which can be traced to the reign of Henry +VIII., and as badges never had any ceremonial use to perpetuate {457} their +status, their importance almost ceased altogether at that period except as +regards the Royal family. + +Speaking broadly, regularised and _recorded_ heraldic control as a matter +of operative fact dates little if any further back than the end of the +reign of Henry VIII., consequently badges originally do not appear to have +been taken much cognisance of by the Heralds. Their actual use from that +period onwards rapidly declined, and hence the absence of record. + +Though the use of badges has become very restricted, there are still one or +two occasions on which badges are used as badges, in the style formerly in +vogue. Perhaps the case which is most familiar is the broad arrow which is +used to mark Government stores. It is a curious commentary upon heraldic +officialdom and its ways that though this is the only badge which has +really any extensive use, it is not a Crown badge in any degree. Although +this origin has been disputed it is said to have originated in the fact +that one of the Sydney family, when Master of the Ordnance, to prevent +disputes as to the stores for which he was responsible, marked everything +with his private badge of the broad arrow, and this private badge has since +remained in constant use. One wonders at what date the officers of His +Majesty will observe that this has become one of His Majesty's recognised +badges, and will include it with the other Royal badges in the warrants in +which they are recited. Already more than two centuries have passed since +it first came into use, and either they should represent to the Government +that the pheon is not a Crown mark, and that some recognised Royal badge +should be used in its place, or else they should place its status upon a +definite footing. + +Another instance of a badge used at the present day in the ancient manner +is the conjoined rose, thistle, and shamrock which is embroidered front and +back upon the tunics of the Beefeaters and the Yeomen of the Guard. The +crowned harps which are worn by the Royal Irish Constabulary are another +instance of the kind, but though a certain number of badges are recited in +the warrant each time any alteration or declaration of the Royal Arms +occurs, their use has now become very limited. Present badges are the +crowned rose for England, the crowned thistle for Scotland, and the crowned +trefoil and the crowned harp for Ireland; whilst for the Union there is the +conjoined rose, thistle, and shamrock under the crown, and the crowned +shield which carries the device of the Union Jack. The badge of Wales, +which has existed for long enough, is the uncrowned dragon upon a mount +vert, and the crowned cyphers, one within and one without the Garter, are +also depicted upon the warrant. These badges, which appear on the +Sovereign's warrant, are never assigned to any other member of the Royal +Family, of whom {458} the Prince of Wales is the only one who rejoices in +the possession of officially assigned badges. The badge of the eldest son +of the Sovereign, as such, and not as Prince of Wales, is the plume of +three ostrich feathers, enfiled with the circlet from his coronet. Recently +an additional badge (on a mount vert, a dragon passant gules, charged on +the shoulder with a label of three points argent) has been assigned to His +Royal Highness. This action was taken with the desire to in some way +gratify the forcibly expressed wishes of Wales, and it is probable that, +the precedent having been set, it will be assigned to all those who may +bear the title of Prince of Wales in future. + +The only instances I am personally aware of in which a real badge of +ancient origin is still worn by the servants are the cases of the state +liveries of the Earl of Yarborough, whose servants wear an embroidered +buckle, and of Lord Mowbray and Stourton, whose servants wear an +embroidered sledge. The family of Daubeney of Cote still bear the old +Daubeney badge of the pair of bat's wings; Lord Stafford still uses his +"Stafford knot." I believe the servants of Lord Braye still wear the badge +of the hemp-brake, and those of the Earl of Loudoun wear the Hastings +maunch; and doubtless there are a few other instances. When the old +families were becoming greatly reduced in number, and the nobility and the +upper classes were being recruited from families of later origin, the +wearing of badges, like so much else connected with heraldry, became lax in +its practice. + +The servants of all the great nobles in ancient days appear to have worn +the badges of their masters in a manner similar to the use of the royal +badge by the Yeomen of the Guard, although sometimes the badge was +embroidered upon the sleeve; and the wearing of the badge by the retainers +is the chief and principal use to which badges were anciently put. Nisbet +alludes on this point to a paragraph from the Act for the Order of the +Riding of Parliament in 1681, which says that "the noblemen's lacqueys may +have over their liveries velvet coats with their badges, _i.e._ their +crests and mottoes done on plate, or embroidered on the back and breast +conform to ancient custom." A curious survival of these plates is to be +found in the large silver plaques worn by so many bank messengers. Badges +appear, however, to have been frequently depicted semé upon the lambrequins +of armorial achievements, as will be seen from many of the old Garter +plates; but here, again, it is not always easy to distinguish between +definite badges and artistic decoration, nor between actual badges in use +and mere appropriately selected charges from the shield. + +The water-bougets of Lord Berners, the knot of Lord Stafford, popularly +known as "the Stafford knot"; the Harington fret; the ragged staff or the +bear and the ragged staff of Lord Warwick (this {459} being really a +conjunction of two separate devices); the Rose of England, the Thistle of +Scotland, and the sledge of Stourton, the hemp-brake of Lord Braye wherever +met with are readily recognised as badges, but there are many badges which +it is difficult to distinguish from crests, and even some which in all +respects would appear to be more correctly regarded as coats of arms. + +It is a point worthy of consideration whether or not a badge needs a +background; here, again, it is a matter most difficult to determine, but it +is singular that in any matter of _record_ the badge is almost invariably +depicted upon a background, either of a standard or a mantling, or upon the +"field" of a roundel, and it may well be that their use in such +circumstances as the two cases first mentioned may have only been +considered correct when the colour of the mantling or the standard happened +to be the right colour for the background of the badge. + +Badges are most usually met with in stained glass upon roundels of some +colour or colours, and though one would hesitate to assert it as an actual +fact, there are many instances which would lead one to suppose that the +background of a badge was usually the livery colour or colours of its then +owner, or of the family from which it was originally inherited. Certain is +it that there are very few contemporary instances of badges which, when +emblazoned, are not upon the known livery colours; and if this fact be +accepted, then one is perhaps justified in assuming all to be livery +colours, and we get at once a ready explanation on several points which +have long puzzled antiquaries. The name of Edward "the Black Prince" has +often been a matter of discussion, and the children's history books tell us +that the nickname originated from the colour of his armour. This may be +true enough, but as most armour would be black when it was unpolished, and +as most armour was either polished or dull, the probabilities are not very +greatly in its favour. Though there can be found instances, it was not a +usual custom for any one to paint his armour red or green. Even if the +armour of the prince were enamelled black it would be so usually hidden by +his surcoat that he is hardly likely to have been nicknamed from it. It +seems to me far more probable that black was the livery colour of the Black +Prince, and that his own retainers and followers wore the livery of black. +If that were the case, one understands at once how he would obtain the +nickname. The nickname is doubtless contemporary. A curious confirmation of +my supposition is met with in the fact that his shield for peace was: +"Sable, three ostrich feathers two and one, the quill of each passing +through a scroll argent." There we get the undoubted badge of the ostrich +feather, which was originally borne singly, depicted upon his livery +colour--black. {460} + +The badges represented in Prince Arthur's Book in the College of Arms (an +important source of our knowledge upon the subject) are all upon +backgrounds; and the curious divisions of the colours on the backgrounds +would seem to show that each badge had its own background, several badges +being only met with upon the same ground when that happens to be the true +background belonging to them. But in attempting to deduce rules, it should +be remembered that in all and every armorial matter there was greater +laxity of rule at the period of the actual use of arms as a reality of life +than it was possible to permit when the multiplication of arms as paper +insignia made regulation necessary and more restrictive; so that an +occasional variation from any deduction need not necessarily vitiate the +conclusion, even in a matter exclusively relating to the shield. How much +more, then, must we remain in doubt when dealing with badges which appear +to have been so largely a matter of personal caprice. + +It is a striking comment that of all the badges presently to be referred to +of the Stafford family, each single one is depicted upon a background. It +is a noticeable fact that of the eighteen "badges" exemplified as belonging +to the family of Stafford, nine are upon parti-coloured fields. This is not +an unreasonable proportion if the fields are considered to be the livery +colours of the families from whom the badges were originally derived, but +it is altogether out of proportion to the number of shields in any roll of +arms which would have the field party per pale, or party in any other form +of division. With the exception of the second badge, which is on a striped +background of green and white, all the party backgrounds are party per +pale, which was the most usual way of depicting a livery in the few records +which have come down to us of the heraldic use of livery colours, and of +the eighteen badges, no less than eight are upon a parti-coloured field of +which the dexter is sable and the sinister gules. Scarlet and black are +known to have been the livery colours of Edward Stafford, Duke of +Buckingham, who was beheaded in 1521. The arms of the town of Buckingham +are on a field per pale sable and gules. + +With regard to the descent of badges and the laws which govern their +descent still less is known. The answer to the question, "How did badges +descend?" is simple: "Nobody knows." One can only hazard opinions more or +less pious, of more or less value. It is distinctly a point upon which it +is risky to be dogmatic, and we must wait for the development which will +follow the recent revival of the granting of standards. As cases occur for +decision precedents will be found and disclosed. Whilst the secrecy of the +records of the College of Arms is so jealously preserved it is impossible +to speak definitely at present, for an exact and comprehensive knowledge of +exact and {461} authoritative instances of fact is necessary before a +decision can be definitely put forward. Unless some officer of arms will +carefully collate the information which can be gleaned from the records in +the College of Arms which are relevant to the subject, it does not seem +likely that our knowledge will advance greatly. + +The grant of supporters to the Earl of Stafford, as under, is worthy of +attention. + +"To all and singular to whom these Presents shall come, John Anstis Esq^r +Garter principal King of Arms, sends greeting, Whereas his late Majesty +King James the Second by Letters Patents under the Great Seal, did create +Henry Stafford Howard to be Earl of Stafford, to have and hold the same to +him and the heirs males of his body; and for default thereof to John and +Francis his Brothers and the heirs males of their bodies respectively, +whereby the said Earldom is now legally vested in the right Hon^{ble} +William Stafford Howard Son and Heir of the said John; And in regard that +y^e said Henry late Earl of Stafford omitted to take any Grant of +Supporters, which the Peers of this Realm have an indisputable Right to use +and bear, the right Hon^{ble} Henry Bowes Howard Earl of Berkshire Deputy +(with the Royal Approbation) of his Grace Thomas Howard Duke of Norfolk +Earl Marshall and Hereditary Marshall of England hath been pleased to +direct me to grant to the said right Hon^{ble} William Stafford Howard Earl +of Stafford the Supporters formerly granted to y^e late Viscount Stafford, +Grandfather to the said Earl; as also to order me to cause to be depicted +in the Margin of my said Grant y^e Arms of Thomas of Woodstock Duke of +Gloucester quartered with the Arms of the said Earl of Stafford, together +with the Badges of the said Noble Family of Stafford: Now these presents +Witness that according to the consent of the said Earl of Berkshire +signified under his Lordship's hand and seal I do by the Authority and +power annexed to my Office hereby grant and assign to y^e said Right +Honourable William Stafford Howard Earl of Stafford, the following +Supporters which were heretofore borne by the late Lord Viscount Stafford, +that is to say, on the Dexter side a Lion Argent, and on the Sinister Side +a Swan surgiant Argent Gorged with a Ducal Coronet per Pale Gules and sable +beaked and membered of the Second; to be used and borne at all times and +upon all occasions by the said Earl of Stafford and the heirs males of his +body, and such persons to whom the said Earldom shall descend according to +the Law and Practice of Arms without the let or interruption of any Person +or Persons whatsoever. And in pursuance of the Warrant of the said Earl of +Berkshire, The Arms of Thomas of Woodstock Duke of Gloucester, as the same +are on a Plate remaining in the Chapel of S^t George within y^e Castle of +Windsor, set up there for his Descendant the Duke of Buckingham {462} are +depicted in the margin, and quartered in such place and manner as the same +were formerly borne by the Staffords Dukes of Buckingham, together with +Eighteen badges belonging to the said most ancient and illustrious Family +of Stafford, as the same are represented in a Manuscript remaining in the +College of Arms (Fig. 674). In Witness whereof I the said Garter have +hereto subscribed my Name and affixed the Seal of my Office this First Day +of August Anno Domini 1720. + + "JOHN ANSTIS Garter + "Principal King of Arms." + +[Illustration: FIG. 674.--The Stafford Badges as exemplified in 1720 to +William Stafford Howard, Earl of Stafford.] + +{463} + +It may be of interest to call attention to the fact that in this +exemplification the Royal Arms are displayed before those of Stafford. On +the face of it, the document--as far as it relates to the badges--is no +more than a certificate or exemplification, in which case it is undoubted +evidence that badges descend to the heir-general as do quarterings; but +there is the possibility that the document is a re-grant in the nature of +an exemplification following a Royal Licence, or a re-grant to remove +uncertainty as to the attainder. And if the document--as far as its +relation to the badges goes--has any of the character of a grant, it can +have but little value as evidence of the descent of badges. It is +remarkable that it is absolutely silent as to the future destination of the +badges. The real fact is that the whole subject of the descent and +devolution of badges is shrouded in mystery. Each of the badges (Fig. 674) +is depicted within a circle adorned with a succession of Stafford knots, as +is shown in the one instance at the head. Five of these badges appear upon +a well-known portrait of Edward, Duke of Buckingham. The fact that some of +these _badges_ are really crests depicted upon wreaths goes far as an +authority for the use of a crest upon livery buttons for the purposes of a +badge. + +In ancient days all records seemed to point to the fact that badges were +personal, and that though they were worn by the retainers, they were the +property of _the head_ of the family, rather than (as the arms) of the +whole family, and though the information available is meagre to the last +degree, it would appear probable that in all cases where their use by other +members of the family than the head of the house can be proved, the +likelihood is that the cadets would render feudal service and would wear +the badge as retainers of the man whose standard they followed into battle, +so that we should expect to find the badge following the same descent as +the peerage, together with the lands and liabilities which accompanied it. +This undoubtedly makes for the inheritance of a badge upon the same line of +descent as a barony by writ, and such a method of inheritance accounts for +the known descent of most of the badges heraldically familiar to us. +Probably we shall be right in so accepting it as the ancient rule of +inheritance. But, on the other hand, a careful examination of the "Book of +Standards," now preserved in the College of Arms, provides several examples +charged with marks of cadency. But here again one is in ignorance whether +this is an admission of inheritance by cadets, or whether the cases should +be considered as grants of differenced versions to cadets. This then gives +us the badge, the property in and of which would descend to the +heir-general (and perhaps also to cadets), whilst it would be used (if +there were no inherited right) in token of allegiance or service, actual, +quasi-actual, {464} or sentimental, by the cadets of the house and their +servants; for whilst the use of the cockade is a survival of the right to +be waited on and served by a soldier servant, the use of a badge by a cadet +may be a survival and reminder of the day when (until they married +heiresses and continued or founded other families) the cadets of a house +owed and gave military service to the head of their own family, and in +return were supported by him. + +From the wording of the recent grants of badges I believe the intention, +however, is that the badge is to descend of right to all of those people on +whom a right to it would devolve if it were a quartering. + +The use of badges having been so limited, the absence of rule and +regulation leaves it very much a matter of personal taste how badges, where +they exist, shall be heraldically depicted, and perhaps it is better to +leave their manner of display to artistic requirements. The most usual +place, when depicted in conjunction with an achievement, is on either side +of the crest, and they may well be placed in that position. Where they +exist, however, they ought undoubtedly to be continued in use upon the +liveries of the servants, and the present practice is for them to be placed +on the livery buttons, and embroidered upon the epaulettes or on the +sleeves of state liveries. Undoubtedly the former practice of placing the +badge upon the servants' livery is the precursor of the present vogue of +placing crests upon livery buttons, and many heraldic writers complain of +the impropriety of placing the crest in such a position. I am not sure that +I myself may not have been guilty in this way; but when one bears in mind +the number of cases in which the badge and the crest are identical, and +when, as in the above instance, devices which are undoubtedly crests are +exemplified as and termed badges, even as such being represented upon +wreaths, and even in that form granted upon standards, whilst in other +cases the action has been the reverse, it leaves one under the necessity of +being careful in making definite assertions. + +Having dealt with the laws (if there ever were any) and the practice +concerning the use and display of badges in former days, it will be of +interest to notice some of those which were anciently in use. + +I have already referred to the badge of the ostrich feathers, now borne +exclusively by the heir-apparent to the throne. The old legend that the +Black Prince won the badge at the battle of Crecy by the capture of John, +King of Bohemia, together with the motto "Ich dien," has been long since +exploded. Sir Harris Nicolas brought to notice the fact that among certain +pieces of plate belonging to Queen Philippa of Hainault was a large +silver-gilt dish enamelled with a black escutcheon with ostrich feathers, +"vuo scuch nigro cum pennis de {465} ostrich," and upon the strength of +that, suggested that the ostrich feather was probably originally a badge of +the Counts of Hainault derived from the County of Ostrevaus, a title which +was held by their eldest sons. The suggestion in itself seems probable +enough and may be correct, but it would not account for the use of the +ostrich feathers by the Mowbray family, who did not descend from the +marriage of Edward III. and Philippa of Hainault. Contemporary proof of the +use of badges is often difficult to find. The Mowbrays had many badges, and +certainly do not appear to have made any very extensive use of the ostrich +feathers. But there seems to be very definite authority for the existence +of the badge. There is in one of the records of the College of Arms (R. 22, +67), which is itself a copy of another record, the following statement:-- + +"The discent of Mowbray written at length in lattin from the Abby booke of +newborough wherein Rich 2 gaue to Thomas Duke of norff. & Erle Marshall the +armes of Saint Edward Confessor in theis words: + +"Et dedit eidem Thome ad pertandum in sigillo et vexillo quo arma S^{ti} +Edwardi. Idcirco arma bipartata portavit scil' 't Sci Edwardi et domini +marcialis angliæ cum duabus pennis strutionis erectis et super crestam +leonem et duo parva scuta cum leonibus et utraq' parto predictorum +armorum." + +[Illustration: FIG. 675.--The arms granted by King Richard II. to Thomas de +Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, and showing the ostrich feather badges.] + +Accompanying this is a rough-tricked sketch of the arms upon which the +illustration (Fig. 675) has been based. Below this extract in the College +Records is written in another hand: "I find this then {466} in ye chancell +window of Effingham by Bungay in the top of the cot window with Mowbraye & +Segrave on the side in glass there." + +Who the writer was I am unaware. He appends a further sketch to his note, +which slightly differs. No helmet or crest is shown, and the central shield +has only the arms of Brotherton. The feathers which flank it are both +enfiled below the shield by one coronet. Of the smaller shields at the +side, the dexter bears the arms of Mowbray and the sinister those of +Segrave. Possibly the Mowbrays, as recognised members of the Royal Family, +bore the badge by subsequent grant and authorisation and not on the simple +basis of inheritance. + +An ostrich feather piercing a scroll was certainly the favourite badge of +the Black Prince and so appears on several of his seals, and triplicated it +occurs on his "shield of peace" (Fig. 478), which, set up under the +instructions in his will, still remains on his monument in Canterbury +Cathedral. The arms of Sir Roger de Clarendon, the illegitimate son of the +Black Prince, were derived from this "shield for peace," which I take it +was not really a coat of arms at all, but merely the badge of the Prince +depicted upon his livery colour, and which might equally have been +displayed upon a roundle. In the form of a shield bearing three feathers +the badge occurs on the obverse of the second seal of Henry IV. in 1411. A +single ostrich feather with the motto "Ich dien" upon the scroll is to be +seen on the seal of Edward, Duke of York, who was killed at the battle of +Agincourt in 1415. Henry IV. as Duke of Lancaster placed on either side of +his escutcheon an ostrich feather with a garter or belt carrying the motto +"Sovereygne" _twined around_ the feather, John of Gaunt used the badge with +a chain laid along the quill, and Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, used it with +a garter and buckle instead of the chain; whilst John Beaufort, Duke of +Somerset, placed an ostrich feather on each side of his shield, the quills +in his case being compony argent and azure, like the bordure round his +arms. + +[Illustration: FIG. 676.--Seal of King James II. for the Duchy of +Lancaster.] + +There is a note in Harl. MS. 304, folio 12, which, if it be strictly +accurate, is of some importance. It is to the effect that the "feather +silver with the pen gold is the King's, the ostrich feather pen and all +silver is the Prince's (_i.e._ the Prince of Wales), and the ostrich +feather gold the pen ermine is the Duke of Lancaster's." That statement +evidently relates to a time when the three were in existence +contemporaneously, _i.e._ before the accession of Henry IV. In the reign of +Richard II. there was no Prince of Wales. During the reign of Edward III. +from 1376 onwards, Richard, afterwards Richard II., was Prince of Wales, +and John of Gaunt was Duke of Lancaster (so cr. 1362). But John of Gaunt +used the feather in the form above stated, and to find a Duke of Lancaster +_before_ John of Gaunt we must go {467} back to before 1360, when we have +Edward III. as King, the Black Prince as Prince, and Henry of Lancaster +(father-in-law of John of Gaunt) as Duke of Lancaster. He derived from +Henry III., and like the Mowbrays had no blood descent from Philippa of +Hainault. A curious confirmation of my suggestion that black was the livery +colour of the Black Prince is found in the fact that there was in a window +in St. Dunstan's Church, London, within a wreath of roses a roundle per +pale sanguine and azure (these being unquestionably livery colours), a +plume of ostrich feathers argent, quilled or, enfiled by a scroll bearing +the words "Ich dien." Above was the Prince's coronet and the letters E. & +P., one on each side of the plume. This was intended for Edward VI., +doubtless being erected in the reign of Henry VIII. The badge in the form +in which we know it, _i.e._ enfiled by the princely coronet, dates from +about the beginning of the Stuart dynasty, since when it appears to have +been exclusively reserved for the eldest son and heir-apparent to the +throne. At the same time the right to the display of the badge would appear +to have been reserved by the Sovereign, and Woodward remarks:-- + +"On the Privy Seals of our Sovereigns the ostrich feather is still employed +as a badge. The shield of arms is usually placed between two lions sejant +guardant addorsed, each holding the feather. On the Privy Seal of Henry +VIII. the feathers are used without the lions, and this was the case on the +majority of the seals of the Duchy of Lancaster. On the reverse of the +present seal of the Duchy the feathers appear to be ermine." + +[Illustration: FIG. 677.--Badge of King Henry II.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 678.--Badge of Edward IV.] + +Fig. 676 shows the seal of James II. for the Duchy of Lancaster. The seal +of the Lancashire County Council shows a shield supported by two talbots +sejant addorsed, each supporting in the exterior paw an ostrich feather +semé-de-lis. It is possible that the talbots may be intended for lions and +the fleurs-de-lis for ermine spots. The silver swan, one of the badges of +King Henry V., was used also by Henry IV. It was derived from the De +Bohuns, Mary de Bohun being the wife of Henry IV. From the De Bohuns it has +been traced to the Mandevilles, Earls of Essex, who may have adopted it to +typify their descent from Adam Fitz Swanne, _temp._ Conquest. Fig. 33 on +the same plate is the white hart of Richard II. Although some have traced +this badge from the white hind used as a badge by Joan, the Fair Maid of +Kent, the mother of Richard II., it is probably a device punning upon his +name, "Rich-hart." Richard II. was not the heir of his mother. The heir was +his half-brother, Thomas Holand, Earl of Kent, who _did_ use the badge of +the hind, and perhaps the real truth is that the Earl of Kent having the +better claim to the hind, Richard was under the necessity of making an +alteration which the obvious pun upon his {468} name suggested. There is no +doubt that the crest of Ireland originated therefrom. The stag in this case +was undoubtedly "lodged" in the earliest versions, and I have been much +interested in tracing the steps by which the springing attitude has +developed owing to the copying of badly drawn examples. + +Amongst the many Royal and other badges in this country there are some of +considerable interest. Fig. 677 represents the famous badge of the +"broom-cod" or "planta genista," from which the name of the dynasty was +derived. It appears to have been first used by King Henry II., though it +figures in the decoration of the tomb of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou. +"Peascod" Street in Windsor of course derives its name therefrom. The +well-known badges of the white and red roses of York and Lancaster have +been already referred to, and Fig. 678, the well-known device of the +"rose-en-soliel" used by King Edward IV., was really a combination of two +distinct badges, viz. "the blazing sun of York" and the "white rose of +York." The rose again appears in 679, here dimidiated with the pomegranate +of Catharine of Aragon. This is taken from the famous Tournament Roll (now +in the College of Arms), which relates to the Tournament, 13th and 14th of +February 1510, to celebrate the birth of Prince Henry. + +[Illustration: FIG. 679.--Compound Badge of Henry VIII. and Catharine of +Aragon. (From the Westminster Tournament Roll.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 680.--Badge of Richard I.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 681.--Two badges of Henry VII., viz. the "sun-burst" +and the crowned portcullis.] + +Richard I., John, and Henry III. are all said to have used the device of +the crescent and star (Fig. 680). Henry VII. is best known by his two +badges of the crowned portcullis and the "sun-burst" (Fig. 681). The +suggested origin of the former, that it was a pun on the name Tudor (_i.e._ +two-door) is confirmed by the motto "Altera securitas" which was used with +it, but at the same time is rather vitiated by the fact that it was also +used by the Beauforts, who had {469} no Tudor descent. Save a very +tentative remark hazarded by Woodward, no explanation has as yet been +suggested for the sun-burst. My own strong conviction, based on the fact +that this particular badge was principally used by Henry VII., who was +always known as Henry of Windsor, is that it is nothing more than an +attempt to pictorially represent the name "Windsor" by depicting "winds" of +"or." The badge is also attributed to Edward III., and he, like Henry VII., +made his principal residence at Windsor. Edward IV. also used the white +lion of March (whence is derived the shield of Ludlow: "Azure, a lion +couchant guardant, between three roses argent," Ludlow being one of the +fortified towns in the Welsh Marches), and the black bull which, though +often termed "of Clarence," is generally associated with the Duchy of +Cornwall. Richard III., as Duke of Gloucester, used a white boar. + +The Earl of Northumberland used a silver crescent; the Earl of Douglas, a +red hart; the Earl of Pembroke, a golden pack-horse with collar and traces; +Lord Hastings bore as badge a black bull's head erased, gorged with a +coronet; Lord Stanley, a golden griffin's leg, erased; Lord Howard, a white +lion charged on the shoulder with a blue crescent; Sir Richard Dunstable +adopted a white cock as a badge; Sir John Savage, a silver unicorn's head +erased; Sir Simon Montford, a golden lily; Sir William Gresham, a green +grasshopper. + +[Illustration: FIG. 682.--Badge of the Duke of Suffolk.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 683.--Badge of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 684.--Stafford Knot.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 685.--Wake or Ormonde Knot.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 686.--Bourchier Knot.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 687.--Heneage Knot.] + +Two curious badges are to be seen in Figs. 682 and 683. The former is an +ape's clog argent, chained or, and was used by William de la Pole, Duke of +Suffolk (d. 1450). Fig. 683, "a salet silver" (MS. Coll. of Arms, 2nd M. +16), is the badge of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk (d. 1524). Various +families used knots of different design, of which the best known is the +Stafford knot (Fig. 684). The wholesale and improper appropriation of this +badge with a territorial application has unfortunately caused it to be very +generally referred to as a "Staffordshire" knot, and that it was the +personal badge of the Lords Stafford is too often overlooked. Other badge +knots are the Wake or Ormonde knot (Fig. 685), the Bourchier knot (Fig. +686), and the Heneage knot (Fig. 687). + +{470} + +The personal badges of the members of the Royal Family continued in use +until the reign of Queen Anne, but from that time forward the Royal badges +obtained a territorial character; the rose of England, the thistle of +Scotland, and the shamrock of Ireland. To these popular consent has added +the lotus-flower for India, the maple for Canada, and in a lesser degree +the wattle or mimosa for Australia; but at present these lack any official +confirmation. The two first named, nevertheless, figured on the Coronation +Invitation Cards. {471} + + + +CHAPTER XXX + +HERALDIC FLAGS, BANNERS, AND STANDARDS + +When it comes to the display of flags, the British-born individual usually +makes a hash of the whole business, and flies either the Sovereign's +personal coat of arms, which really should only be made use of over a +residence of the Sovereign when the Sovereign is actually there, or flown +at sea when the Sovereign is on board; or else he uses the national flag, +colloquially termed the "Union Jack," which, strictly speaking, and as a +matter of law, ought never to be made use of on land except over the +residence of the Sovereign in his absence, or on a fortress or other +Government building. But recently an official answer has been given in +Parliament, declaring what is presumably the pleasure of His Majesty to the +effect that the Union Jack is the National Flag, and may be flown as such +on land by any British subject. If this is the intention of the Crown, it +is a pity that this permission has not been embodied in a Royal warrant. + +The banner of St. George, which is a white flag with a plain red cross of +St. George throughout, is now appropriated to the Order of the Garter, of +which St. George is the patron saint, though I am by no means inclined to +assert that it would be incorrect to make use of it upon a church which +happened to be specifically placed under the patronage of St. George. + +The white ensign, which is a white flag bearing the cross of St. George and +in the upper quarter next to the staff a reproduction of the Union device, +belongs to the Royal Navy, and certain privileged individuals to whom the +right has been given by a specific warrant. The blue ensign, which is a +plain blue flag with the Union device on a canton in the upper corner next +the staff, belongs to the Royal Naval Reserve; and the red ensign, which is +the same as the former, except that a red flag is substituted for the blue +one, belongs to the ships of the merchant service. These three flags have +been specifically called into being by specific warrants for certain +purposes which are stated in these warrants, and these purposes being +wholly connected with the sea, neither the blue, the red, nor the white +ensign ought to be hoisted on land by anybody. Of course there is no +penalty for doing so on {472} land, though very drastic penalties can be +enforced for misuse of these ensigns on the water, a step which is taken +frequently enough. For a private person to use any one of these three flags +on land for a private purpose, the only analogy which I can suggest to +bring home to people the absurdity of such action would be to instance a +private person for his own private pleasure adopting the exact uniform of +some regiment whenever he might feel inclined to go bathing in the sea. If +he were to do so, he would find under the recent Act that he had incurred +the penalty, which would be promptly enforced, for bringing His Majesty's +uniform into disrepute. It is much to be wished that the penalties exacted +for the wrongful display of these flags at sea should be extended to their +abuse on shore. + +The development of the Union Jack and the warrants relating to it are dealt +with herein by the Rev. J. R. Crawford, M.A., in a subsequent chapter, and +I do not propose to further deal with the point, except to draw attention +to a proposal, which is very often mooted, that some change or addition to +the Union Jack should be made to typify the inclusion of the colonies. + +But to begin with, what is the Union Jack? Probably most would be inclined +to answer, "The flag of the Empire." It is nothing of the kind. It is in a +way stretching the definition to describe it as the King's flag. Certainly +the design of interlaced crosses is a badge of the King's, but that badge +is of a later origin than the flag. + +The flag itself is the fighting emblem of the Sovereign, which the +Sovereign has declared shall be used by his soldiers or sailors for +fighting purposes under certain specified circumstances. That it is used, +even officially, in all sorts of circumstances with which the King's +warrants are not concerned is beside the matter, for it is to the Royal +Warrants that one must refer for the theory of the thing. + +Now let us go further back, and trace the "argent, a cross gules," the part +which is England's contribution to the Union Jack, which itself is a +combination of the "crosses" of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick. +The theory of one is the theory of the three, separately or conjoined. + +"Argent, a cross gules" was never the coat of arms of England (except under +the Commonwealth, when its use for armorial purposes may certainly be +disregarded), and the reason it came to be regarded as the flag of England +is simply and solely because fighting was always done under the supposed +patronage of some saint, and England fought, _not_ under the arms of +England, but under the flag of St. George, the patron saint of England and +of the Order of the Garter. The battle-cry "St. George for Merrie England!" +is too well known to need more than the passing mention. Scotland fought +under St. Andrew; Ireland, by a similar analogy, had for its patron saint +St. Patrick (if {473} indeed there was a Cross of St. Patrick before one +was needed for the Union flag, which is a very doubtful point), and the +Union Jack was not the combination of three territorial flags, but the +combination of the recognised emblems of the three recognised saints, and +though England claimed the sovereignty of France, and for that reason +quartered the arms of France, no Englishman bothered about the patronage of +St. Denis, and the emblem of St. Denis was never flown in this country. The +fact that no change was ever made in the flag to typify Hanover, whilst +Hanover duly had its place upon the arms, proves that the flag was +recognised to be, and allowed to remain, the emblem of the three patron +saints under whose patronage the British fought, and not the badge of any +sovereignty or territorial area. If the colonies had already any saint of +their own under whose patronage they had fought in bygone days, or in whose +name they wished to fight in the future, there might be reason _for +including the emblem of that saint_ upon the fighting flag of the Empire; +but they have no recognised saintly patrons, and they may just as well +fight for our saints as choose others for themselves at so late a day; but +having a flag which is a _combination_ of the emblems of three saints, and +which contains nothing that is not a part of those emblems, to make any +addition heraldic or otherwise to it now would, in my opinion, be best +expressed by the following illustration. Imagine three soldiers in full and +complete uniform, one English, one Scottish, and one Irish, it being +desired to evolve a uniform that should be taken from all three for use by +a Union regiment. A tunic from one, trousers from another, and a helmet +from a third, might be blended into a very effective and harmonious +composite uniform. Following the analogy of putting a bordure, which is not +the emblem of a saint, round the recognised emblems of the three recognised +saints, and considering it to be in keeping because the bordure was +heraldic and the emblems heraldic, one might argue, that because a uniform +was clothing as was also a ballet-dancer's skirt, therefore a +ballet-dancer's skirt outside the whole would be in keeping with the rest +of the uniform. For myself I should dislike any addition to the Union +device, as much as we should deride the donning of tulle skirts outside +their tunics and trousers by the brigade of Guards. + +The flag which should float from a church tower should have no more on it +than the recognised ecclesiastical emblems of the saint to whom it is +dedicated: the keys of St. Peter, the wheel of St. Catherine, the sword of +St. Paul, the cross and martlets of St. Edmund, the lily of St. Mary, the +emblem of the Holy Trinity, or whatever the emblem may be of the saint in +question. (The alternative for a church is the banner of St. George, the +patron saint of the realm.) The flags upon public buildings should bear the +arms of the corporate bodies to whom those {474} buildings belong. The flag +to be flown by a private person, as the law now stands, should bear that +person's private arms, if he has any, and if he has not he should be +content to forego the pleasures arising from the use of bunting. A private +flag should be double its height in length. The entire surface should be +occupied by the coat of arms. + +These flags of arms are _banners_, and it is quite a misnomer to term the +banner of the Royal Arms the Royal Standard. The flags of arms hung over +the stalls of the Knights of the Garter, St. Patrick, and the former +Knights of the Bath are properly, and are always termed _banners_. The term +_standard_ properly refers to the long tapering flag used in battle, and +under which an overlord mustered his retainers in battle. This did _not_ +display his armorial bearings. Next to the staff usually came the cross of +St. George, which was depicted, of course, on a white field. This occupied +rather less than one-third of the standard. The remainder of the standard +was of the colour or colours of the livery, and thereupon was represented +all sorts of devices, usually the badges and sometimes the crest. The motto +was usually on transverse bands, which frequently divided the standard into +compartments for the different badges. These mottoes from their nature are +_not_ war-cries, but undoubtedly relate and belong to the badges with which +they appear in conjunction. The whole banner was usually fringed with the +livery colours, giving the effect of a bordure compony. The use of +standards does not seem, except for the ceremonial purposes of funerals, to +have survived the Tudor period, this doubtless being the result of the +creation of the standing army in the reign of Henry VIII. The few exotic +standards, _e.g._, remaining from the Jacobite rebellion, seldom conform to +the old patterns, but although the shape is altered, the artistic character +largely remains in the regimental colours of the present day with their +assorted regimental badges and scrolls with the names of battle honours. + +With the recent revival of the granting of badges the standard has again +been brought into use as the vehicle to carry the badge (Plate VIII.). The +arms are now placed next the staff, and upon the rest of the field the +badge is repeated or alternated with the crest. Badges and standards are +now granted to any person already possessing a right to arms and willing to +pay the necessary fees. + +PLATE VIII. + +[Illustration] + +The armorial use of the banner in connection with the display of heraldic +achievements is very limited in this country. In the case of the Marquess +of Dufferin and Ava the banner or flag is an integral and unchangeable part +of the heraldic supporters, and in Ross-of-Bladensburg, _e.g._, it is +similarly an integral part of the crest. In the warrant of augmentation +granted to H.M. Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain on her marriage, banners of +the Royal Arms of {475} England were placed in the paws of her supporters. +Other cases where arms have been depicted on banners are generally no more +than matters of artistic design; but in the arms of Scotland as +matriculated in Lyon Register for King Charles II. the supporters are +accompanied by banners, the dexter being of the arms of Scotland, and the +sinister the banner of St. Andrew. These banners possess rather a different +character, and approach very closely to the German use. The same practice +has been followed in the seals of the Duchy of Lancaster, inasmuch as on +the obverse of the seal of George IV. and the seal of Queen Victoria the +Royal supporters hold banners of the arms of England and of the Duchy +(_i.e._ England, a label for difference). James I. on his Great Seal had +the banners of Cadwallader (azure, a cross patté fitché or) and King Edgar +(azure, a cross patonce between four martlets or), and on the Great Seal of +Charles I. the dexter supporter holds a banner of St. George, and the +sinister a banner of St. Andrew. + +[Illustration: FIG. 688.--"Middle" arms of the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg. +(From Ströhl's _Deutsche Wappenrolle_.)] + +Of the heraldic use of the banner in Germany Ströhl writes:-- + +"The banner appears in a coat of arms, either in the hands or paws of the +supporters (Fig. 688), also set up behind the shield, or the pavilion, as, +for instance, in the larger achievement of his Majesty the German Emperor, +in the large achievement of the kingdom of Prussia, of the dukedom of +Saxe-Altenburg, and further in the Arms of State of Italy, Russia, +Roumania, &c. + +"Banners on the shield as charges, or on the helmet as a crest, are here, +of course, not in question, but only those banners which serve as +_Prachtstücke_ (appendages of magnificence). + +"The banners of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries are long and narrow, +and frequently run in stripes, like battlements. However, in {476} the +second half of the thirteenth century flags were also to be met with, with +the longer side attached to the stick. Later on the banners became more +square, and show on the top a long strip, generally of another colour, the +_Schwenkel_ (_i.e._ something that flourishes), waves to and fro. To bear a +red _Schwenkel_ was a special privilege, similar to the right of sealing +with red wax. + +"The ecclesiastical banner has three points, and is provided with rings on +the top in order that it may be fastened to the stick by them, in an +oblique position. + +"The banner always represents the field of the shield, and assumes +accordingly its tincture. The charges of the shield should be placed upon +the banner without the outline of a shield, and the edge against the +flag-staff is considered the dexter; it follows from this that the figure +must be turned towards it. + +"For instance, if the shield bear the following arms, argent an eagle +gules, the same figure, suited to the size of the flag, appears on the +banner, with its head turned towards the staff. If it be wished to +represent only the _colours_ of the arms upon the flag, that of the charge +is placed above, and that of the field below. Thus, for example, the +Prussian flag is black and white, corresponding to the black eagle on the +silver field; the flag of Hohenzollern is white and black, corresponding to +their coat of arms, quartered silver and black, because in the latter case, +so soon as a heraldic representation is available, from the position of the +coloured fields, the correct order of the tinctures is determined." {477} + + + +CHAPTER XXXI + +MARKS OF CADENCY + +The manner in which cadency is indicated in heraldic emblazonment forms one +of the most important parts of British armory, but our own intricate and +minutely detailed systems are a purely British development of armory. I do +not intend by the foregoing remark to assert that the occasional use, or +even, as in some cases, the constant use of altered arms for purposes of +indicating cadency is unknown on the Continent, because different branches +of one family are constantly found using, for the purposes of distinction, +variations of the arms appertaining to the head of their house; in France +especially the bordure has been extensively used, but the fact nevertheless +remains that in no other countries is there found an organised system or +set of rules for the purpose. Nor is this idea of the indication of cadency +wholly a modern development, though some, in fact most, of the rules +presently in force are no doubt a result of modern requirements, and do not +date back to the earliest periods of heraldry in this country. + +The obligation of cadet lines to difference their arms was recognised +practically universally in the fourteenth century; and when, later, the +systematic use of differencing seemed in danger of being ignored, it was +made the subject of specific legislation. In the treatise of ZYPOEUS, _de +Notitia juris Belgici_, lib. xii., quoted also in MENETRIER, _Recherches du +Blazon_, p. 218, we find the following:-- + +"Ut secundo et ulterius geniti, quinimo primogeniti vivo patre, integra +insignia non gerant, sed aliqua nota distincta, ut perpetuo linæ dignosci +possint, et ex qua quique descendant, donec anteriores defecerint. Exceptis +Luxenburgis et Gueldris, quibus non sunt ii mores." (The exception is +curious.) + +The choice of these _brisures_, as marks of difference are often termed, +was, however, left to the persons concerned; and there is, consequently, a +great variety of differences or differentiation marks which seem to have +been used for the purpose. The term "brisure" is really French, whilst the +German term for these marks is "Beizeichen." + +British heraldry, on the contrary, is remarkable for its use of two {478} +distinct sets of rules--the English and the Scottish--the Irish system +being identical with the former. + +To understand the question of cadency it is necessary to revert to the +status of a coat of arms in early periods. In the first chapter we dealt +with the origin of armory; and in a subsequent chapter with the status of a +coat of arms in Great Britain, and it will therefrom have been apparent +that arms, and a right to them, developed in this country as an adjunct of, +or contemporaneously with, the extension of the feudal system. Every +landowner was at one time required to have his seal--presumably, of +arms--and as a result arms were naturally then considered to possess +something of a territorial character. I do not by this mean to say that the +arms belonged to the land and were transferable with the sale and purchase +thereof. There never was in this country a period at which such an idea +held; nor were arms originally entirely personal or individual. They +belonged rather to a position half-way between the two. They were the arms +of a given family, originating because that family held land and accepted +the consequent responsibilities thereto belonging, but the arms appertained +for the time being to the member of that family who owned the land, and +that this is the true idea of the former status of a coat of arms is +perhaps best evidenced by the Grey and Hastings controversy, which engaged +the attention of the Court of Chivalry for several years prior to 1410. The +decision and judgment in the case gave the undifferenced arms of Hastings +to the heir-general (Grey de Ruthyn), the heir-male (Sir Edward Hastings) +being found only capable of bearing the arms of Hastings subject to some +mark of difference. + +This case, and the case of Scrope and Grosvenor, in which the king's award +was that the bordure was not sufficient difference for a stranger in blood, +being only the mark of a cadet, show clearly that the status of a coat of +arms in early times was that in its undifferenced state it belonged to one +person only for the time being, and that person the head of the family, +though it should be noted that the term "Head of the Family" seems to have +been interpreted into the one who held the lands of the family--whether he +were heir-male or heir-general being apparently immaterial. + +This much being recognised, it follows that some means were needed to be +devised to differentiate the armorial bearings of the younger members of +the family. Of course the earliest definite instances of any attempt at a +systematic "differencing" for cadency which can be referred to are +undoubtedly those cases presented by the arms of the younger members of the +Royal Family in England. These cases, however, it is impossible to take as +precedents. Royal Arms have always, from the very earliest times, been a +law unto themselves, {479} subject only to the will of the Sovereign, and +it is neither safe nor correct to deduce precedents to be applied to the +arms of subjects from proved instances concerning the Royal Arms. + +Probably, apart from these, the earliest mark of cadency which is to be met +with in heraldry is the label (Fig. 689) used to indicate the eldest son, +and this mark of difference dates back far beyond any other regularised +methods applicable to "younger" sons. The German name for the label is +"Turnierkragen," _i.e._ Tournament Collar, which may indicate the origin of +this curious figure. Probably the use of the label can be taken back to the +middle or early part of the thirteenth century, but the opportunity and +necessity of marking the arms of the heir-apparent temporarily, he having +the expectation of eventually succeeding to the undifferenced arms, is a +very different matter to the other opportunities for the use of marks of +cadency. The lord and his heir were the two most important members of the +family, and all others sunk their identity in their position in the +household of their chief unless they were established by marriage, or +otherwise, in lordships of their own, in which cases they are usually found +to have preferred the arms of the family from whom they inherited the +lordships they enjoyed; and their identities being to such a large extent +overlooked, the necessity for any system of marking the arms of a younger +son was not so early apparent as the necessity for marking the arms of the +heir. + +[Illustration: FIG. 689.--The label.] + +The label does not appear to have been originally confined exclusively to +the heir. It was at first the only method of differencing known, and it is +not therefore to be wondered at that we find that it was frequently used by +other cadets, who used it with no other meaning than to indicate that they +were not the Head of the House. It has, consequently, in some few cases +[for example, in the arms of Courtenay (Fig. 246), Babington, and +Barrington] become stereotyped as a charge, and is continuously and +unchangeably used as such, whereas doubtless it may have been no more +originally than a mere mark of cadency. The label was originally drawn with +its upper edge identical with the top of the shield (Fig. 520), but later +its position on the shield was lowered. The number of points on the label +was at first without meaning, a five-pointed label occurring in Fig. 690 +and a seven-pointed one in Fig. 235. + +In the Roll of Caerlaverock the label is repeatedly referred to. Of Sir +MAURICE DE BERKELEY it is expressly declared that + + "... un label de asur avoit, + Porce qe ces peres vivoit." + +{480} + +Sir PATRICK DUNBAR, son of the Earl of LOTHIAN (_i.e._ of MARCH), then bore +arms similar to his father, with the addition of a label "azure." On the +other hand, Sir JOHN DE SEGRAVE is said to bear his deceased father's arms +undifferenced, while his younger brother NICHOLAS carries them with a label +"gules"; and in the case of EDMUND DE HASTINGS the label is also assigned +to a younger brother. Further proof of its being thus borne by cadets is +furnished by the evidence in the GREY and HASTINGS controversy in the reign +of HENRY IV., from which it appeared that the younger line of the HASTINGS +family had for generations differenced the paternal coat by a label of +three points; and, as various knights and esquires had deposed to this +label being the cognisance of the nearest heir, it was argued that the +defendant's ancestors would not have borne their arms in this way had they +not been the reputed next heirs of the family of the Earl of PEMBROKE. The +label will be seen in Figs. 690, 691, and 692, though its occurrence in the +last case in each of the quarters is most unusual. The argent label on the +arms for the Sovereignty of Man is a curious confirmation of the +reservation of an argent label for Royalty. + +[Illustration: FIG. 690.--Arms of John de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln (d. 1240): +Quarterly, or and gules, a bend sable, and a label argent. (MS. Cott. Nero, +D. 1.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 691.--Arms of John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln (son of +John, Duke of Suffolk), d. 1487: Quarterly, 1 and 4, azure, a fess between +three leopards' faces or; 2 and 3, per fess gules and argent, a lion +rampant queue fourché or, armed and langued azure, over all a label argent. +(From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 692.--Arms of William Le Scrope, Earl of Wiltes (d. +1399): Quarterly, 1 and 4, the arms of the Isle of Man, a label argent; 2 +and 3, azure, a bend or, a label gules. (From Willement's Roll, sixteenth +century.)] + +WILLIAM RUTHVEN, Provost of PERTH, eldest son of the Master of RUTHVEN, +bore a label of four points in 1503. Two other instances may be noticed of +a label borne by a powerful younger brother. One is WALTER STEWART, Earl of +MENTEITH, the fourth High Steward, in 1292; and we find the label again on +the seal of his son ALEXANDER STEWART, Earl of MENTEITH. + +At Caerlaverock, HENRY of Lancaster, brother and successor of THOMAS, Earl +of LANCASTER-- + + "Portait les armes son frère + Au beau bastoun sans label," + +_i.e._ he bore the Royal Arms, differenced by a bendlet "azure." {481} + +JANE FENTOUN, daughter and heir-apparent of WALTER FENTOUN of Baikie, bore +a label in 1448, and dropped it after her father's death. This is +apparently an instance quite unique. I know of no other case where the +label has been used by a woman as a mark of difference. + +In FRANCE the label was the chief recognised mode of difference, though the +bend and the bordure are frequently to be met with. + +In GERMANY, SPENER tells us that the use of the label, though occasional, +was not infrequent: "Sicuti in Gallia vix alius discerniculorum modus +frequentior est, ita rariora exempla reperimus in Germania," and he gives a +few examples, though he is unable to assign the reason for its assumption +as a hereditary bearing. The most usual method of differencing in Germany +was by the alteration of the tinctures or by the alteration of the charges. +As an example of the former method, the arms of the Bavarian family of +Parteneck may be instanced (Figs. 693 to 697), all representing the arms of +different branches of the same family. + +[Illustration: FIG. 693.--Parteneck.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 694.--Cammer.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 695.--Cammerberg.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 696.--Hilgertshauser.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 697.--Massenhauser.] + +Next to the use of the label in British heraldry came the use of the +bordure, and the latter as a mark of cadency can at any rate be traced back +_as a well-established matter of rule_ and precedent as far as the Scrope +and Grosvenor controversy in the closing years of the fourteenth century. + +At the period when the bordure as a difference is to be most frequently met +with in English heraldry, it never had any more definite status or meaning +than a sign that the bearer was _not_ the head of the house, though one +cannot but think that in many cases in which it occurs its significance is +a doubt as to legitimate descent, or a doubt of the probability of an +asserted descent. In modern _English_ practice the bordure as a difference +for cadets only continues to be used by those whose ancestors bore it in +ancient times. Its other use as a modern mark of illegitimacy is dealt with +in the chapter upon marks of illegitimacy, but the curious and unique +_Scottish_ system of cadency bordures will be presently referred to. + +In Germany of old the use of the bordure as a difference does not appear to +have been very frequent, but it is now used to distinguish {482} the arms +of the Crown Prince. In Italian heraldry, although differences are known, +there is no system whatever. In Spain and Portugal marks of cadency, in our +sense of the word, are almost unknown, but nevertheless the bordure, +especially as indicating descent from a maternal ancestor, is very largely +employed. The most familiar instance is afforded by the Royal Arms of +Portugal, in which the arms of PORTUGAL are surrounded by a "bordure" of +CASTILE. + +Differencing, however, had become a necessity at an earlier period than the +period at which we find an approach to the systematic usage of the label, +bordure, and bend, but it should be noticed that those who wished, and +needed, to difference were those younger members of the family who by +settlement, or marriage, had themselves become lords of other estates, and +heads of distinct houses. For a man must be taken as a "Head of a House" +for all intents and purposes as soon as by his possession of lands "held in +chief" he became _himself_ liable to the Crown to provide stated military +service, and as a consequence found the necessity for a banner of arms, +under which his men could be mustered. Now having these positions as +overlords, the inducement was rather to set up arms for themselves than to +pose merely as cadets of other families, and there can be no doubt whatever +that at the earliest period, differencing, for the above reason, took the +form of and was meant as a _change in the arms_. It was something quite +beyond and apart from the mere condition of a right to recognised arms, +with an indication thereupon that the bearer was not the person chiefly +entitled to the display of that particular coat. We therefore find cadets +bearing the arms of their house with the tincture changed, with subsidiary +charges introduced, or with some similar radical alteration made. Such +coats should properly be considered essentially _different_ coats, merely +_indicating_ in their design a given relationship rather than as the _same_ +coat regularly differenced by rule to indicate cadency. For instance, the +three original branches of the Conyers family bear: "Azure, a maunch +ermine; azure, a maunch or; azure, a maunch ermine debruised by a bendlet +gules." The coat differenced by the bend, of course, stands self-confessed +as a differenced coat, but it is by no means certain, nor is it known +whether "azure, a maunch ermine," or "azure, a maunch or" indicates the +original Conyers arms, for the very simple reason that it is now impossible +to definitely prove which branch supplies the true head of the family. It +is known that a wicked uncle intervened, and usurped the estates to the +detriment of the nephew and heir, but whether the uncle usurped the arms +with the estates, or whether the heir changed his arms when settled on the +other lands to which he migrated, there is now no means of ascertaining. + +Similarly we find the Darcy arms ["Argent, three cinquefoils gules," {483} +which is probably the oldest form], "Argent, crusuly and three cinquefoils +gules," and "Azure, crusuly and three cinquefoils argent," and countless +instances can be referred to where, for the purpose of indicating cadency, +the arms of a family were changed in this manner. This reason, of which +there can be no doubt, supplies the origin and the excuse for the custom of +assigning _similar_ arms when the descent is but doubtful. Similarity +originally, though it _may_ indicate consanguinity, was never intended to +be proof thereof. + +The principal ancient methods of alteration in arms, which nowadays are +apparently accepted as former modes of differencing merely to indicate +cadency, may perhaps be classified into: (_a_) Change of tincture; (_b_) +the addition of small charges to the field, or to an ordinary; (_c_) the +addition of a label or (_d_) of a canton or quarter; (_e_) the addition of +an inescutcheon; (_f_) the addition (or change) of an ordinary; (_g_) the +changing of the lines of partition enclosing an ordinary, and perhaps also +(_h_) diminishing the number of charges; (_i_) a change of some or all of +the minor charges. At a later date came (_j_) the systematic use of the +label, the bordure, and the bend; and subsequently (_k_) the use of the +modern systems of "marks of cadency." Perhaps, also, one should include +(_l_) the addition of quarterings, the use of (_m_) augmentations and +official arms, and (_n_) the escutcheon _en surtout_, indicating a +territorial and titular lordship, but the three last-mentioned, though +useful for distinction and frequently obviating the necessity of other +marks of cadency, did not originate with the theory or necessities of +differencing, and are not properly marks of cadency. At the same time, the +warning should be given that it is not safe always to presume cadency when +a change of tincture or other slight deviation from an earlier form of the +arms is met with. Many families when they exhibited their arms at the +Visitations could not substantiate them, and the heralds, in confirming +arms, frequently deliberately changed the tinctures of many coats they met +with, to introduce distinction from other authorised arms. + +Practically contemporarily with the use of the bordure came the use of the +bend, then employed for the same purpose. In the _Armorial de Gelre_, one +of the earliest armorials now in existence which can be referred to, the +well-known coat of Abernethy is there differenced by the bendlet engrailed, +and the arms of the King of Navarre bear his quartering of France +differenced by a bendlet compony. Amongst other instances in which the bend +or bendlet appears originally as a mark of cadency, but now as a charge, +may be mentioned the arms of Fitzherbert, Fulton, Stewart (Earl of +Galloway), and others. It is a safe presumption with regard to ancient +coats of arms that any coat in which the field is semé is in nine cases out +of ten a differenced coat {484} for a junior cadet, as is also any coat in +which a charge or ordinary is debruised by another. Of course in more +modern times no such presumption is permissible. An instance of a semé +field for cadency will be found in the case of the D'Arcy arms already +mentioned. Little would be gained by a long list of instances of such +differences, because the most careful and systematic investigations clearly +show that in early times no definite rules whatever existed as to the +assumption of differences, which largely depended upon the pleasure of the +bearer, and no system can be deduced which can be used to decide that the +appearance of any given difference or kind of difference meant a given set +of circumstances. Nor can any system be deduced which has any value for the +purposes of precedent. + +Certain instances are appended which will indicate the style of +differencing which was in vogue, but it should be distinctly remembered +that the object was not to allocate the bearer of any particular coat of +arms to any specific place in the family pedigree, but merely to show that +he was not the head of the house, entitled to bear the undifferenced arms, +if indeed it would not be more accurate to describe these instances as +simply examples of different coats of arms used by members of the same +family. For it should be remembered that anciently, before the days of +"black and white" illustration, prominent change of tincture was admittedly +a sufficient distinction between strangers in blood. Beyond the use of the +label and the bordure there does not seem to have been any recognised +system of differencing until at the earliest the fifteenth +century--probably any regulated system does not date much beyond the +commencement of the series of Visitations. + +Of the four sons of GILLES DE MAILLY, who bore, "Or, three mallets vert," +the second, third, and fourth sons respectively made the charges "gules," +"azure," and "sable." The "argent" field of the DOUGLAS coat was in some +branches converted into "ermine" as early as 1373; and the descendants of +the DOUGLASES of Dalkeith made the chief "gules" instead of "azure." A +similar mode of differencing occurs in the Lyon Register in many other +families. The MURRAYS of Culbin in the North bore a "sable" field for their +arms in lieu of the more usual "azure," and there seems reason to believe +that the Southern Frasers originally bore their field "sable," the change +to "azure" being an alteration made by those branches who migrated +northwards. An interesting series of arms is met with in the case of the +differences employed by the Earls of Warwick. Waleran, Earl of Warwick (d. +1204), appears to have added to the arms of Warenne (his mother's family) +"a chevron ermine." His son Henry, Earl of Warwick (d. 1229), changed the +chevron to a bend, but Thomas, Earl {485} of Warwick (d. 1242), reverted to +the chevron, a form which was perpetuated after the earldom had passed to +the house of Beauchamp. An instance of the addition of mullets to the bend +in the arms of Bohun is met with in the cadet line created Earls of +Northampton. + +The shield of WILLIAM DE ROUMARE, Earl of LINCOLN, who died in 1198, is +adduced by Mr. PLANCHÉ as an early example of differencing by crosses +crosslet; the principal charges being seven mascles conjoined, three, +three, and one. We find in the Rolls of Arms of the thirteenth and early +part of the fourteenth century many instances of coats crusily, billetty, +bezanty, and "pleyn d'escallops," fleurette, and "a les trefoiles d'or." +With these last Sir EDMOND DACRE of Westmoreland powdered the shield borne +by the head of his family: "Gules, three escallops or" (Roll of Edward +II.). The coat borne by the ACTONS of Aldenham, "Gules, crusily or, two +lions passant argent," is sometimes quoted as a gerated coat of LESTRANGE; +for EDWARD DE ACTON married the coheiress of LESTRANGE (living 1387), who +bore simply: "Gules, two lions passant argent." That the arms of Acton are +derived from Lestrange cannot be questioned, but the probability is that +they were _a new invention_ as a distinct coat, the charges suggested by +Lestrange. The original coat of the House of Berkeley in England (Barclay +in Scotland) appears to have been: "Gules, a chevron or" (or "argent"). The +seals of ROBERT DE BERKELEY, who died 4 Henry III., and MAURICE DE +BERKELEY, who died 1281, all show the shield charged with a chevron only. +MORIS DE BARKELE, in the Roll _temp._ Henry III., bears: "Goules, a chevron +argent." + +But THOMAS, son of MAURICE, who died 15 EDWARD II., has the present coat: +"Gules, a chevron between ten crosses patée argent;" while in the roll of +Edward II., "De goules od les rosettes de argent et un chevron de argent" +is attributed to Sir THOMAS DE BERKELEY. In Leicestershire the BERKELEYS +gerated with cinquefoils, an ancient and favourite bearing in that county, +derived of course from the arms or badge of the Earl of Leicester. In +Scotland the BARCLAYS differenced by change of tincture, and bore: "Azure, +a chevron argent between (or in chief) three crosses patée of the same." An +interesting series of differences is met with upon the arms of NEVILLE of +Raby, which are: "Gules, a saltire argent," and which were differenced by a +crescent "sable"; a martlet "gules"; a mullet "sable" and a mullet "azure"; +a "fleur-de-lis"; a rose "gules"; a pellet, or annulet, "sable," this being +the difference of Lord Latimer; and two interlaced annulets "azure," all +borne on the centre point of the saltire. The interlaced annulets were +borne by Lord Montagu, as a _second_ difference on the arms of his father, +Richard Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, he and his brother the King-maker _both_ +using the curious {486} compony label of azure and argent borne by their +father, which indicated their descent from John of Gaunt. One of the best +known English examples of differencing by a change of charges is that of +the coat of the COBHAMS, "Gules, a chevron or," in which the ordinary was +charged by various cadets with three pierced estoiles, three lions, three +crossed crosslets, three "fleurs-de-lis," three crescents, and three +martlets, all of "sable." + +The original GREY coat ["Barry of six argent and azure"] is differenced in +the Roll of Edward I. by a bend gules for JOHN DE GREY; at Caerlaverock +this is engrailed. + +The SEGRAVE coat ["Sable, a lion rampant argent"] is differenced by the +addition of "a bendlet or"; or "a bendlet gules"; and the last is again +differenced by engrailing it. + +In the Calais Roll the arms of WILLIAM DE WARREN ["Chequy or and azure"] +are differenced by the addition of a canton said to be that of FITZALAN +(but really that of NERFORD). + +Whilst no regular system of differencing has survived in France, and whilst +outside the Royal Family arms in that country show comparatively few +examples of difference marks, the system as regards the French Royal Arms +was well observed and approximated closely to our own. The Dauphin of +France bore the Royal Arms undifferenced but never alone, they being always +quartered with the sovereign arms of his personal sovereignty of Dauphiné: +"Or, a dolphin embowed azure, finned gules." This has been more fully +referred to on page 254. It is much to be regretted that the arms of H.R.H. +the Prince of Wales do not include the arms of his sovereignty of the Duchy +of Cornwall, nor any allusion to his dignities of Prince of Wales or Earl +of Chester. + +[Illustration: FIG. 698.--Seal of Elizabeth, widow of Philip, Duke of +Orleans.] + +The arms of the Dukes of Orleans were the arms of France differenced by a +label argent. This is to be observed, for example, upon the seal (Fig. 698) +of the Duchess Charlotte Elizabeth of Orleans, widow of Philip of Orleans, +brother of King Louis XIV. of France. She was a daughter of the Elector +Charles Louis. The arms of the old Dukes of Anjou were the ancient coat of +France (azure, semé-de-lis or) differenced by a label of five points gules, +but the younger house {487} of Anjou bore the modern arms of France +differenced by a bordure gules. The Dukes d'Alençon also used the bordure +gules, but charged this with eight plates, whilst the Dukes de Berri used a +bordure _engrailed_ gules. + +The Counts d'Angoulême used the arms of the Dukes of Orleans, adding a +crescent gules on each point of the label, whilst the Counts d'Artois used +France (ancient) differenced by a label gules, each point charged with +three castles (towers) or. + +The rules which govern the marks of cadency at present in England are as +follows, and it should be carefully borne in mind that the Scottish system +bears no relation whatever to the English system. The eldest son during the +lifetime of his father differences his arms by a label of three points +couped at the ends. This is placed in the centre chief point of the +escutcheon. There is no rule as to its colour, which is left to the +pleasure of the bearer; but it is usually decided as follows: (1) That it +shall not be metal on metal, or colour on colour; (2) that it shall not be +argent or white; and, if possible, that it shall differ from any colour or +metal in which any component part of the shield is depicted. Though +anciently the label was drawn throughout the shield, this does not now seem +to be a method officially adopted. At any rate drawn throughout it +apparently obtains no official countenance for the arms of subjects, though +many of the best heraldic artists always so depict it. The eldest son bears +this label during his father's lifetime, succeeding to the undifferenced +shield on the death of his father. His children--being the grandchildren of +the then head of the house--difference upon the label, but such difference +marks are, like their father's, only contemporary with the life of the +grandfather, and, immediately upon the succession of their father, the +children remove the label, and difference upon the original arms. The use +of arms by a junior grandson is so restricted in ordinary life that to all +intents and purposes this may be ignored, except in the case of the +heir-apparent of the heir-apparent, _i.e._ of the grandson in the lifetimes +of his father and grandfather. In his case one label of _five_ points is +used, and to place a label upon a label is not correct when both are marks +of cadency, and not charges. But the grandson on the death of his father, +during the lifetime of the grandfather, and when the grandson succeeds as +heir-apparent of the grandfather, succeeds also to the label of three +points, which may therefore more properly be described as the difference +mark of the heir-apparent than the difference mark of the eldest son. It is +necessary, perhaps, having said this, to add the remark that heraldry knows +no such thing as disinheritance, and heirship is an inalienable matter of +blood descent, and not of worldly inheritance. No woman can ever be an +heir-apparent. Though now {488} the number of points on a label is a matter +of rule, this is far from having been always the case, and prior to the +Stuart period no deductions can be drawn with certainty from the number of +the points in use. It seems a very great pity that no warrants were issued +for the children of the then Duke of York during the lifetime of Queen +Victoria, as labels for _great_-grandchildren would have been quite unique. + +If the eldest son succeeds through the death of his mother to her arms and +quarterings during his father's lifetime, he must be careful that the label +which he bears as heir-apparent to his father's arms does not cross the +quartering of his mother's arms. + +If his father bears a quarterly shield, the label is so placed that it +shall apparently debruise all his father's quarterings, _i.e._ in a shield +quarterly of four the label would be placed in the centre chief point, the +centre file of the label being upon the palar line, and the other files in +the first and second quarters respectively, whilst the colour would usually +depend, as has been above indicated, upon the tinctures of the pronominal +arms. Due regard, however, must be had that a label of gules, for example, +is not placed on a field of gules. A parti-coloured label is not nowadays +permissible, though instances of its use can occasionally be met with in +early examples. Supposing the field of the first quarter is argent, and +that of the second azure, in all probability the best colour for the label +would be gules, and indeed gules is the colour most frequently met with for +use in this purpose. + +If the father possess the quarterly coat of, say, four quarterings, which +are debruised by a label by the heir-apparent, and the mother die, and the +heir-apparent succeed to her arms, he would of course, after his father's +death, arrange his mother's quarterings with these, placing his father's +pronominal arms 1 and 4, the father's quartering in the second quarter, and +the mother's arms in the third quarter. This arrangement, however, is not +permissible during his father's lifetime, because otherwise his label in +chief would be held to debruise _all_ the four coats, and the only method +in which such a combination could be properly displayed in the lifetime of +the father but after the death of his mother is to place the father's arms +in the grand quartering in the first and fourth quarters, each being +debruised by the label, and the mother's in the grand quartering in the +second and third quarters without any interference by the label. + +The other marks of difference are: For the second son a crescent; for the +third son a mullet; for the fourth son a martlet; for the fifth son an +annulet; for the sixth son a fleur-de-lis; for the seventh son a rose; for +the eighth son a cross moline; for the ninth son a double quatrefoil (Fig. +699). + +Of these the first six are given in BOSSEWELL'S "Workes of {489} Armorie" +(1572), and the author adds: "If there be any more than six brethren the +devise or assignment of further difference only appertaineth to the kingis +of armes especially when they visite their severall provinces; and not to +the father of the children to give them what difference he list, as some +without authoritie doe allege." + +[Illustration: FIG. 699.--The English marks of cadency.] + +The position for a mark of difference is in the centre chief point, though +it is not incorrect (and many such instances will be found) for it to be +charged on a chevron or fess, in the centre point. This, however, is not a +very desirable position for it in a simple coat of arms. The second son of +the second son places a crescent upon a crescent, the third son a mullet on +a crescent, the fourth son a martlet on a crescent, and so on; and there is +an instance in the Visitation of London in which the arms of Cokayne appear +with _three_ crescents one upon another: this instance has been already +referred to on page 344. Of course, when the English system is carried to +these lengths it becomes absurd, because the crescents charged one upon +each other become so small as to be practically indistinguishable. There +are, however, very few cases in which such a display would be correct--as +will be presently explained. This difficulty, which looms large in theory, +amounts to very little in the practical use of armory, but it nevertheless +is the one outstanding objection to the English system of difference marks. +It is constantly held up to derision by those people who are unaware of the +next rule upon the subject, which is, that as soon as a quartering comes +into the possession of a cadet branch--which quartering is not enjoyed by +the head of the house--all necessity for any marks of difference at all is +considered to be ended, provided that that quartering is always +displayed--and that cadet branch then begins afresh from that generation to +redifference. + +Now there are few English families in whose pedigree during three or four +generations one marriage is not with an heiress in blood, so that this +theoretical difficulty very quickly disappears. + +No doubt there is always an inducement to retain the quarterings of an +historical or illustrious house which may have been brought in in the past, +but if the honours and lands brought in with that quartering are wholly +enjoyed by the head of the house, it becomes, from a practical point of +view, mere affectation to prefer that quartering to another (brought in +subsequently) of a family, the entire representation of which belongs to +the junior branch and not to the senior. If {490} the old idea of confining +a shield to four quarters be borne in mind, concurrently with the +necessity--for purposes of distinction--of introducing new quarterings, the +new quarterings take the place of the old, the use of which is left to the +senior branch. Under such circumstances, and the regular practice of them, +the English system is seldom wanting, and it at once wipes out the +difficulty which is made much of--that under the English system there is no +way of indicating the difference between the arms of uncle and nephew. If +the use of impalements is also adhered to, the difficulty practically +vanishes. + +To difference a _single_ coat the mark of difference is placed in the +centre chief point; to difference a _quarterly_ coat of four quarters the +same position on the shield is most generally used, the mark being placed +over the palar line, though occasionally the difference mark is placed, and +not incorrectly, in the centre of the quarterings. A coat of six quarters, +however, is always differenced on the fess line of partition, the mark +being placed in the fess point, because if placed in the centre chief point +it would only appear as a difference upon the second quartering, so that on +all shields of six or more quarterings the difference mark must be placed +on some line of partition at the nearest possible point to the true centre +fess point of the escutcheon. It is then understood to difference the whole +of the quarterings over which it is displayed, but directly a quartering is +introduced which has been inherited subsequently to the cadency which +produced the difference mark, that difference mark must be either discarded +or transferred to the first quartering only. + +_The use of these difference marks is optional._ Neither officially nor +unofficially is any attempt made to enforce their use in England--they are +left to the pleasure and discretion of the bearers, though it is a +well-understood and well-accepted position that, unless differenced by +quarterings or impalement, it is neither courteous nor proper for a cadet +to display the arms of the head of his house: beyond this, the matter is +usually left to good taste. + +There is, however, one position in which the use of difference marks is +compulsory. If under a Royal Licence, or other exemplification--for +instance, the creation of a peerage--a difference mark is painted upon the +arms, or even if an exemplification of the arms differenced is placed at +the head of an official record of pedigree, those arms would not +subsequently be exemplified, or their use officially admitted, without the +difference mark that has been recorded with them. + +The differencing of crests for cadency is very rare. Theoretically, these +should be marked equally with the shield, and when arms are exemplified +officially under the circumstances above referred to, crest, {491} + +[Illustration: FIG. 700.--King John, before his accession to the throne. +(From MS. Cott., Julius, C. vii.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 701.--Edmund "Crouchback," Earl of Lancaster, second +son of Henry III. (From his tomb.) His arms are elsewhere given: De goules +ove trois leopardes passantz dor, et lambel dazure florete d'or.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 702.--Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, d. 1322 (son of +preceding): England with a label azure, each point charged with three +fleurs-de-lis. (From his seal, 1301.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 703.--Henry of Lancaster, 1295-1324 (brother of +preceding, before he succeeded his brother as Earl of Lancaster): England +with a bend azure. (From his seal, 1301.) After 1324 he bore England with a +label as his brother.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 704.--Henry, Duke of Lancaster, son of preceding. (From +his seal, 1358.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 705.--Edward of Carnarvon, Prince of Wales (afterwards +Edward II.), bore before 1307: England with a label azure. (From his seal, +1305.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 706.--John of Eltham (second son of Edward II.): +England with a bordure of the arms of France. (From his tomb.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 707.--Arms of Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, 3rd +son of Edward I.: England within a bordure argent. The same arms were borne +by his descendant, Thomas de Holand, Earl of Kent.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 708.--Arms of John de Holand, Duke of Exeter (d. 1400): +England, a bordure of France. (From his seal, 1381.)] + +{492} supporters, and shield are all equally differenced, but the +difficulty of adding difference mark on difference mark when no marriage or +heiress can ever bring in any alteration to the crest is very generally +recognised and admitted, even officially, and it is rare indeed to come +across a crest carrying more than a single difference mark. + +The grant of an augmentation to any cadet obviates the slightest necessity +for any further use of difference marks inherited before the grant. + +There are no difference marks whatever for daughters, there being in +English common law no seniority between the different daughters of one man. +They succeed equally, whether heiresses or not, to the arms of their father +for use during their lifetimes, and they must bear them on their own +lozenges or impaled on the shields of their husbands, with the difference +marks which their father needed to use. It would be permissible, however, +to discard these difference marks of their fathers if subsequently to his +death his issue succeeded to the position of head of the family. For +instance, suppose the daughters of the younger son of an earl are under +consideration. They would bear upon lozenges the arms of their father, +which would be those of the earl, charged with the mullet or crescent which +their father had used as a younger son. If by the extinction of issue the +brother of these daughters succeed to the earldom, they would no longer be +required to bear their father's difference mark. + +There are no marks of difference between illegitimate children. In the eye +of the law an illegitimate person has no relatives, and stands alone. +Supposing it be subsequently found that a marriage ceremony had been +illegal, the whole issue of that marriage becomes of course illegitimate. +As such, no one of them is entitled to bear arms. A Royal Licence, and +exemplification following thereupon, is necessary for each single one. Of +these exemplifications there is one case on record in which I think nine +follow each other on successive pages of one of the Grant Books: all differ +in some way--usually in the colour of the bordure; but the fact that there +are illegitimate brothers of the same parentage does not prevent the +descendants of any daughter quartering the differenced coat exemplified to +her. As far as heraldic law is concerned, she is the heiress of herself, +representing only herself, and consequently her heir quarters her arms. + +Marks of difference are never added to an exemplification following upon a +Royal Licence _after illegitimacy_. Marks of difference are to indicate +cadency, and there is no cadency vested in a person of illegitimate +birth--their right to the arms proceeding only from the regrant of them in +the exemplification. What is added in lieu is the _mark of distinction_ to +indicate the bastardy. {493} + +[Illustration: FIG. 709.--John de Holand, Duke of Exeter, son of preceding. +Arms as preceding. (From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 710.--Henry de Holand, Duke of Exeter, son of +preceding. Arms as preceding. (From his seal, 1455.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 711.--Thomas of Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, second son +of Edward I.: Arms of England, a label of three points argent.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 712.--Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk (d. 1400). +(From a drawing of his seal, MS. Cott., Julius, C. vii., f. 166.) Arms, see +page 465.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 713.--John de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk (d. 1432): Arms +as Fig. 711. (From his Garter plate.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 714.--John de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk (d. 1461): Arms +as Fig. 711. (From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 715.--Edward the Black Prince: Quarterly, 1 and 4 +France (ancient); 2 and 3 England, and a label of three points argent. +(From his tomb.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 716.--Richard, Prince of Wales (afterwards Richard +II.), son of preceding: Arms as preceding. (From his seal, 1377.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 717.--Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, fifth son of +King Edward III.: France (ancient) and England quarterly, a label of three +points argent, each point charged with three torteaux. (From his seal, +1391.) His son, Edward, Earl of Cambridge, until he succeeded his father, +_i.e._ before 1462, bore the same with an additional difference of a +bordure of Spain (Fig. 316). Vincent attributes to him, however, a label as +Fig. 719, which possibly he bore after his father's death.] + +{494} + +The method of differencing the English Royal Arms is quite unique, and has +no relation to the method ordinarily in use in this country for the arms of +subjects. The Royal Arms are not personal. They are the sovereign arms of +dominion, indicating the sovereignty enjoyed by the person upon the throne. +Consequently they are in no degree hereditary, and from the earliest times, +certainly since the reign of Edward I., the right to bear the undifferenced +arms has been confined exclusively to the sovereign upon the throne. In +early times there were two methods employed, namely, the use of the bordure +and of varieties of the label, the label of the heir-apparent to the +English throne being originally of azure. The arms of Thomas of Woodstock, +the youngest son of Edward I., were differenced by a bordure argent; his +elder brother, Thomas de Brotherton, having had a label of three points +argent; whilst the eldest son, Edward II., as Prince of Wales used a label +of three points azure. From that period to the end of the Tudor period the +use of labels and bordures seems to have continued concurrently, some +members of the Royal Family using one, some the other, though there does +not appear to have been any precise rules governing a choice between the +two. When Edward III. claimed the throne of France and quartered the arms +of that country with those of England, of course a portion of the field +then became azure, and a blue label upon a blue field was no longer +possible. The heir-apparent therefore differenced his shield by the plain +label of three points argent, and this has ever since, down to the present +day, continued to be the "difference" used by the heir-apparent to the +English throne. A label of gules upon the gules quartering of England was +equally impossible, and consequently from that period all labels used by +any member of the Royal Family have been argent, charged with different +objects, these being frequently taken from the arms of some female +ancestor. Figs. 700 to 730 are a somewhat extensive collection of +variations of the Royal Arms. + +Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, third son of Edward III., bore: France +(ancient) and England quarterly, a label of three points argent, and on +each point a canton gules. + +The use of the bordure as a legitimate difference upon the Royal Arms +ceased about the Tudor period, and differencing between members of the +Royal Family is now exclusively done by means of these labels. A few cases +of bordures to denote illegitimacy can, however, be found. The method of +deciding these labels is for separate warrants under the hand and seal of +the sovereign to be issued to the different members of the Royal Family, +assigning to each a certain coronet, and the label to be borne over the +Royal Arms, crest, and supporters. These warrants are personal to those for +whom they are {495} + +[Illustration: FIG. 718.--Richard, Duke of York (son of Edward, Earl of +Cambridge and Duke of York): Arms as preceding. (From his seal, 1436.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 719.--Referred to under Fig. 717.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 720.--Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham, seventh +son of Edward III.: France (ancient) and England quarterly, a bordure +argent. (From a drawing of his seal, 1391, MS. Cott., Julius, C. vii.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 721.--Henry of Monmouth, afterwards Henry V.: France +(modern) and England quarterly, a label of three points argent. (From his +seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 722.--Richard, Duke of Gloucester (afterwards Richard +III.): A label of three points ermine, on each point a canton gules.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 723.--Humphrey of Lancaster, Duke of Gloucester, fourth +son of Henry IV.: France (modern) and England quarterly, a bordure argent. +(From his seal.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 724.--John de Beaufort, Earl and Marquis of Somerset, +son of John of Gaunt. Arms subsequent to his legitimation: France and +England quarterly, within a bordure gobony azure and argent. Prior to his +legitimation he bore: Per pale argent and azure (the livery colours of +Lancaster), a bend of England (_i.e._ a bend gules charged with three lions +passant guardant or) with a label of France.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 725.--Thomas, Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV. +France and England quarterly, a label of three points ermine. (From his +seal, 1413.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 726.--George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, brother of +Edward IV.: France and England quarterly, a label of three points argent, +each charged with a canton gules. (From MS. Harl. 521.)] + +{496} issued, and are not hereditary. Of late their use, or perhaps may be +their issue, has not been quite so particularly conformed to as is +desirable, and at the present time the official records show the arms of +their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Fife, the Princess Victoria, and the +Queen of Norway, still bearing the label of five points indicative of their +position as grandchildren of the sovereign, which of course they were when +the warrants were issued in the lifetime of the late Queen Victoria. In +spite of the fact that the warrants have no hereditary limitation, I am +only aware of two modern instances in which a warrant has been issued to +the son of a cadet of the Royal House who had previously received a +warrant. One of these was the late Duke of Cambridge. The warrant was +issued to him in his father's lifetime, and to the label previously +assigned to his father a second label of three points gules, to be borne +directly below the other, was added. The other case was that of his cousin, +afterwards Duke of Cumberland and King of Hanover. In his case the second +label, also gules, was charged with the white horse of Hanover. + +[Illustration: FIG. 727.--John, Duke of Bedford, third son of Henry IV.: +France and England quarterly, a label of five points, the two dexter +ermine, the three sinister azure, charged with three fleurs-de-lis or. +(From MS. Add. 18,850.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 728.--Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford: France and England +quarterly, a bordure azure, charged with martlets or. (From his seal.) +Although uncle of Henry VII., Jasper Tudor had no blood descent whatever +which would entitle him to bear these arms. His use of them is very +remarkable.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 729.--Thomas de Beaufort, Earl of Dorset, brother of +John, Earl of Somerset (Fig. 724): France and England quarterly, a bordure +compony ermine and azure. (From his Garter plate.)] + +[Illustration: FIG. 730.--John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, bore: France +(ancient) and England quarterly, a label of three points _ermine_ (_i.e._ +each point charged with three ermine spots).] + +The label of the eldest son of the heir-apparent to the English throne is +not, as might be imagined, a plain label of five points, but the plain +label of three points, the centre point only being charged. The late Duke +of Clarence charged the centre point of his label of {497} three points +with a cross couped gules. After his death the Duke of York relinquished +the label of five points which he had previously borne, receiving one of +three, the centre point charged with an anchor. In every other case all of +the points are charged. The following examples of the labels in use at the +moment will show how the system now exists:-- + +_Prince of Wales._--A label of three points argent. + +_Princess Royal_ (Louise, Duchess of Fife).--A label of five points argent, +charged on the centre and outer points with a cross of St. George gules, +and on the two others with a thistle proper. + +_Princess Victoria._--A label of five points argent, charged with three +roses and two crosses gules. + +_Princess Maud_ (H.M. The Queen of Norway).--A label of five points argent, +charged with three hearts and two crosses gules. + +_The Duke of Edinburgh_ (Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha).--A label of three +points argent, the centre point charged with a cross gules, and on each of +the others an anchor azure. His son, the hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg +and Gotha, who predeceased his father, bore a label of five points, the +first, third, and fifth each charged with a cross gules, and the second and +fourth each with an anchor azure (Fig. 731). + +[Illustration: FIG. 731.--Label of the late hereditary Prince of +Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.] + +_The Duke of Connaught._--A label of three points argent, the centre point +charged with St. George's cross, and each of the other points with a +fleur-de-lis azure. + +_The late Princess Royal_ (German Empress).--A label of three points +argent, the centre point charged with a rose gules, and each of the others +with a cross gules. + +_The late Grand Duchess of Hesse._--A label of three points argent, the +centre point charged with a rose gules, and each of the others with an +ermine spot sable. + +_Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein._--A label of three points, the +centre point charged with St. George's cross, and each of the other points +with a rose gules. + +_Princess Louise_ (Duchess of Argyll).--A label of three points, the centre +point charged with a rose, and each of the other two with a canton gules. + +_Princess Henry of Battenberg._--A label of three points, the centre point +charged with a heart, and each of the other two with a rose gules. + +_The late Duke of Albany._--A label of three points, the centre point +charged with a St. George's cross, and each of the other two with a heart +gules. {498} + +_The Dukes of Cambridge._--The first Duke had a label of three points +argent, the centre point charged with a St. George's cross, and each of the +other two with _two_ hearts in pale gules. The warrant to the late Duke +assigned him the same label with the addition of a second label, plain, of +three points gules, to be borne below the former label. + +_The first Duke of Cumberland._--A label of three points argent, the centre +point charged with a fleur-de-lis azure, and each of the other two points +with a cross of St. George gules. + +Of the foregoing recently assigned labels all are borne over the plain +English arms (1 and 4 England, 2 Scotland, 3 Ireland), charged with the +escutcheon of Saxony, except those of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, +Cambridge, and Cumberland. In the two latter cases the labels are borne +over the _latest_ version of the arms of King George III., _i.e._ with the +inescutcheon of Hanover, but, of course, neither the electoral bonnet nor +the later crown which surmounted the inescutcheon of Hanover was made use +of, and the smaller inescutcheon bearing the crown of Charlemagne was also +omitted for the children of George III., except in the case of the Prince +of Wales, who bore the plain inescutcheon of gules, but without the crown +of Charlemagne thereupon. + +The labels for the other sons and daughters of King George III. were as +follows:-- + +_The Duke of York._--A label of three points argent, the centre point +charged with a cross gules. The Duke of York bore upon the inescutcheon of +Hanover an inescutcheon argent (in the place occupied in the Royal Arms by +the inescutcheon charged with the crown of Charlemagne) charged with a +wheel of six spokes gules, for the Bishopric of Osnaburgh, which he +possessed. + +_The Duke of Clarence_ (afterwards William IV.).--A label of three points +argent, the centre point charged with a cross gules, and each of the others +with an anchor erect azure. + +_The Duke of Kent_ had his label charged with a cross gules between two +fleurs-de-lis azure. + +_The Duke of Sussex._--The label argent charged with two hearts in pale +gules in the centre point between two crosses gules. + +_The Princess Royal_ (Queen of Würtemberg).--A rose between two crosses +gules. + +_The Princess Augusta._--A like label, charged with a rose gules between +two ermine spots. + +_The Princess Elizabeth_ (Princess of Hesse-Homburg).--A like label charged +with a cross between two roses gules. + +_The Princess Mary_ (Duchess of Gloucester).--A like label, charged with a +rose between two cantons gules. {499} + +_The Princess Sophia._--A like label, charged with a heart between two +roses gules. + +_The Princess Amelia._--A like label, charged with a rose between two +hearts gules. + +_The Duke of Gloucester_ (brother of George III.).--A label of _five_ +points argent, charged with a fleur-de-lis azure between four crosses +gules. His son (afterwards Duke of Gloucester) bore an additional plain +label of three points during the lifetime of his father. + +The Royal labels are placed across the shield, on the crest, and on each of +the supporters. The crest stands upon and is crowned with a coronet +identical with the circlet of any coronet of rank assigned in the same +patent; the lion supporter is crowned and the unicorn supporter is gorged +with a similar coronet. It may perhaps be of interest to note that no +badges and no motto are ever now assigned in these Royal Warrants except in +the case of the Prince of Wales. + +F.-M. H.S.H. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, the Consort of H.R.H. the +Princess Charlotte (only child of George IV.), received by warrant dated +April 7, 1818, the right "to use and bear the Royal Arms (without the +inescocheon of Charlemagne's crown, and without the Hanoverian Royal crown) +differenced with a label of five points argent, the centre point charged +with a rose gules, quarterly with the arms of his illustrious House ['Barry +of ten sable and or, a crown of rue in bend vert'], the Royal Arms in the +first and fourth quarters." + +By Queen Victoria's desire this precedent was followed in the case of the +late Prince Consort, the label in his case being of three points argent, +the centre point charged with a cross gules, and, by a curious coincidence, +the arms of his illustrious House, with which the Royal Arms were +quartered, were again the arms of Saxony, these appearing in the second and +third quarters. + +Quite recently a Royal Warrant has been issued for H.M. Queen Alexandra. +This assigns, upon a single shield within the Garter, the undifferenced +arms of His Majesty impaled with the undifferenced arms of Denmark. The +shield is surmounted by the Royal crown. The supporters are: (dexter) the +lion of England, and (sinister) a savage wreathed about the temples and +loins with oak and supporting in his exterior hand a club all proper. This +sinister supporter is taken from the Royal Arms of Denmark. + +Abroad there is now no equivalent whatever to our methods of differencing +the Royal Arms. An official certificate was issued to me recently from +Denmark of the undifferenced Royal Arms of Denmark certified as correct for +the "Princes and Princesses" of that country. But the German Crown Prince +bears his shield within a bordure gules, and anciently in France (from +which country the English system was {500} very probably originally +derived) the differencing of the Royal French Arms for the younger branches +seems to have been carefully attended to, as has been already specified. + +Differencing in Scotland is carried out on an entirely different basis from +differencing in England. In Scotland the idea is still rigidly preserved +and adhered to that the coat of arms of a family belongs only to the head +of the family for the time being, and the terms of a Scottish grant are as +follows: "Know ye therefore that we have devised and do by these presents +assign ratify and confirm to the said ---- and his descendants _with such +congruent differences as may hereafter be matriculated for them the +following ensigns armorial_." Under the accepted interpretation of Scottish +armorial law, whilst the inherent gentility conferred by a patent of arms +is not denied to cadets, no right to make use of arms is conceded to them +until such time as they shall elect to matriculate the arms of their +ancestor in their own names. This point has led to a much purer system of +heraldry in Scotland than in England, and there is far less heraldic abuse +in that country as a result, because the differences are decided not +haphazardly by the user himself, as is the case in England, but by a +competent officer of arms. Moreover the constant occasions of matriculation +bring the arms frequently under official review. There is no fixed rule +which decides _ipse facto_ what difference shall be borne, and consequently +this decision has retained in the hands of the heraldic executive an amount +of control which they still possess far exceeding that of the executive in +England, and perhaps the best way in which to state the rules which hold +good will be to reprint a portion of one of the Rhind Lectures, delivered +by Sir James Balfour Paul, which is devoted to the point:-- + +"I have said that in Scotland the principle which limited the number of +paternal coats led to a careful differencing of these coats as borne by the +junior branches of the family. Though the English system was sometimes +used, it has never obtained to any great extent in Scotland, the practice +here being generally to difference by means of a bordure, in which way many +more generations are capable of being distinguished than is possible by the +English method. The weak point of the Scottish system is that, whilst the +general idea is good, there is no definite rule whereby it can be carried +out on unchanging lines; much is left to the discretion of the authorities. + +"As a general rule, it may be stated that the second son bears a plain +bordure of the tincture of the principal charge in the shield, and his +younger brothers also bear plain bordures of varying tinctures. In the next +generation the eldest son of the second son would bear his father's coat +and bordure without change; the second son would have the bordure +engrailed; the third, invected; the fourth, indented, {501} and so on, the +other sons of the younger sons in this generation differencing their +father's bordures in the same way. The junior members of the next +generation might have their bordures parted per pale, the following +generations having their bordures parted per fess and per saltire, per +cross or quarterly, gyronny or compony, that is, divided into alternate +spaces of metal or colour in a single trace--this, however, being often in +Scotland a mark of illegitimacy--counter-compone or a similar pattern in +two tracts, or chequy with three or more tracts. + +"You will see that these modifications of the simple bordure afford a great +variety of differences, and when they are exhausted the expedient can then +be resorted to of placing on the bordures charges taken from other coats, +often from those of a maternal ancestor; or they may be arbitrarily +assigned to denote some personal characteristic of the bearer, as in the +case of James Maitland, Major in the Scots regiment of Foot Guards, who +carries the dismembered lion of his family within a bordure wavy azure +charged with eight hand grenades or, significant, I presume, of his +military profession. + +"You will observe that, with all these varieties of differencing we have +mentioned, the younger branches descending from the original eldest son of +the parent house are still left unprovided with marks of cadency. These, +however, can be arranged for by taking the ordinary which appears in their +father's arms and modifying its boundary lines. Say the original coat was +'argent, a chevron gules,' the second son of the eldest son would have the +chevron engrailed, but without any bordure; the third, invected, and so on; +and the next generations the systems of bordures accompanying the modified +chevron would go on as before. And when all these methods are exhausted, +differences can still be made in a variety of ways, _e.g._ by charging the +ordinary with similar charges in a similar manner to the bordure as Erskine +of Shielfield, a cadet of Balgownie, who bore: 'Argent, on a pale sable, a +cross crosslet fitchée or within a bordure azure'; or by the introduction +of an ordinary into a coat which had not one previously, a bend or the +ribbon (which is a small bend) being a favourite ordinary to use for this +purpose. Again, we occasionally find a change of tincture of the field of +the shield used to denote cadency. + +"There are other modes of differencing which need not be alluded to in +detail, but I may say that on analysing the earlier arms in the Lyon +Register, I find that the bordure is by far the most common method of +indicating cadency, being used in no less than 1080 cases. The next most +popular way is by changing the boundary lines of an ordinary, which is done +in 563 shields; 233 cadets difference their arms by the insertion of a +smaller charge on the ordinary and 195 on {502} the shield. A change of +tincture, including counterchanging, is carried out in 155 coats, and a +canton is added in 70 cases, while there are 350 coats in which two or more +of the above methods are used. From these figures, which are approximately +correct, you will see the relative frequency of the various modes of +differencing. You will also note that the original coat of a family can be +differenced in a great many ways so as to show the connection of cadets +with the parent house. The drawback to the system is that heralds have +never arrived at a uniform treatment so as to render it possible to +calculate the exact relationship of the cadets. Much is left, as I said, to +the discretion of the officer granting the arms; but still it gives +considerable assistance in determining the descent of a family." + +The late Mr. Stodart, Lyon Clerk Depute, who was an able herald, +particularly in matters relating to Scotland, had elaborated a definite +system of these bordures for differencing which would have done much to +simplify Scottish cadency. Its weak point was obviously this, that it could +only be applied to new matriculations of arms by cadets; and so, if adopted +as a definite and unchangeable matter of rule, it might have occasioned +doubt and misunderstanding in future times with regard to many important +Scottish coats now existing, without reference to Mr. Stodart's system. But +the scheme elaborated by Mr. Stodart is now accepted as the broad basis of +the Scottish system for matriculations (Fig. 732). + +In early Scottish seals the bordures are to so large an extent engrailed as +to make it appear that the later and present rule, which gives the plain +bordure to immediate cadets, was not fully recognised or adopted. Bordures +charged appear at a comparatively early date in Scotland. The bordure +compony in Scotland and the bordure wavy in England, which are now used to +signify illegitimacy, will be further considered in a subsequent chapter, +but neither one nor the other originally carried any such meaning. The +doubtful legitimacy of the Avondale and Ochiltree Stewarts, who bore the +bordure compony in Scotland, along with its use by the Beauforts in +England, has tended latterly to bring that difference into disrepute in the +cadency of lawful sons--yet some of the bearers of that bordure during the +first twenty years of the Lyon Register were unquestionably legitimate, +whilst others, as SCOTT of Gorrenberry and PATRICK SINCLAIR of Ulbester, +were illegitimate, or at best only legitimated. The light in which the +bordure compony had come to be regarded is shown by a Royal Warrant granted +in 1679 to JOHN LUNDIN of that Ilk, allowing him to drop the coat which his +family had hitherto carried, and, as descended of a natural son of WILLIAM +THE LION, to bear the arms of Scotland within a bordure compony argent and +azure. {503} + +The bordure counter-compony is assigned to fifteen persons, none of them, +it is believed, of illegitimate descent, and some expressly said to be +"lineallie and lawfulie descended" from the ancestor whose arms they bore +thus differenced. The idea of this bordure having been at any time a mark +of bastardy is a very modern error, arising from a confusion with the +bordure compony. + +[Illustration: FIG. 732.--The scheme of Cadency Bordures devised by Mr. +Stodart.] + +In conclusion, attention needs to be pointedly drawn to the fact that all +changes in arms are not due to cadency, nor is it safe always to presume +cadency from proved instances of change. Instead of merely detailing +isolated instances of variation in a number of different families, the +matter may be better illustrated by closely following the successive +variations in the same family, and an instructive instance is met with in +the case of the arms of the family of Swinton of that Ilk. This is +peculiarly instructive, because at no point in the descent covered by the +arms referred to is there any doubt or question as to the fact of +legitimate descent. + +Claiming as they do a male descent and inheritance from Liulf the son of +Edulf, Vicecomes of Northumbria, whose possession before {504} 1100 of the +lands of Swinton is the earliest contemporary evidence which has come down +to us of landowning by a Scottish subject, it is unfortunate that we cannot +with authority date their armorial ensigns before the later half of the +thirteenth century. Charters there are in plenty. Out of the twenty-three +earliest Scottish writings given in the National MSS. of Scotland, nine, +taken from the Coldingham documents preserved at Durham, refer to the +village and lands of Swinton. Among these are two confirmations by David +I., _i.e._ before 1153, of Swinton "in hereditate sibi et heredibus" to +"meo militi Hernulfo" or "Arnolto isti meo Militi," the first of the family +to follow the Norman fashion, and adopt the territorial designation of de +Swinton; while at Durham and elsewhere, Cospatric de Swinton and his son +Alan and grandson Alan appear more than eighty times in charters before +1250. + +[Illustration: FIG. 733.--Seal of Alan de Swinton, _c._ 1271.] + +But it is not till we come to _c._ 1271 that we find a Swinton seal still +attached to a charter. This is a grant by a third Alan of the Kirk croft of +Lower Swinton to God and the blessed Cuthbert and the blessed Ebba and the +Prior and Monks of Coldingham. The seal is of a very early form (Fig. 733), +and may perhaps have belonged to the father and grandfather of the +particular Alan who uses it. + +Of the Henry de Swinton who came next, and who swore fealty to Edward the +First of England at Berwick in 1296, and of yet a fourth Alan, no seals are +known. These were turbulent days throughout Scotland: but then we find a +distinct advance; a shield upon a diapered ground, and upon it the single +boar has given place to the three boars' heads which afterwards became so +common in Scotland. Nisbet lends his authority to the tradition that all +the families of Border birth who carried them--Gordon, Nisbet, Swinton, +Redpath, Dunse, he mentions, and he might have added others--were +originally of one stock, and if so, the probability must be that the breed +sprung from Swinton. + +[Illustration: FIG. 734.--Seal of Henry de Swinton, 1378.] + +This seal (Fig. 734) was put by a second Henry de Swynton to one of the +family charters, probably of the date of 1378, which have lately been +placed for safe keeping in the Register House in Edinburgh. + +His successor, Sir John, the hero of Noyon in Picardy, of Otterburn, and +Homildon, was apparently the first of the race to use {505} supporters. His +seal (Fig. 735) belongs to the second earliest of the Douglas charters +preserved at Drumlanrig. Its date is 1389, and Sir John de Swintoun is +described as Dominus de Mar, a title he bore by right of his marriage with +Margaret, Countess of Douglas and Mar. This probably also accounts for his +coronet, and it is interesting to note that the helmet, coronet, and crest +are the exact counterpart of those on the Garter plate of Ralph, Lord +Basset, in St. George's Chapel at Windsor. It is possibly more than a +coincidence, for Froissart mentions them both as fighting in France ten to +twenty years earlier. + +[Illustration: FIG. 735.--Seal of Sir John de Swinton, 1389.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 736.--Seal of Sir John de Swinton, 1475.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 737.--Seal of Robert Swinton, of that Ilk, 1598.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 738.--Arms of Swinton. (From Swinton Church, 163-.)] + +Of his son, the second Sir John, "Lord of that Ilk," we have no seal. His +lance it was that overthrew Thomas, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Henry +V., at Beaugé in 1421, and he fell, a young man, three years later with the +flower of the Scottish army at Verneuil; but in 1475 his son, a third Sir +John, uses the identical crest and shield which his descendants carry to +this day (Fig. 736). John had become a common name in the family, and the +same or a similar seal did duty for the next three generations; but in 1598 +we find the great-great-grandson, Robert Swinton of that Ilk, who +represented Berwickshire in the first regularly constituted Parliament of +Scotland, altering the character of the boars' heads (Fig. 737). He would +also appear to have placed upon the chevron something which is difficult to +decipher, but is probably the rose so borne by the Hepburns, his second +wife having been a daughter of Sir Patrick Hepburn of Whitecastle. + +Whatever the charge was, it disappeared from the shield (Fig. 738) erected +on the outer wall of Swinton Church by his second son and eventual heir, +Sir Alexander, also member for his native county; but {506} the boars' +heads are turned the other way, perhaps in imitation of those above the +very ancient effigy of the first Sir Alan inside the church. + +Sir Alexander's son, John Swinton, "Laird Swinton" Carlyle calls him, +wrecked the family fortunes. According to Bishop Burnet he was "the man of +all Scotland most trusted and employed by Cromwell," and he died a Quaker, +excommunicated and forfeited. To the circumstance that when, in 1672, the +order went out that all arms were to be officially recorded, he was a +broken man under sentence that his arms should be "laceret and delete out +of the Heralds' Books," we probably owe it that until of late years no +Swinton arms appeared on the Lyon Register. + +[Illustration: FIG. 739.--Bookplate of Sir John Swinton of that Ilk, 1707.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 740.--Bookplate of Archibald Swinton of Kimmerghame.] + +Then to come to less stirring times, and turn to book-plates. His son, yet +another Sir John of that Ilk, in whose favour the forfeiture was rescinded, +sat for Berwickshire in the last Parliament of Scotland and the first of +Great Britain. His bookplate (Fig. 739) is one of the earliest Scottish +dated plates. + +His grandson, Captain Archibald Swinton of Kimmerghame, county Berwick +(Fig. 740), was an ardent book collector up to his death in 1804, and +Archibald's great-grandson, Captain George C. Swinton (Fig. 741), walked as +March Pursuivant in the procession in Westminster Abbey at the coronation +of King Edward the Seventh of {507} England in 1902, and smote on the gate +when that same Edward as First of Scotland claimed admission to his castle +of Edinburgh in 1903. + +[Illustration: FIG. 741.--Bookplate of Captain George S. Swinton, March +Pursuivant of Arms.] + +The arms as borne to-day by the head of the family, John Edulf Blagrave +Swinton of Swinton Bank, a lieutenant in the Lothians and Berwickshire +Imperial Yeomanry, are as given (Plate IV.). {508} + + + +CHAPTER XXXII + +MARKS OF BASTARDY + +It has been remarked that the knowledge of "the man in the street" is least +incorrect when he knows nothing. Probably the only heraldic knowledge that +a large number possess is summed up in the assertion that the heraldic sign +of illegitimacy is the "bar sinister." + +No doubt it is to the novelists--who, seeking to touch lightly upon an +unpleasant subject, have ignorantly adopted a French colloquialism--that we +must attribute a great deal of the misconception which exists concerning +illegitimacy and its heraldic marks of indication. I assert most +unhesitatingly that there are not now and never have been any unalterable +laws as to what these marks should be, and the colloquialism which insists +upon the "bar sinister" is a curiously amusing example of an utter +misnomer. To any one with the most rudimentary knowledge of heraldry it +must plainly be seen to be radically impossible to depict a bar sinister, +for the simple reason that the bar is neither dexter nor sinister. It is +utterly impossible to draw a bar sinister--such a thing does not exist. But +the assertion of many writers with a knowledge of armory that "bar +sinister" is a mistake for "bend sinister" is also somewhat misleading, +because the real mistake lies in the spelling of the term. The "barre +sinistre" is merely the French translation of bend sinister, the French +word "barre" meaning a _bend_. The French "barre" is not the English "bar." + +In order to properly understand the true significance of the marks of +illegitimacy, it is necessary that the attempt should be made to transplant +oneself into the environment when the laws and rules of heraldry were in +the making. At that period illegitimacy was of little if any account. It +has not debarred the succession of some of our own sovereigns, although, +from the earliest times, the English have always been more prudish upon the +point than other nations. In Ireland, even so late as the reign of Queen +Elizabeth, it is a striking genealogical difficulty to decide in many noble +pedigrees which if any of the given sons of any person were legitimate, and +which of the ladies of his household, if any, might be legally termed his +wife. In Scotland we find the same thing, though perhaps it is not quite so +{509} blatant to so late a date, but considering what are and have been the +Scottish laws of marriage, it is the _fact_ or otherwise of marriage which +has to be ascertained; and though in England the legal status was +recognised from an earlier period, the social status of the illegitimate +offspring of a given man depended little upon the legal legitimacy of +birth, but rather upon the amount of recognition the bastard received from +his father. If a man had an unquestionably legitimate son, that son +undoubtedly succeeded; but if he had not, any technical stain upon the +birth of the others had little effect in preventing their succession. A +study of the succession to the Barony of Meinill clearly shows that the +illegitimate son of the second Lord Meinill succeeded to the estates and +peerage of his father in preference to his legitimate uncle. There are many +other analogous cases. And when the Church juggled at its pleasure with the +sacrament of marriage--dispensing and annulling or recognising marriages +for reasons which we nowadays can only term whimsical--small wonder is it +that the legal fact, though then admitted, had little of the importance +which we now give to it. When the actual fact was so little more than a +matter at the personal pleasure of the person most concerned, it would be +ridiculous to suppose that any perpetuation of a mere advertisement of the +fact would be considered necessary, whilst the fact itself was so often +ignored; so that until comparatively recent times the Crown certainly never +attempted to enforce any heraldic marks of illegitimacy. Rather were these +enforced by the legitimate descendants if and when such descendants +existed. + +The point must have first arisen when there were both legitimate and +illegitimate descendants of a given person, and it was desired to make +record of the true line in which land or honours should descend. To effect +this purpose, the arms of the illegitimate son were made to carry some +charge or alteration to show that there was some reason which debarred +inheritance by their users, whilst there remained those entitled to bear +the arms without the mark of distinction. But be it noted that this +obligation existed equally on the legitimate cadets of a family, and in the +earliest periods of heraldry there is little or no distinction either in +the marks employed or in the character of the marks, which can be drawn +between mere marks of cadency and marks of illegitimacy. Until a +comparatively recent period it is absolutely unsafe to use these marks as +signifying or proving either legitimate cadency or illegitimacy. The same +mark stood for both, the only object which any distinctive change +accomplished, being the distinction which it was necessary to draw between +those who owned the right to the undifferenced arms, and owned the land, +and those who did not. The object was to safeguard the right of the real +{510} possessors and their true heirs, and not to penalise the others. +There was no particular mark either for cadency or for illegitimacy, the +distinctions made being dictated by what seemed the most suitable and +distinctive mark applicable to the arms under consideration. + +When that much has been thoroughly grasped, one gets a more accurate +understanding of the subject. One other point has to be borne in mind (and +to the present generation, which knows so well how extensively arms have +been improperly assumed, the statement may seem startling), and that is, +that the use of arms was formerly evidence of pedigree. As late as the +beginning of the nineteenth century evidence of this character was +submitted to the Committee of Privileges at the hearing of a Peerage case. +The evidence was _admitted_ for that purpose, though doubt (in that case +very properly) was thrown upon its value. + +Therefore, in view of the two foregoing facts, there can be very little +doubt that the use of armorial marks of bastardy _was not invented or +instituted, nor were these marks enforced, as punishment or as a disgrace_. + +It is a curious instance how a careful study of words and terms employed +will often afford either a clue or confirmation, when the true meaning of +the term has long been overlooked. + +The official term for a mark of cadency is a "difference" mark, _i.e._ it +was a mark to show the difference between one member of a family and +another. The mark used to signify a lack of blood relationship, and a mark +used to signify illegitimacy are each termed a "mark of distinction," +_i.e._ a mark that shall make something plainly "distinct." What is that +something? The fact that the use of the arms is not evidence of descent +through which heirship can be claimed or proved. This, by the way, is a +patent example of the advantage of adherence to precedent. + +The inevitable conclusion is that a bastard was originally only required to +mark his shield sufficiently that it should be distinctly apparent that +heirship would never accrue. The arms had to be distinct from those borne +by those members of the family upon whom heirship might devolve. The social +position of a bastard as "belonging" to a family was pretty generally +conceded, therefore he carried their arms, sufficiently marked to show he +was not in the line of succession. + +This being accepted, one at once understands the great variety of the marks +which have been employed. These answered the purpose of distinction, and +nothing more was demanded or necessary. Consequently a recapitulation of +marks, of which examples can be quoted, would be largely a list of isolated +instances, and as such they are useless for the purposes of deduction in +any attempt to arrive at a correct conclusion as to what the ancient rules +were. In brief, there were no {511} rules until the eighteenth, or perhaps +even until the nineteenth century. The only rule was that the arms must be +sufficiently marked in _some_ way. This is borne out by the dictum of +Menêstrier. + +Except the label, which has been elsewhere referred to, the earliest marks +of either cadency or illegitimacy for which accepted use can be found are +the bend and the bordure; but the bend for the purpose of illegitimacy +seems to be the earlier, and a bend superimposed over a shield remained a +mark of illegitimate cadency until a comparatively late period. This bend +as a difference naturally was originally depicted as a bend dexter, and as +a mark of legitimate cadency is found in the arms of the _younger_ son of +Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, before he succeeded his elder +brother. + +There are scores of other similar instances which a little research will +show. Whether the term "left-handed marriage" is the older, and the +sinister bend is derived therefrom, or whether the slang term is derived +from the sinister bend, it is perhaps not necessary to inquire. But there +is no doubt that from an early period the bend of cadency, when such +cadency was illegitimate, is frequently met with in the sinister form. But +concurrently with such usage instances are found in which the dexter bend +was used for the same purpose, and it is very plainly evident that it was +never at that date looked upon as a penalty, but was used merely as a +_distinction_, or for the purpose of showing that the wearer was not the +head of his house or in possession of the lordship. The territorial idea of +the nature of arms, which has been alluded to in the chapter upon marks of +cadency, should be borne in mind in coming to a conclusion. + +Soon after the recognition of the bend as a mark of illegitimacy we come +across the bordure; but there is some confusion with this, bordures of all +kinds being used indiscriminately to denote both legitimate and +illegitimate cadency. There are countless other forms of marking +illegitimacy, and it is impossible to attempt to summarise them, and +absolutely impossible to draw conclusions as to any family from marks upon +its arms when this point is under discussion. To give a list of these +instances would rather seem an attempt to deduce a rule or rules upon the +point, so I say at once that there was no recognised mark, and any plain +distinction seems to have been accepted as sufficient; and no distinction +whatever was made when the illegitimate son, either from failure of +legitimate issue or other reason, succeeded to the lands and honours of his +father. Out of the multitude of marks, the bend, and subsequently the bend +sinister, emerge as most frequently in use, and finally the bend sinister +exclusively; so that it has come to be considered, and perhaps correctly as +regards one period, that its use was equivalent to a mark of illegitimacy +in England. {512} + +But there has always remained to the person of bastard descent the right of +discarding the bastardised coat, and adopting a new coat of arms, the only +requirement as to the new coat being that it shall be so distinct from the +old one as not to be liable to confusion therewith. And it is a moot point +whether or not a large proportion of the instances which are tabulated in +most heraldic works as examples of marks of bastardy are anything whatever +of the kind. My own opinion is that many are not, and that it is a mistake +to so consider them; the true explanation undoubtedly in some--and outside +the Royal Family probably in most--being that they are new coats of arms +adopted _as_ new coats of arms, doubtless bearing relation to the old +family coat, but sufficiently distinguished therefrom to rank as new arms, +and were never intended to be taken as, and never were bastardised examples +of formerly existing coats. It is for this reason that I have refrained +from giving any extensive list such as is to be found in most other +treatises on heraldry, for all that can be said for such lists is that they +are lists of the specific arms of specific bastards, which is a very +different matter from a list of heraldic marks of illegitimacy. + +Another objection to the long lists which most heraldic works give of early +instances of marks of bastardy as data for deduction lies in the fact that +most are instances of the illegitimate children of Royal personages. It is +singularly unsafe to draw deductions, to be applied to the arms of others, +from the Royal Arms, for these generally have laws unto themselves. + +The bend sinister in its bare simplicity, as a mark of illegitimacy, was +seldom used, the more frequent form being the sinister bendlet, or even the +diminutive of that, the cottise. There is no doubt, of course, that when a +sinister bend or bendlet debruises another coat that that is a bastardised +version of an older coat, but examples can be found of the sinister bend as +a charge which has no reference whatever to illegitimacy. Two instances +that come to mind, which can be found by reference to any current peerage, +are the arms of Shiffner and Burne-Jones. Certainly in these cases I know +of no illegitimacy, and neither coat is a bastardised version of an older +existing coat. Anciently the bendlet was drawn across arms and quarterings, +and an example of a coat of arms of some number of quarterings debruised +for an illegitimate family is found in the registration of a Talbot +pedigree in one of the Visitation Books. As a mark of distinction upon arms +the bend sinister for long past has fallen out of use, though for the +purpose of differencing crests a bendlet wavy sinister is still made use +of, and will be again presently referred to. + +Next to the bend comes the bordure. Bordures of all kinds were used for the +purposes of cadency from practically the earliest periods {513} of heraldic +differencing. But they were used indiscriminately, as has been already +stated, both for legitimate and illegitimate cadency. John of Gaunt, as is +well known, was the father of Henry IV. and the ancestor of Henry VII., the +former being the issue of his legitimate wife, the latter coming from a son +who, as one of the old chroniclers puts it, "was of double advowtrie +begotten." But, as every one knows, John of Gaunt's children by Catherine +Roet or Swynford were legitimated by Act of Parliament, the Act of +Parliament not excepting the succession to the Throne, a disability later +introduced in Letters Patent of the Crown when giving a subsequent +confirmation of the Act, but which, nevertheless, they could not overrule. +But taking the sons of the latter family as legitimate, which (whatever may +have been the moral aspect of the case) they were undoubtedly in the eyes +of the common law after the passing of the Act referred to, they existed +concurrently with the undoubtedly senior descendants of the first marriage +of John of Gaunt with Blanche of Lancaster, and it was necessary--whether +they were legitimate or not--to distinguish the arms of the junior from the +senior branch. The result was that as legitimate cadets, and not as +bastards, the arms of John of Gaunt were differenced for the line of the +Dukes of Somerset by the addition of the bordure compony argent and +azure--the livery colours of Lancaster. It is a weird position, for these +colours were derived from the family of the legitimate wife. + +The fight as to whether these children were legitimate or illegitimate was, +of course, notorious, and a matter of history; but from the fact that they +bore a bordure compony, an idea grew up both in this country and in +Scotland also from the similarity of the cases of the doubtful legitimacy +of the Avondale and Ochiltree Stewarts, who both used the bordure compony, +that the bordure compony was a sign of illegitimacy, whereas in both +countries at an earlier period it undoubtedly was accepted as a mark of +legitimate cadency. + +As a mark of bastardy it had subsequently some extensive use in both +countries, and it still remains the only mark now used for the purpose in +Scottish heraldry. Whether it was that it was not considered as of a fixed +nature, or whether it was that it had become notorious and unacceptable, it +is difficult to say, though the officers of arms have been blamed for +making a change on the assumption that it was the latter. + +Some writers who clamour strongly for the _penalising_ of bastard arms, and +for the plain and recognisable marking of them as such (a position adopted +rather vehemently by Woodward, a singularly erudite heraldic writer), are +rather uncharitable, and at the same time rather lacking in due observation +and careful consideration of ancient ideas {514} and ancient precedents. +That the recognised mark has been changed at different periods, and as a +consequence that to a certain extent the advertisement it conveys has been +less patent is, of course, put down to the "venality" of mediæval heralds +(happily their backs are broad) by those who are too short-sighted to +observe that the one thing an official herald moves heaven and earth to +escape from is the making of a new precedent; and that, on the score of +signs of illegitimacy, the official heralds, when the control of arms +passed into their hands, found no established rule. So far from having been +guilty of venality, as Woodward suggests, they have erred on the other +side, and by having worked only on the limited number of precedents they +found they have stereotyped the advertisement, and thereby made the +situation more stringent than they found it. + +We have it from biblical sources that the sins of the fathers shall be +visited upon the children unto the third and fourth generations, and this +spirit has undoubtedly crept into the views of many writers, but to get +into the true perspective of the matter one needs to consider the subject +from the point of view of less prudish days than our own. + +I have no wish to be misunderstood. In these days much heraldic reviewing +of the blatant and baser sort depends not upon the value of the work +performed, a point of view which is never given a thought, but entirely +upon the identity of the writer whose work is under review, and is largely +composed of misquotation and misrepresentation. It may perhaps be as well, +therefore, to state that I am not seeking to condone illegitimacy or to +combat present opinions upon the point. I merely state that our present +opinions are a modern growth, and that in the thirteenth, fourteenth, +fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, when the fundamental principles of +heraldry were in the making, it was not considered a disgrace to have an +illegitimate son, nor was it considered then that to be of illegitimate +birth carried the personal stigma that came later. + +At any rate, the fact remains that a new mark was called into being in +England about the year 1780 when in a grant to Zachary to quarter the arms +of Sacheverell, from which family he was in the female line illegitimately +descended, the bordure wavy was first met with as a sufficient and proper +mark of illegitimacy. The curious point is that before that date in +Scotland and in England the bordure wavy possessed nothing of this +character, and to the present day the bordure wavy in Scotland is +undoubtedly nothing more than a legitimate mark of legitimate cadency, for +which mark Mr. Stodart provides a place in the scheme of differencing which +he tabulated as the basis of cadency marks in Scotland (Fig. 732). Since +that date the bordure wavy has {515} remained the mark which has been used +for the purpose in England, as the bordure compony has remained the mark in +Scotland. + +Bearing in mind that the only necessity was some mark which should carry +sufficient _distinction_ from the arms of the family, it follows, as a +natural consequence of human nature, that as soon as any particular mark +became identified with illegitimacy (after that was considered to be a +stigma), that mark was quietly dropped and some other substituted, and no +one should be surprised to find the bordures wavy and compony quietly +displaced by something else. If any change is to be made in the future it +is to be hoped that no existing mark will be adopted, and that the marks in +England and Scotland shall not conflict even if they do not coincide. + +The bendlet sinister, however, survives in the form of the baton sinister, +which is a bendlet couped placed across the centre of the shield. The baton +sinister, however, is a privilege which, as a charge on a shield, is +reserved, such as it is, for Royal bastards. The latest instance of this +was in the exemplification of arms to the Earl of Munster and his brothers +and sisters early in the nineteenth century. Other surviving instances are +met with in the arms of the Duke of St. Albans and the Duke of Grafton. +Another privilege of Royal bastards is that they may have the baton of +_metal_, a privilege which is, according to Berry, denied to those of +humbler origin. + +According to present law the position of an illegitimate person +heraldically is based upon the common law of the country, which practically +declares that an illegitimate child has no name, no parentage, and no +relations. The illegitimacy of birth is an insuperable bar to inheritance, +and a person of illegitimate birth inherits no arms at all, the popular +idea that he inherits a right to the arms subject to a mark of distinction +being quite incorrect. He has none at all. There has never been any mark +which, as a matter of course and of mere motion, could attach itself +automatically to a shield, as is the case with the English marks of +difference, _e.g._ the crescent of the second son or the mullet of the +third. This is a point upon which I have found mistaken ideas very +frequently held, even by those who have made some study of heraldry. + +But a very little thought should make it plain that by the very nature of +the fact there cannot be either a recognised mark, compulsory use, or an +_ipse facto_ sign. Illegitimacy is negative, not positive--a fact which +many writers hardly give sufficient weight to. + +If any one of illegitimate birth desires to obtain a right to arms he has +two courses open to him. He can either (not disclosing the fact of his +illegitimacy, and not attempting to prove that he is a descendant of any +kind from any one else) apply for and obtain a new grant of {516} arms on +his own basis, and worry through the College the grant of a coat as closely +following in design that of the old family as he can get, which means that +he would be treated and penalised with such _alterations_ (not "marks of +distinction") as would be imposed upon a stranger in blood endeavouring to +obtain arms founded upon a coat to which he had no right. The cost of such +a proceeding in England is £76, 10s., the usual fees upon an ordinary +grant. + +The alternative course is simple. He must avow himself a bastard, and must +prove his paternity or maternity, as the case may be (for in the eye of the +law--common and heraldic--he bears the same relation, which is nil, and the +same right to the name and arms, which is nil, of both his father and his +mother). + +Illegitimacy under English law affords one of the many instances in which +anomalies exist, for, strange as the statement is, a bastard comes into the +world without any name at all. + +Legally, at birth a bastard child has then no name at all, and no arms. It +must subsequently acquire such right to a name (whatever right that may +amount to) as user of and reputation therein may give him. He inherits no +arms at all, no name, and no property, save by specific devise or bequest. +The lack of parents operates as a _chasm_ which it is impossible to bridge. +It is not a case of a peculiar bridge or a faulty bridge; there is no +bridge at all. + +Names, in so far as they are matters of law, are subject to canon law; at +any rate, the law upon the subject, such as it is, originated in canon law, +and not in statute or common law. Canon law was made, and has never since +been altered, at a time when surnames were not in existence. A bastard no +more inherits the surname of the mother than it does the surname of its +father; and the spirit of petty officialism, so rampant amongst the clergy, +which seeks to impose upon a bastard _nolens volens_ the surname of its +mother, has no justification in law or fact. A bastard has precisely as +little right to the surname of its mother as it has to the surname of its +father. Obviously, however, under the customs of our present social life, +every person must have a surname of one kind or another; and it is here +that the anomaly in the British law exists, inasmuch as neither statute nor +canon law provide any means for conferring a surname. That the King has the +prerogative, and exercises it, of conferring or confirming surnames is, of +course, unquestioned, but it is hardly to be supposed that the King will +trouble himself to provide a surname for every illegitimate child which may +be born; and outside this prerogative, which probably is exercised about +once a year, there is no method provided or definitely recognised by the +law to meet this necessity. To obviate the difficulty, the surname has to +be that which is conferred upon the child by {517} general custom; and as +an illegitimate child is in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred brought up +by its mother, it is usually by the same custom which confers the surname +of its owner upon a dog in so many parts of the country that a bastard +child gets known by its mother's surname, and consequently has that surname +conferred upon it by general custom. The only names that an illegitimate +child has an inalienable right to are the names by which it is baptized; +and if two names are given, and the child or its guardians elect that it +should be known only by those baptismal names, and if common repute and +general custom, as would be probable, uses the last of those names as a +surname, there is no legal power on earth which can force upon the child +any other name; and if the last of the baptismal names happens to be its +father's surname, the child will have an absolute right to be known only by +its Christian names, which to all intents and purposes will mean that it +will be known by its father's surname. + +In the same way that an illegitimate child inherits no surname at all, it +equally inherits no arms. Consequently it has no shield upon which to carry +a mark of bastardy, if such a mark happened to be in existence. But if +under a will or deed of settlement an illegitimate child is required to +assume the name and arms of its father _or of its mother_, a Royal Licence +to assume such name and arms is considered to be necessary. It may be here +noted that voluntary applications to assume a name and arms in the case of +an illegitimate child are not entertained unless it can be clearly shown +(which is not always an easy matter) what the parentage really was. + +It will be noticed that I have said he will be required to prove his +paternity. This is rigorously insisted upon, inasmuch as it is not fair to +penalise the reputation of a dead man by inflicting upon him a record of +bastard descendants whilst his own life might have been stainless. An +illegitimate birth is generally recorded under the name of the mother only, +and even when it is given, the truth of any statement as to paternity is +always open to grave suspicion. There is nothing, therefore, to prevent a +person asserting that he is the son of a duke, whereas his real father may +have been in a very plebeian walk in life; and to put the arms of the +duke's family at the mercy of any fatherless person who chose to fancy a +differenced version of them would be manifestly unjust, so that without +proof in a legal action of the actual paternity, or some recognition under +a will or settlement, it is impossible to adopt the alternative in +question. But if such recognition or proof is forthcoming, the procedure is +to petition the Sovereign for a Royal Licence to use (or continue to use) +the name desired and to bear the arms of the family. Such a petition is +always granted, on {518} proper proof of the facts, if made in due form +through the proper channels. The Royal Licence to that effect is then +issued. But the document contains two conditions, the first being that the +arms shall be exemplified according to the laws of arms "with due and +proper marks of distinction," and that the Royal Licence shall be recorded +in the College of Arms, otherwise "to be void and of none effect." The +invariable insertion of this clause puts into the hands of the College one +of the strongest weapons the officers of arms possess. + +Under the present practice the due and proper marks of distinction are, for +the arms, a bordure wavy round the shield of the most suitable colour, +according to what the arms may be, but if possible of some colour or metal +different from any of the tinctures in the arms. The crest is usually +differenced by a bendlet sinister wavy, but a pallet wavy is sometimes +used, and sometimes a saltire wavy, couped or otherwise. The choice between +these marks generally depends upon the nature of the crest. But even with +this choice, the anomaly is frequently found of blank space being carefully +debruised. Seeing that the mark of the debruising is not a tangible object +or thing, but a mark painted upon another object, such a result seems +singularly ridiculous, and ought to be avoided. Whilst the ancient practice +certainly appears to have been to make some slight change in the crest, it +does not seem to have been debruised in the present manner. There are some +number of more recent cases where, whilst the existing arms have been +charged with the necessary marks of distinction, entirely new, or very much +altered crests have been granted without any recognisable "marks of +distinction." There can be no doubt that the bendlet wavy sinister upon the +crest is a palpable penalising of the bearer, and I think the whole subject +of the marks of bastardy in the three kingdoms might with advantage be +brought under official consideration, with a view to new regulations being +adopted. A bendlet wavy sinister is such an absolute defacement of a crest +that few can care to make use of a crest so marked. It carries an effect +far beyond what was originally the intention of marks of distinction. + +A few recent bastardised exemplifications which have issued from Ulster's +Office have had the crest charged with a baton couped sinister. The baton +couped sinister had always hitherto been confined to the arms of Royal +bastards, but I am not aware of any Royal crest so bastardised. Of course +no circumstances can be conceived in which it is necessary to debruise +supporters, as under no circumstances can these be the subject of a Royal +Licence of this character, except in a possible case where they might have +been granted as a simple augmentation to a man and his descendants, without +further limitation. I know of no bastardised version consequent upon such a +grant. {519} Supporters signify some definite honour which cannot +ordinarily survive illegitimacy. + +The bordure wavy is placed round the pronominal arms only, and no right to +any quarterings the family may have enjoyed previously is conferred, except +such right to a quarterly coat as might ensue through the assumption of a +double name. Quartering is held to signify representation which cannot be +given by a Royal Licence, but a quartering of augmentation or a duplicate +coat for the pronominal name which had been so regularly used with the +alternative coat as to constitute the two something in the nature of a +compound coat, would be exemplified "all within a bordure wavy." Each +illegitimate coat stands on its own basis, and there is a well-known +instance in which a marriage was subsequently found to be illegal, or to +have never taken place, after which, I believe, some number of brothers and +sisters obtained Royal Licences and exemplifications. The descendants of +one of the brothers will be found in the current Peerage Books, and those +who know their peerage history well will recognise the case I allude to. +All the brothers and sisters had the same arms exemplified, each with a +bordure wavy _of a different colour_. If there were descendants of any of +the sisters, those descendants would have been entitled to quarter the +arms, because the illegitimacy made each sister an heiress for heraldic +purposes. This is a curious anomaly, for had they been legitimate the +descendants would have enjoyed no such right. + +In Scotland the mark of illegitimacy for the arms is the bordure compony, +which is usually but not always indicative of the same. The bordure +counter-compony has been occasionally stated to have the same character. +This is hardly correct, though it may be so in a few isolated cases, but +the bordure chequy has nothing whatever of an illegitimate character. It +will be noticed that whilst the bordure compony and the bordure +counter-company have their chequers or "panes," to use the heraldic term, +following the outline of the shield, by lines parallel to those which mark +its contour, the bordure chequy is drawn by lines parallel to and at right +angles to the palar line of the shield, irrespective of its outline. A +bordure chequy must, of course, at one point or another show three distinct +rows of checks. + +The bastardising of crests even in England is a comparatively modern +practice. I know of no single instance ancient or modern of the kind in +Scottish heraldry, though I could mention scores of achievements in which +the shields carry marks of distinction. This is valuable evidence, for no +matter how lax the official practice of Scottish armory may have been at +one period, the theory of Scottish armory far more nearly approaches the +ancient practices and rules of heraldry {520} than does the armory of any +other country. That theory is much nearer the ideal theory than the English +one, but unfortunately for the practical purposes of modern heraldic needs, +it does not answer so well. At the present day, therefore, a Scottish crest +is not marked in any way. + +Most handbooks refer to a certain rule which is supposed to exist for the +differencing of a coat to denote illegitimacy when the coat is that of the +mother and not the father, the supposed method being to depict the arms +under a surcoat, the result being much the same as if the whole of the arms +appeared in exaggerated flaunches, the remainder of the shield being left +vacant except for the tincture of the surcoat. As a matter of fact only one +instance is known, and consequently we must consider it as a new coat +devised to bear reference to the old one, and not as a regularised method +of differencing for a particular set of circumstances. + +In Ireland the rules are to all intents and purposes the same as in +England, with the exception of the occasional use of a sinister baton +instead of a bendlet wavy sinister upon the crest. In Scotland, where Royal +Licences are unknown, it is merely necessary to prove paternity, and +rematriculate the arms with due and proper marks of distinction. + +It was a very general idea during a former period, but subsequently to the +time when the bend and bendlet sinister and the bordure were recognised as +in the nature of the accepted marks of bastardy, and when their penal +nature was admitted, that whatever mark was adopted for the purpose of +indicating illegitimacy need only be borne for three generations. Some of +the older authorities tell us that after that length of time had elapsed it +might be discarded, and some other and less objectionable mark be taken in +its place. The older writers were striving, consciously or unconsciously, +to reconcile the disgrace of illegitimacy, which they knew, with heraldic +facts which they also knew, and to reconcile in certain prominent families +undoubted illegitimacy with unmarked arms, the probability being that their +sense of justice and regard for heraldry prompted them to the remark that +some other mark of distinction _ought_ to be added, whilst all the time +they knew it never was. The arms of Byron, Somerset, Meinill, and Herbert +are all cases where the marks of illegitimacy have been quietly dropped, +entire reversion being had to the undifferenced original coat. At a time +when marks of illegitimacy, both in fact and in theory, were nothing more +than marks of cadency and difference from the arms of the head of the +house, it was no venality of the heralds, but merely the acceptance of +current ideas, that permitted them to recognise the undifferenced arms for +the illegitimate descendants when there were no legitimate owners from +whose claim the arms of the others needed {521} to be differentiated, and +when lordships and lands had lapsed to a bastard branch. To this fact must +be added another. The armorial control of the heralds after the days of +tournaments was exercised through the Visitations and the Earl Marshal's +Court. Peers were never subject to the Visitations, and so were not under +control unless their arms were challenged in the Earl Marshal's Court by +the rightful owner. The cases that were notorious are cases of the arms of +peers. + +The Visitations gave the officers of arms greater control over the arms of +Commoners than they had had theretofore, and the growing social opinions +upon legitimacy and marriage brought social observances more into +conformity with the technical law, and made that technical law of no +inheritance and no paternity an operative fact. The result is that the hard +legal fact is now rigidly and rightly insisted upon, and the claim and +right to arms of one of illegitimate descent depends and is made to depend +solely upon the instruments creating that right, and the conditions of "due +and proper marks of distinction" always subject to which the right is +called into being. Nowadays there is no release from the penalty of the +bordures wavy and compony save through the avenue of a new and totally +different grant and the full fees payable therefor. But, as the bearer of a +bordure wavy once remarked to me, "I had rather descend illegitimately from +a good family and bear their arms marked than descend from a lot of +nobodies and use a new grant." But until the common law is altered, if it +ever is, the game must be played fairly and the conditions of a Royal +Licence observed, for the sins of the fathers are visited upon the +children. + +Although I have refrained from giving any extended list of bastardised +coats as examples of the rules for indicating illegitimacy, reference may +nevertheless be made to various curious examples. + +The canton has occasionally been used. Sir John de Warren, a natural son of +John, Earl of Surrey, Sussex, and Warenne (d. 1347), bore a canton of the +arms of his mother, Alice de Nerford ["Gules, a lion rampant ermine"], over +the chequy shield of Warren. A similar instance can be found in modern +times, the arms of Charlton of Apley Castle, co. Salop, being bastardised +by a sinister canton which bears two coats quarterly, these coats having +formerly been quarterings borne in the usual manner. + +The custom of placing the paternal arms upon a bend has been occasionally +adopted, but this of course is the creation of a _new_ coat. It was +followed by the Beauforts before their legitimation, and by Sir Roger de +Clarendon, the illegitimate son of the Black Prince. The Somerset family, +who derived illegitimately from the Beauforts, Dukes of Somerset, first +debruised the Beaufort arms by {522} a bendlet sinister, but in the next +generation the arms were placed upon a wide fess, this on a plain field of +or. Although the Somersets, Dukes of Beaufort, have discarded all signs of +bastardy from their shield, the version upon the fess was continued as one +of the quarterings upon the arms of the old Shropshire family of Somerset +Fox. One of the most curious bastardised coats is that of Henry Fitz-Roy, +Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of Henry VIII. This shows +the Royal Arms within a bordure quarterly ermine and counter-compony or and +azure, debruised by a baton sinister argent, an inescutcheon quarterly +gules and vairé, or and vert [possibly hinting at the Blount arms of his +mother, barry nebuly or and sable], over all a lion rampant argent, on a +chief azure a tower between two stags' heads caboshed argent, attired or. +{523} + + + +CHAPTER XXXIII + +THE MARSHALLING OF ARMS + +The science of marshalling is the conjoining of two or more coats of arms +upon one shield for the purpose of indicating sovereignty, dominion, +alliance, descent, or pretension, according to recognised rules and +regulations, by the employment of which the story of any given achievement +shall be readily translatable. + +The methods of marshalling are (1) dimidiation, (2) impalement, (3) +quartering, (4) superimposition. + +Instances of quartered shields are to be met with possibly before +impalements or dimidiation. The earliest attempt at anything like a +regularised method of procedure to signify marriage was that usually males +_quartered_ the arms of their wives or ancestresses from whom they acquired +their lands; whilst impaled coats were to all intents and purposes the +armorial bearings of married women, or more frequently of widows who took +an immediate interest in their husbands' property. This ancient usage +brings home very forcibly the former territorial connection of arms and +land. The practice of the husband impaling the wife's arms, whether heiress +or not, probably arose near the close of the fifteenth century. Even now it +is laid down that the arms of a wife should not in general be borne upon +the husband's banner, surcoat, or official seal. + +But impalement as we now know it was preceded by dimidiation. Dimidiation, +which was but a short-lived method, was effected by the division of the +shield down the centre. On the dexter side was placed the dexter half of +the husband's arms, and on the sinister side was placed the sinister half +of the wife's arms. With some coats of arms no objection could be urged +against the employment of this method. But it was liable to result (_e.g._ +with two coats of arms having the same ordinary) in the creation of a +design which looked far more like one simple coat than a conjunction of +two. The dimidiation of "argent, a bend gules" and "argent, a chevron +sable" would simply result in a single coat "argent, a bend per pale gules +and sable." This fault of the system must have made itself manifest at an +early period, for we soon find it became customary to introduce about +two-thirds of {524} the design of each coat for the sake of demonstrating +their separate character. It must soon thereafter have become apparent that +if two-thirds of the design of a coat of arms could be squeezed into half +of the shield there was no valid reason why the whole of the design could +not be employed. This therefore became customary under the name of +impalement, and the practice has ever since remained with us. Few examples +indeed of dimidiation are to be met with, and as a practical method of +conjunction, the practice was chiefly in vogue during the earlier part of +the fourteenth century. + +Occasionally quartered coats were dimidiated, in which case the first and +third quarters of the husband's coat were conjoined with the second and +fourth of the wife's. As far as outward appearance went, this practice +resulted in the fact that no distinction existed from a plain quartered +coat. Thus the seal of Margaret of Bavaria, Countess of Holland, and wife +of John, Count de Nevers, in 1385 (afterwards Duke of Burgundy), bears a +shield on which is apparently a simple instance of quartering, but really a +dimidiated coat. The two coats to the dexter side of the palar line are: In +chief Burgundy-Modern ("France-Ancient, a bordure compony argent and +gules"), and in base Burgundy-Ancient. On the sinister side the coat in +chief is Bavaria ("Bendy-lozengy argent and azure"); and the one in base +contains the quartered arms of Flanders ("Or, a lion rampant sable"); and +Holland ("Or, a lion rampant gules"); the lines dividing these latter +quarters being omitted, as is usually found to be the case with this +particular shield. + +Certain examples can be found amongst the Royal Arms in England which show +much earlier instances of dimidiation. The arms of Margaret of France, who +died in 1319, the second queen of Edward I., as they remain on her tomb in +Westminster Abbey, afford an example of this method of conjunction. The +arms of England appear on the dexter side of the escocheon; and this coat +undergoes a certain amount of curtailment, though the dimidiation is not +complete, portions only of the hindmost parts of the lions being cut off by +the palar line. The coat of France, on the sinister side, of course does +not readily indicate the dimidiation. + +Boutell, in his chapter on marshalling in "Heraldry, Historical and +Popular," gives several early examples of dimidiation. The seal of Edmond +Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall (d. 1300), bears his arms (those of Richard, +Earl of Cornwall, and King of the Romans) dimidiating those of his wife, +Margaret de Clare. Here only the sinister half of his bordure is removed, +while the Clare coat ("Or, three chevrons gules") is entirely dimidiated, +and the chevrons are little distinguishable from bends. Both coats are +dimidiated in other examples mentioned {525} by Boutell, viz. William de +Valence and his wife, and Alianore Montendre and her husband Guy Ferre. On +the seal of Margaret Campbell, wife of Alexander Napier, in 1531, the +shield shows upon the dexter side the arms of Lennox, and on the sinister +the dimidiated coat (the sinister half of the quartered arms) of Campbell +and Lorn. This results in the galley of Lorn being in chief, and the +Campbell gyrons in base. + +An early and interesting Irish example of this kind of marshalling is +afforded by a dimidiated coat of Clare and Fitzgerald, which now figures on +the official seal of the Provosts of Youghal (Clare: "Or, three chevrons +gules." Fitzgerald: "Argent, a saltire gules, with a label of five points +in chief"). Both these coats are halved. They result from the marriage of +Richard Clare, Earl of Hertford, with Juliana, daughter and heir of Maurice +Fitzgerald, feudal lord of Inchiquin and Youghal. + +An even more curious case of dimidiation comes to light in the arms +formerly used by the Abbey of St. Etienne at Caen, in which the arms of +England and those attributed to the Duchy of Normandy ("Gules, two lions +passant guardant or") were dimidiated, so that in the former half three of +the fore-quarters of the lions appear, while in the sinister half only two +of the hind-quarters are represented. + +Dimidiation was not always effected by conjunction down the palar line, +other partition lines of the shield being occasionally, though very rarely, +employed in this manner. + +Certain curious (now indivisible) coats of arms remain which undoubtedly +originated in the dimidiation of two separate coats, _e.g._ the arms of +Yarmouth, Sandwich, Hastings, Rye, and Chester. In all cases some Royal +connection can be traced which has caused the Royal Arms of England to be +conjoined with the earlier devices of fish, ships, or garbs which had been +employed by the towns in question. It is worth the passing thought, +however, whether the conjoined lions and hulks used by the Cinque Ports may +not originally have been a device of the Sovereign for naval purposes, or +possibly the naval version of the Royal Arms (see page 182). + +One other remainder from the practice of dimidiation still survives amongst +the presently existing rules of heraldry. It is a rule to which no modern +authoritative exception can be mentioned. When a coat within a bordure is +impaled with another coat, the bordure is not continued down the centre of +the shield, but stops short at top and bottom when the palar line is +reached. This rule is undoubtedly a result of the ancient method of +conjunction by dimidiation, but the curious point is that, at the period +when dimidiation was employed and during the period which followed, some +number of examples can be {526} found where the bordure is continued round +the whole coat which is within it. + +The arms of man and wife are now conjoined according to the following +rules:--If the wife is not an heraldic heiress the two coats are impaled. +If the wife be an heraldic heir or coheir, in lieu of impalement the arms +of her family are placed on an inescutcheon superimposed on the centre of +her husband's arms, the inescutcheon being termed an escutcheon of +pretence, because _jure uxoris_ she being an heiress of her house, the +husband "pretends" to the representation of her family. + +For heraldic purposes it therefore becomes necessary to define the terms +heir and heiress. It is very essential that the point should be thoroughly +understood, because quarterings other than those of augmentation can only +be inherited from or through female ancestors who are in themselves heirs +or coheirs (this is the true term, or, rather, the ancient term, though +they are now usually referred to colloquially as heiresses or coheiresses) +in blood, or whose issue subsequently become in a later generation the +representatives of any ancestor in the male line of that female ancestor. A +woman is an "heir" or "heiress" (1) if she is an only child; (2) if all her +brothers die without leaving any issue to survive, either male or female; +(3) she becomes an heiress "in her issue," as it is termed, if she die +leaving issue herself if and when all the descendants male and female of +her brothers become absolutely extinct. The term "coheir" or "coheiress" is +employed in cases similar to the foregoing when, instead of one daughter, +there are two or more. + +No person can be "heir" or "coheir" of another person until the latter is +dead, though he or she may be heir-apparent or heir-presumptive. Though the +word "heir" is frequently used with regard to material matters, such usage +is really there incorrect, except in cases of intestacy. A person +benefiting under a will is a legatee of money, or a devisee of land, and +not an heir to either. The table on page 527 may make things a little +clearer, but in the following remarks intestacy is ignored, and the +explanations apply solely to _heirship of blood_. + +Charles in the accompanying pedigree is, after 1800, _heir_ of David. +Thomas is _heir-apparent_ of Charles, being a son and the eldest born. He +dies _v.p._ (_vita patris_, _i.e._ in the lifetime of his father) and never +becomes heir. A daughter can never become an heir-apparent, as there is +always, during the lifetime of her father, the possibility of a son being +born. Mary, Ellen, and Blanche are coheirs of Thomas their father, whom +they survive, and they are also coheirs of their grandfather Charles, to +whom they succeed, and they would properly in a pedigree be described as +both. They are heirs-general of Thomas, Charles, and David, and, being the +heirs of the senior line, they are heirs-general or coheirs-general of +their house. David being possessed of the barony "by writ" of Cilfowyr, it +would "fall into abeyance" at the death of Charles between the three +daughters equally. + +{527} + + DAVID CILFOWYR, created Duke of London + in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, + remainder to him and the heirs male of his body, + was Earl of Edinburgh in the Peerage of Scotland + (with remainder to his heirs), and Lord Cilfowyr + by writ in the Peerage of England + (with remainder to his heirs-general). Died 1800. + | + -------------------------------------------------- + | | + CHARLES CILFOWYR, OWEN CILFOWYR, Esq., + elder son and heir; head of commonly called Lord Owen + his house, Duke of London, Cilfowyr by courtesy. + Earl of Edinburgh, and Lord Cilfowyr. Died 1870. + Died 1840. | + | -------------------------------------------------- + | | | | + | | | | + | ROBERT CILFOWYR, Esq., PHILIP CILFOWYR, Esq., | + | eldest son, becomes heir second son. Died 1879. | + | male of his house in 1880 | | + | at the death of George, and ADA, only child, has | + | as such succeeds as Duke of no courtesy title. | + | London. Died 1896. Living in 1900. | + | | | + | HARRIET CILFOWYR, | + | only child, by CECIL CILFOWYR, Esq., + | courtesy after 1880 third son. When his brother + | Lady Harriet Cilfowyr. succeeds in 1880 as Duke of + | Died 1897. London he petitions the + | Queen for that style and + | precedence which he would + | have enjoyed had his father + | lived to inherit the Dukedom. + | His petition being granted, + | he becomes by courtesy Lord + | Cecil Cilfowyr, until he + | succeeds in 1896, at the + | death of his brother, to + | the Dukedom of London. + | + --------------------------------------------------------- + | | | | | + THOMAS CILFOWYR, Esq., | | | ISABEL CILFOWYR, + eldest son and heir-apparent, | | | styled by courtesy as + styled Earl of Edinburgh by | | | Lady Isabel Cilfowyr. + courtesy. Died _v.p._ | | | Living 1900. + 1830, so never succeeds. | | | + | | | | + | | | IRENE CILFOWYR, + | | | styled by courtesy as + | | | Lady Irene Cilfowr + | | | Living 1900. + | | | + | ---------------- | + | | | + | | | + | EDMOND CILFOWYR, Esq., | + | second son, styled by courtesy | + | courtesy Lord Edmond Cilfowyr | + | until 1840, when he succeeds | + | as Duke of London. Died 1850. | + | | | + | | -------------- + | | | + | | JOHN CILFOWYR, Esq., = EDITH TORKINGTON, + | | third son, styled by | succeeds in 1861 as + | | courtesy Lord John Cilfowyr | _suo jure_ Baroness + | | until 1850, when he | Neville by writ in England, + | | succeeds as Duke of London. | and Countess of Torkington + | | London. Died 1870. | (to herself and her heirs) + | | | in Scotland. Died 1862. + | | | + | | ----------------------------- + | | | + | --------------------------------------------------------- | + | | | + ------------------------------------------------- | | + | | | | | + MARY CILFOWYR, ELLEN CILFOWYR, BLANCHE CILFOWYR, | | + Countess of styled by courtesy styled by courtesy | | + Edinburgh. Lady Ellen Cilfowyr. Lady Blanche Cilfowyr. | | + Living 1900. Living 1900. Living 1900. | | + _Heir of Line._ | | + | | | | + ------------------------------------------- | | + | | | + The Barony of Cilfowyr falls into abeyance between these | | + three equally. In Scottish phraseology they are termed | | + heirs portioners. | | + --------------------------------- | + | | | + GRACE CILFOWYR, MURIEL CILFOWYR, | + styled by courtesy styled by courtesy | + Lady Grace Cilfowyr, Lady Muriel Cilfowyr. | + elder dau. Living 1900. Living 1900. | + | + | + --------------------------------------------------------------- + | | | + GEORGE CILFOWYR, Esq., ALICE CILFOWYR, | + only son, and so styled styled by courtesy | + until 1850, when his father succeeds Lady Alice Cilfowyr until | + as Duke of London. As son of a Duke 1885, when she succeeds as | + he then becomes by courtesy Lord George Countess of Torkington. | + Cilfowyr, and this is his proper Died 1887, _s.p._ | + description, because his father has no | + minor title which he could assume. But | + by a quite modern custom which has ------------------------- + sprung up of late years he would very | + probably call himself "Lord Cilfowyr." ANNIE CILFOWYR, = REGINALD + In 1861 his mother succeeds in her styled by courtesy | SHERWIN. + own right to two titles, and by Lady Annie Cilfowyr | Died 1872. + courtesy he would thenceforward be and Lady Annie | + styled by her minor title as Lord Sherwin. Died 1870. | + Neville until her death in 1862, when | + he becomes Earl of Torkington in his | + own right and also Lord Neville. ---------------------- + At his father's death in 1870 he | | + becomes Duke of London. Died 1880. | LILIAN SHERWIN, + | | only daughter, known + | | as Lady Lilian Sherwin + DOROTHY CILFOWYR, styled | until 1896, when she + Lady Dorothy Cilfowyr until 1880, | succeeds as Countess + when she becomes _suo jure_ | of Torkington and + Countess of Torkington and Baroness | Baroness Neville. + Neville. Died _s.p._ 1885. | Living 1900. + | + ARTHUR SHERWIN, + only son and heir, + succeeds as Earl + of Torkington and + Lord Neville in 1887, + at the death of + his aunt. Died 1888. + | + | + | + ------------------------------------------------------------- + | | | + | | | + MARIA SHERWIN, called JANE SHERWIN, | + by courtesy Lady Maria Sherwin, by courtesy Lady Jane | + succeeds in 1888 as Countess of Sherwin, succeeds as | + Torkington and senior coheir Countess of Torkington | + to the Barony of Neville, in 1889, but the | + which falls into abeyance between Barony of Neville again | + herself and her sisters. The falls into abeyance | + Queen determines the abeyance between herself and her | + in her favour, and she consequently younger sister. | + becomes also Baroness Died _s.p._ 1890. | + Neville. Died _s.p._ 1889. | + ------------- + | + HANNAH SHERWIN, + called by courtesy + Lady Hannah Sherwin. + She succeeds in 1890 + as sole heir of her + father, and consequently + the abeyance determines + of itself, and she + becomes both Countess + of Torkington and + Baroness Neville. + Died _s.p._ 1896. + +{528} + +In Scotland Mary, Ellen, and Blanche would be termed "heirs portioners," +and Mary, being an heiress and the eldest born in the direct and senior +line, would be termed the "heir of line." David being possessed of an +ancient Scottish peerage not limited to males (the Earldom of Edinburgh), +Mary, the heir of line, would at once succeed in her own right as Countess +of Edinburgh on the death of her grandfather Charles. If the family were an +untitled Scottish family entitled to supporters, these would descend to +Mary unless they had been specifically granted with some other limitation. + +At the death of Thomas in 1830 Edmond becomes heir male apparent, and at +the death of his father in 1840 Edmond becomes heir male of his house until +his death. David having been created a peer (Duke of London) with remainder +to the heirs male of his body, Edmond succeeded as Duke of London at the +death of Charles in 1840. Grace and Muriel are coheirs of Edmond after his +death. They are _not_ either coheirs or heirs-general of Charles, in spite +of the fact that their father was his heir male. At the death of Charles in +1840, when Edmond succeeded as heir male, John succeeded as heir male +presumptive to Edmond. He was not heir-apparent, because a son might at any +moment have been born to Edmond. An heir-apparent and an heir-presumptive +cannot exist at the same time, for whilst there is an heir-apparent there +cannot be an heir-presumptive. John succeeded as heir male of his house, +and therefore as Duke of London, in 1850, at the death of his elder brother +Edmond; but, though John was the "heir male" of his said elder brother, he +was _not_ his "heir" (Grace and Muriel being the coheirs of Edmond), nor +was he the "heir male of the body" of Edmond, not being descended from him. +John, however, was "heir male of the body" of Charles. George is +heir-apparent of John until his death in 1870, when George succeeds as +"heir" of his father and heir male of his house, and consequently Duke of +London. At his death in 1880 Dorothy becomes the "sole heir," or, more +properly, the "sole heir-general," of her father George; but his kinsman +Robert becomes his "heir male," and therefore Duke of London, in spite of +the fact that there was a much nearer male relative, viz. a nephew, Arthur, +the son of his sister. Robert also becomes the heir male of the body of +Owen and heir male of his house, and as such Duke of London. He would also +be generally described as the heir male of the body of David. + +At the death of Dorothy in 1885 her coheirs were her aunt Alice and her +cousin Arthur equally, and though these really were the coheirs {529} of +_Dorothy_ (the claims of Alice and Annie being equal, and the rights of +Annie having devolved upon Arthur), they would more usually be found +described as the coheirs of George or of John. Annie was never _herself_ +really a coheir, because she died before her brother, but "in her issue" +she became the coheir of Dorothy, though she would, after 1885, be usually +described as "in her issue" a coheir of George, or possibly even of John, +though this would be an inexact description. Arthur was heir of his mother +after 1870, heir of his father after 1872, and heir-apparent of his father +before that date; after 1885 he is a coheir of Dorothy, and after 1887 sole +heir of Dorothy and sole heir of Alice. He would also be usually described +as heir-general of George, and heir-general of John. Let us suppose that +John had married Edith Torkington, an English baroness (_suo jure_) by writ +(Baroness Neville), who had died in 1862. At that date the barony would +have descended to her eldest son George until his death in 1880, when +Dorothy, _suo jure_, would have succeeded. At her death in 1885 the barony +would have fallen into abeyance between Alice and Arthur. At the death of +Alice in 1887 the abeyance would be at an end, and the barony in its +entirety would have devolved upon Arthur, who would have enjoyed it until +at his death in 1888 the barony would have again fallen into abeyance +between Maria, Jane, and Hannah equally. It is not unlikely that Her +Majesty might have "determined the abeyance," or "called the barony out of +abeyance" (the meanings of the terms are identical) in favour of Maria, who +would consequently have enjoyed the barony in its entirety. At her death in +1889 it would again fall into abeyance between Jane and Hannah. At Jane's +death in 1890 Hannah became sole heir, and the abeyance came to an end when +Hannah succeeded to the barony. At her death it would pass to her aunt +Lilian. Hannah would usually be described as "coheir and subsequently sole +heir of" Arthur. If the Baroness Neville had been possessed of an ancient +Scottish Peerage (the Earldom of Torkington) it would have passed +undividedly and in full enjoyment to the heir of line, _i.e._ in 1862 to +George, 1880 to Dorothy, 1885 to Alice, 1887 to Arthur, 1888 to Maria, 1889 +to Jane, 1890 to Hannah, and 1896 to Lilian, the last (shown on the +pedigree) in remainder. Lilian does not become an heiress until 1896, when +the whole issue of her brother becomes extinct. Irene and Isabel never +become heirs at all. + +Robert, as we have seen, became heir male of his house and Duke of London +in 1880. At his death (1896) Harriet becomes sole heir of Robert, but at +her death in 1897 his niece Ada, the only child of his younger brother +Philip, who had predeceased him, would be usually referred to as heir of +Robert, whilst Cecil is heir male of his house. {530} + +When the term "of the body" is employed, _actual descent_ from that person +is signified, _e.g._ Arthur after 1885 is "collateral" heir-general of +Dorothy, but "heir-general of the body" of Edith Torkington. + +An "heir of entail," or, to use the Scottish term, the "heir of tailzie," +is merely the person succeeding to _property_ under a specific remainder +contained in a deed of entail. This has no relation to heirship in blood, +and the term, from an armorial point of view, might be entirely +disregarded, were it not that some number of Scottish coats of arms, and a +greater number of Scottish supporters, and some Scottish peerages and +baronetcies, are specifically granted and limited to the heirs of entail. +There are a few similar English grants following upon Royal Licences for +change of name and arms. + +[Illustration: FIG. 742.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 743.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 744.] + +The term "heir in expectancy" is sometimes heard, but it is not really a +proper term, and has no exact or legal meaning. When George was alive his +daughter Dorothy was his heir-presumptive, but supposing that Dorothy were +a Catholic nun and Alice a lunatic, in each of which cases there would be +very little likelihood of any marriage ever taking place, Arthur would very +generally be described as "heir in expectancy," for though he was neither +heir-apparent nor heir-presumptive, all probability pointed to the eventual +succession of himself or his issue. + +Anybody is said to be "in remainder" to entailed property or a peerage if +he is included within the recited limits of the entail or peerage. The +"heir in remainder" is the person next entitled to succeed after the death +of the existing holder. + +Thus (excluding heirs in expectancy and women who are {531} +heirs-presumptive) a marriage with any woman who is an heir or coheir +results in her arms being placed upon an escutcheon of pretence over the +arms of the husband. In the cases of all other women the arms are "impaled" +only. To "impale two coats" the shield is divided by a straight line down +the centre, the whole design of the arms of the husband being placed on the +dexter side of the escutcheon, and the whole design of the wife's arms +being placed on the sinister side (Fig. 742). + +[Illustration: FIG. 745.] + +It may perhaps be as well to here exemplify the different methods of the +conjunction of the arms of man and wife, arranging the same two coats in +the different methods in which they might be marshalled before reverting to +ancient practices. + +[Illustration: FIG. 746.] + +An ordinary commoner impales his wife's arms as in Fig. 742. If she be an +heiress, he places them on an escutcheon of pretence as in Fig. 743. If the +husband, not being a Knight, is, however, a Companion of an Order of +Knighthood, this does not (except in the case of the Commanders of the +Victorian Order) give him the right to use the circle of his Order round +his arms, and his badge is simply hung below the escutcheon, the arms of +the wife being impaled or placed on an escutcheon of pretence thereupon as +the case may necessitate. The wife of a Knight Bachelor shares the state +and rank with her husband, and the only difference is in the helmet (Fig. +744). But if the husband be a knight of any order, the ensigns of that +order are personal to himself, and cannot be shared with his wife, and +consequently two shields are employed. On the dexter shield are the arms of +the husband with the circle of his order of knighthood, and on the sinister +shield are the arms of the husband impaling the arms of the wife. Some +meaningless decoration, usually a wreath of oak-leaves, is placed round the +sinister shield to "balance," from the artistic point, the {532} ribbon, or +the ribbon and collar, as the case may be, of the order of knighthood of +the husband (Fig. 745). A seeming exception to this rule in the case of the +recent warrant to Queen Alexandra, whose arms, impaled by those of His +Majesty, are depicted impaled within the Garter, is perhaps explained by +the fact that Her Majesty is herself a member of that Order. A Knight Grand +Cross, of course, adds his collar to the dexter shield, and if he has +supporters, these are placed outside the _two_ shields. + +A peer impales the arms of his wife as in the case of a commoner, the arms +of the wife being, of course, under the protection of the supporters, +coronet, and helmet of the peer (Fig. 746). If, in addition to being a +peer, he is also a knight of an order, he follows the rules which prescribe +the use of two shields as already described. + +[Illustration: FIG. 747.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 748.] + +Supposing the wife to be a peeress in her own right, she cannot nowadays +confer any rank whatever upon her husband; consequently, if she marry a +commoner, the husband places her arms upon an escutcheon of pretence +surmounted by a coronet of her rank, but the supporters belonging to her +peerage cannot be added to his shield. The arms of the wife are +consequently repeated alone, but in this case upon a lozenge on the +sinister side of the husband's shield. Above this lozenge is placed the +coronet of her rank, and the supporters belonging to her peerage are placed +on either side of the lozenge (Fig. 747). But the arms of a peeress in her +own right are frequently represented on a lozenge without any reference to +the arms of her husband. In the case of a peeress in her own right marrying +a peer, the arms of the peeress are placed upon an escutcheon of pretence +in the centre of {533} her husband's shield, the only difference being that +this escutcheon of pretence is surmounted by the coronet belonging to the +peerage of the wife; and on the sinister side the arms of the wife are +repeated upon a lozenge with the supporters and coronet belonging to her +own peerage. It is purely an artistic detail, but it is a happy conceit in +such an instance to join together the compartments upon which the two pairs +of supporters stand to emphasise the fact that the whole is in reality but +one achievement (Fig. 748). + +[Illustration: FIG. 749.] + +Now, it is not uncommon to see an achievement displayed in this manner, for +there have been several instances in recent years of peeresses in their own +right who have married peers. Every woman who _inherits_ a peerage must of +necessity be an heir or coheir, and, as will have been seen, the laws of +armory provide for this circumstance; but supposing that the peeress were a +peeress by creation and were not an heiress, how would her arms be +displayed? Apparently it would not be permissible to place them on an +escutcheon of pretence, and consequently there is no way upon the husband's +shield of showing that his wife is a peeress in her own right. Such an +instance did arise in the case of the late Baroness Stratheden, who was +created a peeress whilst not being an heiress. Her husband was subsequently +created Baron Campbell. Now, how were the arms of Lord Campbell and Lady +Stratheden and Campbell displayed? I think I am correct in saying that not +a single textbook on armory recites the method which should be employed, +and I candidly confess that I myself am quite ignorant upon the point. + +[Illustration: FIG. 750.] + +All the foregoing are simply instances of how to display the arms of man +and wife, or, to speak more correctly, they are instances of the methods +_in which a man should bear arms for himself and his wife when he is +married_; for the helmet and mantling clearly indicate that it is the man's +coat of arms, and not the woman's. In olden days, when the husband +possessed everything, this might have been enough for all the circumstances +which were likely to occur. + +A lady whilst unmarried bears arms on a lozenge (Fig. 749), and upon +becoming a widow, bears again upon a lozenge the arms of her husband +impaled with the arms borne by her father (Fig. 750), or with the latter +upon an escutcheon of pretence if the widow be herself an {534} heiress +(Fig. 751). The widow of a knight has no way whatever of indicating that +her husband was of higher rank than an ordinary untitled gentleman. The +widow of a baronet, however, places the inescutcheon with the hand of +Ulster upon her husband's arms (Fig. 752). I have often heard this +disputed, but a reference to the Grant Books at the College of Arms (_vide_ +a grant of arms some years ago to Lady Pearce) will provide the necessary +precedent. If, however, the baronetcy is of Nova Scotia, this means of +indicating the rank cannot be employed. The widow of a peer (not being a +peeress in her own right) uses a lozenge of her husband's and her own arms, +with his supporters and his coronet (Fig. 753). + +[Illustration: FIG. 751.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 752.] + +If a peeress, after marriage with a commoner, becomes a widow she bears on +the dexter side a lozenge of her late husband's arms and superimposed +thereupon her own on an escutcheon of pretence surmounted by a coronet. +(The coronet, it should be noted, is over the escutcheon of pretence and +not above the lozenge.) On the sinister side she bears a lozenge of her own +arms alone with her supporters and with her coronet above the lozenge. The +arms of the present Baroness Kinloss would show an example of such an +arrangement of two lozenges, but as Lady Kinloss does not possess +supporters these additions could not be introduced. + +[Illustration: FIG. 753.] + +The laws of arms provide no way in which a married woman (other than a +peeress in her own right) can display arms in her own right during the +lifetime of her husband, unless this is to be presumed from the method of +depicting the arms of a wife upon a hatchment. In such a case, a _shield_ +is used, usually suspended from a ribbon, identical with the shield of the +husband, but omitting the helmet, crest, mantling, and motto. + +Impalement is used occasionally in other circumstances than marriage, +_i.e._ to effect conjunction of official and personal arms. + +With rare exceptions, the official arms which exist are those of +Archiepiscopal and Episcopal Sees, of the Kings of Arms, and of the {535} +Regius Professors at Cambridge. Here certainly, in the ecclesiastical +cases, the theory of marriage remains, the official arms being placed on +the dexter side and the personal arms on the sinister, inasmuch as the laws +of armory for ecclesiastics were made at a time when the clergy were +celibate. The personal helmet and crest are placed above the impaled coat, +except in the cases of bishops and archbishops, who, of course, use a mitre +in place thereof. It is not correct to impale the arms of a wife upon the +same shield which carries the impalement of an official coat of arms, +because the wife does not share the office. In such a case it is necessary +to make use of two shields placed side by side, as is done in conjoining +the arms of a Knight of any Order with those of his wife. + +In impaling the arms of a wife, it is not correct to impale more than her +pronominal coat. This is a definite rule in England, somewhat modified in +Scotland, as will be presently explained. Though it has never been +considered good form to impale a quartered shield, it is only recently that +the real fact that such a proceeding is definitely incorrect has come to +light. It appears from the State Papers, Domestic Series, Eliz. xxvi. 31, +1561:-- + +"At a Chapitre holden by the office of Armes at the Embroyderers' Hall in +London, anno 4^o Reginæ Elizabethæ it was agreed that no inhiritrix eyther +mayde wife or widow should bear or cause to be borne any Creast or +cognizance of her Ancestors otherwise than as followeth. If she be +unmarried to bear in her ringe, cognizaunce or otherwise, the first coate +of her ancestors in a Lozenge. And during her widowhood to set the first +coate of her husbande in pale with the first coate of her Auncestors. And +if she mary on who is noe gentleman, then she to be clearly exempted from +the former conclusion." + +Whilst this rule holds in England, it must, to a certain extent, be +modified in relation to the arms of a Scottish wife. Whilst the inalienable +right _to quarter arms derived_ from an heiress cannot be said to be +non-existent in Scotland, it should be noted that the custom of +indiscriminately quartering is much less frequent than in England, and +comparatively seldom adopted, unless estates, or chief representation in an +important or appreciable degree, follow the technical heraldic +representation. In England the claim is always preferred to quarter the +arms of an ancestress who had no brothers whether she transmitted estates +or not. Of course, technically and theoretically the claim is perfectly +correct, and cannot, and should not, be denied. But in practice in England +it has in some cases reached a rather absurd extent, when a man on marrying +an only daughter of the youngest son of the youngest branch of a family +consequently acquires the right to display with his own ensigns the full +arms and quarterings of {536} the head of a house from which he has +inherited no lands, and which is still thriving in the senior male line. In +Scottish practice such an event would be ignored, and in that country it is +not usual to add quarterings to a shield, _nor are these officially +recognised_ without a rematriculation of the arms. In England it is merely +a question of recording the pedigree and proving heirship, and many +quarterings are proved and recorded that there is not the slightest +intention to use regularly. Rematriculation has a more permanent character +than mere registration, inasmuch as the coat with its quarterings upon +matriculation as far as usage is concerned becomes indivisible, and, +consequently, for a Scottish wife the impalement should be of the +indivisible arms and quarterings matriculated to her father in Lyon +Register, with his bordure and other "difference" marks. + +All the old armorists provide ways of impaling the arms of several wives, +and consequently the idea has grown up that it is permissible and correct +to bear and use the arms of two wives at the same time. This is a mistake, +because, strictly and technically speaking, the right to impale the arms of +a wife ceases at her death. Impalement means marriage, and when the +marriage is dissolved the impalement becomes meaningless, and should be +discontinued. A man cannot be married to two people at one time, nor can he +as a consequence impale two coats of arms at the same time. + +The matter is more clearly apparent if the question of an escutcheon of +pretence be considered in place of an impalement. The escutcheon of +pretence means that the husband _pretends_ to represent the family of his +wife. This _jure uxoris_ he undoubtedly does whilst she is alive, but the +moment she dies the _actual_ representation of her family passes to her son +and heir, and it is ridiculous for her husband to _pretend_ to represent +when there is an undoubted representative in existence, and when the +representation, such as it was when vested in himself, has come to an end, +and passed elsewhere. If his heiress-wife had been a peeress, he would have +borne her escutcheon of pretence surmounted by her coronet; but it is +ridiculous for him to continue to do so when the right to the coronet and +to the peerage has passed to his wife's heir. The same argument holds good +with regard to impalement. That, of course, raises the point that in every +authority (particularly in those of an earlier period) will be found +details of the methods to be adopted for impaling the arms of several +wives. People have quite failed to appreciate the object of these rules. +Armory from its earliest introduction has had great memorial use, and when +a monument or hatchment is put up to a man it has been usual, prior to +these utilitarian days of funeral reform, to memorialise _all_ the wives he +has been possessed of. In the same way, in a pedigree it is necessary to +{537} enumerate the names and arms of all the wives of a man. Consequently +for tombs and pedigrees--when all being dead, there is no reason to +indicate any particular woman as the present _wife_--plans have been +devised for the combination of several coats into one memorial achievement, +plans necessitated by the circumstances of the cases, and plans to which no +objection can be taken. Tombs, pedigrees, and other memorials are the usual +form in which the records of arms have chiefly come down to us, and from +the frequency in which cases of achievements with double impalements have +been preserved, a mistaken idea has arisen that it is correct to bear, and +actually use and carry, two impalements at one and the same time. Outside +memorial instances, I have utterly failed to find any instance in former +days of a man himself using in his own lifetime two impalements, and I +believe and state it to be absolutely incorrect for a man to use, say on a +carriage, a bookplate, or a seal, the arms of a deceased wife. You may +_have been_ married to a presently deceased woman, therefore impale her +arms in a record or memorial; but no one _is_ married to a deceased woman, +therefore it is wrong to advertise that you are married to her by impaling +her arms; and as you cannot be married to two people at the same time, it +is illogical and wrong to _use_ or carry two impalements. I know of no +instance of a grant to a man of arms to bear in right of a deceased wife. +It is for these occasions of memorial and record that methods have been +devised to show a man's marriage with several wives. They certainly were +not devised for the purpose of enabling him to bear and use for +contemporary purposes the arms of a series of dead women, the +representation of whom is no longer vested in himself. + +Whilst admitting that for the purposes of record or memorial rules _do_ +exist, it should at the same time be pointed out that even for such +occasions it is much more usual to see two shields displayed, each carrying +its separate impalement, than to find two impalements on one shield. The +use of a separate shield for each marriage is the method that I would +strongly advocate, but as a knowledge of past observances must be had +fully, if one is to read aright the records of the tombs, I recite what the +rules are:-- + +(1) _To impale the arms of two wives._--Either the husband's arms are +placed in the centre, with the first wife on the dexter and the second wife +on the sinister, or else the husband's arms are placed on the dexter side, +and the sinister side is divided in fess, the arms of the first wife being +placed in chief and those of the second in base. The former method is the +one more generally employed of the two. + +(2) _Three wives._--Husband's arms in centre, first wife's on dexter side, +second wife's on sinister side in chief, and third wife in base. {538} + +(3) _Four wives._--Husband's in centre, first and second wives' in chief +and base respectively on the dexter side, and third and fourth similarly on +the sinister. + +If one of two wives be an heiress her arms might be found in pretence and +the other coat or coats impaled, but it is impossible in such a case to +place a number to the wife, and it is impossible to display an escutcheon +of pretence for more than one wife, as if the escutcheon of pretence is +removed from the exact centre it at once ceases to be an escutcheon of +pretence. Consequently, if more than one wife be an heiress, separate +escutcheons should be used for each marriage. Plans have been drawn up and +apparently accepted providing for wives up to nearly twenty in number, but +no useful purpose will be served by repeating them. A man with more than +four wives is unusual in this country. + +Divorce nullifies marriage, and both husband and wife must at once revert +to bachelor and maiden achievements respectively. + +It is difficult to deduce any certain conclusions as to the ancient rules +connected with impalement, for a simple reason which becomes very +noticeable on an examination of ancient _seals_ and other armorial records. +In early times there can be no doubt whatever that men did not impale, or +bother about the arms of wives who were not great heiresses. A man bore his +own arms, and he left his father-in-law, or his brother-in-law, to bear +those of the family with which he had matched. Of course, we find many +cases in which the arms of a wife figure upon the husband's shield, but a +careful examination of them shows that in practically every case the reason +is to be found in the fact that the wife was an heiress. Husbands were +called to Parliament in virtue of the peerages vested in their wives, and +we cannot but come to the conclusion that whenever one finds use in early +times of the arms of a wife, it is due to the fact that the husband was +bearing them not because of his mere marriage, but because he was enjoying +the estates, or peerage, of his wife. + +For that reason we find in many cases the arms of the wife borne in +preference to the paternal arms of descent, or meet with them quartered +with the arms of the husband, and frequently being given precedence over +his own; and on the analogy of the coats of arms of wives at present borne +with the wife's surname by the husband under Royal Licence, there can be +little doubt that at a period when Royal Licences had not come into regular +vogue the same idea was dominant, and the appearance of a wife's coat of +arms meant the assumption of those arms by the husband as his own, with or +without the surname of the wife. + +The connection between name and arms was not then so stereotyped as it is +at present; rather was it a connection between arms and {539} land, and +perhaps more pointedly of arms and a peerage title where this existed, for +there are many points and many facts which conclusively show that at an +early period a coat of arms was often considered to have a territorial +limitation; or perhaps it should be said that, whilst admittedly personal, +arms have territorial attributes or connection. + +This is borne out by the pleadings and details remaining to us concerning +the Grey and Hastings controversy, and if this territorial character of a +coat of arms is admitted, together with another characteristic no less +important--and certainly equally accepted--that a coat of arms could belong +to but one person at the same time, it must be recognised that the +appearance of a wife's arms on a husband's shield is not an instance of a +sign of mere marriage or anything analogous thereto. But when we turn to +the arms of women, the condition of affairs is wholly reversed. A woman, +who of course retained her identity, drew her position from her marriage +and from her husband's position, and from the very earliest period we find +that whilst a man simply bore his own arms, the wife upon her seal +displayed both the arms of her own family and the arms of her husband's. +Until a much later period it cannot be said to have been ordinarily +customary for the husband to bear the arms of his wife unless she were an +heiress, but from almost the beginning of armory the wife conjoined the +arms of her husband and herself. But the instances which have come down to +us from an early period of dimidiated or impaled coats are chiefly +instances of the display of arms by a widow. + +The methods of conjunction which can be classed as above, however, at first +seem to have been rather varied. + +Originally separate shields were employed for the different coats of arms, +then dimidiated examples occur; at a later period we find the arms impaled +upon one shield, and at a subsequent date the escutcheon of pretence comes +into use as a means of indicating that the wife was an heiress. + +The origin of this escutcheon is easy to understand. Taking arms to have a +territorial limitation--a point which still finds a certain amount of +acceptance in Scottish heraldry--there was no doubt that a man, in +succeeding to a lordship in right of his wife, would wish to bear the arms +associated therewith. He placed them, therefore, upon his own, and arms +exclusively of a territorial character have certainly very frequently been +placed "in pretence." His own arms he would look upon as arms of descent; +they consequently occupied the field of his shield. The lordship of his +wife he did not enjoy through descent, and consequently he would naturally +incline to place it "in pretence," and from the constant occasions in which +such a proceeding would seem to be the natural course of events (all of +which occasions {540} would be associated with an heiress-wife), one would +be led to the conclusion that such a form of display indicated an +heiress-wife; and consequently the rule deduced, as are all heraldic rules, +from past precedents became established. + +In the next generation, the son and heir would have descent from his mother +equally with his father, and the arms of her family would be equally arms +of descent to him, and no longer the mere territorial emblem of a lordship. +Consequently they became on the same footing as the arms of his father. The +son would naturally, therefore, quarter the arms. The escutcheon of +pretence being removed, and therefore having enjoyed but a temporary +existence, the association thereof with the heiress-wife becomes emphasised +in a much greater degree. + +This is now accepted as a definite rule of armory, but in reciting it as a +rule it should be pointed out, first, that no man may place the arms of his +wife upon an escutcheon of pretence during the lifetime of her father, +because whilst her father is alive there is always the opportunity of a +re-marriage, and of the consequent birth of a son and heir. No man is +compelled to bear arms on an escutcheon of pretence, it being quite correct +to impale them merely to indicate the marriage--if he so desires. There are +many cases of arms which would appear meaningless and undecipherable when +surmounted by an escutcheon of pretence. + +"Sometimes, also (says Guillim), he who marries an heretrix may carry her +arms in an inescutcheon upon his own, because the husband pretends that his +heirs shall one day inherit an estate by her; it is therefore called an +escutcheon of pretence; but this way of bearing is not known abroad upon +that occasion." + +A man on marrying an heiress-wife has no great space at his disposal for +the display of her arms, and though it is now considered perfectly correct +to place any number of quarterings upon an escutcheon of pretence, the +opportunity does not in fact exist for more than the display of a limited +number. In practice, three or four are as many as will usually be found, +but theoretically it is correct to place the whole of the quarterings to +which the wife is entitled upon the escutcheon of pretence. + +Two early English instances may be pointed out in the fifteenth century, in +which a husband placed his wife's arms _en surtout_. These are taken from +the Garter Plates of Sir John Neville, Lord Montagu, afterwards Marquess of +Montagu (elected K.G. _circa_ 1463), and of Richard Beauchamp, fifth Earl +of Warwick and Albemarle (elected K.G. _circa_ 1400); but it was not until +about the beginning of the seventeenth century that the regular practice +arose by which the husband of an heiress places his wife's arms in an +escutcheon _en surtout_ {541} upon his personal arms, whether his coat be a +quartered one or not. Another early instance is to be found in Fig. 754, +which is interesting as showing the arms of both wives of the first Earl of +Shrewsbury. His first was _suo jure_ Baroness Furnivall. Her arms are, +however, impaled. His second wife was the daughter (but not the heir) of +Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, but she was coheir of her mother, the +Baroness Lisle. + +[Illustration] + + FIG. 754.--Arms of John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, K.G.: Quarterly, 1 + and 4, gules, a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed or (Talbot); 2 + and 3, argent, two lions passant in pale gules (Strange); impaling the + arms of his first wife whose Peerage he enjoyed, viz.: quarterly, 1 and + 4, argent, a bend between six martlets gules (Furnival); 2 and 3, or, a + fret gules (Verdon); and upon an escutcheon of pretence the arms of the + mother of his second wife (to whom she was coheir, conveying her + mother's Peerage to her son), viz.: 1 and 4, gules, a lion passant + guardant argent, crowned or (Lisle); 2 and 3, argent, a chevron gules + (Tyes). (From MS. Reg. 15, E. vi.) + +It should be borne in mind that even in Great Britain an inescutcheon _en +surtout_ does not always mean an heiress-wife. The Earl of Mar and Kellie +bears an inescutcheon surmounted by an earl's coronet for his Earldom of +Kellie, and other instances are to be found in the arms of Cumming-Gordon +(see Plate III.), whilst Sir Hector Maclean Hay, Bart., thus bears his +pronominal arms over his quarterings in continental fashion. Inescutcheons +of augmentation occur in the arms of the Dukes of Marlborough and +Wellington, Lord Newton, and on the shields of Newman, Wolfe, and others. + +Under the Commonwealth the Great Seals of Oliver Cromwell and his son +Richard, as Protectors, bore a shield of arms: "Quarterly, 1 and 4, argent, +a cross gules (for England); 2. azure, a saltire argent (for Scotland); 3. +azure, a harp or, stringed argent (for Ireland);" and upon these +quarterings _en surtout_ an escutcheon of the personal arms of Cromwell: +"Sable, a lion rampant argent." + +In the heraldry of the Continent of Europe it has long been the custom for +an elected sovereign to place his hereditary arms in an escutcheon _en +surtout_ above those of his dominions. As having obtained the crown by +popular election, the Kings of the Hellenes also place _en surtout_ upon +the arms of the Greek kingdom ("Azure, a Greek cross couped argent") an +escutcheon of their personal arms. Another instance is to be found in the +arms of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Whilst all the descendants of +the late Prince Consort (other than his Majesty King Edward VII.) bear in +England the Royal Arms of this country, differenced by their respective +labels with an escutcheon of Saxony _en surtout_ as Dukes and Duchesses of +Saxony, the late Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha bore {542} the arms of +Saxony, placing the differenced Royal shield of this country _en surtout_. + +We now come to the subject of quartering. Considering the fact that every +single text-book on armory gives the ordinary rules for the marshalling of +quarterings, it is strange how many mistakes are made, and how extremely +funny are the ideas of some people upon the subject of quartering. As has +already been stated, the rules of quartering are governed by the simple, +but essential and important fact, that every quartering exhibited means the +representation in blood of some particular person. Quarterings, other than +those of augmentation, can only be inherited from or through those female +ancestors who are in themselves heirs or coheirs in blood, or whose issue +subsequently become in a later generation the representatives of any +ancestor in the male line of that said female ancestor. Briefly speaking, a +woman is an heiress, first, if she is only child; second, if all her +brothers die without issue in her own lifetime; and third, if the entire +issue, male and female, of her brothers, becomes extinct in her own +lifetime. A woman becomes an "heiress in her issue," as it is termed, if +she die before her brothers, if and when all the descendants of her +brothers become absolutely extinct. + +If the wife be either an heir or coheir, she transmits after her death to +_all_ her children the arms and quarterings--_as quarterings to add to +their paternal arms, and as such only_--which she was entitled to place +upon her own lozenge. + +The origin and theory of quartering is as follows: If the daughter be an +heiress or coheiress she represents either wholly or in part her father and +his branch of the family, even if "his branch" only commenced with himself. +Now in the days when the science of armory was slowly evolving itself there +was no Married Women's Property Act, and the husband _ipso facto_ became to +all intents and purposes possessed of and enjoyed the rights of his wife. +But it was at the same time only a possession and enjoyment by courtesy, +and not an actual possession in fee, for the reversion remained with the +wife's heirs, and did not pass to the heirs of the husband; for in cases +where the husband or wife had been previously married, or where there was +no issue of their marriage, their heirs would not be identical. Of course +during the lifetime of his wife he could not actually _represent_ his +wife's family, and consequently could not quarter the arms, but in right of +his wife he "pretended" to the representation of her house, and +consequently the inescutcheon of her arms is termed an "escutcheon of +pretence." + +After the death of a wife her children immediately and actually become the +representatives of their mother, and are as such _entitled_ of right to +quarter the arms of their mother's family. {543} + +The earliest example which has been discovered at the present time of the +use of a quartered coat of arms is afforded by the seal of Joanna of +Ponthieu, second wife of Ferdinand III., King of Castile and Leon, in 1272. +This seal bears on its reverse in a vesica the triple-towered castles of +Castile, and the rampant lion of Leon, repeated as in the modern +quarterings of Spain. There is, however, no separation of the quarters by a +line of partition. This peculiarity will be also noticed as existing in the +quartered coats of Hainault a quarter of a century later. The quartered +coat of Castile and Leon remains upon the monument in Westminster Abbey +erected in memory of Eleanor of Castile, who died in 1290, the first wife +of Edward I. + +Providing the wife be an heiress--and for the remainder of this chapter, +which deals only with quarterings, this will be assumed--the son of a +marriage _after the death_ of his mother quarters her arms with those of +his father, that is, he divides his shield into four quarters, and places +the arms of his father in the first and fourth quarters, and the arms of +his mother in the second and third. That is the root, basis, and original +rule of all the rules of quartering, but it may be here remarked, that no +man is entitled to quarter the arms of his mother whilst she is alive, +inasmuch as she is alive to represent herself and her family, and her issue +cannot assume the representation whilst she is alive. + +[Illustration] + + FIG. 755.--Arms of Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby (d. 1572); Quarterly, + 1. quarterly, i. and iiii., argent, on a bend azure, three bucks' heads + caboshed or (Stanley); ii. and iii., or, on a chief indented azure, + three bezants (Lathom); 2 and 3, gules, three legs in armour conjoined + at the thigh and flexed at the knee proper, garnished and spurred or + (for the Lordship of Man); 4. quarterly, i. and iiii., gules, two lions + passant in pale argent (for Strange); ii. and iii., argent, a fess and + a canton gules (for Wydeville). The arms on the escutcheon of pretence + are not those of his wife (Anne Hastings), who was not an heiress, and + they seem difficult to account for unless they are a coat for Rivers or + some other territorial lordship inherited from the Wydeville family. + The full identification of the quarterings borne by Anthony, Lord + Rivers, would probably help in determining the point. + +But it should not be imagined that the definite rules which exist at the +moment had any such unalterable character in early times. Husbands are +found to have quartered the arms of their wives if they were heiresses, and +if important lordships devolved through the marriage. Territorial arms of +dominion were quartered with personal arms (Fig. 755), quarterings of +augmentation were granted, and the present system is the endeavour to +reconcile all the varying circumstances and precedents which exist. One +point, however, stands out clearly from all ancient examples, viz. that +quartering meant quartering, and a shield was supposed to have but four +quarters upon it. Consequently we find that instead of the elaborate +schemes now in vogue showing {544} 10, 20, 50, or 100 quarterings, the +shield had but four; and this being admitted and recognised, it became +essential that the four most important should be shown, and consequently we +find that quarterings were selected in a manner which would seem to us +haphazard. Paternal quarterings were dropped and the result has been that +many coats of arms are now known as the arms of a family with quite a +different surname from that of the family with which they originated. The +matter was of little consequence in the days when the "upper-class" and +arms-bearing families were few in number. Every one knew how Stafford +derived his Royal descent, and that it was not male upon male, so no +confusion resulted from the Earls of Buckingham giving the Royal coat +precedence before their paternal quartering of Stafford (see Fig. 756), or +from their using only the Woodstock version of the Royal Arms; but as time +went on the upper classes became more numerous, arms-bearing ancestors by +the succession of generations increased in number, and while in the +thirteenth and fourteenth centuries it would be a physical impossibility +for any man to have represented one hundred different heiresses of +arms-bearing families, in later days such became the case. The result has +been the necessity to formulate those strict and rigid rules which for +modern purposes must be conformed to, and it is futile and childish to +deduce a set of rules from ancient and possibly isolated examples +originating in and suitable for the simpler genealogical circumstances of +an earlier day, and assert that it is equally permissible to adopt them at +the moment, or to marshal a modern shield accordingly. + +[Illustration] + + FIG. 756.--Arms of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham (d. 1521): + Quarterly, 1 and 4, quarterly, i. and iiii., France; ii. and iii., + England, within the bordure argent of Thomas of Woodstock; 2 and 3, or, + a chevron gules (for Stafford). (From MS. Add. 22, 306.) + +The first attempt to break away from the four quarters of a shield was the +initiation of the system of grand quarters (see Figs. 755 and 756). By this +means the relative importance could roughly be shown. Supposing a man had +inherited a shield of four quarters and then married a wife in whom was +vested a peerage, he naturally wished to display the arms connected with +that peerage, for these were of greater importance than his own four +quarterings. The problem was how to introduce the fifth. In some cases we +find it borne in pretence, but in other cases, particularly in a later +generation, we find that important quarter given the whole of a quarter of +the shield to itself, the other four being conjoined together and displayed +so as to occupy a similar space. These, therefore, became sub-quarters. The +system also had advantages, because it permitted coats which by constant +quartering had become {545} indivisible to be perpetuated in this form. So +definite was this rule, that in only one of the series of Garter plates +anterior to the Tudor period is any shield found containing more than four +quarters, though many of these are grand quarters containing other coats +borne sub-quarterly. The one instance which I refer to as an exception is +the shield of the Duke D'Urbino, and it is quite possible that this should +not be quoted as an instance in point. He appears to have borne in the +ordinary way four quarters, but he subsequently added thereto two +quarterings which may or may not have been one and the same coat of arms by +way of augmentation. These he placed in pale in the centre of the others, +thus making the shield apparently one of six quarters. + +[Illustration] + + FIG. 757.--Arms of George Nevill, Baron Abergavenny (d. 1535): + Quarterly, 1. gules, on a saltire argent, a rose of the field (Nevill); + 2. chequy or and azure (Warenne); 3. or, three chevrons gules (Clare); + 4. quarterly argent and gules, in the second and third quarters a fret + or, over all a bend sable (Le Despencer); 4. gules, on a fess between + six cross crosslets or, a crescent sable (for Beauchamp). (Add. MS. 22, + 306.) + +But one is safe in the assertion that during the Plantagenet period no more +than four quarters were ordinarily placed upon a shield. Then we come to +the brief period of "squeezed in" quarterings (Figs. 757 and 758). In the +early Visitations we get instances of six, eight, and even a larger number, +and the start once being made, and the number of four relinquished, there +was of course no reason why it should not be extended indefinitely. This +appears to have rapidly become the case, and we find that schemes of +quarterings are now proved and recorded officially in England and Ireland +some of which exceed 200 in number. The record number of officially proved +and recorded quarterings is at present held by the family of Lloyd, of +Stockton in Chirbury, co. Salop, but many of the quarterings of this family +are mere repetition owing to constant intermarriages, and to the fact that +a single Welsh line of male descent often results in a number of different +shields. Welsh arms did not originally have the hereditary unchangeability +we are accustomed to in English heraldry, and moreover a large proportion +are later inventions borne to denote descent and are not arms actually used +by those they stand for, so that the recorded scheme {546} of the +quarterings of Mr. Money-Kyrle, or of the sister Countesses of Yarborough +and Powis, respectively Baroness Fauconberg and Conyers and Baroness Darcy +de Knayth are decidedly more enviable. Nobody of course attempts to bear +such a number. In Scotland, however, even to the present day, the system of +four quarterings is still adhered to. The result is that in Scotland the +system of grand quarterings is still pursued, whilst in England it is +almost unknown, except in cases where coats of arms have for some reason or +another become indivisible. This is a very patent difficulty when it +becomes necessary to marshal indivisible Scottish coats with English ones, +and the system of cadency adopted in Scotland, which has its chief +characteristic in the employment of bordures, makes the matter sometimes +very far from simple. The system adopted at the present time in the case of +a Royal Licence, for example, to bear a Scottish name and arms where the +latter is a coat of many quarterings within a bordure, is to treat such +coat as made indivisible by and according to the most recent matriculation. +That coat is then treated as a grand quartering of an equivalent value to +the pronominal coat in England. + +[Illustration] + + FIG. 758.--Arms of Henry Algernon Percy, Earl of Northumberland (d. + 1527): Quarterly, 1. quarterly, i. and iiii., or, a lion rampant azure + (Percy); ii. and iii., gules, three lucies haurient argent (Lucy); 2. + azure, five fusils conjoined in fess or (for Percy); 3. barry of six or + and vert, a bendlet gules (Poynings); 4. gules, three lions passant in + pale argent, a bendlet azure (FitzPayne), or three piles azure (Brian). + +But reverting to the earlier chart, by the aid of which heirship was +demonstrated, the following were entitled to transmit the Cilfowyr arms as +quarterings. Mary, Ellen, Blanche, Grace, Muriel, and Dorothy all had the +right to transmit. By the death of Dorothy _v.p._ Alice and Annie both +became entitled. Maria Jane and Hannah would have been entitled to transmit +Sherwin and Cilfowyr, but not Cilfowyr alone, if there had been no arms for +Sherwin, though they could have transmitted Sherwin alone if there had been +arms for Sherwin and none for Cilfowyr. Harriet would have transmitted the +arms of Cilfowyr if she had survived, and Ada would, each subject to +differences as has been previously explained. + +As has been already explained, every woman is entitled to bear upon a +lozenge in her own lifetime the arms, quarterings, and difference marks +which belonged to her father. If her mother were an heiress she adds her +mother's arms to her father's, and her mother's quarterings also, +marshalling the whole into a correct sequence, and placing the said +sequence of quarterings upon a lozenge. Such are the armorial bearings of a +daughter. If the said daughter be not an heraldic heiress in blood she +_cannot_ transmit either arms or quarterings to her descendants. Needless +to say, no woman, heiress or non-heiress, can now transmit a crest, and no +woman can bear either crest, helmet, mantling, or motto. A daughter not +being an heiress simply confers the right upon her husband to _impale_ upon +his shield such arms and difference marks as her father bore in his own +right. If an heiress possessing arms marry a man with illegal arms, or a +man making no pretensions to arms, her children have no arms at all, and +really inherit {547} nothing; and the rights, such as they are, to the arms +of the mother as a quartering remain, and must remain, _dormant_ unless and +until arms are established for their father's line, inasmuch as they can +only inherit armorially from their mother _through_ their father. In +England it is always optional for a man to have arms assigned to him to +fill in any blanks which would otherwise mar his scheme of quarterings. + +Let us now see how various coats of arms are marshalled as quarterings into +one achievement. + +[Illustration: FIG. 759.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 760.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 761.] + +The original theory of quartering upon which all rules are based is that +after a marriage with an heiress, necessitating for the children the +combination of the two coats, the shield is divided into four quarters. +These four are numbered from the top left-hand (the dexter) corner (No. 1) +across towards the sinister (No. 2) side of the shield; then the next row +is numbered in the same way (Nos. 3 and 4). This rule as to the method of +numbering holds good for any number of quarterings. + +In allocating the position of the different coats to their places in the +scheme of quarterings, the pronominal coat must _always_ be in the first +quartering. + +In a simple case (the exceptions will presently be referred to) that places +the arms of the father in the first and fourth quarters, and the arms of +the mother in the second and third; such, of course, being on the +assumption that the father possessed only a simple coat without +quarterings, and that the mother was in the same position. The children +therefore possess a coat of four quarters (Fig. 759). Suppose a son of +theirs in his turn marries another heiress, also possessing only a simple +coat without quarterings, he bears arms as Fig. 760, and the grandchildren +descending from the aforesaid marriage put that last-mentioned coat in the +third quarter, and the coat, though still of only four quarters, is: 1 and +4, the pronominal coat; 2, the first heiress; 3, the second (Fig. 761). + +If another single quartering is brought in, in a later generation, that +takes the place of No. 4. So far it is all plain sailing, but very {548} +few text-books carry one beyond this point. Another single quartering +inherited gives five quarterings to be displayed on one shield. The usual +plan is to repeat the first quartering, and gives you six, which are then +arranged in two rows of three. If the shield be an impaled shield one +sometimes sees them arranged in three rows of two, but this is unusual +though not incorrect. But five quarterings are sometimes arranged in two +rows, three in the upper and two in the lower, and with a shield of the +long pointed variety this plan may be adopted with advantage. Subsequent +quarterings, as they are introduced by subsequent marriages, take their +places, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and so on _ad infinitum_. + +In arranging them on one shield, the order in which they devolve (according +to the _pedigree_ and _not_ necessarily according to the _date_ order in +which they are inherited) must be rigidly adhered to; but a person is +perfectly at liberty (1) to repeat the _first_ quartering at the end to +make an even number or not at his pleasure, but no more than the first +quartering must be repeated in such cases; (2) to arrange the quarters in +any number of rows he may find most convenient according to the shape of +the space the quarterings will occupy. + +Upon the Continent it is usual to specify the number and position of the +lines by which the shield is divided. Thus, while an English herald would +say simply, _Quarterly of six_, and leave it to the painter's or engraver's +taste to arrange the quarterings in three rows of two, or in two rows of +three, a French or German herald would ordinarily specify the arrangement +to be used in distinct terms. + +If a man possessing only a simple coat of arms without quarterings marry an +heiress with a number of quarterings (_e.g._ say twenty), he himself places +the arms and quarterings of his wife in pretence. Their children +eventually, as a consequence, inherit twenty-one quarterings. The first is +the coat of their father, the second is the first coat of the mother, and +the remaining nineteen follow in a regular sequence, according to their +position upon their mother's achievement. + +To sum the rule up, it is necessary first to take _all_ the quarterings +inherited from the father and arrange them in a proper sequence, and then +follow on _in the same sequence_ with the arms and quarterings inherited +from the mother. + +The foregoing explanations should show how generation by generation +quarterings are added to a paternal shield, but I have found that many of +those who possess a knowledge of the laws to this extent are yet at a loss, +given a pedigree, to marshal the resulting quarterings in their right +order. + +Given your pedigree--the first quartering _must_ be _the pronominal coat_ +(I am here presuming no change of name or arms has occurred), which is the +coat of the strict male line of descent. Then follow this male line back as +far as it is known. The second quartering is the {549} coat of the _first_ +heiress who married your earliest ancestor in the male line who is known to +have married an heiress. Then after her coat will follow all the +quarterings which she was entitled to and which she has "brought in" to +your family. Having exhausted these, you then follow your male line _down_ +to the next heiress, adding her arms as a quartering to those already +arranged, and following it by her quarterings. The same plan must be +pursued until you arrive at your own name upon the pedigree. Unless some +exceptional circumstance has arisen (and such exceptions will presently be +found detailed at length), all the quarterings are of equal heraldic value, +and must be the same size when displayed. + +If after having worked out your quarterings you find that you have more +than you care to use, you are quite at liberty to make a selection, +omitting any number, _but_ it is entirely _wrong_ to display quarterings +without those quarterings which brought them into the paternal line. +Supposing your name to be Brown, you _must_ put the Brown arms in the first +quarter, but at your pleasure you can quarter the arms of each single +heiress who married an ancestor of yours in the male line (_i.e._ who +herself became Mrs. Brown), or you can omit the whole or a part. But +supposing one of these, Mrs. Brown (_née_ Smith), was entitled to quarter +the arms of Jones, which arms of Jones had brought in the arms of Robinson, +you are not at liberty to quarter the arms of Jones without quartering +Smith, and if you wish to display the arms of Robinson you _must_ also +quarter the arms of Jones to bring in Robinson and the arms of Smith to +bring in Robinson and Jones to your own Brown achievement. You can use +Brown only: or quarterly, 1 and 4, Brown; 2 and 3, Smith: or 1 and 4, +Brown; 2. Smith; 3. Jones: or quarterly, 1. Brown; 2. Smith; 3. Jones; 4. +Robinson; but you are _not_ entitled to quarter: 1 and 4, Brown; 2. Jones; +3. Robinson, because Smith, which brought in Jones and Robinson, has been +omitted, and there was never a match between Brown and Jones. + +Quarterings signifying nothing beyond mere representation are not +compulsory, and their use or disuse is quite optional. + +So much for the general rules of quartering. Let us now consider certain +cases which require rules to themselves. + +It is possible for a daughter to be the sole heir or coheir of her mother +whilst not being the heir of her father, as in the following imaginary +pedigree:-- + + _1st wife_ + (an heiress). _2nd wife._ + MARY CONYERS=JOHN DARCY=MARGARET FAUCONBERG. + | | + ------------- -------------- + | | | + JOAN (only daughter), THOMAS. HENRY. + heir of her mother + but not of her father. + +{550} In this case Joan is not the heir of her father, inasmuch as he has +sons Thomas and Henry, but she is the heir of her mother and the only issue +capable of inheriting and transmitting the Conyers arms and quarterings. +Joan is heir of her mother but not of her father. + +The husband of Joan can either impale the arms of Darcy as having married a +daughter of John Darcy, or he can place upon an escutcheon of pretence arms +to indicate that he has married the heiress of Conyers. But it would be +quite incorrect for him to simply place Conyers in pretence, because he has +not married a Miss Conyers. What he must do is to charge the arms of +Conyers with a dexter canton of the arms of Darcy and place this upon his +escutcheon of pretence.[30] The children will quarter the arms of Conyers +with the canton of Darcy and inherit likewise all the quarterings to which +Mary Conyers succeeded, but the Conyers arms must be always thereafter +charged with the arms of Darcy on a canton, and no right accrues to the +Darcy quarterings. + +The following curious, but quite genuine case, which was pointed out to me +by the late Ulster King of Arms, presents a set of circumstances absolutely +unique, and it still remains to be decided what is the correct method to +adopt:-- + + _1st wife._ _2nd wife._ + Lady MARY, dau. and = WILLIAM ST. LAWRENCE, = MARGARET, dau. of + coheir of Thomas | 2nd Earl of Howth. | William Burke. + Bermingham, Earl | | + of Louth. Married | | + 1777, died 1793. | ---------------------- + | | | + | THOMAS ST. LAWRENCE, | + ----------------------- 3rd Earl of Howth. | + | | | | Other issue. + | Three other daughters + | and coheirs of their + | mother. + | + Lady ISABELLA ST. LAWRENCE, = WILLIAM RICHARD ANNESLEY, = PRISCILLA, + 2nd dau. and coheir of her | 3rd Earl of Annesley. | 2nd dau. of + mother, but not heir of her | | Hugh Moore. + father, therefore entitled | | + to transmit the arms of | | + Bermingham with those of | ------------------- + St. Lawrence on a canton. | | | + First wife of Earl | WILLIAM, 4th Earl HUGH, 5th Earl + Annesley. Married 1803, | of Annesley. of Annesley. + died 1827. | + ------------ + | + Lady MARY ANNESLEY, only child and = WILLIAM JOHN McGUIRE + sole heir of her mother and of Rostrevor. + coheir of her grandmother, but + not heir of her father or of her + grandfather. She is therefore + entitled to transmit the arms of + Bermingham with St. Lawrence on + a canton plus Annesley on a + canton. Married 1828. + +How the arms of Bermingham are to be charged with both St. Lawrence and +Annesley remains to be seen. I believe Ulster favoured {551} two separate +cantons, dexter and sinister respectively, but the point did not come +before him officially, and I know of no official decision which affords a +precedent. + +The reverse of the foregoing affords another curious point when a woman is +the heir of her father but not the heir of her mother:-- + + JOHN SMITH=MARY JONES. + | + _1st husband._ | _2nd husband._ + JOHN WILLIAMS = ETHEL SMITH, = HENRY ROBERTS. + | only child | + | and heir. | + ------------------- ------- + | | + ALICE WILLIAMS, = ARTHUR ELLIS. EDWARD ROBERTS, + only child and | heir of his mother. + heir of John | | + Williams. | Issue. + | + THEODORE ELLIS, + who claims to quarter: + 1 and 4, Ellis; 2. Williams; 3. Smith. + +It is officially admitted (see the introduction to Burke's "General +Armory") that the claim is accurately made. The process of reasoning is +probably thus. John Williams places upon an escutcheon of pretence the arms +of Smith, and Alice Williams succeeds in her own right to the arms of her +mother because the latter was an heiress, and for herself is entitled to +bear, as would a son, the arms of the two parents quarterly; and having so +inherited, Alice Williams being herself an heiress, is entitled to +transmit. At any rate Arthur Ellis is entitled to impale or place upon his +escutcheon of pretence Williams and Smith quarterly. To admit the right for +the descendants to quarter the arms Arthur Ellis so bore is no more than a +logical progression, but the eventual result appears faulty, because we +find Theodore Ellis quartering the arms of Smith, whilst the representation +of Smith is in the line of Edward Roberts. This curious set of +circumstances, however, is rare in the extreme. + +It frequently happens, in devising a scheme of quarterings, that a person +may represent heiresses of several families entitled to bear arms, but to +whom the pedigree must be traced through an heiress of another family which +did not possess arms. Consequently any claim to quarterings inherited +through the non-armorial heiress is dormant, and the quarterings must not +be used or inserted in any scheme drawn up. It is always permissible, +however, to petition for arms to be granted to be borne for that +non-armorial family for the purpose of introducing the quarterings in +question, and such a grant having been made, the dormant claim then becomes +operative and the new coat is introduced, followed by the dormant +quartering in precisely the same manner as would have been the case if the +arms granted had always existed. Grants of this character are constantly +being obtained. {552} + +When a Royal Licence to assume or change name and arms is granted it very +considerably affects the question of quartering, and many varying +circumstances attending these Royal Licences make the matter somewhat +intricate. If the Royal Licence is to assume a name and arms in lieu of +those previously used, this means that for everyday use the arms are +_changed_, the right to the old arms lapsing except for the purpose of a +scheme of quarterings. The new coat of arms under the terms of the Royal +Licence, which requires it first "to be exemplified in our Royal College of +Arms, otherwise this our Royal Licence to be void and of none effect," is +always so exemplified, this exemplification being from the legal point of +view equivalent to a new grant of the arms to the person assuming them. The +terms of the Royal Licence have always carefully to be borne in mind, +particularly in the matter of remainder, because sometimes these +exemplifications are for a limited period or intended to devolve with +specified property, and a Royal Licence only nullifies a prior right to +arms to the extent of the terms recited in the Letters Patent of +exemplification. In the ordinary way, however, such an exemplification is +equivalent to a new grant affecting all the descendants. When it is assumed +in lieu, for the ordinary purpose of use the new coat of arms takes the +place of the old one, but the right to the old one remains in theory to a +certain extent, inasmuch as its existence _is necessary_ in any scheme of +quartering _to bring in_ any quarterings previously inherited, and these +cannot be displayed with the new coat unless they are preceded by the old +one. Quarterings, however, which are brought into the family through a +marriage in the generation in which the Royal Licence is obtained, or in a +subsequent generation, can be displayed with the new coat without the +interposition of the old one. + +If the Royal Licence be to bear the name of a certain family in lieu of a +present name, and to bear the arms of that family quarterly with the arms +previously borne, the quarterly coat is then exemplified. In an English or +Irish Royal Licence the coat of arms for the name assumed is placed in the +first and the fourth quarters, and the old paternal arms figure in the +second and third. This is an invariable rule. The quarterly coat thus +exemplified becomes an indivisible coat for the new name, and it is not +permissible to subsequently divide these quarterings. They become as much +one coat of arms as "azure, a bend or" is the coat of arms of Scrope. If +this quarterly coat is to be introduced in any scheme of quarterings it +will only occupy the same space as any other single quartering and counts +only as one, though it of course is in reality a grand quartering. In +devising a scheme of quarterings for which a sub-quarterly coat of this +character exemplified under a Royal Licence is the pronominal coat, that +{553} quarterly coat is placed in the first quarter. Next to it is placed +the original coat of arms borne as the pronominal coat before the Royal +Licence and exemplified in the second and third sub-quarters of the first +quarter. When here repeated it occupies an entire quarter. Next to it are +placed the whole of the quarterings belonging to the family in the order in +which they occur. If the family whose name has been assumed is represented +through an heiress that coat of arms is also repeated in its proper +position and in that place in which it would have appeared if unaffected by +the Royal Licence. But if it be the coat of arms of a family from whom +there is no descent, or of whom there is no representation, the fact of the +Royal Licence does not give any further right to quarter it beyond its +appearance in the pronominal grand quartering. The exact state of the case +is perhaps best illustrated by the arms of Reid-Cuddon. The name of the +family was originally Reid, and representing an heiress of the Cuddons of +Shaddingfield Hall they obtained a Royal Licence to take the name and arms +of Cuddon in addition to the name and arms of Reid, becoming thereafter +Reid-Cuddon. The arms were exemplified in due course, and the achievement +then became: Quarterly, 1 and 4, Reid-Cuddon sub-quarterly, 2. the arms of +Reid, 3. the arms of Cuddon. In Scotland no such thing as a Royal Licence +exists, the matter being determined merely by a rematriculation following +upon a voluntary change of name. There is no specified order or position +for the arms of the different names, and the arrangement of the various +quarterings is left to be determined by the circumstances of the case. Thus +in the arms of Anstruther-Duncan the arms of Anstruther are in the first +quarter, and the matter is always largely governed by the importance of the +respective estates and the respective families. In England this is not the +case, because it is an unalterable rule that the arms of the last or +principal surname if there be two, or the arms of the one surname if that +be the case when the arms of two families are quartered, must always go in +the 1st and 4th quarters. If three names are assumed by Royal Licence, the +arms of the last name go in the 1st and 4th quarters, and the last name but +one in the second quarter, and of the first name in the third. These cases +are, however, rare. But no matter how many names are assumed, and no matter +how many original coats of arms the shield as exemplified consists of, it +thereafter becomes an indivisible coat. + +When a Royal Licence is issued to an illegitimate person to bear the name +and arms of another family, no right is conferred to bear the quarterings +of that family even subject to difference marks. The Royal Licence is only +applicable to whatever arms were the pronominal coat used with the name +assumed. Though instances {554} certainly can be found in some of the +Visitation Books and other ancient records of a coat with quarterings, the +whole debruised by a bendlet sinister, notably in the case of a family of +Talbot, where eight quarters are so marked, the fact remains that this +practice has long been definitely considered incorrect, and is now never +permitted. If a Royal Licence is issued to an illegitimate woman the +exemplification is to herself personally, for in the eyes of the law she +has no relatives; and though she may be one of a large family, her +descendants are entitled to quarter the arms with the marks of distinction +exemplified to her because such quartering merely indicates the +representation of that one woman, who in the eyes of the law stands alone +and without relatives. In the case of a Royal Licence to take a name and +arms subject to these marks of distinction for illegitimacy, and in cases +where the arms to be assumed are a sub-quarterly coat, the mark of +distinction, which in England is now invariably a bordure wavy, will +surround both quarterings, which remain an indivisible coat. + +If an augmentation is granted to a person whose pronominal coat is +sub-quarterly, that augmentation, whatever form it may assume, is +superimposed upon all quarterings. Thus a chief of augmentation would go +across the top of the shield, the four quarters being displayed below, and +the whole of this shield would be only one quartering in any scheme of +quartering. An inescutcheon is superimposed over all. If the augmentation +take the form of a quartering, then the pronominal coat is a grand +quartering, equivalent in size to the augmentation. If a person entitled to +a sub-quarterly coat and a double name obtains a Royal Licence to bear +another name and arms, and to bear the arms he has previously borne +quarterly with those he has assumed, the result would be: Quarterly, 1 and +4, the new coat assumed, quarterly 2 and 3, the arms he has previously +borne sub-quarterly. But it should be noticed that the arrangements of +coats of arms under a Royal Licence largely depends upon the wording of the +document by which authority is given by the Sovereign. The wording of the +document in its terms is based upon the wording of the petition, and within +reasonable limits any arrangement which is desired is usually permitted, so +that care should be taken as to the wording of the petition. + +A quartering of augmentation is always placed in the first quarter of a +shield, but it becomes indivisible from and is depicted sub-quarterly with +the paternal arms; for instance, the Dukes of Westminster for the time +being, but not other members of the family, bear as an augmentation the +arms of the city of Westminster in the 1st and 4th quarters of his shield, +and the arms of Grosvenor in the 2nd and 3rd, but this coat of Westminster +and Grosvenor is an indivisible {555} quarterly coat which together would +only occupy the first quarter in a shield of quarterings. Then the second +one would be the arms of Grosvenor alone, which would be followed by the +quarterings previously inherited. + +If under a Royal Licence a name is assumed and the Royal Licence makes no +reference to the arms of the family, the arms for all purposes remain +unchanged and as if no Royal Licence had ever been issued. If the Royal +Licence issued to a family simply exemplifies a single coat of arms, it is +quite wrong to introduce any other coat of arms to convert this single coat +into a sub-quarterly one. + +To all intents and purposes it may be stated that in Scotland there are +still only four quarters in a shield, and if more than four coats are +introduced grand quarterings are employed. Grand quarterings are very +frequent in Scottish armory. The Scottish rules of quartering follow no +fixed principle, and the constant rematriculations make it impossible to +deduce exact rules; and though roughly approximating to the English ones, +no greater generalisation can be laid down than the assertion that the most +recent matriculation of an ancestor governs the arms and quarterings to be +displayed. + +A royal quartering is never subdivided. + +In combining Scottish and English coats of arms into one scheme of +quartering, it is usual if possible to treat the coat of arms as +matriculated in Scotland as a grand quartering equivalent in value to any +other of the English quarterings. This, however, is not always possible in +cases where the matriculation itself creates grand quarterings and +sub-quarterings; and for a scheme of quarterings in such a case it is more +usual for the Scottish matriculation to be divided up into its component +parts, and for these to be used as simple quarterings in succession to the +English ones, regardless of any bordure which may exist in the Scottish +matriculation. It cannot, of course, be said that such a practice is beyond +criticism, though it frequently remains the only practical way of solving +the difficulty. + +Until comparatively recent times, if amongst quarterings inherited the +Royal Arms were included, it was considered a fixed, unalterable rule that +these should be placed in the first quarter, taking precedence of the +pronominal coat, irrespective of their real position according to the date +or pedigree place of introduction. This rule, however, has long since been +superseded, and Royal quarterings now take their position on the same +footing as the others. It very probably arose from the misconception of the +facts concerning an important case which doubtless was considered a +precedent. The family of Mowbray, after their marriage with the heiress of +Thomas de Brotherton, used either the arms of Brotherton alone, these being +England differenced {556} by a label, or else placed them in the first +quarter of their shield. Consequently from this precedent a rule was +deduced that it was permissible and correct to give a Royal quartering +precedence over all others. The position of the Mowbrays, Dukes of Norfolk, +as Earls Marshal no doubt led to their own achievement being considered an +exemplary model. But it appears to have been overlooked that the Mowbrays +bore these Royal Arms of Brotherton not as an inherited quartering but as a +grant to themselves. Richard II. apparently granted them permission to bear +the arms of Edward the Confessor impaled with the arms of Brotherton, the +whole between the two Royal ostrich feathers (Fig. 675), and consequently, +the grant having been made, the Mowbrays were under no necessity to display +the Mowbray or the Segrave arms to bring in the arms of Brotherton. A +little later a similar case occurred with the Stafford family, who became +sole heirs-general of Thomas of Woodstock, and consequently entitled to +bear his arms as a quartering. The matter appears to have been settled at a +chapter of the College of Arms, and the decision arrived at was as +follows:-- + +_Cott. MS., Titus, C. i. fol. 404, in handwriting of end of sixteenth +century._ + + [An order made for Henry Duke of Buckingham to beare the Armes of + Thomas of Woodstock alone without any other Armes to bee quartered + therewith. Anno 13 E 4.] + + Memorandum that in the yeare of the Reigne of our Soveraign Lord King + Edward the iiij^{th}, the Thurtein in the xviij^{tin} day of ffeverir, + it was concluded in a Chapitre of the office of Armes that where a + nobleman is descended lenyalle Ineritable to iij. or iiij. Cotes and + afterward is ascended to a Cotte neir to the King and of his royall + bloud, may for his most onneur bere the same Cootte alone, and none + lower Coottes of Dignite to be quartered therewith. As my Lord Henry + Duke of Buckingham, Eirll of Harford, Northamton, and Stafford, Lord of + Breknoke and of Holdernes, is assended to the Coottes and ayer to + Thomas of Woodstoke, Duke of Glocestre and Sonne to King Edward the + third, hee may beire his Cootte alone. And it was so Concluded by + [Claurancieulx King of Armes, Marche King of Armes, Gyen King of Armes, + Windesor Herauld, Fawcon Herauld, Harfford Herald]. + +But I imagine that this decision was in all probability founded upon the +case of the Mowbrays, which was not in itself an exact precedent, because +with the Staffords there appears to have been no such Royal grant as +existed with the Mowbrays. Other instances at about this period can be +alluded to, but though it must be admitted that the rule existed at one +time, it has long since been officially overridden. + +A territorial coat or a coat of arms borne to indicate the possession of a +specific title is either placed in the first quarter or borne in {557} +pretence; see the arms of the Earl of Mar and Kellie. A singular instance +of a very exceptional method of marshalling occurs in the case of the arms +of the Earl of Caithness. He bears four coats of arms, some being stated to +be territorial coats, quarterly, dividing them by the cross engrailed sable +from his paternal arms of Sinclair. The arms of the Earls of Caithness are +thus marshalled: "Quarterly, 1. azure, within a Royal tressure a ship with +furled sails all or." For Orkney: "2 and 3. or, a lion rampant gules." For +Spar (a family in possession of the Earldom of Caithness before the +Sinclairs): "4. Azure, a ship in sail or, for Caithness"; and over all, +dividing the quarters, a cross engrailed "sable," for Sinclair. The Barons +Sinclair of Sweden (so created 1766, but extinct ten years later) bore the +above quartered coats as cadets of Caithness, but separated the quarters, +not by the engrailed cross sable of Sinclair, but by a cross patée +throughout ermine. In an escutcheon _en surtout_ they placed the Sinclair +arms: "Argent, a cross engrailed sable"; and, as a mark of cadency, they +surrounded the main escutcheon with "a bordure chequy or and gules." This +arrangement was doubtless suggested by the Royal Arms of Denmark, the +quarterings of which have been for so many centuries separated by the cross +of the Order of the Dannebrog: "Argent, a cross patée throughout fimbriated +gules." In imitation of this a considerable number of the principal +Scandinavian families use a cross patée throughout to separate the quarters +of their frequently complicated coats. The quarterings in these cases are +often not indicative of descent from different families, but were all +included in the original grant of armorial bearings. On the centre of the +cross thus used, an escutcheon, either of augmentation or of the family +arms, is very frequently placed _en surtout_. + +The main difference between British and foreign usage with regard to +quartering is this, that in England quarterings are usually employed to +denote simply descent from an heiress, or representation in blood; in +Scotland they also implied the possession of lordships. In foreign coats +the quarterings are often employed to denote the possession of fiefs +acquired in other ways than by marriage (_e.g._ by bequest or purchase), or +the _jus expectationis_, the right of succession to such fiefs in +accordance with certain agreements. + +In foreign heraldry the base of the quartered shield is not unfrequently +cut off by a horizontal line, forming what is known as a _Champagne_, and +the space thus made is occupied by one or more coats. At other times a pile +with curved sides runs from the base some distance into the quartered +shield, which is then said to be _enté en point_, and this space is devoted +to the display of one or more quarterings. The definite and precise British +regulations which have grown up on the {558} subject of the marshalling of +arms have no equivalent in the armorial laws of other countries. + +Very rarely quartering is affected _per saltire_, as in the arms of Sicily +and in a few coats of Spanish origin, but even as regards foreign armory +the practice is so rare that it may be disregarded. + +The laws of marshalling upon the Continent, and particularly in Germany, +are very far from being identical with British heraldic practices. + +[Illustration: FIG. 762.--Arms of Hans Wolf von Bibelspurg.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 763.--Arms of Hans Wolf von Bibelspurg and his wife +Catherina Waraus married in 1507 at Augsburg.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 764.] + +The British method of impaling two coats of arms upon one shield to signify +marriage is abroad now wholly discarded, and two shields are invariably +made use of. These shields are placed side by side, the dexter shield being +used to display the man's arms and the sinister those of the woman's +family. The shields are tilted towards each other (the position is not +quite identical with that which we term accollé). But--and this is a +peculiarity practically unknown in England--the German practice invariably +reverses the charges upon the dexter shield, so that the charges upon the +two shields "respect" each other. This perhaps can be most readily +understood by reference to Figs. 762 and 763. The former shows the simple +arms of Von Bibelspurg, the latter the same coat allied with another. But +it should be noted that letters or words, if they appear as charges upon +the shield, are not reversed. This reversing of the charges is by no means +an uncommon practice in Germany for other purposes. For instance, if the +arms of a State are depicted surrounded by the arms of provinces, or if the +arms of a reigning Sovereign are grouped within a bordure of the shields of +other people, the charges on the shields to the dexter are almost +invariably shown in reflection regarding the shield in the centre. This +practice, resting only on what may be termed "heraldic courtesy," dates +back to very early times, and is met with even in Rolls of Arms where the +shields are all turned to face the centre. Such a system was adopted in +Siebmacher's "Book of Arms." But what the true position of the {559} +charges should be when represented upon a simple shield should be +determined by the position of the helmet. It may be of interest to state +that in St. George's Chapel at Windsor the early Stall plates as originally +set up were all disposed so that helmets and charges alike faced the High +Altar. + +[Illustration: FIG. 765.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 766.--Arms of Loschau or Lexaw, of Augsburg.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 767.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 768.--Arms of the Elector and Archbishop of Treves.] + +The conjunction of three coats of arms in Germany is effected as shown in +Fig. 764. Although matrimonial alliance does not in Germany entail the +conjunction of different coats of arms on one shield, such conjunction does +occur in German heraldry, but it is comparable (in its meaning) with our +rules of quartering and not with our rules of impalement. No such exact and +definite rules exist in that country as are to be met with in our own to +determine the choice of a method of conjunction, nor to indicate the +significance to be presumed from whatever method may be found in use. +Personal selection and the adaptability to any particular method of the +tinctures and the charges themselves of the coats to be conjoined seem to +be the determining factors, and the existing territorial attributes of +German armory have a greater weight in marshalling than the principle of +heirship which is now practically the sole governing factor in British +heraldry. One must therefore content oneself with a brief recital of some +of the various modes of conjunction which have been or are still practised. +These include impalement per pale or per fess (Fig. 765) and dimidiation +(Fig. 766), which is more usual on the Continent than it ever was in these +kingdoms. The subdivision of the field, as with ourselves, is most +frequently adopted; though we are usually confined to quartering, German +armory knows no such restrictions. The most usual subdivisions are as given +in Fig. 767. The ordinary quartered shield is met with in Fig. 768, which +represents the arms of James III., Von Eltz, Elector and Archbishop of +Treves (1567-1581), in which his personal arms of Eltz ("Per fess gules and +argent, in chief a demi-lion issuing or") are quartered with the impersonal +arms of his archbishopric, "Argent, a cross gules." Another method of +conjunction is superimposition, by which the design of the one shield takes +the form of an ordinary imposed {560} upon the other (Fig. 769). A curious +method of conjoining three coats is by engrafting the third in base (Fig. +770). The constant use of the inescutcheon has been already referred to, +and even early English armory (Figs. 706 and 710) has examples of the +widespread Continental practice (which obtains largely in Spanish and +Portuguese heraldry) of surrounding one coat with a bordure of another. + +[Illustration: FIG. 769.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 770.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 771.] + +The German method of conjunction by incorporation has been frequently +pleaded in British heraldry, in efforts to account for ancient arms, but +with us (save for occasional use for cadency differencing at an early and +for a limited period) such incorporation only results in and signifies an +originally _new_ coat, and not an authorised marshalling of existing arms +of prior origin and authority. The German method can best be explained by +two examples. Let us suppose a coat "per fess argent and gules," with which +another coat "gules, a fleur-de-lis argent," is to be marshalled. The +result would be "per fess argent and gules, a fleur-de-lis counterchanged." +With smaller objects a more usual method would duplicate the charges, thus +"per bend argent and azure," and "argent, a star of six points azure" would +result in "per bend argent and azure, two stars of six points +counterchanged" (Fig. 771). {561} + + + +CHAPTER XXXIV + +THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF KNIGHTHOOD + +It hardly falls within the scope of the present work to detail or discuss +the various points concerning the history or statutes of the different +British Orders of Knighthood, and still less so of the Foreign Orders. The +history of the English Orders alone would make a bulky volume. But it is +necessary to treat of the matter to some limited extent, inasmuch as in +modern heraldry in every country in Europe additions are made to the +armorial achievement whenever it is desired to signify rank in any of the +Orders of Knighthood. + +Though a large number of the early Plantagenet Garter Stall plates date as +far back as the year 1420, it is evident that nothing in the armorial +bearings with which they are emblazoned bears any relation to the order of +knighthood to which they belonged until the year 1469 or thereabouts, when +Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, was elected a Knight of the Garter. His +Stall plate, which is of a very exceptional style and character, is the +first to bear the garter encircling the shield. It is curious to notice, by +the way, that upon the privy seal of the Duke of Burgundy, which shows the +same arms depicted upon his Garter plate, the shield is surrounded by the +collar, from which depends the badge of the Order of the Golden Fleece, so +that it is highly probable that the custom of adding marks of knighthood to +a shield came to us from the Continent. The next Garter plate, which shows +the garter around the shield, is that of Viscount Lovel, who was elected in +1483; and the shield of the Earl of Derby, who was elected in the same +year, also is encircled by the Garter. The Garter itself encircling the +shields of knights of that order remained the only mark of knighthood used +armorially in this country for a considerable period, though we find that +the example was copied in Scotland soon afterwards with regard to the Order +of the Thistle. At the commencement of the present Lyon Register, which +dates from the year 1672, the arms of the King of Scotland, which are given +as such and not as the King of England and Scotland, are described as +encircled by the collar of the Order of the Thistle. This probably was used +as the equivalent of the garter in England, for we do not find the collar +of the {562} Garter, together with the garter itself, or the ribbon circle +of the Thistle, together with the collar of that order, until a much later +period. The use of collars of knighthood upon the Continent to encircle +coats of arms has been from the fifteenth century very general and +extensive; examples are to be found at an earlier date; but the encircling +of arms with the garter carrying the motto of the order, or with the ribbon +(which is termed the circle) and motto of any other order is an entirely +English practice, which does not appear to have been copied in any other +country. It, of course, arose from the fact that the actual garter as worn +by the knight of the order carried the motto of the order, and that by +representing the garter round the shield, the motto of the order was of +necessity also added. The Lyon Register, however, in the entry of record +(dated 1672), states that the shield is "encircled with the Order of +Scotland, the same being composed of rue and thistles having the image of +St. Andrew with his crosse on his brest y^runto pendent," and it is by no +means improbable that occasional instances of the heraldic use of the +collar of the garter might be discovered at the same period. But it is not +until the later part of the eighteenth century that it obtained anything +like a regular use. + +During the Hanoverian period it became customary to encircle the shield +first with the garter, and that in its turn with the collar of the order +whenever it was desired to display the achievement in its most complete +style; and though even then, as at the present day, for less elaborate +representations the garter only was used without the collar, it still +remains correct to display both in a full emblazonment of the arms. An +impetus to the practice was doubtless given by the subdivision of the Order +of the Bath, which will be presently referred to. In speaking of the +garter, the opportunity should be taken to protest strongly against the +objectionable practice which has arisen of using a garter to encircle a +crest or shield and to carry the family motto. No matter what motto is +placed upon the garter, it is both bad form and absolutely incorrect for +any one who is not a Knight of the Garter to use a garter in any heraldic +display. + +But to tabulate the existing practice the present rules as to the display +of the arms of knights of the different orders are as follow:-- + +_A Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter_ encircles his escutcheon +by a representation of the garter he wears. This is a belt of dark blue +velvet edged with gold and ornamented with a heavy gold buckle and ornament +at the end. It carries the motto of the Order, "Honi soit qui mal y pense," +in gold letters of plain Roman character. Anciently the motto was spelled +"Hony soit qy mal y pense," as may be noticed from some of the early Garter +plates, and the style {563} of the letter was what is now known as "Old +English." The garter is worn buckled, with the end tucked under and looped +in a specified manner, which is the method also adopted in heraldic +representations. It is quite permissible to use the garter alone, but a +Knight of the Order is allowed to add outside the garter the representation +of the collar of the order. This is of gold, consisting of twenty-six +buckled garters enamelled in the correct colour, each surrounding a rose, +the garter alternated with gold knots all joined up by chain links of gold. +From the collar depends the "George," or figure of St. George on horseback +encountering the dragon, enamelled in colours. In heraldic representations +it is usual to ignore the specified number of links in the collar. A Knight +of the Garter as such is entitled to claim the privilege of a grant of +supporters, but as nowadays the order is reserved for those of the rank of +earl and upwards, supporters will always have a prior existence in +connection with the peerage. + +_Knights of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle_ are +entitled to surround their arms with a plain circle of green edged with +gold and bearing the motto in gold letters, "Nemo me impune lacessit." They +are also entitled to surround their arms with the collar of the order, +which is of gold, and composed of sprigs of thistle and rue (Andrew) +enamelled in their proper colours. From the collar the badge (the figure of +St. Andrew) depends. + +_Knights of the Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick_ are entitled to +surround their arms by a plain circle of sky-blue edged with gold, bearing +the motto, "Quis Separabit. MDCCLXXXIII," as enamelled on the star of the +order. This is encircled by the collar of the order, which is of "gold, +composed of roses and harps alternately, tied together with knots of gold, +the said roses enamelled alternately, white leaves within red and red +leaves within white; and in the centre of the said collar shall be an +Imperial crown surmounting a harp of gold, from which shall hang the +badge." + +Knights of the Thistle and St. Patrick are entitled as such to claim a +grant of supporters on payment of the fees, but these orders are nowadays +confined to peers. + +_The Most Honourable Order of the Bath._--Knights of the Bath, who have +existed from a remote period, do not appear as such to have made any +additions to their arms prior to the revival of the order in 1725. At that +time, similarly to the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle, the order was +of one class only and composed of a limited number of knights. Knights of +that order were then distinguished by the letters K.B., which, it should be +noted, mean Knight of the Bath, and not Knight Bachelor, as so many people +now imagine. There is nobody at the present time who is entitled to use +these letters. Upon those {564} of the Bath plates which now remain in the +chapel of Henry VII. in Westminster Abbey, no instance will be found in +which the collar is represented outside the circle, which is pretty good +evidence that although isolated examples may possibly be found at an +earlier date, it was not the usual custom up to the end of the eighteenth +century to encircle a shield with a collar of knighthood. These Knights of +the Bath (K.B.), as they were termed, surrounded their escutcheons with +circlets of crimson edged with gold, and bearing thereupon the motto of the +order, "Tria juncta in uno," in gold letters. + +Although at that time it does not appear that the collar of the order was +ever employed for armorial purposes, instances are to be found in which the +laurel wreath surrounded the circlet with the motto of the order. + +In the year 1815, owing to the large number of officers who had merited +reward in the Peninsular Campaign, it was considered necessary to largely +increase the extent and scope of the order. For this purpose it was divided +into two divisions--the Military Division and the Civil Division--and each +of these were divided into three classes, namely, Knights Grand Cross +(G.C.B.), Knights Commanders (K.C.B.), and Companions (C.B.). The then +existing Knights of the Bath became Knights Grand Cross. The existing +collar served for all Knights Grand Cross, but the old badge and star were +assigned for the civil division of the order, a new pattern being designed +for the military division. The number of stalls in Henry VII.'s Chapel +being limited, the erection of Stall plates and the display of banners +ceased; those then in position were allowed to remain, and still remain at +the present moment. Consequently there are no Stall plates to refer to in +the matter as precedents since that period, and the rules need to be +obtained from other sources. They are now as follows: A Knight Grand Cross +of the Order of the Bath surrounds his arms with the circlet as was +theretofore the case, and in addition he surrounds the circlet by his +collar, from which depends the badge (either military or civil) of the +division to which he belongs. The collar is really for practical purposes +the distinguishing mark of a Knight Grand Cross, because although as such +he is entitled upon payment of the fees to claim a grant of supporters, he +is under no compulsion to do so, and comparatively but few avail themselves +of the privilege. All Knights of the Bath, before the enlargement of the +order, had supporters. A Knight Grand Cross of the _military_ division +encircles his arms with the laurel wreath in addition, this being placed +outside the circlet and within the collar of the order. The collar is +composed of gold having nine Imperial crowns and eight devices of the rose, +the thistle, and shamrock issuing from a sceptre placed alternately and +enamelled in {565} their proper colours, the links being connected with +seventeen knots enamelled white. The badges of the military and civil +divisions differ considerably. + +Knights Commanders of the Bath have no collar and cannot claim a grant of +supporters, but they encircle their shields with the circlet of the order, +suspending their badge below the shield by the ribbon from which it is +worn. Knights Commanders of the military division use the laurel wreath as +do Knights Grand Cross, but no members of any class of the civil division +are entitled to display it. + +Companions of the order (C.B.) do not use the helmet of a knight as does a +G.C.B. or a K.C.B.; in fact, the only difference which is permissible in +their arms from those of an undistinguished commoner is that they are +allowed to suspend the badge of a C.B. from a ribbon below their shields. +They do not use the circlet of the order. Certain cases have come under my +notice in which a military C.B. has added a laurel wreath to his armorial +bearings, but whether such a practice is correct I am unaware, but I think +it is not officially recognised. + +_The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India_ (like the Order of the Bath +as at present constituted) is divided into three classes, Knights Grand +Commanders, Knights Commanders, and Companions. Knights Grand Commanders +place the circlet of the order around their shields. This is of light blue +inscribed with the motto, "Heaven's light our guide." This in its turn is +surrounded by the collar of the order, which is composed of alternate links +of the Indian lotus flower, crossed palm-branches, and the united red and +white rose of England. In the centre of the collar is an Imperial crown +from which depends the badge of the order, this being an onyx cameo of the +effigy of her late Majesty Queen Victoria within the motto of the order, +and surmounted by a star, the whole being richly jewelled. The surrounding +of the shield by the circlet of the order doubtless is a consequence and +follows upon the original custom of the armorial use of the garter, but +this being admitted, it is yet permissible to state that that practice came +from the Continent, and there is little reason to doubt that the real +meaning and origin of the custom of using the circlet is derived from the +Continental practice which has for long been usual of displaying the shield +of arms upon the star of an order of knighthood. The star of every British +order--the Garter included--contains the circlet and motto of the order, +and it is easy to see how, after depicting the shield of arms upon the star +of the order, the result will be that the circlet of the order surrounds +the shield. No armorial warrant upon the point is ever issued at the +creation of an order; the thing follows as a matter of course, the circlet +being taken from the star to surround the shield without further +authorisation. Upon this point {566} there can be no doubt, inasmuch as the +garter which surrounds the shield of a K.G. is in _all_ authoritative +heraldic paintings buckled in the peculiar manner in which it is worn and +in which it is depicted upon the star. The Star of the Thistle shows the +plain circlet, the Star of St. Patrick the same, and the arms of a Knight +of St. Patrick afford a curious confirmation of my contention, because +whilst the motto of the order is specified to be, "Quis separabit," the +circlet used for armorial purposes includes the date (MDCCLXXXIII.) as +shown upon the star. The Order of the Bath, again, has a plain circlet upon +the star, and the badges and stars of the military knights have the laurel +wreath represented in heraldic drawings, the laurel wreath being absent +from the stars and the shields of those who are members of the civil +division. Now with regard to the Order of the Star of India the motto on +the star is carried upon a representation of a ribbon which is tied in a +curious manner, and my own opinion is that the circlet used to surround the +shield of a G.C.S.I. or K.C.S.I. should (as in the case of the garter) be +represented not as a simple circlet like the Bath or Thistle, but as a +ribbon tied in the curious manner represented upon the star. This tying is +not, however, duplicated upon the badge, and possibly I may be told that +the circlet and its use are taken from the badge and not from the star. The +reply to such a statement is, first, that there is no garter upon the badge +of that order, there is no circlet on the badge of the Thistle, and the +circlet on the badge of St. Patrick is surrounded by a wreath of trefoils +which in that case ought to appear round the shield of a K.P. This wreath +of trefoils is absent from the K.P. star. Further, no Companion of an Order +is permitted to use the Circlet of the Order, whilst every Companion has +his badge. No Companion has a star. Though I hold strongly that the circlet +of the Star of India should be a ribbon tied as represented on the star of +the order, I must admit I have never yet come across an official instance +of it being so represented. This, however, is a point upon which there is +no definite warrant of instruction, and is not the conclusion justifiable +that on this matter the officers of arms have been led into a mistake in +their general practice by an oversight and possible unfamiliarity with the +actual star? A Knight Grand Commander is entitled to claim a grant of +supporters on payment of the fees. A Knight Commander encircles his shield +with the circlet of the order and hangs his badge from a ribbon below, a +Companion of the Order simply hangs the badge he wears below his shield. + +THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE.--This order +again is divided into three classes--Knights Grand Cross, Knights +Commanders, and Companions. Knights Grand Cross place the circlet of the +order and the collar with the badge around their shields, {567} and, like +other Knights Grand Cross, they are entitled to claim a grant of +supporters. The circlet of the order is of blue edged with gold, and +bearing in gold letters the motto of the order, "Auspicium melioris ævi." +The collar is composed alternately of lions of England, of Maltese crosses, +and of the ciphers S.M. and S.G., and having in the centre an Imperial +crown over two lions passant guardant, each holding a bunch of seven +arrows. At the opposite point of the collar are two similar lions. The +whole is of gold except the crosses, which are of white enamel, and the +various devices are linked together by small gold chains. Knights +Commanders of the Order encircle their shields with a similar circlet of +the order, and hang their badges below. A Companion simply suspends his +badge from a ribbon below his shield. + +_The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire._--This order is divided into +three classes--Knights Grand Commanders, Knights Commanders, and +Companions. Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders encircle their +shields with the circlet of the order, which is of purple inscribed in +letters of gold, with the motto of the order, "Imperatricis auspiciis." The +collar of the order, which is used by the Knights Grand Commanders, in +addition to the circle, is composed of elephants, lotus flowers, peacocks +in their pride, and Indian roses, and in the centre is an Imperial crown, +the whole being linked together by chains of gold. Knights Commanders +suspend their badges from their shields. Companions are only permitted to +suspend their badges from a ribbon, and, as in the cases of the other +orders, are not allowed to make use of the circlet of the order. + +_The Royal Victorian Order_ is divided into five classes, and is the only +British order of which this can be said. There is no collar belonging to +the order, so a G.C.V.O. cannot put one round his shield. Knights Grand +Cross surround their shields with the circlet of the order, which is of +dark blue carrying in letters of gold the motto, "Victoria." Knights +Commanders and Commanders also use the circlet, with the badge suspended +from the ribbon. Members of the fourth and fifth classes of the Order +suspend the badge which they are entitled to wear below their shields. The +"Victorian Chain" is quite apart from the Victorian Order, and up to the +present time has only been conferred upon a very limited number. It +apparently exists by the pleasure of His Majesty, no statutes having been +ordained. + +The Distinguished Service Order, the Imperial Service Order, and the Order +of Merit are each of but one class only, none of them conferring the +dignity of knighthood. They rank heraldically with the Companions of the +other Orders, and for heraldic purposes merely confer upon those people +entitled to the decorations the right to {568} suspend the badges they wear +below their shields or lozenges as the case may be, following the rules +observed by other Companions. The Victoria Cross, the Albert Medal, the +Edward Medal, the Conspicuous Service Cross, the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal, the +Royal Red Cross, the Volunteer Officers' Decoration, the Territorial +Decoration, and the Decoration of the League of Mercy all rank as +decorations. Though none confer any style or precedence of knighthood, +those entitled to them are permitted to suspend representations of such +decorations as are enjoyed below their shields. + +The members of the Orders of Victoria and Albert and of the Crown of India +are permitted to display the badges they wear below their lozenges. + +Some people, notably in the early part of the nineteenth century, adopted +the practice of placing war medals below the escutcheons amongst other +decorations. It is doubtful, however, how far this practice is correct, +inasmuch as a medal does not technically rank as a decoration or as a +matter of honour. That medals are "decorations" is not officially +recognised, with the exception, perhaps, of the Jubilee medal, the Diamond +Jubilee medal, and the Coronation medal, which have been given a status +more of the character of a decoration than of simple medals. + +_The Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England_ does not +rank with other orders or decorations, inasmuch as it was initiated without +Royal intervention, and carries no precedence or titular rank. In 1888, +however, a Royal charter of incorporation was obtained, and the +distribution of the highest offices of the order in the persons of the +Sovereign, the Prince of Wales, and other members of the Royal Family has +of late years very much increased its social status. The Order is, however, +now recognised to a certain extent, and its insignia is worn at Court by +duly appointed authority. The Crown is gradually acquiring a right of veto, +which will probably eventually result in the order becoming a recognised +honour, of which the gift lies with the Crown. In the charter of +incorporation, Knights of Justice and Ladies of Justice were permitted to +place as a chief over their arms the augmentation anciently used by knights +of the English language of the original Roman Catholic Celibate Order. The +chief used is: "Gules, charged with a cross throughout argent, the cross +embellished in its angles with lions passant guardant and unicorns passant +alternately both or," as in the cross of the order. The omission, which is +all the more inexplicable owing to the fact that Garter King of Arms is the +officer for the order, that the heraldic provisions of this charter have +never been conveyed, as should have been the case, in a Royal Warrant to +the Earl Marshal, has caused some {569} confusion, for the officers of the +College of Arms, when speaking officially, decline to admit the insignia of +the order in any official emblazonment of arms. Lyon King of Arms has been +less punctilious. + +Knights of Justice, Knights of Grace, and Esquires of the Orders all +suspend the badges they wear from a black watered-silk ribbon below their +shields (Fig. 334), and Ladies of Justice and Ladies of Grace do the same +below their lozenges. The arms of members of the Order are frequently +depicted superimposed upon the Cross. By the Statutes of the Order Knights +of Justice were required to show that all their four grandparents were +legally entitled to bear arms, but so many provisions for the exercise of +discretion in dispensing with this requirement were at the same time +created that to all intents and purposes such a regulation might never have +been included. Some of the Knights of Justice even yet have no arms at all, +others are themselves grantees, and still others would be unable to show +what is required of them if the claims of their grandparents were properly +investigated. + +It should perhaps be stated that supporters, when granted to Knights Grand +Cross as such, are personal to themselves, and in the patents by which they +are granted the grant is made for life only, no hereditary limitation being +added. + +Any person in this country holding a Royal Licence to wear the insignia of +any foreign order is permitted to adopt any heraldic form, decoration, or +display which that order confers in the country of origin. Official +recognition exists for this, and many precedents can be quoted. + +[Illustration: FIG. 772.--"Bailli-profès" of the Catholic Order of the +Knights Hospitallers or the Order of Malta.] + +The rules which exist in foreign countries concerning heraldic privileges +of the knights of different orders are very varied, and it is impossible to +briefly summarise them. It may, however, be stated that the most usual +practice is to display the shield alone in the centre of the star (Fig. +772). As with us, the collars of the orders are placed around the shields, +and the badges depend below, but the use of the circlet carrying the motto +of the order is exclusively a British practice. In the case of some of the +Orders, however, the official coat of arms of the order is quartered, +impaled, or borne in pretence with the personal arms, and the cross patée +of the Order of the Dannebrog is to be met with placed in front of a shield +of quarterings, the charges thereupon appearing in the angles of the cross. +I am not sure, however, that the cases which have come under my notice +should not be rather considered {570} definite and hereditary grants of +augmentation, this being perhaps a more probable explanation than that such +a method of display followed as a matter of course on promotion to the +order. The Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order quarter the arms of that +order with those of their families. The Knights of the Order of St. Stephen +of Tuscany bear the arms of that order in chief over their personal arms. +Fig. 772 represents the manner in which a "Bailli-profès" (Grand Cross) of +the real Catholic and Celibate Order of St. John of Malta places the chief +of the order on his shield, the latter being imposed upon a Maltese star +(this being white) and the badge of the order depending below. The +"Knight-profès" does not use the chief of the order. In the German +Protestant Order of Malta (formerly Bailiwick of Brandenburg) the +Commendatores place the shield of their arms upon the Cross of Malta. The +Knights of Justice ("Richtsritter") on the contrary assume the cross upon +the shield itself, whilst the Knights of Grace suspend it from the bottom +of the shield. The members of the ancient Order of La Cordelière formerly +encircled their lozenges with a representation of the Cordelière, which +formed a part of their habit; and the officers of the Ecclesiastical Orders +frequently surround their escutcheons with rosaries from which depend +crucifixes. Whether this latter practice, however, should be considered +merely a piece of artistic decoration, or whether it should be regarded as +an ecclesiastical matter or should be included within the purview of +armory, I leave others to decide. + +By a curious fiction, for the origin of which it is not easy to definitely +account, unless it is a survival of the celibacy required in certain +orders, a knight is not supposed to share the insignia of any order of +knighthood with his wife. There is not the slightest doubt that his own +knighthood does confer upon her both precedence and titular rank, and why +there should be any necessity for the statement to be made as to the +theoretical position has long been a puzzle to me. Such a theory, however, +is considered to be correct, and as a consequence in modern times it has +become a rigid rule that the arms of the wife of a knight must not be +impaled upon a shield when it is displayed within the circlet of an order. +No such rule existed in ancient times, and many instances can be found in +which impaled shields, or the shield of the wife only, are met with inside +a representation of the Garter. In the warrant recently issued for Queen +Alexandra the arms of England and Denmark are impaled within a Garter. This +may be quite exceptional and consequent upon the fact that Her Majesty is +herself a member of the Order. Nevertheless, the modern idea is that when a +Knight of any Order impales the arms of his wife, he must use two shields +placed accollé, the dexter {571} surmounting the sinister (Fig. 745). Upon +the dexter shield is represented the arms of the knight within the circlet, +or the circlet and collar, as the case may be, of his order; on the +sinister shield the arms of the knight are impaled with those of his wife, +and this shield, for the purpose of artistic balance, is usually surrounded +with a meaningless and inartistic floral or laurel wreath to make its size +similar to the dimensions of the dexter shield. + +The widow of a knight of any Order is required at present to immediately +discontinue the use of the ensigns of that Order, and to revert to the +plain impaled lozenge which she would be entitled to as the widow of an +undecorated gentleman. As she retains her titular rank, such a regulation +seems absurd, but it undoubtedly exists, and until it is altered must be +conformed to. + +Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders, as also Knights Bachelors, use +the open affronté helmet of a knight. Companions of any order, and members +of those orders which do not confer any precedence or title of knighthood, +use only the close profile helmet of a gentleman. A Knight Bachelor, of +course, is at liberty to impale the arms of his wife upon his escutcheon +without employing the double form. It only makes the use of the double +escutcheon for Knights of Orders the more incomprehensible. + +Reference should also be made to the subject of impalement, which will be +found in the chapter upon Marshalling. {572} + + + +CHAPTER XXXV + +THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF A LADY + +Bearing in mind that armory was so deeply interwoven with all that was best +in chivalry, it is curious that the armorial status of a woman should have +been left so undefined. A query as to how a lady may bear arms will be +glibly answered for her as maid (Fig. 749) and as widow (Figs. 750, 751, +and 752) by the most elementary heraldic text-book. But a little +consideration will show how far short our knowledge falls of a complete or +uniform set of rules. + +Let what is definitely known be first stated. In the first place, no woman +(save a Sovereign) can inherit, use, or transmit crest or motto, nor may +she use a helmet or mantling. All daughters, if unmarried, bear _upon a +lozenge_ the paternal arms and quarterings of their father, with his +difference marks. If their mother were an heiress, they quarter her arms +with those of her father. In England (save in the Royal Family, and in this +case even it is a matter of presumption only) there is no seniority amongst +daughters, and the difference marks of all daughters are those borne by the +father, and none other. There are no marks of distinction as between the +daughters themselves. In Scotland, however, seniority does exist, according +to priority of birth; and, though Scottish heraldic law provides no marks +of cadency as between sister and sister, the laws of arms north of the +Tweed recognise seniority of birth in the event of a certain set of +circumstances arising. + +In Scotland, as doubtless many are aware, certain untitled Scottish +families, for reasons which may or may not be known, have been permitted to +use supporters to their arms. When the line vests in coheirs, the eldest +born daughter, as heir of line, assumes the supporters, unless some other +limitation has been attached to them. Scottish supporters are peculiar +things to deal with, unless the exact terms of the patent of grant or +matriculation are known. + +The lozenge of an unmarried lady is frequently surmounted by a true lover's +knot of ribbon, usually painted blue (Fig. 749). It has no particular +meaning and no official recognition, though plenty of official {573} use, +and practically its status is no more than a piece of supposedly artistic +ornament. + +Concerning the law for unmarried ladies, therefore, there is neither doubt +nor dispute. A widow bears arms upon a lozenge, this showing the arms of +her late husband impaled with those of her own family (Fig. 750), or with +these latter displayed on an escutcheon of pretence if she be an heir or +coheir (Fig. 751). + +The other state in the progress of life in which a lady may hope or expect +to find herself is that of married life. Now, how should a married lady +display arms? Echo and the text-books alike answer, "How?" Does _anybody_ +know? This "fault," for such it undoubtedly is, is due to the fact that the +laws of arms evolved themselves in that period when a married woman was +little accounted of. As an unmarried heiress she undoubtedly was a +somebody; as a widowed and richly-jointured dowager she was likewise of +account, but as a wedded wife her identity was lost, for the Married +Women's Property Act was not in existence, nor was it thought of. So +completely was it recognised that all rights and inheritance of the wife +devolved of right upon the husband, that formerly the husband enjoyed any +peerage honours which had descended to the wife, and was summoned to +Parliament as a peer in his wife's peerage. Small wonder, then, that the +same ideas dominated the rules of armory. These only provide ways and +methods for the husband to bear the wife's arms. This is curious, because +there can be no doubt that at a still earlier period the practice of +impalement was entirely confined to women, and that, unless the wife +happened to be an heiress, the husband did not trouble to impale her arms. +But a little thought will show that the two are not at variance, for if +monuments and other matters of _record_ are ignored, the earliest examples +of impalement which have come down to us are all, almost without exception, +examples of arms borne by widows. One cannot get over the fact that a wife +during coverture had practically no legal status at all. The rules +governing impalement, and the conjunction of the arms of man and wife, as +they are to be borne by the husband, are recited in the chapter upon +Marshalling, which also details the ways in which a widow bears arms in the +different ranks of life. Nothing would be gained by repeating them here. + +It may be noted, however, that it is not considered correct for a widow to +make use of the true lover's knot of blue ribbon, which is sometimes used +in the case of an unmarried lady. A divorce puts matters _in statu quo +ante_. + +There still remains, however, the question of the bearing of arms in her +own right by a married woman under coverture at the present day. {574} + +The earliest grant of arms that I can put my hands upon to a woman is one +dated 1558. It is, moreover, the only grant of which I know to one single +person, that person being a _wife_. The grant is decidedly interesting, so +I print it in full:-- + + "TO ALL AND SINGULAR as well kinges heraldes and officers of armes as + nobles gentlemen and others which these presents shall see or here + Wyllyam Hervye Esquire otherwise called Clarencieux principall heralde + and kinge of armes of the south-east and west parties of England + fendith due comenda[=c]ons and greting fforasmuch as auncientlye ffrom + the beginnynge the valyant and vertuous actes off excellent parsons + have ben comended to the worlde with sondry monumentes and remembrances + off theyr good desertes among the which one of the chefist and most + usuall hath ben the beringe of figures and tokens in shildes called + armes beinge none other thinges then Evidences and demonstra[=c]ons of + prowes and valoure diverselye distributed accordinge to the quallyties + and desertes of the parsons. And for that Dame Marye Mathew daughter + and heyre of Thomas Mathew of Colchester in the counte of Essex esquire + hath longe contynued in nobylyte she and her auncestors bearinge armes, + yet she notwithstandinge being ignorant of the same and ffor the + advoydinge of all inconvenyences and troubles that dayleye happeneth in + suche cases and not wyllinge to preiudyce anye person hath instantlye + requyred me The sayde Clarencieux kinge of armes accordinge to my + registers and recordes To assigne and sett forthe ffor her and her + posterite The armes belonging and descendinge To her ffrom her saide + auncesters. In considera[=c]on whereof I have at her ientle request + assigned geven and granted unto her and her posterite The owlde and + auncient armes of her said auncesters as followeth. That is to + saye--partye per cheveron sables and argent a Lyon passant in chefe off + the second the poynt goutey[31] of the firste as more plainly aperith + depicted in this margent. Which armes I The Saide Clarencieux kinge of + Armes by powre and authorite to myne office annexed and graunted By the + Queenes Majesties Letters patentes under The great Seale of England + have ratefyed and confirmed and By These presentes do ratefye and + confyrme unto and for the saide dame marye Mathew otherwise called dame + Mary Jude wiffe to Sir Andrew Jude Knight late Mayor and Alderman off + London and to her posterite To use bear and show for evermore in all + places of honour to her and theyr wourshipes at theyr Lybertie and + pleasur without impediment lett or interup[=c]on of any person or + persons. + + "IN WITNESS WHEREOF the saide Clarencieux Kinge of Armes have signed + these presentes with my hand and sett thereunto The Seale off {575} + myne office and The Seale of myne armes geven at London The x^{th} daye + off October in the Yeare of owre Lord Godd 1558 and in the ffourth and + ffifth yeares off the reignes off owre Souereignes Lorde and Layde + Phellip and Marye by the grace of God Kinge and Queene of England + france both cycles Jerusalem Irland deffendors of the faythe Archedukes + of Austrya Dukes of Burgoyne myllain & braband erles of haspurgie, + Flanders and Tyrrell. + + "W. HERVEY AL[=S] CLARENCIEUX + "King of Armes. + + "Confirmation of Arms to Dame Mary Mathew, 'otherwise called Dame Marye + Jude, wyffe to Sir Andrew Jude, Knight, Late Lord Mayor and Alderman + off London,' 1558." + +In this grant the arms are painted upon a _shield_. The grant was made in +her husband's lifetime, but his arms are not impaled therewith. Evidently, +therefore, the lady bears arms _in her own right_, and the presumption +would seem to be that a married lady bears her arms without reference to +her husband, and bears them upon a shield. On the other hand, the grant to +Lady Pearce, referred to on an earlier page, whilst not blazoning the +Pearce arms, shows the painting upon the patent to have been a lozenge of +the arms of Pearce, charged with a baronet's hand impaled with the arms +then granted for the maiden name of Lady Pearce. On the other hand, a grant +is printed in vol. i. of the Notes to the "Visitation of England and +Wales." The grant is to Dame Judith Diggs, widow of Sir Maurice Diggs, +Bart., now wife of Daniel Sheldon, and to Dame Margaret Sheldon, her +sister, relict of Sir Joseph Sheldon, Knight, late Alderman, and sometime +Lord Mayor of the City of London, daughters and coheirs of Mr. George Rose, +of Eastergate. The operative clause of the grant is: "do by these Presents +grant and assign to y^e said Dame Judith and Dame Margaret the Armes +hereafter mentioned Viz^t: Ermine, an Eagle displayed Sable, membered and +beaked Gules, debruised with a Bendlet Componè Or and Azure, as in the +margin hereof more plainly appears depicted. To be borne and used for ever +hereafter by them y^e said Dame Judith Diggs and Dame Margaret Sheldon, and +the descendants of their bodies respectively, lawfully begotten, according +to the Laws, Rules and practice of Armes." + +In each case it will be noted that the sisters were respectively wife and +widow of some one of the name of Sheldon; and it might possibly be supposed +that these were arms granted for the name of Sheldon. There seems, however, +to be very little doubt that these are the arms for Rose. The painting is, +however, of the single coat of Rose, and one is puzzled to know why the +arms are not painted in {576} conjunction with those of Sheldon. The same +practice was followed in the patent which was granted to Nelson's Lady +Hamilton. This patent, which both heraldically and historically is +excessively interesting, was printed in full on p. 168, vol. i. of the +_Genealogical Magazine_. The arms which in the grant are specifically said +to be the arms of Lyons (not of Hamilton) are painted upon a lozenge, with +no reference to the arms of Hamilton. In each of these cases, however, the +grantee of arms has been an heiress, so that the clause by which the arms +are limited to the descendants does not help. An instance of a grant to a +man and his wife, where the wife was not an heiress, is printed in "The +Right to Bear Arms"; and in this case the painting shows the arms impaled +with those of the husband. The grant to the wife has no hereditary +limitations, and presumably her descendants would never be able to quarter +the arms of the wife, no matter even if by the extinction of the other +issue she eventually became a coheir. The fact that the arms of man and +wife are herein granted together prevents any one making any deduction as +to what is the position of the wife alone. + +There was a patent issued in the year 1784 to a Mrs. Sarah Lax, widow of +John Lax, to take the name and arms of Maynard, such name and arms to be +borne by herself and her issue. The painting in this case is of the arms of +Maynard alone upon a lozenge, and the crest which was to be borne by her +male descendants is quite a separate painting in the body of the grant, and +not in conjunction with the lozenge. Now, Mrs. Maynard was a widow, and it +is manifestly wrong that she should bear the arms as if she were unmarried, +yet how was she to bear them? She was bearing the name of Lax because that +had been her husband's name, and she took the name of Maynard, which +presumably her husband would have taken had he been alive; she herself was +a Miss Jefferson, so would she have been entitled to have placed the arms +of Jefferson upon an escutcheon of pretence, in the centre of the arms of +Maynard? Presumably she would, because suppose the husband had assumed the +name and arms of Maynard in his lifetime, he certainly would have been +entitled to place his wife's arms of Jefferson on an escutcheon of +pretence. + +On March 9, 1878, Francis Culling Carr, and his second wife, Emily Blanche, +daughter of Andrew Morton Carr, and niece of the late Field-Marshal Sir +William Maynard Gomm, G.C.B., both assumed by Royal Licence the additional +surname and arms of Gomm. Neither Mr. nor Mrs. Carr-Gomm appear to have had +any blood descent from the Gomm family; consequently the Gomm arms were +granted to both husband and wife, and the curious part is that they were +not identical, the marks (showing that there was no blood relationship) +being a {577} canton for the husband and a cross crosslet for the wife. In +this case the arms were impaled. One is puzzled to know why the grant to +the wife was necessary as well as the grant to the husband. + +In 1865 Mrs. Massy, widow of Hugh Massy, assumed the name and arms of +Richardson in lieu of Massy. Mrs. Massy was the only child of Major +Richardson Brady, who had previously assumed by Royal Licence the arms of +Brady only. The painting upon the patent is a lozenge, bearing the arms of +Massy, and upon an escutcheon of pretence the arms of Richardson. Of +course, the arms of Mrs. Massy, as a widow, previously to the issue of the +Royal Licence were a lozenge of the arms of Massy, and on an escutcheon of +pretence the arms of Brady. + +A few years ago a Grant of Arms was issued to a Mrs. Sharpe, widow of Major +Sharpe. The arms were _to be borne by herself_ and the descendants of her +late husband, and by the other descendants of her husband's father, so that +there is no doubt whatever that these were the arms of Sharpe. I have no +idea who Mrs. Sharpe was, and I do not know that she possessed any arms of +her own. Let us presume she did not. Now, unless a widow may bear the arms +of her late husband on a lozenge, whether she has arms to impale with them +or not, how on earth is she to bear arms at all? And yet the grant most +distinctly was primarily to Mrs. Sharpe. + +After the death of General Ross, the victor of Bladensburg, a grant of an +augmentation was made to be placed upon the monument to the memory of the +General (Plate II.). The grant also was for the augmentation to be borne by +his widow during her widowhood. But no mention appears of the arms of Mrs. +Ross, nor, as far as I can ascertain, was proof officially made that Mrs. +Ross was in her own right entitled to arms; consequently, whether she +really was or was not, we may assume that as far as the official +authorities officially knew she was not, and the same query formulated with +regard to the Sharpe patent holds good in this case. The painting on the +patent shows the arms upon a shield, and placed above is a helmet +surmounted by the crest of augmentation and the family crest of Ross. + +So that from the cases we have mentioned instances can be found of the arms +of a wife upon a shield alone, and of a widow having arms depicted upon a +lozenge, such arms being on different occasions the impaled arms of her +husband and herself, or the arms of herself alone or of her husband alone; +and we have arms granted to a wife, and depicted as an impalement or upon a +lozenge. So that from grants it seems almost impossible to deduce any +decided and unquestionable rule as to how wife or widow should bear a coat +of arms. There is, {578} however, one other source from which profitable +instruction may be drawn. I refer to the methods of depicting arms upon +hatchments, and more particularly to the hatchment of a married woman. Now +a hatchment is strictly and purely personal, and in the days when the use +of such an article was an everyday matter, the greatest attention was paid +to the proper marshalling of the arms thereupon. There are so many varying +circumstances that we have here only space to refer to the three simple +rules, and these uncomplicated by any exceptional circumstances, which +governed the hatchments of maid, wife, and widow. In the first case, the +hatchment of an unmarried lady showed the whole of the background black, +the paternal arms on a lozenge, and this suspended by a knot of blue +ribbon. In the hatchment of a widow the background again was all black, the +arms were upon a lozenge (but without the knot of ribbon), and the lozenge +showed the arms of husband and wife impaled, or with the wife's in +pretence, as circumstances might dictate. The hatchment of a wife was +entirely different. Like the foregoing, it was devoid, of course, of +helmet, mantling, crest, or motto; but the background was white on the +dexter side (to show that the husband was still alive), and black on the +sinister (to show the wife was dead). But the impaled arms were not +depicted upon a lozenge, but upon a shield, and the shield was surmounted +by the true lover's knot of blue ribbon. + +I have already stated that when the rules of arms were in the making the +possibility of a married woman bearing arms in her own right was quite +ignored, and theoretically even now the husband bears his wife's arms for +her upon his shield. But the arms of a man are never depicted suspended +from a true lover's knot. Such a display is distinctly feminine, and I +verily believe that the correct way for a married woman to use arms, if she +desires the display thereof to be personal to herself rather than to her +husband, is to place her husband's arms impaled with her own upon a shield +suspended from a true lover's knot, and without helmet, mantling, crest, or +motto. At any rate such a method of display is a correct one, it is in no +way open to criticism on the score of inaccuracy, it has precedent in its +favour, and it affords a very desirable means of distinction. My only +hesitation is that one cannot say it is the only way, or that it would be +"incorrect" for the husband. At any rate it is the only way of drawing a +distinction between the "married" achievements of the husband and the wife. + +The limitations attached to a lady's heraldic display being what they are, +it has long been felt, and keenly felt, by every one attempting heraldic +design, that artistic treatment of a lady's arms savoured almost of the +impossible. What delicacy of treatment can possibly be added to the hard +outline of the lozenge? The substitution of curvilinear for {579} straight +lines in the outline, and even the foliation of the outline, goes but a +little way as an equivalent to the extensive artistic opportunities which +the mantling affords to a designer when depicting the arms of a man. + +To a certain extent, two attempts have been made towards providing a +remedy. Neither can properly claim _official_ recognition, though both have +been employed in a quasi-official manner. The one consists of the knot of +ribbon; the other consists of the use of the cordelière. In their present +usage the former is meaningless and practically senseless, whilst the use +of the latter is radically wrong, and in my opinion, little short of +imposture. The knot of ribbon, when employed, is usually in the form of a +thin streamer of blue ribbon tied in the conventional true lover's knot +(Fig. 749). But the imbecility and inconsistency of its use lies in the +fact that except upon a hatchment it has been denied by custom to married +women and widows, who have gained their lovers; whilst its use is +sanctioned for the unmarried lady, who, unless she be affianced, neither +has nor ought to have anything whatever to do with lovers or with their +knot. The women who are fancy-free display the tied-up knot; women whom +love has fast tied up, unless the foregoing opinion as to the correct way +to display the arms of a married lady which I have expressed be correct, +must leave the knot alone. But as matters stand heraldically at the moment +the ribbon may be used advantageously with the lozenge of an unmarried +lady. + +With reference to the cordelière some writers assert that its use is +optional, others that its use is confined to widow ladies. Now as a matter +of fact it is nothing whatever of the kind. It is really the insignia of +the old French Order of the Cordelière, which was founded by Anne of +Bretagne, widow of Charles VIII., in 1498, its membership being confined to +widow ladies of noble family. The cordelière was the waist girdle which +formed a part of the insignia of the Order, and it took its place around +the lozenges of the arms of the members in a manner similar to the armorial +use of the Garter for Knights of that Order. Though the Order of the +Cordelière is long since extinct, it is neither right nor proper that any +part of its insignia should be adopted unaltered by those who can show no +connection with it or membership of it. {580} + + + +CHAPTER XXXVI + +OFFICIAL HERALDIC INSIGNIA + +The armory of all other nations than our own is rich in heraldic emblems of +office. In France this was particularly the case, and France undoubtedly +for many centuries gave the example, to be followed by other civilised +countries, in all matters of honour and etiquette. + +If English heraldry were entirely destitute of official heraldic ensigns, +perhaps the development elsewhere of this branch of armory might be +dismissed as an entirely foreign growth. But this is far from being the +case, as there are some number of cases in which these official emblems do +exist. In England, however, the instances are governed by no scale of +comparative importance, and the appearance of such tokens can only be +described as capricious. That a more extended usage might with advantage be +made no one can deny, for usage of this character would teach the general +public that armory had a meaning and a value, it would increase the +interest in heraldry, and also assist greatly in the rapidly increasing +revival of heraldic knowledge. The existence of these heraldic emblems +would manifestly tend towards a revival of the old and interestingly +excellent custom of regularly setting up in appropriate public places the +arms of those who have successively held various offices. The Inns of +Court, St. George's Chapel, the Public Office at the College of Arms, and +the halls of some of the Livery Companies are amongst the few places of +importance where the custom still obtains. And yet what an interesting +memorial such a series always becomes! The following list may not be +entirely complete, but it is fairly so as far as France is concerned, and I +think also complete as to England. + +The following are from the Royal French Court:-- + +_The High Constable of France_: Two swords held on each side of the shield +by two hands in armour issuing from the clouds. + +_The Chancellor_: In saltire behind his arms two great maces, and over his +helmet a mortier or cap sable crossed by two bands of gold lace and turned +up ermine; thereon the figure of a demi-queen as an emblem of France, +holding a sceptre in her right hand and the great seal of the kingdom in +her left. {581} + +_The Marshal_: Two batons in saltire behind the arms azure, semé-de-lis or. + +_The Admiral_: Two anchors in saltire behind the arms, the stocks of the +anchors in chief azure, semé-de-lis or. + +_The General of the Galleys_: Two anchors in saltire behind the arms. + +_Vice-Admiral_: One anchor in pale behind the arms. + +_Colonel-General of the Infantry_: Under his arms in saltire six flags, +three on each side, white, crimson, and blue. + +_Colonel of the Cavalry_: Over the arms four banners of the arms of France, +fringed, &c., two to the dexter and two to the sinister. + +_Grand Master of the Artillery_: Two field-pieces of ordnance under the +arms, one pointing to the dexter and one to the sinister. + +_The Superintendent of the Finance_: Two keys imperially crowned and +endorsed in pale, one on each side of the arms, the dexter or, the sinister +argent. + +_Grand Master of the Household to the King_: Two grand batons of silver +gilt in saltire behind the arms. + +_Grand Almoner_: Under his arms a blue book, on the cover the arms of +France and Navarre within the Orders of St. Michael and the Holy Ghost, +over the Orders the Crown. + +_Grand Chamberlain_: Two keys, both imperially crowned or, in saltire +behind the arms endorsed, the wards-in-chief. + +_Grand Esquire_: On each side of the shield a royal sword erect, the +scabbard azure, semé-de-lis, hilt and pommel or, the belts folded round the +scabbard azure, semé-de-lis or. + +_Grand Pannetier_, who by virtue of his office had all the bakers of Paris +under his jurisdiction, and had to lay the king's cover at his table, bore +under his arms a rich cover and a knife and fork in saltire. + +_Grand Butler or Cupbearer_: On each side of the base of the shield, a +grand silver flagon gilt, with the arms of the King thereon. + +_Gamekeeper to the King_: Two bugle-horns appending from the ends of the +mantling. + +_Grand Falconer_: Two lures appending from the ends of the mantling. + +_Grand Wolf-hunter_: On each side of the shield a wolf's head caboshed. + +_Captain of the King's Guards_: Two small batons sable, headed gold, like a +walking-cane. + +_Captain of the Hundred Swiss Guards_: Two batons in saltire sable, headed +argent, and under the arms two black velvet caps with feathers. + +_First Master of the Household_: Under his arms two batons in saltire. + +_Grand Carver to His Majesty_: Under his arms a knife and fork in saltire +proper, the handles azure, semé-de-lis or. {582} + +_Grand Provost of the Household_: Under his arms two Roman fasces or, +corded azure. + +_Grand Quartermaster_: A mace and battle-axe in saltire. + +_Captain of the Guards of the Gate_: Two keys in pale, crowned argent, one +on each side the arms. + +_The President of the Parliament_: On his helmet a black cap with two bands +of gold lace. + +Under the Empire (of France) the Vice-Connétable used arms holding swords, +as had been the case with the Constable of the Kingdom, but the swords were +sheathed and semé of golden bees. The Grand Chamberlain had two golden keys +in saltire, the bows thereof enclosing the imperial eagle, and the batons +of the Maréchaux de French were semé of bees instead of fleurs-de-lis. + +The Pope bears a cross with three arms, an archbishop one with two arms, a +bishop one with a single arm. Besides this, two crossed keys appertain to +the Pope, the golden key to bind, in bend dexter, the silver key to loose, +in sinister bend. British archbishops and bishops will be presently +referred to. Ecclesiastical princes, who were at the same time sovereign +territorial princes, bore behind their shield a pedum or pastorale +(crosier), crossed with the sword of penal judicature. A bishop bears the +crosier with an outward bend, an abbot with an inward bend, thus +symbolising the range of their activity or dominion. The arch and +hereditary offices of the old German Empire had also their own attributes; +thus the "Erztruchsess," Lord High Steward (Palatinate-Bavaria), bore a +golden Imperial globe, which arose from a misinterpretation of the double +dish, the original attribute of this dignity. The Lord High Marshal of the +Empire (Saxony) expressed his office by a shield divided "per fess argent +and sable," bearing two crossed swords gules. The Hereditary +Standard-bearer (Würtemberg) bore: "Azure, a banner or, charged with an +eagle sable"; the Lord High Chamberlain (Brandenburg): "Azure, a sceptre +or," while the Hereditary Chamberlain (Hohenzollern) used: "Gules, two +crossed sceptres or." + +In Italy the Duca de Savelli, as Marshal of the Conclave, hangs on either +side of his shield a key, the cords of which are knotted beneath his +coronet. + +In Holland Admirals used the naval Crown, and added two anchors in saltire +behind the shield. + +In Spain the Admirals of Castile and of the Indies placed an anchor in bend +behind the shield. + +The instances I am aware of which have official sanction already in this +country are as stated in the list which follows:-- + +I have purposely (to make the list absolutely complete) included {583} +insignia which may possibly be more properly considered ensigns of rank, +because it is not particularly easy always to distinguish offices from +honours and from rank. + +_The Kings of England_ (George I. to William IV.), as Arch Treasurers of +the Holy Roman Empire, bore: Upon an inescutcheon gules, in the centre of +the arms of Hanover, a representation of the Crown of Charlemagne. + +_An Archbishop_ has: (1) His official coat of arms, which he impales +(placing it on the dexter side) with his personal arms; (2) his mitre, +which, it should be noted, is the same as the mitre of a Bishop, and _not_ +having a coronet encircling its band; (3) his archiepiscopal staff (of +gold, and with two transverse arms), which is placed in pale behind his +escutcheon; (4) two crosiers in saltire behind the escutcheon. It is +curious to note that the pallium which occurs in all archiepiscopal coats +of arms (save that of York) is now very generally conceded to have been +more in the nature of an emblem of the _rank_ of Archbishop (it being a +part of his ecclesiastical costume) than a charge in a concrete impersonal +coat of arms for a defined area of archiepiscopal jurisdiction. In this +connection it is interesting to observe that the Archbishops of York +anciently used the pallium in lieu of the official arms now regularly +employed. + +_A Bishop_ has: (1) His official coat of arms, (2) his mitre, (3) two +crosiers in saltire behind his escutcheon. + +_The Bishop of Durham_ has: (1) His official coat of arms, (2) his +coronetted mitre, _which is peculiar to himself_, and (which is another +privilege also peculiar to himself alone) he places a _sword_ and a crosier +in saltire behind his arms. Reference should also be made to the chapter +upon Ecclesiastical Heraldry. + +_A Peer_ has: (1) His coronet, (2) his helmet of rank; (3) his supporters, +(4) his robe of estate. + +_A Scottish Peer_ has, in addition, the ermine lining to his mantling. + +_A Baronet of England_, of Ireland, of Great Britain, or of the United +Kingdom has: (1) His helmet of rank, (2) his badge of Ulster upon an +inescutcheon or canton (argent, a sinister hand erect, couped at the wrist +gules). + +_A Baronet of Nova Scotia_ has: (1) His helmet of rank, (2) his badge (an +orange tawny ribbon, whereon shall hang pendent in an escutcheon argent, a +saltire azure, thereon an inescutcheon of the arms of Scotland, with an +imperial crown over the escutcheon, and encircled with this motto, "Fax +Mentis Honestæ Gloria," pendent below the escutcheon). + +_A Knight of the Garter_ has: (1) His Garter to encircle the shield, (2) +his collar and badge, (3) supporters. The Prelate of the Order of {584} the +Garter (an office held by the Bishops of Winchester) is entitled to +encircle his arms with the Garter. The Chancellor of the Order of the +Garter encircles his arms with the Garter. Formerly the Bishops of +Salisbury always held this office, but in 1836 when the county of Berks +(which of course includes Windsor, and therefore the chapel of the order) +was removed from the Diocese of Salisbury to the Diocese of Oxford, the +office of Chancellor passed to the Bishops of Oxford. The Dean of Windsor, +as Registrar of the Order, displays below his shield the ribbon and badge +of his office. + +_A Knight of the Thistle_ has: (1) The ribbon or circlet of the order, (2) +his collar and badge, (3) supporters. The Dean of the Chapels Royal in +Scotland, as Dean of the Order, used the badge and ribbon of his office. + +_A Knight of St. Patrick_ has: (1) The ribbon or circlet of the order, (2) +his collar and badge, (3) supporters. The Prelate of the Order of St. +Patrick was as such entitled to encircle his escutcheon with the ribbon or +circlet of that order, from which his official badge depends. The office, +of course, came to an end with the disestablishment of the Irish Church. It +was held by the Archbishops of Armagh. The Chancellor of the Order of St. +Patrick is as such entitled to encircle his escutcheon with the ribbon or +circlet of that order, from which his official badge depends. This office, +formerly held by the Archbishops of Dublin, has since the disestablishment +been enjoyed by the Chief Secretaries for Ireland. The Deans of St. +Patrick's were similarly Registrars of the Order, and as such used the +badge and ribbon of their office. + +_Knights Grand Cross_ or _Knights Grand Commanders_ of the Orders of the +Bath, the Star of India, St. Michael and St. George, the Indian Empire, or +the Victorian Order, have: (1) The circlets or ribbons of their respective +Orders, (2) their collars and badges, (3) their helmets of degree, (4) +supporters, if they incline to pay the fees for these to be granted. + +_Knights Commanders_ of the aforesaid Orders have: (1) The circlets or +ribbons of their respective Orders, (2) their badges pendent below the +shield, (3) their helmets of degree. + +_Commanders_ of the Victorian Order have: (1) the circlet of the Order, (2) +the badge pendent below the shield. + +_Companions_ of the aforesaid Orders, and Members of the Victorian Order, +as also Members of the Distinguished Service Order, the Imperial Service +Order, the Order of Merit, the Order of Victoria and Albert, the Order of +the Crown of India, and those entitled to the Victoria Cross, the Albert +Medal, the Edward Medal, the Conspicuous Service Cross, the Kaisar-i-Hind +Medal, the Royal Red Cross, the {585} Volunteer Officers' Decoration, the +Territorial Decoration, and the Decoration of the League of Mercy, are +entitled to suspend their respective decorations below their escutcheons. +The officers of these orders of knighthood are of course entitled to +display their badges of office. The Dean of Westminster is always Dean of +the Order of the Bath. + +_Knights Grand Cross_ and_ Knights Commanders of the Bath, if of the +Military Division_, are also entitled to place a wreath of laurel round +their escutcheons. + +_Knights of Justice of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem +in England_ are entitled to place upon their escutcheons a chief of the +arms of the Order (gules, a cross throughout argent, embellished in the +angles with a lion guardant and a unicorn, both passant or). + +_Knights of Grace and other Members of the Order_ suspend whatever badge +they are entitled to wear below their shield from a black watered-silk +ribbon. + +[Some members of the Order display their arms upon the Cross of the Order, +as was done by Knights of the original Order, from which the present Order +is copied, but how far the practice is sanctioned by the Royal Charter, or +in what manner it is controlled by the rules of the Order, I am not aware.] + +_The Lord High Constable of England_ is entitled to place behind his +escutcheon two batons in saltire similar to the one which is delivered to +him for use at the Coronation, which is now the only occasion when the +office is enjoyed. As the office is only held temporarily, the existing +privilege does not amount to much. + +_The Lord High Constable of Scotland_ is entitled to place behind his +escutcheon, in saltire, two silver batons tipped with gold at either end. +The arms of the Earl of Errol (Hereditary Lord High Constable of Scotland) +have only once, at an early period, been matriculated in Lyon Register, and +then without any official insignia, but there can be no doubt of the right +to the crossed batons. + +_The Lord High Chamberlain of Scotland_ (I am not sure this office still +exists): Two golden keys in saltire behind the escutcheon. + +_The Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England_ places two batons of +gold tipped with sable in saltire behind his arms. + +[_A Deputy Earl Marshal_ places one similar baton in bend behind his +shield.] + +_The Earl Marischal of Scotland_ (until the office was extinguished by +attainder) placed saltirewise behind his shield two batons gules, semé of +thistles, each ensigned on the top with an Imperial Crown or. + +_The Hereditary Marshal of Ireland_ (an office for long past in abeyance) +used two batons in saltire behind his arms. According to {586} MS. Harl. +6589, f. 39: "Les armes des office du Mareschall d'Ireland sont de Goulz et +cinque fucelles bendes d'Argent." These certainly do not appear to be the +personal arms of those who held the office, but there is other record that +some such coat was used. + +_The Hereditary Lord Great Seneschal of Ireland_ (the Earl of Shrewsbury) +places a white wand in pale behind his escutcheon. + +_The Duke of Argyll_ places in saltire behind his arms: (1) In bend dexter, +a baton gules, semé of thistles or, ensigned with an Imperial Crown proper, +thereon the crest of Scotland (as Hereditary Great Master of the Household +in Scotland); (2) in bend sinister, a sword proper, hilt and pommel or (as +Hereditary Justice-General of Scotland) (_vide_ Plate III.). + +_The Master-General of the Ordnance_ (by warrant of King Charles II.), +bears on each side of his arms a field-piece. + +_The Lord Justice-Clerk of Scotland_ places two swords in saltire behind +his shield. + +_The Lord Chief-Justice of England_ encircles his arms with his Collar of +SS. + +_The Walker Trustees_ place behind their shield two batons in saltire, each +ensigned with a unicorn salient supporting a shield argent, the unicorn +horned or, and gorged with an antique crown, to which is affixed a chain +passing between the fore-legs and reflexed over the back of the last, for +the office of Heritable Usher of the White Rod of Scotland, now vested in +the said Trustees. Before the recent Court of Claims the claim was made to +exercise the office by deputy, and such claim was allowed. + +_The Master of the Revels in Scotland_ has an official coat of arms: +Argent, a lady rising out of a cloud in the nombril point, richly +apparelled, on her head a garland of ivy, holding in her right hand a +poignard crowned, in her left a vizard all proper, standing under a veil or +canopy azure garnished or, in base a thistle vert. + +_Serjeants-at-Arms_ encircle their arms with their Collars of SS. + +_Garter King of Arms_ has: (1) His official coat of arms (argent, a gules, +on a chief azure, a ducal coronet encircled with a Garter, between a lion +passant guardant on the dexter, and a fleur-de-lis on the sinister, all +or); (2) his crown; (3) his Collar of SS (the collar of a King of Arms +differs from that of a Herald, inasmuch as it is of _silver-gilt_, and on +each shoulder a portcullis is inserted); (4) his badge as Garter pendent +below his shield. His sceptre of silver-gilt has been sometimes placed in +bend behind his escutcheon, but this has not been regularly done. The +practice has, however, been reverted to by the present Garter. + +_Lyon King of Arms_ has: (1) His official coat of arms (argent, a lion +sejant, erect and affronté gules, holding in his dexter paw a thistle {587} +slipped vert, and in the sinister a shield of the second, on a chief azure +a St. Andrew's cross--_i.e._ a saltire--of the field); (2) his crown; (3) +two batons, representing that of his office in saltire behind his shield, +these being azure semé of thistles and fleurs-de-lis or, tipped at either +end with gold; (4) his Collar of SS; (5) his triple chain of gold, from +which depends his badge as Lyon King of Arms. + +_Ulster King of Arms_ has: (1) His official coat of arms (or, a cross +gules, on a chief of the last a lion of England between a harp and a +portcullis, all of the first); (2) his crown; (3) his Collar of SS; (4) his +two staves in saltire behind the shield; (5) his chain and badge as Ulster +King of Arms; (6) his badge as Registrar of the Order of St. Patrick. + +_Clarenceux King of Arms_ has: (1) His official coat of arms (argent, a +cross gules, on a chief of the second a lion passant guardant or, crowned +of the last); (2) his crown; (3) his Collar of SS. + +_Norroy King of Arms_ has: (1) His official coat of arms (argent, a cross +gules, on a chief of the second a lion of England passant guardant or, +crowned with an open crown, between a fleur-de-lis on the dexter and a key +on the sinister of the last); (2) his crown; (3) his Collar of SS. + +_Bath King of Arms_ has: (1) His crown; his Collar of SS. + +I am not aware that any official arms have been assigned to Bath up to the +present time; but if none exist, there would not be the slightest +difficulty in obtaining these. + +_An English Herald_ encircles his shield with his Collar of SS. + +_A Scottish Herald_ is entitled to do the same, and has also his badge, +which he places below the escutcheon pendent from a ribbon of blue and +white. + +An _Irish Herald_ has his Collar of SS, and his badge suspended from a +sky-blue ribbon. An _Irish Pursuivant_ has a similar badge. + +_The Regius Professors (or "Readers") in the University of Cambridge_, for +"Phisicke," "Lawe," "Devinity," "Hebrew," and "Greke," have official arms +as follows (see grant by Robert Cooke, Clarenceux, 1590, _Genealogical +Magazine_, vol. ii. p. 125):-- + +_Of Phisicke_: Azure, a fesse ermines (? ermine) between three lozenges or, +on a chief gules a lion passant guardant of the third, charged on the side +with the letter M sable. Crest: on a wreath or and azure, a quinquangle +silver, called "simbolum sanitatis." Mantling gules and argent. + +_Of Lawe_: Purpure, a cross moline or, on a chief gules, a lion passant +guardant of the second, charged on the side with the letter L sable. Crest: +on a wreath "purple and gold," a bee volant or. Mantling gules and argent. + +_Of Devinity_: Gules, on a cross ermine, between four doves argent, {588} a +book of the first, the leaves or, charged in the midst with the Greek +letter [theta] (Theta) sable. Crest: on a wreath "silver and gules," a dove +volant argent, with an olive-branch vert in his beak. Mantling gules, +double argent. + +_Of Hebrew_: Argent, the Hebrew letter [Hebrew: T] (Tawe) sable, on a chief +gules, a lion passant guardant or, charged on the side with the letter H +sable. Crest: on a wreath "silver and sables," a turtle-dove azure. +Mantling gules, double argent. + +_Of Greke_: Per chevron argent and sable, in chief the two Greek letters +[Alpha] (Alpha) and [Omega] (Omega) of the second, and in base a "cicado" +or grasshopper of the first, on a chief gules, a lion passant guardant or, +charged on the side with the letter G sable. Crest: on a wreath "silver and +sables," an owl argent, legs, beak, and ears or. Mantling gules and argent. + +The following insignia of office I quote subject to the reservation that I +am doubtful how far they enjoy official sanction:-- + +_The Lord Chancellor of England_: Two maces in saltire (or one in pale) +behind the shield and the purse containing the Great Seal below it. + +_The Lord Great Chamberlain of England_: Two golden keys in saltire; and + +_The Lord Chamberlain of the Household_: A golden key in pale behind the +shield. + +At Exeter the Dean, Precentor, Chancellor, and Treasurer have used official +arms impaled with their own insignia. These were:-- + +_The Dean_: Azure, a stag's head caboshed and between the horns a cross +patée fitchée argent. + +_The Precentor_: Argent, on a saltire azure a fleur-de-lis or. + +_The Chancellor_: Gules, a saltire argent between four crosslets or. + +_The Treasurer_: Gules, a saltire between four leopards' heads or. + +The Dean of the Chapel Royal, Savoy, may perhaps employ the complicated +coat of the chapel to impale his personal arms, placing the escutcheon on +the breast of an eagle sable, crowned or. + +Many English Deaneries claim to possess arms which presumably the occupant +may use to impale his own coat with, after the example of the Dean of +Exeter. Such are London, Winchester, Lincoln, Salisbury, Lichfield, Durham, +which all difference the arms of the see with a letter D of gold or sable. + +St. David's reverses the tinctures of the arms of the see. + +Norwich and Carlisle carry: Argent, a cross sable. + +Canterbury: Azure, on a cross argent the monogram + +sable. + +York differences the arms of the see by changing the crown into a mitre, +and adding three plates in flanks and base. {589} + + + +CHAPTER XXXVII + +AUGMENTATIONS OF HONOUR + +Of all heraldic distinctions the possession of an augmentation of honour is +the one most prized. The Sovereign is of course the fountain of honour, and +though ordinary grants of arms are made by Letters Patent under the hands +and seals of the Kings of Arms, by virtue of the powers expressly and +specifically conferred upon them in the Letters Patent respectively +appointing them to their offices, a grant of arms is theoretically a grant +from the Crown. The privilege of the possession of arms in the ordinary +event is left in the discretion of the Earl Marshal, whose warrant is a +condition precedent to the issue of a Grant. Providing a person is palpably +living in that style and condition of life in which the use of arms is +usual, subject always to the Earl Marshal's pleasure and discretion, a +Grant of Arms can ordinarily be obtained upon payment of the usual fees. +The social status of present-day grantees of arms is considerably in +advance of the status of grantees in the Tudor period. An augmentation of +arms, however, is on a totally and entirely different footing. It is an +especial mark of favour from the Sovereign, and the effective grant is a +Royal Warrant under the hand and Privy Seal of the Sovereign. The warrant +recites and requires that the augmentation granted shall be exemplified and +recorded in the College of Arms. Augmentations have been less frequently +conferred in recent years than was formerly the case. Technically speaking, +a gift of arms by the Sovereign direct where none previously existed is not +an augmentation, though one is naturally inclined to include such grants in +the category. Such an example is met with in the shield granted to Colonel +Carlos by King Charles to commemorate their mutual adventures in the oak +tree ("Or, issuing from a mount in base vert, an oak tree proper, over all +on a fess gules, three Imperial crowns also proper") (Plate II.). + +There are many gorgeous legends relating to augmentations and arms which +are said to have been granted by William the Conqueror as rewards after the +Battle of Hastings. Personally I do not believe in a single one. There was +a certain augmentation borne by the Dodge family, which, if it be correct, +dates from the thirty-fourth year of Edward I., but whether this be +authentic it is impossible to say. Most {590} people consider the alleged +_deed of grant_ a forgery, and if this be so, the arms only exist by right +of subsequent record and the question of augmentation rests upon tradition. +The curious charge of the woman's breast distilling drops of milk to typify +the nourishment afforded to the king's army is at any rate most interesting +(Plate VI.). The earliest undoubted one in this country that I am aware of +dates from the reign of Edward III. Sir John de Pelham shared in the glory +of the Battle of Poictiers, and in the capture of the French King John. To +commemorate this he was granted two round buckles with thongs. The Pelham +family arms were "Azure, three pelicans argent," and, as will be seen, +these family arms were quartered with the buckles and thongs on a field +gules as an augmentation. The quarterly coat forms a part of the arms both +of Lord Chichester and of Lord Yarborough at the present day, and "the +Pelham buckle" has been the badge of the Pelham family for centuries. + +Piers Legh fought with the Black Prince and took the Count de Tanquervil +prisoner at the Battle of Crecy, "and did valiantly rere and advance the +said princes Banner att the bataile of Cressy to the noe little +encouragement of the English army," but it was not until the reign of Queen +Elizabeth that the augmentation to commemorate this was granted. + +The Battle of Flodden was won by the Earl of Surrey, afterwards the Duke of +Norfolk, and amongst the many rewards which the King showered upon his +successful Marshal was the augmentation to his arms of "a demi-lion pierced +in the mouth with an arrow, depicted on the colours for the arms of the +Kingdom of Scotland, which the said James, late King of Scots, bore." +According to the Act of Parliament under which it was granted this +augmentation would seem now to belong exclusively to Lord Mowbray and +Stourton and Hon. Mary Petre, but it is borne apparently with official +sanction, or more likely perhaps by official inadvertence, by the Duke of +Norfolk and the rest of the Howard family. + +The Battle of Agincourt is referred to by Shakespeare, who puts these words +into King Henry's mouth on the eve of that great battle (Act iv. sc. 3):-- + + "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers + For he to-day that sheds his blood with me + Shall be my brother; be he ne'er so vile, + This day shall gentle his condition." + +There is actual foundation in fact for these lines. For in a writ couched +in very stringent and severe terms issued by the same king in after years +decreeing penalties for the improper assumption and use of false arms, +specific exception is made in favour of those "who bore {591} arms with us +at the Battle of Agincourt." Evidently this formed a very extensive kind of +augmentation. + +The reign of Queen Elizabeth furnishes an interesting example of the gift +of a complete coat in the case of Sir Francis Drake, who had been using the +arms of another family of the same name. The representative of that family +complained to the Queen that Sir Francis, whom he styled an upstart, should +take such liberties with his arms; whereupon the Queen said she would give +Sir Francis arms which should outrival those of his namesake. At least, +such is the legend, and though the arms themselves were granted by +Clarenceux King of Arms, and I have not yet found any Royal Warrant +indicating that the grant was made by specific Royal command, it is +possible the story is correct. The arms are: "Sable, a fess wavy between +two stars argent. Crest: a ship under reef, drawn round a terrestrial globe +with a cable by a hand issuing from clouds all proper" (Plate VI.). The +stars upon the shield are the two pole stars, and the wavy band between +them typifies Drake's voyage round the world, as does also the peculiar +crest in which the Divine hand is shown guiding his ship around the globe. + +At the Battle of Naseby Dr. Edward Lake fought bravely for the King, and in +the service of his Majesty received no less than sixteen wounds. At the end +of the battle, when his left arm was useless, he put the bridle of his +horse between his teeth and still fought on. The quartering of augmentation +given to him was: "Gules, a dexter arm embowed in armour holding in the +hand a sword erect all proper, thereto affixed a banner argent charged with +a cross between sixteen escutcheons of the field, on the cross a lion of +England." The sixteen shields upon the banner typify his sixteen wounds. + +After the Commonwealth was established in England, Charles II. made a +desperate effort to regain his crown, an effort which culminated in his +disastrous defeat at the Battle of Worcester. The King escaped through the +gate of the city solely through the heroic efforts of Colonel Newman, and +this is kept in remembrance by the inescutcheon of augmentation, viz.: +"Gules, a portcullis imperially crowned or." Every one has heard how the +King was accompanied in his wanderings by Colonel Carlos, who hid with him +in the oak tree at Boscobel. Afterwards the king accompanied Mistress Jane +Lane on horseback as her servant to the coast, whence he fled to the +Continent. The reward of Colonel Carlos was the gift of the entire coat of +arms already referred to. The Lanes, though not until after some years had +passed and the King had come back to his own again, were granted two +remarkable additions to their family arms. First of all "the canton of +England" (that is, the arms of England upon a canton) was added {592} to +their shield. They are the _only_ family to whom such an honour has been +given, and a most curious result has happened. When the use of armorial +bearings was taxed by Act of Parliament the Royal Arms were specially +exempted, and on account of this canton the Lane family claimed and +obtained exemption from the tax. A few years later a crest was granted to +them, namely, a strawberry-roan horse, "couped at the flanks," holding in +its feet the Royal crown (Plate II.). It was upon a horse of this colour +that the King and Mistress Lane had escaped and thereby saved the crown. +Mr. Francis Wolfe, of Madeley, who also was a party to the escape, received +the grant of an inescutcheon gules charged with a lion of England. Another +family which bears an augmentation to commemorate King Charles' escape is +Whitgreave. + +The reign of Queen Anne produced in the Duke of Marlborough one of the +finest generals the world has ever seen; and in the Battle of Blenheim one +of its greatest victories. The augmentation which commemorates this is a +shield bearing the cross of St. George and in the centre a smaller shield +with the golden lilies of France. + +In the year 1797 the Battle of Camperdown was fought, when Admiral Duncan +defeated the Dutch Fleet and was created Lord Camperdown. To his family +arms were added a naval crown and a representation of the gold medal given +by George III. to Lord Camperdown to commemorate his victory. + +The arms of Nelson are most interesting, inasmuch as one version of the +arms carries two separate and distinct augmentations. It is not, however, +the coat as it was granted to and borne by the great Admiral himself. After +the Battle of the Nile he received the augmentation on the chief, a +landscape showing the palm-tree, the disabled ship, and the battery in +ruins. The one crest was the plume of triumph given to the Admiral by the +Sultan Selim III., and his second crest, which, however, is not a crest of +augmentation, was the stern of the Spanish ship _San Josef._ After his +death at the Battle of Trafalgar his brother was created Earl Nelson, and a +second augmentation, namely, a fess wavy sable with the word "Trafalgar" +upon it in gold letters, was added to the arms. This, however, has since +been discontinued, except by Lord Bridport, who quarters it, whilst the +Nelson family has reverted to the arms as they were borne by the great +Admiral. + +After the death of Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, Lord Collingwood took +command, and though naval experts think that the action of Collingwood +greatly minimised the number of prizes which would have resulted from the +victory, Lord Collingwood received for an augmentation a chief wavy gules, +thereon the lion of England, navally {593} crowned, with the word +"Trafalgar" above the lion. He also received an additional crest, namely, +the stern of his ship, the _Royal Sovereign_, between a wreath of oak on +the one side and a wreath of laurel on the other. + +The heroic story of the famous fight between the _Shannon_ and the +_Chesapeake_ has been often told. Captain Broke sent in a challenge to the +_Chesapeake_ to come out and fight him, and, though a banquet was prepared +by the Mayor of Boston for that evening "to meet the English officers," +Captain Broke defeated the _Chesapeake_ in an engagement which only lasted +a very short time. He was granted an additional crest, namely, an arm +holding a trident and issuing from a naval crown, together with the motto, +"Sævumque tridentem servamus." + +General Ross fought and won the Battle of Bladensburg, and took the city of +Washington, dying a few days afterwards. The story is that the family were +offered their choice of a baronetcy or an augmentation, and they chose the +latter. The augmentation (Plate II.), which was specially granted with +permission for it to be placed upon the monument to the memory of General +Ross, consists of the arm holding the flag of the United States with a +broken flag-staff which will be seen both on the shield itself, and as an +additional crest. The shield also shows the gold cross for previous +services at Corunna and in the Peninsula. The family were also given the +surname of "Ross-of-Bladensburg." + +The capture of Curaçoa by Admiral Sir Charles Brisbane, K.C.B., is +commemorated by the representation of his ship passing between the two +Dutch forts; and by the additional crest of an arm in a naval officer's +uniform grasping a cutlass. Admiral Sir Robert Otway, for his distinguished +services, was granted: "On a chief azure an anchor between two branches of +oak or, and on the dexter side a demi-Neptune and on the sinister a mermaid +proper," to add to his shield. Admiral Sir George Pocock, who captured +Havannah, was given for an augmentation: "On a chief wavy azure a +sea-horse" (to typify his naval career), between two Eastern crowns (to +typify his services in the East Indies), with the word "Havanna," the scene +of his greatest victory. + +Sir Edward Pellew, who was created Viscount Exmouth for bombarding and +destroying the fort and arsenal of Algiers, was given upon a chief a +representation of that fort, with an English man-of-war in front of it, to +add to his arms. It is interesting to note that one of his supporters, +though not a part of his augmentation, represents a Christian slave, in +memory of those in captivity at Algiers when he captured the city. + +There were several augmentations won at the Battle of Waterloo, {594} and +the Waterloo medal figures upon many coats of arms of Waterloo officers. +Colonel Alexander Clark-Kennedy, with his own hand, captured the French +Eagle of the 105th French Regiment. For this he bears a representation of +it and a sword crossed upon a chief over his arms, and his crest of +augmentation is a demi-dragoon holding the same flag. Of the multitude of +honours which were showered upon the Duke of Wellington, not the least was +his augmentation. This was a smaller shield to be superimposed upon his +own, and charged with those crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. +Patrick, which we term "the Union Jack." Sir Edward Kerrison, who +distinguished himself so greatly in the Peninsula and at Waterloo, was +granted a sword with a wreath of laurel and representations of his medals +for Orthes and Waterloo, and, for an additional crest, an arm in armour +holding a banner inscribed "Peninsula." + +Sir Thomas Munro, who will be long remembered as the Governor of Madras, +was rewarded for his capture of Badamy by a representation of that +hill-fort in India. The augmentation of Lord Keane is very similar, being a +representation of the Fortress of Ghuznee in Afghanistan, which he +captured. Other instances of a similar character are to be found in the +arms of Cockburn-Campbell and Hamilton-Grace. + +The arms of Lord Gough are most remarkable, inasmuch as they show no less +than two distinct and different augmentations both earned by the same man. +In 1816, for his services in the Peninsula, he received a representation of +the Spanish Order of Charles III., and on a chief the representation of the +Fortress of Tarifa, with the crest of the arm holding the colours of his +own regiment, the 87th, and a French eagle reversed and depressed. After +his victories in the East, particularly at Goojerat, and for the +subjugation and annexation of the Punjab, he was granted, in 1843, an +additional quartering to add to his shield. This has the Lion of England +holding up the Union Jack below the words "China" and "India." The third +crest, which was then granted to him, shows a similar lion holding the +Union Jack and a Chinese flag. + +Sir George Pollock, "of the Khyber Pass," Bart., earned everlasting fame +for himself in the first Afghan War, by forcing the Khyber Pass and by the +capture of Cabul. For this he was given an Eastern crown and the word +"Khyber" on a chief as well as three cannon upon a canton, and at the same +time he was granted an additional crest--a lion holding an Afghan banner +with the staff thereof broken. With him it seemed as if the practice of +granting augmentations for military services had ceased. Lord Roberts has +none, neither has Lord Wolseley. But recently the old practice was reverted +to in favour of Lord Kitchener. His family arms were: "Azure, a chevron +cottised {595} between three bustards," and in the centre chief point a +bezant; with a stag's head for a crest; but for "smashing the Khalifa" he +has been given the Union Jack and the Egyptian flag with the staves +encircled by a coronet bearing the word "Khartoum," all on a pile +superimposed over his family arms. He also received a second crest of an +elephant's head holding a sword in its trunk issuing from a mural crown. At +the conclusion of the South African War a second augmentation was granted +to him, this taking the form of a chief. + +Two other very interesting instances of augmentation of arms are worthy of +mention. + +Sir Ralph Abercromby, after a distinguished career, fought and won the +Battle of Aboukir Bay, only to die a few days later on board H.M.S. +_Foudroyant_ of his wounds received in the battle. But long before he had +fought and conquered the French at Valenciennes, and in 1795 had been made +a Knight of the Bath. The arms which are upon his Stall plate in +Westminster Abbey include his augmentation, which is an arm in armour +encircled by a wreath of laurel supporting the French Standard. + +Sir William Hoste gained the celebrated victory over the French fleet off +the Island of Lissa in 1811, and the augmentation which was granted was a +representation of his gold medal hanging from a naval crown, and an +additional crest, an arm holding a flag inscribed with the word "Cattaro," +the scene of another of his victories. + +Peace has its victories no less than war, but there is generally very much +less fuss made about them. Consequently, the augmentations to commemorate +entirely pacific actions are considerably fewer in number. The Speke +augmentation has been elsewhere referred to, and reference may be made to +the Ross augmentation to commemorate the Arctic exploits of Sir John Ross. + +It is a very common idea that arms were formerly to be obtained by conquest +in battle. Like many other heraldic ideas, there is a certain amount of +truth in the idea, from which very erroneous generalisations have been +made. The old legend as to the acquisition of the plume of ostrich feathers +by the Black Prince no doubt largely accounts for the idea. That legend, as +has been already shown, lacks foundation. Territorial or sovereign arms +doubtless would be subject to conquest, but I do not believe that because +in battle or in a tournament _à outrance_ one person defeated another, he +therefore became entitled to assume, of his own motion, the arms of the man +he had vanquished. The proposition is too absurd. But there is no doubt +that in some number of historic cases his Sovereign has subsequently +conferred upon the victor an augmentation which has closely approximated to +the arms of his victim. Such cases occur in the arms of the Clerkes, +Barts., {596} of Hitcham, Bucks, who bear: "On a sinister canton azure, a +demi-ram salient of the first, and in chief two fleurs-de-lis or, debruised +by a baton," to commemorate the action of Sir John Clerke of Weston, who +captured Louis D'Orleans, Duke of Longueville, at Borny, near Terouenne, 5 +Henry VII. The augmentation conferred upon the Duke of Norfolk at the +battle of Flodden has been already referred to, but the family of Lloyd of +Stockton, co. Salop, carry a remarkable augmentation, inasmuch as they are +permitted to bear the arms of Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, to +commemorate his recapture by their ancestor after Lord Cobham's escape from +the Tower. + +[Illustration: FIG. 773.--Arms of Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland and Earl +of Oxford: Quarterly, 1 and 4 (of augmentation), azure, three crowns or, +within a bordure argent; 2 and 3, quarterly gules and or, in the first +quarter a mullet argent.] + +Augmentations which have no other basis than mere favour of kings, or +consanguinity to the Royal Family, are not uncommon. Richard II., who +himself adopted the arms of St. Edward the Confessor, bestowed the right to +bear them also upon Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk (Fig. 675). No +difference was added to them in his case, which is the more remarkable as +they were borne by the Duke impaled with the arms of England. In 1397 the +King conferred the same arms upon John de Holland, Duke of Exeter, +differenced by a label argent, and upon Thomas de Holland, Duke of Surrey, +within a bordure ermine. Richard II. seems to have been inclined to the +granting of augmentations, for in 1386, when he created the Earl of Oxford +(Robert de Vere) Duke of Ireland, he granted him as an augmentation the +arms of Ireland ("Azure, three crowns or") within a bordure argent (Fig. +773). The Manners family, who were of Royal descent, but who, not being +descended from an heiress, had no right to quarter the Royal Arms, received +the grant of a chief "quarterly azure and gules, in the first and fourth +quarters two fleurs-de-lis, and in the second and third a lion passant +guardant or." This precedent might well be followed at the present day in +the case of the daughters of the Duke and Duchess of Fife. It was adopted +in the case of Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain. The Waller family, of +Groombridge, co. Kent, one of whom, Richard Waller, captured Charles, Duke +of Orleans, at the battle of Agincourt, received as an augmentation the +right to suspend from the crest ("On a mount a walnut-tree proper") an +escutcheon of the arms of that Prince, viz.: "Azure, three fleurs-de-lis +or, a label of three points argent." Lord Polwarth bears one of the few +augmentations granted by William III., viz.: "An inescutcheon azure charged +with an orange ensigned with an Imperial crown {597} all proper," whilst +the titular King James III. and VIII. granted to John Græme, Earl of +Alford, a coat of augmentation, viz.: "The Royal Arms of Scotland on the +field and cross of St. Andrew counterchanged," the date of the grant being +20th January 1734. Sir John Keith, Earl of Kintore, Knight Marischal of +Scotland, saved the regalia of Scotland from falling into the hands of +Cromwell, and in return the Keith arms (now quartered by Lord Kintore) were +augmented with "an inescutcheon gules, a sword in bend sinister surmounted +by a sceptre in bend dexter, in chief an Imperial crown, the whole within +an orle of eight thistles." + +The well-known augmentation of the Seymour family: "Or, on a pile gules, +between six fleurs-de-lis azure," is borne to commemorate the marriage of +Jane Seymour to Henry VIII., who granted augmentations to all his wives +except Catharine of Aragon and Anne of Cleves. The Seymour family is, +however, the only one in which the use of the augmentation has been +continued. The same practice was followed by granting the arms of England +to the Consort of the Princess Caroline and to the late Prince Consort. See +page 499. + +[Illustration: FIG. 774.--Device from the chief of the "Prussian Sword +Nobility."] + +The frequent grant of the Royal tressure in Scotland, probably usually as +an augmentation, has been already referred to. King Charles I. granted to +the Earl of Kinnoull as a quartering of augmentation: "Azure, a unicorn +salient argent, armed, maned, and unguled or, within a bordure of the last +charged with thistles of Scotland and roses gules of England dimidiated." +The well-known augmentation of the Medicis family, viz.: "A roundle azure, +charged with three fleurs-de-lis or," was granted by Louis XII. to Pietro +de Medicis. The Prussian Officers, ennobled on the 18th of January 1896, +the twenty-fifth anniversary of the foundation of the new German Empire, +bear as a device a chief purpure, and thereupon the Prussian sceptre and a +sword in saltire interlaced by two oak-branches vert (Fig. 774). The late +Right Hon. Sir Thomas Thornton, G.C.B., received a Royal Licence to accept +the Portuguese title of Conde de Cassilhas and an augmentation. This was an +inescutcheon (ensigned by his coronet as a Conde) "or, thereon an arm +embowed vested azure, the cuff gold, the hand supporting a flagstaff +therefrom flowing the Royal Standard of Portugal." The same device issuing +from his coronet was also granted to him as a crest of augmentation. Sir +Woodbine Parish, K.C.H., by legislative act of the Argentine Republic +received in 1839 a grant of {598} the arms of that country, which was +subsequently incorporated in the arms granted to him and registered in the +Heralds' College in this country. He had been Consul-General and Chargé +d'Affaires at Buenos Ayres, 1823-1832; he was appointed in 1824 +Plenipotentiary, and concluded the first treaty by which the Argentine +Republic was formally recognised. Reference has been already made (page +420) to the frequent grant of supporters as augmentations, and perhaps +mention should also be made of the inescutcheons for the Dukedom of +Aubigny, borne by the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, and for the Duchy of +Chatelherault, borne by the Duke of Abercorn. Possibly these should more +properly be ranked as territorial arms and not as augmentations. A similar +coat is the inescutcheon borne by the Earl of Mar and Kellie for his +Earldom of Kellie. This, however, is stated by Woodward to be an +augmentation granted by James VI. to Sir Thomas Erskine, one of several +granted by that King to commemorate the frustration of the Gowrie Plot in +1600. + +The Marquess of Westminster, for some utterly inexplicable reason, was +granted as an augmentation the right to bear the arms of the city of +Westminster in the first quarter of his arms. Those who have rendered very +great personal service to the Crown have been sometimes so favoured. The +Halford and Gull (see page 250) augmentations commemorate medical services +to the Royal Family, and augmentations have been conferred upon Sir +Frederick Treves and Sir Francis Laking in connection with His Majesty's +illness at the time of the Coronation. + +The badges of Ulster and Nova Scotia borne as such upon their shields by +Baronets are, of course, augmentations. + +Two cases are known of augmentations to the arms of towns. The arms of +Derry were augmented by the arms of the city of London in chief, when, +after its fearful siege, the name of Derry was changed to Londonderry to +commemorate the help given by the city of London. The arms of the city of +Hereford had an azure bordure semé of saltires couped argent added to its +arms after it had successfully withstood its Scottish siege, and this, by +the way, is a striking example of colour upon colour, the field of the coat +being gules. + +There are many grants in the later part of the eighteenth and the beginning +of the nineteenth centuries recorded in Lyon Register which at first sight +appear to be augmentations. Perhaps they are rightly so termed, but as the +additions usually appear to be granted by the Lyon without specific Royal +Warrants, they are hardly equivalent to the English ones issued during the +same period. Many ordinary grants made in England which have borne direct +reference to particular achievements of the grantee have been (by the +grantees and their {599} descendants) wrongly termed augmentations. A rough +and ready (though not a certain) test is to imagine the coat if the +augmentation be removed, and see whether it remains a properly balanced +design. Few of such coats will survive the test. The additions made to a +coat to make it a different design, when a new grant is founded upon arms +improperly used theretofore, are not augmentations, although spoken +departures from the truth on this detail are by no means rare. {600} + + + +CHAPTER XXXVIII + +ECCLESIASTICAL HERALDRY + +Ecclesiastical heraldry has nothing like the importance in British armory +that it possesses elsewhere. It may be said to consist in this country +exclusively of the official arms assigned to and recorded for the +archiepiscopal and episcopal sees, and the mitres and crosiers which are +added to the shields, and a certain number of ecclesiastical symbols which +occur as charges. In Pre-Reformation days there were, of course, the many +religious houses which used armorial emblems, but with the suppression of +the monasteries these vanished. The cardinal's hat was recognised in former +days, and would still be officially certified in England as admittedly +correctly displayed above the arms of a Roman cardinal. But the curious and +intricate development of other varieties of the ecclesiastical hat which +will be found in use in all other European countries is not known to +British armory. Nor has the English College of Arms recognised the +impersonal arms of the Catholic communities. Those arms, with and without +the ecclesiastical hats, play a conspicuous part in Continental heraldry. + +It is difficult to assign a proper value or a definite status to the arms +of the abbeys and other religious houses in this country in Pre-Reformation +times. The principal, in fact the only important sources of information +concerning them are the impressions of seals which have come down to us. +Many of these seals show the effigies of saints or patrons, some show the +impersonal arms of the religious order to whose rule the community +conformed, some the personal arms of the official of the moment, others the +personal arms of the founder. In other cases arms presumably those of the +particular foundation or community occur, but in such cases the variations +in design are so marked, and so often we find that two, three, or more +devices are used indifferently and indiscriminately, that one is forced to +arrive at the conclusion that a large proportion of the devices in use, +though armorial in character, had no greater status than a temporary +existence as seal designs. They distinctly lack the unchanging continuity +one associates with armorial bearings. But whatever their status may {601} +once have been, they have now completely passed out of being and may well +be allowed to rest in the uncertainty which exists concerning them. The +interest attaching to them can never be more than academic in character and +limited in extent. The larger abbeys, the abbots of which were anciently +summoned to Parliament as Lords of Parliament, appear to have adhered +rather more consistently to a fixed device in each case, though the +variations of design are very noticeable even in these instances. A list of +them will be found in the _Genealogical Magazine_ (vol. ii. p. 3). + +The suppression of the monasteries in this country was so thorough and so +ruthless, that the contemporary instances of abbatical arms remaining to us +from which deduction as to armorial rules and precedents can be made are +singularly few in number, but it would appear that the abbot impaled the +arms of his abbey on the dexter side of his personal arms, and placed his +mitre above the shield. + +The mitre of an abbot differed from that of a bishop, inasmuch as it had no +labels--or _infulæ_--depending from within it. The Abbot used a crosier, +which doubtless was correctly added to his armorial bearings, but it is +found in pale behind the shield, in bend, and also two in saltire, and it +is difficult to assert which was the most correct form. + +The crosier of an abbot was also represented with the crook at its head +curved inwards, the terminal point of the crook being entirely contained +within the hook. The point of a bishop's, on the other hand, was turned +outwards at the bottom of the crook. The difference is said to typify the +distinction between the confined jurisdiction of the abbot--which was +limited to the abbey and the community under his charge--and the more open +and wider jurisdiction of the bishop. Although this distinction has been +much disputed as regards its recognition for the actual crosiers employed, +there can be no doubt that it is very generally adhered to in heraldic +representations, though one hesitates to assert it as an absolute rule. The +official arms for the archiepiscopal and episcopal sees are of some +interest. With the single exception of York, the archiepiscopal coats of +arms all have, in some form or another, the pallium which forms part of an +archbishop's vestments or insignia of rank, but it is now very generally +recognised and conceded that the pallium is not merely a charge in the +official coat for any specified jurisdiction, but is itself the sign of the +rank of an archbishop of the same character and status as is the mitre, the +pallium being displayed upon a shield as a matter of convenience for +artistic representation. This view of the case has been much strengthened +by the discovery that in ancient instances of the archiepiscopal arms of +York the pallium is found, and not the more modern coat of the crown and +keys; but whether the pallium is {602} to be still so considered, or +whether under English armorial law it must now be merely ranked as a charge +in an ordinary coat of arms, in general practice it is accepted as the +latter; but it nevertheless remains a point of very considerable interest +(which has not yet been elucidated) why the pallium should have been +discarded for York, and another coat of arms substituted. + +The various coats used by the archbishops of England and Ireland are as +follows:-- + +_Canterbury._--Azure, an episcopal staff in pale or, and ensigned with a +cross patée argent surmounted of a pall of the last, charged with four +crosses formée fitchée sable, edged and fringed or. + +_York._--Gules, two keys in saltire argent, in chief a Royal crown or. + +_Armagh._--Azure, an episcopal staff argent, ensigned with a cross patée +or, surmounted by a pallium of the second, edged and fringed or, charged +with four crosses formée fitchée sable. + +_Dublin._--The arms of this archbishopric are the same as those of Armagh, +only with five crosses charged on the pallium instead of four. + +The arms of the episcopal sees have no attribute at all similar to the +charge of the pallium in the coat of an archbishop, and are merely so many +different coats of arms. The shield of every bishop and archbishop is +surmounted by his mitre, and it is now customary to admit the use of the +mitre by all persons holding the title of bishop who are recognised as +bishops by the English law. + +This, of course, includes Colonial and Suffragan bishops, retired bishops, +and bishops of the Episcopal Churches in Scotland and in Ireland. It is a +moot point whether the bishops of the Episcopal Churches in Ireland and in +Scotland are entitled to make use of the official arms formerly assigned to +their sees at a period when those Churches were State-established; but, +looking at the matter from a strictly official point of view, it would not +appear that they are any longer entitled to make use of them. + +The mitres of an archbishop and of a bishop--in spite of many statements to +the contrary--are exactly identical, and the mistaken idea which has of +late years (the practice is really quite a modern one) encircled the rim of +an archbishop's mitre with the circlet of a coronet is absolutely +incorrect. + +There are several forms of mitre which, when looked upon as an +ecclesiastical ornament, can be said to exist; but from the heraldic point +of view only one mitre is recognised, and that is of gold, the labels being +of the same colour. The jewelled variety is incorrect in armorial +representations, though the science of armory does not appear to have +enforced any particular _shape_ of mitre. + +The "several forms" of the mitre--to which allusion has just been {603} +made--refer to the use in actual practice which prevailed in +Pre-Reformation England, and still holds amongst Roman Catholic bishops at +the present day. These are three in number, _i.e._ the "precious" +(_pretiosa_), the gold (_auriferata_), and the simple (_simplex_). The two +former are both employed at a Pontifical Mass (being alternately assumed at +different parts of the service); the second only is worn at such rites as +Confirmation, &c.; while the third (which is purely of white linen) is +confined to Services for the Dead, and on Good Friday. As its name implies, +the first of these is of cloth of gold, ornamented to a greater or less +degree with jewels, while the second--though likewise of cloth of gold--is +without any design or ornament. The short Gothic mitre of Norman days has +now given place to the modern Roman one, an alteration which, with its +great height and arched sides, can hardly perhaps be considered an artistic +improvement. Some individual Roman Catholic bishops at the present day, +however (in England at any rate), wear mitres more allied to the Norman and +Gothic shape. + +The past fifteen or so years have seen a revival--though in a purely +eclectic and unofficial manner--of the _wearing_ of the mitre by Church of +England bishops. Where this has been (and is being) done, the older form of +mitre has been adhered to, though from the informal and unofficial nature +of the revival no rules as to its use have been followed, but only +individual choice. + +At the recent Coronation, mitres were _not_ worn; which they undoubtedly +would have been had this revival now alluded to been made authoritatively. + +All bishops and archbishops are entitled to place two crosiers in saltire +behind their shields. Archbishops of the Roman Catholic Church have +continuously placed in pale behind their shields what is known as the +archbishop's cross. In actual practice, the cross carried before an +archbishop is an ordinary one with one transverse piece, but the heraldic +archiepiscopal cross is always represented as a double cross, _i.e._ having +two transverse pieces one above the other. In the Established Church of +England the archiepiscopal cross--as in the Roman Catholic Church--is the +plain two-armed variety, and though the cross is never officially +recognised as an armorial attribute and is not very frequently met with in +heraldic representations, there can be no doubt that if this cross is used +to typify archiepiscopal rank, it should be heraldically represented with +the double arms. The actual cross borne before archbishops is termed the +provincial cross, and it may be of interest to here state that the Bishops +of Rochester are the official cross-bearers to the Archbishops of +Canterbury. + +To the foregoing rules there is one notable exception, _i.e._ the Bishop +{604} of Durham. The Bishopric of Durham, until the earlier part of the +nineteenth century, was a Palatinate, and in earlier times the Bishops of +Durham, who had their own parliament and Barons of the Palatinate, +exercised a jurisdiction and regality, limited in extent certainly, but +little short in fact or effect of the power of the Crown. If ever any +ecclesiastic can be correctly said to have enjoyed temporal power, the +Bishops of Durham can be so described. The Prince-Bishops of the Continent +had no such attributes of regality vested in themselves as were enjoyed by +the Bishops of Durham. These were in truth kings within their bishoprics, +and even to the present day--though modern geographies and modern social +legislation have divided the bishopric into other divisions--one still +hears the term employed of "within" or "without" the bishopric. + +The result of this temporal power enjoyed by the Bishops of Durham is seen +in their heraldic achievement. In place of the two crosiers in saltire +behind the shield, as used by the other bishops, the Bishops of Durham +place a sword and a crosier in saltire behind their shield to signify both +their temporal and spiritual jurisdiction. + +The mitre of the Bishop of Durham is heraldically represented with the rim +encircled by a ducal coronet, and it has thereby become usual to speak of +the coronetted mitre of the Bishop of Durham; but it should be clearly +borne in mind that the coronet formed no part of the actual mitre, and +probably no mitre has ever existed in which the rim has been encircled by a +coronet. But the Bishops of Durham, by virtue of their temporal status, +used a coronet, and by virtue of their ecclesiastical status used a mitre, +and the representation of both of these at one and the same time has +resulted in the coronet being placed to encircle the rim of the mitre. The +result has been that, heraldically, they are now always represented as one +and the same article. + +It is, of course, from this coronetted mitre of Durham that the wholly +inaccurate idea of the existence of coronet on the mitre of an archbishop +has originated. Apparently the humility of these Princes of the Church has +not been sufficient to prevent their appropriating the peculiar privileges +of their ecclesiastical brother of lesser rank. + +A crest is never used with a mitre or ecclesiastical hat. Many writers deny +the right of any ecclesiastic to a crest. Some deny the right also to use a +motto, but this restriction has no general acceptance. + +Therefore ecclesiastical heraldry in Britain is summed up in (1) its +recognition of the cardinal's hat, (2) the official coat of arms for +ecclesiastical purposes, (3) the ensigns of ecclesiastical rank above +alluded to, viz. mitre, cross, and crosier. {605} Ecclesiastical +heraldry--notably in connection with the Roman Church--in other countries +has, on the contrary, a very important place in armorial matters. In +addition to the emblems officially recognised for English heraldry, the +ecclesiastical hat is in constant use. + +The use of the ecclesiastical hat is very general outside Great Britain, +and affords one of the few instances where the rules governing heraldic +usages are identical throughout the Continent. + +This curious unanimity is the more remarkable because it was not until the +seventeenth century that the rather intricate rules concerning the colours +of the hats used for different ranks and the number of tassels came into +vogue. + +Other than the occasional recognition of the cardinal's hat in former days, +the only British official instance of the use of the ecclesiastical hat is +met with in the case of the very recent matriculation of arms in Lyon +Register to Right Rev. Æneas Chisholm, the present Roman Catholic Bishop of +Aberdeen. I frankly admit I am unaware why the ecclesiastical hat assigned +to the bishop in the official matriculation of his arms has ten tassels on +either side. The Continental usage would assign him but six, and English +armory has no rules of its own which can be quoted in opposition thereto. +Save as an acceptance of Roman regulations (Roman Holy Orders, it should +not be forgotten, are recognised by the English Common Law to the extent +that a Roman Catholic priest is not reordained if he becomes an Anglican +clergyman), the heraldic ecclesiastical hat of a bishop has no existence +with us, and the Roman regulations would give him but six tassels. + +The mitre is to be met with as a charge and as a crest, for instance, in +the case of Barclay and Berkeley ["A mitre gules, labelled and garnished +or, charged with a chevron between ten crosses patée, six and four argent. +Motto: 'Dieu avec nous'"]; and also in the case of Sir Edmund Hardinge, +Bart., whose crests are curious ["1. of honourable augmentation, a hand +fesswise couped above the wrist habited in naval uniform, holding a sword +erect surmounting a Dutch and a French flag in saltire, on the former +inscribed "Atalanta," on the latter "Piedmontaise," the blade of the sword +passing through a wreath of laurel near the point and a little below +through another of cypress, with the motto, 'Postera laude recens;' 2. a +mitre gules charged with a chevron argent, fimbriated or, thereon three +escallops sable."] + +The cross can hardly be termed exclusively ecclesiastical, but a curious +figure of this nature is to be met with in the arms recently granted to the +Borough of Southwark. It was undoubtedly taken from the device used in +Southwark before its incorporation, though as there were many bodies who +adopted it in that neighbourhood, it is difficult to assign it to a +specific origin. {606} + +Pastoral staves and passion-nails are elsewhere referred to, and the +figures of saints and ecclesiastics are mentioned in the chapter on "The +Human Figure." + +The emblems of the saints, which appear to have received a certain amount +of official recognition--both ecclesiastical and heraldic--supply the +origin of many other charges not in themselves heraldic. An instance of +this kind will be found in the sword of St. Paul, which figures on the +shield of London. The cross of St. Cuthbert, which has been adopted in the +unauthorised coat for the See of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and the keys of St. +Peter, which figure in many ecclesiastical coats, are other examples. The +lilies of the Virgin are, of course, constantly to be met with in the form +of fleurs-de-lis and natural flowers; the Wheel of St. Catharine is +familiar, and the list might be extended indefinitely. {607} + + + +CHAPTER XXXIX + +ARMS OF DOMINION AND SOVEREIGNTY + +Royal arms in many respects differ from ordinary armorial bearings, and it +should be carefully borne in mind that they stand, not for any particular +area of land, but for the intangible sovereignty vested in the rulers +thereof. They are not necessarily, nor are they in fact, hereditary. They +pass by conquest. A dynastic change which introduces new sovereignties +introduces new quarterings, as when the Hanoverian dynasty came to the +throne of this country the quartering of Hanover was introduced, but purely +personal arms in British heraldry are never introduced. The personal arms +of Tudor and Stewart were never added to the Royal Arms of this country. + +The origin of the English Royal Arms was dealt with on page 172. "Gules, +three lions passant guardant in pale or," as the arms of England, were used +by Kings John, Henry III., Edward I., and Edward II. The quartering for +France was introduced by Edward III., as explained on page 274, and the +Royal shield: Quarterly 1 and 4, France, ancient (azure, semé-de-lis or); 2 +and 3, England (gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or), was in use +in the reigns of Edward III., Richard II. (who, however, impaled his arms +with those of St. Edward the Confessor), and Henry IV. The last-mentioned +king about 1411 reduced the number of fleurs-de-lis to _three_, and the +shield remained without further change till the end of the reign of Edward +VI. Queen Mary did not alter the arms of this country, but during the time +of her marriage with Philip of Spain they were always borne impaled with +the arms of Spain. Queen Elizabeth bore the same shield as her +predecessors. But when James I. came to the throne the arms were: +"Quarterly 1 and 4, quarterly i. and iiii. France, ii. and iii. England; 2. +Scotland (or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory and +counterflory gules); 3. Ireland (azure, a harp or, stringed argent)." The +shield was so borne by James I., Charles I., Charles II., and James II. + +When William III. and Mary came to the throne an inescutcheon of the arms +of Nassau ("Azure, billetty and a lion rampant or") was {608} superimposed +upon the Royal Arms as previously borne, for William III., and he impaled +the same coat without the inescutcheon for his wife. At her death the +impalement was dropped. After the Union with Scotland in 1707 the arms of +England ("Gules, three lions," &c.) were _impaled_ with those of Scotland +(the tressure not being continued down the palar line), and the impaled +coat of England and Scotland was placed in the first and fourth quarters, +France in the second, Ireland in the third. + +At the accession of George I. the arms of Hanover were introduced in the +fourth quarter. These were: "Tierced in pairle reversed, 1. Brunswick, +gules, two lions passant guardant in pale or; 2. Luneberg, or, semé of +hearts gules, a lion rampant azure; 3. (in point), Westphalia, gules, a +horse courant argent, and on an inescutcheon (over the fourth quarter) +gules, the crown of Charlemagne (as Arch Treasurer of the Holy Roman +Empire)." + +At the union with Ireland in 1801 the opportunity was taken to revise the +Royal Arms, and those of France were then discontinued. The escutcheon +decided upon at that date was: "Quarterly, 1 and 4, England; 2. Scotland; +3. Ireland and the arms of Hanover were placed upon an inescutcheon." This +inescutcheon was surmounted by the Electoral cap, for which a crown was +substituted later when Hanover became a kingdom. + +At the death of William IV., by the operation of the Salic Law, the crowns +of England and Hanover were separated, and the inescutcheon of Hanover +disappeared from the Royal Arms of this country, and by Royal Warrant +issued at the beginning of the reign of Queen Victoria the Royal Arms and +badges were declared to be: 1 and 4, England; 2. Scotland; 3. Ireland. The +necessary alteration of the cyphers are the only alterations made by his +present Majesty. + +The supporters date from the accession of James I. Before that date there +had been much variety. Some of the Royal badges have been already alluded +to in the chapter on that subject. + +The differences used by various junior members of the Royal Family will be +found in the Chapter on Marks of Cadency. {609} + + + +CHAPTER XL + +HATCHMENTS + +A custom formerly prevailed in England, which at one time was of very +considerable importance. This was the setting up of a hatchment after a +death. No instances of hatchments of a very early date, as far as I am +aware, are to be met with, and it is probably a correct conclusion that the +custom, originating rather earlier, came into vogue in England during the +seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. It doubtless +originated in the carrying of ceremonial shields and helmets (afterwards +left in the church) at funerals in the sixteenth century, and in the +earlier practice of setting up in the church the actual shield of a +deceased person. The cessation of the ceremonial funeral, no doubt, led to +the cult of the hatchment. Hatchments cannot be said even yet to have come +entirely to an end, but instances of their use are nowadays extremely rare, +and since the early part of the nineteenth century the practice has been +steadily declining, and at the present time it is seldom indeed that one +sees a hatchment _in use_. The word "hatchment" is, of course, a corruption +of the term "achievement," this being the heraldic term implying an +emblazonment of the full armorial bearings of any person. + +The manner of use was as follows. Immediately upon the death of a person of +any social position a hatchment of his or her arms was set up over the +entrance to his house, which remained there for twelve months, during the +period of mourning. It was then taken down from the house and removed to +the church, where it was set up in perpetuity. There are few churches of +any age in this country which do not boast one or more of these hatchments, +and some are rich in their possession. Those now remaining--for example, in +St. Chad's Church in Shrewsbury--must number, I imagine, over a hundred. +There does not appear to have been any obligation upon a clergyman either +to permit their erection, or to allow them to remain for any specified +period. In some churches they have been discarded and relegated to the +vestry, to the coal-house, or to the rubbish-heap, whilst in others they +have been carefully preserved. + +The hatchment was a diamond-shaped frame, painted black, and {610} +enclosing a painting in oils upon wood, or more frequently canvas, of the +full armorial bearings of the deceased person. The frame was usually about +five feet six in height, and the rules for the display of arms upon +hatchments afford an interesting set of regulations which may be applied to +other heraldic emblazonments. The chief point, however, concerning a +hatchment, and also the one in which it differs from an ordinary armorial +emblazonment, lay in the colour of the groundwork upon which the armorial +bearings were painted. For an unmarried person the whole of the groundwork +was black, but for a husband or wife half was black and half white, the +groundwork behind the arms of the deceased person being black, and of the +surviving partner in matrimony white. The background for a widow or widower +was entirely black. {611} + + + +CHAPTER XLI + +THE UNION JACK + +BY REV. J. R. CRAWFORD + +Orders in Council and other official documents refer to this flag as the +Union Flag, The Union Jack, Our Jack, The King's Colours, and the Union +Banner, which last title precise Heraldry usually adopts. In patriotic +songs it is toasted as "The Red, White, and Blue," whilst in the Services +men affectionately allude to it as "the dear old duster." But Britons at +large cling to the title which heads this chapter; to them it is "_The +Union Jack_." + +_Why Union?_ Obviously because it unites three emblems of tutelar saints on +one flag, and thereby denotes the union of three peoples under one +Sovereign. It is the motto "_Tria juncta in Uno_" rendered in bunting. + +_Why Jack?_ Two theories are propounded, one fanciful, the other probable. +Some say "Jack" is the anglicised form of "Jacques," which is the French +signature of James I., in whose reign and by whose command the first Union +Flag was called into being. Against this at least three reasons may justly +be urged: (1) The term "_Jack_" does not appear--so far as we can +discover--in any warrant referring to the Jacobean Flag of 1606. It is +rather in later documents that this term occurs. (2) If the earliest Union +Flag be a "_Jack_" just because it is the creation of James, then surely it +follows that, to be consistent, later Union Flags, the creations of later +sovereigns, should have borne those Sovereigns' names; for example _The +Union Anne_, _The Union George_! (3) The English way of pronouncing +"Jacques" is not, and probably never was _Jack_, but _Jaikes_. The other, +and more feasible theory, is as follows: The term "Jaque" (e.g. _jaque de +mailles_) was borrowed from the French and referred to any jacket or coat +on which, especially, heraldic emblems were blazoned. In days long prior to +those of the first Stuart king, mention is made of "WHYTTE COTES WITH RED +CROSSES WORN BY SHYPPESMEN AND MEN OF THE CETTE OF LONDON," from which +sentence we learn that the emblem of the nation's tutelar saint was (as in +yet earlier Crusaders' days) a _fighter's_ emblem. When such emblem or +emblems were transferred to a flag, {612} the term _Jaque_ may well, in +course of time, have been also applied to that flag, as previously to the +jacket. + +Glance now at the story of those Orders in Council which created the +various Union flags. The very union of the two kingdoms of England and +Scotland seems to have accentuated the pettier national jealousies, so that +Southrons annoyed Northerners by hoisting the St. George above the St. +Andrew, and the Scotchmen retaliated by a species of _tu quoque_. The King +sought to allay these quarrels by creating a British, as other than a +purely English or Scottish, flag. But let the Proclamation speak for +itself. + + "_By the King._ + + "_Whereas, some differences hath arisen between Our subjects of South + and North Britaine travelling by Seas, about the bearing of their + Flagges: For the avoiding of all contentions hereafter, Wee have, with + the advice of our Councill, ordered: That from henceforth all our + Subjects of this Isle and Kingdome of Great Britaine, and all our + members thereof, shall beare in their main-toppe the Red Crosse, + commonly called St. George's Crosse, and the White Crosse, commonly + called St. Andrew's Crosse, joyned together according to the forme made + by our heralds, and sent by Us to our Admerall to be published to our + Subjects: and in their fore-toppe our Subjects of South Britaine shall + weare the Red Crosse onely as they were wont, and our Subjects of North + Britaine in their fore-toppe the White Crosse onely as they were + accustomed._"--1606. + +This attempt at conciliating differences deserved but did not win success. +"_The King's Owne Shipps_" deemed themselves slighted, since all vessels +were treated alike in this matter, and so persistent was the agitation that +at last, in Charles I.'s reign (1634), another Proclamation was issued +"_for the honour of Oure Shipps in Oure Navie Royall_," whereby those ships +alone had the right of hoisting "_the Union Flagge_." The days of the +Commonwealth brought another change, for with the King the King's Flag +disappeared. The Protector caused two new flags to be made, viz. _The Great +Union_ (a flag little used, however, although it figured at his funeral +obsequies), and which may be thus blazoned: _Quarterly 1 and 4, The St. +George_; 2. _The St. Andrew_; 3. _azure, a harp or, for Ireland; over all +on an inescutcheon of pretence, sable, a lion rampant or_, for the +Protector's personal arms, and _The Commonwealth Ensign_, which latter +Parliament treated as the paramount flag. The most interesting features of +this flag are that it was of three kinds, one red, one white, one blue, and +that Ireland but not Scotland had a place on its folds. When the King came +to {613} his own again yet another change was witnessed. By this +Proclamation ships in the Navy were to carry _The Union_, and all +merchantmen _The St. George_, whilst these latter vessels were also to wear +"_The Red Ensign with the St. George, on a Canton_." Passing on, we reach +the days of Queen Anne, who as soon as the union of the two Parliaments was +accomplished, issued a famous Proclamation often quoted. Suffice it here to +outline its effect. + +PLATE IX. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration: FIG. 775.] + +The two crosses of _St. George_ and _St. Andrew_ were--as the Treaty of +Union had agreed should be--"_conjoyned in such a manner as we should think +fit_"; and what that manner was is "_described on the margent_" in the +shape of a sketch. But further, in place of the _St. George_ being placed +on the canton of the _Red Ensign_ of Charles II. (itself the _Commonwealth +Ensign, minus_ the harp) the Proclamation ordered the "_Union_" as a +canton, and finally this new Red Ensign was confined to the merchant ships, +whilst "_Our Jack_" was reserved for the use of the Navy, unless by +particular warrant. Thus things continued until the union of Ireland with +England and Scotland. The Proclamation referring to this Act of Union +closes with the Herald's verbal blazon of the full Union Flag:--"_The Union +Flag shall be Azure, the Crosses Saltire of St. Andrew and St. Patrick, +Quarterly per saltire, countercharged Argent and Gules, the latter +fimbriated of the second, surmounted by the Cross of St. George of the +third, fimbriated as the Saltire._" Thus the Union, as displayed in +bunting, was perfected. + +Our _Union Flag_ is very remarkable, even amongst the flags of Christendom, +both as a blending of crosses, and crosses only, and also as an emblem of +the union of two or more countries. Yet it is not unique, for the flags of +Denmark, Sweden, and Norway have a somewhat similar story to tell. The last +two countries separated at {614} different dates from Denmark, and then +together formed a United Scandinavian Kingdom. In separating, they each +took to themselves a separate flag, and again, in uniting, they called into +being a Union Banner. How they treated these changes Fig. 775 will +illustrate. Notwithstanding these acts of union both Scandinavians and +Britons have had, and we still have, differences over these Union Flags. +Whilst, however, they based their protests on the sentiment of +independence, we ground our grumblings on questions of heraldic precedence, +and of the interpretation of verbal blazons. Leaving our neighbours to +settle their differences, let us examine our own. Take the subject of +precedence. Very early in the flag's history, Scotsmen were indignant +because the St. Andrew was not placed over the St. George. All kinds of +variations have been suggested to lessen this crux of precedence, but such +attempts must plainly be in vain. Do what you will, some kind of precedence +is unavoidable. The _St. George_, then, as representing the paramount +partner, occupies the centre of the flag, whilst the _St. Andrew_, as +senior in partnership to the _St. Patrick_, is placed _above the St. +Patrick, in the first quarter_, although throughout it is counterchanged. +The words in italic are important, for when the order is reversed, then +that particular flag is flying upside down. + +[Illustration: FIG. 776.--The Union Flag of 1707.] + +The mode of procedure in creating flags has been much the same from one +reign to another. Briefly it is this: The Sovereign seeks the advice of, +and receives a report from, the Lords of the Privy Council. These +councillors are "_attended by the King of Arms and Heralds, with diverse +drafts prepared by them_." A decision being arrived at, an Order in +Council, followed by a Royal Proclamation, makes known the character of the +flag. In both Order and Proclamation it is usual to make reference to the +verbal blazon, and to "_the form made by our heralds_." Thus there are +three agents recognised--(1) the Sovereign, the fountain of all honours; +(2) the heralds, who authoritatively blazon, outline, and register all +achievements; and (3) the naval authority, as that in which are vested the +duty and the power of seeing the actual bunting properly made up and +properly flown. {615} + +[Illustration: FIG. 777.--The Union Flag of 1801.] + +In keeping with this, the general mode of procedure, the Proclamations +demand our attention. The Proclamation of James (1606). A high official of +the College of Arms informs us that neither verbal blazon nor drawing of +the first Union Flag is extant. On the other hand, in the Proclamations of +1707 and 1801 we have both blazon and drawing. The blazon has already been +given of the 1801 flag (which is the one most needing a verbal blazon), and +the drawings of both flags we here produce (Figs. 776 and 777). These +drawings--though slightly reduced in these pages--are most careful copies +of the _signed_ copies supplied to us by the official already alluded to. +In forwarding them he writes: "_They are not drawn to scale_;" and he adds, +further on, "_they are exactly the same size as recorded in our books_." So +then we have, in these two drawings, the heralds' interpretation, _at the +time_, of their own verbal blazon. Now comes the Admiralty part of the +work. In the Admiralty Regulations we have a "_Memorandum relative to the +origin of the Union Flag in its present form_." In this there is a brief +history of the changes made in the flag from time to time, with quotations +from the warrants, together with the verbal blazon AND two coloured +drawings (Figs. 778 and 779). The Admiralty has also appended to the +Memorandum the following interesting and ingeniously worked out _Table of +Proportions, adapted for a flag 15 feet by 7½ feet_. Presumably this table +forms the basis upon which all Union Flags are made up under Admiralty +supervision:-- + + ft. in. + The + of { St. George 1/5 } together 1/3 { 1 6 } 1/3 + { Two borders 1/15 each 2/15 } { 1 0 } + + { St. Patrick 1/15 } together 1/10 { 0 6 } + The × of { Its border 1/30 } { 0 3 } 1/5 + { St. Andrew 1/10 0 9 } + +[Illustration: FIG. 778.--Admiralty Pattern of 1707 Flag.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 779.--Admiralty Pattern of 1801 Flag.] + +The student of heraldry will observe that this table is based on the +proportions of the Ordinaries and Sub-Ordinaries figuring on the flag, as +those proportions are regulated by English Rules of Armory. These rules +give a cross as 1/3, a saltire as 1/5, a fimbriation about 1/20, of {616} +the flag's width. By the way, we notice here, yet only to dismiss it as +hypercritical, the objection taken to the employment (in the verbal blazon +of 1801) of the term "_fimbriated_." To our mind this objection seems a +storm in a teacup. Further, it is always admissible in armory to lessen the +size of charges when these crowd a field, and although we are fully aware +that the laws of armory are not always nor all of them applied to flags, +yet there is sufficient evidence to show that the heralds and the Admiralty +did recognise the cases of shields and flags to be somewhat analogous. But +there are two features in _The Admiralty pattern_ which cannot but arrest +the attention of all those who have made a study of armory. The one is that +the sub-ordinaries, _i.e._ the fimbriations, have different proportions +given to them, although they are repetitions of the same sub-ordinary, and +also seem guarded against such treatment by the very wording of the blazon, +and by the practice usual in such cases. And the other is that, after +counterchanging the saltires, the St. Patrick is attenuated by having its +fimbriation taken off its own field, instead (as the common custom is) off +the field of the flag. + +All Warrants dealing with flags provide for their being flown _at sea_ +(Queen Anne's Proclamation is apparently the first that adds "_and land_"), +and gradually reserve for the Royal Navy--or fighting ships--the honour of +alone bearing the Union Jack. The accompanying diagram shows at a glance +the changes made by the several Proclamations. The latest word on this +subject is "The Merchant Shipping (Colours) Act of Queen Victoria, 1894." +This Acts sets forth among other things that--(1) "_The red ensign usually +worn by merchant ships, without any defacement or modification whatsoever, +is hereby declared to be the proper national colours for all ships and +boats belonging to any British subject, except in the case of Her Majesty's +ships or boats, or in the case of any other ship or boat for the time being +allowed to wear any other national colours in {617} pursuance of a warrant +from Her Majesty or from the Admiralty._ (2) _If any distinctive national +colours except such red ensign, or except the Union Jack with a white +border, or if any colours usually worn by Her Majesty's ships, &c. ... are +or is hoisted on board any ship ... without warrant ... for each offence +... a fine not exceeding five hundred pounds._" {618} + + + +CHAPTER XLII + +"SEIZE-QUARTIERS" + +PROOF OF ANCESTRY + +If any heraldic term has been misunderstood in this country, +"Seize-Quartiers" is that term. One hears "Seize-Quartiers" claimed right +and left, whereas in British armory it is only on the very rarest occasions +that proof of it can be made. In England there is not, and never has been, +for any purpose a real "test" of blood. By the statutes of various Orders +of Knighthood, esquires of knights of those orders are required to show +that their grandparents were of gentle birth and entitled to bear arms, and +a popular belief exists that Knights of Justice of the Order of the +Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England need to establish some test of +birth. The wording of the statute, however, is very loose and vague, and in +fact, judging from the names and arms of some of the knights, must be +pretty generally ignored. But Peer, K.G., or C.B., alike need pass no test +of birth. The present state of affairs in this country is the natural +outcome of the custom of society, which always recognises the wife as of +the husband's status, whatever may have been her antecedents, unless the +discrepancy is too glaring to be overlooked. In England few indeed care or +question whether this person or that person has even a coat of arms; and in +the decision of Society upon a given question as to whether this person or +the other has "married beneath himself," the judgment results solely from +the circle in which the wife and her people move. By many this curious +result is claimed as an example of, and as a telling instance to +demonstrate, the broad-minded superiority of the English race, as evidenced +by the equality which this country concedes between titled and untitled +classes, between official and unofficial personages, between the +land-owning and the mercantile communities. But such a conclusion is most +superficial. We draw no distinction, and rightly so, between titled and +untitled amongst the few remaining families who have held and owned their +lands for many generations; but outside this class the confusion is great, +and to a close observer it is plainly enough apparent that great +distinctions are drawn. But they are often mistaken ones. That the rigid +and definite dividing {619} line between patrician and plebeian, which +still exists so much more markedly upon the Continent, can only be traced +most sketchily in this country is due to two causes--(1) the fact that in +early days, when Society was slowly evolving itself, many younger sons of +gentle families embarked upon commercial careers, natural family affection, +because of such action, preventing a rigid exclusion from the ranks of +Society of every one tainted by commerce; (2) the absence in this country +of any equivalent of the patent distinguishing marks "de," "van," or "von," +which exist among our neighbours in Europe. + +The result has been that in England there is no possible way (short of +specific genealogical investigation) in which it can be ascertained whether +any given person is of gentle birth, and the corollary of this +last-mentioned fact is that any real test is ignored. There are few +families in this country, outside the Roman Catholic aristocracy (whose +marriages are not quite so haphazard as are those of other people), who can +show that all their sixteen great-great-grandparents were in their own +right entitled to bear arms. That is the true definition of the "Proof of +Seize-Quartiers." + +In other words, to prove Seize-Quartiers you must show this right to have +existed for + + Self. Parents. Grand- Gt.-grand- Gt.-gt.-grand- + parents. parents. parents. + 1. Your Father's Father's Father's Father. + 2. Your Father's Father's Father's Mother. + 3. Your Father's Father's Mother's Father. + 4. Your Father's Father's Mother's Mother. + 5. Your Father's Mother's Father's Father. + 6. Your Father's Mother's Father's Mother. + 7. Your Father's Mother's Mother's Father. + 8. Your Father's Mother's Mother's Mother. + 9. Your Mother's Father's Father's Father. + 10. Your Mother's Father's Father's Mother. + 11. Your Mother's Father's Mother's Father. + 12. Your Mother's Father's Mother's Mother. + 13. Your Mother's Mother's Father's Father. + 14. Your Mother's Mother's Father's Mother. + 15. Your Mother's Mother's Mother's Father. + 16. Your Mother's Mother's Mother's Mother. + +It should be distinctly understood that there is no connection whatever +between the list of quarterings which may have been inherited, which it is +permissible to display, and "Seize-Quartiers," which should never be +marshalled together or displayed as quarterings. + +Few people indeed in this country can prove the more coveted distinction of +"Trente Deux Quartiers," the only case that has ever come under my notice +being that of the late Alfred Joseph, Baron Mowbray, Segrave, and Stourton, +for whom an emblazonment of his {620} thirty-two quarters was prepared +under the direction of Stephen Tucker, Esq., Somerset Herald. + +After many futile trials (in order to add an existing English example), +which have only too surely confirmed my opinion as to the rarity of +"Seize-Quartiers" in this country, it has been found possible in the case +of the Duke of Leinster, and details of the "proof" follow:-- + + (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) + + AUGUSTUS FREDERICK (FITZ{ WILLIAM ROBERT (FITZ GERALD), 2nd Duke of + GERALD), 3rd Duke of { Leinster, K.P., born 13th March 1749, married + Leinster, born 21st { 7th November 1775, died 20th October 1804.= + August 1791, married { + 16th June 1818, died { Hon. EMILIA OLIVIA ST. GEORGE, dau. of Usher + 10th October 1874= { (St. George), Baron St. George of Hatley + { St. George. + + { CHARLES (STANHOPE), 3rd Earl of Harrington, + Lady CHARLOTTE AUGUSTA { G.C.H., born 17th March 1853, married 23rd May + (STANHOPE), born 15th { 1779, died 5th September 1859.= + February 1793, died 15th{ + February 1859. { JANE, dau. and co-heir of Sir John Fleming, + { Bart., of Brompton Park. + + GEORGE GRANVILLE { GEORGE GRANVILLE (LEVESON-GOWER), 1st Duke of + (SUTHERLAND-LEVESON- { Sutherland, K.G., born 9th January 1758, + GOWER, formerly Leveson-{ married 4th September 1785, died 5th July 1833. + Gower), 2nd Duke of {= + Sutherland, K.G., born { + 8th August 1786, married{ ELIZABETH, _suo jure_ Countess of Sutherland, + 28th May 1823, died 28th{ born 24th May 1765, died 29th January 1839. + February 1861= { + + { GEORGE (HOWARD), 6th Earl of Carlisle, K.G., + Lady HARRIET ELIZABETH { born 17th September 1773, married 11th March + GEORGIANA HOWARD, born { 1801, died 7th October 1848.= + 21st May 1806, died 27th{ + October 1868. { Lady GEORGIANA CAVENDISH, eldest dau. and co- + { heir of William, 5th Duke of Devonshire, K.G. + + WILLIAM (DUNCOMBE), 2nd { CHARLES (DUNCOMBE), 1st Baron Feversham, born + Baron Feversham, born { 5th December 1764, married 24th September 1795, + 14th January 1798, { died 16th July 1841.= + married 18th December { + 1823, died 11th February{ Lady CHARLOTTE LEGGE, only dau. of William, 2nd + 1867= { Earl of Dartmouth, died 5th November 1848. + + { GEORGE (STEWART), 8th Earl of Galloway, K.T., + { born 24th March 1768, married 18th April 1797, + Lady LOUISA STEWART, { died 27th March 1834.= + died 5th March 1889= { + { Lady JANE PAGET, dau. of Henry, 1st Earl of + { Uxbridge, died 30th June 1842. + + Right Hon. Sir JAMES { Sir JAMES GRAHAM, 1st Bart., of Netherby, born + ROBERT GEORGE GRAHAM, { April 1761, married 28th September 1782, died + 2nd Bart., P.C., G.C.B.,{ 13th April 1824.= + born 1st June 1792, died{ + 25th October 1861= { Lady CATHERINE STEWART, dau. of John, 7th Earl + { of Galloway, died 20th September 1836. + + { Colonel JAMES CALLANDER of Craigforth, born + FANNY CALLANDER, married{ 1774, died ----, married (as his 3rd wife) + 8th July 1819, died 25th{ 1776.= + October 1857. { + { Lady ELIZABETH MACDONNEL, dau. of Alexander, + { 5th Earl of Antrim, died 1796. + + CHARLES WILLIAM Lady CAROLINE WILLIAM ERNEST MABEL VIOLET + (FITZ GERALD), 4th SUTHERLAND-LEVESON (DUNCOMBE), 1st GRAHAM. + Duke of Leinster, -GOWER, born 15th Earl of Feversham + born 30th March April 1827, died (created 1868), + 1819, married 30th 13th May 1887. born 28th January + October 1847, died 1829, married 7th + 10th February 1887= August 1851= + + GERALD (FITZ GERALD), 5th Duke of Lady HERMIONE WILHELMINA DUNCOMBE, + Leinster, born 16th August 1851, born 30th March 1864, died 19th + married 17th January 1884, died 1st March 1895. + December 1893.= + + The Most Noble MAURICE (FITZ GERALD), Duke of Leinster, Marquess and Earl + of Kildare, co. Kildare, Earl and Baron of Offaly, all in the Peerage of + Ireland; Viscount Leinster of Taplow, co. Bucks, in the Peerage of Great + Britain; and Baron Kildare of Kildare in the Peerage of the United + Kingdom; Premier Duke, Marquess, and Earl of Ireland; born 1st March + 1887. + +{621} + +The following are the heraldic particulars of the shields which would occur +were this proof of "Seize-Quartiers" emblazoned in the ordinary form +adopted for such a display. The arms are numbered across from left to right +in rows of 16, 8, 4, 2, and 1. + + 1. _Duke's Coronet_ (Ribbon of St. Patrick): Argent, a saltire gules + (Fitz Gerald). + + 2. _Lozenge_: Argent, a chief azure, over all a lion rampant gules, + ducally crowned or (St. George). + + 3. _Earl's Coronet_ (Ribbon of Hanoverian Guelphic Order): Quarterly + ermine and gules, in the centre a crescent on a crescent for cadency + (Stanhope). + + 4. _Lozenge_: Argent, a chevron gules, a double tressure flory and + counterflory of the last (Fleming). + + 5. _Duke's Coronet_ (Garter): Quarterly, 1 and 4, barry of eight or and + gules, over all a cross flory sable; 2 and 3, azure, three laurel + leaves or (Leveson-Gower). + + 6. _Lozenge_ (surmounted by Earl's coronet): Gules, three mullets or, + on a bordure of the second a tressure flory counterflory of the first + (Sutherland). + + 7. _Earl's Coronet_ (Garter): Quarterly of six, 1. gules, on a bend + between six cross crosslets fitchée argent, an inescutcheon or, charged + with a demi-lion rampant, pierced through the mouth with an arrow, + within a double tressure flory counterflory of the first; 2. gules, + three lions passant guardant in pale or, in chief a label of three + points argent; 3. chequy or and azure; 4. Gules, a lion rampant argent; + 5. gules, three escallops argent; 6. barry of six argent and azure, + three chaplets gules, in the centre of the quarters a mullet for + difference (Howard). + + 8. _Lozenge_: Sable, three bucks' heads caboshed argent (Cavendish). + + 9. _Baron's Coronet_: Per chevron engrailed gules and argent, three + talbots' heads erased counterchanged (Duncombe). + + 10. _Lozenge_: Azure, a buck's head caboshed argent (Legge). + + 11. _Earl's Coronet_ (Ribbon of Thistle): Or, a fess chequy argent and + azure, surmounted of a bend engrailed gules, within a tressure flory + counterflory of the last (Stewart). + + 12. _Lozenge_: Sable, on a cross engrailed between four eagles + displayed argent, five lions passant guardant of the field (Paget). + + 13. _Baronet's Badge_: Or, on a chief sable, three escallops of the + field (Graham). + + 14. _Lozenge_: Arms as on No. 11 (Stewart). + + 15. _Shield_: Quarterly, 1 and 4, sable, a bend chequy or and gules + between six billets of the second; 2. azure, a stag's head caboshed or; + 3. gules, three legs armed proper, conjoined in the fess point and + flexed in triangle, garnished and spurred or (Callander). + + 16. _Lozenge_: Quarterly, 1. or, a lion rampant gules; 2. or, a dexter + arm issuant from the sinister fess point out of a cloud proper, the + hand holding a cross crosslet fitchée erect azure; 3. argent, a ship + with sails furled sable; 4. per fess azure and vert, a dolphin naiant + in fess proper (Macdonell). + + 17. As 1. but no ribbon of K.P. + + 18. _Lozenge_: Arms as 3. + + 19. _Duke's Coronet_ (Garter): Quarterly, 1 and 4, as in 5; 2, as in 5; + 3. as in No. 6. + + 20. _Lozenge_: As No. 7. + + 21. _Baron's Coronet_: As No. 9. + + 22. _Lozenge_: As No. 14. + + 23. As No. 13, but with ribbon of a G.C.B. + + 24. _Lozenge_: As No. 15. + + 25. As 17. + + {622} 26. _Lozenge_: As No. 19. + + 27. As 21, but Earl's coronet. + + 28. _Lozenge_: As No. 13, but no Baronet's Badge. + + 29. As 17. + + 30. _Lozenge_: As No. 9. + + 31. _Arms_: Argent, a saltire gules. Crest: a monkey statant proper, + environed about the middle with a plain collar, and chained or. + Supporters: two monkeys (as the crest). Mantling gules and argent. + Coronet of a duke. Motto: "Crom a boo." + +{623} + + + +INDEX + +{624} + + Abank, arms of, 264 + Abbey, 282 + Abbot, mitre of an, 601; + crosier of an, 601 + Abbot Ysowilpe, 49 + Abel, arms, 163 + Abercorn, Duke of, 598 + Abercromby, arms, 260; + Sir Ralph, augmentation, 595 + Aberdeen, arms of, 145; + Earls of, 146; + Earl of, supporters, 434; + Incorporation of Tailors, arms, 301; + Roman Catholic Bishop of, 605; + University of, 288 + Abergavenny, Marquis of, arms, crest, supporters and badges, 206, 342; + town of, arms, 206, 264 + Abernethy, 114; + arms, 483; + Alexander, 412 + Abney, arms, 190 + Aboyne, Earl of, 146 + Abraham, crest, 248 + Accrington, crest, 265 + Achaius, 143 + Acorn, 277; + in arms, 5 + Actons, arms, 485; + Edward de, arms, 485 + Adam, 163; + arms, 285 + Adamoli, arms, 162 + Adams, arms, 261 + Addorsed, 187, 235 + Adjutant Birds as supporters, 440 + Adlercron, arms, 124 + Adlerflügel mit Schwerthand, 234 + Admiral, the insignia of, 581; + Lord High, arms, 412; + (in Holland), insignia of, 582; + of Castile (Spain), insignia of, 582 + Adrastus, 6 + Advocates, the Dean and Faculty of, arms, 299; + Library, 39 + Æschylus, 6 + Agincourt, 33, 34 + Agnew, Bart., supporters, 436 + Ailesbury, Marquess of, supporters, 433 + Ailettes, 54 + Ailsa, Marquess of, arms, 146 + Aitken, arms, 246, 265 + Albany, 39; + Duke of, label, 497; + Duke of, John, 145; + Duke of, Robert Stewart, seals, 405 + Alberghi, 84 + Alberici, arms, 84 + Albert medal, 567 + Alberti, Marquises, 416 + Aldborough Church, 55 + Aldeburgh, Sir William de, 55 + Alderberry, arms, 277 + Alderson, 168 + Alençon, Count of, supporter, 411 + Alerion, 240 + Alexander II., 142 + Alexander III., 39, 142 + Alexandra, H.M. Queen, 499, 532; + Crown, 361; + Coronation, 365, 366 + Alford, crest, 289; + Earl of, augmentation, 597 + Alfred, King, 353 + Alington, arms, 155 + Alishay or Aliszai, pursuivant, 39 + Allcroft, arms, 276 + Allhusen, crest, 214 + Alloa, burgh of, 294 + Allocamelus, 230 + Almond, arms, 265 + Almoner, Grand, insignia of, 581 + Alpaca, 217 + Alphabet, letters of the, 281 + Alston, arms, 295 + Altyre, 113 + Aluminium in use, 70 + Amadeus VI., seal, 408 + Amaranth, 74 + Amelia, Princess, label, 499 + Amherst, Lord, 356; + arms, 285; + supporters, 440 + Amman, Jost, 185, 411 + Amphiaraus, 7 + Amphiptère, 231 + Amphisboena, 231 + Ampthill, Lord, 345 + Ancaster, Duke of, 399; + Lord, supporters, 346 + Anchor, 281 + Anderson, crest, 205 + Anderton, arms, 284 + Angels, 165 + Anglesey, Marquess of, supporters, 436 + Angora, Goats', 217 + Angus, 39; + Earl of, 446; + seal, 445 + Anhalt, 69; + Duke of, 401; + crests, 343 + Animals, imaginary, 15; + mythical, 3; + supporters, 434 + Anjou, 29, 33, 34; + Count of, Geoffrey, 62, 79, 172, 468; + crest, 326; + badge, 453; + Dukes of, 388; + arms, 486; + Duke of, Earl of, 173; + King of, arms, 34 + Anne, Queen, 144, 470 + Annesley, 550 + Annulet, 153, 156, 488 + Anrep-Elmpt, Count, 299 + Anselm, Père, 397 + Anstis (Garter), 34, 407 + Anstruther-Duncan, arms, 553 + Antelope, 210 + Anthony, 351 + Antique crowns, 298; + coronets, 378 + "Antiquities of Greece," 9 + Antrobus, supporters, 425 + Ants, 261 + Antwerp, 163 + Anvils, 281 + Apaume, 169 + Ape, 215 + Apollo, 164 + Apothecaries' Co., 164 + Appenzell, supporters, 409 + Apperley, John, arms, 277 + Appleby, town of, supporters, 437 + Applegarth, Robert, arms, 276 + Apples, 276 + Apple-tree, 263 + Apres, 231 + Aquitaine, 29, 33, 34 + Arabic figures, 104 + Aragon, Catharine of, Badge, 468, 597 + Arbroath, supporters, 433 + Arbuthnot, Bart., Sir Robert, supporters, 438; + Viscount, supporters, 437 + Arbutt, 256 + Arc, Joan of, arms, 275 + Archbishop, 61, 127, 535; + insignia of, 582, 583; + mitre of, 602 + Arched, 96 + Archer-Houblon, arms, 264 + Arches, 282; + William, arms, 282 + Ardilaun, Lord, supporters, 420 + Argent, 5, 50, 70 + Argile, crest, 228 + Argyll, Duke of, 69; + insignia, 586; + Duchess of, label, 497 + Arina, 13 + Ark, 294 + Arkwright, arms, 263 + Armadillo, 438 + Armagh, 126; + Archbishops of, 584, 602 + Armed, 207, 209, 211, 223, 227, 238, 241, 246, 313; + and langued, 173 + Armorial bearings mean and include, 61 + "Armorial de Gelre," 144, 397, 483 + Armory, 11; + laws of, 3; + origin of, 17 + Armour, 171 + Arms, 54; + commanded to correct, 61; + defacing, 22; + definition of, 14; + displayed on, 412; + forfeited, 73; + having no charges, 69; + illegal, began, 22; + like a title, 73; + marshalling, of, 523-560; + necessary to use, 20; + older coats of, 5; + of one tincture, 69; + painted reversed, 73; + purposes of memorial, 24; + principal methods of alterations in, 483; + recording, 22 + Arquinvilliers, 83 + Arrow-heads, 283 + Arrows, 283 + Arscot, crest, 166 + Arthur, Bart., arms, 217 + "Arthur's Book, Prince," 460 + Artillery, Grand Master of the, insignia of, 581 + Arundel, Edmund de, 417; + Sir Richard, 149; + Earl of, Richard, 362; + Sir Thomas, 413; + Earl of, John Fitz Alan, seal, 149; + K.G., Sir Wm., arms, 149; + Earl of, Thomas Fitz Alan, coronet of, 362; + Countess of, Beatrice, coronet of, 362 + Arundell, arms, 245 + Ash colour, 74 + Ashen-grey, 74, 79 + Ashikaya, Minamoto, 13 + Ashley-Cooper, 206 + Ashmolean collection, 33 + Ash-tree, 263 + Ashua, 74 + Ashwell, 30 + Ashworth, 198 + Asiatic, 10 + Aspilogia, 407 + Aspinall, arms, 266 + Ass, 203, 438 + Assurgeant, 186, 202 + Astley, 57; + crest, 250 + Astronomical signs, 77 + At gaze, 208 + Athenians, 9 + Atholl, Earl of, Reginald, 408; + Walter Stewart's seal, 446 + Attainder, 73 + Attewater, arms, 180, 256 + Attired, 209 + Atwater, arms, 180, 256 + Aubigny, Dukedom of, 598 + Aubrey, 152 + Augmentations, 24, 68, 86, 87, 132, 134, 136, 139, 145, 166, 181, 271, + 272, 276, 291, 298, 483, 492, 518, 519, 545, 554, 569, 598; + crests as, 346, 347, 377; + of honour, 589; + inescutcheons of, 541; + quarterings of, 543, 554; + supporters, 420 + Augusta, Princess, label, 498 + Australia, wattle or mimosa of, 470 + Austria, Archduke of, Rudolf IV., seals, 417 + Austria, crest, 316; + supporters, 417 + Austrian ducal herald, 40 + Avoir, Pierre, 417 + Avondale, 502, 513 + Awoï-mon, 13 + Ayr, 165 + Azure, 50, 70, 76, 90, 110; + derivation of, 13 + + Babington, 479; + arms, 154 + Bacharia, 223 + Backhouse, crest, 257 + Bacquere, arms, 200 + Baden, Duke of, 400 + Badge, 14, 25, 28, 45, 47, 48, 58, 80, 137, 250, 267, 268, 284, 288, 293, + 296, 299, 389, 403, 408, 416, 417, 418, 444, 449, 453, 466, 467, 472, + 568; + National, 270; + Royal, 269, 468; + and Standards, 474 + Badger, 215 + Bagnall, crest, 210 + Bagot, Lord, supporters, 437 + Bagwyn, 231 + Baikie, arms, 291 + Baillie, arms, 296 + Baines, 171 + Baird of Ury, arms, 91 + Baker, arms, 246 + Balance, 299 + Balbartan, 168 + Balcarres, 114 + Baldric, 55 + Baldwin, arms, 265, 277 + Balfour arms, 215 + Baliol, John, 357; + Alexander de, 408 + Ballingall, 121 + Balme, arms, 265 + Banded, 280 + Bandon, Earls of, arms, 301 + Banff, Royal Burgh of, 159 + Banner, 28, 59, 60, 474; + decorations, 454 + Bannerman, arms, 299; + crest, 166 + Bantry, Earl of, supporters, 65 + Banville De Trutemne, arms, 82 + Bar, 108; + embattled, 93; + gemel, 119, 120; + sinister, 508 + Bar, Countess of, Yolante de Flandres, seal, 408 + Barb, 225, 269 + Barbers, Livery Company of, crest, 232 + Barbute, 310, 311 + Barclay, arms, 485; + mitre as a charge, 605; + supporters, 428 + Bardolph, arms, 268 + Bardwell, motto, 451 + Baring, 198 + Barisoni, 84 + Barkele, Moris de, arms, 485 + Barnacles or Breys, 287 + Barnard, 198; + Lord, 73; + arms, crest and motto, 451 + Barnes, 198; + arms, 146 + Barnewall, Sir Reginald, crest, 251 + Baron, coronet, 365, 368, 371, 375; + robe or mantle of, 365, 367; + supporters, 422 + Baroness, coronet, 366; + robe or mantle, 366 + Baronet, badge of, 58; + helmet of, 303, 313, 319; + insignia of, 583; + Nova Scotian, 137; + British, supporters, 423; + Scottish, supporters, 423; + widow of, 534 + Baronetcy, supporters, 420 + Barrels, 301 + Barret, 227 + Barrington, 71, 479; + arms, 154 + Barrow-in-Furness, arms, 213, 294 + Barrulet, 119 + Barruly, 120 + Barry, 97, 120, 121; + bendy, 121, 122; + nebuly, 94 + Bars, 119 + Bartan or Bertane, arms, 259 + Bartlett, 146 + Barttelot, arms, 171, 293; + crest, 245 + Bascinet, 55, 307, 311 + Basilisk, 225, 227, 438 + Basle, arms, 438; + supporters, 409 + Bassano, arms, 261 + Basset, Ralph, Garter plate, 384, 505 + Bastard, arms, 286 + Bastardy, 103, 114, 138, 503, 517 + Bat, 217 + Bates, crest, 246 + Bath, city of, arms, 88 + Bath King of Arms, 29, 35, 36; + Robes of the, 35; + insignia of, 587 + Bath, Military Order of the, 29, 36, 563; + Knights Commanders of the, 565; + Knights Grand Commanders of the, insignia of, 584; + Military Division, 585; + Companions of the, 565; + insignia of, 584; + Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the, rules, 564; + insignia of, 584; + military division, insignia of, 585 + Bath and Wells, Bishop of, Thomas Beckynton, 455 + Bathurst, crest, 171 + Baton, 45, 46, 59, 114; + of metal, 515; + sinister, 515 + Batten, 427 + Battenberg, Princess Henry of, label, 497 + Battering-ram, 283 + Battle-axes, 283 + Battlements of a tower, 376 + Bavaria, 69, 163, 524; + crest, 313; + King of, 400; + National Museum, 234 + Bavier, 312 + Bawde, crest, 229 + Bayeux tapestry, 12, 14 + Baynes, Sir Christopher, supporters, 420 + Beacons, 284 + Beaconsfield, Viscountess, arms, 276 + Beaked, 223, 242, 249 + Bean-pods, 277 + Bear, 11, 198, 432 + Bearers, 416 + Bearsley, 198 + Beatson, arms, 260 + Beaufort, 502, 521; + Duke of, 193; + crest, 284; + supporter, 195 + Beaumont, 89; + arms, 103, 111; + Bishop, 49; + Lord, 380; + Lord, mantling, 389 + Beaver, 216 + Beck, 256 + Bedford, 49; + Duke of, 34; + Duke of, crest, 345; + Earl of, 49; + motto, 451 + Bee, 260 + Bee-hive, 260 + Beef-eaters, 25 + Beetles, 261 + Beffroi, 82 + Béguinage, Lady Superior of the, 49 + Beizeichen, 477 + Belfast, city of, arms, 325 + Belgium, 75 + Bell, 109, 287 + Bellasis, crest, 339 + Belled, 241 + Bellegarse, Comtes de, 287 + Bellerophon, 10 + Bellomont, De, or De Beaumont, arms, 268 + Belshes, John Hepburn, compartment, 446 + Bend, 91, 107, 108, 110, 112, 115, 482, 483, 511; + barry, 111; + chequy, 112; + compony, 111; + cottised, 113; + dancetté, 93; + flory and counterflory, 112; + lozenge, 112, 146, 147; + raguly, 111; + sinister, 82, 114, 508; + wavy, 111 + Bendlet, 113, 114, 115, 149, 483; + sinister, 103, 149, 515, 554; + wavy sinister, 512 + Bendy, 86, 97, 115 + Bengal tiger, 436 + Benn, arms, 217 + Benoit, arms, 289 + Benson, arms, 277 + Benwell, crest, 205 + Bendwise, 113 + Bentinck, crest, 375 + Benzoni, 83 + Berendon, arms, 270 + Berington, 69 + Berkeley, House of, arms, 485; + Maurice de, seal, 485; + Sir Maurice de, label, 479; + Robert de, seal, 485; + Sir Thomas de, arms, 485 + Berlin, Royal Library in, 306 + Bermingham, arms, 550 + Bermondsey, 281 + Berne, supporters, 409 + Berners, Lord, 458; + arms of, 69; + Sir John Bourchier, stall plate, 389; + mantling, 389; + Torse, arms, 404 + Berri, Duc de, seal, 410; + arms, 487; + supporters, 418 + Berry, 29, 36, 38, 95, 253, 254, 265, 515 + Bersich, arms, 256 + Bertie, 282; + arms, 283 + Besançon, 83 + Besant, arms, 263 + Bessborough, Earls of, arms, 299 + Betty, arms, 266 + Bewes, crest of, 75 + Bewley, arms, 248; + crest, 270 + Bezant, 5, 89, 151 + Bezanté, 89, 153 + Bibelspurg, von, arms, 558 + Biberach, town of, 216 + Bicchieri, Veronese, arms, 288 + Bicknell, crest, 226 + Bigland, arms, 278 + Billet, 89, 108, 155; + urdy, 95 + Billetty or Billetté, 89, 155 + Billiat, arms, 246; + crest, 280 + Billiers, crest, 259 + Binney, crest, 256 + Birch-trees, 263 + Birches, arms, 266 + Birds of Paradise, 250 + Birkin, arms, 263 + Birmingham, Mason's College, 180 + Birmingham, University of, arms, 228 + Birmingham, town of, supporters, 429 + Birt, arms, 256 + Biscoe, crest, 205 + Bishop, 61; + crosiers of, 59; + grant to a, 62, 324; + insignia of a, 582, 583; + mitre of, 602 + Bison, 438 + Black, 70, 77 + Blackett-Ord, 255 + Blackpool, town of, arms, 295 + Blazon, 74, 86, 104, 121; + rules of, 99 + Block, 155 + Blood, Colonel, 356 + Blood descent, mark of, 103 + Blood-red, 74, 76 + Blount, crest, 171 + Blue, 70, 77 + Blue-bottle, 272 + Blue-céleste or bleu du ciel, 74 + Blue ensign, 471 + Bluemantle, pursuivant, 38, 43 + _Blut Fahne_, 69 + Blyth, 206 + Boar, 198 + Boden, arms, 265 + Body, arms, 290 + Boece, Hector, 415 + Boehm, Sir Edgar, 361; + arms, 272 + Bohemia, arms of, 189 + Bohemian knight, grant to, 74 + Bohn, crest, 384 + Bohun, 56, 467; + arms, 174, 485; + Humphrey de, seal, 410 + Boileau, Bart., crest, 375 + Boiler-flue, corrugated, 301 + Boissiau, arms, 188 + Bold, Charles the, 410 + Bolding, arms, 112, 147, 288 + Boleslas III., seal, 410 + Boiler, arms, 271 + Bollord or Bolloure, arms, 261 + Bologna, 84 + Bolton, arms, 301 + Bolton, Baron of, Sir Richard le Scrope, 279 + Bombay, supporters, 192, 436 + Bombs, 5, 284 + Bonar, Thomas, 213 + Bonefeld, arms, 277 + Bones, 171 + Bonnet, 144 + Books, 299 + "Book of Arms," 248, 558; + "of Costumes," 234; + "of Standards," 463 + Boot, 171, 293 + Boothby, arms, 135 + Bootle, arms, 301 + Bordures, 87, 101, 102, 104, 108, 112, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 248, 481, + 482, 483, 494, 500, 501, 502, 511, 512, 525; + chequy, 140, 519; + compony, 140, 502, 519; + counter-compony, 140, 503, 519; + of England, 188; + of Spain, 188; + inescutcheon within a, 141; + rule of, 141; + wavy, 139, 514, 519 + Boroughbridge, 55 + Bosham, 15 + Bossewell, 488 + Boston, 50; + arms, crest, supporters, and compartment, 445 + Bothwell, 39 + Botreaux, 258; + Lord, seal, 416 + Bouchage, 83 + Bourchier, arms, 299; + crest, 342; + knots, 390, 469; + Sir Henry (mantling), 389; + Sir John Torse, arms, 404; + Lord (Sir Lewis Robsart) Torse, arms, 404; + (mantling), 389 + Boutell, 417, 524 + Bow, 11, 283 + Bowden, arms, 265 + Bower, 171 + Bowes, arms, 283 + Bowls, 288 + Boyce, 376 + Boycott, arms, 284 + Boyd, arms, 430 + Boyle, arms of, 69, 162 + Boys, 30 + Brabant, 83; + Chancellor of, supporters, 416 + Braced, 124 + Bradbury, arms, 244 + Bradway, arms, 276 + Brady, Major Richardson, 577 + Branch, 265 + Branches, 265 + Brandenburg, 69; + Bailiwick of, 570; + Prussian province of, 234 + Brassarts, 55 + Brasses, 49 + Braye, Lord, badge, 458; + supporters, 186, 436 + Brecknock, Baron of, arms, 84 + Breslau, Town Library at, 435 + Bretagne, Count of, 15; + Anne of, 579 + Bretessed, 93, 96, 118 + Breton, 416 + Bricquebec, Bertrand de, arms, 411 + Bridge, 282 + Bridger, arms, crest, 255 + Bridle-bits, 287 + Bridled, 201 + Bridlington Priory, 281 + Bridport, Lord, 592 + Brimacombe, crest, 249 + Brisbane, arms, 290; + crest, 377; + supporters, 428 + Brisbane, K.C.B., Admiral Sir Charles, 593 + Bristol, city of, supporters, 431; + See of, arms, 298 + Brisure, 477 + "British Herald," 356 + British Museum, 143 + British official regalia, 46 + Brittany, 83; + arms of, 69; + Duke of, 279; + John of, Earl of Richmond, arms of, 69 + Britton, badge, 414 + Broad arrow, 457 + Broadbent, arms, 86 + Brocas Collection, 311 + Brock, 215 + Brocklebank, arms, 215 + Brodribb, arms, 270 + Broke, Sir Philip Bowes, crest, 377, 593 + Brooke, crest, 215 + Broom, badge, 271, 453, 468 + Brotherton, arms, 465, 555; + Thomas de, 494, 555 + Brotin, 83 + Brown, 74, 76 + Brown-Westhead, 283 + Browne, arms, 266 + Bruce, 144; + motto, 451; + Robert, 357 + Bruges, 49, 147; + William of, 28, 41 + Brugg, Richard del, 30 + Bruis, Robert De, 84 + Brunâtre, 74 + Brunner, arms, 294 + Brunswick, 608; + Duke of, Magnus I., 410; + Duke of, crests, 343 + Brussels, city of, 163 + Brussels, Royal Library at, 144 + Brzostowski, Counts, arms, 286 + Buchan, crest, 272 + Buck, 208 + Buckelrîs, 64 + Buckets, 299 + Buckingham, town of, arms, 460; + Duke of, Edward, portrait, 463; + arms, 544; + badges, 462; + livery colours, 388, 460; + Duke of (Sir Humphrey), Garter plate, 374 + Buckingham and Chandos, Duke of, crests, 348 + Buckle, 64, 287 + Buckworth, 58 + Buckworth-Herne-Soame, Bart., crest, 337 + Buffalo, 205 + Buffe, 315 + Bugle-horn, 292 + Bull, 10, 205, 232 + Bulrushes, 280 + Bume, arms, 258 + _Buntfeh_, 82 + Buonarotti, arms, 410 + Burgh, De, arms, 148 + Burgh, Lord, Sir Thomas Burgh, Torse, arms, 404 + Burghclere, Lord, supporters, 437 + Burgkmair, Hans, 194 + Burgonet, 314 + Burgundy, arms, 410; + Duke of, arms, 524, 561 + Burke, 85, 551; + Sir Bernard, 374, 421; + Peerage, 434 + Burlton, 202 + Burnaby, supporters, 254 + Burne-Jones, 512; + arms, 114, 239 + Burnet, Bishop, 506 + Burnett, 14 + Burslem, town of, 288 + Burton, 72; + crest, 293; + Lord, supporters, 442 + Burton, De, 111 + Burton, Hill-, 415 + Bury, town of, arms, 266 + Bussy, Sir John, seals, 389 + Butcher's Livery Company, supporters, 207, 230 + Bute, 39; + Marquess of, crest, 348 + Butkens, 75 + Butler, arms, 288 + Butterflies, 83, 261 + Buxton, 179 + Byron, 115, 520 + Byzantine silk, 233; + coins, 351 + + Cabasset, 315 + Caboshed, 207, 213 + Cadency, 115, 138, 140; + bordure, 207; + differencing to indicate, 483; + different marks, 60; + mark of, 55, 71, 103, 135, 136, 139, 188, 245, 344, 345, 347, 463, 477, + 478, 481, 483, 510, 520, 557; + marks of, rules, 487; + a semé field, 484 + Cadifor ap Dyfnwal, 85 + Cadman, arms, 271 + Cadmus, 10 + Cadwallader, 225; + banners, 475 + Caerlaverock, Roll of, 72 + Cailly, De, 55 + Caithness, Earl of, arms, 557 + Calabria, Duke of, arms, 234 + Calais Rolls, 136 + Calcutta, city of, supporters, 440 + Caledonia, 143 + Calf, 205, 207 + Caligula, 351 + Calli, 56 + Calopus, 232 + Calthorpe, Lord, supporters, 433 + Caltraps, 84, 283, 446 + Camail, 55, 308 + Camberwell, arms, 294 + Cambi, 84 + Cambridge, Earl of, Richard of Conisburgh, 188; + Duke of, label, 496; + Dukes of, label, 498 + Cambridge, University of, 299; + Regius Professors, arms, 587 + Camden, 152; + Marquess of, crest, 349 + Camel, 217, 218, 227 + Camelford, arms, 217 + Camelopard, 218, 227, 438 + Camerino, Dukes de, 83 + Cameron, arms, 228 + Cameron Highlanders, tartan, 25 + Cammell, arms, 217 + Campbell, 137; + arms, 69, 294, 412; + Baron, 533; + crest, 190, 200; + Lord, arms, 592; + supporters, 204; + Margaret, seal, 525 + Campbell and Lorn, 525 + Camperdown, 181 + Canada, 429; + maple, 266, 470 + Canivet, Nicolas, 145 + Cannon, 285 + Cantelupe, arms, 275, 276; + Thomas de, arms, 276 + Canterbury, 126, 588; + archbishop of, 602, 603; + Cathedral, 174, 335, 466; + Rebus at, 455; + town of, 248 + Canting, arms, 54, 55 + Canton, 102, 108, 134, 135, 136, 418, 520; + of augmentation, 136; + of England, 181, 201; + or quarter, 483 + Cantonned, 103, 135 + Cap of Maintenance, 379, 381, + and _see_ Chapeau + Capaneus, 7 + Cape Colony, supporters, 217, 429, 436, 438 + Cape Town, supporters, 443 + Capel, Sir Giles, helm of, 310 + Capelin, 384 + Capelot, 378 + Caps, 41, 42 + Caracalla, 351 + Cardinal, 61 + Carew, Lord, supporters, 210 + Carinthia, arms, 417 + Carlisle, 588 + Carlos, Colonel, arms, 262, 589, 591 + Carlyon, arms, 282 + Carmichael family, 119 + Carminow, 110 + Carnation, 74 + Carnegy, crest, 295 + Caroline, Consort of Princess, 597 + Carr, 576 + Carriages, arms on, 399 + Carrick, 39 + Carruthers, 165 + Carter, arms, 302 + Carteret, De, 418 + Cartouche, 61 + Carver to His Majesty, Grand, insignia of, 581 + Carysfort, Earl of, crest, 243 + Case, 252 + Casks, 301 + Casque, 314, 315 + Cassan crest, 375 + Cassithas, Conde de, augmentation, 597 + Castile, bordure of, 482 + Castile, Eleanor of, 543; + and Leon, 543 + Castille, King of, Don Pedro, 360 + Castle, 376 + Castlemaine, Lord, Hancock, arms, 246 + Castles, 282 + Castlestuart, Earl of, supporters, 437 + Cat, 195 + Cat-a-mountain, 195 + Catanei, 83 + Catapults, 286 + Catherine wheel, 302 + Catton, R.A., 433 + Cauldron, 289 + Cavalry, Colonel of, the insignia of, 581 + Cave, motto, 451 + Cavendish, 209; + motto, 451 + Cawston, arms, 129; + crest, 242 + Ceba, arms of, 83 + Cedar-tree, 262 + Celata, 312, 314 + Celestial coronet, 298, 371 + Cendrée, 74 + Centaur, 171, 228, 438 + Chabet, 256 + Chadwick, crest, 271 + Chafy, crest, 265 + Chain, armour, 51, 171 + Chains, 284 + Chaldean bas-relief, 4000 B.C., 2 + Challoner, arms, 230 + Chalmers, 143; + arms, 190 + Chamberlain, Grand, insignia of, 581, 582; + (Brandenburg) Lord High, insignia of, 582; + (of England) Lord High, insignia of, 588; + (Hohenzollern) Hereditary, insignia of, 582 + Chambers, arms, 263 + Chamier, crest, 375; + supporters, 429 + Champagne, 557 + Champnay, Richard, 33 + Chancellor, the, insignia of, 580, 588; + of England, Lord High, insignia of, 588 + Chandos le Roy d'Ireland, 33 + Channel Islands, 428; + coins of, 173 + Chapeau, 370, 378, 379, 402 + Chapel Royal, Dean of the, insignia of, 588 + Chapelle-de-fer, 311, 312, 315 + Chapels Royal in Scotland, Dean of, the insignia of, 584 + Chaplet, 108, 156, 157 + Chappel, 283 + Charge, 69, 78, 86, 103, 107, 108, 128, 135, 151, 155, 158, 189, 190, + 213, 301, 302, 483 + Charges, addition of small, 483; + placed, 102; + on a bend, 113; + specific number, 103 + Charlemagne, 143, 233; + crown, 351, 608 + Charles I., 39, 201, 263, 413, 418, 597, 607, 612; + coronation ring, 357; + seal, 475 + Charles II., 75, 146, 196, 358, 359, 360, 363, 371, 379, 475, 591, 607; + state crown, 356; + warrant of, 589 + Charles III., Spanish Order of, 594 + Charles IV., 44, 274 + Charles V., 143, 274, 318; + supporters, 416 + Charles VI., 44 + Charles VII., 275 + Charlton, 521; + arms, 136 + Chart, 289 + Chatelherault, Duchy of, 598 + Chatham, arms, 369 + Chatloup, 232 + Chaucer, 55, 84 + Chauses, 52 + Cheape, arms, 278 + Cheeky or chequy, 98 + Chemille, arms, 84 + Cheney, arms, 207 + Cherleton, Lord, 190, 387, 404 + Cherries, 277 + Cherry-tree, 263 + Cherubs, 165 + Chess-Rooks, 289 + Chester, 525; + Herald, 37; + Earl of, 126, 279; + Hugh Lupus, 278; + Ranulph, seal, 278 + Chettle, arms, 261 + Chevron, 54, 93, 107, 108, 122, 123, 135; + chequy, 123; + vair, 123 + Chevronel, 107, 124; + interlaced, 124 + Chevronny, 97, 124 + Chevronwise, 123 + Chichester, Earl of, 32, 590; + badge, 288 + Chichester, See of, 158 + Chichester-Constable, arms of, 265 + Chief, 91, 102, 108, 132; + arched, 96; + double-arched, 96; + embattled, 108 + Chief-Justice, Lord, 45 + Chiefs, supporters of, 422 + Chieftainship, mark of, 350 + Child, arms, 238 + Childebert, arms, 258 + Childeric, badge, 260 + Chimera, 229 + Chimrad, Pellifex, 82 + China-cokar tree, 264 + Chinese dragon, 226, 437 + Chinese white, 70 + Chisholm, supporters, 427, 428; + Rt. Rev. Æneas, 605; + Batten, arms, 428 + Chivalry, Court of, 478 + Chocolate colour, 73 + Cholmondeley, arms, 278; + Marquess of, 399; + Marchioness of, arms, 399, 400 + Chorinski, mantling, 384 + Chorley, arms, 272 + Christie, arms, 282 + Christopher, arms, 216, 289 + Chrysanthemum, 13 + Church, 61; + of England, laws of, 61; + flag, 473; + vestments, 5 + Church-bell, 287 + Cinque Ports, 182 + Cinquefoil, 266, 267, 268 + Circles, 58 + Cirencester, Abbot of, Thomas Conyston, 455 + Cinti (now cini), 74 + Cities, supporters, 429 + Civic crown, 157 + Claes Heynen, 144 + Clare, 32; + arms, 525; + Earls of, 32, 86, 125 + Clare, Margaret de, arms, 524 + Clarence, Duke of, label, 496, 498; + Duke of, Lionel, 362; + arms, 494; + Duke of, Thomas, 32, 505 + Clarenceux King of Arms, 29, 30, 32, 591; + arms of, 47; + arms and insignia of, 587 + Clarendon, arms, 250; + Sir Roger de, 466, 521 + Claret colour, 73 + Clarion, 292 + Clark-Kennedy, Col. Alexander, augmentation, 594 + Clarke, arms, 249 + Clayhills, arms of, 74, 204 + Cleland, 214 + Clenched, 169 + Clergyman, 61; + grant to, 324 + Clerk of Pennycuick, crest, 167 + Clerke, Bart., arms, 136, 595; + Sir John, 596 + Cleves, Anne of, 597; + lilies, 273 + Clifford, arms, 263 + Clifton, 55 + Clinton, De, arms, 296 + Clippingdale, crest, 202 + Clisson, Oliver de, supporter, 411 + Clogher, See of, arms, 164 + Close, 200, 235, 243, 245 + Clothes, embroidery upon, 17 + Clouds, 87, 94, 294; + as compartment, 444 + Clux, Sir Hertong von, K.G., arms, crest, mantling, 387 + Coat of arms, origin, 108; + what it must consist of, 69 + Cobbe (Bart., ext.), arms, 256 + Cobham, arms, 486; + Lord, arms, crest, mantling, 387; + Lord (Sir John Oldcastle), 596 + Cochrane, arms, 228 + Cochrane, Adm. Sir Alex., K.B., augmentation, 4 + Cock, 246 + Cockatrice, 225, 227; + as supporters, 438 + Cockburn-Campbell, 594 + Cockfish, 231 + Cocoanut-tree, 263 + Codfish, 256 + Coffee-plant, 266 + Coffee-tree, 263 + Cogan, arms, 266 + Cognisance, 455 + Co-heir, 68; + or co-heiress, 526 + Cokayne, arms, 246, 344, 489 + Coke, 214 + Coldingham, Prior and Monks of, 504 + Cole, arms, 258 + Coles, crest, 285 + Colfox, 198 + Collared and chained, 215 + Collars, 58 + College of Arms, 28, 29, 38, 61, 70, 73, 77, 324, 329, 345, 385, 465; + arms of, 47, 244 + Collingwood, Lord, augmentation, 592 + Colman, arms, 96 + Cologne, 49; + arms, 297 + Colossus, 166 + Colours, 5, 74, 405; + of nature, 74; + simple names of, 77; + for mantlings, 385, 393; + Rules about, 85 + Colston, arms, 256 + Columbine, 74; + flowers, 271 + Column, 285 + Colville of Culross, Viscount, supporters, 217 + Comb, 299 + Combed, 227, 246 + Comber, crest, 197 + Combination, rule against, 81 + Commoner, arms of, 58; + impaling, 531 + Companion of any Order, helmet of, 571 + Comparisoned, 201 + Compartments, 441; + blazon of, 444; + mottoes on, 448 + Composite charge, 86 + Compton, arms, 284 + Comyn, arms, 280, 412 + Conan, 15 + Conder, 111 + Coney, 214 + Conjoined arms, rules as to, 526 + Conjoined in leure, 239 + Connaught, Duke of, label, 497 + Connaught, Prince Arthur of, 364 + Conrad, the Furrier, 83 + Conran, crest, 209 + Consort, Prince, 597; + descendants of, bear, 541 + Consort, Queen, crown, 361 + Constable, Lord High, 27 + Constabulary, Royal Irish, badge, 457 + Constance, Queen, seal, 273 + Continent, quarterings on the, 548; + grant on the, 68 + Continental, arms, 74, 104 + Continental heraldry, 146 + Contourné, 186 + Contre-hermin, 78 + Contra-naiant, 255 + Contre Vair, 82 + Conyers, 292; + arms, 403, 482 + Cook, crest, 289 + Cooper, arms, 206, 265 + Cope, William, arms, 269 + Corbet, arms, 248; + crest, 213; + motto, 451 + Corbie, 248 + Cordelière, Order of the, 579 + Corke, arms, 190 + Cornfield, crest, 265 + Cornflower, 272 + Cornish chough, 248 + Cornwall, crest, 248; + Duchy of, 254, 469, 486; + Earl of, Edmond Plantagenet, seal, 524; + Earl of, Piers Gaveston, 238; + Earl of, Richard, 412; + seal, 237 + Coronation, 42, 45; + Invitation Cards, 470 + Coronets, 58, 350, 363, 373; + foreign, 375; + of rank, 362, 367; + Order concerning, 365 + Corporate seal, 88 + Cost, 115 + Costume of an officer of arms, 41, 42 + Cotter, arms, 257, 259 + Cottise, 113, 115, 119 + Cottised, 123, 134 + Cotton, Sir Robert, 143 + Cotton-plant, or tree, 5, 263, 266 + Counterchanged, 103, 121 + Counter-embowed, 170 + Counter-flory, 96 + Counter-passant, 187 + Counter-potent, 84, 85 + Counter vair, 82, 83 + Countess, robe or mantle, 366; + coronet, 366 + Couped, 128, 134, 150, 169, 186, 264 + Courant, 201, 205, 208 + Courcelles, Marguerite de, 410 + Courcey, arms, 84 + Courtenay, 71, 154; + arms, 479 + Coutes, 55 + Cow, 205, 207 + Coward, 197, 225 + Cowbridge, 207 + Cowell, arms, 207 + Cowper, arms, 301; + Earl, 413; + supporters, 75, 437 + Cowper-Essex, crest, 376 + Crab, 255 + Crackanthorpe, crest, 265 + Craigmore, 112 + Crane, 247 + Cranstoun, arms, 247; + crest, 247; + motto, 451 + Cranworth, Lord, supporters, 437 + Crawford, crest, 215; + Lord (Sir David Lindsay), 412; + Reginald, 408; + Rev. J. R., 472; + Earl of, 114 + Crawhall, arms, 248 + Crawshay, 204; + arms, 298 + Crenelle, 93 + Crescent, 146, 289, 488, 515 + Crespine, 227 + Crests, 28, 57, 58, 61, 62, 86, 156, 158, 166, 213, 320, 322, 323, 324, + 326, 331, 332, 333, 334, 349, 370, 376, 402, 419, 438, 518; + angle of, 76; + badge as a, 456; + bastardising, 519; + coronets, 373, 375, 379; + differencing on, 490, 512; + label upon, 71; + made of, 335; + position of, 346 + Creyke, arms, 248 + Crined, 168 + Cri-de-guerre, 58, 452 + Crisp, crest, 227; + Molineux-Montgomerie, crest, 251 + Crocodile, 217, 218 + Croker, crest, 288 + Cromwell, 55; + seals, 541 + Crookes, Sir William, arms, 294; + crest, 321; + motto, 451 + Crosier, 6, 59, 289 + Cross, arms, 278 + Cross, 15, 91, 93, 95, 103, 107, 108, 110, 127, 135, 158; + botonny, 128, 130, 132; + calvary, 128; + cleché voided and pometté, 129; + crosslet, 129, 130, 131; + crosslet, differencing by, 485; + crosslets, 89; + dancetté, 93; + fleurette, 128; + flory, 128; + moline, 128, 488; + of St. Andrew, 131; + parted and fretty, 129; + patée or formée, 129, 130; + patée quadrant, 129; + patonce, 129; + pieces, 109; + potent, 85, 129; + quarter-pierced, 129; + tau or St. Anthony's, 129; + of St. George, 25 + Crow, 248 + Crown, 11, 45, 73, 350; + civic, 157; + Imperial State, 359; + of England, 358; + palisado, 370; + vallary, 370, 378 + Crusades, 17 + Crusilly, 89, 100, 131 + Cubit arm, 169 + Cuffe, 94 + Cuffed, 171 + Cuirass, 293 + Cuisses, 55 + Cullen, 49 + Cumberland, Dukes of, 364, 496; + label, 498 + Cumbræ, College of the Holy Spirit of, 162 + Cumin, Alexander, 412 + Cumming-Gordon, 113; + arms, 138, 541; + arms, crest, motto, and supporters, 418 + Cummins, arms, 280 + Cuninghame, 427 + Cunliffe, arms, 214 + Cunninghame, arms, 126; + supporters, 428; + Montgomery, supporters, 214 + Cup-bearer, Grand Butler or, insignia of, 581 + Cups, 85, 288 + Cure, 207 + Curiosities of blazon, 74 + "Curiosities of Heraldry," 15, 417 + Curzon, arms, 249; + motto, 451 + Cushions, 290 + Cypress-trees, 263 + + D'Albrets, supporters, 417 + D'Albrey, Arnaud, supporters, 418 + D'Alençon, Duc, 360; + arms, 487; + Comte, Jean IV., supporter, 410 + D'Angoulême, Counts, arms, 487 + D'Arcy, arms, 267, 268, 482, 484 + d'Artois, Counts, arms, 487 + D'Aubernoun, Sir John, 50, 51 + d'Auvergne, Dauphins, 254 + Dabrichecourt, Sir Sanchet, mantling, 389 + Dacre, Lord, arms, 300; + Sir Edmond, arms, 485 + Dakyns, crest, 377; + motto, 451 + Dalrymple, J. D. G., F.S.A., 148 + Daly, crest, 205 + Dalzells, 416 + Dalziel, 165, 432 + Dalziell, 165 + Dammant, arms, 268 + Danby, 68; + arms, 286 + Dancetté, 91, 93 + Daniels, 163 + Dannebrog, Order of the, 569 + Dannecourt, 229 + Darbishire, 125, 129 + Darcy de Knayth, Baroness, 546; + supporter, 436; + _see_ D'Arcy + Darnaway, 39 + Dartmouth, arms, 164; + Earl of, arms, 209; + supporters, 436 + Darwen, town of, arms, 266 + Dashwood, Bart., Sir George John Egerton, 223; + supporters, 436 + Daubeney, 68; + arms, 147; + crest, 265; + badge, 458; + mantling, 389 + Daughters, arms of, 572; + difference marks, 492 + Dauphin, 253; + arms, 486 + Dauphiny, 408 + Davenport, 350, 352, 358, 359; + crest, 165 + David II., 40, 144; + seal, 274, 409 + Davidson, crest, 375 + Davies, 169; + arms, 296; + motto, 451; + Sir Thomas, crest, 381 + Davis, Cecil T., 55 + Davis, Col. John, F.S.A., crest, 339 + de Acton, _see_ Acton + de Aldeburgh, _see_ Aldeburgh + de Arundel, _see_ Arundel + de Bailly, _see_ Bailly + de Bellomont, or De Beaumont, _see_ Bellomont + de Berkeley, _see_ Berkeley + de Berri, _see_ Berri + de Bohun, _see_ Bohun + de Bruges, _see_ Bruges + de Bruis, _see_ Bruis + de Burgh, _see_ Burgh + de Burton, _see_ Burton + de Carteret, _see_ Carteret + de Cassilhas, _see_ Cassilhas + de Clare, _see_ Clare + de Clarendon, _see_ Clarendon + de Clinton, _see_ Clinton + de Courcy, _see_ Courcy + de Davenport, _see_ Davenport + de Flandre, _see_ Flandre + de Gevres, _see_ Gevres + de Giresme, _see_ Giresme + de Grey, _see_ Grey + de Guenonville, _see_ Guetterville + de Hasting, _see_ Hasting + de Haverington, _see_ Haverington + de Hoghton, _see_ Hoghton + de Knayth, _see_ Darcy de Knayth + de Lacy, _see_ Lacy + de Lowther, _see_ Lowther + de Luttrell, _see_ Luttrell + de Mailly, _see_ Mailly + de Mandeville, _see_ Mandeville + de Monbocher, _see_ Monbocher + de Montfort, _see_ Montfort + de Montravel, _see_ Montravel + de Mornay, _see_ Mornay + de Mundegumbri, _see_ Mundegumbri + de Nerford, _see_ Nerford + de Nevers, _see_ Nevers + de Pelham, _see_ Pelham + de Quincey, _see_ Quincey + de Ramsey, _see_ Ramsey + de Rouck, _see_ Rouck + de Salis, _see_ Salis + de Saumerez, _see_ Saumerez + de Savelli, _see_ Savelli + de Segrave, _see_ Segrave + de Trafford, _see_ Trafford + de Trutemne, _see_ Trutemne + de Valence, _see_ Valence + de Vera, _see_ Vera + de Vere, _see_ Vere + de Vesci, _see_ Vesci + de Warren, _see_ Warren + de Woodstock, _see_ Woodstock + de Worms, _see_ Worms + De la Ferte, 262 + De la Rue, crest, 289 + De la Vache, crest, 207 + De la Warr, 89 + de la Zouche, Sir W., arms, 136 + Deane, crest, 217 + Debruised, 103, 187 + Dechaussée, 186 + Decollated, 187 + "Decorative Heraldry," 2, 65, 176, 233, 242 + Decrescent, 289 + Deer, 108, 208 + Defamed, 187 + Delves, 155 + Demembré, 186, 187 + Demi-bird, 240 + Demi-falcons, 242 + Demi-griffin, 224 + Demi-horse, 201 + Demi-lamb, 213 + Demi-leopard, 193 + Demi-lions, 189 + Demi-otter, 215 + Demi-ram, 213 + Demi-savage, 165 + Demi-vol, 240 + Denbigh, Earl of, 413 + Denham, arms, 446 + Denmark, royal arms, 557; + royal shield of, 255; + flag of 613, + Depicting, 86 + Derby, Earl of, 32, 79, 81, 561; + William de, seal, 80; + Earls of, Stanleys, crests, 169, 341, 381 + D'Eresby, Willoughby, Barony of, supporters, 400 + Derry, _see_ Londonderry + Desart, Lord, 94 + Desenberg, Counts Spiegel Zum, arms, 293 + Deutscher, Herold, 313 + Device, 455 + Devil, 229 + Devonport, arms, 369 + Dewsbury, 249 + D'Harchies, Gerard, supporters, 418 + Diadem, 350 + Diamond, 77 + Diapering, 90 + Dick, arms, 286 + Dick-Cunningham, 426 + Dickson, Dr., 39 + Dickson-Poynder, 126 + "Dictionary of Heraldic Terms," 96, 215 + Diffamed, 187 + Difference marks, 78, 114, 116, 134, 138, 150, 154, 268, 289, 344, 345, + 477, 487, 488, 502, 510, 515; + optional, 490; + bordures as, 481; + position of, 489; + compulsory, 490 + Differencing, 482; + modes of, 502 + Diggs, Dame Judith, arms, 575 + Dighton, 210 + Dignity, cap of, 378 + Dillon, Viscount, 433 + Dimidiation, 523 + Dingwall, 39 + Diocletian, coins of, 351 + Disarmed, 187 + Dismembered, 186, 187 + Displayed, 233, 235, 269 + Distaff, 290 + Distinction, 512; + canton for, 134; + marks of, 116, 135, 136, 139, 344, 380, 477, 554; + marks of, practice, 518 + Distinguished Service Order, 567; + members of, insignia of, 584 + Dobrée, 428; + arms, 267 + Dock or Burdock, arms, 266 + Dodds, 256 + Dodge, arms, 171; + crest of, 205; + augmentation, 589 + Doe, 208, 209 + Dog, 54, 203, 204, 432 + Dogfish, 256 + Dolphins, 253 + Dominion and Sovereignty, arms of, 607 + Donington, Lord, supporters, 186 + Donnersperg, arms, 295 + Donoughmore, Lord, supporters, 438 + Dorchester Church, stained glass, 79 + Dore, 261; + arms, 260 + Dormer, arms, 190 + Double-headed eagle, supposed origin of, 3 + Double quatrefoil, 268 + Doubly cottised, 123 + Douglas, 39, 40, 298; + arms, 292, 484; + Bart., supporters, 433; + Earl of, seal, 411, 446; + chapeau, 380; + supporter, 410, 445; + badge, 469; + and Mar, Countess of, Margaret, 505 + Doulton, arms, 288 + Dove, 243 + Dover, 164 + Dovetailed, 91, 94, 95 + Downes, arms, 249 + Dox or Doxey, arms, 256 + Dragance, 39 + Dragon, 10, 15, 195, 219, 224, 225, 232, 407; + ship, 294; + as supporters, 437 + Drake, Sir Francis, arms, 591 + Dress of an Officer of Arms, 41, 42 + Dreyer, 267 + Drummond, supporters, 428; + Sir James Williams, arms, 181; + of Megginch, arms of, 69 + Dublin, 126; + Archbishop of, 584; + arms, 602; + city arms, 381; + visitations of, 341 + Ducal coronet, 373. + _see_ also Coronet and Crest Coronet + Duchess, mantle, 367; + coronet, 367 + Duck, 246 + Duckworth, arms, 246 + Dudley, Earl of, supporters, 433; + Lord, crest, 217 + Duff-Sutherland-Dunbar, Bart., Sir George, 319 + Dufferin and Ava, Marquess, 474; + supporters, 436 + Duffield, arms, 277 + Duke, robe or mantle of, 365, 367; + coronet, 366, 367, 373; + those having rank and title of, coronets, 363 + Dukinfield, 129 + Dumas, arms, 96 + Dumbarton, arms, 213 + Dunbar, crest, 298; + Bart., Sir Alexander James, crest, 376; + Sir Archibald, 144; + crest, 376; + Sir Patrick, label, 480; + Brander, arms, 264 + Duncan, Admiral, arms, 592 + Duncombe, crest, 202 + Dundee, city of, arms, 288; + university of, arms, 271; + Royal Burgh of, arms, 438 + Dunn, Bart., Sir W., arms, 166 + Dunstable, Sir Richard, badge, 469 + Du Plessis Angers, 83 + Durand, Sir Mortimer, supporter, 436 + D'Urban, 285 + D'Urbino, Duke, 545 + Durham, Bishop of, 324, 603, 604; + insignia of, 583; + Dean of, 588; + Cathedral, 49; + Sir Alex., 39 + Durning-Lawrence, arms, 291 + Dusgate, 250 + Dykes, crest, 255 + Dykmore, arms and crest, 205 + + Eagle, 58, 230, 233, 238, 413; + as supporters, 439; + shields displayed on the breasts of, 412 + Eaglets, 238 + Ealing, borough of, arms, 287 + Eared, 280 + Earl Marshal, 27, 28, 29, 35; + and Hereditary Marshal of England, insignia of, 585; + Deputy, insignia of, 585; + batons, 59 + Earls, robe or mantle of, 365; + coronet of, 366, 367, 375 + Earth-colour, 74, 76 + East India Company, supporters, 429 + Eastern coronet, 370, 377 + Ebury, Lord, 345 + Eccles, arms, 301; + town of, 282 + Ecclesiastical banner, 476; + emblems, 3; + heraldry, 600 + Echlin, 204 + Eddington, arms, 168 + Edel, 40 + Edgar, King, seal, 475 + Edinburgh, 47; + College of Surgeons, 167; + Castle, 357 + Edock, 266 + Edward I., 30, 34, 39, 84, 275, 357, 494, 607 + Edward II., 30, 275, 494 + Edward III., 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 371, 453, 456, 465, 466, 467, 469, + 494, 607; + seal, 274 + Edward IV., 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 333, 354, 469, 607; + badge, 468; + seal, 354 + Edward VI., 467; + seal, 372; + supporters, 225 + Edward VII., 42, 359, 361; + Coronation of, 365, 366 + Edward the Black Prince, 360; + crest, 380; + helmet, 371 + Edward the Confessor, 15, 356, 371; + ring of, 360; + seal, 353 + Edwards, arms, 285 + Eel, 255 + Eglinton, Earl of, 145; + supporters, 438 + Ehrenvest, 40 + Eider-duck, 246 + Eighth son, 488 + Eisenhüt-feh, 82 + Eisenhutlein, 82 + Eldest son, difference mark of, 373, 479, 487, 488 + Elephant, 213 + Elgin, royal burgh of, 162 + Elgin and Kincardine, Earl of, supporters, 433 + Elizabeth, Queen, 61, 164, 272, 391, 414, 508, 590, 591, 607; + supporters, 225 + Ellis, 255; + arms, 228, 254; + crest, 432 + Elmhurst, crest, 262 + Elphinstone, Lord, supporters, 433 + Ely, Abbess of, arms of the See, 298 + Embattled, 91, 93, 94, 108; + counter-embattled, 96 + Emblazon, 99 + Emblazonments, 60; + early, 90; + of mottoes, 452 + Embowed, 96, 170, 187, 242, 254 + Emerald, 77 + Empress, German, late, label, 497 + End, 188 + Endorsed, 116, 187, 223 + Endure, 39 + Enfantleroy, 169 + Enfield, 231 + England, 139; + badge, 457; + a bordure of, 102; + canton of, 136, 181; + Lord Chief-Justice of, insignia of, 586; + Kings of (George I. to William IV.), Arch Treasurers, insignia of, 583; + Lord High Constable of, insignia of, 585; + mottoes in, 449; + regalia in, 46; + rose of, 470; + Royal Arms of, 607; + a throne heir-apparent, label, 496 + "English Regalia," 352 + Engouled, 187 + Engrailed, 91, 108, 115, 137 + Enguerrand IV., 84 + Enhanced, 115 + Enniskillen, Earl of, supporters, 437 + Ensign 455, 471; + owl in, 9; + or flags, 9 + Enys, arms, 259 + Epaulières, 55 + Eradicated, 262, 264 + Erased, 240 + Erect, 223, 257 + Ermine, 69, 77, 215; + spot, 83 + Ermine spots, 78, 112, 123 + Ermines, 78 + Erminites, 78 + Erminois, 78 + Errol, Earl of, 415, 585; + badge, 416 + Erskine, augmentation, 598 + Escallops, 299 + Escarbuncle, 64, 290 + Escutcheon, 59, 137; + of pretence, 536, 542; + of pretence, quarterings on, 540 + Espin, arms, 266 + Esquire, helmet of, 319; + Grand, insignia of, 581 + Essex, Earl of, mantling, 389; + Torse, arms, 404; + Garter plate of, 372; + effigy, 390; + Mandevilles, 467 + Estoiles, 295 + Estwere, arms, 263 + Eton College, arms, 269, 271 + Ettrick, 39 + Evans, arms, 280, 291; + Captain John Viney, arms, 276; + Sloane, 6, 167. + Eve, G. W., 2, 65, 176, 183, 233, 242, 243, 272, 275, 321, 397 + Every-Halstead, crest, 376 + Eviré, 187 + Exemplification, 71, 72, 145 + Exeter, Dean of, insignia of, 588; + Duke of, John de Holland, label, 596; + Marquesses of, crest, 381 + Exmouth, Viscount, augmentation, 593 + Exterior ornaments, 58 + Eye, 171; + crest, 171, 298; + town of, crest, 372 + Éyre, 267; + Simon, arms, 217 + + Faerie Queen, 221 + Faggot, 280 + Falcon, 241, 243; + as a badge, 31; + King of Arms, 31 + Falconer, arms, 257 + Falconer, Grand, insignia of, 581 + Falkland, 39 + Falmouth, Viscount, supporters, 436; + arms, 270 + Family tokens, Japanese, 12 + Fane-de-Salis, crest, 375; + Counts, arms, 263 + Fanhope, Lord, crest, 380 + Fanmakers' Company, crest, 291 + Fans, 55, 328, 330, 331 + Farmer, arms, 95 + Farquhar, crest, 377 + Farquharson, 262 + Farrer, 80, 202 + Farrier, 80 + Fasces, 291 + Fauconberg, Lord, Torse, arms, 404; + Garter plate, 342 + Fauconberg and Conyers, Baroness, 546 + Fauntleroy, 169 + Favours, 403, 404; + supporters as marks of, 420 + Fawside, Allan, 40 + Feathers, 83 + Fees, 117 + Felbrigge, K.G., Sir Simon, arms, crest, mantling, 387 + Fellows, arms, 112, 209 + Fenton, arms, 95 + Fentoun, Jane, label, 481 + Ferdinand III., 543 + Fergus I., King, 142 + Ferguson, arms, 260 + Fermoy, Lord, crest, 241; + motto, 451 + Fern-Brake, 265 + Ferrar, 202 + Ferrer, arms, 80, 81 + Ferrers, 79, 83, 148, 202; + Earl, arms, 134; + Lord, Garter plate, 374; + Torse, arms, 404 + Fess, 91, 93, 107, 108, 119; + dancetté, 118; + embattled, 108, 118; + flory, 96; + wreathed, 118 + Fest-Buch, 313 + Fetterlocks, 291 + Feversham, Earl of, supporters, 436 + Ffarington, crest, 227 + Ffinden, 206 + Field, 5, 69, 70, 86, 87, 88, 89, 104, 115; + composed of, 97; + fretty, 148; + gyronny, 137; + masculy, 148; + per chevron, 124; + quarterly, 98 + Fife, Duke of, crest, 166, 200; + supporters, 433; + Duchess of, label, 497; + Princesses of, 596 + Fifth son, 488 + File, 154 + Fillet, 402 + Finance, Superintendent of the, insignia of, 581 + Finch, 250 + Finlay, arms, 255 + Fir-cone, 276 + Fir-trees, 262 + Fire, 291 + Firth, 283 + Fish, 253 + Fisher, 250; + Lady, 201 + Fishmongers' Livery Company, arms, 291 + Fitched, 130 + Fitzalan, 486 + FitzErcald, 214 + Fitzgerald, 215; + arms, 525; + motto, 449; + Maurice, 525 + Fitzhardinge, Lord, 73 + Fitz-Herbert, 113; + arms, 483 + Fitz-Pernell, Robert, 268 + Fitz-Simon, arms, 72, 155 + Fitzwalter, arms, 102 + Fitzwilliam, Earl, supporters, 433 + Flags, 9, 10, 471, 611-617 + Flanders, arms, 524; + Count of, Philippe D'Alsace, Helmet, 327; + Count of, Louis van Male, signet of, 410 + Flandre, Jeanne De, seal of, 84 + Flanks, 103 + Flasks, 150 + Flaunch, 102, 108, 150 + Flavel, 291 + Flayed, 187 + Fleam, 292 + Fleas, 261 + Fleece, 211, 212 + Flemings, 86 + Flesh-colour, 74, 76 + Fleshed, 187 + Fletcher, 5; + arms, 254, 293; + crest, 229 + Fleur-de-lis, 89, 95, 126, 272, 273, 275, 488 + Fleurons, 274 + Flies, 261 + Florence, 83, 84; + arms, 275 + Florencée, 274, 275 + Florent, seal, 410 + Florio, arms, 272 + Flory, 96, 141; + counter-flory, 95 + Flounders, 256 + Flukes, 256 + Foljambe, badge, 232 + Forbes, crest, 375 + Forcene, 201 + Ford, James, 112 + Foreign heraldry, 81 + Forrest, arms, 262 + Fortescue, motto, 451 + Fortification, 282 + Fortune, 166 + Foulis, arms, 266 + Foulds, arms, 266 + Fountain, 151, 294 + Fourth son, 488 + Fox, 5, 197, 198; + arms, 5, 288, 301; + crest, 210; + -Davies, crest, 301; + head, 5; + hound, 205 + Fraises, 268, 271 + France, 15, 61, 83, 84, 273; + arms, 274; + Chancelier, mantling, 400; + crests, 343; + ensigns of, 46; + Heralds in, 44; + High Constable of, insignia of, 580; + label, 481; + Margaret of, arms, 524; + Presidents of, mantling, 400; + Royal Arms of, 452 + France-Hayhurst, crest, 262 + Francis I., King of France, 230 + Franco, 87 + Franconis, arms, 83 + Francquart, 75 + Franks, King of the, 273 + Fraser, arms, 268, 271, 298, 484 + Fraser-Mackintosh, crest, 169 + Frederick III., Emperor, motto, 452 + Frederick IV., Emperor, 216 + Free Warren, Licence of, 73 + Freiburg, supporters, 409 + French blazon, 78; + coat, 38; + Royal Arms, 486; + term, 74 + Fresnay, 83 + Fret, 108, 149, 150 + Fretty, 148, 149, 150 + Fruit, 276 + Frog, 258 + Froissart, 31, 33, 40, 44, 505 + Fructed, 266 + Full chase, 208 + Fuller, Thomas, 219 + Fulton, arms, 483 + Fur, 50, 77, 79, 86, 151; + separately, 84 + Furison, 292 + Furnivall, Baroness, 541 + Fusil, 108, 147 + Fusilly in bend, 122; + in bend sinister, 122 + Fylfot, 302 + Fysh, Sir Philip Oakley, crest, 256 + + Gabions, 282 + Gadflies, 261 + Gads, 155 + Galbraith, 294 + Galley, 294; + General of the, insignia of, 581 + Galloway, Earl of (Stewart), arms, 483; + See of, 162 + Galpin, arms, 250 + Gamb, 190, + _see_ Paw + Gamboa, arms, 266 + Gamecock, 246 + Gandolfi, arms, 264 + Gandy, arms, 217 + Garbett, motto, 451 + Garbs, 278 + Garioch, 39 + Garland, 156, 157 + Garnished or, 171 + Garter King of Arms, 4, 28, 29, 30, 34, 41, 45, 47, 58, 96, 226, 349, + 568; + arms and insignia of, 47, 586; + Most Noble Order of the, 34; + Chancellor of the Order of the, insignia of, 584; + Knight of the, insignia of, 78, 583; + Knights of the, rules, 562; + Stall plates, mantlings, 389, 390; + Star of, 25 + Garvey, 256 + Garvinfisher, 256 + Garwynton, arms, 277 + Garzune, 27 + Gasceline, arms, 155 + Gascoigne, 34 + Gatehouse, crest, 251 + Gaul, 273 + Gaunt, John of, 466, 486, 513 + Gauntlet, 171, 293 + Ged, 255 + Geddes, 255 + Geese, 10 + Gegen-hermelin, 78 + Gegensturzkrückenfeh, 85 + Gellic, arms, 294 + Gelre, 374, 405; + Armorial de, 115; + Herald, 144 + Gem-rings, 154 + Gemel, 120 + _Genealogical Magazine_, 22, 43, 226, 576, 601 + "Généalogie des Comtes de Flandre," 84 + "General Armory," 85, 551 + Geneva, 82 + Genouillères, 55 + Gentleman, meaning of, 20; + helmet of, 319 + George I., 29, 608 + George III., 29, 274, 356, 359, 413; + seal, 475 + German, 121; + electors, mantlings, 400; + heraldry, 74, 81, 82; + heralds, 86; + inescutcheon in, 138; + officers, 40; + terms for, 78, 85; + "Von," 68 + "German Bookplates," 176 + German Emperor, arms, 400; + supporters, 433 + Germany, 27, 41, 69, 104, 368; + arms in, 559; + bordures, 481; + cadency, 344; + crests, 343, 344; + differences in, 481; + label, 481; + method of conjunction, 560; + mottoes in, 451, 452; + supporters in, 431 + Gevres, De, supporters, 231 + Geyss, arms, 231 + Gibsone, supporters, 428 + Gillman, 171; + crest, 287 + Gillyflowers, 271 + Gilmour, 267 + Gilstrap, 283 + Giraffe, 438 + Giresme, Nicole De, supporters, 418 + Gladstone, 141, 168; + Rt. Hon. W. E., 41 + Glasford, crest, 339 + Glasgow, arms, 263; + city of, arms, 439; + crest of, 163 + Glass, 79 + Glaziers' Livery Company, supporters, 433 + Glevenrad, 64 + Glissant, 257 + "Glossary of Terms used in Heraldry," 78, 79, 371, 455 + Gloucester, 29; + Cathedral, rebus at, 455; + Duke of, 33; + Duke of, label, 499; + Duke of, Richard, 317; + Duke of, Thomas, badge, 466; + Duchess of, label, 498; + Herald, 32; + King of Arms, 33, 35, 36 + Gloved, 171 + Gloves, 171, 272 + Gnu, 438 + Goat, 11, 213; + as supporter, 437 + Gold, 70, 77; + ermine spots, 78; + ingots of, 292; + use of, 70 + Gold-hermelin, 78 + Golden Fleece, Order of the, badge, 213, 261 + Goldie, arms, 217 + Goldie-Scot, 112 + Golpe, 151 + Gomm, 576 + Gooch, 204; + arms, 302 + Goodchief, arms, 148 + Gooden, James, 427 + Goodfellow, 164; + arms, 282 + Gordon, arms, 146; + crest, 25; + Highlanders, 25; + tartan of, 25 + Gorges, 153 + Gorget, 313 + Gostwick, Sir John, helmet, 311 + Gothic, 65; + Shield, 64 + Gough, Lord, augmentation, 348, 594; + supporter, 226, 437 + Gourds, 277 + Goutté, 89 + Grace, Knights of, 568, 570; + Ladies of, 568; + Knights of, and other members, insignia of, 585 + Græme, crest, 171 + Grafton, Duke of, 515 + Graham, crest, 242 + Graham-Wigan, crest, 291 + Grailly, John de, Garter Hall-plate, 229 + "Grammar of Heraldry," 6, 167 + Granada, King of, 360 + Grandchildren, label, 487 + Grand quarterings, 104, 544, 555 + Grantmesnil, 268 + Grants of arms, 57, 68; + to a Bishop, 62; + to a woman, 62; + crest, 291; + fees, 516 + Granville, Earls of (De Carteret), 210 + Grapes, 276 + Grass, 280 + Grasshopper, 261 + Graves, Lord, supporters, 241 + Great Central Railway, arms, 301 + Great Torrington, arms, 275 + Grecians, 9 + Greece, kingdom of, supporters, 433; + arms, 541 + Green, 70, 77 + Greenwich, Mason of, arms, 180 + Greg, 262 + Grenades, 284 + Grene, Henry, 32 + Gresham, crest, 261; + Sir William, badge, 469 + Gresley, 83; + arms, 81 + Greve, Henry, 40 + Grey, 76, 480; + arms, 486; + John de, arms, 486; + Sir John, 380; + of Ruthin, K.G., Sir John, arms, crest, mantling, 388 + Grey and Hastings controversy, 478, 539 + Greyhounds, 204 + Grid-iron, 315 + Grieces, 128 + Griffin, 3, 108, 223, 224, 232, 416, 432; + as supporter, 436 + Griffin or Gryphon, 222, 223 + Grifton, Richard, 455 + Grimaldi Roll, 148 + Grimké-Drayton, crest, 263 + Grocers' Livery Company, arms, 277; + supporters, 429 + Grosvenor, 22, 28, 204; + arms, 278, 554; + Sir Gilbert le, 278; + _see_ Scrope + Gros vair, 82 + Ground of the shield, 69 + Grove, arms, 264 + Grunenberg, 28, 144, 203, 234, 248 + Gruthuyse, Lord of, Louis de Bruges, 147 + Gryphon, supposed origin of, 3 + Gryphon-marine, 224 + Guard, Yeomen of the, badge, 457 + Guards of the Gate, Captain of the, insignia of, 582 + Gudgeon, 256 + Gueldres, Duke of, 144; + Mary of, seal, 409 + Guige, 54 + Guillim, 77, 94, 95, 108, 152, 221, 230, 540 + Guise, arms of, 146; + crest, 245; + supporters, 420 + Gules, 5, 13, 70, 90 + Gull, Bart., arms, 250; + crest, 291; + augmentation, 598 + Gulston, crest, 243 + Gunstone, 151 + Gutté-d'eau, 90; + d'huile, 90; + de-larmes, 90; + d'or, 90; + de-poix, 90; + de-sang, 90 + Guyenne, 29, 33, 34; + and Lancaster, a Herald of the Duke of, 32 + Guze, 151 + Gwatkin, crest, 260 + Gwilt, crest, 231 + Gynes, 84 + Gyron, 108, 137 + Gyronny, 100, 137, 139 + + Habited, 170 + Hacked, 96 + Hadrian, Emperor, coin, 273 + Hagelshaimer, Sigmund, arms, 411 + Haig, arms, 207 + Hailes, 39 + Hainault, Counts of, badge, 465 + Hales, 39, 283; + arms, 298 + Halford, augmentation, 598; + supporters, 420 + Halifax, Lord, 165; + town of, 158 + Ham, 200 + Hamilton, arms, 268; + crest, 374; + Duke of, 380; + Lady, 576 + Hamilton-Grace, 594 + Hammers, 301 + Hammersmith, crest, 301 + Hampshire, Earl of, 32 + Hanbury, crest, 374 + Hand, 169 + Hanover, 49, 201, 473; + arms of, 608; + King of, 496; + Princess Frederica of, coronet, 365 + Hanoverian Guelphic Order, 29 + Hapsburg, 417; + Counts of, 413 + Harben, arms, 286 + Harcourt, crest, 247 + Hardinge, Bart., arms, 605 + Hare, 214 + Hargenvilliers, 83 + Harington, 150 + Harleian MSS., 69, 72 + Harley, 113, 376 + Harman, arms, 212 + Harmoustier, John of, 173 + Harold, 15 + Harp, 292 + Harpy, 171, 229, 438 + Harris, 216; + crest, 280 + Harrison, arms, 189; + crest, 339; + Rogers, crest, 378 + Hart, 208; + Sir Robert, Bart., arms, 267; + supporter, 226, 247, 437 + Harter, 265 + Harvest flies, 261 + Haseley, arms, 277 + Hastings, 15, 206, 292, 525; + arms, 182, 403; + Sir Edward, 478; + Edmund de, label, 480; + Lord, badge, 469 + Hat, 293, 378 + Hatchings, 74, 76 + Hatchments, 578, 609 + Hatton, crest, 209 + Hauberk, 51, 55 + Hauriant, 253; + embowed, 254 + Haverington, Sir John de, 150 + Hawberk, Sir Richard, helm of, 308 + Hawk, 241, 412, 413 + Hawke, Lord, supporters, 442 + Hawkey, arms, 271 + Hawk's lure, 302; + bell, 287 + Hawthorn-tree, 263 + Hay, Bart., 541; + motto, 451; + supporters, 416 + Hayne, crest, 217 + Hays, 415 + Hazel-leaves, 266 + Heads, varieties of, 167 + Heard, Sir Isaac, 164 + Hearne, arms, 248 + Heart, 292; + escutcheon, 138; + shield, 104 + Heathcock, 249 + Hedgehog, 216 + Heir or heiress, 67, 138, 526, 531, 542, 543; + crests, 546; + crests heritable through, 342; + heirs-general, 527, 528; + portioners, 528; + quarterings, 548 + Hefner-Alteneck, 234 + Helard, 176 + Heldchurchgate, 204 + Helemmes, 83 + Hellenes, Kings of the, 541 + Helmet, 9, 17, 76, 293, 303, 398, 402, 571; + of a peer, 319; + lady's sleeve upon, 403; + crests, 335; + two, 323 + Helmschau, 28, 318, 336 + Helt, 411 + Henderson, 126 + Heneage knot, 469 + Henry I., 173, 353; + seal, 354 + Henry II., badge, 468; + coins, 354 + Henry III., 117, 226, 412, 467, 607; + badge, 468; + seal, 354 + Henry IV., 30, 31, 32, 34, 39, 40, 467, 513, 607; + crown, 362; + seal, 274, 466 + Henry V., 22, 32, 34, 360, 403; + badges, 467; + Garter plate, 389 + Henry VI., 33, 34, 355, 480; + badges, 195; + seal, 354 + Henry VII., 31, 33, 269, 270, 385, 513; + badges, 468, 469; + chapel, 284, 323, 563, 564; + coins, 354, 355; seal, 355; + supporters, 38, 225 + Henry VIII., 24, 25, 37, 372, 380, 429, 456, 457, 467, 474, 597; + crown and seal, 355; + Privy seal, 467; + supporters, 225 + Hepburn arms, 266; + Sir Patrick, 505 + Herald, 27, 28, 29, 32, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47; + costume of, 43; + King of Arms, 31; + tabard of, 41; + English, insignia of, 587; + Irish, insignia of, 587; + Scottish, insignia of, 587; + incorporated, 38; + wear, 44; + and pursuivants, 39 + "Heraldic Atlas," 75, 78 + Heraldic courtesy, 558 + Heraldry, age of, 3; + antiquity of, 5; + origin of, 3 + "Heraldry of Continental Nations," 74 + Herbert, 520 + Hereford, city of, 598; + Bishop of, arms, 276; + Earls of, 32; + Earls of, badge, 410; + Earl of, Richard Clare, 525 + Hermon, crest, 339 + Herne, 248 + Herodotus, 6, 9 + Heron, 247; + as supporters, 440 + Herring, 255 + Herring-net, 150 + Herschel, Sir Wm., arms, 297 + Herschell, Lord, supporters, 442 + Hesilrige or Hazlerigg, arms, 266 + Hesse, 62; + Duke of, 400; + Grand Duchess of, late, label, 497 + Hesse-Homburg, Princess of, label, 498 + Heyworth, arms, 217 + Hieroglyphics, 10, 11 + Hill, arms, 268, 280 + Hilton, supporters, 421 + Hinckley, 117 + Hind, 208, 209 + Hindlip, Lord, supporters, 205 + Hippogriff, 232 + Hippomedon, 7 + Hippopotamus, 217 + Hobart, arms, 295 + Hobson, arms, 241 + Hodsoll, arms, 294 + Hoghton, De, 207; + supporters, 421 + Hohenzollern, flag of, 476 + Holderness, Earls of, supporters, 436 + Holdick-Hungerford, crest, 299 + Holland, Countess of, Margaret of Bavaria, seal, 524 + Hollis, 125 + Hollist, arms, crest, 277 + Holly, 265; + branches, 265; + leaves, 266 + Holthouse, Roger, arms of, 81 + Holy Roman Empire, 237, 413; + Arch Treasurers of, 608 + Holy Trinity, emblem of, 473 + Holyrood, 40 + Hone, 412 + Honour, augmentations of, 60, 132; + marks of, 57 + Hood, Lord, supporters, 229 + Hooded, 242 + Hook, Theodore, motto, 451 + Hope, crest, 294 + Hope, St. John, 280, 402 + Horse, 200; + as supporter, 437; + in arms, 5 + Horsely, William, 32 + Horseshoes, 80 + Hose, arms, 293 + Hoste, Sir William, augmentation, 595 + Houldsworth, arms, 264 + Household, First Master of the, insignia of, 581; + Lord Chamberlain of the, insignia of, 588 + Hove, town of, arms, 301 + Howard, 70; + Lord, badge, 469 + Howth, Earl of, supporters, 436 + Huddersfield, town of, 213 + Hulley, arms, 280 + Human figures, 158, 432; + head, 158 + Humbert I., 411; + II., seal, 408 + Hundred Swiss Guards, Captain of the, insignia of, 581 + Hungary, crown, 351 + Hungerford, crest, 299; + Lord, Garterplate, 374; + Heytesbury, K.G., Lord, Sir Walter Hungerford, arms, crest, mantling, + 387 + Hunter, 204 + Hunter-Weston, arms, 424 + Huntingdon, Lord, supporters, 186; + Earl of, 125, 143 + Hurst, arms, 296 + Hurt, 151 + Hussey, arms, 388; + crest, 171, 293 + Hutchinson, arms, 101 + Huth, arms, 277, 293 + Hutton, arms, 153, 290 + Hybrids, 224 + Hydra, 227 + Hyena, 438 + + Ibex, 210, 230 + Iceland, arms, 255 + Ilchester, Earl of, arms, 197; + town of, 295 + Illegitimacy, 344, 502, 515; + mark of, 114, 136, 139, 140, 481, 501, 554; + Royal Licence, 553, 554; + difference marks, 492; + sign of, 508 + Impalement, 57, 140, 144, 524, 531, 534, 536, 550, 558 + Imperial Crown, 46, 47, 144; + Service Order, 567; + members of, insignia of, 584 + Impersonal arms, 57 + In armour, 171 + In base, 103 + In bend, 102, 113 + In chevron, 102 + In chief, 103 + In fess, 103 + In full chase, 204 + In full course, 204 + In his pride, 246 + In its piety, 242 + In orle, 101 + In pale, 102, 103 + Inchiquin and Youghal, feudal lord, 525 + Indented, 91, 93, 96 + India, Order of the Crown of, members of, insignia of, 568, 584; + emblem of, 271; + Lotus-flower, 470 + Indian Empire, Most Eminent Order of the, 567, 584 + Inescutcheon, 108, 137, 138, 418, 419, 541; + addition of an, 483; + within an, 141 + Infantry, Colonel-General of the, insignia of, 581 + Ingelram De Ghisnes, arms, 84 + Inheritance, 145 + Inner Temple, arms, 203 + Innes, crest, 265 + Innes, Cosmo, 415 + Invecked or Invected, 91 + Inveraray, 88; + burgh of, 255 + Inverarity, crest, 265, 270 + Inverness, arms, 158; + Royal Burgh of, arms, supporters, 430; + town of, supporters, 217 + Inverted, 223, 235 + Ireland, 29, 33, 39; + badge, 457; + crest, 468; + crests, 520; + crest of, 373; + Duke of, augmentation, 596; + heralds in, 45; + helmet, 325; + King of Arms, 33; + mottoes in, 448; + national badge, 267; + pursuivants in, 45; + shamrock, 470; + supporters in, 421 + Ireland, badge, 267; + Chief Secretaries for, insignia of, 584; + Hereditary Lord Great Seneschal of, insignia of, 586; + Hereditary Marshal of, insignia of, 585 + Irene, Empress, 351 + Iron hat vair, 82 + Iron-grey, 74, 76 + Irvine, 266 + Irvine or Irwin, 265, 266 + Isham, arms, 126 + Islay, 39 + Isle of Man, 171 + Islip, rebus, 455 + Italian differences, 482 + Italy, 61, 82 + Italy, State of, 475 + Iveagh, Lord, supporters, 442 + + Jack, 255 + Jackson, arms, 246 + Jamaica, supporters, 429 + Jambes, 55 + James I., 439, 446, 607, 608, 611; + seal, 475 + James II., 409, 467, 607; + State Crown, 356 + James III., 270, 597; + arms, 559 + James IV., 39, 145 + James V., 145, 357 + James VI., 357, 598 + Janssen, Bart., arms, 280 + Japanese tokens, 12 + Javelin, 285 + Jean, Dauphin, seal, 411 + Jedburgh, arms of, 166, 200 + Jefferson, Miss, 576 + Jeffrey, Lord, 426 + Jejeebhoy, Bart., Sir Jamsetjee, crest, 247 + Jellopped, 246 + Jenkinson, crest, 202 + Jennings, arms, 293 + Jerningham, crest, 242; + badge, 288 + Jerusalem, arms of, 40, 85 + Jervis, arms, 250 + Jervoise, arms, 284 + Jessant-de-lis, 193, 275 + Jess and Jessed, 241 + Jessel, crest, 239 + Jeune, crest, 209 + Jezierski, Counts, arms, 298 + Joass, arms, 301 + Jocelyn, arms, 287 + Joerg, Von Pauli, 162 + John, King, 607; + seal, 173 + Johnson, Dr. 455 + Johnston, 207; + Graham, 176, 397; + crest, 286 + Johnstone, arms, 292 + Joicey, Lord, supporters, 437 + Joiners' Livery Company, supporters, 433 + Jonson, crest, 339 + Jorger, 162 + Joscelin, crest, 242 + Joseph III., Emperor, 413 + Joslin, arms, 287 + Jousting-shield, 64; + helm, 311 + Jude, Dame Marye, grant to, 574, 575 + Jungingen, arms, 301 + Jupiter, 10, 77 + Jupon, 55 + Justice, 164; + Knights of, 568, 570; + Ladies of, 568 + Justinian, 350, 351 + + Kaisar-I-Hind Medal, 568; + insignia of those entitled to, 584 + Kay, arms of, 78 + Kaye, Rev. Walter J., 51 + Keane, Lord, augmentation, 594 + Keates, 195 + Kekitmore, arms, 281 + Kelly, arms, 282 + Kemsley, crest, 438 + Kenneth III., 165, 415 + Kenney, crest, 375 + Kent, 55; + Duke of, label, 498; + Earl of, Thomas Holland, seal, 410; + badge, 467; + Fair Maid of, Joan, badge, 467 + Kerrison, Sir Edward, augmentation 594 + Kersey, crest, 268 + Kevilioc, arms, 278 + Keys, 291 + Keythongs, 195 + Killach, arms, 266 + Kilmarnock, town of, arms, supporters, 430 + Kilvington, 78 + Kimono, 12 + King, 267 + King of Arms, 22, 27, 28, 29, 61; + crown of, 45; + crown or coronet of, 368 + Kingdom, Constable of the, insignia of, 582 + King's flag, 472; + livery, 73; + favour of, augmentations, 596; + gamekeeper to the, insignia of, 581; + Grand Master of the Household to the, insignia of, 581; + Guards, Captain of the, insignia of, 581 + Kinloss, Baroness, arms, 534 + Kinnaird, Lord, supporters, 433 + Kinnoull, Earl of, 425; + augmentation, 597 + Kintore, Earl of, augmentation, 597; + crest, 165 + Kiku-non-hana-mon, 13 + Kiri-mon, 13 + Kirk, arms, 95 + Kirkcaldy, Royal Burgh of, 160 + Kirkwood, 291 + Kitchener, Lord, augmentation, 348; + arms, 594; + Viscount, supporter, 217 + Knevet, Elizabeth, 55 + Knight, arms, 286; + impales arms of wife, 570; + widow of, 533; + bachelor, wife of, 531; + helmet of, 319 + "Knight and Rumley's Heraldry," 65 + Knighthood, 561; + banner of, 73; + Order of, 29; + Companion of any Order of, impaling, 531 + Knights of any Order, widow of, 570 + Knights Bachelor, impaling, 571; + helmet of, 571; + Commanders, helmet of, 571; + insignia of, 584; + Grand Cross, helmet of, 571; + supporters to, 569 + Knill, arms, 291 + Knots, 469 + Koh-i-noor, 361 + Kursch, 85 + + La Cordelière, Order of, 570 + La Dolce, 195 + La Tour du Pin, 254 + La Warr, motto, 450 + Label, 71, 108, 154, 155, 380, 479, 482, 483, 487, 488, 494 + Lacy, de, 72 + Ladies, supporters to, 424 + Lady, armorial bearings of, 572; + arms of, 146 + Lady, colours of, 403 + Lady's sleeve, 403 + Lady, unmarried, arms, 533 + Laird, compartment, 446 + Laiterberg, arms, 285 + Lake, Dr. Edward, augmentation, 591 + Laking, Bart., G.C.V.O., Sir Francis, 78 + Lamb, 211, 212 + Lambel, 154 + Lambert, 268; + crest, 228, 229 + Lambeth, arms, 271 + Lambrequin, 18, 383, 401, 402; + badges on, 458 + Lamplugh, C.E., crest, 339 + Lancaster, 29, 50; + badge of, 48; + Henry of, 410, 480; + Herald, 38; + King of Arms, 30, 31, 32, 34; + Earl of, Edmund Cruchback, 511; + Earl of, Thomas, 480; + County Council, seal, 467; + Duke of, 38; + motto, 466; + Duchy of, 253; + Duchy of, seals, 467, 475; + town of, arms, 275; + livery colours, 513; + Roy d'Armes del North, 31 + Lance, 54, 285 + Land, conditions held under, 19 + Landgrave, Konrad, 63 + Landscape, 87; + augmentation, 132; + coats, 74 + Landschaden, crest, 384 + Lane, crest, 75, 201, 298; + arms, 181, 136; + Sir Thomas, 201; + Mistress Jane, 75, 201, 591 + Lanesborough, Lord, supporter, 438 + Langridge, arms, 226 + Langton, crest, 226 + Lanigan-O'Keefe, 166 + Lantern, 301 + Lanyon, 137 + Lapwing, 249 + Lark, 249 + Latham, 412 + Latimer, Lord, 485; + arms, crest, mantling, 387 + Laurel, 265; + branches, 265; + leaves, 266; + tree, 263 + Laurie, 39; + arms, 288 + Lausanne, 83 + Law, arms, 246; + "Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland," 427, 447 + Lax, Mrs. Sarah, 576 + Layland-Barratt, arms, 278 + Le Corbeau, 248 + Le Fitz, 150 + Le Grosvenor, _see_ Grosvenor + Le Mans, Cathedral of, 62 + Le Moyne, crest, 341 + Le Neve, Sir Wm., 166 + Le Strange, Styleman, supporter, 436 + Lead, 50 + League of Mercy, decoration of the, 568; + insignia of those entitled to, 584 + Leake, Stephen Martin, 34 + Leaves, 266 + Leconfield, Lord, supporters, 436 + Lee, 43, 118 + Leeds, arms, 249; + Duke of, supporter, 436 + Lees, arms, 290 + Leeson, arms, 294 + Leg, 171 + Leg-Irons, 301 + Legg, 171 + Legge, arms, 209 + Legged, 242, 244, 249 + Legh, 50; + augmentation, 590 + Leicester, 29, 32; + Earls of, 32, 267, 314, 485; + Earls of, Simons de Montfort, 117; + King of Arms, 32; + town of, arms, 267 + Leigh, arms, 285; + General, 403; + Gerard, 36, 81; + town of, 290 + Leighton, Lord, 94 + Leinster, Duke of, supporters, 215, 620 + Leipzic, town library of, 306 + Leith, 88; + town of, arms, 159 + Leland, 143, 152 + Leman, Sir John, crest, 263 + Lemon-tree, 263 + Lemprière, 428 + Lennox, 525 + Leon, arms, 188 + Leopard, 11, 71, 172, 173, 174, 192, 218, 227; + face, 275 + Leopard-lionné, 173 + Leopold, Markgrave, seal, 237 + Lerwick, 294 + Leslie, arms, 412; + crest, 165; + motto, 450 + Lestrange, 485 + Lethbridge, Sir Roper, 272; + arms, 282 + Lever, arms, 112 + Leveson-Gower, arms, 266 + Lewis, arms, 286, 291 + Licence, 73 + Lichfield, 78; + Dean of, 588 + Lichtenstein, 40 + Liebreich, arms, 214 + Life Guards, 25 + Lighthouse, 301 + Lilford, Lord, arms, 190 + Lilienfield, 82 + Lilienhaspel, 64 + Lilley, arms, 271 + Lilly, arms, 271 + Lily, 271, 273 + Lily-staple, 64 + Lincoln College, Oxford, 445; + Earl of, William de Roumare, 485; + Dean of, 588; + Sees of, 160 + Lincoln's Inn, Hall of, 414 + Linden leaves, 266, 316 + Lindsay, 39, 114; + crest, 246; + Sir David, 144, 415 + Lindwurm, 225 + Lines, 91, 96, 117, 119, 123, 124, 501 + Lingen, crest, 269; + arms, 72 + Linlithgow, 163; + burgh of, 204 + Linz, 308 + Lion Heraud, 40 + Lion, William the, 502 + Lion-léopardé, 173 + Lionced, 187 + Lioncels, 174 + Lioness, 188 + Lionné, 187 + Lions, 11, 54, 108, 172-181, 432; + as supporter, 434 + Lippe, Prince of, crests, 343 + Lipton, Bart., crest, 265 + Liskeard, 155; + seals, 275 + Lisle, Baroness, 541 + Lismore, Lord, arms, 262 + Liverpool, Earl of, crest, 348; + town of, supporters, 429 + Livery, 73; + colours, 386, 404, 474; + crests, 463, 464 + Livingstone, arms, 271 + Lizards, 259, 407 + Lloyd, 78, 167, 265, 285; + arms, 85, 185; + augmentation, 596; + quarterings, 545 + Lobkowitz, 75 + Lobster, 255 + Loch, Lord, arms, 294 + Lockhart, arms, 291 + Locomotives, 301 + Loder-Symonds, arms, 254 + Lodged, 208 + Loffredo, 83 + Loggerheads, 193 + Lombardy, iron crown of, 351 + London, city of, seal, 329; + arms, 325, 329, 330; + crest, 330; + supporters, 330, 437; + Dean of, 588; + Lord Mayor of, 382; + _Gazette_, 365 + Londonderry, arms, 166; + town of, augmentation, 598 + Long, arms, 101 + Long cross, 128 + Longueville, Duke of, Louis D'Orleans, 596 + Longueville, Count de, arms, crest, torse, mantling, 388, 404 + Lopes, Bart., 87 + Lopus, Dr., arms, 263 + Lorraine, 83, 188; + arms, 240 + Lothian, Earl of, 480 + Lotus-flower, 271 + Loudoun, Earl of, badge, 458 + Louis VII., seal, 273; + signet, 274 + Louis VIII., seal and counter-seal, 274 + Louis XI., seals, 400 + Louis XII., 597 + Louis XVI., 395 + Lovel, Viscount, Garter plate, 561; + Torse, arms, 404; + mantling, 390 + Lovett, 196 + Low, arms, 196, 276 + Lowdell, 226 + Lower, 417 + Lower Austria, 82 + Lownes, 227 + Lowther, arms, 153 + Lozenge, 60, 98, 108, 112, 122, 146, 546; + arms on, 532, 572 + Lub-den Frumen, 40 + Lucas, 255 + Lucerne, supporter, 409 + Lucy, 255 + Ludlow, Lord, 87; + arms, 469 + Lumley, arms, 249 + Lumsden, arms, 255 + Lundin, John, 502 + Luneberg, 608 + Lupus, 276 + Lurgan, Lord, crest, 381 + Luttrell, Sir Geoffrey de, effigy, 329; + supporters, 421 + Lygh, Roger, 32 + Lympago, 186 + Lymphad, 58, 294, 412 + Lynch, crest, 197 + Lynx, 197 + Lyon King of Arms, 29, 39, 46, 47, 66, 142, 323, 390, 568; + arms of, 548, 568; + crown of, 368 + Lyon Office, 185, 204, 213; + grants of, supporters by, 420 + Lyveden, Lord, supporter, 437 + + McCammond, 202 + McCarthy, crest, 259 + McDowille, Dugal, 40 + McLarty, arms, 282 + Macara, arms, 261 + Macleod, crest, 207 + MacDermott, 267 + Macdonald, 294 + Macfarlane, compartment, 446 + Macfie, 294; + arms, 286 + Macgregor, 166 + Mackenzie, 445, 446 + Mackerel, 256 + Mackesy, arms, 286 + Maclachlan, supporters, 428 + MacLaurin, arms, 290 + MacMahon, arms, 243 + MacMurrogh-Murphy, arms, 263 + Maconochie, arms, 255; + Wellwood, supporters, 434 + Macpherson, Cluny, supporters, 428, 434 + Madden, arms, 242 + Maddock, 165 + Maddocks, arms, 286 + Madras, University of, 192, 272; + Governor of, 594 + Magnall, arms, 286 + Magpie, 250 + Mahon, arms, 243 + Mahony, crest, 376 + Mailly, Gilles de, arms, 484 + Maintenance, cap of, 378 + Mainwaring, crest, 203; + Ellerker-Onslow, crest, 226, 348 + Maitland, arms, 180, 282; + Major, James, 501 + Major, arms, 285 + Malcolm, Bart., crest, 293 + Malet, Sir Edward, G.C.B., supporters, 4, 228 + Mallerby, arms, 266 + Mallory, 393, 403 + Malta, Cross of, 129, 570; + German, Protestant Order of, 570; + Star, 570 + Maltravers, arms, 149, 150 + Man in armour, 433; + at-arms, 64; + head, 167; + lion, 171, 186, 229; + tiger, 186, 232; + and wife, arms, 533; + grant to, 576 + Manchester, 115 + Mandeville, 134 + Manners, grant, 596 + Mansergh, arms, 294; + crest, 226 + Mantegre, 232 + Manticora, 232 + Mantle, 399; + of estate, 59 + Mantling, 384, 393, 394, 397, 398, 400; + badges on, 389; + colours of, 386; + royal, 391; + rules for the colour of, 392 + Maories, 16 + Maple-leaf, 266; + tree, 263 + Mar, Earl of, 39 + Mar and Kellie, Earl of, 541, 598; + arms, 557; + supporters, 223 + Marburg, 62 + March, 31, 39; + White Lion of, 469; + Herald, 31; + King of Arms, 30 + Marches, 29, 30 + Marchioness, robe or mantle, 366; + coronet, 366 + Marchmont, 39 + Mare, 203 + Margens, arms, 81 + Marigold, 272 + Marindin, arms of, 211 + Mariners, 10 + Market Cross, Edinburgh, 47 + Markham, arms, 190 + Marlborough, Duke of, 413, 541; + augmentation, 592; + supporters, 226, 438; + Duchess of (Henrietta), 413 + Marquess, coronet, 366, 367, 375; + robe or mantle of, 365, 367 + Marriage, impalements to indicate, 60, 540; + signify, 523 + Mars, 77 + Marshal of the Empire, Lord High, insignia of, 582 + Marshal's, Earl, order concerning robes, coronets, &c., 365, 366 + Marshall, 27, 28, 202; + crest, 166; + badge of, 80; + the insignia of, 581 + Marshalling, 138, 523-560 + Martin, motto, 450 + Martlet, 243, 244, 245, 488 + Marwood, crest, 211 + Mary, 155; + Queen, 357, 607; + badge, 276 + Maryborough, town of, arms, 275 + Marylebone, 271; + crest, 160 + Mascle, 108, 147, 150; + field, 148 + Mascles, 81 + Mask, 198 + Mason, arms, 180; + crest, 228 + Mason's College, 180, 228 + Massey, Mrs., 577 + Mastiff, 204 + Matheson, 378 + Mathew, Dame Marye, grant to, 574, 575 + Matilda, Queen, 14 + Matriculation, 145, 536 + Maud, the Empress, 141, 173 + Mauerkrone, 368 + Maule, crest, 226 + Maunch, 292, 403 + Maundeville, Sir John, 223 + Mauritanian, 168 + Mawdsley, arms, 298 + Maxwell, arms, 216 + Maynard, 576 + Meath, Earl of, supporters, 437 + Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duke of, 400; + crests, 343 + Medicis, Pietro de, augmentation, 597 + Meeking, arms, 265 + Meergries, 77 + Meinill, 520; + Barony of, 509 + Melbourne, University of, 164 + Melles, 262 + Melrose Abbey, 409 + Melusine, 171, 228 + Membered, 238 + Memorials, 537 + Menetrier, 318, 407, 477 + Menteith, arms, 112; + Earl of, 412; + label, 480 + Menu-vair, 82 + Menzies, Bart., supporters, 433 + Mercers' Livery Company, arms, 168 + Merchant Adventurers' Company, supporters, 429 + Mercury, 77 + Meredith, arms, 86 + Merit, Order of, 567; + members of, insignia of, 584 + Merlette, 245 + Mermaid, 171, 228; + as supporters, 445 + Merman, 171, 227 + Mertz, crest, 384 + Messarney, arms, 277 + Metal, 70; + baton of, 515 + Metcalfe, 207 + Methods of blazoning, 104 + Methuen, Lord, 413 + Midas' head, 229 + Middlemore, crest, 280 + Middlesex, arms, 287 + Mieroszewsky, 74 + Mignianelli, arms, 82 + Mikado, 13 + Milan, 83; + Duchy of, arms, 257 + Military men, grants to, 5 + Mill-rind or Fer-de-moline, 293 + Milner, 287; + Viscount, supporters, 217, 436 + Minamoto Ashikaya, 13 + Minamoto Tokugawa, 13 + Miniver, 82 + Minshull, Sir Robert, 166 + Minutoli, arms, 188 + Mirandola, Princes and Dukes of, mantling, 400 + Mirrors, 293 + Mitchell, arms, 123 + Mitchell-Carruthers, crest, 163 + Mitford, arms, 217 + Mitre, 6, 61, 602 + Moir, 168 + Mole, 217 + Molesworth, 138 + Molette, 296 + Mon, 12, 13 + Monastery, 282 + Monbocher, de, Bertrand, 289 + Money-Kyrle, 216; + quarterings, 546 + Montagu, arms, 147 + Montagu, K.G., Marquess of, Garter plates, 540 + Montagu, Lord, 485 + Montague, Lord, crest, 344 + Montefiore, arms, 262 + Montendre, Alianore, 525 + Montfaucon, 16 + Montfort, De, 268; + Simon de, 268; + badge, 469 + Montgomery, arms, 275; + Viscount, supporters, 416 + Monti, 84; + arms, 83 + Montravel, Comte Tardy de, arms, 263 + Montrose, 39, 112; + burgh of, arms, 270; + Royal Burgh, arms, crest, mantling and compartment, 444 + Monumental brasses, 49 + Monypenny, arms, 164, 254 + Moon, 11, 77 + Moorcock, 249 + Moore, arms, 217, 292; + crest, 249; + Sir John, K.B., grant to, 4; + John, 31; + Sir John W., 373 + Moorhen, 246 + Moors, 13 + Mount-Stephen, Lord, arms, 263 + Mountain-Ash, 263 + Mountjoye, 44; + Lord (Sir Walter Blount), arms, crest, mantling, 388 + Moray, Earls of, arms, 290 + Moreau, Philip, 401 + Moresby, crest, 210 + Morfyn, 229 + Morgan, Sylvanus, 143 + Morion, 293, 315, 351 + Mornay, De, arms, 185 + Morris, William, 395, 396 + Morse, 186; + crest, 166 + "Morte d'Arthur," 333, 403 + Mortimer, arms, 137; + Edmund, seal, 417 + Morton, Earl of, supporters, 433; + Earl of, Douglas, crest, 199 + Moseley arms, 298 + Moss, Sir H. E., arms, 298 + Motion, arms, 215 + Motto, 58, 448, 474 + Mowbray, 555, badges, 465; + supporters, 416; + and Stourton, Lord, 152, 590; + badge, 458; + supporters, 437; + "Trente Deux Quartiers," 619 + Mule, 224, 438 + Mullet, 146, 295, 488, 515 + Mun, Marquis of, arms, 298 + Mundegumbri, de, John, seal, 275 + Munro, Sir Thomas, 594 + Munster, Earl of, 515 + Muntz, arms, 245 + Mural crown, or coronet, 368, 370, 376 + Murfyn, 229 + Murray, arms, 484 + Murrey, 72, 76 + Muschamp, 261 + Musimon, 231 + Musselburgh, town of, arms, 281 + + Naiant, 186, 253; + embowed, 254 + Nairne, arms, 157 + Naissant, 190 + Naked flesh, 74 + Names, bastards', 516 + Napier, Alexander, 525; + Lord, 145, 446 + Naples, 83 + Napoleon, 238, 260; + I., mantling, 400 + Narcissus flowers, 271 + Narwhal, 219 + Nassau, arms of, 107 + National Bank of Scotland, 160 + National flag, 471 + Nature, colour of, 74, 75, 76 + Naval crown, or coronet, 369, 370, 377 + Navarre, arms, 284; + King of, 483 + Naylor, Sir George, 356 + Nebuly, 80, 91, 94 + Needlemakers' Company, supporters, 434 + Nelson, Admiral, augmentations, 592; + Earl, augmentation, 592; + town of, arms, 266 + Nenuphar-leaf, 266 + Neptune, 164 + Nerford, de, Alice, arms, 521 + Nevers, de, Count, John, 524 + Nevil, 206; + crest, 341; + of Raby, arms, 485 + New Galloway, town of, supporter, 437 + Newcastle-on-Tyne, See of, 606 + Newdigate, 190 + Newlands, Lord, supporters, 75 + Newman, 541; + arms, 189; + Colonel, augmentation, 591 + Newnes, Sir George, Bart., 215 + Newton, Lord, 541 + Nicholson, crest, 374 + Nicholas, Sir Harris, 464 + Nightingale, Bart., arms, 270 + Ninth son, 488 + Nisbet, 82, 238, 415, 418, 446, 458, 504 + Nobility, arms as a sign of, 22 + Nombril, 104 + Norfolk, Duke of, 556; + (Thomas Mowbray), 596; + Duke of, augmentation, 590, 596; + Duke of (Thomas Howard), badge, 469 + Normandy, Duke of, John, seal, 408; + Duchy of, arms, 525 + Normandy, Marquess of, supporters, 437 + North British Borneo Company, supporters, 429 + Northumberland, Earl of, 143; + Earl of, badge, 469; + Duke of (Percy), arms, 147; + crest, 183 + Northumbria, Vicecomes of, 503 + Norroy King of Arms, 29, 30, 31, 48; + arms and insignia of, 587 + Norway, flag of, 613 + Norway, H.M. Queen of, label, 496, 497 + Norwich, 588; + city of, supporters, 444 + Nottingham, town of, supporters, 429; + Earl of, Thomas, Earl Marshal, crest, 71, 341 + Nova Scotia, 58; + Baronets of, 137, 418; + badges of, 598; + insignia of, 583 + Nowed, 257 + Nude figures, 165 + Nugent, Bart., 227; + supporter, 438 + Nürnberg, city of, arms, 439; + German National Museum at, 316 + Nuvoloni, 83 + + Oak, 265; + branch, 265; + leaves, 266; + slips, 265; + tree, 262 + Oakes, arms of, 5 + Oakham, town of, 202 + Oban, town of, 294 + Obelisk, 293 + Oberwappen, 335 + O'Connor, Don, supporters, 421 + Odo, 14, 15 + O'Donovan, supporters, 421 + Oesel, 163 + Office, rod of, 47 + Officer of Arms, official dress of, 41 + Official arms, impalement, 535 + Official insignia, 581; + regalia, 46 + Ogilvie, compartment, 446 + O'Gorman, supporters, 421 + Ogress, 151 + O'Hara, arms, 96 + Okapi, 438 + O'Keefe, Lanigan, 257, 378 + Oldham, 249 + Olive-tree, 263 + O'Loghlen, 165 + Omens, 10 + Ondozant, 256 + Opinicus, 231, 438 + Or, 50, 70 + Orange, 72, 73, 74, 76, 151, 276; + tawny ribbon, 137 + Orders of Knighthood, 58; + of St. John of Jerusalem, 133 + Ordinary, 91, 93, 97, 102, 106, 107, 108, 146, 155, 156, 483 + Ordnance, Master-General of the, insignia of, 586 + O'Reilly, supporters, 421 + Orkney, 39 + Orle, 108, 141, 142; + gemel, 142 + Orleans, Duke of, 434, 596; + arms, 486, 487; + Duchess Charlotte Elizabeth of, seal, 486 + Ormonde, 39; + knot, 469; + Earls of, 195 + Ormsby-Hamilton, crest, 373 + Ormskirk, 50 + Ory, arms, 258 + Oryx, 436 + Ost-Friesland, Reitbergs, Princes of, 229 + Osprey, 240 + Ostrich, 243; + feathers, badge, 459 + Oswald, 165 + Otharlake, John, 30 + Otter, 215 + Otterburn, Moir of, 168 + Otway, arms, 228; + supporters, 420; + Sir Robert, 593 + Ounce, 193 + Outram, supporters, 192, 436 + Oval, 61 + Over-all, 103 + Owen, arms, 265 + Ownership, badge as a sign of, 456 + Owl, 249 + Ox, 207 + Oxford, arms of, 88; + Bishops of, insignia of, 584; + city of, 207; + city of, arms, 205; + city of, supporters, 216; + Lincoln College at, 455; + University of, 299 + Ox-yokes, 415, 416 + + Padua, 83, 84 + Painters, Stainers, and Coachmakers, Companies of, warrant, 375 + Pairle, 108, 126, 139 + Pale, 107, 108, 115, 126; + cottised, 116; + dancetté, 93; + embattled, 93, 108; + lozengy, 146 + Palewise, 102 + Palisado Coronet, 378 + Pall, 108 + Pallet, 116 + Pallium, 6, 127 + Palm, 265; + branch, 265; + tree, 263 + Palmer's Staff, 290 + Palmetto-trees, 263 + Paly, 87, 97, 117, 121; + bendy, 121 + Panes, 519 + Pannetier, Grand, insignia of, 581 + Panther, 193, 195, 223 + Papacoda, 188 + Papelonné, 83 + Papillon, arms, 261 + Papingoes, 264 + Papyrus plant, 266 + Paris, arms of, 260, 376 + Paris, Matthew, 143 + Parish, Sir Woodbine, K.C.H., 597 + Parker, 78, 79, 81, 95, 371, 455 + Parkin-Moore, 277 + Parkyns, Bart., crest, 277 + Parliament, opening of, 42; + President of the, insignia of, 582 + Parrot, 249 + Parted, 99 + Parteneck, Bavarian family of, 481 + Parthenopæus, 7 + Partition, 94; + lines, 91, 110, 131, 132, 134, 135, 139, 141, 150, 525, 543; + lines, changing, 483; + methods of, 96 + Party, 87, 99; + badge, 268 + Paschal lamb, 212 + Passant, 102, 201, 213, 226 + Passion Cross, 128; + nails, 293 + Patent, 68 + Paton, Sir Noel, crest, 239 + Patriarchal cross, 129 + Paul, Sir James Balfour, 39, 40, 46, 66, 390, 415, 500 + Paw, 190 + Paynter, 155 + Peacock, 246 + Pean, 78 + Pearce, Lady, 575 + Pear-tree, 263; + pears, 276 + Pearl, 77 + Pearson, arms, 296 + Peascod, 468 + Pease, crest, 376 + Peebles, arms, 255 + Peer, carriage of, 399; + coronet, 379; + helmet, 303, 382; + impaling, 532; + insignia of, 583; + mantling of, 391; + order concerning robes, coronets, &c., of, 365; + sons of, supporters, 423, 424; + supporters, 422; + widow of, 534; + widow of, supporters, 423, 424 + "Peerage and Baronetage," 321 + Peeress, 536; + after marriage, 534; + by creation, arms, 533; + in her own right, 532 + Peeresses, robes or mantles, 366; + supporters, 422 + Peewhit, 249 + Pegasus, 10, 202, 203, 220, 232; + as supporter, 437 + Peke, Edward, 204 + Pelham, Sir John de, 590; + arms, augmentation, 590; + badge, 590 + Pelican, 242 + Pellet, 151 + Pellew, Sir Edward, 593 + Pelts or Hides, 293 + Pemberton, 299 + Pembridge, Sir Richard, helm, 308 + Pembroke, Earl of, 32, 480, 481; + Earl of, badge, 469 + Penhellicke, arms, 261 + Penned, 251 + Pennon, 54 + Penrose, arms, 113 + Per bend, 87, 95, 97; + sinister, 97; + chevron, 87, 95, 97; + chief, 97; + cross, 97, 134; + fess, 97, 139; + pale, 97, 139; + engrailed, 108; + invected, 108; + pile, 97; + saltire, 97, 131, 137 + Perceval, Dr., 84 + Percy, Henry, seal, 411 + Perring, Bart., arms, 276 + Perrins, arms, 276 + Perry, arms, 276 + Perryman, arms, 276 + Persevanten, 40 + Perth, Earl of, 204, 284; + compartment, 446; + city of, 145; + arms, 414; + county of, supporters, 429 + Pery, arms, 148 + Pescod, Walter, 50 + Petilloch, William, 40 + Petre, Lord, 590 + Pfahlfeh, 82 + Pfirt, 417 + Pharamond, arms of, 273 + Pheasant, 250 + Pheons, 283 + Philip I., seal, 273 + Philip II., seal, 274 + Philippa, Queen, 464 + Phillips, 205 + Phoenix, 230, 240, 291 + Physiologus, 194 + Picardy, 83 + Pichon, arms, 32 + Pick, 298 + Pictorial ensigns, 82 + Picts, 165 + Pigott, arms, 298 + Pike, 255 + Pile, 91, 93, 107, 108, 124, 126 + Pilkington, crest of, 167; + motto, 451 + Pillars of Hercules, 416 + Pilter, arms, 285, 293 + Pily, 126 + Pimpernel flower, 268 + Pineapple, 276, 277 + Pine-cone, 277 + Pink, 73 + Pirie, arms, 276 + Pirrie, arms, 202 + Pitcher, 289; + arms, 294 + Pittenweem, town of, 162 + Pixley, crest, 293 + Planché, 5, 12, 14, 78, 109, 150, 240, 275, 485 + Planets, 77 + Planta genista, badge, 468 + Plantagenet, 62 + Plants, 11 + Plasnes, Dame de, Jeanne, seal, 408 + Plasterers' Company, supporters, 438 + Plate, 151 + Plates, 153 + Platt-Higgins, 255 + Player, arms, 272 + Plough, 298 + Plover, 249 + Plowden, 118 + Plumeté, 83, 85 + Plummets, 293 + Pocock, augmentation, 593 + Points, 104 + Pole, 57 + Poleyns, 53 + Pollock, augmentations, 594 + Polwarth, Lord, arms, 276; + augmentation, 596 + Pomeis, 151 + Pomegranate, 264, 276 + Pomeranians, 224 + Ponthieu, Count of, 15; + Joanna of, seal, 543 + Pontifex, crest, 295 + Pope, His Holiness the, insignia of, 291, 582 + Popinjay, 249 + Poplar-tree, 264 + Porcupine, 217 + Portcullis, 38, 45, 284; + badge, 468 + Porter, arms, 287 + Porterfield, 114 + Portland, Duke of, supporters, 436 + Portobello, burgh of, 285 + Portsmouth, Earl of, supporters, 437 + Portugal, crests, 343; + Royal Standard of, 597; + Royal Arms of, 482; + marks of cadency, 482 + Potent, 84, 85; + potenté, 91, 94, 95; + counter-potent, 84, 85 + Potier, arms, 231 + Potter, 9 + Potts, 193 + Poulett, Earl, supporters, 433 + Powdered with, 89 + Poynter, 126 + Prankhelme, 316 + Pranker-Helm, 309, 316 + Prawns, 256 + Precedence, 68 + Precentor, insignia of, 588 + Preed, arms, 258 + Pretence, escutcheon of, 138, 531, 532 + Prevost, supporters, 420 + Price, 169 + Prideaux-Brune, 71 + Primrose, 268, 272; + Viscount, 145; + of Dalmenie, 146 + "Prince Arthur's Book," 409 + Prince of Wales, supporters, 71 + Princes, helmets of, 318; + ecclesiastical, insignia of, 582 + Principal King of Arms, 34 + Pringle, arms, 300 + Prism, 294 + Private person, flag of, 474 + Proclamation, 47 + Procter, arms, 293 + Professors, Regius, arms, 587 + Proper, 74, 75, 170, 243, 244, 246 + Provand, crest, 298 + Provost of the Household, Grand insignia of, 582 + Prussia, King of, 400; + kingdom of, 475; + supporters, 433; + officers of, 597 + Prussian flag, 476 + Public buildings, flags, 473 + Puckberg, arms, 289 + Pudsey, borough of, 290 + Pugin, 397 + Pujolas, arms, 211 + Pullici, arms, 261 + Pulver Turme, 189 + Purfled, 171 + Purple, 11, 70 + Purpure, 70, 76; + fretty or, 149 + Pursuivant, 40, 45; + badges, 48; + clothes, 39; + creation, 38; + duties of, 38; + fees, 37, 38; + tabard of, 41; + Irish insignia of, 587 + Pursuivant of Arms, 28, 29, 150 + Puttkammer, Barons von, 224 + Pyke, 255 + Pyne, arms, 277 + Pyramid, 293 + Pyrton or Peryton, arms, 263 + + Quain, Bart., arms, 272; + crest, 374 + Quarter, 102, 108, 134, 540 + Quarterings, 57, 98, 104, 542, 543; + augmentation takes the form of, 554; + augmentation, superimposed on, 554; + importance attached to, 67; + omitting, 549; + order of, 548 + Quarterly, 97, 139 + Quartermaster, Grand, insignia of, 582 + Quatrefoil, 266, 267; + double, 488 + Queensberry, Marquess of, 145 + Queensferry, 88; + town of, 164 + "Quentin Durward," 258 + Queue-fourché, 175 + Quinces, 277 + Quincy, De, 154; + arms, 147 + + Rabbit, 214 + Radford, arms, 186 + Radiometer, 294 + Raglan, Lord, supporter, 194; + Raguly, 91, 94, 96 + Raikes, 224 + Rainbow, 294 + Raised in benediction, 169 + Ram, 10, 211; + head, 213; + as supporters, 437 + Rampant, 102, 172, 213, 226 + Ramsay, 10 + Ramsden, arms, 213 + Ramsey, arms, 211 + Ramsey, de, Lord, supporters, 437 + Ramsgate, arms, 182, 301, 369 + Randles, arms, 214; + crest, 217 + Ranfurly, 141 + Raphael, arms, 272 + Rashleigh, arms, 281 + Rat, 217 + Ratton, arms, 217 + Raven, 248 + Ravenna, 351 + Ravissant, 197 + Rawlinson, Bart., crest, 378 + Rawmarsh, 56 + Rawson, arms, 282 + Rawtenstall, 207 + Raynor, arms, 226 + Rayonné, 96 + Reade, crest, 280 + Reading, town of, arms, 168 + Rebus, 454 + Records, erased from, 73 + Red, 70, 77 + Red deer, 208 + Red dragon, 38, 225 + Red ensign, 471 + Red shield, another use of the plain, 69 + Reed, E. T., 258 + Reeds, 280 + Reem, 219 + Regarding, 187 + Regent of France, 34 + Reider, 162, 164 + Reinach, Counts, 188 + Reindeer, 208, 209 + Reid-Cuddon, 553 + Rendel, Lord, 196 + Renfrew, 88 + Renty, arms, 283 + Respecting, 187 + Rethel, arms, 410 + Reynell, arms, 89 + Rhinoceros, 217, 219 + Rhodes, 166 + Rhys, Lord, 85 + Rhys ap Griffith, 341 + Ribbons, 58, 115, 137 + Richard, 33 + Richard I., 174, 306; + badge, 468; + banner, 454; + crest, 327; + seal, 329 + Richard II., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 466, 556, 596, 607; + badge, 410; + white hart, 467 + Richard III., 33, 38; + badge, 469 + Richardson, arms, 86, 203, 577 + Richmond, 29; + badge of, 48; + Earl of, 33; + Earl of, John of Brittany, arms of, 69, 102, 134, 188; + Herald, 37; + King of Arms, 33 + Richmond and Gordon, Duke of, 25, 598; + and Somerset, Duke of, Henry Fitz-Roy, 521 + Richtsritter, 570 + Ridley, 207 + "Right to Bear Arms," 21, 22 + Rinach, arms, 188 + Ringed, 207 + Ripon, Marquess of, crest, 298 + Rise, arms, 277 + Rising, 235, 236, 245 + Ritchie, 213 + Rivers, Lord, Sir Richard Wydville, Torse, arms, 404; + Garter plate, 135 + Rjevski, 250 + Roach, 255 + Robe of Estate, 367 + Robert II., coronation of, 40 + Roberton, arms, 293 + Roberts, 213; + Sir Abraham, G.C.B., 297 + Robertson, 197, 438; + crest, 228; + compartment, 446 + Robertson-Glasgow, arms, 263 + Robes, Order concerning, 365 + Robinson, Bishop, 256 + Robson's, 356 + Rochdale, town of, arms, 266 + Roche, arms, 255 + Rochefort, arms, 270 + Rocheid, 168, 299 + Rochester, Bishops of, 603 + Rocke, arms, 289 + Rod of office, 47 + Rodd, 166; + arms, 267 + Roderick the Great, 85 + Rodolph II., 413 + Roebuck, 208 + Roman Catholic Bishop, 603; + Empire, Holy, Arch Treasures of, insignia of, 583; + numerals, 104; + royal diadem, 351 + Rompu, 124 + Romreich, 40 + Ronquerolles, 84 + Rook, 248 + Rose, 269, 488; + George, 575; + badge, 271; + leaves, 266; + en-soliel, 468 + Rosebery, Earl of, 145; + arms, 272 + Rosmead, Lord, supporters, 431 + Ross, 39; + Earl of, 412; + General, augmentation, 577, 593; + Sir John, augmentation, 595; + Countess of, Euphemia, seal, 412; + See of, 164 + Ross-of-Bladensburg, 474, 593; + arms, 133; + grant to, 374 + Rotherham, 56 + Rothesay, 39 + Rothschild, supporters, 429 + Rouck, De, 75 + Rouge-Croix, 38; + -Dragon, 38 + Rouillon, Oliver, seal, 417 + Roumania, State of, 475 + Roundel, 108, 151, 153 + Rousant, 246 + Rowe, arms, 260 + Rowel spurs, 55 + Royal Arms, 144, 174, 181, 182, 225, 274, 343, 358, 365, 372, 401, 479, + 522, 525; + augmentation, 145; + badges, 31; + crest, 174, 183, 343, 344, 359, 372, 380; + escutcheon, 142; + supporters, 87, 430; + motto, 452; + quartering, 555; + house, 145; + household, 39; + mantle, 225; + shield, 144; + tressure, 145, 146 + Royal Buck Hounds, 73 + Royal family, 71, 154, 250, 391; + arms, 173; + badges, 470; + members of, coronets, 364; + warrants, 494; + labels, 87, 494, 497; + position of, 499; + livery, 73; + mantling, 392 + Royal favour, marks of, 422 + Royal licence, 58, 78, 87, 136, 342, 344, 345, 346, 413, 429, 434, 517, + 518, 519, 552, 555, 569 + Royal Navy, 471 + Royal prerogatives, 69 + Royal Proclamations, 47 + Royal Red Cross, 568; + insignia of those entitled to, 584 + Royal Warrants, 61, 181, 363, 372, 413, 414, 420, 421, 444; + coronet assigned by, 368 + Rubische, Dr. Heinrich, arms, 435 + Ruby, 77 + Rudolstadt, supporters, 433 + Ruspoli, arms, 264 + Russia, state of, 475 + Rustre, 108, 148 + Rutherford, Lords, 425 + Rutherglen, crest, 160 + Ruthven, William, seal, 416; + Barony of, supporters, 437 + Ruthyn, Sir John Grey de, 392 + Ryde, 88; + arms, 294 + Rye, 525; + arms, 278 + Ryland, arms, 299 + + Sable, 70, 77, 83, 90 + Sacheverell, 214, 514 + Sachsen, 234 + Sackville, crest, 376 + Sacred Cross, 128 + Saffron-Flower, 272 + Sagittarius, 171, 228, 229 + Saints, emblems of, 606 + Salamander, 230 + Salient, 213 + Salis, De, supporters, 429 + Salisbury, Earl of, Richard Nevill, arms, 485; + arms, crest, mantling, 388; + Bishops of, 584; + See of, 160 + Salled or sallet, 312 + Salmon, 255, 439 + Saltire, 5, 93, 103, 107, 108, 131, 135; + botonny, 132; + couped, 131; + parted, 132 + Saltireways, 132 + Salvesen, arms, 293 + Samson, 163 + Samuel, arms, 260; + Bart., crest, 339 + Samuelson, arms, 240 + Sandeman, 164 + Sandford, 32, 358 + Sand-Glass, 301 + Sandwich, 525; + arms, 182 + Sanglier, 198 + Sanguine, 72, 76 + Sapphire, 77 + Saracens, 13, 17 + Saturn, 77 + Satyr, 171, 229 + Satyral, 171, 229 + Saumerez, De, 428 + Savage, 165, 433; + Sir John, badge, 469 + Savelli, Duca de, as Marshal of the Conclave, insignia of, 582 + Savoy, 83 + Sawbridge, arms of, 78 + Saxe-Altenburg, Duke of, 401; + Dukedom of, 475; + Grand Duke of, crests, 343 + Saxe-Coburg, Prince Leopold of, 499 + Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, late Duke of, 541; + Duke of, crests, 343; + Dukes of, 541; + label, 497; + Prince of, label, 497 + Saxe-Meiningen, Grand Duke of, crests, 343 + Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, Duke of, 401 + Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Duke of, 400 + Saxony, 69; + King of, 400; + King of, crests, 343; + Dukes and Duchesses of, 541 + Scabbard, 54 + Scala, Veronese Princes della, arms, 285 + Scale, armour, 171 + Scales, 83 + Scaling-ladders, 285 + Scaltenighi, arms, 83 + Scandinavia, 323 + Scarf, 109 + Scarisbrick, 50 + Scarsdale, Lord, supporter, 442 + Sceptre, 45, 298 + Schafhausen, supporters, 409 + Schallern, 312 + Schiffskrone, 369 + Schildbuden, 432 + Schildgestell, 64 + Schildwachter, 432 + Schilter, 63 + Schleswig-Holstein, Princess Christian, label, 497 + Schomberg, crest, 377 + Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt, Prince of, crest, 343 + Schwartzburg-Sondershausen, Prince of, crests, 343; + supporters, 433 + Schwazer Bergbute, Society of the, 234 + Schweidnitz, town of, 223 + Schweig, supporters, 409 + Schwenkel, 476 + Scissors, 301 + Sconce, arms, 282 + Scot, John, 145 + Scotland, 29, 103, 138; + arms of, 143, 162, 475; + Royal arms of, 163, 418; + badge, 457; + bordures in, 502; + crests, 342; + Royal crest, 185; + Royal crown, 372; + crown of, 357; + differencing in, 139, 500; + helmet, 325; + heralds in, 42; + King of, 144; + King of, arms, 143; + illegitimacy marks, 519; + laws concerning the use of supporters, 424; + mantling of Peers, 391; + mottoes in, 448; + National Bank of, arms, 271, 417; + Patron Saint of, 131; + quarterings in, 546; + re-matriculation, 347; + shields in, 66; + supporters, right to bear in, 422; + thistle of, 470; + Earl Marischal of, insignia of, 585; + Hereditary Great Master of the Household in, insignia of, 586; + Hereditary Justice-General of, insignia of, 586; + Lord High Chamberlain of, insignia of, 585; + Lord High Constable of, insignia of, 585; + Lord Justice-Clerk of, insignia of, 586; + Master of the Revels in, arms, 168; + insignia of, 586 + Scots Greys, 25 + Scott, arms, 280; + of Gorrenberry, 502; + of Thirlstane, 446; + Sir Walter, 258, 357 + Scott-Gatty, 171, 195, 265; + crest, 250 + Scottish bordure, 138, 139; + cadency, 141; + cadency bordures, 87; + crests, 520; + field, 99; + Heralds, 39, 46; + Heralds, King of, 40; + Parliament, 143; + patents, crests, mantling, 394; + Peer, insignia of, 583; + practice, 104; + practice, supporters, 423; + regiments, 25; + seals, 407; + wife, impalement, 536 + Scrope, 68; + and Grosvenor, 22, 28, 68, 110, 478, 481; + supporters, 421 + Scruby, 176 + Scudamore, arms, 286 + Scymitar, 287 + Scythes, 298 + Sea, 88 + Sea-dogs, 65, 205; + as supporters,437; + dragon, 226; + eagle, 241; + griffin, 224, 232; + horse, 202, 232; + leaf, 13, 266; + lions, 186; + as supporters, 436; + monkey, 230; + stag, 210, 232; + unicorn, 219; + urchins, 256; + wolf, 230 + Seal, 316, 403, 502; + head, 215; + compartment appears on, 445 + Seax, 287 + Seccombe, 272 + Seckau, chapter of, 309 + Second shield, 104; + son, difference mark, 488 + Seeded, 275; + or, 269 + Sefton, Lord, crest, 247 + Segrave, arms, 486; + John, seal, 417, 480 + Segreant, 102, 223, 416 + Seize-Quartiers, 618-622 + Sejant, 214 + Selim III., Sultan, 592 + Semé, 89, 101, 153, 155; + de-lis, 89, 101 + Serjeants-at-Arms, 45; + insignia of, 586 + Serpent, 257 + Service badge, 12 + Service Cross, Conspicuous, those entitled to, insignia of, 567, 584 + Seton, 166, 427, 447; + of Mounie, 215; + Capt. Robert, 446; + church of, 409 + Setvans, Sir Robert de, 55 + Seventh son, 488 + Sewell, arms, 260 + Seymour, arms, 239; + crest, 240; + augmentation, 597; + Jane, marriage, 597 + Shaftesbury, Earl of, 206 + Shakefork, 108, 126 + Shakerley, Bart., 214 + Shakespeare, arms, 285 + Shamrock, 267 + Shape of shield, 61 + Sharpe, grant to, 577 + Shearer, arms, 298 + Sheaves, 265 + Sheep, 211 + Sheepshanks, 212 + Sheffield, town of, supporters, 429 + Sheldon, Dame Margaret, arms, 575 + Sheldrake, 246 + Sherard, Lord, supporters, 437 + Shetland ponies as supporters, 437 + Shield, 60, 104; + of peace, 446; + colour of is termed, 70, 250; + divided by, 97; + encircled by, 58; + earliest shape, 62; + ground of, 69; + of gules, 73; + hatching of, 76; + in Scotland, 66; + made of, 64; + no ordinary on, 101; + pageant, 63; + shape of, 61, 62 + Shiffner, 512; + arms, 114 + Ship, 294; + ornaments and devices, 9 + Shirley, 134 + Shogune, 13 + Shoveller, 246 + Shrewsbury, 39; + arms, 193; + Earl of, 541, 586; + Earl of, quartering, 70; + Earls of, crest, 341; + Earls of Talbot, 175; + Earl of Talbot, crest, 183 + Shrimps, 256 + Shuttle, 290 + Shuttleworth, arms, 290 + Sicily, 84; + Jerusalem, Duke of Anjou, René, 318 + Sidney, crest, 217 + Siebmacher, 224, 320, 558 + Sigismund, Emperor, 234 + Silesia, 74; + arms, 224 + Sillifant, crest, 259 + Silver, 70, 77, 90; + ingots of, 292; + use of, 70 + Sinclair, Baron, arms, 557; + Patrick, 502 + Sirr, arms of, 124 + Sissinks, arms, 229 + Sixth son, 488 + Skeen, arms, 197 + Skeet, 261 + Skeleton, 166 + Skull, 171 + Slack, crest, 258 + Sledge, 456 + Slipped, 265, 267, 269; + leaved, 269 + Slips, 265 + Smallshaw, arms, 270 + Smert, John, 28, 41 + Smith, 68, 202, 288; + arms, 289; + crest, 245 + Smith-Cunningham, 426 + Smitheman, arms, 238 + Smyth, arms, 272 + Snail, 258 + Sneds, 298 + Sneyd, arms, 298 + Snowdon, 39 + Sodor and Man, 160, 285 + Soldanieri, arms, 83 + Soles, 256 + Sollerets, 55 + Soluthurn, supporters, 409 + Somers, crest, 263, 293 + Somerscales, arms, 261 + Somerset, 520; + Duke of, Henry Fitzroy, 37; + Duke of, John Beaufort, Garter plate, 416; + arms, 466; + Dukes of, 513; + Herald, 37, 620 + Sophia, Princess, label, 499 + Soudan, de la Tran, K.G., Sir Bermond Arnaud de Presac, arms, crest, + mantling, 387 + Southampton, arms, 270; + city of, arms, crest, supporters and compartment, 445 + Southwark, borough of, 605 + Southwell, See of, 160; + Viscount, supporters, 437 + Soutiens, 407 + Sovereign, helmet of, 318 + Sovereign's Privy Seals, 467; + grand-children of, coronets, 363; + sons and daughters or brothers and sisters of a, coronets of, 363 + Spain, 61, 81, 83; + crests, 343; + marks of cadency, 482; + Queen Victoria Eugenie of, 139, 474, 596; + Philip of, 607; + quarterings of, 543 + Sparlings, 256 + Spear and spear-head, 285 + Specified, number, 89 + Speke, crest and supporters, 217; + augmentation, 420, 595 + Spelman, Sir Henry, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 + Spener, 324, 481 + Spenser, 221 + Sphinx, 4, 9, 171, 228 + Spider, 261 + Spikes, 223 + Spokes, arms, 291 + Springbok, 208, 217; + as supporters, 436 + Sprot, 255 + Spry, arms, 124 + Spur-nowels, or Spur-revels, 286, 296 + Spurs, 54, 286 + Squirrel, 214, 430 + SS, collar of, 44 + St. Adrian, 162 + St. Ægidius, 162 + St. Albans, Boke of, 2; + Duke of, 515; + monastery, 143 + St. Andrew, 47, 160, 162, 614 + St. Andrew, Saltire of, 25; + Cross of, 131; + flag of, 472 + St. Anthony's Cross, 129 + St. Asaph, Bishop of, 78 + St. Aubin, cloister of, 228 + St. Boniface, 164 + St. Britius, 160 + St. Bryse, 160 + St. Catherine, wheel of, 473, 606 + St. Columba, 162 + St. Cricq, Comtes de, arms, 281 + St. Cuthbert, cross of, 606 + St. David's, 588 + St. Denis, 165, 220, 473; + Abbey of, 16, 219 + St. Duthacus, 162 + St. Edmund, cross and martlets of, 473 + St. Edward, 360 + St. Edward the Confessor, 596, 607; + arms, 244 + St. Edward's Crown, 358 + St. Elizabeth, 62 + St. Etheldreda, 298 + St. Etienne, Abbey of, 525 + St. George, 162, 614; + arms of, 46; + banner of, 471; + Cross of, 25, 38; + flag of, 472; + Chapel, 78, 149, 505; + stall plates, 559 + St. Giles, 162 + St. Helens, borough of, arms, 292 + St. Ives (Cornwall), arms, 264 + St. John the Baptist, 165 + St. John of Jerusalem, Order of the Hospital of, 568; + Knights of Justice of the Order, insignia of, 585 + St. John of Malta, Celibate Order of, 569 + St. Kentigern, 163 + St. Lawrence, 550 + St. Leonards, Lord, 68 + St. Mark, 185, 186, 220 + St. Martin, 162, 164 + St. Mary, lily of, 473; + the Virgin, College of, arms, 271 + St. Maur, arms, 239 + St. Michael, 162, 163; + and All Angels, 54; + St George, Most Distinguished Order of, 29, 566, 584 + St. Mungo, 163 + St. Neots, 75 + St. Ninian, 162 + St. Oswald, Lord, supporters, 437 + St. Patrick, 614; + Order of, 46; + Knights of, rules, 563; + supporters, 563; + insignia of, 584; + Order of Prelate of the, insignia of, 584; + Deans of, insignia of, 584; + Chancellor of, insignia of, 584 + St. Patrick, flag of, 473 + St. Paul, 164; + sword of, 473, 606 + St. Peter, emblem, 291; + keys of, 473, 606 + St. Petersburg, 351 + St. Stephen of Tuscany, Knights of the, 569 + St. Vincent, Lord, crest, 377 + Stable, arms, 277 + Stafford, 56; + crest, 246; + knot, 469; + Earl of, 73 + Stafford, Earl of, supporters, 461; + Earl of, Sir Humphrey Stafford, arms, crest, mantling, 388; + Lord, badge, 458; + crest, 374 + Stags, 208, 432 + Stains, 72, 73 + Stalbridge, Lord, 345 + Standard, 28, 59, 474; + badges upon, 464; + bearer (Würtemburg), hereditary insignia of, 582 + Standish, arms, 289 + Staniland, arms, 286 + Stanley, 209; + Lord, badge, 240, 469; + Torse, arms, 404 + Staple, 302 + Stapleton, Sir Miles, K.G., arms, crest, mantling, 387 + Stapylton, supporters, 421 + Starckens, 163 + Star of India, Most Exalted Order of the, 565, 584 + Stars, 11, 295 + Statant, 102, 172, 213, 226 + State liveries, badges on, 464 + Statute of Resumptions, 30 + Steamer, 294 + Stephen, coins, 354 + Stephen de Windesore, 31 + Sterling, William, seal, 417 + Steuart, Bart., crest, 375 + Steward, Lord High, insignia of, 582 + Stewart, arms, 86; + crest, 164; + of Ochiltree, 502, 513 + Stilwell, crest, 246 + Stirling-Maxwell, supporters, 431 + Stirrups, 286 + Stoat, 215 + Stockfish, 255 + Stockings, 293 + Stocks of Trees, 264 + Stodart, 144, 145, 502, 514 + Stoke-Lyne, Lord of the Manor, arms, 413 + Stones, 286 + Storey, 256 + Stork, 247, 440 + Stothard, C., 15 + Stourton, arms, 152, 153, 294; + badge as a crest, 456; + barony of, supporters, 205; + crest, 341, 385; + Lord, supporters, 437; + seal, 153 + Strange, arms of, 175 + Strangman, 111 + Strathcona, Lord, crest, 263; + arms, 216 + Stratheden, Baroness, late, 533 + Stratherne, Countess of, Muriel, seal, 410 + Strigoil and Chepstow, Earls of, 32 + Struan, 197 + Stuart-French, arms, 254 + Stuart-Menteith, 414 + Stubbs, arms, 264 + Stukele, arms, 277 + Sturgeon, 256 + Sturzkrückenfeh, 85 + Sturzpfahlfeh, 82 + Styleman, arms, 222 + Styria, arms, 194, 417 + Sub-ordinaries, 91, 102, 106, 107, 108, 155, 156; + complete list of, 108; + sub-quarters, 104, 544 + Suchenwirt, 40 + Suffolk, 32; + Duke of, William de la Pole, badge, 469; + Garter plate, 372 + Sugar-cane, 263 + Sun, 11, 77; + burst, badge, 468, 469; + in splendour, 296 + Sunflower, 272 + Superimposed, 86, 554 + Supporters, 58, 86, 158, 162, 164, 165, 166, 185, 186, 193, 201, 204, + 209, 213, 215, 216, 217, 225, 227, 286, 319, 346, 407, 411, 412, 413, + 414, 415, 416, 428, 475, 519, 532, 533, 564, 572; + the first, 432; + differencing on, 492; + crested, 417; + by prescriptive right, 421; + in England, right to bear, 419; + honourable, 446; + origin of, 417; + position of, 430; + single, 410 + Surcoat, 18, 57, 108 + Surgeons, College of, arms, 167 + Surrey, 50; + Duke of (Thomas de Holland), bordure, 596; + Earl of, augmentation, 590 + Sussex, Duke of, label, 498; + Earl of, 32 + Sutton, arms, 258 + Swaby, crest, 245 + Swallow, 244, 245 + Swan, 245 + Swanne, Adam Fitz, 467 + Swansea, Lord, crest, 349 + Sweetland, arms, 263 + Swindon, arms, crest, 301 + Swinton, 503, 504; + arms, 453; + crest, 199; + supporters, 425; + Henry de, seal, 504; + Captain Archibald, 506; + Captain George C., 506; + Sir John de, 505; + John Edulf Blagrave, Laird, 506; + arms, 507; + Robert, 505 + Switzerland, 83 + Sword, 5, 11, 286 + Swynnerton, 113 + Sydenham, arms, 211 + Sykes, 207; + arms, 151, 280 + Symbolism, 5, 11 + Symonds-Taylor, arms, 254 + Syphium-plant, 272 + + Tabard, 41 + "Table Book," 413 + Tacitus, 6, 9 + Tain, Royal Burgh of, 162 + Talbot, 175, 203, 204, 554; + arms of, 70; + Earl of, 70; + Lord, crest, 341 + Tallow Chandlers' Company, 41; + arms, 28; + crest, 165 + Tamworth, seals, 275 + Tancred, crest, 263 + Tankerville, Earl of (Bennet), arms, 189; + (Sir John Grey), Torse, arms, 404 + Tannenvels, arms, 188 + Tarleton, crest, 374 + Tarn or loch, 294 + Tarragone, arms, 81 + Tarsell, arms, 277 + Tartsche, or Tartscher, 64 + Tassa, 85 + Tasselled Hat, 61 + Tatshall, 55 + Taunton, 278 + Taylor, 193 + Tea-plant, 266 + Teck, Duke of, 187 + Teesdale, arms, 271 + Telescope, 297 + Temperance, 164 + Temple, 282 + Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, crests, 348 + Templer, arms, 282 + Tenants, 407 + Tenné, 72, 74, 76 + Tenremonde, arms, 83 + Teutonic Order, 63; + Masters of the, 569 + Teviot, Viscount (Livingstone), 276 + Thackeray, 165; + arms, 86 + Thebes, King of, 6 + Theme, arms, 266 + Theodosia, Empress, 351 + Thierry, 14 + Third son, 488 + Thistle, 270; + Order of the, 271, 561; + Knight of the, insignia of, 584; + Knights of the, rules, 563; + supporters, 563 + Thorndyke, crest, 261 + Thornhill, crest, 168 + Thornton, arms, 250, 263, 597; + supporters, 250 + Thunderbolt, 295 + Thuringia, 63 + Thurston, crest, 295 + Tichborne, supporters, 421 + Tiger, 191; + as supporters, 436 + Tigress, 192 + Tilting-helm, 54 + Tinctures, 70, 476, 483, 502; + change of, 483 + Tindal, 30 + Tityron, 231 + Tjader, 250 + Toad, 258 + Tobacco-Pipe Makers, the Company of, arms, 265 + Todmorden, town of, arms, 293 + Tokugawa, 13 + Toledo, arms of, 298 + Tollemache, arms, 149 + Topaz, 77 + Topsell, 221 + Torches, or Firebrands, 287 + Torphichen, Lord, arms, 271 + Torrington, Lord, supporters, 442 + Torse, 287, 402, 403, 406; + colours of, 404 + Torteau, 151 + Tortoise, 217 + Tournament helmet, 311 + Tournay, 83 + Tournebu, Pierre de, supporter, 411 + Tourney, 333 + Towers, 282, 376 + Towns, rules as to supporters, 429 + Toymote, 13 + Trafford, De, crest, 167; + mottoes, 451 + Transposed, 103 + Trapaud, 124 + Trappe, arms, 283 + Trasegnies, arms, 188 + Trayner, arms, 293 + Treacher, arms, 261 + Treason, 73 + Treasurer, insignia of, 588 + "Treatise on Heraldry," 14, 16, 69, 74, 318, 399, 407, 410 + Trees, 11, 94, 262, 407 + Trefoil, 266 + Tregent, arms, 261; + crest, 228 + Trelawney, arms, 266 + Trente Deux Quartiers, 619 + Tresmes, Ducs de, supporters, 231 + Tressure, 108, 112, 133, 142, 143, 146 + Trevelyan, arms, 201; + supporters, 254 + Treves, Bart., 232; + arms, 292; + augmentation, 598 + Treves, Elector and Archbishop of, 559 + Trick, 77, 99 + Tricorporate, 180 + Triple-towered, 282 + Trippant, 102, 208 + Trist, crest, 241 + Triton, 227 + Trononnée, 186 + Trotter, arms of, 5 + Trotting, 201 + Trout, 255 + Troutbeck, arms, 255 + Trumpeter, costume of, 43 + Trumpington, Sir Roger de, 54 + Trunk of a tree, 264 + Trunked, 96 + Trupour, or Trumpour, John, 40 + Trussing, 242 + Trussley, 214 + Trutemne, Banville de, arms, 82 + Truth, 164 + Tuam, See of, arms, 160 + Tucker, Stephen, 620 + Tudor, Royal House, badge, 284 + Tulips, 272 + Tuns, 301 + Tunstall, arms, 299, 404 + Tupper, 428 + Turbots, 256 + Turner, arms, 302 + Turnierkragen, 479 + Turnip, 268 + Tuttebury, Earl of, 32 + Tweedy, 249 + Tynes, 209 + Tynte, crest, 222 + Tyrol, 234 + Tyrrell, crest, 200, 247 + Tyrwhitt, 249; + arms, 249 + Tyson, crest, 287 + + Udine, 83 + Udney, 204 + Ulster, canton of, 136, 137; + King of Arms, 29, 33, 46, 47, 421; + badges of, 598; + arms and insignia of, 587; + official arms of, 48; + office, 72, 86, 180, 267, 416, 439 + Umbo, 64 + Umfraville, 89; + arms, 268 + Undy, 91 + Unguled, 207 + Unicorn, 39, 202, 219, 220, 221, 232 + United Kingdom, Royal Arms, compartment, 444 + Union Banner, 611, 614, 615 + Union Jack, 471, 611 + Unmarried lady, lozenge of, 572 + Unter-Walden, supporter, 409 + Uphaugh, Duppa de, arms, 284 + Upton, 36 + Urbino, Duke of, Frederick, 392; + mantling, 388 + Urcheon, 216 + Urdy, 91, 95; + at the foot, 155 + Utermarch, arms, 266 + Vaile, 113, 207 + Vaillant, 34 + Vair, 50, 77, 79, 81, 84; + appointé, 82; + in bend, 82; + bellies, 85; + ondé, 81; + en pal, 82; + in pale, 82 + Vairé, 79, 81, 94; + corrupted form of, 81; + en pal, 82 + Vairpière, 83 + Valence, De, 155; + William, 525 + Vallary, Coronet, 378 + Vambraced, 171 + Vambraces, 45 + Van Eiden, Sir Jacob, 145 + Van Houthem, Barons, arms, 82 + Van Schorel, 163 + Vane, arms, 171, 293 + Varano, 83 + Varenchon, 83 + Varroux, arms, 82 + Varry, tassy, 85; + cuppy, 85 + Varus, 79 + Vase, 288 + Vaughan, 169 + Vavasseur, arms, 284 + Veitch, arms, 207 + Venus, 77 + Vera, De, 83 + Verden, 49 + Verdon, arms, 149 + Verdun, Alix de, 410 + Vere, arms, 134, 296 + Verelst, crest, 214 + Veret, 83 + Verhammes, 200 + Vernon, motto, 451 + Verona, 83, 163 + Verre, 79 + Verschobenes, 85 + Vert, 70, 76, 90 + Veruled, 292 + Vervelled, 241 + Vesci, de, Viscount, supporters, 433 + Vesentina, 163 + Vesili's, Andreas, 439 + Vested, 170 + Vestments, 5 + Vice-Admiral, insignia of, 581 + Vice-Connétable, insignia of, 582 + Victoria, Queen, 41, 358, 361, 364, 421, 488, 496; + seal, 475; + Cross, 567; + those entitled to the, insignia of, 584; + Princess, label, 496, 497; + and Albert, Order of, members of, insignia of, 584 + Victorian Order, Royal, 567; + insignia of, 584 + Victory, 164 + Viennois, Dauphin de, Charles, supporter, 411 + Vigilance, 247, 286 + Vine, 264 + Virgil de Solis, 144 + Virgin Mary, 159; + lilies of the, 606 + Virolled, 292 + Visconti, arms, 257 + Viscountess robe or mantle, 366; + coronet, 366 + Viscounts, robe or mantle of, 365, 367; + coronet of, 365, 368 + Visitations, mottoes in, 449 + Vivian, crest, 166 + Vohlin, arms, 411 + Void, 73 + Voiders, 150 + Vol, 240 + Volant, 34, 245; + en arrière, 266 + Volunteer Officer's Decoration, 568; + insignia of, 584 + "Von," German, 68 + Von Burtenback, Captain Sebastian Schärtlin (Schertel), arms, 185 + Von Dälffin, Grauff, arms, 254 + Von Fronberg, Herr, 203 + Von Lechsgemünd, Count Heinrich von, seal, 195 + Von Pauli, 164 + Vree, 84 + Vulned, 187, 242 + Vulture, 241 + Vyner, Sir Robert, 358 + + Wade, crest, 217 + Wake, knot, 469 + Wakefield, crest, 217 + Wakefield, town of, arms, 275 + Waldeck-Pyrmont, Prince of, crests, 343 + Waldegrave, arms of, 69; + Lord, arms, 252 + Wales, badge of, 38, 225, 457; + Herald of, 33, 36; + ruddy dragon of, 225; + Prince of, 85, 254, 486; + coronet, 363; + badge, 225, 458; + label, 497; + mantling, 391, 392; + Princess of, coronet, 363 + Walker, arms, 281; + Sir Edward, 358; + Trustees, insignia of, 586 + Walkinshaw, arms, 262 + Wallenrodt, Counts, arms, 288 + Waller, 112; + arms, 266; + crest, 263, 434; + Sir Jonathan + Wathen, supporters, 433; + Richard, augmentation, 596 + Wallop, 111 + Walnut-leaves, 266; + tree, 263 + Walpole, 106 + Walrond, arms, 207 + Walsh, 86 + Wands, 41 + Wandsworth, 294 + Wappen und Stammbuch, 185 + Wappenbuch, 203, 224, 234 + Wappencodex, 28 + Wappenkönige, 40 + Wappenrolle, von Zurich, 188 + Warde-Aldam, arms, 114, 275 + Wareham, arms, 275 + Warnecke's, 176 + Warren, 70; + Sir John de, 521; + William de, arms, 486; + Mantling, 389 + Warrington, town of, 174; + arms, 288 + Warwick, Lord, 458; + Earls of, differences, 484; + Earl of, Richard Beauchamp, 541; + Earl of, Waleran, 484; + Earl of, Thomas, 484; + and Albemarle, Earl of, Richard Beauchamp, 540 + Water, 88, 94; + colour, 74, 76; + bougets, 299 + Waterford, supporters, 245; + Earl of, 70; + Marquess of, supporters, 433; + city of, supporters, 439 + Waterlow, arms, 298 + Watermen and Lightermen's Livery Co., supporters, 439 + Watkin, Bart., arms, 261 + Watney, crest, 205 + Watson-Taylor, supporters, 420 + Wattled, 227, 246 + Wave, vair, 81 + Wavy, 91, 116; + or undy, 94 + Waye, arms, 119 + Weasel, 215 + Wechselfeh, 82 + Weirwolf, 171, 229 + Welby, Lord, 196 + Weldon, Sir Anthony, 164 + Wellington, Duke of, 541; + Duke of, augmentation, 594 + Wells, 294 + Welsh dragon, 225; + arms, 545 + Were, arms, 290 + West Riding, 56 + Westbury, arms of, 188 + Westcar, crest, 217 + Westmeath, Earl of, supporters, 227, 438 + Westminster, Dukes of, arms, 554; + crest, 345; + Marquess of, augmentation, 598; + city of, arms, 554; + Abbey, 284, 524, 543; + Dean of, 585 + Westphalia, 608; + arms, 201 + Westworth, arms, 296 + Whale, 245, 253, 256 + Whalley, arms, 245 + Wharton, 292 + Wheat, 278 + Wheel, 302 + Whelks, 256 + Whitby, arms, 258 + White, supposed to be, 78; + ensign, 471; + ermine spots, 78; + label, 71; + staff, 41 + White-Thomson, arms, 270 + Whitgreave, crest, 298; + augmentation, 592 + Widow, arms, 146, 533, 573 + Wiergman, 164 + Wife, impalements, 535, 536, 537, 538 + Wigan, crest, 263, 295 + Wilczek, Count Hans, 316 + Wild cat, 195 + Wildenvels, arms, 188 + Wildmen, 433 + Wildwerker, 83 + Wilkinson, 256 + Wilson, 196 + William I., 15, 354, 355 + William II., seal, 354 + William III., 276, 596, 607 + William IV., 412, 608; + State Crown, 356 + Williams, arms, 181 + Williams-Drummond, Bart., supporters, 433 + Willoughby, 282 + Winchester, Bishops of, insignia of, 584; + Dean of, 588; + Earl of, 32, 148; + Earl of, Seiher de Quincy, 147; + Marquesses of, 379; + Captain Peter, arms, 264 + Windsor, 30, 31, 78, 149; + badge of, 48; + Henry of, 469; + Dean of, insignia of, 584; + Herald, 37; + Castle Bookplates, 183; + Library, 372 + Wingate, arms, 284 + Winged, 286 + Winged ape, 215; + lions, 436; + stags, 209 + Winlaw, 255; + motto, 451 + Winnowing fans, 55 + Winterstoke, Lord, supporters, 437 + Winwick, 50 + Wogenfeh, 81, 82 + Wolf, 196 + Wolf-hunter, Grand, insignia of, 581 + Wolfe, 181, 541; + crest, 298; + Francis, 196, 592 + Wolkenfeh, 81 + Wolseley, arms, 204; + Lord, 196, 204, 594 + Wolverhampton, town of, arms, 284, 291 + Woman, grant to a, 57, 62, 574; + illegitimate, Royal Licence, 554; + married, arms, 534 + Wood, 165; + late Sir Albert, 264; + crests granted, 339; + Sir William, 349 + Woodbine-leaves, 266 + Woodman, 433 + Wood-pigeon, 244 + Woodstock, borough of, arms, 264 + Woodstock, De, 56; + Thomas of, 494 + Woodward, 14, 75, 80, 83, 85, 90, 136, 150, 162, 185, 188, 197, 200, 250, + 253, 254, 255, 261, 318, 324, 343, 399, 405, 467, 469, 513, 514, 598; + and Burnett, 69, 74, 94, 95, 407; + arms, 261, 266 + Woollan, 292 + Woolpack, 5 + Worcester, 78 + Wordsworth, 287 + "Workes of Armorie," 489 + Worms, Baron de, supporters, 444 + Wortford, arms, 266 + Wreath, 157 + Wright, 126 + Wriothesley, 41 + Wursters, arms, 200 + Wurtemburg, supporters, 187; + Queen of, label, 498 + Wyatt, arms, 287 + Wylcote, Sir John, brass, 389 + Wyndham, crest, 291 + Wyndham-Campbell-Pleydell-Bouverie, crests, 348 + Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams, 198 + Wyon, 353 + Wyvern, 186, 225, 226, 227; + as supporters, 437, 438 + + Xantoigne, 34 + + Yacht, 294 + Yarborough, Earl of, 205, 590; + badge, 288, 458; + supporter, 437 + Yarmouth, 525; + arms, 182 + Yeates, 255 + Yeatman-Biggs, arms, 141 + Yellow, 70 + Yerburgh, crest, 242 + Yeropkin, 250 + Yockney, arms, 266 + Yonge, crest, 222 + York, 588; + Archbishop of, 127; + arms, 297, 601, 602; + pallium, 583; + Cardinal, 359; + Herald, 37; + badge of, 48; + Duke of, 37, 488; + Duke of, label, 498; + Duke of (Edward), seal, 466; + blazing sun of, badge, 468; + white rose of, badge, 468; + and Lancaster, badges, 468 + Yorke, 112; + crest, 215 + Youghal, Provosts of, seal, 525 + Young, Sir Charles, crest, 226, 348 + + Zachary, 514 + Zebra, 217, 438 + Zobel, 77 + Zoë, Queen, 351 + Zorke, 112 + Zorn, crests, 344 + Zug, supporters, 409 + Zurich, 384; + supporter, 409; + Wappenrolle, 397 + +THE END + + Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. + Edinburgh & London + + * * * * * + + +NOTES + +[1] + + "Norreys and Surreis, that service aught the kyng, + With horse and harneis at Carlele, made samning." + +See Langtoft's Chronicle treating of the Wars of Edward I. against the +Scots. + + "Bot Sir John de Waleis taken was, in a pleyne, + Throgh Spring of Norreis men that were certeyn." + +Ibid., _Australes se Norensibus opposuerunt_. M. Oaris, under the year +1237. + +[2] Robertson's Index to "Missing Charters." + +[3] Here lieth Sir John D'Aubernoun, knight. On his soul may God have +mercy. + +[4] "Monumental Brasses of Gloucestershire," by C. T. Davis. London: +Phillimore & Co., 1899. + +[5] The arms are quoted by Mr. Davis from Bigland's "Gloucestershire," p. +539. + +[6] The arms of Clayhills of Invergowrie: Parted per bend sanguine and +vert, two greyhounds courant bendwise argent. Mantling gules doubled +argent; and upon a wreath of the liveries is set for crest, an arm holding +an Imperial crown proper; and in an escroll over the same, this motto, +"Corde et animo." Matriculated in Lyon Office _circa_ 1672. + +[7] Armorial bearings of Sir Henry Seymour King, K.C.I.E.: Quarterly, +argent and azure, in the second and third quarters a quatrefoil of the +first, over all a bend barry of six of the second, charged with a +quatrefoil also of the first, and gules. + +[8] Armorial bearings of William Warde-Aldam, Esq.: Quarterly, 1 and 4, +party per fesse azure and ermine, in the sinister chief and dexter base an +eagle displayed or, in the dexter canton issuant towards the sinister base +seven rays, the centre one gold, the others argent (for Aldam); 2 and 3 +(for Warde). + +[9] Armorial bearings of Isham: Gules, a fesse wavy, and in chief three +piles in point also wavy, the points meeting in fesse argent. + +[10] _Collectanea_, ed. 1774, ii. 611. + +[11] In M. Victor Bouton's edition of the _Armorial de Gelre_ (Paris 1881) +the bonnet is described as a mount. + +[12] Arms of Rutherglen: Argent, in a sea proper an ancient galley sable, +flagged gules, therein two men proper, one rowing, the other furling the +sail. Above the shield is placed a suitable helmet, with a mantling gules, +doubled argent; and on a wreath of the proper liveries is set for crest, a +demi-figure of the Virgin Mary with the Infant Saviour in her arms proper; +and on a compartment below the shield, on which is an escroll containing +this motto, "Ex fumo fama," are placed for supporters, two angels proper, +winged or. + +[13] Arms of Sandwich: Party per pale gules and azure, three demi-lions +passant guardant or, conjoined to the hulks of as many ships argent. + +[14] Arms of Hastings: Party per pale gules and azure, a lion passant +guardant or, between in chief and in base a lion passant guardant or, +dimidiated with the hulk of a ship argent. + +[15] Arms of Ramsgate: Quarterly gules and azure, a cross parted and fretty +argent between a horse rampant of the last in the first quarter, a +demi-lion passant guardant of the third conjoined to the hulk of a ship or +in the second, a dolphin naiant proper in the third, and a lymphad also or +in the fourth. Crest: a naval crown or, a pier-head, thereon a lighthouse, +both proper. Motto: "Salus naufragis salus ægris." + +[16] Arms of Yarmouth: Party per pale gules and azure, three demi-lions +passant guardant or, conjoined to the bodies of as many herrings argent. +Motto: "Rex et nostra jura." + +[17] Armorial bearings of Dodge: Barry of six or and sable, on a pale +gules, a woman's breast distilling drops of milk proper. Crest: upon a +wreath of the colours, a demi sea-dog azure, collared, maned, and finned +or. + +[18] Armorial bearings of James Joseph Louis Ratton, Esq.: Azure, in base +the sea argent, and thereon a tunny sable, on a chief of the second a rat +passant of the third. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his +degree, with a mantling azure and argent; and for his crest, upon a wreath +of the colours, an ibex statant guardant proper, charged on the body with +two fleurs-de-lis fesswise azure, and resting the dexter foreleg on a +shield argent charged with a passion cross sable. Motto: "In Deo spero." + +[19] Upon a wreath of the colours, from a plume of five ostrich feathers +or, gules, azure, vert, and argent, a falcon rising of the last; with the +motto, "Malo mori quam foedari." + +[20] Armorial bearings of Peebles (official blazon): Gules, three salmon +naiant in pale, the centre towards the dexter, the others towards the +sinister. Motto: "Contra nando incrementum." + +[21] Arms of Accrington: Gules, on a fess argent, a shuttle fesswise +proper, in base two printing cylinders, issuant therefrom a piece of calico +(parsley pattern) also proper, on a chief per pale or and vert, a lion +rampant purpure and a stag current or; and for the crest, an oak-branch +bent chevronwise, sprouting and leaved proper, fructed or. Motto: "Industry +and prudence conquer." + +[22] Out of a ducal coronet gules, a lion's head ermine (Nicholson). + +[23] Crest of Bentinck: Out of a marquess's coronet proper, two arms +counter-embowed, vested gules, on the hands gloves or, and in each hand an +ostrich feather argent. + +[24] Plate XI. Fig. 10, Laing's "Catalogue," No. 29. At each side of the +King's seated figure on the counter-seal of Robert II. (1386) the arms of +Scotland are supported from behind by a skeleton within an embattled +buttress ("Catalogue," No. 34). + +[25] Armorial bearings of William Speke, Esq.: Argent, two bars azure, over +all an eagle displayed with two heads gules, and as an honourable +augmentation (granted by Royal Licence, dated July 26, 1867, to commemorate +the discoveries of the said John Hanning Speke), a chief azure, thereon a +representation of flowing water proper, superinscribed with the word "Nile" +in letters gold. Upon the escutcheon is placed a helmet befitting his +degree, with a mantling azure and argent; and for his crests: 1. (of +honourable augmentation) upon a wreath of the colours, a crocodile proper; +2. upon a wreath of the colours, a porcupine proper; and as a further +augmentation for supporters (granted by Royal Licence as above to the said +William Speke, Esq., for and during his life)--on the dexter side, a +crocodile; and on the sinister side, a hippopotamus, both proper; with the +motto, "Super æthera virtus." + +[26] Arms of Glasgow: Argent, on a mount in base vert an oak-tree proper, +the stem at the base thereof surmounted by a salmon on its back also +proper, with a signet-ring in its mouth or, on the top of the tree a +redbreast, and in the sinister fess point an ancient hand-bell, both also +proper. Above this shield is placed a suitable helmet, with a mantling +gules, doubled argent; and issuing from a wreath of the proper liveries is +set for crest, the half-length figure of St. Kentigern affronté, vested and +mitred, his right hand raised in the act of benediction, and having in his +left hand a crosier, all proper. On a compartment below the shield are +placed for supporters, two salmon proper, each holding in its mouth a +signet-ring or, and in an escroll entwined with the compartment this motto, +"Let Glasgow flourish." + +[27] Supporters of Lord Hawke: Dexter, Neptune, his mantle of a sea-green +colour, edged argent, crowned with an Eastern coronet or, his dexter arm +erect, darting downwards his trident sable, headed silver, resting his +sinister foot on a dolphin, also sable; sinister a sea-horse or, sustaining +in his forefins a banner argent the staff broken proper. + +[28] Arms of Boston: Sable, three coronets composed of crosses patté and +fleurs-de-lis in pale or. Crest: A woolpack charged with a ram couchant all +proper, ducally crowned azure. + +[29] The caltrap was an instrument thrown on the ground to injure the feet +of horses, and consisted of four iron spikes, of which one always pointed +upwards. + +[30] Arms borne on a sinister canton suggest illegitimacy. + +[31] Gutté-de-poix. + + * * * * * + + +CORRECTIONS MADE TO PRINTED ORIGINAL + +Page 6. "herald ([Greek: kêrux])" corrected from "herald ([Greek: kêrnx])" + +Page 47. "The reverse exhibits the arms of the Office of Ulster" corrected +from "The reserve exhibits ..." + +Page 327. "Then it was found that" corrected from "Then it was found than" + +Page 482. "the bearer was not the person chiefly entitled" corrected from +"the hearer ..." + +Index "Layland-Barratt" corrected from "Llanday-Burratt" to match text, and +placed in correct sequence + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Complete Guide to Heraldry, by +Arthur Charles Fox-Davies + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41617 *** |